A lobate scarp, a potential lunar fault line, bisects this image.
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Sure enough, a slew of kilometer-sized scarp features were quickly revealed.
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They also scrambled up the scarp one day to get their own view.
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A 1,000-foot-high scarp, a geological feature created by a tectonic fault, towered nearby.
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"The rougher the scarp, the more likely it is to generate multiple rockfalls," Mr. Morgan said.
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One particularly incredible photo taken in August 2015 shows an avalanche of frost falling off a scarp.
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It made intuitive sense that they found the most boulders beneath the most jagged sections of the scarp.
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To map the boulders and the scarp in three dimensions, the research team scanned them with quadcopter drones equipped with cameras.
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They also mapped the trails of impact craters that led back toward the scarp, records of the rocks' trajectories for 32 boulders.
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One day, when she was six, she ran over to Rat Rock, intending to slide down the gentle scarp on the south side.
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The site's rocks probably tumbled down from that scarp during one of the numerous earthquakes experienced in tectonically active Chile, the researchers hypothesize.
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About a quarter of the rocks bounced sideways and came to rest more than 30 degrees away from where they left the scarp.
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It is a ridge with a steep slope on one side (the scarp) and a gentle slope on the other (the dip) on the other.
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In 0003, Apollo 17 astronauts Eugene Cernan and Harrison Schmitt had to ascend one of these cliffs, the Lee-Lincoln fault scarp, by zig-zagging the lunar rover over it.
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Under a brilliant sky, he walked the shoreline near the historic mine one recent day and pointed to a steep scarp cut by the waves, a bellwether of recent damage.
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Diagram showing the Cody Scarp Extent of Cody Scarp in Florida The Cody Scarp or Cody Escarpment is located in north and north central Florida United States. It is a relict scarp and ancient persistent topographical feature formed from an ancient early Pleistocene shorelines of ~1.8 million to 10,000 years BP during interglacial periods. The Cody Scarp has a slope of 5% to 12%. The Cody Scarp runs from just east of the Appalachicola River to Alachua County.
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Several close fault lines parallel the west-southwest-facing scarp. The high Piendamó scarp is one of the largest for neotectonic Quaternary faults in western Colombia.
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A conspicuous high and – long fault scarp just north of the Wichita Mountains is noticeable on Google Earth; it has formed on the Holocene part of the fault and continues southeastwards in the form of more subtle scarps although it may not exactly coincide with the path of the fault. Because the scarp is not present along the entire length of the fault, it is subdivided in a southeastern section in Comanche County and a northwestern section in Kiowa County, with only the southeastern section featuring a scarp. The scarp marks the Holocene section of the fault. The Meers fault is the only Mid-Continent fault scarp and has been called the "finest" such scarp east of the Rocky Mountains.
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The largest rupture, the Edgecumbe Fault, was long and formed on, and extended, a late Holocene fault scarp. The old scarp had previously been unrecognised, but was later seen in aerial photographs taken before the earthquake. The northern end of the scarp is one kilometre east of Edgecumbe, and the scarp runs southwest to a point three kilometres north of Te Teko. The land on the north- western side dropped by up to , and that area is now more prone to flooding.
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The Big Lost River Valley fell and the Lost River Range rose, leaving a fault scarp of up to along the base of the mountains. Borah Peak, Idaho, looking east (note 1983 earthquake fault scarp).
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He was the final person to be jailed under Operation Scarp.
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Example of a fault scarp from the Gobi Desert of Mongolia.
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The island is reached by a short boat crossing across the Kyle of Scarp from Hushinish, but the sea here is very shallow and landing on Scarp can be difficult when there is a swell. Scarp was the site of an experiment by German inventor Gerhard Zucker to deliver the island's post by rocket mail. In July 1934 Zucker made two unsuccessful attempts at firing rocket mail between Scarp and Harris. Singed envelopes from the exploded rocket can still be seen at the island museum.
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A major sector collapse occurred on Lastarria's southeastern flank, leaving a clearly defined north-south scarp in the volcano that opens to the east-southeast. On the northern side, this scarp is high; it becomes less pronounced at its southern end. The highest point of the scarp lies at an altitude of . The debris avalanche deposit is long and well preserved.
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In such regions, large areas of shale badlands may be left behind as the scarp retreats. Erosion may be caused by the sea where the scarp runs along a coast, or by streams in humid areas.
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The western scarp face falls hundreds of feet to the flat Severn Valley. Beyond the Forest lie the Black Mountains and beyond these the Brecon Beacons. Also located on the scarp is a Bronze Age barrow.
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Balekilla is a scarp rising 30-40feet above the forest covered area.
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The Darling Scarp white spider orchid occurs mainly on the Darling Scarp near Harvey but also near Dunsborough, in the Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions where it grows in forest and shrubland near granite outcrops.
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Caton Thompson determined that the Kharga Scarp contained water without rainfall, which helped to supply water to a Neolithic civilization. Since the Kharga Scarp contained many Paleolithic sites, she was able to excavate many implements used by those civilizations.
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There is a prominent fault scarp on the west side of the river.
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West of Abalos Mensa, parallel to and south of the Rupes Tenuis scarp, runs a narrow, low-altitude plain, named Tenuis Mensa, which exhibits a southward slope. The southern part of Abalos Mensa ends in a scarp called Abalos Scopuli.
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This is because climate changes over time and over long distances. Parallel slope and scarp retreat, albeit proposed by early geomorphologists, was notably championed by Lester Charles King. King considered scarp retreat and the coalescence of pediments into pediplains a dominant processes across the globe. Further he claimed that slope decline was a special case of slope development seen only in very weak rocks that could not maintain a scarp.
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The circumbasin scarps around Caloris, Tolstoj, and Mozart are the most prominent structural features in the quadrangle. The main Caloris Montes scarp is thought to approximate the edge of the basin of excavation of Caloris and is probably a structural and stratigraphic counterpart of the Montes Rook scarp around the Orientale Basin on the Moon. A subdued outer scarp is present around most of the visible part of Caloris, better seen in the Shakespeare quadrangle to the north. This scarp is generally coincident with the transition between the massifs of the Caloris Montes Formation and the lineated facies of the Van Eyck Formation.
