The Bolsheviks prevailed — and they never bothered to count.
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In the end, the Party split into Bolsheviks and Mensheviks.
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Thursday: Fight the Bolsheviks with a couple of white Russians.
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Red Century The original Bolsheviks expected Communism in their lifetime.
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Old Bolsheviks filled their apartments with pianos, samovars, embroidered towels.
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The Bolsheviks were numerically tiny stacked up against the bureaucracy.
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Put them into the dustbin of history, said the Bolsheviks.
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By the time he arrived, the Bolsheviks were in power.
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Bolsheviks could only join the party upon recommendation from existing members.
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In the 1930s, Stalin killed off most of the first Bolsheviks.
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That was not the outcome Stalin and his fellow Bolsheviks wanted.
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Like many children of Bolsheviks, Rada was raised by her grandmother.
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The Bolsheviks, wary of the army's loyalty, introduced political commissars in 1918.
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And yet Stalin's fellow-Bolsheviks couldn't see whom they were dealing with.
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The Bolsheviks under Vladimir Lenin took power 100 years ago this month.
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The Bolsheviks hastily set up a communications network and sounded the alarm.
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Bolsheviks could count on these artists to support and circulate their doctrine.
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Next October will mark a century since the Bolsheviks violently seized power.
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The provisional government was overthrown by the Bolsheviks in the October Revolution.
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"Three of the five female M.P.s were shot by the Bolsheviks," Gaprindashvili said.
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The next time they saw an opportunity, the Bolsheviks wouldn't pass it up.
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This sort of thinking is what produces the Bolsheviks in the 20th century.
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But, as one diplomat noted, the Bolsheviks would have accepted money from anyone.
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In a speech in Lodz last week, he urged Poles to "defeat today's Bolsheviks".
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Take Rostselmash, a hulking agricultural-equipment producer founded by the Bolsheviks in the 1920s.
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The Bolsheviks then decided to inter the rest right there in Old Kaptikovskaya Road.
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Many of their spiritual leaders were children of old Bolsheviks killed in the purges.
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Soon enough, Olivia is being corralled by the Bolsheviks through a sinister stone building.
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Lenin and the Bolsheviks are household names; some readers just now learned of Martov.
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The visitors dwindled to a handful courageous enough to brave the Bolsheviks' atheistic wrath.
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In the 1920s the Bolsheviks, who had seized power, made Perovskaya a national heroine.
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The Bolsheviks, we've learned, sounded behind closed doors exactly the way they sounded in public.
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Nevertheless, it was basically legalized in 1894 before being outlawed by the Bolsheviks in 1917.
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Psychological warfare is what they've done best going all the way back to the Bolsheviks.
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By 1922, the victorious Bolsheviks started meddling in the school's affairs and funding dried up.
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The Bolsheviks, Slezkine claims, dug their own graves when they gave Tolstoy to their children.
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In desperation, Pavel Pereverzev, the justice minister, tried scapegoating the Bolsheviks for Russia's dismal plight.
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Part of the profit found its way into the Bolsheviks' coffers via businesses in Stockholm.
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The Bolsheviks threatened all of them with arrest if they failed to reopen by Oct.
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In Russia, Lenin urged his Bolsheviks to hang rich peasants as an example to others.
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On seizing power the Bolsheviks made their first victims the intellectuals who had preceded them.
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Germans did help the Bolsheviks, funneling millions of Deutsche marks to them during the war.
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Two-fifths of Kazakhstanis want to re-legalise the practice (it was banned by the Bolsheviks).
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Months later, in what is known as the October Revolution, the Bolsheviks overthrew the provisional government.
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Volkoff later teamed up with Boris Zukhov to form a team of Soviets called The Bolsheviks.
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The Bolsheviks were atheists, and religion was expunged from the whole of the new Russian state.
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But it was Lenin himself who made it clear that the Bolsheviks would reject democratic values.
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The Bolsheviks fantasized about dialectically superseding the bourgeois family, but were unsure what would come afterward.
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The Bolsheviks' long-term goal, of course, was to superintend the withering away of the state.
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McMeekin leaves no doubt that chance certainly played a significant role in the Bolsheviks' ascent, but it was no mere coincidence that following the revolution's dramatic destruction of the ruling elite, the Bolsheviks' extreme centralization succeeded in re-establishing Russia's traditional political culture by the 1930s.
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But their intervention convinced the Bolsheviks that the capitalist powers would not rest until Communism was dead.
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They knew that Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks' principal leader, had always opposed Russia's entry into the war.
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At the end of 203, the Bolsheviks were consolidating power in Russia, and spreading their message abroad.
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The Bolsheviks responded with the so-called Red Terror, in which hundreds were arbitrarily arrested or shot.
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The Bolsheviks won majorities in the Petrograd and Moscow soviets, and the party was developing rapidly elsewhere.
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Even after most of the strikers had returned to work, the Bolsheviks never declared the sabotage over.
