But some Maoists say Mr. Trump also offers a model.
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The Maoists are the third biggest group in the legislature.
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Suspected Maoists have also struck during India's elections, which are currently ongoing.
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Officials started using Maoists to intimidate liberal academics, dissidents and other critics.
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The Maoists ended their decade-long civil war under a 2006 peace deal.
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But now he is often denounced by Maoists emboldened by the hard-line pronouncements.
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Their zealousness and their wilful misreading of history notwithstanding, neo-Maoists have remained stubbornly influential.
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The Nepali Congress party and the Maoists have agreed to share power in a rotation.
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The Maoists, who seek the violent overthrow of the state, play a walk-on role, too.
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Under Mr. Xi, Maoists have become bolder in taking to the streets and organizing online campaigns.
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The university swiftly dismissed Mr. Deng rather than engage in a prolonged battle with the Maoists.
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Maoists launched their insurgency in the 1960s and have been fighting from their jungle hideouts ever since.
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A company official was killed in 2013, and Maoists torched dozens of the company's trucks last December.
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Villagers told CNN they are forced to pay taxes to the Maoists, or face abuse or even torture.
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He said for villagers, both the police and the Maoists are predators, and them merely resources or informers.
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Mr. Qi won a following among Chinese neo-Maoists, who admired his unwavering defense of the Cultural Revolution.
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"This is an irreducible conflict as far as (the Maoists) are concerned," said Ajai Sahni, ICM executive director.
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However, ideological differences between the centrist Congress and the Maoists made their pact far from secure, Adhikari said.
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The movement remained relatively obscure until the 1990s, when a radicalized section of the Maoists began to organize.
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In 19963, Gyaltsen said, the Maoists began targeting Namche Technical Support infrastructure and the company ceased its Everest operations.
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Some diehard Maoists call the softly spoken economist "Mao Yu-shit" online, playing on a homonym of his name.
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The constitution unexpectedly passed last September by the main parties, including the Maoists, contained a raft of retrograde provisions.
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Maoists seeking to overthrow the government have operated for decades across a wide swathe of central and eastern India.
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But lately some of China's Maoists are finding inspiration in an unlikely insurgent in the West: Donald J. Trump.
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The government is led by the Nepal Communist Party, not by a coalition of moderate Communists and former Maoists.
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The Maoists waged an insurgency against the monarchy from 1996 to 2006 in which more than 17,000 people were killed.
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The Maoists had not yet issued a statement on the incident via the website they have used in the past.
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In July, Maoists killed at least 10 members of an elite Indian police force in the south of Bihar state.
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In 43, two years after Mao's death, Deng Xiaoping muscled diehard Maoists out of the leadership and took over himself.
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Last week, Dutere appealed to Muslim separatists and the Maoists to join the government fight against the Islamic State-linked militants.
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It is heartening that the Maoists have shed their revolutionary mantle and speak of fostering growth to rival China's or India's.
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Oli's communist UML party said it would not support the Maoists' bid for power after they had brought down Oli's government.
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China's Maoists are a small minority; most Chinese have no desire to revive the ruthless, convulsive politics of the Mao era.
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Neo-Maoists are similarly driven to downplay the horrors of the Cultural Revolution—and in some cases even call for another one.
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In 1980, to the horror of Maoists, he set up "special economic zones" along the coast to carry out free-market trials.
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Lawyers and researchers looking into alleged human rights abuses have said they faced accusations of collaborating with Maoists and threats of violence.
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The area in which the Maoists are active is mainly populated by tribal peoples, some of the most deprived in the country.
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Whether Xi gives a nod to the Maoists as the Cultural Revolution's anniversary approaches this month could reflect his political standing, analysts say.
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Maoists claim they are fighting for the rights of poor, indigenous people and say that mining only benefits wealthy firms and the state.
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There were a lot of debates in the seventies and eighties between Maoists and theoretical socialists, some of whom were a little crazy.
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With the Maoists and Congress joining forces, Oli's coalition in the 595-member parliament needs the support of other smaller parties to survive.
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Though they identify as Maoists, the activists are decidedly nonviolent, unlike Maoist rebels in countries like Nepal and India who embrace violent revolution.
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But as much as they rail against Deng and other pragmatists who led China down this path, the neo-Maoists dabble with pragmatism, too.