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Sawantwadi and Kudal both are well connected rail to Mumbai and Goa.The trek route passes through dense forest and the ascent is very steep. It requires about 1 hour to reach the scarp. There are dialapedeted rock cut steps to climb the scarp.
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However, the low scarp between the Pays de Dombes and the river is Miocene (CG).
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Quartz from the Darling Scarp was also traded with Balardong groups for the making of spears.
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The Darling Scarp originated as the local expression, in the Perth area, of the extensive Darling Fault, a major and ancient geological discontinuity separating the Archaean Yilgarn Craton in the east from the younger Pinjarra Orogen and overlying Phanerozoic Perth Basin to the west. The Darling Fault is exposed for over , from the area east of Shark Bay, to the southern coast of Western Australia east of Albany. The location of the scarp must once have coincided with the location of the fault, but the scarp has since eroded about eastwards. The original location of the scarp is indicated in places by an unusual landform known as the Ridge Hill Shelf.
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Dextral (right lateral) strike slip motion is also observed along the fault scarp, this motion is reasonably expected due to the nearby right lateral Sagaing fault. Southward, the Shan Scarp ends at the junction with the Three Pagodas fault. Along the foothills of the Shan Scarp, steady-state stretching ductile deformation trending in NNW-SSE direction was identified and is compatible with the extensive force that generates the en-echelon pull apart basin in Myanmar Central Belt (MCB). The above evidence suggests ductile deformation along Myanmar Central Belt (MCB) should occur prior to the brittle deformation along Sagaing fault and the Shan Scarp fault.
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The morphology and structural relations of the scarps suggest that most result from thrust or reverse faults. However, an extrusive origin has been suggested by Dzurisin (1978) for a scarp more than 200 km long that extends from about lat 70° S. to the map border between long 45° and 52°; he based this interpretation on albedo differences between the two sides of the scarp and on partial burial of craters transected by it. Age relations among structural features are not readily apparent. In the Bach region, the youngest craters cut by a scarp are of c4 age; the oldest crater to superpose a scarp is a c3.
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The maximum relief within the crater is about 0.8 km. To the south of Sveinsdóttir the scarp turns to the south–east. A 27 km diameter crater is superposed on this segment. To the north of Sveinsdóttir the scarp turns to north–east completing a large arc.
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Above this point there is a very steep scarp with a marble temple and two lantern towers.
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If osa looked from yonder mountain scarp, Would she descend to lead such currish hearts To liberty?
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A half-meter high scarp was found, and after investigative trenching it was determined that the most recent previous seismic event dated to 1650, and the scarp was interpreted to be the result of one of the 1759 events, but it could not be resolved to either specific earthquake.
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Sediments underlying fluvial terrace exposed in cutbanks along the Manú River, Peru In geology, a terrace is a step-like landform. A terrace consists of a flat or gently sloping geomorphic surface, called a tread, that is typically bounded on one side by a steeper ascending slope, which is called a "riser" or "scarp". The tread and the steeper descending slope (riser or scarp) together constitute the terrace. Terraces can also consist of a tread bounded on all sides by a descending riser or scarp.
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The soils east of the Darling Scarp are generally too heavy for this species, with the exception of some isolated pockets of deep alluvial or aeolian yellow sand. B. prionotes thus has a very patchy distribution east of the scarp. This area nonetheless accounts for around half of its geographic range, with the species extending well to the south and south-east of the scarp. In total, the species occurs over a north–south distance of about , and an east–west distance of about .
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Meers Fault is a fault in Oklahoma that extends from Kiowa County to Comanche County. It is marked by a long conspicuous fault scarp but the fault extends beyond the ends of this scarp. The Meers fault is part of a group of faults that lie between the Anadarko Basin and the Wichita Mountains. While the fault was active during the Permian-Cambrian, movement possibly accompanied by earthquakes took place during the Holocene and formed the fault scarp, with one earthquake occurring less than 2,000 years ago.
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Cane brake pool at the head of the Margaret river in the Whicher range Whicher Range, also known as Whicher Scarp, is a range in the South West region of Western Australia. The range has an average elevation of above sea level. Bounded by the Swan Coastal Plain to the west and the south, the Darling Scarp to the north and the Blackwood Plateau to the east, the range is approximately south of Busselton. The range has the form of a crescent shaped scarp.
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It takes about an hour to reach the scarp of the hill on which the fort is situated. The route then take a long traverse behind the hillock. There are many overhangs on the scarp. The traverse is very safe and passes through Karvi shrubs till it reaches the rock-cut steps.
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The Kee Scarp Formation is a geologic formation in Northwest Territories. It preserves fossils dating back to the Devonian period.
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Lake Edgar was a natural fault scarp pond on the upper reaches of the Huon River in South West Tasmania.
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The Ridge Hill Shelf is a landform that forms part of the foothills of the Darling Scarp, a low escarpment that runs parallel with the west coast in southwest Western Australia. It was formed by coastal erosion of the scarp in the Pleistocene, when the sea level was higher, and the scarp located further west than at present. The action of coastal forces produced sand dunes that subsequently lithified into eolianite, and eroded the ironstone of the scarp, resulting in an iron-rich sandstone with a laterite cap. The iron gives the sandstone a dull purple-brown colour; depending on the extent of iron- enrichment, the sandstone may appear predominantly yellow, predominantly purple-brown, or a mottled combination of the two.
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Upper Rupes Tenuis unit exposed northwest of Crotone crater The proposed erosion mechanism for the polar basal unit in general, and Rupes Tenuis in particular, are katabatic winds (From Greek: katabasis, "descent", i.e. strong winds descending from Planum Boreum), and solar ablation. These mechanisms are also considered responsible for the modern-day erosion and retreat of the Rupes Tenuis scarp, the existence of conical mounds and promontories in the immediate vicinity of the scarp, and the creation of the narrow channels that separate Abalos Mensa from the scarp. This erosion process is theorised to have existed since the Late Amazonian period on Mars, and it is considered to have contributed to the continuous retreat of the polar scarp from an older southern latitude as low as 74ºN.