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More important, the Bolsheviks sought to foment a communist revolution in Germany as soon as they could.
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It is adapted from the old Soviet anthem—and was first used as the hymn of the Bolsheviks.
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The far left is no stranger to divisions—between Trotskyites and Stalinists, Bolsheviks and Mensheviks, reformists and revolutionaries.
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The Bolsheviks' first model was the German economy of sacrifice and mass mobilisation for the first world war.
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In 1917, Vladimir Lenin and the Bolsheviks orchestrated an extraordinary coup that created the world's first communist state.
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Although McMeekin agrees the real villains are the ruthless Bolsheviks, he reserves most criticism for the hapless liberals.
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Yet in fact — Slezkine argues — by building apartments, the Bolsheviks perpetuated the family unit they aspired to overcome.
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The Bolsheviks nationalised church land and property, abolished traditional rituals, and decreed that all citizens must have identical funerals.
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He had become disillusioned with the Bolsheviks, whom he accused of "stealing the honourable title of socialists and democrats".
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Previous generations of Russian reformers, from the Bolsheviks to the post-Soviet New Russians, ignored this at their peril.
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In Slezkine's telling, the Bolsheviks were essentially a millenarian cult, a small tribe radically opposed to a corrupt world.
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Once in power, the Bolsheviks imposed draconian measures to combat crime and attacked their political opponents with similar ferocity.
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What worried him were the reports he was receiving that his own Bolsheviks were vacillating over the way forward.
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Socialists are notoriously and regrettably quarrelsome, however, and I can't help taking exception to Sunkara's chapter on the Bolsheviks.
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The Bolsheviks overthrew a provisional government; they did not overthrow the czar, who had abdicated earlier in the year.
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The subsequent publication of this and other secret treaties by the Bolsheviks did much to discredit the Allied cause.
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With the Bolsheviks, the idea was that there's only one truth, and that truth is that of the future revolution.
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Helmed by Tsar Nicholas II and his wife, Tsarina Alexandria, the Romanoffs were brutally murdered by the Bolsheviks in 1918.
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When Bolsheviks came to demand their grain, the peasants shot them—more than a thousand were killed in 1930 alone.
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By the time the Bolsheviks seized power, he had fled to England to make a new life in North London.
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The Bolsheviks admired the cleansing purges of Robespierre's Reign of Terror: "A revolution without firing squads is meaningless," Lenin said.
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It was achieved under the provisional government in July, not by the Bolsheviks, who did not seize power until November.
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Although the Bolsheviks had called for a peaceful demonstration, their real plan was to seize power in a coup d'état.
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As the leader of the Bolsheviks, Russia's most radical socialist party, it was his duty to go back at once.
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Bale played Tsarevich Alexei Romanov on the miniseries, which focused on the murder of the Romanov family by the Bolsheviks.
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They declared themselves on strike, protesting what they viewed as the Bolsheviks' shocking and illegitimate violation of the public trust.
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Before its ouster, the Russian provisional government tried to use the rumors to discredit the Bolsheviks and hasten their demise.
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It was an easy step, when nudged by the government, to believe the Germans enlisted godless Bolsheviks in their cause.
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And in 1918, the Russian royals' British kin failed to rescue them from the Bolsheviks, although that might have been possible.
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From the 1920s onwards, Paris was the main destination for Russians fleeing the Bolsheviks, many of whom were learned but destitute.
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When the Revolution finally broke out, Graham fought in the czar's cavalry and was briefly thrown in jail by the Bolsheviks.
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Mr Slezkine describes the Bolsheviks as a millenarian sect that promised to "drain the swamp" and build a kingdom of justice.
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By reducing the Russian Empire to near-starvation, the First World War created the opportunity for the Bolsheviks to seize power.
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Western leftists racked their brains to figure out why the Old Bolsheviks confessed to crimes they could not possibly have committed.
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That October, Lenin and the Bolsheviks overturned the interim government, seizing power and setting in motion the dictatorship of the proletariat.
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One Russian Revolution — the one carried out by Bolsheviks 99 years ago — was planned and partially executed by that era's exiles.
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" The task of the Old Bolsheviks was to "build the eternal house and leave it for 'proletarian infancy and pure orphanhood.
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In the second half of the 1920s, Soviet sanitariums were filled with Bolsheviks eating caviar, playing chess and suffering from depression.
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The veteran Bolsheviks in the dock were accused of the most extravagant crimes, such as treason, conspiracy, assassination, wrecking and sabotage.
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He dispatched a spy to monitor the Bolsheviks' use of the telegraph and paid informers for all gossip, true or false.
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The pendulum swung back in the 1920s, when the Bolsheviks opened their doors to American famine relief workers and Protestant missionaries.
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The Bolsheviks and Mensheviks didn't miss the 1905 revolution; they launched an armed uprising that had to be crushed by the army.
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Today, as we mark the centenary of the February Revolution — prequel to the November coup of Lenin's Bolsheviks — history has turned again.
