Converting text into plain language for the inquiring masses is vital, whether it be wrestling Xenophon's "Anabasis" or Linux engineer notes into English.
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Somewhere, there is a former classics scholar who can claim responsibility for choosing Anabasis, the epic Greek military tale, as the cryptonym for a C.I.A. operation in Iraq.
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Anabasis articulata is a plant of the genus Anabasis. It a salt-tolerant xerophyte that is found in the Syrian desert. Bedouins often use the plant's ashes as a soap substitute. Anabasis articulata The plant is also known for its medical properties.
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Glycomyces anabasis is an endophytic bacterium from the genus of Glycomyces which has been isolated from the roots of the plant Anabasis aphylla from Xinjiang in China.
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Anabasis is a genus of snout moths. It was described by Carl Heinrich in 1956. The genus was long thought to contain only one species, the cassia webworm (Anabasis ochrodesma).
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Agasias () was a Stymphalian of ArcadiaXenophon, Anabasis iv. 1. § 27 who was frequently mentioned by Xenophon as a brave and active officer in the Army of the Ten Thousand.Xenophon, Anabasis iv. 7. § 11. v. 2.
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This jerboa has a vegetarian diet of Anabasis and Peganum harmala.
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It was developed by Anabasis Pharma, Dompé Farmaceutici, and Ospedale San Raffaele.
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The genus Anabasis is distributed from Southwest Europe and North Africa, the shores of the Red Sea (Ethiopia) to Southwest Asia and Central Asia. The center of diversity lies in Asia. Anabasis species grow in steppes and semideserts.
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2: The Book of War (2008) musicians include: Sean Beeson, Zmei Gorinich, Erdenstern, Sully Koba, A journey of the mind, Unto Ashes, Gargrim The Liar, Sibelian, Markus Holler, Dimitrij Volstoj, Za Frûmi, Lost Kingdom, Anabasis, Peter Szwach, Encryption, Ataraxia, and Dråm. Story by Simon Kölle and Kris Swank. Two Worlds: Anabasis & Gargrim The Liar (2009) musicians include: Gargrim The Liar, Anabasis. Cover art by John Howe.
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Alexandri anabasis, 1575 There are eight extant works (cf. Syvänne, footnote of p. 260). The Indica and the Anabasis are the only works completely intact. His entire remaining oeuvre is known as FGrH 156 to designate those collected fragments which exist.
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Anabasis (; ; an "expedition up from") is the most famous book of the Ancient Greek professional soldier and writer Xenophon. The seven books making up the Anabasis were composed circa 370 BC. Anabasis is rendered in translation as The March of the Ten Thousand and as The March Up Country. The narration of the journey is Xenophon's best known work, and "one of the great adventures in human history".
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The Anabasis of Alexander, 2.16.1 & Sophocles. Oedipus Tyrannus, 267 by Nycteïs, the daughter of Nycteus.
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30, 31Xenophon, Anabasis v. 1. ~ 4, vi. 1. ~ 16 On his return to the army, which he found at Sinope, he was chosen commander-in-chief, Xenophon having declined the position for himself on the grounds that he was not a Spartan.Xenophon, Anabasis vi. 1.
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8 : . (present optative). : If ever he saw something edible, he would distribute it. : Xenophon, Anabasis 4.5.
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Philostratus, Life of Apollonius of Tyana, 2.2 Most probably, because according to legend he founded the city of Nysa.St. Jerome, Chronicon, B1329Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 5.1Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 5.2 Oeneus, Οινοψ (“Wine-Dark”) as god of the wine press.Suidas s.v. Oinops (quoting Greek Anthology 6. 44.
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According to Arrian, Perdiccas was a son of the Macedonian nobleman, Orontes,Arrian, Anabasis, 3.11.9 a descendant of the independent princes of the Macedonian province of Orestis.Arrian, Anabasis, 6.28.4 While his actual date of birth is unknown, he would seem to have been of a similar age to Alexander.
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Anabasis eugeniae, or Eugenia's anabasis, is a species of flowering plant in the family Amaranthaceae. It is endemic to the Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic in Azerbaijan, and is only known from the Julfa and Ordubad districts. It can be found on clay soils containing gypsum. It is threatened by overgrazing.
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Demosthenes 2.28, Schol. (vetus) in Demosthenes 3.146a, Cornelius Nepos, Chabrias 3.4. 330s: Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri 1.12.1, cf. 1.10.
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1 Xenophon's Anabasis relates that the Ten Thousand rested there for 45 days before embarking for home. Olshausen, Eckart, "Cotyora" in Brill's New Pauly, Antiquity Anabasis V.5.3fEncyclopedia Britannica Eleventh Edition, s.v. Ordu Strabo also mentions it.XII.3.17 Under Pharnaces I of Pontus, Cotyora was united in a synoikismos with Cerasus.
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Xenophon, Anabasis One such mercenary expedition, the "Anabasis of the 10,000" as narrated by Xenophon, further proved to the Greeks that the Persians were militarily vulnerable even well within their own territory, and paved the way for the destruction of the Persian Empire by Alexander the Great some decades later.
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Cavalryman on the "Alexander sarcophagus" from Sidon The Anabasis of Alexander (, Alexándrou Anábasis; ) was composed by Arrian of Nicomedia in the second century AD, most probably during the reign of Hadrian. The Anabasis (which survives complete in seven books) is a history of the campaigns of Alexander the Great, specifically his conquest of the Persian Empire between 336 and 323 BC. Both the unusual title "Anabasis" (literally "a journey up-country from the sea") and the work's seven-book structure reflect Arrian's emulation (in structure, style, and content) of the Greek historian Xenophon, whose own Anabasis in seven books concerning the earlier campaign "up-country" of Cyrus the Younger in 401 BC. The Anabasis is by far the fullest surviving account of Alexander's conquest of the Persian empire. It is primarily a military history, reflecting the content of Arrian's model, Xenophon's Anabasis; the work begins with Alexander's accession to the Macedonian throne in 336 BC, and has nothing to say about Alexander's early life (in contrast, say, to Plutarch's Life of Alexander). Nor does Arrian aim to provide a complete history of the Greek-speaking world during Alexander's reign.
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9; Pliny the Elder Natural History 5.42; Arrian Anabasis 1.29.1-2, 2.3.1; Suda omi.221; Stephanus of Byzantium Ethnica G211.1.
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Meno is reported, by both Xenophon and Plato, to have been attractive and in the bloom of youth and was quite young at his death. He had many lovers, including Aristippus of Larissa, Tharypas, and Ariaeus the Persian. Xenophon gives a strongly hostile description of Meno as a disreputable, ambitious and dishonest youth, willing to commit any injustice for advancement,Xenophon, Anabasis, II.6.21-27 though Meno's actions in the Anabasis may not entirely merit such a negative portrait.Cf. Brown, "Menon of Thessaly," p 401 Meno while still young was given command of 1000 hoplites and 500 peltastsXenophon, Anabasis, I.2.6 from Thessaly as hired by AristippusXenophon, Anabasis, II.6.28 to assist Cyrus the Younger in his attempt to seize the Persian throne from his brother Artaxerxes.
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Xenophon, Anabasis, I.4.11-17 At another point, Meno's soldiers became enraged with Clearchus, the Spartan general, unsuccessfully trying to stone him to death, an act which nearly led to Meno's and Clearchus' men openly fighting between them.Xenophon, Anabasis, I.5.11-13 This story, along with his loss of 100 men in Cilicia, suggests that Meno maintained poor discipline among his troops. Xenophon claims that Meno maintained discipline by participating in his troops' wrongdoings.Xenophon, Anabasis, II.6.27 Cyrus eventually engaged with Artaxerxes' troops headed by Tissaphernes at the Battle of Cunaxa.
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Arrain, Anabasis, V.22, p.115 The Punjab region is often referred to as the breadbasket in both India and Pakistan.
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12Xenophon, Anabasis 5.3.10Xenophon, Ep. ad, Sot.Diodorus Siculus 15.77Claudius Aelianus, Varia Historia 3.3Plutarch, Ages. 35Pausanias, Description of Greece 1.3, 8.9, 11, 9.15.
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3 After the battle, he appears to be in the capital of Greater Phrygia, Celaenae where he had a garrison force of 1,000 Carians and 100 Greek mercenaries.Arrian Anabasis 1.29.1Curtius Rufus 3.1.6-8 He himself went to Syria to join the army of Darius III and fell in the battle of Issus at 333 BC.Arrian Anabasis 2.11.
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The genus name was derived from the Greek anabasis, meaning 'climbing up'.Froese, R. and D. Pauly, eds. Ambassis agassizii. FishBase. 2014.
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Tr. H. G. Dakyns. Anabasis I.I. Project Gutenberg. Cyrus handed money over to Lysander and went to Susa.Plutarch. Ed. by A.H. Clough.
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Xenophon, in his Hellenica, did not cover the retreat of Cyrus but instead referred the reader to the Anabasis by "Themistogenes of Syracuse"Hellen, iii, i, 2 cited in —the tenth-century Suda also describes Anabasis as being the work of Themistogenes, "preserved among the works of Xenophon", in the entry Θεμιστογένεης. (Θεμιστογένης, Συρακούσιος, ἱστορικός. Κύρου ἀνάβασιν, ἥτις ἐν τοῖς Ξενοφῶντος φέρεται: καὶ ἄλλα τινὰ περὶ τῆς ἑαυτοῦ πατρίδος. J.S. Watson in his Remarks on the Authorship of Anabasis refers to the various interpretations of the word φέρεται which give rise to different interpretations, and different problems.) Aside from these two references, there is no authority for there being a contemporary Anabasis written by "Themistogenes of Syracuse", and indeed no mention of such a person in any other context.
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Historians believe that Xenophon passed through the territories of Shirak during his return to the Black Sea, a journey immortalized in his Anabasis.
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Xenophon, Anabasis 5.5.22 : . : If it's necessary, we shall make war. The negative used with the potential subjunctive, as with the jussive subjunctive, is (): : .
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Ptolemy himself wrote an eyewitness history of Alexander's campaigns (now lost). In the second century AD, Ptolemy's history was used by Arrian of Nicomedia as one of his two main primary sources (alongside the history of Aristobulus of Cassandreia) for his own extant Anabasis of Alexander, and hence large parts of Ptolemy's history can be assumed to survive in paraphrase or précis in Arrian's work. Arrian cites Ptolemy by name on only a few occasions, but it is likely that large stretches of Arrian's Anabasis reflect Ptolemy's version of events. Arrian once names Ptolemy as the author "whom I chiefly follow",Anabasis 6.2.
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On March 12, 2009, Dahlgren's alter-ego Gargrim The Liar released his debut CD Stories of Long Forgotten, together with The Challenge by Swedish band Anabasis, in a double CD compilation from Waerloga Records called Two Worlds. Artwork includes a cover illustration by noted fantasy artist John Howe.Cummingham, Michael. "Anabasis and Gargrim the Liar - 'Two Worlds' DCD (Waerloga Records)," JudasKiss Magazine, n.d.
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Anabasis 5.4.18 : : They were very annoyed that the Greeks had fled – something which they had never done before. However, the pluperfect is much less frequently used in Greek than in English, since after conjunctions such as () "when", usually the aorist is used:; but cf. Xen. Anabasis 5.4.18 : Xenophon, Cyropaedia 4.2.9 : : And when they had had dinner (aorist), he began leading out the army.
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Anabasis is a genus of plants in the subfamily Salsoloideae of the family Amaranthaceae. It is distributed in southern Europe, North Africa, and Asia.
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The Rajput, Gujjars, Jats and Ahirs,Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, v. 8, 20, 29; Curtius Rufus, Historiae Alexandri Magni, viii. 12–14, ix. 1, x.
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To make the negative of the indicative, () or, before a vowel, () is added before the verb: : .Xenophon, Anabasis 3.1.11 : . : He was not able to sleep.
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The Greek general Xenophon recorded in his Anabasis that the Armenians, as they withdrew, burned their crops and food supplies before the Ten Thousand could advance.
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Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander 2.16.3 The second-century poet Lucian also referred to the "dismemberment of Iacchus".Lucian, De Saltatione ("The Dance") 39 (Harmon, pp. 250, 251).
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The name Crna Reka means "Black River" in Macedonian, a translation of its earlier Thracian name, Erigon (), meaning "black", akin to Greek érebos, "darkness"; Armenian erek, "evening"; Old Norse røkkr, "darkness"; Gothic riqis, "darkness"; Sanskrit rájas, "night"; and Tocharian B orkamo, "dark".Katičic', Radoslav. Ancient Languages of the Balkans. Paris: Mouton, 1976: 147 The Erigon river is mentioned by Arrian in the Anabasis of Alexander,Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, §1.5.
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Ancient authorities: Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, vi. 19, 21; vii. 4, 19, 20, 25: Plutarch, Life of Alexander, 10, 68, 75: Strabo, xv. pp. 721, 725; Diodorus Siculus, xvii.
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After the battle, Mithrenes was made Satrap of Armenia by Alexander.Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, iii. 16Curtius, Histories of Alexander the Great, v. 1.44Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica, xvii.
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Map showing ancient Thessaly. Pelinna (Pelinnaeum) is shown to the centre west north of Tricca. Pelinna (Πέλιννα) or Pelinnaeum ()so in Scylax and Pindar, P. 10.4.Arrian, Anabasis, 1.7.
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Non-fiction books inspired by Anabasis include: The Anabasis of Alexander, by the Greek historian Arrian (86 – after 146 AD), is a history of the campaigns of Alexander the Great, specifically his conquest of the Persian Empire between 334 and 323 BC. Shane Brennan's memoir In the Tracks of the Ten Thousand: A Journey on Foot through Turkey, Syria and Iraq (2005) recounts his 2000 journey to re-trace the steps of the Ten Thousand.
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A fight ensued, in which Anaxibius was compelled to flee for refuge to the Acropolis, and which was quelled only by the remonstrances of Xenophon.Xenophon, Anabasis vii. 1. ~ 1-32 Soon after this, the Greeks left the town under the command of the adventurer Coeratades; and Anaxibius issued a proclamation, subsequently acted on by the harmost Aristarchus, that all of Cyrus's soldiers found in Byzantium should be sold as slaves.Xenophon, Anabasis vii. 1.
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However, Clearchus, a Spartan general, convinced the Greeks to continue with the expedition. The army of Cyrus met the army of Artaxerxes II in the Battle of Cunaxa. Despite effective fighting by the Greeks, Cyrus was killed in the battle (Anabasis 1.8.27–1.9.1). Shortly thereafter, Clearchus was treacherously invited by Tissaphernes to a feast, where, alongside four other generals and many captains, including Xenophon's friend Proxenus, he was captured and executed (Anabasis 2.5.31–32).
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Xenophon made use of Ekdromoi during the march of the Ten Thousand against the numerous enemies disrupting the Greek columns, as is multiple times attested in his work, The Anabasis.
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Greek historian Xenophon (ca. 431 – 355 BC), pupil of Socrates, mentions the crossing of the river Kentrites (the Botan) in his Anabasis ("The Expedition" or "The March Up Country"), §151.
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Xenophon, Anabasis ii.4, noted in this connection by I J. Gelb, "Calneh" The American Journal of Semitic Languages and Literatures 51.3 (April 1935:189-191) p. 189 note 2.
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Robin Waterfield - Xenophon's Retreat: Greece, Persia, and the End of the Golden Age (London: Faber and Faber Ltd., 2006) is a summary of Xenophon's Anabasis or The Expedition of Cyrus.
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Arrian, Anabasis 1.12.8, 10. In the battle of the Granicus, he commanded the Paphlagonian cavalry in the left Persian wing just to the right of Arsames and Memnon of Rhodes.Diodorus 17.19.4.
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A Study of Plutarch's Life of Artaxerxes, with Especial Reference to the Sources. Leipzig, 1881 (dissertation) Thucydides Book VII. Boston, 1886 Thucydides Book III. Boston, 1894 with Campbell Bonner: Xenophon's Anabasis.
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Frigoribacterium endophyticum is a Gram-positive and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Frigoribacterium which has been isolated from the roots of the plant Anabasis elatior from Urumqi in China.
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The legend of Gordium, widely disseminated by the publicists of Alexander the Great,Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, ii.3. said that he who could unravel it would be master of Asia (which was equated at the time with Anatolia). Instead, Alexander sliced the knot in half with his sword, in 333 BC. Arrian has Midas, Gordias' son, assuming kingship instead of his father.Arrian, Alexandri Anabasis, B.3.4–6 In some accounts, Gordias and the Phrygian goddess Cybele adopted Midas.
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On their arrival at Trapezus on the Euxine, the Greek mercenaries sent their Spartan general Cheirisophus to Anaxibius, the Spartan admiral stationed at Byzantium in 400 BC, to obtain a sufficient number of ships to transport them to Europe.Xenophon, Anabasis v. 1. ~ 4 However, when Cheirisophus met them again at Sinope, he brought back nothing from Anaxibius, but civil words and a promise of employment and pay as soon as they came out of the Euxine.Xenophon, Anabasis vi. 1.
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MaisadesThracian Kings, University of Michigan (Ancient Greek, "Μαισάδης") was a Thracian of the Odrysae and perhaps the father of Seuthes II. Xenophon in Anabasis(7.2.32) mentions Maisades as the father of Seuthes.
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Aurantimonas endophytica is a short-rod-shaped, aerobic and motile bacteria from the genus of Aurantimonas which has been isolated from the roots of the plant Anabasis elatior in Urumqi in China.
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Petenes () was one of the Persian generals in the battle of the Granicus in 334 BC in Asia Minor. Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, 1.12.8 He was killed during the cavalry engagement. Arrian, 1.16.
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Labedella endophytica is a Gram-positive, aerobic, endophytic and non-motile bacterium from the genus of Labedella which has been isolated from the stem of the plant Anabasis elatior from Urumqi in China.
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Sol Yurick's novel The Warriors (1965) borrows characters and events from Anabasis. It was adapted as a 1979 cult film, directed by Walter Hill. The first three novels of David Weber and John Ringo's science fiction series Empire of Man—March Upcountry (2001), March to the Sea (2001), and March to the Stars (2003)—are modeled after Anabasis. In Ringo's stand- alone novel The Last Centurion a Stryker company repeats the March of the Ten Thousand from Iran to the sea.
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Xenophon, Anabasis v. 1. ~ 4 However, when Cheirisophus met them again at Sinope, he brought back nothing from Anaxibius but civil words and a promise of employment and pay as soon as they came out of the Euxine.Xenophon, Anabasis vi. 1. ~ 16 On their arrival at Chrysopolis, on the Asiatic shore of the Bosporus, Anaxibius, being bribed by Pharnabazus with great promises to withdraw them from his satrapy, again engaged to furnish them with pay, and brought them over to Byzantium.
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Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri 1.12.1, Cicero, Pro Archia Poeta 24. In AD 216 the Roman Emperor Caracalla, while on his way to war against Parthia, emulated Alexander by holding games around Achilles' tumulus.Dio Cassius 78.16.7.
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At that time the ruler of the city, as well as of Palaegambrium, was Gorgion, son of Gongylos.Xenophon, Anabasis, 7.8.8-17. There was a star with twelve rays on the electrum coins of Gambrium.
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Thera () was a town of Ancient Caria. It is mentioned by Arrian as one of the towns held by Orontobates.Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, 2.5. Its site is located near Yerkesik, Muğla Province, Asiatic Turkey.
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In all species the stamens blossom first, and the stigmas unfold later (protandry). Halothamnus subaphyllus was proved to be pollinated by insects (entomophily).M. M. Iljin: K biologii Anabasis aphylla L. - Sovetsk. Bot. 4: p.
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Agis (; Greek: , gen.: Ἄγιδος) was an Ancient Greek poet from Argos, and a contemporary of Alexander the Great, whom he accompanied on his Asiatic expedition. CurtiusCurtius, viii. 5 as well as ArrianArrian, Anabasis Alexandri iv.
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The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XXVIII Alexander died in Babylon on 10 or 11 June 323 BC. In , one year after Alexander's death, Chandragupta Maurya of Magadha founded the Maurya Empire in India.
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Pharnaces (died 334 BC, ) was a Persian noble of the 4th century BC apparently belonging to the Pontic-Cappadocian nobility. Berve ii.117 His sister was a wife of Darius III. Arrian Anabasis Alexandri 1.16.
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Xenophon, Anabasis vii. 1. ~ 1-32 Soon after this the Greeks left the town under the command of the adventurer Coeratades, and Anaxibius issued a proclamation, subsequently acted on by the harmost Aristarchus of Sparta, that all of Cyrus's soldiers found in Byzantium should be sold as slaves.Xenophon, Anabasis vii. 1. ~ 36, 2. ~ 6 However, soon after Anaxibius was superseded in command. So finding himself neglected by Pharnabazus, he attempted to revenge himself by persuading Xenophon to lead the Greek army to invade Pharnabazus's satrapy.
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Under the pretext of fighting Tissaphernes, the Persian satrap of Ionia, Cyrus assembled a massive army composed of native Persian soldiers, but also a large number of Greeks. Prior to waging war against Artaxerxes, Cyrus proposed that the enemy was the Pisidians, and so the Greeks were unaware that they were to battle against the larger army of King Artaxerxes II (Anabasis 1.1.8–11). At Tarsus the soldiers became aware of Cyrus's plans to depose the king, and as a result, refused to continue (Anabasis 1.3.1).
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The Anabasis of Arrian It remains unclear if Callisthenes was actually involved in the plot, for prior to his accusation he had fallen out of favour by leading the opposition to the attempt to introduce proskynesis.
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4; Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, ii. 16; Virgil, Georgics, i. 166; and Plutarch, Themistocles, 15. Upon reaching Eleusis, there was an all-night vigil (pannychis) according to MylonasMylonas, G. E., 1961 Eleusis and the Eleusinian Mysteries, p.
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Having been bribed by Pharnabazus II, he prevented the troops from recrossing into Asia and ravaging that satrap's province, and in various ways annoyed and ill-treated them.Xenophon, Anabasis 7.2. §§ 4-7, 7.3. §§ 1-3, 7.6.
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In his text History of Rome, Livy states that the Macedonians, Aetolians and Acarnanians were "all men of the same language".Livy. History of Rome, 31.29.15. Similar opinions are shared by Arrian,Arrian. Anabasis Alexandri, 1.16.
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Socrates () (c. 436 BC – 401 BC) was a Greek mercenary general from Achaea who traveled to Persia to fight at the Battle of Cunaxa. Xenophon describes him as brave in war and a reliable friend.Xenophon, Anabasis 2.6.