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Much of the historic Pilgrims' Way still survives at the foot of the scarp slope, and this has been joined much more recently by the M20 motorway. The scarp slope has also been used for fortification; many examples of this still exist, such as Thurnham Castle and on Castle Hill, Folkestone Castle Hill near Folkestone.
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Anelosimus biglebowski is a species of spider in the family Theridiidae. All specimens known have been found in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve,In the publication of the find, Agnarsson and Zhang (2006), this was described as "Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve" Mufindi District, Tanzania. It is named for the 1998 film The Big Lebowski.
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Components of a scarp where the caprock slopes back from the rim, as is common Aerial view of retreating scarp in Namibia. A scarp is a line of cliffs that has usually been formed by faulting or erosion. If it is protected by a strong caprock, or if it contains vertical fractures, it may retain its steep profile as it retreats. Scarps in dry climates typically have a near-vertical upper face, that may account for 10% - 75% of the total height, with a talus-covered sloping rampart forming the lower section.
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The Wambaw Swamp system is one such swamp. The highest ground in the Wambaw Swamp system is the Little Wambaw Swamp, which formed on the Princess Anne Terrace, bounded on the south by the Mount Pleasant Scarp and the north by the Awendaw Scarp. The Little Wambaw Swamp drains north through a gap in the Awendaw Scarp into the Wambaw Swamp proper, which is contained between the Awendaw and Cainhoy Scarps on the Pamlico Terrace. The Wambaw Swamp drains east along the Pamlico Terrace, parallel to the scarps and coast, into the Santee River.
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California Park features the Wellington Fault Scarplet, a rare example of a fault scarp that is readily accessible to the public.
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Tanganasoga formed near the top of the El Golfo landslide headwall, on the upper part of the north-facing scarp slope.
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The Colorado Plateau has a cuesta scarp topography, consisting of slightly deformed strata of alternating harder and softer rocks. The climate has been mostly dry throughout the Cenozoic. The conspicuous scarps on the plateau have massive sandstone caps over easily weathered rock such as shale. Freeze-thaw and groundwater sapping contribute to scarp retreat in this region.
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The Usangu Plain is the eastern branch of the East African Rift. The Usangu Fault scarp runs along the northern edge of the plain, where the Mbeya Mountains and Lupa upland meet the plain. The Chimala fault scarp marks the southern edge of the Usangu basin, defining the northern edge of the Kipengere and Udzungwa mountains.Mbede, E. I. (2002).
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Daryabar Fossa runs perpendicular to the scarp Isbanir Fossa and is right-laterally offset 15–20 km by the scarp, suggesting Isbanir is a strike-slip or transform fault (Rothery 1999). Daryabar Fossa is named for the land from which Princess Daryabar came in One Thousand and One Nights. The word Daryabar is Persian دریابار and means "Seaside".
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A scarp on Mercury has been named "Belgica Rupes" by the International Astronomical Union based on a suggestion by the MESSENGER team.
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Scarp, By Nick Papadimitriou, Independent.co.uk, 17 May 2013 Papadimitriou also provided material to Will Self for his book The Book of Dave.
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Scarp white gum grows near the edges of the sandstone plateau, often near watercourses, in Kakadu National Park and western Arnhem Land.
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Helena Valley is the name of a river valley and a locality in the foothills of the Darling Scarp in Perth, Western Australia.
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NASA Press Release. January 11, 2018. The scene is about 500 meters wide. The scarp drops about 128 meters from the level ground.
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The volcanoes of the Fremont Forest are typically older than the Cascades and were a result of tectonic shearing stretching the crust thin which allowed mantle magma to emerge at the surface. Crustal stretching continued through the late Miocene resulting in uplifted fault blocking of what was flat basalt landscapes, creating into towering scarp- mountains that are gently sloped on one side and terminate into a sharp scarp face on the other. The east portion of the Fremont Forest region is like this, sloping to the west and terminating in a sheer scarp face along the Summer Lake sub-basin.
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The topographic boundary separating the Myanmar Central Basin (MCB) and the Shan Plateau (or Eastern Highland) is referred as the Shan Scarp. The abrupt elevation over a short distance (up to 1.8 km over few km) harbors the trace of reverse faults and largely overturned folds. The Shan Scarp aligns parallel to the Sagaing fault on the east. The general trend of reverse fault strikes is N20°W and dips in the east-northeast direction; where some N20°E striking normal faults were identified along the fault scarp (at 21°N to 22°N latitude), north of Mandalay.
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2013), and it was first noticed by Katherine McCormack. This is a circular area (diam. 40m N-S; 37m E-W) defined by a steep scarp (at W: Wth 4.4m; H 1.25m) with a berm (at W: Wth 3m) separating it from a scarp or natural slope (at W: Wth 7.0m; H 1.4m) SW-W- NNW. The perimeter declines to low scarp (Wth 4.0m; H 0.8m) NNW-SE and merges into a natural scarped slope (Wth 17.9m; H 3.4m) SE-SW. There are ramp entrances at N (Wth 3.2m) and at NNE (Wth 3.5m), which are c.
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A bedrock scarp with an east-facing slope shows vertical displacement along this part of the fault. The scarp has a slope of 18-24° and maximum height of 85 m. Tectonic shortening appears to have changed direction from WSW-ENE to W-E during the Pleistocene, altering the kinematics to the present transpressive/transtensive system from a mainly transcurrent one.
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Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp. 197 10 percent of them are protected by the Udzungwa Mountains National Park and the Udzungwa Scarp Nature Forest Reserve.
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Kalamunda () is a town and eastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, located in the Darling Scarp at the eastern limits of the Perth metropolitan area.
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This kunzea is often found on gravelly hillslopes of the Darling Scarp in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia where it grows in lateritic soils.
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Southwest Western Australia from space. The dark green is dense vegetation on and above the scarp, which has been retained for forest reserve and water catchment purposes. The sharp vegetation boundary on the coastal side coincides with the edge of the scarp. The feature was first recorded as General Darling Range by Charles Fraser, Government Botanist with Captain James Stirling aboard HMS Success in March 1827.