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What could the Bolsheviks hope to accomplish without access to those two essential currencies of power — the state's money and its papers?
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The Bolsheviks outlawed private transactions and declared entire branches of industry to be the possession of an as-yet nonexistent socialist state.
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His family had sought refuge from the Bolsheviks in the Crimean peninsula; those forces now made a vicious descent from the north.
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After all, the Germans had already come to terms with the Bolsheviks and sealed a treaty that knocked Russia out of the war.
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The Bolsheviks killed Tsar Nicholas II and his family of the Romanov dynasty, but the Yourievsky line from Alexander II's second wife continued.
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Despite the great terror, most of the children of the Old Bolsheviks had a happy childhood—or at least remembered it as such.
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Crucially, they were raised on the works of Pushkin and Tolstoy, which the Bolsheviks had claimed as their heritage, along with other classics.
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Bolsheviks used to recruit "useful idiots" to their cause; Jeremy Corbyn, the hard-left leader of Britain's Labour Party, relies on "youthful idiots".
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The unfavorable portraits of Bolsheviks in his stories, their precise observations of Russian life, and their irrepressible merriment made him a political target.
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The propaganda pushed against the Jewish people prior to World War II attacked them as Bolsheviks, thieves and violent people, the congressman said.
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The Russian president's favourite thinker is Ivan Ilyin, one of the intellectuals the Bolsheviks deported on one of the "philosophers' ships" in 1922.
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Our crop of Russian émigrés has been asking itself whether it can repeat the Bolsheviks' feat in reverse, and bring democracy to Russia.
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The Bolsheviks, who lacked organizational infrastructure in the vast Muslim lands of the former Russian empire, allied with Islamic reformers in those areas.
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Soon after the Bolsheviks took power in the area, they formalized two disputed regions — Nagorno-Karabakh and Nakhichevan — as autonomies within Soviet Azerbaijan.
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Lenin was equally ruthless, and not only during the Russian Civil War, when foreign armies and domestic enemies tried to dislodge the Bolsheviks.
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The Bolsheviks were not about to let an independent Georgia, regardless of its political character, interfere with their reconstitution of the czarist empire.
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The Bolsheviks also liberalized divorce laws, guaranteed reproductive rights and attempted to socialize domestic labor by investing in public laundries and people's canteens.
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What, exactly, are twenty-first–century Americans supposed to learn from all this—except, perhaps, not to trust people who admire the Bolsheviks?
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Nikitin's was a full-time job, but the only office space available was in a building partly occupied by yet more suspect Bolsheviks.
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The National Socialists and the Bolsheviks told the world what they would do when they came to power, and then they did it.
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Already the Bolsheviks had murdered any number of harmless people; Nabokov's jurist father, as his son would later note, was anything but harmless.
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Married in 1925, the couple expected to return as soon as the Bolsheviks fell; into the early 1930s, they still faced impatiently east.
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Raymond Robins, head of the American Red Cross Commission in Russia, gave Sisson confidential documents that implied Germans financed and directed the Bolsheviks.
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And as the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, gradually gained power, the Romanov's were imprisoned in a series of increasingly distant and dismal residences.
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The Bolsheviks' nationality policy, as articulated by Stalin in the early 21970s, envisioned the Soviet Union as a conglomeration of ethnic and cultural entities.
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Having come to power on the promise to provide bread and end war, the Bolsheviks confronted the prospect of being swept away by hunger.
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The Bolsheviks were a mere 10,000 people, and even in 1917 nobody could believe they would seize power, let alone hold on to it.
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" Bolsheviks are a bore, getting in colloquiums and congresses to "levy complaints, and generally clamor about the world's oldest problems in its newest nomenclature.
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Borrowing the successful tactics of the Bolsheviks in Russia, hundreds of sailors and soldiers were recruited in the hope of staging mutinies and uprisings.
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It regards itself as the main heir to a group of quarrelsome refugees from the Bolsheviks who brought their sharp theological minds to France.
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Religion, you see, was part of human nature, so the Bolsheviks were obliged to suppress it in all its forms (including Islam and Buddhism).
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The Bolsheviks created the first professional revolutionaries, the first total police state, the first modern mass-mobilization on behalf of class war against counterrevolution.
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In the way Germany saw the Bolsheviks as instruments for achieving German war aims, Lenin saw Germany as an instrument for achieving his revolution.
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Grand Duchess Tatiana, Olga's niece and Nicholas's daughter, had her bulldog by her side when she and her family members were executed by the Bolsheviks.
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Born in 1905, Rand was traumatized as a child when her family's pharmacy business and property were seized by marauding Bolsheviks during the Russian Revolution.
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According to Tchijevsky, this schema could account for the bulk of human history, from the riots of ancient Greece to the ascendancy of the Bolsheviks.
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Then there is Russia, whose royal family, slain by the Bolsheviks in 1918, were declared by the national church in 2000 to be "passion-bearers".