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The river has its sources not far from Celaenae in Phrygia (now Dinar),Herodotus, Histories, Book 7 section 26. where it gushed forth in a park of Cyrus.Xenophon, Anabasis, Book 1 Chapter 2. According to someStrabo xii. p.
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9 : : The captain knew where the letter was lying. : Xenophon, Anabasis 2.4.10 : : Every night the (two armies) would camp a parasang or more apart from each other. : Lysias, 1.10 : : These things carried on like this for long time.
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Laursen 2017, pp. 430-433. In Hellenistic times, Failaka was known as Ikaros.Laursen 2017, pp. 430-433. According to The Anabasis of Alexander, this name was given by Alexander the Great, after an Aegean island of the same name.
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The present tense (Greek () "standing within") can be imperfective or perfective, and be translated "I do (now)", "I do (regularly)", "I am doing (now)":ff : .Xenophon, Agesilaus 5.5, Symposium 4.11 : . : I swear by all the gods! : Xenophon, Anabasis 1.8.
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2, see also 3.64.1–2. Arrian, the 2nd-century Greek historian, wrote that it was to this Dionysus, the son of Zeus and Persephone, "not the Theban Dionysus, that the mystic chant ‘Iacchus’ is sung".Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander 2.16.
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Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, VI.15.3 Today, the remains of the Greek town are thought to be inside the citadel mound, although significant damage to the mound resulted from a shift in the river. A UNESCO listing applies to the site.
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Xenophon was deserted by his horse in a particularly sticky situation.Xenophon, Anabasis. 4.2.20 A hypaspist would differ from a skeuophoros in most cases because the "shield bearer" is a free warrior and the "baggage carrier" was probably usually a slave.
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300px Xenophon's Anabasis, translated by Carleton Lewis Brownson. Carleton Lewis Brownson (January 19, 1866 - September 27, 1948) was a professor of the Greek language and Latin language and dean of the College of Liberal Arts at City College of New York.
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Elford/Graf: Reise in die Vergangenheit (Kappadokien). AND Verlag Istanbul, 1976 The earliest attestation of these structures is in Xenophon's Anabasis, which mentions people in Anatolia who had built their houses underground.Peter Daners, Volher Ohl: Kappadokien. Dumont 1996 Wolfgang Dorn.
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Illustration of Haloxylon ammodendron from 1829 The species was first published in 1829 by Carl Anton von Meyer as Anabasis ammodendron C.A.Meyer. In 1851 Alexander Bunge combined it to genus Haloxylon as Haloxylon ammodendron (C.A.Meyer) Bunge. Synonyms are: Arthrophytum ammodendron (C.
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Noted in In ancient Israel, the ashes from barilla plants, such as species of Salsola, saltwort (Seidlitzia rosmarinus) and Anabasis, were used in soap production, known as potash.Zohar Amar, Flora of the Bible, Jerusalem 2012, s.v. ברית, p. 216 (note 34) .
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Its sources were reported being in the Taurus Mountains in Cataonia. It flowed through Cappadocia by the town of Comana, then through Cilicia. It is noted by numerous ancient authors including Livy, Xenophon,Xenophon, Anabasis 1.4.1. Procopius,Procopius, de Aedif. 5.4.
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Often "began doing" is a possible translation: : Xenophon, Agesilaus 2.12 : : Throwing together their shields, they began shoving, fighting, killing, and dying. : Lysias, 1.11 : : After dinner the baby began crying. : Xenophon, Anabasis 2.4.24 : : And when dawn came, they began crossing the bridge.
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Another meaning of the aorist indicative is to refer to unreal (counterfactual) events in past time. To give the meaning "would", the particle () is added:ff : Xenophon, Anabasis 6.6.15 : : He would not have done this, if I had not ordered him.
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The Greek term anabasis referred to an expedition from a coastline into the interior of a country. While the journey of Cyrus is an anabasis from Ionia on the eastern coast of the Aegean Sea, to the interior of Asia Minor and Mesopotamia, most of Xenophon's narrative is taken up with the return march of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand, from the interior of Babylon to the coast of the Black Sea. Socrates makes a cameo appearance, when Xenophon asks whether he ought to accompany the expedition. The short episode demonstrates the reverence of Socrates for the Oracle of Delphi.
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By chance a storm occurred that night which drowned out the sounds of the crossing. Having crossed the river, Alexander advanced towards the location of Porus's camp with all his horsemen and foot archers, leaving his phalanx to follow up behind.Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, Book V, Chapter XIV Upon meeting with young Porus's force, his horse archers showered the latter with arrows, while his heavy cavalry immediately charged without forming into line of battle.Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, Book V, Chapter XV Young Porus also faced an unexpected disadvantage: his chariots were immobilized by the mud near the shore of the river.
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Ariaeus appears in historic records in 401 BC, in Xenophon's description of the events leading up to the Battle of Cunaxa. Xenophon noted that he was a friend of Cyrus and was said to be fond of young boys, which was why he was an intimate of the young Thessalian general Menon.Xenophon, Anabasis II.1.5 & II.6.28 At the Battle of Cunaxa he was Cyrus' second in command and commanded the left.Xenophon, Anabasis I.8.5 According to Ctesias, he was alongside Cyrus, when Cyrus succeeded in wounding Artaxerxes,Plutarch, Life of Artaxerxes XVIII but this is unlikely.
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19, Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri 1.12.6. Cf. Bürchner RE XI (1922) s.v. (3) col. 1110, who, however, reduplicates the passages from his entry on Kolonai in the southern Troad for 'Lampsacene' Kolonai, even when context indicates that one and not the other is meant.
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Atarneus (; ), also known as Atarna (Ἄταρνα), was an ancient Greek city in the region of Aeolis, Asia Minor. It lies on the mainland opposite the island of Lesbos. It was on the road from Adramyttium to the plain of the Caicus.Xenophon, Anabasis, 7.8.8.
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The Anabasis of Alexander, Book VII, Chapter XX. Wikisource. The Greek name was probably based on a folk etymology derived from ´KR. That both Failaka and Aegean Ikaria housed bull cults would have made the identification tempting all the more.Rice 2002, p. 208.
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Svoboda was sent to the Eastern Front, and fell into Russian captivity on 18 September 1915 at Tarnopol. He joined the Czechoslovak Legion and took part in the battles of Zborov and Bakhmach. He returned home through a "Siberian anabasis".PRECLÍK Vratislav.
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Silanus () of Ambracia was a soothsayer in Xenophon's Anabasis. In 401 BC, he accompanied Cyrus the Younger in an expedition against Artaxerxes. When Silanus provided Cyrus with a successful prediction, he was rewarded with 3000 darics (or 10 talents).Smith, p. 818 (Volume III) .
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Metal plates or flaps called pteryges (πτέρυγες) were protecting various parts of the body (Xenophon, Anabasis 4.7.15). A "zoster" (ζωστήρ). was a belt, probably of leather with metal plates, worn around the waist over the other parts of the cuirass (Il. 4.132, 135,186 etc.).
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Map showing the Tigris–Euphrates river system, which surrounds Mesopotamia The regional toponym Mesopotamia (, '[land] between rivers'; ' or '; ; "land of rivers") comes from the ancient Greek root words (, 'middle') and (, 'river') and translates to '(land) between rivers'. It is used throughout the Greek Septuagint () to translate the Hebrew and Aramaic equivalent Naharaim. An even earlier Greek usage of the name Mesopotamia is evident from The Anabasis of Alexander, which was written in the late 2nd century AD, but specifically refers to sources from the time of Alexander the Great. In the Anabasis, Mesopotamia was used to designate the land east of the Euphrates in north Syria.
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He published several classical text books, including editions with original notes of Xenophon's Anabasis and the first six books of Homer's Iliad, besides notes on the Epistles to the Galatians, Romans, etc. His texts on the Greek language included Greek Syntax and First Lessons in Greek.
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Translated by Rex Warner, Penguin Books LTD, p. 65 In addition, the paean is said to have been sung just before the start of various battles (including the Battle of Cunaxa) in Xenophon's "Anabasis" (or "Persian Expedition").Xenophon, The Persian Expedition. Translated by Rex Warner, Penguin Books LTD.
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30 Socrates was summoned by Cyrus, with whom he was already connected, to bring as many troops as he could muster under the pretense that Cyrus intended to attack Tissaphernes.Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.11 Socrates had previously been besieging Miletus alongside Pasion the Megarian. Socrates brought Cyrus about 500 Hoplites.
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Chaldaioi () or Chaldoi () were an ancient people in northern Anatolia and Armenia. Hekataios of Miletus (around 500), handed down by Stephanos of Byzantium, knows Chaldaioi on Lake Van and calls the region Chaldia. Xenophon describes in the Anabasis 401/400 BC Armenians, Kardouchoi, Chaldaioi and Taochoi under Persian rule.
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These close combat weapons varied from the dreaded rhomphaiaChristopher Webber, Angus McBride (2001). The Thracians, 700 BC - AD 46. Osprey Publishing. . to clubs (used to knock the heads off the spears in Xenophon's Anabasis by Thynians), one- and two-sided axes, bows, knives, spears, akinakes and long swords.
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There was only one time that any difference arose between them, and that was caused by Cheirisophus having struck, in a fit of angry suspicion, an Armenian who was guiding them, and who left them because of the insult.Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica xiv. 27Xenophon, Anabasis iii. 2. ~ 33, &c.
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The Ten Thousand Greek Mercenaries including Xenophon were now deep in Persian territory and were at risk of attack. So they searched for others to offer their services to but eventually had to return to Greece.Maurice Whittemore Mather (ed.), Joseph William Hewitt (ed.), Xenophon: Anabasis, Books 1–4.
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The fiber from S. tenacissima and L. spartum is known as esparto, and is harvested to make paper, cords, baskets, and espadrilles. Salt-rich soils are home to salt-tolerant (halophyte) plant communities, including species of Suaeda, Salsola, Limonium and Arthrocnemum, and Atriplex halimus, Anabasis articulata, and Haloxylon articulatum.
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26 : : I see the man! : Plato, Gorgias 490e : : You are always saying the same things, Socrates! : Plato, Protagoras 310b : : "O Socrates", he said, "have you woken up, or are you sleeping?" The present tense is frequently used in historical narrative, especially to describe exciting moments: : Xenophon, Anabasis 1.8.
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Xenophon's account of the exploit resounded through Greece, where, two generations later, some surmise, it may have inspired Philip of Macedon to believe that a lean and disciplined Hellene army might be relied upon to defeat a Persian army many times its size.Jason of Pherae's plans of a "panhellenic conquest of Persia" (following the Anabasis), which both Xenophon, in his Hellenica but also Isocrates, in his speech addressed directly to Phillip, recount, probably had an influence on the Macedonian king. Besides military history, the Anabasis has found use as a tool for the teaching of classical philosophy; the principles of statesmanship and politics exhibited by the army can be seen as exemplifying Socratic philosophy.
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Meno escorted, with some of his troops, the Cilician queen Epyaxa back to Cilicia.Xenophon, Anabasis, I.2.20 Meno lost some hundred troops on this mission, either because his troops were caught pillaging and killed by the Cilicians or because they got lost and wandered until they perished.Xenophon, Anabasis, I.2.25 Later, after Cyrus first told the Greeks that he was leading them into battle against Artaxerxes to seize the Persian throne, the Greeks were dismayed and demanded more money before they would continue. Meno won the admiration of Cyrus by persuading his troops to cross the Euphrates first (as a show of their willingness to follow Cyrus) before the other troops had decided.
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The only complete English translation of Arrian available online is a rather antiquated translation by E.J. Chinnock, published in 1884. The original Greek text used by the Perseus Digital Library is the standard A.G. Roos Teubner edition published at Leipzig in 1907.Arrian. A.G. Roos - Anabasis Tufts University and Leipzig University [Retrieved 2015-05-07] Probably the most widely used scholarly English translation is Loeb Classical Library edition (with facing Greek text), in two volumes.P. A. Brunt, Arrian - Anabasis of Alexander, Volume I Loeb Classical Library 236 [Retrieved 2015-05-07] The work first appeared in 1929 and was later revised with a new introduction and appendices by P.A. Brunt in 1976.
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Multan is believed to have been the Malli capital that was conquered by Alexander the Great in 326 BCE as part of the Mallian Campaign. During the siege of the city's citadel, Alexander leaped into the inner area of the citadel, where he killed the Mallians' leader.Arrian (1893). Anabasis of Alexander.
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By adding all of Iran and Afghanistan, Seleucus became the most powerful ruler since Alexander the Great.Arrian of Nicomedia, Anabasis, 7.22.5. Restoration of Alexander's Empire was, after the Babylonian War, no longer possible. This outcome was confirmed in the Fourth War of the Diadochi and the Battle of Ipsus (301).
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The optative can also be used for wishes: : Demosthenes, 25.30 etc. : : Which may it not happen! The optative can also be used in purpose clauses in past time, and after verbs of fearing in past time: : Xenophon, Anabasis 2.1.9 : : Someone had summoned him so that he could see the sacrificial entrails.
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She was educated at home by a governess until the age of eight, and was fond of field sports, ponies and dogs.Vickers, p. 8 When she started school in London, she astonished her teachers by precociously beginning an essay with two Greek words from Xenophon's Anabasis. Her best subjects were literature and scripture.
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The Anabasis of Alexander/Book VI by Arrian, translated by E. J. Chinnock, Wikisource The Malli tribe also performed a similar act, which Pierre Herman Leonard Eggermont calls jauhar. Arrian states that they started burning their houses with themselves in it though any Indian captured in them was slaughtered by the Greeks.
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Hossein Akhani, Gerald Edwards & Eric H. Roalson: Diversification Of The Old World Salsoleae S.L. (Chenopodiaceae): Molecular Phylogenetic Analysis Of Nuclear And Chloroplast Data Sets And A Revised Classification, in: International Journal of Plant Sciences, 168 (6), 2007, p. 931–956 I.C.Hedge (1997): Anabasis. - In: Karl Heinz Rechinger et al. (Hrsg.): Flora Iranica, Vol.
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An eighteenth century engraving of Epictetus No writings by Epictetus are known. His discourses were transcribed and compiled by his pupil Arrian (author of the Anabasis Alexandri). The main work is The Discourses, four books of which have been preserved (out of the original eight).Photius, Bibliotheca, states that there were eight books.
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Timasitheus or Timesitheus (Gr. ' or ', fl. 4th century BC) was a citizen of Trapezus, and a proxenus of the Mossynoeci, between whom and the Cyrean Greeks he acted as interpreter, when the latter wished to make a treaty with the barbarians, and to obtain a passage through their country.Xenophon, Anabasis v. 4.
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In 324 BC Alexander the Great married Barsine, the eldest daughter of Darius, the king of Persia. In the same ceremony, he wed many of his leading officers and outstanding soldiers to other Persian women, about 80 couples in all.Arrian of Nicomedia describes this event in section 7.4.4-5.6 of his Anabasis.
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Aristippus of Larissa in Thessaly was one of the Aleuadae who received lessons from the philosopher Gorgias when he visited Thessaly. Aristippus obtained money and troops from Cyrus the Younger to resist a faction opposed to him, and placed his lover, the general Meno, in command over these forces.Xenophon, Anabasis 1.1.10, 2.6.
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Pilar Serrano allows the term katabasis to encompass brief or chronic stays in the underworld, including those of Lazarus, and Castor and Pollux. In this case, however, the katabasis must be followed by an anabasis (a going or marching up) in order to be considered a true katabasis instead of a death.
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Mill was a notably precocious child. He describes his education in his autobiography. At the age of three he was taught Greek. By the age of eight, he had read Aesop's Fables, Xenophon's Anabasis, and the whole of Herodotus, and was acquainted with Lucian, Diogenes Laërtius, Isocrates and six dialogues of Plato.
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"Children of the Revolution" premiers at the 24th International Documentary Film Festival International Documentary Film Festival Amsterdam official websiteChildren of the Revolution Trailer - Internet Movie Database In 2011, Mei Shigenobu was featured in Eric Baudelaire's experimental movie The Anabasis of May and Fusako Shigenobu, Masao Adachi, and 27 years without Images along with filmmaker and Japanese Red Army member Masao Adachi, which was entered at the 22nd Marseilles International Film Festival.Movie "The Anabasis of May and Fusako Shigenobu, Masao Adachi, and 27 years without Images" official selection for First competition at Marseilles International Film Festival FID Marseille 2011 official webpage On 10 September 2012, Mei Shigenobu appeared as a guest in the program Free word on Al Mayadeen Channel hosted by George Galloway.
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Arsites fled from the battlefield at Granicus, but shortly afterwards committed suicide feeling that the blame for the defeat should fall on him.Arrian, Anabasis 1.16.3. His province was the first on Asian soil to fall into the hands of Alexander. Alexander then appointed one of his generals, Calas, as the new satrap of the province.
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Hurriyet Daily News (August 26). The tomb of a Muslim saint, Kum Baba, is on a tree-covered hill above Şile.Şile Istanbul Along the coast near Şile, in the village of Kızılcaköy, is a cave which, according to a local myth, is said to be the scene of events in the Anabasis of Xenophon.
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The species of genus Anabasis are annual or perennial herbs or subshrubs. Their stems are fleshy and articulated, mostly glabrous with the exception of hairy tufts at the nodes, rarely with papillae-like trichomes or woolly. The opposite leaves may be reduced to small scales or normally developed. The inflorescences are elongated or condensed spikes.
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Armene () was an ancient Greek cityPseudo Scylax, Periplous, § 89 on the Black Sea coast of ancient Paphlagonia. Xenophon in his Anabasis writes that the Ten Thousand on their return anchored their ships here, and stayed five days. The place belonged to the Sinopians. It was 50 stadia west of Sinope, and had a port.
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The future tense (Greek () "going to be") describes an event or a state of affairs that will happen in the future. For example, it can be something promised or predicted: : Xenophon, Anabasis 5.6.23 : : I will lead you to the Troad. : Plato, La. 201c : : I will come to see you tomorrow, if God is willing.
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Location of Hellespontine Phrygia, and the provincial capital of Dascylium, in the Achaemenid Empire, c. 500 BC. Achaemenid Dynast of Hellespontine Phrygia attacking a Greek psiloi, Altıkulaç Sarcophagus, early 4th century BCE. Arsites (Persian: آرستیس, ) was Persian satrap of Hellespontine Phrygia in Achaemenid dinesty in the 4th century BC.Arrian, Anabasis 1.12.8. His satrapy also included the region of Paphlagonia.
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Arrian was born in 86 CE, did not visit the Indian subcontinent, and the book is based on a variety of legends and texts known to Arrian, such as the Indica by Megasthenes. Arrian also wrote a companion text Anabasis. Of all ancient Greek records available about Alexander and interior Asia, Arrian's texts are considered most authoritative.
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Atizyes was a Persian satrap of Greater Phrygia under the Achaemenids in 334 BC, when Alexander the Great began his campaign.Arrian Anabasis 1.25.3 He is not mentioned in the council of Zelea where the satrap coalition was formed against the invasion, so it is not sure whether he took part in the battle of the Granicus.Diodorus 17.21.
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Photius, Bibliotheca excerpts, 176.3 During the Alexander the Great period, Nearchus was appointed viceroy of Lycia and of the land adjacent to it as far as mount Taurus.Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 3.6 Later classical scholars offer differing and sometimes plainly erroneous accounts of the Lycians. Strabo distinguishes "Trojan Lycians" from the Termilae mentioned by Herodotus.Strabo. Geographica, 12.8.4.
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As it was retreating from Corfu, the Ottoman army devastated the undefended areas of both Corfu city and the island. In total about 20,000 people who were unable to find shelter in either castle were either killed or taken away as slaves. Anabasis to Angelokastro In August 1571, the Ottomans made another of many attempts at conquering Corfu.
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The novel begins with a quote from Anabasis (upon which the novel is based). Throughout the novel, the character Junior reads a comic book version of the story. It is the evening of July 4. Ismael Rivera, leader of the Delancey Thrones, the largest gang in New York City, calls a grand assembly of street gangs to the Bronx.
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Cyrus II of Persia ( Kūruš;Image: New Persian: Kuruš; c. 600 – 530 BC) commonly known as Cyrus the Great,Xenophon, Anabasis I. IX; see also M. A. Dandamaev "Cyrus II", in Encyclopaedia Iranica. and also called Cyrus the Elder by the Greeks, was the founder of the Achaemenid Empire, the first Persian Empire.Schmitt Achaemenid dynasty (i.
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The ancient Greeks called it Arkonnesos ().Stephanus of Byzantium, Ethnica, §A121.12 During the Siege of Halicarnassus by Alexander the Great, some of the Persian troops withdrew to the island after they first set fire to the Halicarnassus.Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, §1.23.3 In the Middle Ages the island, which the Greeks know under the name of Arkos,Bertarelli (1929), p.
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Wollumbin! Wollumbin! (Mount Warning), much in the manner of the Greeks in Xenophon's Anabasis. They had made it back home. One of the youths, Keendahn, who was ten years old at the time, was so traumatised by the experience that he would hide in the bush for decades later, whenever word of police in the vicinity reached their camps.
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24 and Anabasis 4.5.34–5; Philostratus, VA 1.21; Pausanias 3.20.4. In contrast to cultures that offered a horse to the war god in advance to ask for success, the Roman horse sacrifice marked the close of the military campaigning season.Arthur M. Eckstein, Mediterranean Anarchy, Interstate War, and the Rise of Rome (University of California Press, 2006), pp. 205–206.
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The brigade was demobilized on June 17, 1946 and, under the pressure from communist diplomacy, most of the Polish guard companies were disbanded in 1947. Some of the senior officers of the brigade resettled in the United States.David R. Morgan. Todd Morgan: The Anabasis of the Holy Cross Brigade Reflected in the Documents of the United States Government.
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Antigonus was charged with the task of rooting out Perdiccas's former supporter, Eumenes. In effect, Antipater retained for himself control of Europe, while Antigonus, as Strategos of the East, held a similar position in Asia.Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica XVIII 39,1-39,6; Arrian, Anabasis, 1,34-37. Although the First War ended with the death of Perdiccas, his cause lived on.
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In May 334 Alexander the Great crossed the Hellespont and came to the city, where he visited the temple of Athena Ilias, made sacrifices at the tombs of the Homeric heroes, and made the city free and exempt from taxes.Arrian, Anabasis 1.11–12, Diodorus Siculus 17.17–18, Plutarch, Life of Alexander 15, Justin 9.5.12, Strabo 13.1.26, 32.