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Perspective view of the Martian polar ice cap and the scarp Rupes Tenuis with Abalos Mensa on the left of the picture. Picture was taken by the Mars Express orbiter of the European Space Agency Rupes Tenuis () is a Martian north polar scarp. It is named after one of the classical albedo features on Mars. Its name was officially approved by IAU in 1988.
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It takes about an hour to reach the scarp of the hill on which the fort is situated. The ascent through the 60 m rock-cut steps is wonderful. It is like a stone ladder placed at 60 degree along the scarp. The steps are worn out at many places yet the holes on either side of the steps are conveniently cut for holding onto.
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It is the boundary over that range between the Gulf Coastal Lowlands and the Northern Highlands of Florida. The Gulf Coast Lowlands have only a thin layer of soil over limestone, while the Northern Highlands consist of plateaus of sand, clay and carbonate rock. The scarp rises about from the Gulf Coastal Lowlands to the Northern Highlands. The Cody Scarp and the Gulf Coastal Lowlands are karst landscapes, with many sinkholes, springs, underground streams, and related features. The scarp, at 42.6 meters (140 feet) to 45.7 meters (150 feet) above sea level, is most prominent in Leon County, Florida where it runs east to west.
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Throughout its length of 300 miles and throughout its continuation into Narmada valley, it is not breached at any point by any stream flowing northwards, with a few minor exceptions. Everywhere the scarp rises to a height of 500 to 1000 feet above the low ground at its feet. The unique feature of the absence of any gorge or wind gap across the Kaimur scarp indicates that no stream of considerable size ever flowed due north across the scarp. The Kaimur Range runs through the entire length of Maihar and Amarpatan tahsils of Satna district in an easterly direction slightly inclined to the north.
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Historically it was both a manor and an ecclesiastical parish, of the same extent as the manor, which comprised the present ecclesiastical parish of Princes Risborough (excluding Ilmer) and also the present ecclesiastical parish of Lacey Green, which became a separate parish in the 19th century.A map of these parishes can be seen by going to achurchnearyou.com and entering the parish name and following the link from the church; then click on "About the parish". It was long and narrow (a "strip parish"), taking in land below the Chiltern scarp, the slope of the scarp itself and also land above the scarp extending into the Chiltern hills.
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This species is usually found in thickets growing near streams or freshwater swamps. It occurs south of Perth between the Darling Scarp and the Blackwood River.
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A small population of elephants survives at Knysna. It is often subdivided into three smaller vegetation types: the Southern Cape Mountain forest, Coastal-Platform, and Scarp forests.
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The scarp sun orchid grows in soil pockets on granite outcrops in jarrah forest. It is only known from near Jarrahdale in the Jarrah Forest biogeographic region.
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Gibbet Hill, at Hindhead, Surrey, is the apex of the scarp surrounding the Devil's Punch Bowl, not far from the A3 London to Portsmouth road in England.
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The Mundaring Branch Railway is an historical section of the original Eastern Railway main line across the Darling Scarp in the Western Australian Government Railways (WAGR) system.
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Perth is sited on a set of sand dunes formed during the Pliocene-Pleistocene during the last ice age. Offshore, the sand dune system and surficial deposits transition into a system of partly eroded limestones and sandy limestones. These form a series of drowned cuestas which today form submerged reefs. Because of the steepness and orientation of the Darling Scarp, watercourses run off the scarp in a westerly direction.
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Ensign Robert Dale reached the summit on 18 October 1829. John Septimus Roe communicated with Dale over the York Road he had used the name Green Mount. In the era of the Swan River Colony the name "Greenmount" was used for two points on the Darling Scarp. In the 1840s the York Road was known as York Greenmount, and the road further north along the Scarp was known as Toodyay Greenmount.
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It is the Portpatrick Formation which forms the main northwest facing scarp. There are also small fault-related intercalations of the Moffat Shales in places, particularly within the Shinnel Formation. A disused quarry which formerly exploited an isolated granite intrusion sits to the west of the B7007 road at Broad Law. The scarp lies immediately to the southeast of the Lammermuir Fault, a Caledonoid fault with a downthrow to the northwest.
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The fault valley shows features suggesting a half-graben with a steep slope wall on the west and low- angle slope on the east. The fault forms a steep, prominent circa high east- facing scarp on Cretaceous rocks that show initial development of triangular facets. The hanging valleys have Quaternary alluvial deposits on the western uplifted block. The scarp forms the western wall of a narrow and long valley.
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The outer fortifications of Mudgal cover an area of half a square mile. The outer fort has a wide moat, which is filled with water. The width of the moat varies, being as much as 50 yards at several places. Behind the moat, there is a scarp with a row of bastions and after that, a narrow covered passage and adjoining it the counter scarp with very massive bastions.
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Anelosimus dude is a species of spider in the family Theridiidae. It is native to Tanzania, having only been found in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest ReserveIn the publication of the find, Agnarsson and Zhang (2006), this was described as "Uzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve" and Mazumbai Forest Reserve. It is closely related to Anelosimus biglebowski. The name A. dude derives from "The Dude", a character in the 1998 film The Big Lebowski.
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Horseshoe Falls, part of the Niagara EscarpmentCaprock is a harder or more resistant rock type overlying a weaker or less resistant rock type. Common types of caprock are sandstone and mafic rock types. An analogy of caprock could be the outer crust on a cake that is a bit harder than the underlying layer. In processes such as scarp retreat, the caprock controls the rate of erosion of the scarp.
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The inner wall has the same albedo as the surrounding terrain, and marks the perimeter of the flooded floor. The rim is somewhat worn, particularly in the north next to the overlapping crater. On the floor is a lobate scarp that was formed as a result of contraction of the lava. The scarp extends southward across the middle of the crater, past the rim and onto the surrounding highlands.
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Dandaragan plateau is a feature between the Darling Scarp and Gingin scarp in Western Australia. Dandaragan locality and Shire of Dandaragan council of the same name occur on the plateau. The integrity of the Boonanarring reserve on the plateau is notable due to its sustaining animals that are lost on the Swan Coastal Plain. The geology and flora of the plateau has been studied and reported for some time.