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It concludes with the pathetic Nicholas II, the last tsar, deposed and hurriedly murdered alongside his wife and children (pictured) by the Bolsheviks in 1918.
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Such an abrupt chronological end is in some ways misleading; many prominent pre-revolutionary figures continued to forge a living after the Bolsheviks seized power.
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The Bolsheviks ultimately won, became the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and eventually liquidated their comrades in arms in accordance with Marxist comradeship ritual.
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After the Russian Revolution, Anatol's father was imprisoned briefly by the Bolsheviks and eventually took his family to Poland, where their surname was spelled Kowarski.
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A massive, nearly spontaneous self-organization effort appeared; at the Bolsheviks' demand, workers' militias were armed, and an army of 40,000 emerged from the factories.
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The Bolsheviks were wrong about everything except the need to defeat (real) fascism, and the necessity for firm control of the Cheka, the secret police.
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Whatever hopes Goldman had held for Bolshevism had died when she watched the violent suppression by the Bolsheviks of the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921.
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The word was also hijacked by the Bolsheviks and other communists to claim that Marxist prophecies and Leninist practice would inevitably deliver progress for humanity.
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By November, the Bolsheviks had the forces and support they needed to lead an armed insurrection by workers and soldiers that overthrew the provisional government.
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His father, Ivan, had been a czarist army officer who went over to the Bolsheviks after the Russian Revolution; his mother, Anastasia, was a typist.
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The Police Department, which until then had cut its teeth tracking the Mafia, began running surveillance on anarchists, Germans, and eventually Bolsheviks, Mr. Jones said.
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Most senior Bolsheviks had moved into the Kremlin or one of Moscow's "Houses of Soviets" and settled into a life of self-loathing communal domesticity.
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Though the Bolsheviks revered the survivors of Siberia and granted amnesty to tens of thousands of prisoners when Nicholas II abdicated, the scars were deep.
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Rather than obstructing the Bolshevik takeover, the strike ended up facilitating it, spurring the Bolsheviks to build parallel organs of governance dedicated to revolutionary goals.
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In the case of the Bolsheviks in Russia, she explained, radicalism spread just a few decades after changes brought about by the shift away from serfdom.
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The Grand Duchess Anastasia Romanov was the fourth and youngest daughter of Tsar Nicholas II, murdered alongside her parents and siblings by the Bolsheviks in 1918.
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Lenin finally decided in September that if the Bolsheviks did not take power, the passionate radicalism of the masses, building for months, would come to nothing.
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At the time, the Bolsheviks were not the country's largest or most popular socialist party, but they were the most fervently certain of their own prophecies.
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But Rostov is an optimist: The cramped room will at the very least keep him away from the Bolsheviks below, clacking out directives on their typewriters.
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If only to satisfy him, everybody in the ten-person group was familiar, or at least claimed to be, with the revolutionary leader of the Bolsheviks.
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Nabokov could forgive Wilson's mawkish indulgence of the Bolsheviks — but not his hostile and ignorant review of "Eugene Onegin" (Nabokov's famously eccentric translation of Pushkin's epic).
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Any coordinated attack by White armies, the other side in the Russian civil war, or any intervention by Western forces would have swept the Bolsheviks away.
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David Brooks One hundred years ago on Friday, John Reed was in St. Petersburg watching Lenin, Trotsky and the rest of the Bolsheviks take over Russia.
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The Nazis' rise to power in 1933 was reminiscent of the Bolsheviks' in an important respect — one that we should keep in mind in today's world.
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Kaiser Wilhelm had left Germany for the Netherlands, and the Russian czar and czarina, with their children, had been murdered by the Bolsheviks the previous year.
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"In view of Kerensky's impotence, the only really surprising thing about the course of events is how long it took the Bolsheviks to act," McMeekin writes.
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But how could it be that Old Bolsheviks, who had, until the day before yesterday, been the rulers of the Soviet Union, were secret counter-revolutionaries?
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The same inability to build democratic institutions plagued the leaders of the February Revolution of 1917, which led to the Bolsheviks gaining power later that year.
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The end came several months later when Stalin decided that the Old Bolsheviks had been deceiving themselves and their faith ever since they had settled down.
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But the Bolsheviks were intent on taking an exhausted Russian military out of the war and promised to begin peace talks with Germany once in power.
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In 1917, when a few hundred thousand Bolsheviks found themselves leading a country of 185m people, they picked up the tools of mass marketing to build control.
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Its founder, Grand Duchess Elizabeth, a grand-daughter of Queen Victoria, was killed by the Bolsheviks in 1918 along with the other members of Russia's royal family.
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Still, given a choice between losing face or losing the country, the Bolsheviks conceded the ARA's conditions—while putting the operation under surveillance by the secret police.
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The Bolsheviks' membership swelled with the radicalization of the people; they were now a mass party, and achieved their first majority in the Soviet on July 3.
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Those words, a 'united Russia,' were a slogan of the counterrevolutionaries, coined in reaction to Lenin and the Bolsheviks, who wished to establish new, self-governing republics.