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Seleucus and Apama became the ancestors of the kings of the Seleucid dynasty and, through a future dynastic marriage, of the last rulers of the Ptolmaic dynasty.Translation of Anabasis by the Greek author Arrian of Nicomedia at www.livius.com Artakama is called Apama by Plutarch, but this is likely an error. Ptolemy had no known children by Artakama.
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According to the Greek sources, the Nanda army was supposedly five times larger than the Macedonian army. His army, exhausted, homesick, and anxious by the prospects of having to further face large Indian armies throughout the Indo-Gangetic Plain, mutinied at the Hyphasis (modern Beas River) and refused to march further east. Alexander, after a meeting with his officer, Coenus, and after hearing about the lament of his soldiers,The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian, Book VI, Chapter XXVII - The Answer of Coenus eventually relented,The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian, Book VI, Chapter XXVIII - Alexander Resolves to Return being convinced that it was better to return. This caused Alexander to turn south, advancing through southern Punjab and Sindh, along the way conquering more tribes along the lower Indus River, before finally turning westward.
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In 327 BC, Alexander the Great conquered Gandhara as well as the Indian satrapies of the Persian Empire. The expeditions of Alexander were recorded by his court historians and by Arrian (around 175 AD) in his Anabasis Alexandri and by other chroniclers many centuries after the event. Sir Mortimer Wheeler conducted some excavations there in 1962, and identified various Achaemenid remains.
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Traditionally Anabasis is one of the first unabridged texts studied by students of classical Greek, because of its clear and unadorned style; similar to Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico for Latin students. Perhaps not coincidentally, they are both autobiographical tales of military adventure, told in the third person.cf. Albrecht, Michael v.: Geschichte der römischen Literatur Band 1 (History of Roman Literature, Volume 1).
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Rood presented some of his ideas on Twombly in January 2012 at the 143rd annual meeting of the American Philological Association in a talk entitled "Twombly's Narratives of Conflict: The Anabasis Series". In March 2012, Rood was invited to deliver a lecture on the subject of "Thucydides and Homeric Scholarship" to the Department of Classics at the University of Virginia.
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The defenders were so surprised and demoralized by this that they surrendered. Alexander fell in love with Roxana, whom ancient historians call the "most beautiful woman in the world" (not an uncommon claim for an ancient queen) on sight and eventually married her. The story of the siege is told by the Roman historian Arrian of Nicomedia, in Anabasis (section 4.18.4–19.6).
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Farah, Karls, pp. 137–38 An approach centered on the analysis of a leader was taken by Xenophon (430 BC – 355 BC) in Anabasis, recording the expedition of Cyrus the Younger into Anatolia. The records of the Roman Julius Caesar (100 BC – 44 BC) enable a comparative approach for campaigns such as Commentarii de Bello Gallico and Commentarii de Bello Civili.
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At a given signal, the officers and as many of the troops as could be caught were killed and all the generals were captured. They were then taken to Artaxerxes and killed.Xenophon, Anabasis, II.5.30-32 Some of the surviving soldiers found their way to the Greek encampment and, in response to their news, the remaining Greeks started preparing to attack the Persians.
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Ariaeus was immediately sent to assuage the Greeks. Ariaeus told the Greeks that only Clearchus has been killed, for reason of treachery, and tried to persuade them to lay down their arms, which the Greeks were reluctant to do.Xenophon, Anabasis II.5.35-42 The surviving Greeks eventually decided to leave the camp and find their way out of Persia and return to Greece.
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For purpose clauses in past time, the optative can follow a conjunction such as (), () or () "so that": : Xenophon, Anabasis 7.6.13 : . (aorist optative). : I (have) gathered you together so that we could discuss what we ought to do. Some authors, however, such as Herodotus and Thucydides, sometimes use the subjunctive mood in such sentences, even in a past context, for example: : Thucydides, 1.65.
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He was highly regarded by the Persian King Artaxerxes II, and when he was present, so Xenophon tells us, no one else had the honour of helping the sovereign to mount his horse.Garsoïan, ‘The Emergence’, pp. 42-44; Xenophon, Anabasis, 4.4, 4. At the time of the retreat of the 10,000 in 401 BC, Tiribazus was satrap of Western Armenia.
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Of those who accompanied Alexander to India, Aristobulus, Onesicritus, and Nearchus wrote about the Indian campaign. The only surviving contemporary account of Alexander's Indian campaign is a report of the voyage of the naval commander Nearchus, who was tasked with exploring the coast between the Indus River and the Persian Gulf. This report is preserved in Arrian's Anabasis (c. AD 150).
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In a past context purpose clause, the optative mood without () is often used (see Optative (Ancient Greek)), but it is also possible to use the subjunctive even in a past context: : Xenophon, Anabasis 1.4.18 : (aorist subjunctive) : Abrocomas had burnt the boats, so that Cyrus couldn't cross. Purpose clauses can also be made with () and the imperfect, aorist, or future indicative.Liddell & Scott, Lexicon, s.v.
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In poetry and rhetoric, the term katabasis refers to a "gradual descending" of emphasis on a theme within a sentence or paragraph, while anabasis refers to a gradual ascending in emphasis. John Freccero notes, "In the ancient world, [the] descent in search of understanding was known as katabasis", thus endowing mythic and poetic accounts of katabasis with a symbolic significance.
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As well as being used in sentences such as the above, the participle can be used following verbs with meanings such as "I know", "I notice", "I happen (to be)", "I hear (that)" and so on. This use is known as the "supplementary" participle.ff : Xenophon, Anabasis 1.4.5 : : He heard that Cyrus was in Cilicia ( he heard Cyrus being in Cilicia).
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This fight was the challenge Alexander was looking for, an army with huge elephants that were almost able to defeat Alexander. A painting by Charles Le Brun depicting Alexander and Porus (Puru) during the Battle of the Hydaspes. After gaining control of the former Achaemenid satrapy of Gandhara, including the city of Taxila, Alexander advanced into Punjab, where he engaged in battle against the regional king Porus, whom Alexander defeated in the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC,Fuller, pg 198 The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XVIII but was so impressed by the demeanor with which the king carried himself that he allowed Porus to continue governing his own kingdom as a satrap.The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XIX Although victorious, Battle of the Hydaspes was also the most costly battle fought by the Macedonians.
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Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander 5.1.1–2.2 These travels took something of the form of military conquests; according to Diodorus Siculus he conquered the whole world except for Britain and Ethiopia.Bull, 253 Another myth according to Nonnus involves Ampelus, a satyr, who was loved by Dionysus. As related by Ovid, Ampelus became the constellation Vindemitor, or the "grape-gatherer": > ...not so will the Grape-gatherer escape thee.
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In addition, shrubs represented by Anabasis articulata, Fagonia flamandii and Zilla spinosa dot this environment. On the sheltered upper slopes of Emi Koussi is the endemic grass Eragrostis kohorica, named after the volcano's crater. The vegetation above consists of dwarf shrubs, which are generally limited to in height and do not exceed one meter. The shrubbery consists of the species Pentzia monodiana, Artemisia tilhoana and Ephedra tilhoana.
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Androsthenes () of Thasos, son of Callistratus, was one of the admirals of Alexander the Great. He sailed as a trierarch with Nearchus, and was also sent by Alexander down the Euphrates to explore the coast of the Persian Gulf, skirting the coast of Arabia in a triacontor and sailing farther than Archias of Pella.Strabo x. p. 766.Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander vii. 20.
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The term skeptouchos also appears in the 7th-century BC Semonides. In his Cyropaedia and Anabasis, Xenophon in the 5th-century BC makes references to skeptouchoi as officials at the Persian court, commonly eunuchs. Xenophon mentions Artapates, a loyal chief of the skeptouchoi who accompanied Cyrus the Younger in Asia Minor. Skeptouchoi were responsible for supplies, organizational matters and order at the Persian court.
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Armies of Germany and Austria-Hungary then started to occupy the land without much resistance. Losses of the Legion were: 145 killed, 210 wounded, 41 missing. Estimate of German losses is around 300 dead and hundreds wounded. Similarly to Battle of Zborov or the "Siberian anabasis", the battle of Bakhmach became one of the symbols of the Czechoslovakian Legions and their fight for independence.
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Arrian's chief sources in writing the Anabasis were the lost contemporary histories of the campaign by Ptolemy and Aristobulus and, for his later books, Nearchus. One of Arrian's main aims in writing his history seems to have been to correct the standard "Vulgate" narrative of Alexander's reign that was current in his own day, primarily associated with the lost writings of the historian Cleitarchus.
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In 399 BC, Xenophon was serving with the Greek mercenary army of the Ten Thousand (cf. Anabasis), so he was not actually in Athens for the trial of Socrates. Xenophon’s primary source for the Socratic dialogue was the philosopher Hermogenes, who had attended the trial. This source is a little troublesome because Hermogenes' role is described by Plato in a way that raises some inconsistency.
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It is thought likely that the river Harpasos mentioned by Xenophon in Anabasis 7.18 is the Kara Su, or the headwaters of the river Çoruh . In 1996, 15 Turkish soldiers were killed when their personnel carrier fell into the river during a routine crossing. When temperatures in Turkey dropped below -25 °C in 2005 the river froze over and was used as a football pitch by locals.
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The Nicotine-related alkaloid Anabasine was named for the toxic Central Asiatic species Anabasis aphylla - from which it was first isolated by Orechoff and Menschikoff in the year 1931. It was widely used as an insecticide in the former Soviet Union until 1970.Ujváry, István, Pest Control Agents from Natural Products - Chapter 3 of Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology ( Third Edition ), ed. Robert Krieger, pub.
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Yurick's first novel, The Warriors, appeared in 1965. It combined a classical Greek story, Anabasis, with a fictional account of gang wars in New York City. It inspired the 1979 film of the same name. His other works include: Fertig (1966), The Bag (1968), Someone Just Like You (1972), An Island Death (1976), Richard A (1981), Behold Metatron, the Recording Angel (1985), Confession (1999).
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Although diagnostic criteria for bulimia nervosa did not appear until 1979, evidence suggests that binging and purging were popular in certain ancient cultures. The first documented account of behavior resembling bulimia nervosa was recorded in Xenophon's Anabasis around 370 B.C, in which Greek soldiers purged themselves in the mountains of Asia Minor. It is unclear whether this purging was preceded by binging.Giannini, A. J. (1993).
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In the distribution of Alexander's empire after his death (323 BC), Cleomenes remained in Egypt as satrap under Ptolemy, who put him to death on the suspicion of his favouring Perdiccas. The effect, if not also a cause, of this act was that Ptolemy was then able to take possession of Cleomenes' accumulated wealth, which amounted to 8000 talents.Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, iii. 5, vii.
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Diodorus Siculus 17.29.2, Arrian, Anabasis 3.2.4. However, it is not clear whether Aristonicus was made tyrant when the Persians recaptured Methymna in 335, or whether Kleommis was re- installed and Aristonicus only made tyrant in 333. Whatever the case, in 332 Alexander gave Aristonicus over to the newly restored Methymnaean democracy to try, and he was found guilty and put to death by torture.
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Just as the subjunctive is used after a conjunction meaning "whenever", "until such time as" etc. referring to present or future time, so the optative can be used in similar clauses referring to repeated events in past time. However, in this case the particle ἄν (an) is not added to the conjunction: : Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.7 : : He used to hunt, whenever he wished to take exercise.
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Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.17. In the Hellenica, Xenophon relates that Halisarna, together with Pergamum, Teuthrania, Gambrium, Palaegambrium, Myrina and Gryneium were delivered by their rulers to the army that, under the command of the Spartan Thimbron, around the year 399 BCE, had come to the area to try to liberate the Greek colonies from the Persian domain. Its site is located near modern Eğrigöltepe, in Asiatic Turkey.
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Written years after the events it recounts, Xenophon's book Anabasis (Greek: ἀνάβασις, literally "going up")ἀνάβασις, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek- English Lexicon, on Perseus is his record of the expedition of Cyrus and the Greek mercenaries’ journey home. Xenophon writes that he asked Socrates for advice on whether to go with Cyrus, and that Socrates referred him to the divinely inspired Pythia. Xenophon's query to the oracle, however, was not whether or not to accept Cyrus' invitation, but "to which of the gods he must pray and do sacrifice, so that he might best accomplish his intended journey and return in safety, with good fortune". The oracle answered his question and told him which gods to pray and sacrifice to. When Xenophon returned to Athens and told Socrates of the oracle's advice, Socrates chastised him for asking so disingenuous a question (Anabasis 3.1.5–7).
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Herodotus wrote some of the earliest surviving Greek prose, but this might not have been before 440 or 430 BC. Around 460 BC an individual is known with the name of Democrates,Raaflaub, Kurt A. (2007): The Breakthrough of Demokratia in Mid-Fifth-Century Athens, p. 112, in: a name possibly coined as a gesture of democratic loyalty; the name can also be found in Aeolian Temnus.Xenophon, Anabasis 4.4.15.
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Reissued by Routledge in 2013. . During Hellenistic times, there was a temple of Artemis on the island.Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, §7.20Dionysius of Alexandria, Guide to the Inhabited World, §600Aelian, Characteristics of Animals, §11.9 The wild animals on the island were dedicated to goddess and no one should harm them. Strabo wrote that on the island there was a temple of Apollo and an oracle of Artemis (Tauropolus) (μαντεῖον Ταυροπόλου).
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By the end of the first century, Plutarch had said, in his Glory of the Athenians, that Xenophon had attributed Anabasis to a third party in order to distance himself as a subject, from himself as a writer. While the attribution to Themistogenes has been raised many times, the view of most scholars aligns substantially with that of Plutarch, and certainly that all the volumes are written by Xenophon.
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Cleitus was made a commander of the Greek Cavalry under Philip II, a position he would retain under Alexander the Great. At the Battle of the Granicus in 334 BC, when Alexander was personally under attack by Rhoesaces and Spithridates, Cleitus severed Spithridates's hammer arm before the Persian satrap could bring it down on Alexander thus saving his life.Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, i. 12, 15, 16Plutarch, The Life of Alexander, 16.
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The otherwise obscure polis of Achilleion was most famous in classical antiquity for its association with Achilles, after whom it was named ('the place of Achilles'). According to some sources, while passing by Ilion in 334 BC Alexander the Great sacrificed at the Tomb of Achilles.Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri 1.12.1. Arrian is here careful not to endorse this romanticizing story found in his sources: Brunt (1976) 51 n. 3.
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Nicanor (; Nīkā́nōr) of Stageira in Macedonia, was despatched by Alexander the Great to proclaim at the Olympic games of 324 BCE the decree for the recall of the exiles throughout the Greek cities.Diodorus 18.8; Deinarchus Against Demosthenes 199 ed. Bekker. It is perhaps the same person whom we find at an earlier period entrusted with the command of the fleet during Alexander's siege of Miletus.Arrian Anabasis 1.18, 19.
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At the beginning of Amadocus' reign he made Seuthes II ruler of his lands along the southern Aegean shore. He and Seuthes II were still the most powerful princes in Thrace when Xenophon visited the country in 400. They were, however, frequently at variance, but were reconciled to one another by Thrasybulus, the Athenian commander, in 390, and induced by him to become the allies of Athens.Xenophon, Anabasis vii. 2.
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Herodotus also claims that Phrygian colonists founded the Armenian nation. This is likely a reference to a third group of people called Mygdones living in northern Mesopotamia who were apparently allied to the Armenians; Xenophon describes them in his Anabasis in a joint army with the Armenians. However, little is known about these eastern Mygdones, and no evidence of the Phrygian language in that region has been found.
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Arrian's Anabasis has traditionally been regarded as the most reliable extant narrative source for Alexander's campaigns. Since the 1970s, however, a more critical view of Arrian has become widespread, due largely to the work of A. B. Bosworth, who has drawn scholars' attention to Arrian's tendency to hagiography and apologia, not to mention several passages where Arrian can be shown (by comparison with other ancient sources) to be downright misleading.
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In 332, Alexander's admiral Hegelochus of Macedon retook Lesbos from the Persians once and for all and brought Eurysilaus and Agonippus to be tried before Alexander in Egypt, where he left their fate in the hands of the newly restored Eresian democracy.Arrian, Anabasis 3.2.6-7, Curtius 4.8.11. The same long inscription which records the alleged crimes of the tyrants also details their trial which ended in their execution.
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Andronicus () of Olynthus was a Macedonian nobleman and general in the 4th century BCE. This Andronicus is probably the same as the son of Agerrhus mentioned by ArrianArrian, The Anabasis of Alexander iii. 23. and Diodorus Siculus:Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica xix. 69, 86 that is, the same Andronicus who accompanied Alexander the Great on his expedition in Asia, and was the father of Proteas of Macedon and husband to Lanike.
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Arrian Anabasis 5.13.1 During the subsequent Battle of the Hydaspes (326 BC), Seleucus led his troops against the elephants of King Porus. It is unknown the extent in which Seleucus participated in the actual planning of the battle, as he is not mentioned as holding any major independent position during the battle. This contrasts Craterus, Hephaistion, Peithon and Leonnatus – each of whom had sizable detachments under his control.
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At the same time, however, Syennesis took care to send his other son to Artaxerxes, to represent his meeting with Cyrus as having been something he'd been forced to do, while his heart all the time was with the king, Artaxerxes. From Xenophon's telling it appears that Syennesis at this time, though really a vassal of Persia, affected the tone of an independent sovereign.Xenophon, Hellenica iii. 1. § IXenophon, Anabasis i. 2.
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Like his father before him, Amphilochus had a reputation as a seer and was also credited with founding several oracles. The most important was at Mallus in Cilicia,Arrian, Anabasis, 2.5.9. although this also seems to have been a pre-Greek settlement. Another was the oracle of Apollo at Colophon in Lydia, which Amphilochus was said to have founded with his half-brother Mopsus, the son of Amphiaraus and Manto.
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Persian carpets were first mentioned around 400 BC, by the Greek author Xenophon in his book "Anabasis": > "αὖθις δὲ Τιμασίωνι τῷ Δαρδανεῖ προσελθών, ἐπεὶ ἤκουσεν αὐτῷ εἶναι καὶ > ἐκπώματα καὶ τάπιδας βαρβαρικάς", (Xen. anab. VII.3.18) : Next he went to > Timasion the Dardanian, for he heard that he had some Persian drinking cups > and carpets. "καὶ Τιμασίων προπίνων ἐδωρήσατο φιάλην τε ἀργυρᾶν καὶ τάπιδα > ἀξίαν δέκα μνῶν." [Xen. anab. VII.
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Arrian of Nicomedia (; Greek: Arrianos; ;Stadter's suggestion that his official name was Lucius Flavius Arrianus Xenophon () is disproven by epigraphic evidence: Bowie, E. L. “Greeks and Their Past in the Second Sophistic.” Past & Present, 46 (1970): 25 n. 72. ) was a Greek historian, public servant, military commander and philosopher of the Roman period. The Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian is considered the best source on the campaigns of Alexander the Great.
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The Greek senior officers foolishly accepted the invitation of Tissaphernes to a feast. There they were made prisoner, taken up to the king and there decapitated. The Greeks elected new officers and set out to march northwards to the Black Sea through Corduene and Armenia, to reach the Greek colonies on the shore. Their eventual success, the march of the Ten Thousand, was recorded by Xenophon in his Anabasis.
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Here by no means can any ECM phenomenon be attributed. Even further, with such verbs as , which normally take an object in the genitive denoting the source producing a sound, the distinction between the two types of construction is clear. Compare the above example, where is in the genitive case, with the one below, where is in the accusative case: :: Xenophon, Anabasis 1.4.5 :: He heard [that Cyrus was in Cilicia].
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Xenophon ordered his men to deploy the line extremely thin so as to overlap the enemy, keeping a strong reserve. The Colchians, seeing they were being outflanked, divided their army to check the Greek deployment, opening a gap in their line through which Xenophon rushed in his reserves, scoring a brilliant Greek victory.Witt, pp. 181-184 They then made their way westward back to Greece via Chrysopolis (Anabasis 6.3.16).
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In his Anabasis Xenophon describes the Mossynoeci at some length (5.4). According to his account, the Greeks spent eight days (5.5.1) in their territory, probably in the summer of 400, on their way west along the Black Sea coast from Trapezus. The author reports that those who returned home used to say the Mossynoeci 'were the most barbarous people they passed through and the furthest removed from Greek customs' (5.4.27).
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According to one version, the name is derived from ancient Colchian tribes called Phasians (Phazians), mentioned in The Anabasis of Xenophon of the ancient Greek historian Xenofon (5-4th century BC). The name of this tribe seems to have survived in latter-day regional toponyms – Georgian Basiani, Greek Phasiane, Armenian Basean, and Turkish Pasin.Sadona, A. G. (2004), Archaeology at the North-East Anatolian Frontier, p. 58. Peeters Publishers, .
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The subject of the infinitive, if it is different from the subject of the main verb, is put in the accusative case. When the statement is negative, the word (ou) "not" goes in front of (). : Xenophon, Anabasis 4.1.21 : : "They say there is no other way" ( "they do not say there to be another way") In Greek an infinitive is also often used with the neuter definite article in various constructions.
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Diodorus Siculus 16.91.2. It is assumed that a democracy was set up at Eresos and the city enrolled in the League of Corinth.P. J. Rhodes and R. Osborne, Greek Historical Inscriptions 404-323 BC (2003) 372-9. In 335, Memnon of Rhodes retook this region for the Persian Empire and re-installed the tyranny of Apollodorus and his brothers.Diodorus Siculus 17.7. In spring 334, Alexander the Great invaded Asia Minor, and it is assumed that the cities of Lesbos (including Eresos) went over to the Macedonian forces soon after his victory at the Battle of the Granicus in May 334; again, the tyrants will have been expelled and the Eresian democrats re-installed.Arrian, Anabasis 1.17-23, Diodorus Siculus 17.22-7. In 333, the admiral Memnon of Rhodes again attacked the island of Lesbos: he seized all the cities except for Mytilene and installed a new pair of tyrants at Eresos, Eurysilaus and Agonippus.Arrian, Anabasis 2.1-2, Diodorus Siculus 17.29.2.