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Burhill hillfort occupies a spur on the Cotswold escarpment, overlooking Buckland and the Severn/Avon valley. Very little remains of any ramparts, except for a stretch on the eastern side, against the slope of the scarp, indicating an entranceway. The site was only identified as a hillfort in 1960. An area of some may have been enclosed, but on most sides the natural scarp is now the only remaining defensive feature.
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Glacial erosion has varied according to the variations in the resistance of the rocks. The trachytes slope to the south south east and have been moulded into cuestas, or volcanic trap steps, by the ice. There is a steep north facing scarp with a short dip slope lying to the south of the scarp. The flow of ice and meltwater along the strike of the ridge has eroded furrows and channels.
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Rousillon Rupes has only few crater superimposed on it, which also implies its relatively young age. The scarp was first imaged by Voyager 2 spacecraft in January 1986.
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The Wessex Ridgeway long-distance footpath runs north-south through Urchfont village; to the south it turns west to follow the northern scarp of the Plain towards Westbury.
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The Drakensberg mountains in South Africa are capped by a layer of Karoo basalts about thick, which overlay Clarens formation sandstones. They have long been considered a classic example of a landform created by scarp retreat following continental break-up, with the retreat controlled by an inland drainage divide. However, they have inland-facing scarps as well as seaward-facing scarps, so factors other than continental break-up have contributed to their formation. A 2006 paper argued that surface process models may be inadequate in explaining rates of scarp retreat, which can also be greatly affected by the types of rock encountered as the scarp retreats, and by other factors such as climate, tectonic processes and possibly plant cover.
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Hlatikulu Forest is a coastal scarp forest in the Lebombo Mountains of South Africa, between Ingwavuma and the Pongola Gorge. The forest is also known as the Gwaliweni Forest.
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Clonmel: Its Monastery, and Siege by Cromwell From Duffy's Hibernian Magazine, Vol. III, No. 14, August 1861The term "scarp" is from the same origin as a "scarp slope", the leading edge of escarpment, and in this case the escarpment is the ditch and wall of a fortress. So if a defensive ditch is dug on the inner side of a wall then there can be a counterscarp on both side of the wall.
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The Shire of Beverley is a local government area in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia about southeast of Perth, the state capital. The Shire covers an area of , starting outside Armadale in the Darling Scarp and extending eastwards beyond the scarp into agricultural lands which support broad acre activities such as livestock and cropping. Its seat of government is the town of Beverley, which accommodates just over half of the Shire's population.
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Blackwood Plateau is a part of the Blackwood River landscape between the Whicher Scarp and the Scott Coastal Plain in Southwest Australia. It is also known as the Donnybrook sunkland.
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Climbers are using the scarp face for training units. There are well-saved tours with pitons in the difficulties I-VII. Especially the south wall of the cliffs is very popular.
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Darling Range beaufortia usually grows in gravelly soil derived from laterite and is most common on and near the Darling Scarp in the Jarrah Forest and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions.
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The traces of these rivers can still be seen. There were then widespread flows of basalt, after which the Great Divide lifted, and finally the Great Escarpment formed through scarp retreat.
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It is located in Cassini Regio at . The rim has a scarp about 15 km high that generated a landslide. It is overlain by Malun, the 13th-largest crater on Iapetus.
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Colley Hill is part of the North Downs escarpment in the North Downs, Surrey, England. It is about 1 km east of Buckland Hills and 1 km west of Reigate Hill, all of which form part of the same escarpment. It is centred south of London and forms a single scarp with Reigate Hill, peaking away at 235 metres above sea level. The scarp fluctuates in height but is continuous as far as Box Hill west.
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Taking the central part of Ghana, the Volta Basin covers about 45 percent of the nation's total land surface. Its northern section, which lies above the upper part of Lake Volta, rises to a height of 150 to 215 meters above sea level. Elevations of the Konkori Scarp to the west and the Gambaga Scarp to the north reach from 300 to 460 meters. To the south and the southwest, the basin is less than 300 meters.
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Rembrandt basin is cross-cut by a large lobate scarp running from the southwest to the north, named Enterprise Rupes. It is about long and belongs to the global system of scarps, which covers the entire surface of Mercury. These features are thought to have resulted from the global contraction of the planet as its interior cooled. The scarp is the youngest tectonic feature observed in this region, because it cuts all other units including smooth plains.
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The roughly rectilinear outlines of massifs within the Caloris Montes suggest structural control by a prebasin fracture pattern. The much lower, discontinuous outer scarp is considered to be the feeble equivalent of the Montes Cordillera scarp around Orientale. Like the Cordillera, it probably lies outside the limit of the crater of excavation. Its poor development and spacing much closer to the edge of the basin may be due to the greater mercurian gravity, as described by Gault and others.
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The coastal cliff at La Portada near Antofagasta. The Coastal Cliff of northern Chile () stretches over a length of more than 1000 km along the Atacama Desert. It makes up a large part of the western boundary to the Chilean Coast Range in the regions of Arica y Parinacota, Tarapacá, Antofagasta, and Atacama. According to Roland Paskoff the modern cliff origined from a scarp retreat of a fault scarp, thus at present the cliff does not follow any fault.
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Caladenia longicauda subsp. clivicola, commonly known as the Darling Scarp white spider orchid, or hills white spider orchid is a plant in the orchid family Orchidaceae and is endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single hairy leaf and up to three mostly white flowers with long, drooping lateral sepals and petals, a relatively small, narrow labellum and narrow labellum teeth. It grows in a restricted area, mostly on the Darling Scarp.
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The Angolan Scarp savanna and woodlands is an ecoregion located on the coast of Angola, an area with a variety of habitats and rich in wildlife including many endemic birds and animals.
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This darwinia is currently only known from three populations in the Darling Scarp where it grows in jarrah-marri woodland in shallow, gravelly soil or sandy loam over laterite near granite boulders.
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The neighbouring tribes were the Kokata to the west, with the frontier between the two marked by the scarp of the western tableland near Coober Pedy. To their east were the Wangkanguru.