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When Nepalese Maoists, briefly in government in 2008 following a ten-year civil war, went to China seeking aid, they came away empty-handed.
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Deva told CNN that after last week's attack in Chhattisgarh, residents fled deep into the jungle to escape both the police and the Maoists.
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Back in China, Mr. Trump has a surprisingly strong fan base among a hard-left fringe, Maoists, who admire his focus on protecting workers.
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In an interview with BuzzFeed News, Adhikari denied any involvement with Shikharam's death and said he was only arrested because of political pressure from Maoists.
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Oli's grip on power has been in question for months, but aide Bishnu Rimal said he would seek clarifications from the Maoists about their concerns.
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On July 29, a group of left-wing students, proclaiming themselves Maoists, traveled from around the country to join in the protests, drawing national attention.
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In late July, a group of left-wing students, proclaiming themselves Maoists, traveled from around the country to join in the protests, drawing national attention.
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But the Maoists' growing assertiveness, echoed in their embrace of aspects of Mr. Trump's agenda, could help push the country in a more authoritarian direction.
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For all their anti-liberal rhetoric, virtually none of today's serious left critics of liberalism are Stalinists or Maoists — that is, opponents of democracy itself.
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In private gatherings he was known to use improbable metaphors — likening Maoists and Nazis, for example, to religious zealots and extolling them as effective leaders.
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The alliance was tapped to win after the Maoists abruptly ditched their erstwhile coalition partner in the outgoing government, the Nepali Congress, to join the UML.
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"I don't think the Unified Marxist Leninists or the Maoists even know there is a thing called policy," says one Nepalese analyst, mentioning two "communist" parties.
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Roy's idealism fits snugly with her unabated dedication to the others of Indian society—from tribal Maoists to Kashmiri rebels to Dalits (untouchables) to slum-dwellers.
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Nepali Maoists rose to power because they persuasively fused class and identity and promised to address the country's multilayered discrimination based on caste, gender and geography.
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"As soon as the (local) population develops a permanent stake in the state, the Maoists will find it very difficult to recruit and mobilize," he said.
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The Maoists abandoned a bid to unseat him in May after they said he had agreed to work for a national consensus and address their concerns.
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Their philosophy also differs from China's older Maoists, who largely focus on rooting out Western influences in Chinese society and are less confrontational toward the party.
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In another incident in the same district, alleged Maoists approached a vehicle heading towards a polling center and forced officials to disembark before setting fire to it.
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"All other conditions of the peace deal with the Maoists have been completed," Bishnu Rijal of the Unified Marxist Leninist (UML) party told the Thomson Reuters Foundation.
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He tells his ministers that they are "not the same Chinese" as the Maoists who built the Tazara railway line linking Tanzania to Zambia in the 1970s.
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"For all their anti-liberal rhetoric, virtually none of today's serious left critics of liberalism are Stalinists or Maoists—that is, opponents of democracy itself," Beauchamp notes.
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He led the team of Maoist negotiators who cut a deal with the government in 2006 to end the insurgency and bring the Maoists into mainstream politics.
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"Around 100 CRPF personnel had gone to provide security to ongoing road construction work when the Maoists ambushed them," Inspector General of Police Sunder Raj P. told Reuters.
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The fear of abuse -- or of being accused of sedition and thrown in jail -- often means villagers have no one to turn to for help against the Maoists.
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Duterte's offer to the Maoists comes after his government cancelled the latest round of peace talks with the NPA's political arm, accusing the rebels of planning more attacks.
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"The neo-Maoists have also clearly benefited from the rise of Xi Jinping, as he has blasted a pretty large dog whistle in their direction," Mr. Blanchette added.
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"Their influence has clearly grown with the leftist turn in ideology, especially since 2015," said Deng Yuwen, a current affairs writer in Beijing who has criticized the Maoists.
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The Maoists called off a bid to oust Oli back in May after he vowed to address the Madhesi concerns and rebuild many homes destroyed in earthquakes last year.
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But fearing this would undermine the legitimacy of their hero and that of the party itself, neo-Maoists have railed against such findings as slander and vilified the researchers.
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One of them said the party should focus on fighting those trying to reawaken the "old dreams of the Cultural Revolution"—in other words, take on diehard Maoists instead.
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Maoists long for China to reverse its path toward market capitalism and return to Mao's radical vision of a classless society steered by a powerful and ideologically pure leader.