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On his return from Nysa to join his fellow Olympians, Dionysus brought the entheogen wine. According to Sir William Jones, "Meros is said by the Greeks to have been a mountain in India, on which their Dionysos was born, and that Meru, though it generally means the north pole in Indian geography, is also a mountain near the city of Naishada or Nysa, called by the Greek geographers Dionysopolis, and universally celebrated in the Sanskrit poems". When Alexander the Great arrived at the city of Nysa, representatives of the city met him and told him not to capture the city and the land because the god Dionysus had founded the city and he named it Nysa, after the nymph.Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 5.1Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, 5.2 During the Hellenistic period, "Nysa" was personified as Dionysus' nursemaid, and she was said to be buried at the town of Scythopolis (Beit She'an) in Israel, which claimed Dionysus as its founder.
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The battle started with a cavalry and light infantry feint from the Macedonian left, from Parmenion's side of the battle line. The cavalry squadron was led by the officer Ptolemy, son of Philip.Arrian Anabasis Alexandri I.14. The Persians heavily reinforced that side, and the feint was driven back, but at that point, Alexander led the horse companions in their classic wedge-shaped charge, and smashed into the center of the Persian line.
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There are 250 species of flora from 163 different genera and families within the reserve, such as cactus, grey sage, feather grass, anabasis-salsa and saltwort. 37 of the species come from the family Chenopodiaceae. About 44 species of mammal live within the reserve, including many rare animals, such as the Ustyurt mouflon, saiga antelope, jeyran, fox and polecat. Wolves and jackals can also be found, along with the weasel and ferret.
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Both Plutarch and Arrian relate that, according to Aristobulus, Alexander pulled the knot out of its pole pin, exposing the two ends of the cord and allowing him to untie the knot without having to cut through it. Some classical scholars regard this as more plausible than the popular account. citing Tarn, W.W. 1948 Literary sources of the story include Alexander's propagandist Arrian (Anabasis Alexandri 2.3), Quintus Curtius (3.1.14), Justin's epitome of Pompeius Trogus (11.7.
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Xenophon was a mercenary soldier who fought in the Persian civil war between Cyrus the Younger and his brother Artaxerxes II of Persia. The story of the 10,000 Greek mercenaries is related in Xenophon’s most famous work, the Anabasis. Xenophon fought on the side of Cyrus and greatly admired him. After Cyrus was slain, Xenophon became leader of the Greeks in their long trek out of the territory controlled by the Persians.
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The Harvard Theological Review, vol 41, pp. 9–29. and also gained attributes from other deities, such as chthonic powers linked to the Greek Hades and Demeter, and benevolence linked to Dionysus. There is evidence that the cult of Serapis existed before the Ptolemies came to power in Alexandria: a temple of Serapis in Egypt is mentioned in 323 BC by both Plutarch (Life of Alexander, 76) and Arrian (Anabasis, VII, 26, 2).
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The Argyraspides (in "Silver Shields") were a division of the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great, who were so called because they carried silver-plated shields. They were picked men commanded by Nicanor, the son of Parmenion, and were held in high honor by Alexander. They were hypaspists, having changed their name to the Argyraspides whilst in India under Alexander.Arrian Anabasis 7.11.3 After the death of Alexander (323 BC) they followed Eumenes.
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The predominant soils are gray-brown desert solonchak and solonets. The western region of Betpak-Dala is an argillaceous sagebrush desert; Anabasis salsa grows in the salt-marsh depressions, while Pamirian winterfat (Krascheninnikovia ceratoides) and Siberian pea shrub (Caragana arborescens) grow on the sand dunes. In the east the argillaceous desert merges with the stony desert where Salsola arbuscula grows on the rocky hills. Betpak-Dala is used as a spring and autumn grazing land.
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They are described as a powerful and wild people wearing garments made of hair, and as using in war wooden helmets, small shields of wicker-work, and short lances with long points.Herodotus ii. 104, vii. 78; Xenophon Anabasis iv. 8. § 3, v. 5. § 18, vii. 8. § 25; comp. Hecataeus Fragm. 191; Scylax, p. 33; Dionysius Periegetes 766; Apollonius of Rhodes ii. 22; Pliny the Elder (1st century AD) vi. 4; Josephus c. Apion. i.
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The Cyropaedia, a historical romance which may contain a historical core, contains content as described by Xenophon who had been in Persia as one of the "Ten Thousand" Greek soldiers who fought on the losing side in a Persian civil war, events which he recounted in his Anabasis. It is also possible that stories about Cyrus were told (and embellished) by Persian court society and that these are the basis of Xenophon's text.
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He was captured in 1915 and taken by the Russians to a prison camp in Central Asia (in present-day Turkmenistan). During the civil war following the Bolshevik revolution, the pro-western Czechoslovak Legions came into Central Asia and he was set free. With them he traveled further east (called by Czechs the "Siberian Anabasis"), until stopping at Irkutsk. The political situation then allowed him to return to Europe, arriving in 1920.
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Indica is a work on a variety of things pertaining to India, and the voyage of Nearchus in the Persian Gulf. The first part of Indica was based largely on the work of the same name of Megasthenes, the second part based on a journal written by Nearchus.Alexander the Great: The Anabasis and the Indica (p.227 onward) Translated by M Hammond Oxford University Press, 14 Feb 2013 [Retrieved 2015-04-01] (ed.
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Dzungaria is home to a semi-desert steppe ecoregion known as the Dzungarian Basin semi-desert. The vegetation consists mostly of low scrub of Anabasis brevifolia. Taller shrublands of saxaul bush (Haloxylon ammodendron) and Ephedra przewalskii can be found near the margins of the basin. Streams descending from the Tian Shan and Altai ranges support stands of poplar (Populus diversifolia) together with Nitraria roborovsky, N. sibirica, Achnatherum splendens, tamarisk (Tamarix sibirimosissima), and willow (Salix ledebouriana).
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Anabasis (Xenophon), IV.v.2–9. The Bey or elder was something of a Leader for the village, and his house was typically the most luxurious dwelling in a village. It was not uncommon to have three priests for thirty- five families. Most Armenians traveled on horseback to neighboring villages, sometimes for religious ceremonies (like the Van festival), sometimes to fetch a bride, accompanying her, with musical instruments and clapping of hands, to their own village.
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"He then assigned to Lysander all the tribute which came in from his cities and belonged to him personally, and gave him also the balance he had on hand; and, after reminding Lysander how good a friend he was both to the Lacedaemonian state and to him personally, he set out on the journey to his father." in Xenophon, Hellenica 2.1.14Xenophon. Tr. H. G. Dakyns. Anabasis I.I. Project Gutenberg.Plutarch. Ed. by A.H. Clough.
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She greeted Alexander the Great here in 334 BC. When Alexander captured Caria, he granted Ada to be the ruler of the whole region.Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander, §1.23.8 The city was apparently renamed "Alexandria by the Latmos" () shortly afterwards, and was recorded as thus by Stephanus of Byzantium, although sources disagree as to the exact location of the settlement of that name. The prior name of Alinda was restored by 81 BC at the latest.
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"Dodge, p. 107 Xenophon's Anabasis. The Ten Thousand eventually made their way into the land of the Carduchians, a wild tribe inhabiting the mountains of modern southeastern Turkey. The Carduchians were "a fierce, war- loving race, who had never been conquered. Once the Great King had sent into their country an army of 120,000 men, to subdue them, but of all that great host not one had ever seen his home again.
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28 : : I would gladly take, if he were to give. However, the optative mood is not used in sentences referring to a hypothetical situation in the present or past; in such sentences the optative is replaced by the imperfect, aorist, or pluperfect indicative, with (an) in the main clause. The optative mood is also used in reported speech in past time: : Xenophon, Anabasis 7.2.14 : : He said that he wished to make a sacrifice.
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Dominant plants of the desert steppe include feather grass (Stipa gobica), wild onion (Allium polyrhizum), anabasis, and ajania. Around the lakes are shrubs such as Caragana and salt-tolerant Salsola and saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron). Water birds in the wetlands include the Great cormorant, Greylag goose, Ruddy shelduck, Mallard and Eurasian coot. Small mammals throughout the region include the Midday jird, Gobi jerboa (a rodent of temperate grasslands and deserts), Winter white dwarf hamster, and long-eared hedgehog (Erinaceus).
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Paul Davies' novella Grace: A Story (1996) is a fantasy that details the progress of Xenophon's army through Armenia to Trabzon. Michael Curtis Ford's novel The Ten Thousand (2001) is a fictional account of this group's exploits. Jaroslav Hašek's dark comedy novel, The Good Soldier Švejk (1921–1923), uses the term in describing Švejk's efforts to find his way back to his regiment. John G. Hemry's The Lost Fleet series is partially inspired by Xenophon's Anabasis.
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In the summer of 399 BC Xenophon stopped here to offer sacrifice while marching home with the Ten Thousand.Xenophon, Anabasis 7.8.5. Later in the 4th century BC, a speech of the orator Demosthenes relates how a man who had been exiled from Byzantium, Parmeno, had decided to settle at Ophryneion, but was forced to move when an earthquake struck the Chersonese and brought down his house, presumably causing similar damage in the rest of the town.
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According to Arrian, Macedonian losses amounted to 80 foot soldiers, ten horse archers, twenty of the Companions and 200 other horsemen.Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, Book V, Chapter XVIII However the military historian J.F.C. Fuller saw Diodorus's casualty figures of 1,000 men killed as more realistic.Diodorus 17.89.3Fuller, p. 199 This was certainly a high figure for the victorious army, and more than the Macedonian losses at Gaugamela, yet not improbable considering the partial success of the Indian war elephants.
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In March, the Czechoslovak legions embarked on their well-known anabasis, with the aim of joining the Western Front via Vladivostok. Hašek disagreed with this and went to Moscow, where he began to cooperate with the Bolsheviks. In April he transferred from the MS. legions to the Red Army. He was sent to Samara and the following year he was director of the army printer in Ufa, chief of the department for work with foreigners, etc.
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According to this theory, the antagonists in the Labours of Heracles are, like Marsyas, representatives of the older religion; see Ruck and Staples 1994 passim. Marsyas was a devoté of the ancient Mother Goddess Rhea/Cybele, and his episodes are situated by the mythographers in Celaenae (or Kelainai), in Phrygia, at the main source of the Meander (the river Menderes in Turkey).The river is linked to the figure of Marsyas by Herodotus (Histories, 7.26) and Xenophon (Anabasis, 1.2.8).
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Cataphracts were heavily armed and armoured cavalrymen. The Cataphract (Kataphraktoi) were first introduced into the Hellenistic military tradition with the Seleucid Antiochus III the Great's anabasis in the east from 212-205 BC. With his campaigns in Parthia and Bactria, he came into contact with Cataphracts and copied them. Most of the Seleucid heavy cavalry after this period were armed in this manner, despite keeping their original unit names. The Cataphract generally only served in the eastern Hellenistic armies.
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The first descriptions of the rock-cut architecture of Cappadocia comes from Xenophon's Anabasis of 402 BC. In the 13th century, the Byzantine author Theodore Skoutariotes mentions the convenient temperatures of the tuff caverns, which were relatively warm through the cold Anatolian winters and pleasantly cool in the hot summer months. In 1906, the German scholar visited Cappadocia and wrote about it in his book Kleinasiatische Denkmäler.Robert G. Ousterhout: A Byzantine Settlement in Cappadocia.Dumbarton Oaks, 2005, p.
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J. C., 1978, p 152, n 12, Paul Goukowsky). Thus, there should be no objection if Arrian calls the Assakenoi people as well as Sisicottos & Meroes, all as Indians (See: Arrain Anabasis, Book 4b, Ch xxx; Book 5b, Ch xviii, Book 5b, Ch xx). Another possibility is that name Meroes (Maurya?) may have been derived from "Mer" (hill or mountain) or "Mera" (hillman) on account of the fact that Sisicottos or Shashigupta was obviously a hilllman or mountaineer.
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It is notable that Moeres, Moeris, Meris and Meroes are all equivalent terms.Age of Nandas, and Mauryas, 1967, p 427, K. A. Nilakanta Sastri; Maurajya Samarajya Samsakrik Itihasa, 1972, B. P. Panthar; Alexander's Campaigns in Sind and Baluchistan and the Siege of the Brahminabad, 1975, p 26, Pierre Herman Leonard Eggermont; Indological Studies, 1977, p 100, University of Sindh, Institute of Sindhology. Arrian writes Meroes Arrian's Anabasis, Book 5b, Ch xx. while Curtius spells it as Moeres or Moeris.
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Even though Thracians attempted to build only oneThe Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 by Christopher Webber, , 2001, page 1,"the city of Seuthopolis seems to be the only significant town in Thrace not built by Greeks" polis, they had forts in hills built as places of refuge. Thracian villages had basic fortifications as Xenophon witnesses in Anabasis. Tacitus in his Annals describes a Roman attack against a hill fort. There were many Thracian hill forts and some were inhabited.
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In about 440 BCE, the Greek historian Herodotus described the Paraitakenoi as a tribe ruled by Deiokes, a Median monarch who ruled on northwestern Persia. (History I.101)."New light on the Paratarajas" Pankaj Tandon p29-30 Strabo in his Geographica places the "Paraitakai" in northern Iraq and western Persia (Geography XI, XV and XVI). Arrian described how Alexander the Great encountered the Pareitakai in Bactria and Sogdiana, and had Craterus conquer them (Anabasis Alexandrou IV).
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The Sparta instituted oligarch regime, known as the thirty tyrants regime was overthrown and there was a resumption of democracy in Athens. Book 3 shifts viewpoint from Athenian to Spartan politics, covering the years BCE 401-395. Book 3 starts with a brief account of the expedition of the Ten-Thousand against Persian king Artaxerxes II. For further description see Xenophons Anabasis. Book 3 narrates the Spartan expedition led by King Agesilaus in Asia Minor against the Persians.
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When Alexander the Great passed through Pisidia (333 BC), Selge sent an embassy to him and gained his favour and friendship.Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, i. 28 At that time they were at war with Termessos. Roman Eurymedon Bridge near Selge At the period when Achaeus had made himself master of Western Asia, Selge were at war with Pednelissus, which was besieged by them; and Achaeus, on the invitation of Pednelissus, sent a large force against Selge (218 BC).
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The first record of Sialkot dates from the invasion of Alexander the Great, who conquered upper Punjab in 326 BCE. The Anabasis of Alexander, written by the Roman-Greek historian Arrian, recorded that Alexander captured ancient Sialkot, recorded as Sagala, from the Cathaeans, who had entrenched themselves there. The city had been home to 80,000 residents on the eve of Alexander's invasion, but was razed as a warning against any other nearby cities that might resist his invasion.
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And from 1900 till 1929 he was an Assistant and House Master at Leys school, and for 1 year he served as a Deputy Head Master(1929 - 1930). He was associated with three universities - he had M.A.s from London and Cambridge, and had worked for a year or two as anassistant Professor of Greek at Glasgow University under the young Gilbert Murray. His academic output included translations of Sophocles, Euripides and Lysias. He edited classical works, including Xenophon Anabasis.
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Unfortunately, it is considered an unreliable source, with modern scholars considering Cleitarchus to have been more dedicated to writing an entertaining story than a reliable historical account. This dedication was also challenged by contemporary historians such as Arrian, who wrote his The Anabasis of Alexander in what is believed to be a deliberate attempt to counter Cleitarchus' "Vulgate Tradition", and in doing so created a work regarded by modern scholars as the best source on Alexander.
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Nor are they referred to in the lists of Achaemenid lands (dahyāva) given in the Old Persian inscriptions of Darius and his successors. In Xenophon’s Anabasis (7.8.25; probably an interpolation) the tribes of Colchis and East Pontus are referred to as independent (autónomoi). On the other hand, Herodotus mentioned both the Colchians and various Pontic tribes in his catalogue (7.78-79) of approximately fifty-seven peoples who participated in Xerxes’ expedition against Greece in 481-80 b.c.e.
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The Indian campaign of Alexander the Great began in 326BC. After conquering the Achaemenid Empire of Persia, the Macedonian king (and now the great king of the Persian Empire), Alexander, launched a campaign into the Indian subcontinent in present-day Pakistan, part of which formed the easternmost territories of the Achaemenid Empire following the Achaemenid conquest of the Indus Valley (late 6th century BC). After gaining control of the former Achaemenid satrapy of Gandhara, including the city of Taxila, Alexander advanced into Punjab, where he engaged in battle against the regional king Porus, whom Alexander defeated in the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC,Fuller, pg 198 The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XVIII but he was so impressed by the demeanor with which the king carried himself that he allowed Porus to continue governing his own kingdom as a satrap.The Anabasis of Alexander/Book V/Chapter XIX Although victorious, the Battle of the Hydaspes was possibly also the most costly battle fought by the Macedonians.
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Claire Bloom as Barsine, grand- daughter of Pharnabazus, and Richard Burton as Alexander the Great, in Alexander the Great (1956 film). Pharnabazus was one of the best known Satraps among the Greeks, and had many exchanges with them. He is one of the main characters in the Hellenica of Xenophon, also appears in his Anabasis, and is also very present in the History of the Peloponnesian War of Thucydides. The family of Pharnabazus was closely related to the Greek world.
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They attempted to broker a peace with Alexander but to no avail, because, although they were Greeks, they were fighting against Greece on behalf of the foreigners, in opposition to decrees which the Greeks had made in their federal council.Arrian, Anabasis, 1.16.6, on Perseus (Greek original) As a result, after the battle Alexander ordered the mercenaries to be enslaved. Out of the 18,000 Greek mercenaries, half were killed and 8,000 enslaved and sent back to Macedon to till the soil.
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The oldest written source about underground structures is the writings of Xenophon. In his Anabasis he writes that the people living in Anatolia had excavated their houses underground, living well in accommodations large enough for the family, domestic animals, and supplies of stored food.Xen. An. 4.5.24-7. The first two floors of the Derinkuyu Underground City have been dated to this early period. From Byzantine times (4th century CE) through 1923 Derinkuyu was known by its Cappadocian Greek inhabitants as Malakopea ().
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Niphates () was one of the Persian generals in the battle of the Granicus in 334 BC in Asia Minor. Arrian, Anabasis, 1.12.8 He was stationed on the Persian right during the battle formation, along with Rheomithres and Petenes, and faced the Thessalians, which according to Arrian did heavy damage to the Persians. The scarcity of the details regarding his participation is attributed to the focus of the available sources on Alexander, who fought the Lydians, Rhoesaces and Spithridates in the center.
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Aristonicus (, Aristonikos) was a tyrant of Methymnae in Lesbos in the 4th century BC. In 332, when the navarchs of Alexander the Great had already taken possession of the harbour of Chios, Aristonicus arrived during the night with some privateer ships, and entered it under the belief that it was still in the hands of the Persians. He was taken prisoner and delivered up to the Methymnians, who put him to death in a cruel manner.Arrian, Anabasis 3.2; Curtius 4.4.
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Calpe (), also Kalpas or Calpas, was a port city of ancient Bithynia in Asia Minor, on the shore of the Black Sea. It was located not far from the mouth of the river Calpas (modern Ilaflı Dere). It was mentioned in Xenophon's Anabasis. Xenophon, who passed through the place on his retreat with the Ten Thousand, describes it as about half way between Byzantium and Heraclea Pontica on a promontory, part which projects into the sea is an abrupt precipice.
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According to Arrian (Anabasis Alexandri I. 26), the site (recorded as Syllion) was well-fortified and had a strong garrison of mercenaries and "native barbarians", so that Alexander, pressed for time, had to abandon the siege after the first attempt at storming it failed. The city was extensively rebuilt under the Seleucids, especially its theatre. In later times, when most of western Asia Minor fell to the Kingdom of Pergamon, Sillyon remained a free city by a decision of the Roman Senate.
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Thucydides, i. 111 He had been expelled either by the Thessalians or more probably by a faction of his own family, who wished to exclude him from the dignity of basileus () (that is, probably Tagus), for such feuds among the Aleuadae themselves are frequently mentioned.Xenophon, Anabasis i. 1. § 10 After the end of the Peloponnesian War, another Thessalian family, the dynasts of Pherae, gradually rose to power and influence, and gave a great shock to the power of the Aleuadae.
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About a hundred years later Eurysthenes and his brother Prokles reigned over the same cities; their joint rule is at least attested for the year 399 BC.Xenophon, Hellenika 3.1.6 Xenophon and the Ten Thousand received some support from Prokles in facing Achaemenid troops, at the beginning of their campaign into Asia Minor. According to Xenophon (Anabasis, 7.8.8-17), when he arrived in Mysia in 399, he met Hellas, the widow of Gongylos and probably daughter of Themistocles, who was living at Pergamon.
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Route of Xenophon and the Ten Thousand (red line) in the Achaemenid Empire. The satrapy of Cyrus the Younger is delineated in green. The Ten Thousand (, oi Myrioi) were a force of mercenary units, mainly Greeks, employed by Cyrus the Younger to attempt to wrest the throne of the Persian Empire from his brother, Artaxerxes II. Their march to the Battle of Cunaxa and back to Greece (401–399 BC) was recorded by Xenophon, one of their leaders, in his work Anabasis.
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Arexion the Seer is mentioned twice in The Anabasis, the first time being when the army is in Port Calpe in Asiatic Thrace. After Arexion’s sacrifice did not give good omens, the Greek army waited a day. Two sets of three sacrifices were made by Arexion and other soothsayers the following day with still no favorable results. Later Arexion is mentioned sacrificing before the battle with Spithridates and Rhathines from Pharnabazus, this time obtaining favorable omens with his first sacrifice.
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Sisikottos/Sisocostus appears twice in Arrian's Anabasis and once in Historiae Alexendri Magni by Curtius. Many scholars suggest that Shashigupta was a ruler of some frontier hill state south of Hindukush,Cambridge History of Ancient India, ed . E.J. Rapson, p.314. it is however, more appropriate to call him a military adventurer or a corporation leader coming from the warlike background of the fierce Kshatriya clan of the Ashvakas from Massaga or Aornos (Pir-Sir) or some other adjacent territory of the Ashvakas.
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Arrian, Alexander Anabasis, [4.11.7.] «καὶ ἐγὼ τῆς Ἑλλάδος μεμνῆσθαί σε ἀξιῶ, ὦ Ἀλέξανδρε, ἧς ἕνεκα ὁ πᾶς στόλος σοι ἐγένετο, προσθεῖναι τὴν Ἀσίαν τῇ Ἑλλάδι» The name 'League of Corinth' was invented by modern historians due to the first council of the League being in Corinth. It was the first time in history that most of the Greek states (with the notable exception of Sparta, which would join only later under Alexander’s terms) managed to become part of a single political entity.