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The site is on Jurassic limestones on the top of the Cotswold scarp. It is north-east of Cheltenham. It is a large site and is important for its biology and geology.
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The largest, Turgis, has a diameter of ; its rim is extremely steep and includes a scarp about high. Iapetus is known to support long-runout landslides or sturzstroms, possibly supported by ice sliding.
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22m) defined by an overgrown earthen bank (at N: Wth 3.1m; int. H 0.7m) which is largely reduced to an overgrown scarp (H 0.7m) S-NW, but the perimeter has been removed elsewhere.).
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Spiculaea ciliata grows in shallow, sandy soil over granite between the Darling Scarp, Paynes Find and Mount Ney in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Esperance Plains, Geraldton Sandplains, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions.
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Valley slope processes in the Vale of Fernhurst have resulted in escarpments to the north and south that are steep enough to have collapsed by land slipping.Friend (2008), pp. 171-172. Further east, the Lower Greensand has not produced any pronounced topographical features. In many places along the escarpment of the Greensand Ridge erosion by wind and rain, landslips on the steep scarp face, and solifluction in glacial times have further combined to create steep-side coombes, and low hillocks below the scarp.
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The East Vättern Scarp Landscape () Biosphere Reserve (established 2012) is a UNESCO Biosphere Reserve in Sweden. The reserve is a distinct example of the landscape in the central part of southern Sweden. The East Vättern Scarp Landscape contains many parallel fault scarps, most notably a steep western- facing precipice above the eastern border of Lake Vättern. This rugged landscape, cut by many small waterways, is dominated by agriculture and forestry lands, with villages and settlements consisting of small farms and individual homes.
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The Red Hills or Tallahassee Hills region covers parts of Gadsden, Leon, and Jefferson counties in Florida, and Grady and Thomas counties in Georgia. It is bounded on the west by the Ochlockonee River, on the south by the Cody Scarp, on the east by the watershed of the Aucilla River, and on the north by the Tifton Upland of Georgia. The Cody Scarp drops about from the Red Hills or Tallahassee Hills to the Gulf Coastal Lowlands to the south.
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In Utopia Planitia, a series of curvilinear ridges parallel to the scarp are etched on the floor of large scalloped depressions, possibly representing different stages of scarp erosion. Recently, other researchers have advanced an idea that the ridges represent the tops of layers. Sometimes the surface around scalloped terrain or scalloped topography displays "patterned ground", characterized by a regular pattern of polygonal fractures. These patterns indicate that the surface has undergone stress, perhaps caused by subsidence, desiccation, or thermal contraction.
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This summit dome is capped off by a summit crater at an altitude of , and four additional craters occur northeast of the summit at altitudes of . Northwest of the summit, a dacitic lava dome is the source of a high talus slope. The summit area is surrounded by an inwards-dropping scarp that opens to the northwest and whose southern margin is buried by lava flows. Pyroclastic flows crop out beneath lava flows in the northwestern segment of the volcano, within the scarp.
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Scarp is an uninhabited island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, west of Hushinish on Harris. Once inhabited, the island was the scene of unsuccessful experiments with rocket mail, since commemorated in two films.
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For a short time before its demise, The Westland was routed via the new Avon Valley line, and the original ascent of the Darling Scarp via the Swan View Tunnel and Chidlow was closed.
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The snail hakea is specifically associated with lateritic soils and granite outcrops in the jarrah forests of the Darling Scarp between Chittering and Mundaring. It is usually part of open Eucalyptus wandoo woodland communities.
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The falls on the Sankh River is a scarp fall. It is referred to as a snake type falls and is a popular picnic spot. Its surroundings are spectacular with hillocks, forests and streams.
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The trace extends all the way to Soda Lake in the Carrizo Plain along the Elkhorn Scarp. The lights of Bakersfield and surrounding towns are visible on a clear evening to the north and northeast.
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However, a caprock is not essential for scarp retreat to occur as higher humidity and weathering at the foot ensures erosion at the foot drives (or keeps up with) the erosion of the free face.
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Rising up to 25 feet above sea level atop the Suffolk Scarp, Quaternary sediments comprise the Outer Banks and both the peninsulas and bottom of the water in and around Pamlico Sound and Albemarle Sound.
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Today, only the ditch and part of the scarp wall are still visible, although they are covered in vegetation. Despite this, the site is considered to have significant archaeological potential if properly excavated and studied.
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This indicates that the ring, which may correspond to a buried interior basin ring, influenced the scarp formation. After that, the internal activity probably ended, and the surface was shaped only by relatively infrequent impacts.
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At the time of its abolition Avon was a rural electorate covering the eastern side of the Darling Scarp. Its main population centres included Northam, York, Beverley, Brookton, Pingelly, Boddington, Wandering, Popanyinning, Cuballing and Wickepin.
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It was embed in September 1961 in honor of the town Jews killed by the Nazi regime. The executions took place on the scarp next to the synagogue, and their bodies were also buried there.
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The Davie Ridge ranges between wide, with a west-facing scarp (east-plunging arch) along the southern half of its length that rises to above the sea floor. Its movement is concurrent with the EAR.
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In October 2011, Haque and five other men were sentenced to a total of more than 12 years in prison following a Metropolitan Police Service investigation called Operation Scarp. Jalil was the final person to be prosecuted under Operation Scarp. In August, he was ordered to pay £84,000 to AXA Insurance. Jalil initially denied involvement in the scam, but pleaded guilty to money laundering when he appeared before the court in July 2014, just as he was due to stand trial at Southwark Crown Court.
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The transition between the gently sloping landscape of the Upper Chew and Yeo Valleys and the open landscape of the Mendip Hills plateau is a scarp slope of 75 to 235 metres (250–770 ft). The predominant formation is Dolomitic Conglomerate of the Triassic period. It formed as a result of desert erosion and weathering of the scarp slopes. It takes the form of rock fragments mainly derived from older Carboniferous Limestone cemented together by lime and sand which hardened to give the appearance of concrete.