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The Bolsheviks, meanwhile, cunningly pursued Lenin's master plan to "turn the armies red," encouraging mutinies and desertions with their promise to end the war and redistribute land.
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Today's German far right makes a similar claim, vowing to undertake the "rescue of the Abendland," though this time not from the Bolsheviks but from the Muslims.
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When that liberal entity was swept away by the Bolsheviks, he joined the White movement in the civil war against the Reds, then left Russia after its defeat.
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Molotov&aposs predecessor as Soviet foreign minister, Maxim Litvinov, also played a key role in the revolution and spearheaded the Bolsheviks&apos first contacts with Britain in 1918.
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Perhaps unsurprisingly, the iconoclastic Zamyatin—who had been jailed by the Bolsheviks prior to writing We—found his novel swiftly condemned and suppressed by the regime in power.
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For a time he was an incongruous ally of Garry Kasparov, the chess master, who advocated a pro-Western liberalism that was at odds with the National Bolsheviks.
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His father, Ivan Karpovich Alferov, was a former dockworker who joined the Bolsheviks in 1917 and later regaled his two sons with reminiscences of meeting Lenin and Trotsky.
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The Bolsheviks, who did not fear the past and who employed God-fearing peasant nannies to bring up their children, were particularly proficient in creating their own gravediggers.
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Vladimir Lenin's faction, the Bolsheviks, was particularly aided by World War I. And Communism, once in power, reversed Clausewitz's famous dictum and made politics war by other means.
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If his enemies were to confirm his reliance on the kaiser's assistance, he would face arrest for treason and the collapse of the Bolsheviks' aim to seize power.
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These delegations were generally backed by armed men, but initially, it was inconceivable — even to the Bolsheviks — that the seizure of power would involve real acts of seizure.
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But it was in 1918 that the Bolsheviks forced other political parties out of the Constituent Assembly and enacted a constitution, creating the world's first formally socialist nation.
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These people were passionate in evangelizing for the winemaking practices they believed in, but their goggle-eyed radicalism could, at times, make you think of Bolsheviks with corkscrews.
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LONDON (Reuters) - It is 100 years on Wednesday, using Russia's old calendar, since Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks stormed the Winter Palace in what is now St Petersburg and took power.
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The Bolsheviks created a military intelligence service in the earliest days of the Soviet Union, settling on the name GRU (from the Russian for "Main Intelligence Directorate") in 1942.
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From the Bolsheviks' forced collective farming and the gulag labor camps to the chaotic collapse of Communism, outside forces beyond local control have shaped the lives of its residents.
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He said the Russian people should reflect on the killings, and on the orgy of slaughter which the Bolsheviks carried out, in a spirit of self-questioning and repentance.
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And I think the biggest mistake of the Bolsheviks was that they went against God and this is why God finally punished them, even though it took 70 years.
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We've been under the Tsar's regime, then you had Bolsheviks, then you had liberal time—this liberal fucking economy, which wasn't very good either—and then we had Putin.
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The tsar, his wife, and their five children were shot to death in a basement by Bolsheviks, a revolutionary socialist group, who had been holding them hostage for months.
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And in most revolutions those who ultimately triumph usually are not the sensitive "moderates" but the most brutal and determined forces — France's Jacobins, Russia's Bolsheviks, Iran's Islamists, Nicaragua's Sandinistas.
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A pair of revolutions in Russia in 1917 led to the ouster of the czarist regime and the rise of the Bolsheviks, a group of socialists led by Vladimir Lenin.
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In the summer of 1929, more than twenty-five thousand "politically literate" young Bolsheviks fanned out from Moscow to the nation's rural areas, charged with setting up the new collectives.
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This reserve was Russia's first, created in January 1917, before the Bolsheviks seized power (the Volga delta zapovednik proposed to Lenin by the young agronomist was the second to begin).
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Three senior bank officials were dragged in to Bolshevik headquarters and ordered to fill out the proper forms giving the Bolsheviks' new executive, the Sovnarkom, access to the state's money.
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In the early 1960s, and again in the late 1980s, the children of the Bolsheviks tried to transform Soviet socialism into something more humane, but soon learned that it was impossible.
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After his demise, his government put him on trial for tax crimes posthumously in an imaginative perversion of justice that not even Stalin contrived for Old Bolsheviks in the Great Terror.
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After the revelation that Russia (or Russians) interfered in the 2202 election, observers pointed out the Soviet Union was involved in America's political process since the Bolsheviks seized power in 2628.
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It was the day — using the western calendar — that Vladimir Lenin's Bolsheviks overthrew the more moderate Kerensky provisional government, a decisive step in the revolution that eventually created the Soviet Union.
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Executed by Bolsheviks in 1918, the last tsar is considered a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church, whose influence in society has grown greatly since the fall of communism in 1991.
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Accordingly, the Bolsheviks never worried much about the family, never policed the home, and never connected the domestic rites of passage — childbirth, marriage and death — to their sociology and political economy.