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Bands of conifer forests tend to be found on the cooler, wetter northern slopes of the mountains, with desert-steppe vegetation more predominant on the southern slopes. The forests in the southeast of the region include larch and larch- cedar stands. Mid-elevation grasses are dominated by tundra fescue (Festuca lenensis) and prairie junegrass (Koeleria macrantha). Desert-steppe vegetation in the south often features European feather grass (Stipa pennata), wild onion (Allium polyrhizum), Anabasis breviloa, and fringed sagebrush (Artemisia frigida).
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Thracian clothing refers to types of clothing worn mainly by Thracians, DaciansThe Thracians 700 BC-AD 46 (Men-at-Arms) by Christopher Webber and Angus McBride, 2001, , page 18 but also by some Greeks.Greek warrior Its best literal descriptions are given by Herodotus and Xenophon in his Anabasis. Depictions are found in a great number of Greek vases and there are a few Persian representations as well. In contrast to shapes and patterns we have very little evidence on the colours used.
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One of the earliest records of whistled speech may be in Xenophon's Anabasis. While travelling through the territory of an ancient tribe on the southern Black Sea coast in 400 B.C.E he writes that the inhabitants could hear one another at great distances across the valleys. The same area encompasses modern Kuşköy where whistled speech (kuş dili) is practised today. In early China, the technique of transcendental whistling was a kind of nonverbal language with affinities to the spiritual aspects of Daoist meditation.
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Xenophon was born around 430 BC, near the city of Athens, to Gryllus, of the deme Erchia of Athens. His father was a member of a wealthy equestrian family. Little is known of his life before 401 BC, when he was convinced by his Boeotian friend Proxenus (Anabasis 3.1.9) to join him in meeting Cyrus the Younger and participating in his military expeditions, which were revealed only later to be directed against his elder brother, King Artaxerxes II of Persia.
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Conn Iggulden - The Falcon of Sparta - a historical novel about Prince Cyrus's quest and the survival of the Greek mercenaries who walked out of Persia while pursued. Michael Curtis Ford - The Ten Thousand - a historical novel about the 10,000 Greek mercenaries who made up the core of Cyrus's army. Michael G. Thomas - Black Legion: Gates of Cilicia - a science fiction retelling of the tale of Anabasis. The Black Legion series closely follows the original historical narrative with most of the characters retained.
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During the Peloponnesian War, mercenaries from Thrace and other outlying regions were hired by both sides as hoplites and peltasts. In 401 BC, many Greeks supported Cyrus the Younger in his campaign against Artaxerxes II and fought at the Battle of Cunaxa. The Ten Thousand (401–399) were a Greek mercenary army made famous by Xenophon, one of their generals, when he wrote his Anabasis. Through the 4th century BC, mercenaries were widely employed as is shown by the careers of such as Iphicrates, Chares and Charidemus.
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The Phrygians were without a king, but an oracle at Telmissus (the ancient capital of Lycia) decreed that the next man to enter the city driving an ox-cart should become their king. A peasant farmer named Gordias drove into town on an ox-cart and was immediately declared king. Out of gratitude, his son Midas dedicated the ox-cartArrian, Anabasis Alexandri (Αλεξάνδρου Ανάβασις), Book ii.3): "" which means "and he offered his father's cart as a gift to king Zeus as gratitude for sending the eagle".
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Mikhail Shishkin´s Anabasis by Maya Kucherskaya, polit.ru Moscow News stated, “The writer tries to connect the achievements of Western literature of the XX century and its love for verbal technique with the humanistic nature of Russian literature. His new novel speaks about the most important subject: how to defeat death with love.”By the word shall we be resurrected by Dmitry Kharitonov, Moscow News, April 22, 2005 The novel in the English translation published by Open Letter in 2012 was highly praised by critics.
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For instance, Xenophon records the abundance of the ostrich in Assyria (Anabasis, i. 5); this subspecies from Asia Minor is extinct and all extant ostrich races are today restricted to Africa. Other old writings such as the Vedas (1500–800 BC) demonstrate the careful observation of avian life histories and include the earliest reference to the habit of brood parasitism by the Asian koel (Eudynamys scolopacea). Like writing, the early art of China, Japan, Persia, and India also demonstrate knowledge, with examples of scientifically accurate bird illustrations.
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The coins issued by the Laeaeans are judged to be of crude workmanship, and seem to be imitations of finer minted coins issued by other neighboring Paeonian tribes such as the Derrones. A typical coin bears the inscription LAIAI (Laeaeans) on the obverse, and a Pegasus in a double linear square on the reverse. It is unclear whether or not the Laeaeans were conquered by Philip II or Alexander the Great, although their neighbors are recorded by historians such as Arrian as client kings.Arrian. Anabasis, 1.16.3.
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The mass self-immolation by the Agalassoi tribe of northwest India is mentioned in Book 6 of The Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian's 2nd-century CE military history of Alexander the Great between 336 and 323 BCE. Arrian mentions Alexander's army conquering and enslaving peoples of the northwest Indian subcontinent. During a war that killed many in the Macedonian and Agalossoi armies, the civilians despaired of defeat. Some 20,000 men, women and children of an Agalossoi town set fire to the town and cast themselves into the flames.
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Between 401 and 399 BC, the Ten Thousand marched across Anatolia, fought the Battle of Cunaxa, and then marched back to Greece. Xenophon stated in Anabasis that the Greek heavy troops routed their opposition twice at Cunaxa at the cost of only one Greek soldier wounded. Only after the battle did they hear that Cyrus had been killed, making their victory irrelevant and the expedition a failure. The Ten Thousand found themselves far from home with no food, no employer, and no reliable allies.
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This someone was to be Alexander the Great.Arrian, Alexandri Anabasis, B.3.4-6 In other versions of the legend, it was Midas' father Gordias who arrived humbly in the cart and made the Gordian Knot. Herodotus said that a "Midas son of Gordias" made an offering to the Oracle of Delphi of a royal throne "from which he made judgments" that were "well worth seeing", and that this Midas was the only foreigner to make an offering to Delphi before Gyges of Lydia.Herodotus I.14.
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Although Eumenes defeated Craterus at the battle of the Hellespont, it was all for nought, as Perdiccas himself was murdered by his own generals Peithon, Seleucus, and Antigenes during the invasion of Egypt (after a failed crossing of the Nile).Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca Historica, XVIII 33,1-36,5.; Arrian, Anabasis, 1,28; Cornelius Nepos, Parallel Lives, Eumenes 5,1. Ptolemy came to terms with Perdiccas' murderers, making Peithon and Arrhidaeus regents in Perdiccas's place, but soon these came to a new agreement with Antipater at the Treaty of Triparadisus.
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580 – 530 BC) and it is likely that at least some of the information about Persia was based on events that occurred at the later Achaemenid court. Xenophon had been in Persia himself, as part of the "Ten Thousand" Greek soldiers who fought on the losing side in a Persian civil war, events which he recounted in his Anabasis. It is also possible that stories of the great King were recounted (and embellished) by court society and that these are the basis of Xenophon's text.
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In January 1986, Mario Kassar and Andrew Vajna, producers of the Rambo films (the first film, First Blood, was distributed by Orion) attempted to buy $55 million worth of the studio's stock through the duo's company, Anabasis. Had they succeeded, Kassar and Vajna would have controlled the board and laid off every executive save for Krim. Warburg Pincus subsequently limited its 20% stake in Orion to 5%; the remaining stock was acquired by Viacom International. Viacom hoped to use Orion's product for its pay-TV channel Showtime.
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Xenophon's description makes it clear that these peltasts were armed with swords, as well as javelins, but not with spears. When faced with a charge from the Persian cavalry, they opened their ranks and allowed the cavalry through while striking them with swords and hurling javelins at them.Xenophon. Anabasis. [1.10.7]. They became the main type of Greek mercenary infantry in the 4th century BCE. Their equipment was less expensive than that of traditional hoplites and would have been more readily available to poorer members of society.
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The later Hellenistic term Koile Syria that appears first in Arrian's Anabasis Alexandri (2.13.7) in AD 145 and has been much discussed, is usually interpreted as a transcription of Aramaic kul, "all, the entire", identifying all of Syria.M. Sartre, "La Syrie creuse n'existe pas", in G. L. Gatier, et al. Géographie historique au proche- orient (1988:15-40), reviving the explanation offered by A. Schalit (1954), is reported by Robin Lane Fox, Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer (2008, notes p378f): "the crux is solved".
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However, Kearney was quickly signed-up by publisher Solaris Books, who contracted him to write a new fantasy epic entitled The Ten Thousand and based loosely on the Anabasis of Xenophon. This book was published in August 2008. Solaris also re-issued the Monarchies of God series as a two-volume omnibus edition and intends to publish the finished Sea Beggars series as soon as Bantam give up the publishing rights. Kearney has also written a tie-in novel based on the Primeval TV series.
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The Itinerarium Alexandri ("The Journey of Alexander") is a 4th-century Latin Itinerarium - a travel guide in the form of a listing of cities, villages (vici) and other stops, on a journey with the intervening distances given. The text describes Alexander the Great's journey of conquest over the Persian Empire. The book contains a description of Alexander's life from his ascendance to the Macedonian throne to his conquests in India. The content of the texts draws heavily on the Anabasis of Alexander by Arrian and it has similarities to the Alexander Romance.
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For other persons with the same name, see Aristonous Aristonous of Pella (), son of Peisaeus, who was one of the somatophylakes bodyguards of Alexander the Great, distinguished himself greatly on one occasion in India. On the death of Alexander, he was one of the first to propose that the supreme power should be entrusted to Perdiccas. He was subsequently Olympias' general in the war with Cassander; and when Olympias was taken prisoner in 316 BC, he was put to death by order of Cassander. Aristonous is described as of both PellaeanArrian, Anabasis 6.28.
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Arrian Anabasis Alexandri I.16.48 The Greek cavalry then turned left and started rolling up the Persian cavalry, which was engaged with the left side of the Macedonian line after a general advance. A hole opened in the recently vacated place in the battle line, and the Macedonian infantry charged through to engage the poor-quality Persian infantry in the rear. The Macedonian phalanx then attacked the Greek mercenaries. With many of their leaders already dead, and their infantry routed, both flanks of the Persian cavalry retreated, seeing the collapse of the center.
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He claimed to have had > personal contact with Hitler, who orally (of course) awarded him the > Knight's Cross; Himmler, Goebbels, and Berger; and to have seen Martin > Bormann and Axmann. In the last days of the war, his "Ezquerra Unit" — now > absorbed into the Waffen-SS, (although all his oral promotions had come from > Army officers) consisted of three companies of Spaniards, some "Doriot > Milice" [sic] and more Spaniards from the Walloon Division.Estes, Kenneth W. > (2015) A European Anabasis: Western European Volunteers in the German Army > and SS, 1940-45. Helion and Company, p. 158.
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Some time before the Battle of Issus Sabaces left Egypt with his army to join Darius III in Syria and support him in his fight against Alexander the Great. When the Battle of Issus took place (November 333 BC) Alexander and his horsemen fought their way through the enemy troops until they came in close vicinity to Darius III, whose life was therefore threatened. Darius III was protected by the most noble Persians, among them also Sabaces, who was killed:Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri 2.11.8; Diodorus Siculus, Bibliotheca historica 17.34.
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Gandharans/Kambojans of Gandari Strapy of Achaemenids) from the 20th strapy of the Achaemenids were recruited in the army of emperor Xerxes I (486–465 BC), which he led against the Hellas.Herodotus, Book VII 65, 70, 86, 187. Similarly, the men of the Mountain Land from north of Kabol-River equivalent to medieval Kohistan (Pakistan), figure in the army of Darius III against Alexander at Arbela, providing a cavalry force and 15 elephants.History of Persian Empire, p. 232, Dr A. M. Olmstead; Arrian's Anabasis III, 8.3–6; Political History of Ancient India, 1996, p.
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By the end of the 4th century BC, Drangiana was part of the Seleucid Empire, but in the second half of the 3rd century BC it was at least temporarily annexed by Euthydemos I of Bactria. In 206-205 BC Antiochos III (222-187 BC) seems to have recovered Drangiana for the Seleucids during his Anabasis. The history of Drangiana during the weakening of Seleucid rule is unclear, but by the mid-2nd century BC the area was conquered by the expanding Parthian Empire of the Arsacids.Schmitt (1995).
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The account of Babylon given by Herodotus is not that of an eye-witness and not very extensive. In his Histories he mentions that he will devote a whole section to the history of Assyria, but this promise was unfulfilled, or perhaps the book has been lost. Herodotus' opinions are disputed by Ctesias, who, however, has mistaken mythology for history, and Greek romance owed to him its Ninus and Semiramis, its Ninyas and Sardanapalus. Xenophon's account in the Anabasis gives information on the Achaemenid Empire of his time.
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The Warriors is a 1979 American action thriller film directed by Walter Hill. It is based on Sol Yurick's 1965 novel of the same name, which was, in turn, based on Xenophon's Anabasis. The story centers on a New York City gang who must make an urban journey of , from the north end of The Bronx to their home turf in Coney Island in southern Brooklyn, after they are framed for the murder of a respected gang leader. It was released in the United States on February 9, 1979.
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According to ancient time geographer Strabon, the name of the Yunt Mountains in old times were Aspordenon.Strabon, Geography (Books XII,XIII,XIV) Aigai, one of the twelve cities of ancient Aeolis is on the Yunt Mountains in modern Manisa province. Gambrion and Paleogambrion cities, which are mentioned in Anabasis of Xenephon, are on the Yunt Mountains near Bergama and Kınık districts. In the Hellenistic Period, Philetairos, who was the founder of Pergamon Kingdom and Attalid Dynasty, built a sanctuary dedicated to Magna Mater, Kybele on the Yunt Mountains near Kınık district.
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1315Patrick Sherry Images of Redemption: art, literature and salvation (2005) ; p. 73 Between the 6th and 9th centuries, the iconography of the Resurrection in the Eastern Church was influenced by the iconography of the Transfiguration, given that there was no scriptural guidance for the depiction of the Resurrection scene."Transfiguration and the Resurrecton Icon" Chapter 9 in Andreas Andreopoulos Metamorphosis: the Transfiguration in Byzantine theology and iconography (2005) ; pp. 161–167 In traditional Orthodox iconography the actual moment of the Resurrection of Christ ("Anabasis") is never depicted, unlike the treatment of the raising of Lazarus.
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Cilicia lacked large cities. Cilicia Pedias ("flat Cilicia"—; Assyrian Kue), to the east, included the rugged spurs of Taurus and a large coastal plain, with rich loamy soil, known to the Greeks such as Xenophon, who passed through with his mercenary group of the Ten Thousand,Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.22, noted the sesame and millet. for its abundance (euthemia),Remarked by Robin Lane Fox, Travelling Heroes in the Epic Age of Homer, 2008:73 and following pages filled with sesame and millet and olivesThe modern plain has added cotton fields and orange groves.
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23; sometimes the existence of a college is disputed and rather, a succession of priests given the title of "Megabyzos" is preferred. They may have been few in number; their existence in any form is also disputed; see Roller, Lynn E., In Search of God the Mother: The Cult of Anatolian Cybele, University of California Press, 1999, p. 253, note 52 Xenophon, Anabasis, 5.3.7 A votive inscription mentioned by Florence Mary Bennett,Florence Mary Bennett, Religious Cults Associated with the Amazons (1912): Chapter III: Ephesian Artemis (on-line text).
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He offered a peace treaty that included the lands he had already lost, and a ransom of 10,000 talents for his family. Alexander replied that since he was now king of Asia, it was he alone who decided territorial divisions.The Anabasis of Alexander/Book II/Chapter XIV/Darius's Letter, and Alexander's Reply – Arrian Alexander proceeded to take possession of Syria, and most of the coast of the Levant. In the following year, 332 BC, he was forced to attack Tyre, which he captured after a long and difficult siege.
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Ted Kotcheff had been approached with the project in 1976. He only returned to work on First Blood after Mario Kassar and Andrew G. Vajna of Anabasis Investments offered to finance one of his projects. Kotcheff offered the role of John Rambo to Sylvester Stallone, and the actor accepted after reading the script through in a weekend. Various scripts adapted from Morrell's book had been pitched to studios in the years since its publication, but it was only when Stallone decided to become involved with the project that it was finally brought into production.
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Xenophon wrote in Anabasis, "his (Cyrus the Younger) ensign was a golden eagle with outspread wings mounted upon a long shaft and this continues even unto this day as the ensign of the Persian king". While there is not much to confirm this, some scholars maintain that Alexander Mosaic contained a depiction of the standard (on the part which is now damaged), head of a bird in yellow on a red cloth. There is also a square plaque found at Apadana in plain, and it is quite possible that it shows the eagle.
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There are two standardized modern literary forms, Eastern Armenian and Western Armenian, with which most contemporary dialects are mutually intelligible. Although Armenians were known to history much earlier (for example, they were mentioned in the 6th-century BC Behistun Inscription and in Xenophon's 4th century BC history, The Anabasis),"Armenia as Xenophon Saw It", p. 47, A History of Armenia. Vahan Kurkjian, 2008 the oldest surviving Armenian-language text is the 5th century AD Bible translation of Mesrop Mashtots, who created the Armenian alphabet in 405, at which time it had 36 letters.
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Hemry acknowledged in an interview that The Lost Fleet was inspired by Xenophon's Anabasis, detailing the return march of the Ten Thousand, and myths about kings returning to save their nation. In the same interview, Hemry, based on his own military experience, found Geary to be his ideal commanding officer. Ancestor worship is a belief system fairly homogeneously embraced within Hemry's universe. This allows Hemry to explore a few aspects of the role of religion in military life without making comment on any current or modern religious group.
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Archidamus died in battle under the walls of the Messapian city of Manduria in 338 BC.Diodoro Siculus, Library of History, 16.63 In 333 BC, Tarentum called Alexander I of Epirus to help them in their war with their Lucani. Alexander defeated the Messapii. He died in a battle against the Lucani in 330 BC.Arrian of Nicomedia, The Anabasis of Alexander, 3.6 After the campaign of Alexander I, the Messapii switched allegiance. They allied with Tarentum and Cleonymus of Sparta, who campaigned in the region in 303–02 BC to help Tarentum against, again, the Lucani.
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But the enterprise was stopped by the threats by Aristarchus.Xenophon, Anabasis vii. 2. ~ 5-14 In 389 Anaxibius was sent out from Sparta to supersede Dercyllidas in the command at Abydus, and to check the rising fortunes of Athens in the Hellespont. Here he met at first with some success, until 388 when Iphicrates, who had been sent against him by the Athenians, contrived to intercept him on his return from seeking to take possession of the city of Antandrus, which had promised to revolt and join Anaxibius.
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The vegetation of this ecoregion is dominated by shrubs and semi-shrubs, with a variety of different species adapted to the different soil types found in it. Clay deserts support communities of Anabasis salsa, Salsola orientalis, and the Artemisia species A. terrae albae, A. turanica, and A. gurganica. The stony deserts support mainly Salsola arbusculae formis and Nanophyton erinaceum, while the "solonchaks" support the semi-shrubs Ceratoides papposa, Artemisia terrae albae', var. massagetovii, A. santolina, and A. songarica, shrubs such as Calligonum aphyllum, Ephedra lomatolepis as well as grasses such as Agropyron fragile.
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The Brahuis were originally Hindus and Buddhists, similar to the Indo-Aryan and Dravidian speaking peoples in the rest of the subcontinent. However, unlike the rest of northern India, where Indo-Aryan languages rose to prominence, the Brahuis retained the Dravidian language throughout the millennias. In 650 BC, the Greek historian Herodotus described the Paraitakenoi as a tribe ruled by Deiokes, a Persian zaid, in north-western Persia (History I.101). Arrian described how Alexander the Great encountered the Pareitakai in Bactria and Sogdiana, and had Craterus conquer them (Anabasis Alexandrou IV).
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Xenophon in the Anabasis describes peltasts in action against Persian cavalry at the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BCE, where they were serving as part of the mercenary force of Cyrus the Younger. > Tissaphernes had not fled at the first charge (by the Greek troops), but had > instead charged along the river through the Greek peltasts. However he did > not kill a single man as he passed through. The Greeks opened their ranks > (to allow the Persian cavalry through) and proceeded to deal blows (with > swords) and throw javelins at them as they went through.
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The Falcon of Sparta is an historical fiction novel by British author Conn Iggulden. It is loosely based on the Anabasis written in 370 BC by Xenophon. Part I describes the events leading up to and including the Battle of Cunaxa in 401 BC, in which Prince Cyrus the Younger challenges his elder brother Artaxerxes II to the throne of the Achaemenid Empire. Part II describes the aftermath of the battle, in which the 'Ten Thousand' (a group of Greek mercenaries and camp followers) attempt to escape Persia back to the safety of Greece.
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Mariya Yefimovna Sergeyenko (9 December 1891 – 28 October 1987) was a Soviet scholar of Roman history and philologist (Professor from 1948). Sergeyenko authored over 100 scholar works, many of which remain in manuscripts. She was awarded the Medal "For the Defence of Leningrad" and the medal "For Valorous Labour in the Great Patriotic War 1941–1945" for her service on the Eastern Front of World War II. Sergeyenko researched the Roman agriculture and the Roman daily life. She also translated Arrian's The Anabasis of Alexander and early Christian authors (Augustine of Hippo, Eusebius, Tertullian).
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After graduating, Boise Wood worked as a teaching assistant in Classics at the Old University of Chicago, as well as assisting her father with publications including an edition of Xenophon's Anabasis. From 1877-1884 she taught Greek, French, and German at the Wayland Academy in Beaver Dam, Wisconsin, of which her husband Nathan Eusebius Wood (1849-1937; the couple married in 1873) was Principal. Boise Wood was also a poet and hymn-writer, publishing in periodicals such as St. Nicholas. She died in Arlington, Massachusetts on March 28, 1919.
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Mrongovius was known for preserving and teaching Polish cultural heritage and language in Danzig to people from the territories affected by the Partitions of the Polish- Lithuanian Commonwealth. He also pioneered the research of Kashubian culture and collected many Slavic artifacts from Masuria. He translated into Polish such works as Anabasis. Mrongovius was a member-correspondent of the Society of Friends of Science in Warsaw (from 1823) (approved by acclamation), Gesellschaft für Pommersche Geschichte und Altertumskunde in Szczecin (from 1827) and member-correspondent of the Kraków Scientific Society (Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie) Towarzystwo Naukowe Krakowskie .