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Human settlements within the Downs have generally formed in sheltered valleys and at the foot of the scarp slope (known as spring line settlements). In recent years vineyards have been planted along the southern slopes of the Downs, in particular the Denbies Wine Estate, Dorking, which is the largest vineyard in the country, accounting for 10% of the country's vines. The chalky soils are similar to those of the Champagne region. There is plenty of evidence of chalk extraction on the Downs, particularly along the scarp slope.
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The term sheer curation was coined by Alistair Miles in the ImageStore project, and the UK Digital Curation Centre's SCARP project.Digital Curation Centre: DCC SCARP Project The approach depends on curators having close contact or 'immersion' in data creators' working practices. An example is the case study of a neuroimaging research group by Whyte et al., which explored ways of building its digital curation capacity around the apprenticeship style of learning of neuroimaging researchers, through which they share access to datasets and re- use experimental procedures.
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There are several large scale farms and manors, as well as three urban areas. One feature of the region is a transition from completely urban East Vättern Scarp Landscape – Jönköping/Huskvarna is Sweden’s ninth largest urban area - to an active farming environment in a more sparsely populated rural area. In total nearly 40,000 people live in the area, of whom about 31,000 live in the larger urban environments. In the past fifty years, the number of agricultural companies in the East Vättern Scarp Landscape has dropped dramatically.
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Foliation dips gently to the west / southwest (into the slope at the rockslide), cutting across the north-south trending Matter valley. The site of the 1991 rockslides sits on a nose of rock on the western wall of the Matter valley, which has been significantly incised to the south by the Bis glacier. To the south and west of the eventual rockslides, an older progressive slope instability had developed leaving a noticeable scarp and debris cone. This scarp would eventually be cut by the 1991 rockslides.
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Gatehouse. The ditches are edged with revetting, with the upper scarp faced in earth and rubble. A stone parapet with rifle loops runs along the top of the north scarp. A square building above the gate may be a later addition from the early twentieth century, when the fort was used as a military base long after its surface fortifications were obsolete. A World War II-era pillbox has been erected inside the Victorian fortification, and shows above the fort's profile when viewed from the sea.
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South-west of the modern trackway, the medieval main street runs through what was a green (shown on the map of 1714) of width about . East of the green, there is a north-west facing scarp, height about , the area above the scarp being divided by two discernable trackways, of width about , running towards existing farm buildings to the east. There are enclosures between the trackways. West of the green, there is a chain of later ponds; west of these, parts of three homesteads can be discerned.
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Jane Brook is the name of a watercourse and the valley that passes through the Darling Scarp, and which was utilised for the Eastern Railway and subsequently a central part of the John Forrest National Park.
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The site includes the Scrubbs and Crickley Woods which are areas of mature Beech woodland with regenerating Beech and Ash. Short Wood is an area of Oak parkland. The scarp slopes provide basking areas for Adders.
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The ditch is lined with concrete on both the scarp and counterscarp faces. It has on both faces a slight batter of three degrees from the vertical. The depth varies from 25 ft. to 30 ft.
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The ringfort is described as a circular area approximately 34 meters in diameter defined by a 1.7 meter scarp with the interior rising towards centre. Damage to the southwest portion can be viewed from satellite imagery.
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The Serpentine National Park is a national park located on the Darling Scarp, approximately southeast of in Western Australia in Australia. The depth of the falls has been undetermined, and is shrouded with conspiracy and enigmatism.
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The site lies south of Cheltenham on the Cotswold scarp and it supports a range of habitats characteristic of the Cotswold limestone. It includes species-rich grassland, semi-natural woodland, scrub and particularly nationally important rock exposures.
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The Songwe Scarp terminates the Rukwa Trough at its southeast end and forms the northwestern side of the Mbeya Range. The Poroto Mountains and Mount Rungwe lie to the south, and the Kipengere Range to the southeast.
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The traditional tribal lands of the Nganguruku covered some around the Murray River from the west bank town of Mannum to south Rhine River junction. Their western confines ran to the scarp of the Mount Lofty Ranges.
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Often the Bureau of Meteorology identifies different weather for "the hills" in comparison to that of the Swan Coastal Plain. Also, in traditionally hot summers, strong easterly winds travelling across the scarp have presented serious issues for planes using the Perth Airport because of the alignment of the runways. A documented accident in 1999 involving wind shear from the scarp is at the Perth Airport article. In addition, orographic uplift is produced when rain clouds move over the hills, giving higher rainfalls in settlements in the ranges compared with their coastal neighbours.
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The King's Men 1645 The Rollright Stones are located on the contemporary border between the counties of Oxfordshire and Warwickshire, two-and-a-half miles north-northwest of the town of Chipping Norton, and one-and-three-quarters of a mile west of the smaller village at Great Rollright.Lambrick 1988. p. 1.Burl 2005. p. 72. The monuments are located on the scarp of the Cotswold Hills, just as the scarp forms a ridge between the Stour valley to the north and the Swere valley to the south.
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A geomorphological map published in 2019 classifies Charon's surface into 16 types, including: blocky terrain, smooth terrain, elevated smooth terrain, rough terrain, mottled terrain, lobate aprons, and Mons, depressed material, craters and crater ejecta. Linear features were classified as catena, crater rim crest, depression margin, graben trace, groove, ridge crest, scarp base, scarp crest, or broad warp. Different time periods were labelled Ozian (older than 4 billion years, exposed in a region titled Oz Terra). The Vulcanian is next and features cryoflows, mainly near the equator in an area called Vulcan Planum.
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Illawarra escarpment in Australia The most common way in which a scarp retreats is through rockfall, where individual blocks calve from the cliff or large sections of the cliff face collapse at once. In some high- energy situations, much of the rock may be powdered in a rockfall and easily eroded. Generally, though, the fallen debris must be weathered and the rampart eroded before scarp retreat can continue. Mechanical and chemical weathering followed by wind erosion may operate in arid regions, where cliffs may retreat for long distances.
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Such falls are called scarp falls. Hundru Falls (75 m) on the Subarnarekha River near Ranchi, Dassam Falls (39.62 m) on the Kanchi River, east of Ranchi, Sadni Falls (60 m) on the Sankh River (Ranchi plateau) are examples of scarp falls. Sometimes waterfalls of various dimensions are formed when tributary streams join the master stream from great heights forming hanging valleys. At Rajrappa (10 m), the Bhera River coming over from the Ranchi Plateau hangs above the Damodar River at its point of confluence with the latter.