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Perhaps its most impressive achievement was to carry out agrarian reform, allowing peasants to buy land at reasonable prices and not resorting to the catastrophic forced collectivization the Bolsheviks later employed.
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Lenin was greeted by hundreds of followers, among them prominent Bolsheviks like Lev Kamenev and Fedor Raskolnikov, while others, most notably Grigory Zinoviev and Grigory Sokolnikov, accompanied him on the train.
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The month before in Petrograd, about 21919 miles to the northeast, the Bolsheviks had celebrated the second anniversary of the Soviet revolution with lengthy processions with red banners and brass bands.
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The protagonist of this novel is a Russian count who, after the Revolution, is imprisoned by the Bolsheviks in the luxurious Hotel Metropol and remains there for the next three decades.
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The Bolsheviks had by then acknowledged killing "Nicholas Romanov", but they suppressed the news that Empress Alexandra and their five children, plus four loyal retainers, had been slain simultaneously, on July 17th.
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In " Darkness at Noon, " Arthur Koestler's novel about the Moscow trials of the nineteen-thirties, the old Bolsheviks who confess to imaginary crimes against the Party do so not because of torture.
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In Russia, the current dominant approach to the October Revolution is to consider it a big tragedy: that it was the nation's fatal mistake to fall under the spell of ruthless Bolsheviks.
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"The Romanoffs," available Friday on Amazon Prime, is a collection of movie-length episodes telling the stories of contemporary characters somehow connected to the Russian royal family executed by Bolsheviks in 1918.
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In 1921, the typesetters tried to put the book on sale, but after the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion in March that year, the Bolsheviks confiscated the rest of the print run.
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Though Trotsky (whom several of the leaders mistrusted as a latecomer to the Bolsheviks in 1917) commanded the Red Army, Stalin disapproved of his use of former officers from the czarist military.
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Perhaps the German High Command would have ignored the offer and continued fighting (as it did when the Bolsheviks offered the same terms after the October Revolution at the end of 1917).
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The Committee on Public Information, which operated as an American propaganda ministry during the war, sent Edgar Sisson, a former muckraking journalist, to Petrograd in November 1917, before the Bolsheviks seized power.
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Executed by the Bolsheviks in 1918, Nicholas II is considered a martyr by the Russian Orthodox Church, whose influence in society has grown greatly since the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991.
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Construction of the "house" for the old Bolsheviks, the preachers and executioners of the revolution, began in the late 1920s—at the same time as the mausoleum was given its final granite form.
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The show will follow a group of people from around the world who believe that they're descendants of the Romanovs, the royal Russian family that was executed by the Bolsheviks in July 1918.
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He once wrote, "We are born for the pleasure of work, fighting, love, we are born for that and nothing else"; though the Bolsheviks in his stories fight and work, they lack love.
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And redbaiting characterized campaigns against sexual rights, from the charge that the Bolsheviks made women public property to the claim that American Communists promoted licentiousness in order to undermine the nation's moral values.
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There could indeed have been another path for the Bolshevik Revolution: the very naïveté, idealism, and lack of guile demonstrated by so many of the Old Bolsheviks remains a testament to their decency.
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That leaves us with a tantalizing question: Would Lenin have avoided the pursuit of a coercive, ideologically driven regime if the Bolsheviks had taken over a country whose civic life had not collapsed?
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It has been too easily forgotten that the calamitous failure of these "market Bolsheviks," as the economist Joseph Stiglitz called them, helped spawn the first major demagogue of our time: Vladimir V. Putin.
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Around 1936, news of the Moscow purge trials of leading Bolsheviks began to make its way to those in America willing to hear—and Chambers didn't close his mind to the terrible truth.
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The smaller, dominated by Vladimir Lenin, went by the name Bolsheviks (or majority socialists), while the larger group, which included most of the notable leaders other than Lenin, were the Mensheviks (minority socialists).
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The documents were part of a Russian disinformation campaign — a common propaganda tactic during World War I — to discredit the Bolsheviks, who had just seized power in Russia after leading a Marxist revolution.
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The Mensheviks, led by Julius Martov, were the more "establishment" faces of socialism; the Bolsheviks, led by Vladimir Lenin, were the more radical sect and ultimately prevailed, in terms of controlling post-revolution Russia.
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In fact, Philip's DNA was used to squash one of the most enduring urban legends surrounding the Romanovs: That one of the Romanov children survived their gruesome assassination at the hands of the Bolsheviks.
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An exhibition on the revolution had opened, and Ms. Gorbunova told stories about young men from Cherepovets who left to fight in the civil war that followed the Bolsheviks' overthrow of the provisional government.
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But the collapse of czarist Russia and the Bolshevik takeover gave Georgia's Marxist leaders the opportunity both to assert their country's independence and to develop an alternative to the Bolsheviks' extreme one-party dictatorship.