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" Morison read the Anabasis in Greek, the Aeneid in Latin, and the dime novels of Archibald Clavering Gunter in English. "He thought that people who were good with animals, particularly horses, were popular with their fellows and loose in their morals. When he himself drove a horse, he brought it to a full stop by saying, 'Whoa, cow.'" One Sunday Morison walked out of church when the minister preached that silver should be coined at a ratio of 16 to 1, telling the minister that "he should never try to deal with a subject he obviously didn't understand.
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Forests cover 1.5 million dunums (), less than 2% of Jordan, making Jordan among the world's least forested countries, the international average being 15%. Plant species and genera include the Aleppo pine, Sarcopoterium, Salvia dominica, black iris, Tamarix, Anabasis, Artemisia, Acacia, Mediterranean cypress and Phoenecian juniper. The mountainous regions in the northwest are clothed in natural forests of pine, deciduous oak, evergreen oak, pistachio and wild olive. Mammal and reptile species include, the long-eared hedgehog, Nubian ibex, wild boar, fallow deer, Arabian wolf, desert monitor, honey badger, glass snake, caracal, golden jackal and the roe deer, among others.
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Anecdotally, after the defeat and arrest of Porus in the war, Alexander asked Porus how he would like to be treated. Porus, although defeated, proudly stated that he would like to be treated like a king. Alexander was reportedly so impressed by his adversary that he not only reinstated him as a satrap of his own kingdom but also granted him dominion over lands to the south-east extending until the Hyphasis (Beas).p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J, Woronoff & I. SpenceArrian Anabasis of Alexander, V.29.2 Porus reportedly died sometime between 321 and 315 BC.
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Bronze votive tablet inscribed to Serapis (2nd century) The earliest mention of a Sarapis occurs in the disputed death scene of Alexander (323 BC).Reported from Arrian, Anabasis, VII. 26. Here, Sarapis has a temple at Babylon, and is of such importance that he alone is named as being consulted on behalf of the dying king. The presence of Sarapis in Babylon would radically alter perceptions of the mythologies of this era: the unconnected Babylonian god Ea (Enki) was titled Šar Apsi, meaning "king of the Apsu" or "the watery deep", and perhaps he is the one meant in the diaries.
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By the harbour was a high island, desert, and round it one could get oysters and all kinds of fish. Up to this the country of the Arabians extends; they are the last Indians settled in this direction; from here on the territory, of the Oreitans begins.Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri: Book VIII (Indica) The Manora Island and was visited by Ottoman admiral Seydi Ali Reis and mentioned in his book Mir'ât ül Memâlik in 1554. According to the British historian Eliot, parts of city of Karachi and the island of Manora at port of Karachi constituted the city of Debal.
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"on the [Euxinos] Pontos", and hence it acquired the name of Pontus, which is first found in Xenophon's Anabasis (). The extent of the region varied through the ages but generally extended from the borders of Colchis (modern western Georgia) until well into Paphlagonia in the west, with varying amounts of hinterland. Several states and provinces bearing the name of Pontus or variants thereof were established in the region in the Hellenistic, Roman and Byzantine periods, culminating in the late Byzantine Empire of Trebizond. Pontus is sometimes considered as the original home of the Amazons, in ancient Greek mythology and historiography (e. g.
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Prospective students also were required to demonstrate an ability to translate four books of Caesar's Gallic Wars, six books of Virgil's Aeneid, Jacob's or Felton's Greek Reader, and at least one of Xenophon's Anabasis. One hundred and 60 students enrolled in the first year of operation (1855) of Florence Wesleyan University. The school quickly attracted students from five states and two foreign countries. Among Florence Wesleyan's graduates were Alabama governor Emmet O'Neal and Texas governor Lawrence Sullivan "Sul" Ross (the latter of whose tenure as president of Texas A&M; University was known as the 'golden age' of that institution).
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The connection between the 'Lycians' of Zeleia and these Lycians is unclear—if there is any connection at all. Arrian mentions it as the head-quarters of the Persian army before the Battle of the Granicus, in May 334 BCE, where the Persian satraps held a council at Zeleia where they discussed how best to confront Alexander the Great.Arrian Anabasis Alexandri 1.13 It existed in the time of Strabo; but afterwards it disappears. Arthmius () of Zeleia, was declared an outlaw in the territory of Athens and her allies together with his family, because he had brought the gold from Persian Empire into Peloponnese.
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The story of the siege of the Sogdian Rock is told in many histories, but it is based on the history written by the Greek historian Arrian of Nicomedia, in his Anabasis (section 4.18.4-19.6). However P. J. Rhodes points out that "this version [of events] produces a very empty 328 and a very full early 327, so we should probably prefer the alternative tradition. In this second tradition instead of the Sogdian Rock and the Rock of Chorienes the same stratagems are used against the Rock of Arimazes and the Rock of Sisimithres in the summer of 328".
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Evolving as it did with ancient Greek warfare from that of tribal Greece to that of the Greek city-states, the lochos varied in size and organisation over time and from city state to city state, ranging in size from a single file to about 640 men. The best surviving description of the lochos is that by Xenophon in his Anabasis, however this must be taken as being illustrative of a particular time and place, that of 5th century BC Sparta, rather than being truly representative. Aelian and Arrian use the terms lochos as file and lochagos as file leader.
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The Parata kings are primarily known through their coins, which typically exhibit the bust of the ruler (with long hair in a headband) on the obverse, and a swastika within a circular legend on the reverse, written in Brahmi (usually silver coins) or Kharoshthi (copper coins). These coins are mainly found in Loralai in today's western Pakistan. Herodotus in 450 BCE described the Paraitakenoi as a tribe ruled by Deiokes, a Persian king, in northwestern Persia (History I.101). Arrian describes how Alexander the Great encountered the Pareitakai in Bactria and Sogdiana, and had them conquered by Craterus (Anabasis Alexandrou IV).
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The story is elaborated (unhistorically) from Xenophon's account in his Anabasis of Cyrus the Younger's campaign in 401 BC. The plot centres on the plans of Ciro (Cyrus) to wage war against Assyria in league with the Medes. However the King of Armenia, formerly a vassal of the Medes, changes allegiance to side with the Assyrians, prompting Cyrus to invade Armenia. Cyrus quickly overwhelms the Armenians. Tigrane, son of the Armenian King Arsace, was a childhood friend of Ciro and persuades him generously to forgive Arsace, allowing the marriage of Tigrane with the Phrygian princess Palmide.
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Xenophon, Anabasis 1.2.3 Socrates and the other troops were only later told that Cyrus intended to seize the Persian throne from his brother Artaxerxes. Socrates fought at the Battle of Cunaxa and the Greek forces were able to drive the Persians into retreat, but Cyrus and his force faced heavy casualties and Cyrus himself was killed in battle. With Cyrus dead, the Greek troops were left in limbo, trying to make arrangements to return home first with Ariaeus (Cyrus' good friend and second in command at the battle) and then with Tissaphernes (one of the Persian generals at the battle).
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195 that as a boy he would inquire of Persian visitors to his father's court in Macedon, about Persian roads and military organization, but never of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon; Herodotus, who probably visited Babylon in the mid-fifth century, does not mention the hanging gardens.Herodotus and Xenophon (in his romanticised Cyropaedia) do give extensive accounts of Cyrus the Great's palatial city of Pasargadae and its gardens. Xenophon, under Achaemenid Persian influence,In his Anabasis, Xenophon introduced into Greek the Old Persian term for an enclosed royal hunting park, paradeisos. planted a grove upon his return to Athens.
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After missing all the trains to Budějovice, Švejk embarks on a long anabasis on foot around Southern Bohemia in a vain attempt to find Budějovice, before being arrested as a possible spy and deserter (a charge he strenuously denies) and escorted to his regiment. The regiment is soon transferred to Bruck an der Leitha, a town on the border between Austria and Hungary. Here, where relations between the two nationalities are somewhat sensitive, Švejk is again arrested, this time for causing an affray involving a respectable Hungarian citizen and engaging in a street fight. He is also promoted to company orderly.
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The name of the city is first mentioned by Xenophon in his expeditionary logs in Achaemenid Assyria of 401 BC, during the reign of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. There, he notes a small Assyrian town of "Mépsila" () on the Tigris somewhere about where modern Mosul is today (Anabasis, III.iv.10). It may be safer to identify Xenophon's Mépsila with the site of Iski Mosul, or "Old Mosul", about north of modern Mosul, where six centuries after Xenophon's report, the Sasanian Empire's center of Budh-Ardhashir was built. Be that as it may, the name Mepsila is doubtless the root for the modern name.
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An example of how the aorist tense contrasts with the imperfect in describing the past occurs in Xenophon's Anabasis, when the Persian aristocrat Orontas is executed: "and those who had been previously in the habit of bowing (προσεκύνουν prosekúnoun, imperfect) to him, bowed (προσεκύνησαν prosekúnēsan, aorist) to him even then."F. Kinchin Smith and T.W. Melluish, Teach Yourself Greek, Hodder and Stoughton, 1968, p. 94. Here the imperfect refers to a past habitual or repeated act, and the aorist to a single one. There is disagreement as to which functions of the Greek aorist are inherent within it.
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The land of Sūḫu occupied a quite extensive region on the Middle Euphrates, approximately from the area near Falluja in the southeast to the area of Ḫindanu (modern Tell Jabiriyah, near Al-Qa'im) in the northwest. Important evidence for this period was recovered during English and Iraqi salvage excavation campaigns at Sur Jurʿeh and on the island of ʿAna (Anah) in the early 1980s. Xenophon recorded that the army of Cyrus the Younger resupplied during a campaign in 401 at "Charmande" near the end of a 90-parasang march between Korsote and Pylae,Xenophon, Anabasis. which likely intends Anah.
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In Ancient Armenia, a style of fermented grain beverage was referred to as "κρίθινος οἶνος" (krithinos oinos) - barley wine, by the Greek historian Xenophon, who mentioned to have experienced it, while being in Armenia, in his work AnabasisXenophon, Anabasis, 4.5.26, on Perseus and Polybius in his work The Histories. These barley wines would be dissimilar to modern examples as their mention predates the use of hops (a key component in modern barley wines) by several centuries. Advertisement for Bass' No.1 Barley Wine The first beer to be marketed as barley wine was Bass No. 1 Ale, around 1870.
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Apollo and Poseidon worked closely in many realms: in colonization, for example, Delphic Apollo provided the authorization to go out and settle, while Poseidon watched over the colonists on their way, and provided the lustral water for the foundation-sacrifice. Xenophon's Anabasis describes a group of Spartan soldiers in 400–399 BC singing to Poseidon a paean—a kind of hymn normally sung for Apollo. Like Dionysus, who inflamed the maenads, Poseidon also caused certain forms of mental disturbance. A Hippocratic text of ca 400 BC, On the Sacred Disease says that he was blamed for certain types of epilepsy.
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The Thyni () were a Thracian tribe that lived in south-eastern Thrace, later they, along with the Bithyni, migrated to the lands that would later be known as Thynia and Bithynia. Each respective region got its name, presumably, from the Thracian tribe that was more prominent in the area. Xenophon (Anabasis VII, 2) praises the Thyni: "Teres, with a large army, was said to have had his baggage train taken from him by the natives, who are called Thyni and are supposed to be the most dangerous of all the tribes, especially at night fighting." The Thyni included clubs amongst their weapons.
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The Sidetic language is a member of the extinct Anatolian branch of the Indo- European language family known from legends of coins dating to the period of approximately the 5th to 3rd centuries BCE found in Side at the Pamphylian coast, and two Greek–Sidetic bilingual inscriptions from the 3rd and 2nd centuries BCE respectively. The Greek historian Arrian in his Anabasis Alexandri (mid-2nd century CE) mentions the existence of a peculiar indigenous language in the city of Side. Sidetic was probably closely related to Lydian, Carian and Lycian. The Sidetic script is an alphabet of the Anatolian group.
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The name survives in the Kashmiri name for this river as Vyeth. According to the major religious work Srimad Bhagavatam, the Vitastā is one of the many transcendental rivers flowing through land of Bharata, or ancient India. Alexander the Great and his army crossed the Jhelum in BC 326 at the Battle of the Hydaspes River where he defeated the Indian king, Porus. According to Arrian (Anabasis, 29), he built a city "on the spot whence he started to cross the river Hydaspes", which he named Bukephala (or Bucephala) to honour his famous horse Bukephalus or Bucephalus which was buried in Jalalpur Sharif.
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Seidlitzia rosmarinus is a perennial-green desert species of saltwort in the Amaranthaceae family. It is endemic to the lower Jordan Valley along the Dead Sea, in Israel and Jordan, and in the Syrian desert,The plant grows in the Saharo-Arabian geographical region of Syria, and is known locally by the name al-ʿaniẓwān (Arabic: العنظوان). central Iraq (near Najaf) and in the coastal regions of Saudi Arabia, the Bahrain Islands, Qatar, and Iran, commonly known in Arabic by the names ušnān () and šenān.In regions of Syria, the word ušnān is also used for species of Anabasis and for Arthrocnemum macrostachyum.
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The distinction between imperfect and aorist in the above examples can be seen not so much in terms of perfectivity vs. imperfectivity, as in terms of telicity vs. atelicity.cf. The aorist () would mean "we finished dinner" and would be a telic verb, implying that the action was carried through to its end, whereas the imperfect () would mean "we began eating dinner" and would be atelic, implying that the action was started but not necessarily completed. Similarly the aorist () means "I successfully persuaded", whereas the imperfect () means "I urged" or "I attempted to persuade": : Xenophon, Anabasis 7.3.
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However, the disparaging Hellenic stereotype of barbarians did not totally dominate Hellenic attitudes. Xenophon (died 354 B.C.), for example, wrote the Cyropaedia, a laudatory fictionalised account of Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Persian Empire, effectively a utopian text. In his Anabasis, Xenophon's accounts of the Persians and other non-Greeks who he knew or encountered show few traces of the stereotypes. In Plato's Protagoras, Prodicus of Ceos calls "barbarian" the Aeolian dialect that Pittacus of Mytilene spoke. [Cited in Pittacus of Mytilene ] The renowned orator Demosthenes (384–322 B.C.) made derogatory comments in his speeches, using the word "barbarian".
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Early literature such as Julius Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Gallico or Xenophon's Anabasis, both ostensibly non-fictional accounts of wars led by their authors, used illeism to impart an air of objective impartiality, which included justifications of the author's actions. In this way personal bias is presented, albeit dishonestly, as objectivity. Illeism can also be used in literature to provide a twist, wherein the identity of the narrator as the main character is hidden from the reader until later in the story (e.g. one Arsène Lupin story where the narrator is Arsène Lupin but hides his own identity); the use of third person implies external observation.
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In Greek legend, the city was first called Thoana because Thoas, a Thracian king, was its founder (Arrian, Periplus Ponti Euxini, vi); it was in Cappadocia, at the foot of the Taurus Mountains and near the Cilician Gates (Strabo, XII, 537; XIII, 587). Xenophon mentions it in his book Anabasis, under the name of Dana, as a large and prosperous city. The surrounding plain was known after it as Tyanitis. It is the reputed birthplace of the celebrated philosopher (and reputed saint or magician) Apollonius of Tyana in the first century AD. Ovid (Metamorphoses VIII) places the tale of Baucis and Philemon in the vicinity.
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Xenophon, Anabasis, II.6.29 Ctesias is generally an unreliable historian, but since he was at the time a physician to Artaxerxes and was witness to some of the events (for example, attending to Clearchus before he was beheaded), he may be considered more reliable than Xenophon, who, as he himself admits, is merely repeating a report that he heard. On the other hand, the two reports need not necessarily differ, if Ctesias only knew of Meno being spared and was not aware that he was subsequently tortured and ultimately killed.cf. also Brown Menon of Thessaly pp 401-402Bigwood, Ancient Accounts of the Battle of Cunaxa p 356.
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During the 2007–2008 academic year, Rood was a fellow of the Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study, Harvard University, where his work centred primarily on Xenophon's self-presentation, description of the army as a political unit, and imaginative geography. During this time he delivered a lecture on "A Delightful Retreat: Xenophon's Scillus" to the Yale Department of Classics. Rood has a special interest in the reception of ancient culture in the modern world. Not only does his book American Anabasis trace the influence of the classical writers in American politics, but it also draws conclusions concerning the contemporary American artist Cy Twombly, whose work is heavily influenced by antiquity.
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As such an important yet vulnerable part of the Macedonian Army, it needed protection for its main vulnerability, the flanks. The protection/remedy for this vulnerability was the Hypaspists, who were able to conduct maneuvers and use tactics, which, owing to their hoplite panoply of weapons and armor, would have been impossible (or at least much less effective) if performed by the Phalangites. It is worth noting that all the references to a unit called "Hypaspists" are much later than the period of Philip, and modern historians have to assume that later sources, like Diodorus SiculusDiodorus Siculus. Book 19.40 (1st century BC) and Arrian,Arrian's Anabasis.
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According to a legend, when Alexander the Great reached a city called Nysa near the Indus river, the locals said that their city was founded by Dionysus in the distant past and their city was dedicated to the god Dionysus.Arrian, Anabasis, 5.1.1-2.2 These travels took something of the form of military conquests; according to Diodorus Siculus he conquered the whole world except for Britain and Ethiopia.Bull, 253 Returning in triumph (he was considered the founder of the triumphal procession) he undertook to introduce his worship into Greece, but was opposed by some princes who dreaded its introduction on account of the disorders and madness it brought with it (e.g.
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Despite the prospect of a mobile cavalry phalanx, the cavalry still faced problems. The xyston was still too short to meet the sarissa phalanx head on. The weight of their armour restricted movement, but the elimination of a shield for protection made the rider and horse more vulnerable. The desire to meet the phalanx head on and the need for protection was remedied after the anabasis of Antiochus III to the eastern satrapies in 210-206 BC. At this time, Antiochus came into contact with the Parthian cavalry, of which some were heavily armed with scale armour for both the rider and horse and longer lances known as a kontos.
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Arrian referred to the episode when recording the similar encounters of Indian philosophers with Alexander occurred during Alexander's campaigns in his book The Campaigns of Alexander. In his biography of Alexander, Robin Lane Fox sets the encounter in 336, the only time Alexander was in Corinth. The Alexander of the story is not this great king, ruler of Greece and Asia, but the promising but brash 20-year-old son of Philip of Macedon, first proving his mettle in Greece. One of Diogenes' pupils, Onesicritus, later joined Alexander and will have been the original source of this story, embellished in the retelling, which appears in Ptolemy (14.2), Arrian, (Anabasis Alexandri, 7.2.
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This marks a significant turning-point in the novel, as it is the end of Julian's memoir. The rest of the novel consists of field dispatches and diary entries detailing Julian's campaign, with commentary by Priscus and Libanius's reflections. Initially, Julian is extremely successful (in spite of his relying on Xenophon's dated Anabasis for geographic details of the region), reaching Ctesiphon and defeating the Persian emperor in several decisive battles. However, after Persian scorched-earth tactics leave Julian's army with no food or water, it becomes apparent that the Christian officers' loyalty is in question, and that a plot may be afoot to kill Julian.
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While the transport had been on her way to the Russian far eastern port, the situation in Russia had deteriorated markedly. Bolshevik armies had driven the White Russian forces back into Siberia, and the collapse of the White government, headed by Admiral Alexander Kolchak, sounded the death knell of the western attempt to intervene in the civil war. By the time the ship arrived at Vladivostok, the evacuation of the Czech legion was well underway. Adding to the number of people to be transported were the several hundred wives and children of Czech soldiers, since some 1,600 men had married during the period of the "Czech Anabasis" in Russia.
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Most ancient sources agree that Parmenion advised Alexander not to attack and that it was Alexander's own idea to attack at once. Parmenion is said to have acted as a foil to his commander's innovative strategies, by expertly formulating the orthodox strategy. For instance, according to Arrian's Anabasis of Alexander, at the Battle of Granicus, Parmenion suggested delay before the attack, as the army had already marched all day, always presenting the cautious path and often resulting in his being ignored by the King. Alexander attacked across the river regardless of this counsel and gained a victory nevertheless; however, Diodorus Siculus contradicts Arrian by stating clearly that Alexander accepted the advice.
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Xenophon has long been associated with the opposition to the Athenian democracy of his time, of which he saw the shortcomings and the ultimate defeat to the Spartan oligarchic power.Gray, Xenophon, page 19 (preface): "Xenophon has been called undemocratic in more contexts than can be mentioned." Although Xenophon seems to prefer oligarchy, or at least the aristocracy, especially in light of his associations with Sparta, none of his works puts a major focus on attacking democracy. But there are definitely some mockeries or criticisms here and there, for instance in the Anabasis, when deliberations are intimidated by cries of "pelt" if a speaker says something others disagree with.
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Local rulers are claimed to have descended from Aeëtes, such as a king of the Phasians from Xenophon's Anabasis and Saulaces, a gold-rich king of Colchis, from Pliny the Elder's Naturalis Historia. Strabo, who treated Aeetes as a historical person, writes that this was "a local name among the Colchians". The name of Aeëtes was bore by a historical Colchian, a 6th- century nobleman in Lazica in the times of Lazic War known from Agathias's account. If naming Aeëtes as the ancestor of the Colchian rulers was not the invention of the classical authors, it is possible that the Colchian rulers regarded themselves as descendants of Aeetes.
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Cyrus the Younger ( Kūruš), son of Darius II of Persia and Parysatis, was a Persian prince and general, Satrap of Lydia and Ionia from 408 to 401 BC. His birth date is unknown, but he died in 401 BC during a failed battle to oust his elder brother, Artaxerxes II, from the Persian throne. The history of Cyrus and of the retreat of his Greek mercenaries is told by Xenophon in his Anabasis. Another account, probably from Sophaenetus of Stymphalus, was used by Ephorus. Further information is contained in the excerpts from Artaxerxes II's physician, Ctesias, by Photius; Plutarch’s Lives of Artaxerxes II and Lysander; and Thucydides' History of Peloponnesian War.
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Sümela Monastery in the Pontic Mountains, near Maçka A traditional rural Pontic house in Livera village, Maçka district Uzungöl village and lake in Çaykara Another village in Çaykara A traditional house in Çaykara Remarkably attractive throughout its history, Trabzon was the subject of hundreds of travel books by western travellers, some of whom had named it "city of tale in the East." The capital city Trabzon was founded, as Trapezus, by Greek colonists from Sinope, modern Sinop, Turkey. Starting from the 9th century BC, the city had also been mentioned by historians such as Homeros, Herodotus, Hesiodos. The first written source regarding Trabzon is Anabasis, authored by Xenophon.