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The Maoists called off a bid to oust Oli two months ago after he said he would address the Madhesi concerns and rebuild homes destroyed in earthquakes last year.
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China's neo-Maoists, as they are sometimes called, are loosely united by demands for stringent economic equality, zealous nationalism and a loathing of the capitalist West and liberal democracy.
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KATHMANDU (Reuters) - Nepal's ruling Maoists on Thursday offered to hold talks with minority ethnic parties that withdrew support for the coalition because of long-standing differences over a new constitution.
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"How could I see their faces in the dark?" she asked, adding that like many who had disappeared during the war, her son was suspected of ties to the Maoists.
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Dai Jianzhong, a sociologist in Beijing, said Maoists could gain a bigger following if an economic slowdown caused mass layoffs, or if tensions with the United States escalated into confrontation.
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Acting on a tip-off, police tracked a group of around 30 Maoists who had gathered at a makeshift training camp close to the border with Andhra Pradesh state, officials said.
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The Maoists triggered improvised explosive devices among a group of 25 stranded policemen, before the police killed three insurgents in a gun battle that lasted into the night, Thakur told Reuters.
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The new leader also faces a huge reconstruction effort after earthquakes that killed 9,000 people last year, besides overseeing settlement of war crimes cases against the Maoists and the security forces.
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Duterte has been regularly venting his fury at the Maoists and considers them as much of a security threat as the domestic Islamist militant groups that have pledged allegiance to Islamic State.
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The Maoists accuse Oli of failing to resolve anger in the south of the country over a new constitution, and of failing to rebuild homes and roads destroyed in last year's earthquake.
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In the old days, when we were just buying China's tennis shoes and solar panels and it our soybeans and Boeings, who cared if the Chinese were Communists, Maoists, socialists — or cheats?
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Mr. Bo was purged in a scandal, but the Maoists regrouped as Mr. Xi associated himself more closely with Mao's legacy than his predecessors and called for a return to Marxist purity.
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There are buyers in China, Japan, South Korea, and North Korea (Nepal's Maoists have strong political ties to the Democratic People's Republic of Korea), where the honey is believed to promote erectile function.
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Increasing public anger at Oli has led the Maoists - who waged a decade-long insurgency before joining mainstream politics in 2006 - to conclude that he was an obstacle to ending the constitutional standoff.
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"It's not that the top level of the party directly controls them, but the Maoists are politically astute, and they have a good sense of what they can get away with," he added.
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Duterte said he would consider the political arm of the Maoists a "terrorist group" and was demanding that dozens of rebel leaders he freed last year in order to restart talks turn themselves in.
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Neo-Maoists dismiss criticisms of Mao as smears by Westerners and revisionists, and the group vociferously defends Mao and his policies in articles online, with occasional public shaming of those who slight his legacy.
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The local Maoists disagreed about N.G.O.s like Pradan: some felt that they were doing good work for the people; others felt that by ameliorating conditions in a superficial manner they were delaying the revolution.
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In recent weeks, Maoists have organized online campaigns and street demonstrations to target a succession of liberal academics, with the apparent support from Chinese authorities who typically break up most forms of unauthorized political activity.
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After all, he has experience in governing: when the Maoists laid down arms in 2006 and struck a deal with the establishment, they handily won elections for a constituent assembly under Mr Dahal's charismatic leadership.
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Instead, Pol Pot attacked enemies as "ugly microbes" who would "rot society, rot the party and rot the country from within," while Maoists coined insults like "the stinking ninth category" to denounce experts and intellectuals.
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Oli rose to power with the backing of the Maoists after promising to resolve protests against a new constitution by southern plains dwellers and to step up efforts to rebuild homes destroyed by earthquakes last year.
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The breadth of neo-Maoists — and their support for Xi — was recently on display in the port city of Tianjin, at a funeral for Ai Yuejin, a Maoist professor at Nankai University and popular online lecturer.
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In what was seen as a large concession to former Maoists, Oli agreed to allow former rebel chief Prachanda to be the executive chairman of the ruling Nepal Communist Party, a party spokesman told reporters on Wednesday.
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Ajai Sahni, executive director of the Delhi-based Institute for Conflict Management, said efforts have been made to improve development and administration in the tribal regions, with the hope that it would sap the Maoists' ability to recruit.