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Hunted by czarist police, the Bundists would be crushed not by their enemies but by the far smaller band of jealous, self-interested Bolsheviks, who had other ideas about how to pursue a revolution.
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Amid the resulting chaos and millions of casualties, the Bolsheviks finally prevailed — but at a terrible political and moral cost, including the virtual extinction of the working class that had originally made the revolution.
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Just as the Bolsheviks destroyed the Mensheviks in order to eliminate political competition and Red Guard factions fought to the death against one another, the Catholics and the Baptists are being targeted and eliminated.
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Donald Tusk, Poland's prime minister from 2007 to 2014 before becoming European Council President, has grown ever more vocal criticizing Law and Justice's more radical inclinations, calling their politicians "contemporary Bolsheviks" who should be defeated.
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That book, which began with the simple Russian epigraph "To the victims," took a prosecutorial stance toward the Bolsheviks and their leader, Vladimir Lenin, who still commanded a certain respect and sympathy among Western historians.
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The Bolsheviks, secure in their economic determinism, assumed that the outside world would join them as a matter of course, and embraced non-Communist art and literature as both prologue and accompaniment to their own.
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"Ex-Czar of Russia Killed by Order of Ural Soviet" (July 21, 1918) — view in TimesMachine On July 16, 13, Russia's Czar Nicholas II, his wife and their five children were executed by the Bolsheviks.
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Another hundred-year anniversary now marks the Russian Revolution — the collapse of the czar, power seized by the Bolsheviks, followed by decades of crimes against humanity committed by heartless and autocratic followers of Karl Marx.
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And when the Bolsheviks executed the czar and his family and disposed of the bodies, the four daughters — Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia — each wore an amulet bearing a prayer and a picture of Rasputin.
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The communist intellectuals in the West deliberately ignored the man-made starvation that collectivization caused in Russia and Ukraine, as well as the ethnic and social cleansing unleashed by the Bolsheviks on an unprecedented scale.
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" American evangelicals, whom the Bolsheviks found useful in undermining the Russian Orthodox Church, celebrated Russia as "the greatest missionary opportunity of our time," where "millions of white people are waiting for the message of life.
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The desire to confirm their beliefs about the Bolsheviks led top US leaders to ignore credible and persistent warnings of the documents' inaccuracy and aggressively assert government authority to discredit those few who questioned them.
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It is one of the few public exhibitions in Russia about the two revolutions in 1917: the first in February, which overthrew the imperial government, and the second in October, which swept the Bolsheviks to power.
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Then, there was this brutal eruption and disruption of the tradition and the Bolsheviks came with very strong atheistic and anti-religious aspirations and they wanted to change the culture and civilisational code of our nation.
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Dramatizing their debates and reversals of position, Miéville shows that the Bolsheviks, despite their rhetorical distance from the other socialists, hesitated before the demands of the people, begging them not to overthrow the hapless Provisional Government.
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After the revolution, female Bolsheviks like Polina Zhemchuzhina, the wife of a Soviet foreign minister, and Dora Khazan, the wife of a Politburo member, became People's Commissars (or their deputies), or ministers in the Soviet government.
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And I learned that the two golden coins my mother kept inside the toy stove of the dollhouse she'd built for me was all that remained of her great-grandfather's haberdashery business, expropriated by the Bolsheviks.
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As a Columbia University professor, he argued that the government should not break up companies (as some liberals, notably Louis Brandeis, favored) and certainly should not take them over (as the Bolsheviks were doing in Moscow).
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Ecumenical in their support for Russian revolutionaries, the Germans subsidized not only Lenin's Bolsheviks, but also socialist rivals such as Leon Trotsky, then a Menshevik, who published antiwar articles in Paris and then New York City.
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Anti-Semitic pogroms had long been known in Russia, but now they spread into the former Austria-Hungary as Jews were blamed, inconsistently, for being capitalists and Bolsheviks, or, in an ancient charge, for killing Christ.
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She inherited a rebellious streak; her maternal great-grandfather had been deported to Siberia in the 19th century after protesting forced conscription into the Russian Army, and her father fought against the Bolsheviks during the Revolution.
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It was the latest announcement of a sweep of potential anti-government protesters around this weekend's marking of Unity Day, essentially the successor to Soviet celebrations of the October 1917 coup that brought the Bolsheviks to power.
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The ideas and strategies that enabled the Bolsheviks to take power in 1917 were not a pathology of Russian history, but a product of the European socialist movement and an achievement of the future it had imagined.
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Most accounts of the months that followed have focused on the maneuvering of the major political parties, particularly the Bolsheviks, whose leader, Vladimir Lenin, did all he could to undermine the authority of the state's new leaders.
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But to Nabokov the Bolsheviks were the men who had dispossessed his family, even strafing the ship they escaped on with machine-gun fire — in other words, not a group to be redeemed by Wilson's armchair apologetics.
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One table survives in her original museum collection near Smolensk, and no one knows how its twin ($250,000, at A La Vieille Russie) left Russia after the Bolsheviks drove her out with the rest of the aristocracy.