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The cry of Xenophon's soldiers when they reach the sea is mentioned by the narrator of Jules Verne's Journey to the Center of the Earth (1864), when their expedition discovers an underground ocean. The famous cry also provides the title of Iris Murdoch's Booker Prize-winning novel, The Sea, the Sea (1978). Other fictional works inspired by Anabasis include: Harold Coyle's novel The Ten Thousand (1993) shows the bulk of the US Forces in modern Europe fighting their way across and out of Germany, instead of laying down their weapons, after the Germans steal nuclear weapons that are being removed from Ukraine. The operational concept for the novel was based on Xenophon's account of the Ten Thousand.
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This interest culminated in Mehmed's work on building a massive multilingual library that contained over 8000 manuscripts in Persian, Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, Latin, and Greek, among other languages. Of note in this large collection was Mehmed's Greek scriptorium, which included copies of Arrians’ Anabasis of Alexander the Great and Homer's Iliad. His interest in Classical works extended in many directions, including the patronage of the Greek writer Kritiboulos of Imbros, who produced the Greek manuscript History of Mehmed the Conqueror, alongside his efforts to salvage and rebind Greek manuscripts acquired after his conquest of Constantinople. Historians believe that Mehmed's widespread cultural and artistic tastes, especially those aimed towards the West, served various important diplomatic and administrative functions.
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The story of Alexander the Great's encounter with Porus and the Battle of the Hydaspes has been related in many historical sources, notably in the fifth book of Arrian's Anabasis, Justin's excerpt from the twelfth book of Pompeius Trogus' Historiae Philippicae, Quintus Curtius Rufus' Histories of Alexander the Great and the chapter Alexander – Caesar from the Vitae parallelae by Plutarch. In addition to these classical sources Metastasio also had more recent dramatic treatments to draw on. These included the 1648 play Porus ou La générosité d'Alexandre by Claude Boyer as well as Jean Racine's 1665 Alexandre le grand. Both of these versions introduced a love theme into the story just as Metastasio did.
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Giresun city at the beginning of the 20th century Ottoman houses in Zeytinlik neighbourhood Pontian Greek athletics team from Giresun (formerly Kerasounta) early 20th century. Aksu stream, Giresun Giresun's history goes back to the late 6th century BC, when it was founded by Greek colonists from Sinope, 110 km east of the homonymous city founded by Pharnaces I of Pontus, using citizens transferred from Kotyora (modern Ordu), circa 180 BCE.The Princeton Encyclopedia of Classical Sites, PHARNAKEIA KERASOUS (Giresun) Pontus, Turkey The name of the city is first cited in the book Anabasis by Xenophon as Kerasus. Historic records reveal that the city was dominated by the Miletians, Persians, Romans, Byzantines and Empire of Trebizond.
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Tomb of Cyrus in Pasargadae, Iran, a UNESCO World Heritage Site (2015) Cyrus the Great's remains may have been interred in his capital city of Pasargadae, where today a limestone tomb (built around 540–530 BC) still exists, which many believe to be his. Strabo and Arrian give nearly identical descriptions of the tomb, based on the eyewitness report of Aristobulus of Cassandreia, who at the request of Alexander the Great visited the tomb twice.Strabo, Geographica 15.3.7; Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri 6.29 Though the city itself is now in ruins, the burial place of Cyrus the Great has remained largely intact, and the tomb has been partially restored to counter its natural deterioration over the centuries.
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"Hauptquellen [betreffend Caesar]: Caesars eigene, wenn auch leicht tendenziöse Darstellungen des Gallischen und des Bürgerkrieges, die Musterbeispiele sachgemäßer Berichterstattung und stilistischer Klarheit sind" ("Main sources [regarding Caesar]: Caesar's own, even though slightly tendentious depictions of the Gallic and the Civil Wars, which are paradigms of pertinent information and stylistic clarity") It is traditionally the first authentic text assigned to students of Latin, as Xenophon's Anabasis is for students of Ancient Greek; they are both autobiographical tales of military adventure told in the third person. It contains many details and employs many stylistic devices to promote Caesar's political interests.cf. Albrecht, Michael v.: Geschichte der römischen Literatur Band 1 (History of Roman Literature, Volume 1).
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War scythes were a popular weapon of choice and opportunity of many peasant uprisings throughout history. The ancient Greek historian Xenophon describes in his work (Anabasis) the chariots of Artaxerxes II, which had projecting scythes fitted. Later, Jan Žižka's Hussite warriors, recruited mostly from peasantry, used modified scythes. Called originally 'kůsa -scythe' and later "sudlice", it doubled as both a stabbing and cutting weapon, developing later into the "ušatá sudlice"—Bohemian earspoon, more suitable for combat—thanks to side spikes (ears), acting as end stops, it did not penetrate too deep, and so was easier to draw from fallen foes. War scythes were widely used by Polish and Lithuanian peasants during revolts in the 18th and 19th centuries.
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Towards the end of battle of Hydaspes (Jhelum), Arrian mentions a certain Meroes and attests him to be an Indian and an old friend of Porus (or Poros). Arrian further attests that he was finally chosen by Alexander to bring the fleeing Porus back for concluding peace treaty with Macedonian invader.Arrian Anabasis, 1893, Book 5b, Ch xviii,, E. J. Chinnock; The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 1896, pp 108, 109, Dr John Watson M'Crindle; Political and Social Movements in Ancient Panjab, 1964, p 172, Dr Buddha Prakash. It is notable that at the time of Porus's war with Alexander, Shashigupta, the satrap of the eastern Ashvakas had very cordial relations with Porus.
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Nicolas Poussin, Four seasons of paradise, 1660–1664 The word pardes does not appear before the post-Exilic period (post-538 BCE); it occurs in the Song of Songs 4:13, Ecclesiastes 2:5, and Nehemiah 2:8, in each case meaning "park" or "garden", the original Persian meaning of the word, where it describes to the royal parks of Cyrus the Great by Xenophon in Anabasis. Later in Second Temple era Judaism "paradise" came to be associated with the Garden of Eden and prophesies of restoration of Eden, and transferred to heaven. The Septuagint uses the word around 30 times, both of Eden, (Gen. 2:7 etc.) and of Eden restored (Ezek.
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Cleitus was attested as the son of Bardylis by Arrian ( ) in The Anabasis of Alexander. Some modern historians consider Cleitus the grandson of the very old Bardylis I who defeated Perdiccas I in 359 and who died shortly thereafter at the age of more than ninety, and the son of Bardylis II; others consider Cleitus directly the son of Bardylis I, since nothing confirms such a generation gap and nothing allows to find out Cleitus's age in the year 335. Unlike Grabos II and Pleurias - Pleuratus, the designation "king of the Illyrians" never appears next to Cleitus in Arrian. In his military operations, Cleitus seems to treat Glaukias, the king of Taulanti, as his equal.
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The Akhbār majmūʿa is sometimes called the "Anonymous of Paris", after the home of its manuscript, or the "Anonymous of Córdoba", after its presumed place of origin.Norman Roth, "The Jews and the Muslim Conquest of Spain", Jewish Social Studies, 38, 2 (1976), pp. 145–58. The Akhbār majmūʿa records how, during the Abbasid Revolution, an army of ten thousand under a certain Balj marched to al-Andalus to support the Umayyad emir Abd ar-Rahman I. The story appears to be borrowed from the Anabasis of Xenophon. Likewise, the anonymous compiler borrows elements, such as Roderic's alleged kidnapping of the daughter of Count Julian, from other classical sources, namely the Aeneid and the Iliad.
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The Persians countercharged with a squadron of nobles on horse, and accounts show that in the melee, several high-ranking Persian nobles were killed by Alexander himself or his bodyguards, although Alexander was stunned by an axe- blow from a Persian nobleman named Rhoisakes. A second Persian nobleman named Spithridates attempted to attack Alexander from behind while he was still reeling; however, he was himself killed by Cleitus the Black, who severed his outstretched arm. Alexander quickly recovered. Eventually the Macedonian horse were able to gain the advantage over their Persian counterpart, owing to the superiority of their lance over the Persian javelin for melee fighting,Arrian Anabasis Alexandri I.15.46 as well as the close support of the light infantry interspersed among their squadrons.
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The Median Wall was a wall built to the north of the ancient city of Babylon at a point where the distance between the rivers Tigris and Euphrates decreases considerably. It was believed to have been constructed during the latter part of the reign of Nebuchadrezzar II and to have consisted of baked brick and bitumen, with centre of the wall being packed with earth. The wall was built to prevent any potential invasion by the Medes from the north -- hence the name 'Median' Wall. The ancient Greek writer Xenophon states that the wall was in existence in 401 BC in his book the Anabasis (or 'The Persian Expedition'), and described it as being wide and in height, and 20 parasangs in length (approximately ).
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The Pauravan soldiers were dressed in flamboyantly hued outfits with steel helmets, bright scarves and baldrics, and wielded axes, lances and maces. Porus, eschewing the usual tradition of Indian kings fighting from a chariot, was mounted atop his tallest war elephant. This animal in particular was not equipped with a howdah, as the king was clad in chain mail armour and hence had no need of the additional protection of a tower. Alexander, noticing that Porus's disposition was strongest in the center, decided to attack with his cavalry first on the flanks, having his phalanx hold back until the Indian cavalry had been neutralized.Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, Book V, Chapter XVI The Macedonian heavy infantry phalanx were outnumbered 1:5 against the Indian infantry.
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Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, Book V, Chapter XVII The war elephants now advanced against the Macedonian cavalry, only to be confronted by the Macedonian phalanx. The powerful beasts caused heavy losses among the Macedonian foot, impaling many men with their steel-clad tusks and heaving some of them into the air before pulverizing them, and trampling and disorganizing their dense lines. Nevertheless, the Macedonian infantry resisted the attack bravely, with light infantry who tossed javelins at the elephants' mahouts and eyes while the heavy infantry attempted to hamstring the elephants with the two-sided axes and kopis. Meanwhile, the Indian horsemen attempted another sally, only to be repulsed once again by Alexander's cavalry squadrons, who had all massed together.
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Several modern scholars have been tempted to make identification between the Pharnavaz of the medieval Georgian tradition and the Pharasmanes of the Greco-Roman historian Arrian, a 2nd-century AD author of The Anabasis of Alexander. Arrian recounts that "Pharasmanes (Фαρασμάνης), king of the Chorasmians", visited Alexander the Great with 1500 horseman, and pledged his support should Alexander desire to campaign to the Euxine lands and subdue Colchians, whom Pharasmanes names as his neighbors. Apart from the similarity of the names of Pharasmanes and Pharnavaz (both names are apparently based on the same root, the Iranian farnah), the king of Chorasmia in Central Asia reports Colchis (today's western Georgia, i.e., the western neighbor of ancient Kartli/Iberia) to be a neighboring country.
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The fate of Army Group North turned for the worse in the new year, for Hitler rejected all proposals for an early withdrawal into the "Panther" position, insisting that the Soviet forces be kept as far as possible from Germany and that they be forced to pay dearly for each meter of ground. Finally, Hitler transferred three more first-rate infantry divisions out of Army Group North to reinforce Erich von Manstein's Army Group South as it reeled back from the Dnieper River under continuous Soviet assault. Field Marshal von Küchler now held an extremely precarious position, and could only await events on the Leningrad and Volkhov Fronts with great pessimism.Kenneth W. Estes A European Anabasis — Western European Volunteers in the German Army and SS, 1940-1945.
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He fought a battle against the satrap of Daskyleion and minted his own coins in Ionia, such as the one displayed in the Bibliothèque Nationale in Paris. He handed back Pergamon to the king. The kings of the Kingdom of Commagene claimed descent from Orontes I and also claimed Darius I of Persia as an ancestor, thanks to Orontes' marriage to Rhodogoune, daughter of Artaxerxes II who was a direct descendant of king Darius I.The Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times - 2 Vols., Richard G. Hovannisian, St. Martin's Press, New York, 1997 Xenophon's Anabasis mentions that the region near the river Centrites was defended by the Satrap of Armenia for Artaxerxes II and named Orontes son of Artasyrus who had Armenian contingents.
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The Forlorn Hope was originally intended as the first volume of a series for Ace Books, later instalments of which would be written by other authors: the setting of the book was based on the Thirty Years' War while the initial situation was inspired by Xenophon's Anabasis. However, after Ace was acquired by G. P. Putnam's Sons Jim Baen of Tor Books made a successful offer for the book. Drake did not write any sequels to this book as he felt that he had ended it at a satisfactory point. The technology and setting of The Forlorn Hope are comparable to that of Drake's Hammerverse; however, Drake has confirmed that this book is not set in the same fictional universe as the Hammer's Slammers stories.
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Syr Darya River at Khujand When the Macedonian army of Alexander the Great reached the Jaxartes in 329 BCE, after travelling through Bactria and Sogdia without encountering any opposition, they met with the first instances of native resistance to their presence. Alexander was wounded in the fighting that ensued and the native tribes took to massacring the Macedonian garrisons stationed in their towns. As the revolt against Alexander intensified it spread through Sogdia, plunging it into two years of warfare, the intensity of which surpassed any other conflict of the Anabasis Alexandri. On the shores of the Syr Darya Alexander placed a garrison in the City of Cyrus (Cyropolis in Greek), which he then renamed after himself Alexandria Eschate—"the farthest Alexandria"—in 329 BCE.
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Alexander followed close behind and captured the strategic hill-fort after four bloody days. After Aornos, Alexander crossed the Indus and fought and won an epic battle against King Porus, who ruled a region lying between the Hydaspes and the Acesines (Chenab), in what is now the Punjab, in the Battle of the Hydaspes in 326 BC. Alexander was impressed by Porus' bravery, and made him an ally. He appointed Porus as satrap, and added to Porus' territory land that he did not previously own, towards the south-east, up to the Hyphasis (Beas).p. xl, Historical Dictionary of Ancient Greek Warfare, J, Woronoff & I. SpenceArrian Anabasis of Alexander, V.29.2 Choosing a local helped him control these lands so distant from Greece.
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Plutarch's main source for the incident, as he mentions in passing elsewhere, was the account by Aristobulus of Cassandreia,Hammond, N. G. L., Sources for Alexander the Great: An Analysis of Plutarch's "Life" and Arrian's "Anabasis Alexandrou", pp. 154–155, 2007, Cambridge University Press, , 9780521714716google books who knew Alexander well; this survives only in quotations by others, which may not all be accurate. The taking of Thebes took place in the second year of Alexander's reign, and was otherwise a very bloody affair, as the city was the leader in a Greek revolt, taking advantage of Philip's assassination, against the treaties he had enforced. Perhaps 6,000 Thebans died, and 30,000 were enslaved, and the city virtually ceased to exist for some decades.
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There were also a number of monographs or biographies, including of Dion of Syracuse, Timoleon of Corinth, and Tilliborus, a brigand or robber of Asia minor, which are now lost.M. I. Finley, Studies in Ancient Society (Routledge Revivals)(p.193) Routledge, 11 Jan 2013 [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (ed. this source the primary source)C Schrader, Concordantia in Flavii Arriani Indicam historiam Georg Olms Verlag, 1 Jan 1995 [Retrieved 2015-04-04] (used as verification of primary, and used word < biography >)Oxford Dictionary – monograph Oxford University Press [Retrieved 2015-04-04]EJ Chinnock, The Anabasis of Alexander [Retrieved 2015-04-04]L Boia – Great Historians from Antiquity to 1800: An International Dictionary, Volume 1 Greenwood Press, 1 Jan 1989 (ed.
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When the infinitival subject is coreferent with a word constructed with the governing verb in a higher syntactic level, in other words, when the subject of the infinitive is itself (a second) argument of the governing verb, then it is normally omitted and understood either in the oblique case in which the second argument is put (see also in the previous paragraph the reference to PRO and control structures), or in the accusative as if in an accusative and infinitive construction (but with the accusative noun or pronoun obligatorily suppressed and implied). :: i DAT DAT Xenophon, Anabasis, 7.1.21 :: now for-youDAT, Xenophon, is-possible [PROi man DAT become INF]. literal translation :: Now it is possible for you, Xenophon, [to become a man].
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Xenophon notes that at his time, 90 years after the battle, goats were still offered yearly.Plutarch, On the Malice of Herodotus, 26Xenophon, Anabasis III, 2Aelian, Varia Historia II, 25Aristophanes, The Knights, 660 Plutarch mentions that the Athenians saw the phantom of King Theseus, the mythical hero of Athens, leading the army in full battle gear in the charge against the Persians,Plutarch, Theseus, 35 and indeed he was depicted in the mural of the Stoa Poikile fighting for the Athenians, along with the twelve Olympian gods and other heroes.Pausanias I, 15 Pausanias also tells us that: > They say too that there chanced to be present in the battle a man of rustic > appearance and dress. Having slaughtered many of the foreigners with a > plough he was seen no more after the engagement.
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He was born in Piumazzo di Castelfranco Emilia province of Modena and, after getting a degree in Classical Arts at the University of Bologna, he became an archaeologist at the Catholic University of Milan, specialising in the topography of the Ancient World. At the Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore itself, he taught from 1980 to 1986, then moved on to an academic career at the Università of Venice (1987) and then at the Loyola University of Chicago, the Sorbonne University in Paris and the Bocconi University in Milan. However, due to his numerous commitments, both national and international, he can no longer lecture full-time, but he holds a visiting professor role. Between the 1970s and the 1980s, he has undertaken the "Anabasis" expeditions for the reconstruction of the itinerary of the Ten Thousand's retreat.
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The forewings are white, sprinkled with black scales which are assembled in a reduplicated spot close to the base, a spot on the fold a little beyond it, a costal spot at one- fourth attenuated downward to the fold, an indistinct shade-band across the middle, not reaching the dorsum, and beyond this a profuse sprinkling along the costa and around the apex and termen, also through the hoary white cilia. In a small spot at the apex are a few ferruginous scales and two larger ferruginous spots are found, one before and one beyond the middle, the first slightly crossing the fold, the second at the end of the cell, these are both somewhat sprinkled with black. The hindwings are silvery bluish white.Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 47 : 12 The larvae feed on Anabasis articulata.
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According to Herodotus, this band moved toward the northeast, settling beyond the Tanais (Don) river, and became the ancestors of the Sauromatians. According to Herodotus, the Sarmatians fought with the Scythians against Darius the Great in the 5th century BC. Xenophon in Anabasis writes that Democrates of Temnus captured a man with a Persian bow, a quiver and a battleaxe of the same sort that Amazons carry. Hippocrates describes them as: "They have no right breasts...for while they are yet babies their mothers make red-hot a bronze instrument constructed for this very purpose and apply it to the right breast and cauterize it, so that its growth is arrested, and all its strength and bulk are diverted to the right shoulder and right arm." Amazons came to play a role in Roman historiography.
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Hotson's jerboa is a nocturnal, solitary rodent and digs long tunnels in hard ground in which to live. The tunnels are of three types; temporary short burrows with several entrances and several tunnels and a single chamber; breeding burrows with more and longer tunnels, more numerous entrances and a nest chamber at least below ground level; winter burrows with a single long tunnel, usually horizontal but with the single chamber some way beneath the ground surface, in which the animal hibernates. This jerboa feeds on seeds and such desert plants as Artemisia aucheri, Anabasis aphylla and Peganum harmala; it stores pieces of stem and leaf in storage chambers inside the burrow. It has been found that the jerboa is more active at night when the moon is not shining, and at the beginning and the end of the lunar cycle.
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Blanford's jerboa is a solitary rodent and digs long tunnels in hard ground in which to live. It uses its incisors to loosen the soil, its fore-limbs for digging and pushing loose material under its body, its hind limbs to kick the soil backwards and its snout to ram loose soil. The tunnels are of three types; temporary short burrows with several entrances, several tunnels and a single chamber; breeding burrows with more and longer tunnels, more numerous entrances and a nest chamber at least below ground level; winter burrows with a single long tunnel, usually horizontal but with the single chamber some way beneath the ground surface. This jerboa feeds on seeds and such desert plants as Artemisia aucheri, Anabasis aphylla and Peganum harmala, and pieces of stem and leaf have been found inside burrows.
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Of the ancient sources, both Plutarch and Justin mention Barsine and Heracles but Arrian in the Alexander's Anabasis mentions neither. Plutarch recounts that Alexander took Barsine as his mistress, but on the arguably spurious grounds that she was recommended to him by Parmenion (despite the many disagreements between him and Alexander, and Alexander's apparent contempt for his judgement).Renault, Mary. The Nature of Alexander. p100, 2001 Ed. Of Barsine, Mary Renault states that: If Heracles were Alexander’s illegitimate child, then it also raises the pointed question as to why he, as Alexander’s only living son at the time of his death, was not immediately drawn into the succession disputes, and why he was passed over in favour of Philip Arrhidaeus - himself illegitimate - who was only a son of Alexander’s father Philip, and thus a more distant claimant than Heracles.
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He was Curate at Charlton, Woolwich in 1818 and he served the cure of St Alfege Church, Greenwich for 18 years A Critical Dictionary of English Literature and British and American Authors, Samuel Austin Allibone and John Foster Kirk, Volume 2, published 1870, page 21653. In 1826 he published the first edition of ‘The Classical Students Manual’ “containing an index on every page, section, and note in Matthiae's Greek grammar, Hermann's annotations to Viger on idioms, Bos on Ellipses, Hoogeveen in the particles, and Kuster on the middle verb; in which Thucydides, Herodotus, Aeschylus, Sophocles, Pindar, Homer's Iliad, Xenophon's Anabasis, and the four plays of Euripides edited by Porson, are illustrated; with philological and explanatory observations; intended for students in the universities, and the higher classes in schools”.'The Classical Student's Manual', William Collier Smithers, London, Third edition. London, 1844.
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Philip (; died 325 BC), son of Machatas and brother of Harpalus, was an officer in the service of Alexander the Great, who in 327 BC was appointed by Alexander as satrap of India, including the provinces westward of the Hydaspes (Jhelum river), as far south as the junction of the Indus with the Acesines (Chenab river). After the conquest of the Malli (Malwa) and Oxydracae, these tribes also were added to his government. Philip was put in charge by Alexander of building the city of Alexandria on the Indus. The territory south of the junction of the Indus with the Acesines (Chenab river) to the sea was given to Oxyartes and Peithon, son of Agenor (Arrian, Anabasis of Alexander VI.15.4) The historian Johann Gustav Droysen considers this Philip to have been the father of Antigonus, the king of Asia.