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Turkish students—an evolving left that included Marxists, Maoists, Leninists, and socialists—began protesting the presence of the U.S. Sixth Fleet in the Bosphorus and the Mediterranean, as well as the military bases in Izmir, Adana, and elsewhere.
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Workers who organize to demand better pay are called Maoists, villagers who oppose land acquisition are accused of working at the behest of foreign-funded NGOs, students who criticize the government's social and economic policies are labeled seditionists.
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Nepal has been plagued by political turmoil for years and the bid by the Maoists and the Nepali Congress Party to unseat Prime Minister K.P. Oli and form a new government has ushered in another phase of uncertainty.
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While the level of violence has fallen in recent years, and the Maoists have lost hundreds of fighters to desertions and battles with security forces, the rebels remain capable of staging regular hit-and-run attacks across several states.
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A coterie of diehard Maoists and neo-leftists oppose GM foods partly because of concern about food safety but mainly because they fear that foreigners, especially Americans, will use their mastery of genetic engineering to gain control of China's food supply.
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The number of attacks has fallen in recent years but the Maoists, who say they are fighting to free the poor and landless from exploitation of their land, continue to enjoy some support among the poor and violence remains common.
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No one seems to want to remember how such a seeming "victory" played out in Vietnam, or how peace talks ended in giving political victory to elements of the Pol Pot regime in Cambodia and to the Maoists in Nepal.
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The election of a new prime minister, due in parliament on Wednesday, became necessary after K.P. Oli resigned last month just before a no-confidence motion brought by the Maoists who accused him of reneging on a power-sharing deal.
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Jacobins, Positivists, Bolsheviks, Nazis, and Maoists all featured an elite stratum of intellectuals whose mastery of some body of liberating ideas—Rousseauist republicanism, Comtean "social science," Marxism-Leninism, Aryan race science, Mao Zedong Thought—entitled them to rule the uninitiated.
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Citizens of neighbouring Nepal may grimace at statements such as one on his website declaring that, for its own defence, India must preserve its smaller neighbour as a "Hindu Nation" by destroying "Muslim and Christian separatist forces working under the shield of Maoists".
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The election pits the centrist Nepali Congress party of Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, who heads a loose alliance that includes the Madhesi parties from Nepal's southern plains and former royalists, against the tight-knit alliance of former Maoists and the moderate Communist UML party.
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Duterte is dealing with the biggest security challenge of his presidency, with troops stretched to secure an island of 22 million people, wary of attacks by Maoists and activities by a loose alliance of militants who have pledged allegiance to Islamic State, foreigners among them.
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"It has become clear that no political party, including the Maoists, were ever committed to the idea of delivering on justice and accountability for victims," said Tejshree Thapa, a researcher with Human Rights Watch, which released a statement this month on the peace process.
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Leading political analyst Bipin Adhikari said the coming together of the Maoists with an "ultra left" past and the UML's moderate stance was a "remarkable political development" in a country where the communists had split dozens of times since their movement was launched 70 years ago.
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The letters are riddled with inconsistencies and, all too conveniently, link up virtually every Hindu-nationalist bogey— violent Maoists, human-rights groups, Christian missionaries, Muslim Kashmiri separatists, the opposition Congress party, Western academics, Dalit activists, China and academic institutions abhorred as "anti-national" by the Indian right.
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Maoists, leftists and some lawmakers said Duterte would worsen an existing climate of fear and impunity by threatening to unleash his own hit men on those of the New People's Army (NPA), a communist militia that has waged a low-level insurgency in the Philippines for decades.
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" As they ascend to the 15,000-foot plateau, he writes, "We are immediately sobered by the desolation we ride into, its lifeless, lunar magnitude, the dense stacking of scorched, scoured mountains, so unwelcoming, we had quickly learned, that even the Maoists were giving Mustang a wide berth.
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Oswald, still convinced that he could have negotiated a settlement had it not been for the presence of "Maoists" imported from elsewhere in the prison system, drafted a final offer to be read to the prisoners in D Yard, deliberately "not phrased as an ultimatum," Thompson notes, though that is what it was.
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Over the two decades since the publication of The God of Small Things, Roy has also earned her stripes as an activist, spending a night in jail on charges of sedition, camping out with the guerrilla Maoists in Chhattisgarh for a few days, and being treated like a pariah by political elites and the privileged class.
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