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Born in Prague in 1896 to an aristocratic family, Czapski, who was fluent in Polish, Russian, German and French, fought for Poland against the Bolsheviks, eventually moving to Paris to pursue a bohemian career as a painter.
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Some particular favorites, including "A Tale of Two Cities" and Anatole France's "The Gods Are Athirst," were expressly anti-revolutionary; most did the opposite of what the Bolsheviks preached by embracing the folly and pathos of human existence.
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Having denounced the bureaucracy and all its paper instruments as bourgeois tools intended to suppress the working class, the Bolsheviks were far less vulnerable to the chaos they unleashed than a different set of revolutionaries might have been.
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Religious activists accused the film's director of blasphemy and the attempt to taint not only the image of the last Russian tsar, murdered by Bolsheviks and later canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church, but also the entire Russian monarchy.
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The episodes are stand-alone stories, with different stars and a thin tissue of connection: contemporary characters who are associated with or believe they are descended from the Russian royal family, whose members were executed by Bolsheviks in 1918.
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That's the approach the company is taking in "The Last Czars," a six-episode series about the Romanovs, the family that ruled Russia for over 300 years before the Bolsheviks removed them from power in the early 20th century.
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Op-Ed Contributor On the night of July 16, 1918, Russia's last czar, Nicholas II, was murdered with his wife and five children in a basement in Yekaterinburg, where they had been detained by the Bolsheviks for four months.
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At home, the children of the Bolsheviks read what they called the "treasures of world literature," with an emphasis on the Golden Ages analogous to their own (the Renaissance, Romanticism and the realist novel, especially Balzac, Dickens and Tolstoy).
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She is a great-great-granddaughter of Czar Alexander II, who was assassinated in 1881 and was a grandfather of Nicholas II, the czar who was killed, along with his wife and five children, by the Bolsheviks in 1918.
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Neo-Nazis, Bolsheviks, Cossacks, monarchists and Russian Orthodox groups, despite their diverse ideological orientations, all seem to share a repulsion for democratic values, a frustration with the current order and a desire to restore Russia's imperial past and glory.
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Even with public and political sentiment turning against the Bolsheviks, Alexander Kerensky — the ambitious 103-year-old lawyer who had emerged as the government's leader — dropped treason charges against them, freed their leaders and even allowed them to rearm.
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When you look at Libya or Syria or Lebanon today, there isn't a revolution that swept through those countries, there isn't really an alternative source of power, an alternative hierarchy ready to take over like the Bolsheviks in 1917.
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One Labour policy wonk impishly suggests the incoming government could follow the example of the Bolsheviks in 1917 and immediately publish highly sensitive documents relating to previous governments—perhaps those related to the Iraq war or the Troubles in Northern Ireland.
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Long before its premiere, the film drew ire from Russian nationalists and religious conservatives who say it besmirches the memory of the tzar who was executed by Bolsheviks in 1918 and is revered by many of Russia's Christian Orthodox believers.
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Jacobins, Positivists, Bolsheviks, Nazis, and Maoists all featured an elite stratum of intellectuals whose mastery of some body of liberating ideas—Rousseauist republicanism, Comtean "social science," Marxism-Leninism, Aryan race science, Mao Zedong Thought—entitled them to rule the uninitiated.
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Hardly taking the time to greet the comrades who had arranged a massive welcome party for him, Lenin addressed the crowd: International revolution was imminent, and the Bolsheviks should not compromise themselves by supporting the Provisional Government or the war.
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While Lenin, hiding in Finland, maintained that the threat of counter-revolution was being exaggerated to force the Bolsheviks into a coalition that would weaken their support, socialists in the Petrograd Soviet fought through their differences to mobilize against Kornilov.
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Britain's Big Squeeze NARVA, Estonia — On NATO's border with Russia, soldiers with Britain's Yorkshire Regiment recently joined Estonians in a celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Royal Navy's critical intervention in the country's battle for independence against the Bolsheviks.
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My wish for you, in your 17th spring, is that you continue to move closer and closer, in all your interests, feelings, and thoughts, to the camp of the youngest and strongest: to Marx, Engels, Lenin and all the true Bolsheviks.
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As an additional burden, the Bolsheviks and their allies in the West had to face the fact that the prominence of Jews among their leaders made them fodder for representations of the international communist movement as a grand Jewish conspiracy.
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The real choice was to be determined instead by a brutal struggle for power between the Red and White armies, the latter led by czarist generals who made no secret that if they won, both Bolsheviks and Jews would be exterminated.
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Basically, the program's jumping-off point is stories involving people who claim to be heirs to the ill-fated Romanov family, who were slaughtered by Bolsheviks (a sequence dispatched with during the opening credits) as they seized power a century ago.
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Remember also that America and Britain are the only major Western democracies that were not occupied or invaded by Nazis, Bolsheviks, or whatever, or subject to revolution, or any really great political disruption in the 280th century, way beyond living memory.
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