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In 326 BC Eudemus was appointed by Alexander the Great to the command of the troops left in India, after the murder of the Alexander-appointed satrap Philip (son of Machatas) by his own mercenary troops in 326 BC. Alexander dispatched letters to India to Eudemus and also to Taxilas telling them to take charge of the district formerly under Philip, until Alexander could send a satrap to govern the district.Arrian, Anabasis Alexandri, vi. 27.2 After Alexander's death in 323 BC, Eudemus made himself master of the territories of the Indian king Porus and, according to Diodorus Siculus (source needed). As a result, Eudemus became very powerful and in 317 BC he was able to support Eumenes of Cardia in his war against Antigonus by providing a force of 500 horsemen, 300 footmen, and 120 elephants.
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At 91° east, where the principal range of the Kuruk-tagh system wheels to the east-northeast, four of its subsidiary ranges terminate, or rather die away somewhat suddenly, on the brink of a long narrow depression (in which Sven Hedin sees a northeast bay of the former great Central Asian lake of Lop-nor), having over against them the écheloned terminals of similar subordinate ranges of the Pe-shan (Boy-san) system (see below). The Kuruk-tagh is throughout a relatively low, but almost completely barren range, being entirely destitute of animal life, save for hares, antelopes and wild camels, which frequent its few small, widely scattered oases. The vegetation, which is confined to these same areas, is of the scantiest and is mainly confined to bushes of saxaul (Haloxylon), anabasis, reeds (kamish), tamarisks, poplars, and Ephedra.
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The soils of the Sahara are formed of rock debris and desert detritus and are very weakly developed. The characteristic species of these true desert areas which decrease as desert scrub becomes reg and then sandy desert are:- Faidherbia albida, A. raddiana, A. seyal, A. tortilis, Achillea santolina, Alyssum macrocalyx, Anabasis aretoides, A. articulata, Androcymbium punctataum, Aristoides coerulescens, Aristida pungens, Artemisia herba-alba, A. monosperma, Astragulus tribuloides, Atriplex halimus, Balanites aegyptiaca, Caligonum comosum, Caltropis procera, Cenchrus ciliaris, Citrullus colocynthus, Danthonia forskalii, Ephedra alata, Euphorbia guyoniana, Deverra scoparia , D. chloranthus, Linaria aegyptica, Annarrhinum fruticosum , Haloxylon guyonianum, Maerua crassifolia, Nerium oleander, Olea europaea, Panicum turgidum, Phoenix dactylifera, Populus euphratica Populus euphratica, Prosopis stephaniana, Rhus oxyacanthae, Roetboellia hirsuta, Salsola foetida, S.inermis, Salvadora persica, Stipa tortilis, Suaeda fruticosa, S.vermiculata, Tamarix articulata, Zilla spinosa, Zygophyllum Zygophyllum coccineum, Z. decumbens, Z' dumosum, and Capparis spinosa.
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Xenophon resided here more than twenty years, and probably composed the Anabasis here, but was expelled from it by the Eleians soon after the Battle of Leuctra, in 371 BCE. He has left us a description of the place, which he says was situated 20 stadia from the Sacred Grove of Zeus, on the road to Olympia from Sparta, It stood upon the river Selinus, which was also the name of the river flowing by the temple of Artemis at Ephesus, and like the latter it abounded in fish and shell-fish. Here Xenophon, from a tenth of the spoils acquired in the Asiatic campaign, dedicated a temple to Artemis, in imitation of the celebrated temple at Ephesus, and instituted a festival to the goddess. Scillus stood amidst woods and meadows, and afforded abundant pasture for cattle; while the neighbouring mountains supplied wild hogs, roebucks, and stags.Xen. Anab. 5.3. 7-13.
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It was not until the Renaissance (1300–1600 AD) that the true history of Alexander III was rediscovered: > Since the death of Alexander the Great in 323 BC there has been no age in > history, whether in the West or in the East, in which his name and exploits > have not been familiar. And yet not only have all contemporary records been > lost but even the work based on those records though written some four and a > half centuries after his death, the Anabasis of Arrian, was totally unknown > to the writers of the Middle Ages and became available to Western > scholarship only with the Revival of Learning [the Renaissance]. The > perpetuation of Alexander's fame through so many ages and amongst so many > peoples is due in the main to the innumerable recensions and > transmogrifications of a work known as the Alexander Romance or Pseudo- > Callisthenes.Boyle 1974.
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Ctesias Fr. 27, Photius' summary of Ctesias' Persica §68 Xenophon writes that Clearchus believed that Meno had been pouring false slander about the Greeks into Tissaphernes' ear and was aware that Meno was plotting to seize control of the army from Clearchus with Tissaphernes's favor.Xenophon, Anabasis, II.5.28 Sherylee Bassett suggests that Tissaphernes may have been here deceiving Meno into thinking he would support his leadership aspirations, playing the two main leaders, Clearchus and Meno, off against each other.Sherylee Bassett, "Innocent Victims or Perjurers Betrayed?" p 454 Ariaeus declined the offer of kingship and Tissaphernes began apparently friendly negotiations with Clearchus for a truce, finally inviting him for a cordial meeting with the other Greek generals and officers. According to Ctesias, some of the Greek soldiers were hesitant to attend the meeting, but Meno persuaded the soldiers, who thereby persuaded the reluctant Clearchus, to comply.
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In his Anabasis, the ancient Greek historian Xenophon (431–360 BC) wrote that Colchians, Drilae, Habibs, and Tiberians had been living in the eastern parts of the Black Sea region during the centuries (BC). The Naturalis Historia of Pliny the Elder recounts that the ancient fortress city of Tripolis was founded (656 BC) as a trading colony of the Ancient Greek city-state of Miletos, one of nearly 90 along the Black Sea coast. Tripoli was next part of the Roman Empire, Byzantine Empire, one of the three cities that give the town its name, the others being Andoz (today's Espiye) and Bedrama (or Bedrum) in the Harşit valley. When Alexios Komnenos (later Emperor Alexios I of Trebizond) and his brother David founded the Empire of Trebizond in April 1204, about the time the Fourth Crusade captured and sacked Constantinople, Tripoli became part of this empire.
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The death of the son necessitated the death of the father, and thus Parmenion, who had been charged with guarding the treasury at Ecbatana, was assassinated at Alexander's command, to prevent attempts at vengeance. Most infamously, Alexander personally killed the man who had saved his life at Granicus, Cleitus the Black, during a violent drunken altercation at Maracanda (modern day Samarkand in Uzbekistan), in which Cleitus accused Alexander of several judgmental mistakes and most especially, of having forgotten the Macedonian ways in favour of a corrupt oriental lifestyle. Later, in the Central Asian campaign, a second plot against his life was revealed, this one instigated by his own royal pages. His official historian, Callisthenes of Olynthus, was implicated in the plot, and in the Anabasis of Alexander, Arrian states that Callisthenes and the pages were then tortured on the rack as punishment, and likely died soon after.
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Alexander the Great passed through Ray (then called Rhagae) in pursuit of Darayavahush (Darius) III, last of the Achaemenid dynasty of Persia, resting his exhausted troops there for five days when he heard that his quarry had already reached the Caspian Gates passArrian Anabasis, book 3 section 20 (the much later historical epic, Shah-nameh, suggests that the garrison at Ray elected to join Alexander, and aided his conquest of Persia).Ehsan Yarshater (ed.) (1983) "Cambridge History of Iran. Volume 3(1)" Cambridge University Press (1983) , p110 After the great conqueror's untimely death, Seleucus, a successful officer in his army, initially settled in Babylon as his share of the empire, embarked on a nine-year campaign of conquest in 311 BCE, ultimately acquiring most of Persia. He followed Alexander's policy of establishing Greek cities at key strategic points, and among these was Europos, a replacement for the old Rhagae (much needed because there was an earthquake around 300 BCE).
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Xenophon mentions two individuals by the name Orontes, apparently both Persian. One was a nobleman and military officer of high rank, belonging to the royal family; as the commander of the citadel of Sardis, he waged war against Cyrus the Younger and he tried to betray him to Artaxerxes II Memnon shortly before the battle of Cunaxa, but was taken prisoner and sentenced to death by a court martial. Xenophon's Anabasis has a detailed description of the country, where it is also written that the region near the river Centrites was defended by the satrap of Armenia for Artaxerxes II, named Orontes, son of Artasyras, who had Armenian contingents as well as Alarodians. Tiribaz is mentioned as hipparchos (vice-governor) of Armenia under Orontes, who later became satrap of Lydia. Silver Rhyton, Yerznka, Armenia, 5th century BC. Orontes I Gold coin held at the National Library, Paris, dated to 362 BC. In 401 BC Artaxerxes gave him his daughter Rhodogoune in marriage.
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The Orontid settlement of Kumayri, 5th–2nd centuries BC Archaeological excavations conducted throughout the Soviet period have shown that the area of modern-day Gyumri has been populated since at least the third millennium BC. The area was mentioned as Kumayri in the historic Urartian inscriptions dating back to the 8th century BC. Historians believe that Xenophon passed through Kumayri during his return to the Black Sea, a journey immortalized in his Anabasis. At the decline of the Urartu Kingdom by the second half of the 6th century BC, Kumayri became part of the Achaemenid Empire. The remains of a royal settlement found just to the south of Gyumri near the village of Beniamin dating back to the 5th to 2nd centuries BC, are a great example of the Achemenid influence in the region. However, at the beginning of the 5th century BC, Kumayri became part of the Satrapy of Armenia under the rule of the Orontids.
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Silver artifacts (including a helmet and a cup) from the princely tomb unearthed at Agighiol, and the gold helmet found at Coțofănești evidence the wealth accumulated by native chieftains through their connections with the Greek colonies in the 4th century BC. The "Getae beyond Haemus" who "border on the Scythians"The History of the Peloponnesian War by Thucydides (2.8), p. 100. paid tribute to the neighboring Odrysian kings in the 5th century BC, according to Thucydides. He adds that the Getae, who were mounted archers, supported King Sitalkes of the Odyssians against Athens in 429 BC. In 335 BC, according to Arrian, Alexander the Great launched a one-day raid across the Lower Danube against the Getae who could not prevent him from crossing the river. In connection with the raid, Arrian refers to "a deep cornfield" of the Getae and makes mention of their "poorly fortified" The Anabasis by Arrian (1.4), p. 7. city.
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While passing their lands, Xenophon faced hostility. He recorded that these people were brave, valiant and self-sacrificing to such extremity that after losing the battle, the Taochoi committed mass suicide along with their wives and their children by jumping off the cliff in order not to be enslaved. Xenophon (400 B.C.) describes a similar practice among the Kartvelian Taochi: “Then there came a dreadful spectacle: the women threw their little children down from the rocks and then threw themselves down after them, and the men did likewise. In the midst of this scene Aeneas of Stymphalus, a captain, catching sight of a man, who was wearing a fine robe, running to cast himself down, seized hold of him in order to stop him; but the man dragged Aeneas along after him, and both went flying down the cliffs and were killed. In this stronghold only a very few human beings were captured, but they secured cattle and asses in large numbers and sheep” (Anabasis IV.vii.13-14).
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Probably the oldest existing texts referring to carpets are preserved in cuneiform writing on clay tablets from the royal archives of the kingdom of Mari, from the 2nd millennium BC. The Akkadian word for rug is mardatu, and specialist rug weavers referred to as kāşiru are distinguished from other specialized professions like sack-makers (sabsu or sabsinnu). Palace inventories from the archives of Nuzi, from the 15th/14th century BC, record 20 large and 20 small mardatu to cover the chairs of Idrimi. There are documentary records of carpets being used by the ancient Greeks. Homer writes in Ilias XVII,350 that the body of Patroklos is covered with a “splendid carpet”. In Odyssey Book VII and X “carpets” are mentioned. Around 400 BC, the Greek author Xenophon mentions “carpets” in his book “Anabasis”: Pliny the Elder wrote in (nat. VIII, 48) that carpets (“polymita”) were invented in Alexandria. It is unknown whether these were flatweaves or pile weaves, as no detailed technical information is provided in the texts.
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In May 327 BCE, when Alexander the Great invaded the republican territories of the Alishang/Kunar, Massaga and Aornos on the west of Indus, Shashigupta had rendered great service to the Macedonian invader in reducing several Kshatriya chiefs of the Ashvakas of the Alishang/Kunar and Swat valleys. He appears to have done this in an understanding with Alexander that after the reduction of this territory, he would be made the lord of the country. And Arrian definitively confirms that after the reduction of the fort of Aornos in Swat where the Ashvakas had put up a terrible resistance, Alexander entrusted the command of this extremely strategic fort of Aornos to Shashigupta and made him the Satrap of the surrounding country of the eastern Ashvakas.Arrian's Anabasis, 1893, Book 4b, Ch xxx, and Book 5b, ch xx, E. J. Chinnock; The Invasion of India by Alexander the Great, 1896, p 112, Dr John Watson M'Crindle; The History and Culture of the Indian People, 1969, p 49, Dr Ramesh Chandra Majumdar, Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan, Bhāratīya Itihāsa Samiti; Historiae Alexandri Magni, Book 8, Ch XI, Curtius.
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The Hellenica, which continues directly from the final sentence of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War, covers the final seven years and the aftermath of the Peloponnesian War (431–404 BC), and ends in 362 BC with the second Battle of Mantinea, which brought Sparta's dominance of the Hellenic world to an end. The Anabasis recounts his own role, as one of the "Ten Thousand" (Greek mercenaries), in Cyrus the Younger's failed campaign to claim the Persian throne from his brother Artaxerxes II of Persia, and in what happened to the mercenaries after Cyrus was killed. Xenophon also wrote the Memorabilia, in which he pays tribute to his mentor Socrates, and the Apology of Socrates to the Jury, which recounts the philosopher's trial in 399 BC. Despite being born an Athenian citizen, Xenophon came to be associated with Sparta, the traditional enemy of Athens. His pro-oligarchic politics, his service under Spartan generals in the Persian campaign and elsewhere, and his friendship with King Agesilaus II endeared Xenophon to the Spartans.
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Orontes II (Armenian: Երուանդ , Yervand ) was a Persian noble living in the 4th century BC. He is probably to be identified as the satrap of Armenia under Darius III, and may in fact have succeeded Darius in this position when Darius ascended the throne of Persia in 336 BC. Arrian lists Orontes and a certain Mithraustes as two commanders of Armenian forces in the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC.Arrian, The Anabasis of Alexander, iii. 8 The interpretation of this passage is controversial, with different historians interpreting it as indicating that Mithraustes commanded the infantry, or that there were two different contingents of Armenian cavalry in this battle, or even that Armenia was divided into two parts ruled by two satraps. Orontes fought at the Battle of Gaugamela on the Persian right flank with 40,000 units of infantry and 7,000 of cavalry under his command, where he died. His son, Mithrenes, Satrap of Lydia, had joined Alexander the Great after being defeated at Sardis in 334 BC, and fought at Gaugamela on the side of Alexander.
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At the age of seventeen Doran wrote a melodrama Justice, or the Venetian Jew, which was on 8 April 1824 produced at the Surrey Theatre. Before leaving England Doran had begun writing on the London Literary Chronicle (absorbed in the Athenæum in 1828), and during his time abroad he became a regular contributor. A collection of his Parisian sketches and Paris letters appeared in 1828 under the title of Sketches and Reminiscences. Doran began in 1830 to supply the Bath Journal with lyrical translations from the French, German, Latin, and Italian, two of his favourite authors being Béranger and Catullus. In 1835 he published the History of Reading. In 1852 Doran published the memoir of Marie Thérèse Charlotte, Madame Royale, under the title of Filia Dolorosa. The first 115 pages had been written by Isabella Frances Romer, who died, leaving the fragment. In 1852 he also edited a new edition of Charles Anthon's text of the Anabasis of Xenophon. In 1853 he prefixed a life of Edward Young to a reissue of the Night Thoughts, rewritten in 1854 for Young's complete works.
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The League of Corinth, also referred to as the Hellenic League (from Greek Ἑλληνικός Hellenikos, "pertaining to Greece and Greeks"Ἑλληνικός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on PerseusDiodorus Siculus, Book 16, 64.[3]: «Φίλιππος ἀπὸ τούτων τῶν χρόνων ἀεὶ μᾶλλον αὐξόμενος τὸ τελευταῖον διὰ τὴν εἰς τὸ θεῖον εὐσέβειαν ἡγεμὼν ἀπεδείχθη τῆς Ἑλλάδος πάσης καὶ μεγίστην βασιλείαν τῶν κατὰ τὴν Εὐρώπην περιεποιήσατο»The reason Arrian wrote about Alexander: «ἀλλ᾽ οὐκ ἔστιν ὅστις ἄλλος εἷς ἀνὴρ τοσαῦτα ἢ τηλικαῦτα ἔργα κατὰ πλῆθος ἢ μέγεθος ἐν Ἕλλησιν ἢ βαρβάροις ἀπεδείξατο» Arrian, Alexander Anabasis [1.12.4.]), was a confederation of Greek states created by Philip IIDiodorus Siculus, Book 16, 89.[3] «διόπερ ἐν Κορίνθῳ τοῦ κοινοῦ συνεδρίου συναχθέντος διαλεχθεὶς περὶ τοῦ πρὸς Πέρσας πολέμου καὶ μεγάλας ἐλπίδας ὑποθεὶς προετρέψατο τοὺς συνέδρους εἰς πόλεμον. τέλος δὲ τῶν Ἑλλήνων ἑλομένων αὐτὸν στρατηγὸν αὐτοκράτορα τῆς Ἑλλάδος μεγάλας παρασκευὰς ἐποιεῖτο πρὸς τὴν ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας στρατείαν...καὶ τὰ μὲν περὶ Φίλιππον ἐν τούτοις ἦν» during the winter of 338 BC/337 BC after the Battle of Chaeronea and succeeded by Alexander the Great at 336 BC, to facilitate the use of military forces in the war of Greece against Persia.
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Greek colonies of the Euxine Sea, 8th to 3rd century BC The first recorded Greek colony, established on the northern shores of ancient Anatolia, was Sinope on the Black Sea, circa 800 BC. The settlers of Sinop were merchants from the Ionian Greek city state of Miletus. After the colonization of the shores of the Black Sea, known until then to the Greek world as Pontos Axeinos (Inhospitable Sea), the name changed to Pontos Euxeinos (Hospitable Sea). In time, as the numbers of Greeks settling in the region grew significantly, more colonies were established along the whole Black Sea coastline of what is now Turkey, Bulgaria, Georgia, Russia, Ukraine, and Romania. Ancient Greek coin from Sinope, coast depicting the head of a nymph and an eagle with raised wings, 4th Century BC The region of Trapezus (later called Trebizond, now Trabzon) was mentioned by Xenophon in his famous work Anabasis, describing how he and other 10,000 Greek mercenaries fought their way to the Euxine Sea after the failure of the rebellion of Cyrus the Younger whom they fought for, against his older brother Artaxerxes II of Persia.
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The League was governed by the HegemonDiodorus Siculus, Book 16, 91.[2]: «ἐπὶ δὲ τούτων Φίλιππος ὁ βασιλεὺς ἡγεμὼν ὑπὸ τῶν Ἑλλήνων καθεσταμένος καὶ τὸν πρὸς Πέρσας πόλεμον ἐνστησάμενος Ἄτταλον μὲν καὶ Παρμενίωνα προαπέστειλεν εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν, μέρος τῆς δυνάμεως δοὺς καὶ προστάξας ἐλευθεροῦν τὰς Ἑλληνίδας πόλεις»Plutarch, Alexander [14.1] «Εἰς δὲ τὸν Ἰσθμὸν τῶν Ἑλλήνων συλλεγέντων καὶ ψηφισαμένων ἐπὶ Πέρσας μετ᾽ Ἀλεξάνδρου στρατεύειν, ἡγεμὼν ἀνηγορεύθη»Alexander’s letter to Darius after the battle of Issus: «Οι υμέτεροι πρόγονοι ελθόντες εις Μακεδονίαν και εις την άλλην Ελλάδα κακώς εποίησαν ημάς. Εγώ δε των Ελλήνων ηγεμών κατασταθείς και τιμωρήσασθαι βουλόμενος Πέρσας διέβην ες Ασίαν, υπαρξάντων υμών» Arrian, Alexander Anabasis [2.14.4.] (strategos autokratorDiodorus, Book 17.3[9]: «τοῦ δ᾽ Ἀλεξάνδρου παραγγείλαντος εἰς Κόρινθον ἀπαντᾶν τάς τε πρεσβείας καὶ τοὺς συνέδρους, ἐπειδὴ συνῆλθον οἱ συνεδρεύειν εἰωθότες, διαλεχθεὶς ὁ βασιλεὺς καὶ λόγοις ἐπιεικέσι χρησάμενος ἔπεισε τοὺς Ἕλληνας ψηφίσασθαι στρατηγὸν αὐτοκράτορα τῆς Ἑλλάδος εἶναι τὸν Ἀλέξανδρον καὶ συστρατεύειν ἐπὶ τοὺς Πέρσας ὑπὲρ ὧν εἰς τοὺς Ἕλληνας ἐξήμαρτον»Diodorus Sicilus, Book 16, Τάδε ἔνεστιν ἐν τῇ ἑκκαιδεκάτῃ τῶν Διοδώρου ἱστορικῶν βίβλων: «ὡς οἱ Ἕλληνες αὐτοκράτορα στρατηγὸν εἵλοντο Φίλιππον. ὡς Φίλιππος μέλλων διαβαίνειν εἰς τὴν Ἀσίαν ἀνῃρέθη» in a military context),Alexander the Great: A New History By Alice Heckel, Waldemar Heckel, Lawrence A. Tritle Page 103 the SynedrionDiodorus Sicilus, Book 16, 89.[3]: «διόπερ ἐν Κορίνθῳ τοῦ κοινοῦ συνεδρίου συναχθέντος διαλεχθεὶς περὶ τοῦ πρὸς Πέρσας πολέμου καὶ μεγάλας ἐλπίδας ὑποθεὶς προετρέψατο τοὺς συνέδρους εἰς πόλεμον» (council) and the Dikastai (judges).
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