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One factor which may have maintained the population was the extensive iron ore quarrying which took place in the western and southern parts of the parish. Quarrying began west of the road to Harby at the top of the scarp face. The quarrying began in 1881. The ore was taken down the scarp face by narrow-gauge tramway on a rope-worked incline to sidings on the Great Northern and London and North Western Joint Railway near Harby where it was loaded into railway wagons for transport to the iron works at Staveley, Derbyshire.
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To the east of the Chain Hill scarp there are sunrise views of over 40 miles to Ivinghoe Beacon over Flagstaff Hill, Goldbury Hill, Wittenham Clumps, Brightwell Barrow, the Sinodum Hills and the chalk crosses carved in the Chiltern Hills escarpment at Bledlow and Princes Risborough. The Chain Hill scarp appears on British Library map called WantageWantage, Stanley, William. ,1828-1830, The British Library, OSD 160,9 and can be seen to be the closest panoramic viewpoint of both Wantage centre, the Thames Valley basin and the hill forts and beacons around.
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The distribution pattern of the Odin appears similar to that of the thinner, more distal parts of Alpes Formation of the Imbrium Basin on the Moon.Wilhelms, D. E., and McCauley J. F., 1971, Geologic map of the near side of the Moon: U.S. Geological Survey Miscellaneous Geologic Investigations Map I-703, scale 1:5,000,000. The Odin, like the Alpes, occurs in broad lobes such as those in Odin Planitia beyond the main basin scarp. Odin also mantles the intercrater plains ancient crater materials out to a distance of 1200 km from the main Caloris scarp.
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The southern and narrow part of the table-land, called the Edwards Plateau, is more dissected than the rest, and falls off to the south in a frayed-out fault scarp. This scarp overlooks the coastal plain of the Rio Grande embayment. The central denuded area, east of the Llano, resembles the east-central section of the plains in exposing older rocks. Between these two similar areas, in the space limited by the Canadian and Red Rivers, rise the subdued forms of the Wichita Mountains in Oklahoma, the westernmost member of the Ouachita system.
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Kalamunda has a Mediterranean climate with hot dry summers and cool wet winters. Due to the suburb's high elevation of around above mean sea level and location on the Darling Scarp, it is a few degrees cooler in winter than Perth; however, this difference is less pronounced in summer as Kalamunda is less affected than Perth by the regular afternoon sea breeze, the Fremantle Doctor, due to its inland location. Kalamunda is far wetter than the city with over of annual rainfall, due to its location in the Darling Scarp.
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The East Vättern Scarp Landscape region is centrally located in southern Sweden, with elements of habitats reflecting the country’s southern deciduous broadleaf forest region and the northern coniferous forest region. The biosphere reserve contains several deep lakes. Of these, Lake Vättern is Sweden’s largest cold water lake, and the fifth largest lake in Europe, with a total surface of . The lake is home to 31 fish species, including the large salmonid species Salvelinus umbla, which is also one of the key symbolic species of the East Vättern Scarp Landscape.
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This can be seen in placenames such as Welton Cliff, Saxby Cliff and Caenby Cliff, reflecting parish-based divisions of the ridge. This use of the name is not found south of Lincoln, where the term Cliff refers only to the scarp itself, as distinct from the limestone plateau (which is here called the Lincoln Heath). To minimise confusion, some people prefer the name Lincoln Edge or Lincolnshire Edge for the scarp that runs from Grantham to the Humber, reserving the name Lincoln Cliff for the section of limestone ridge north of Lincoln.
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Its entrance lies close below that to the upper citadel. A masonry curtain projects so as to hide the arch itself, which is not more than seven feet high by three broad, and has to be entered from due east. On the south side the walls are carried right up to the scarp of the upper citadel and are some ten feet high, so that to take the lower citadel in rear or flank must have been difficult. The upper citadel is above a vertical scarp some thirty feet high.
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The western part of the DER, a platform with an average depth of , is bounded to the north by a scarp. Early Eocene MORB-type basalts (mid-ocean ridge) have been dredged from this scarp whereas Late Eocene MORBs have been dredged from a ridge north of it. The western platform has experienced an Eocene compressional phase followed by Middle Miocene to Quaternary uplift and tilt. The eastern part of the DER is an abandoned plate boundary which was part of a south-dipping subduction zone before the Miocene.
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Isbanir Fossa is a north-south trending scarp on Saturn's moon Enceladus. Isbanir Fossa was first seen in Voyager 2 images, though a small section was see at much higher resolution by Cassini. It is centred at 12.6° North Latitude, 354.0° West Longitude and is approximately 132 kilometres long. Based on photoclinometric analysis of Voyager 2 images (using topographic shading in an image to determine slope), like the one at right, Isbanir Fossa was determined to be a 300-metre tall, west-dipping scarp (Kargel and Pozio 1996).
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This reserve () is a site on the top of the Cotswold scarp, which is one and a half miles north of Wotton-under-Edge. It was purchased by the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust in 1972, primarily to safeguard one of the only two remaining British locations of limestone woundwort. It lies on Inferior Oolitic limestone and is part of a row of small narrow fields known locally as 'The Cupboards'. It lies between the Old London Road and the ancient Conygre Wood; the wood is on the steep-sloping scarp.
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The ringfort is a flat-topped oval mound of earth (top dimensions N-S x E-W). The height is at the north end and at the south. The rath is defined by a scarp around the base.
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Topography shown is from 2006; red line is approximate location of the current head scarp. Red cross-hatching is the runout area, now buried in mud and debris. Terrace on the upper-left is Whitman Bench. Image from .
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Traversing the scarp Bhaskargad fort / Basgad Fort is a fort located 48 km from Igatpuri, Nashik district, of Maharashtra. This fort is one of the fort in Trimbak hill range. This fort is near to the Harihar fort.
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Mariner 10 image of Discovery Rupes cutting through Rameau crater (center) Rameau is a crater on Mercury. It was named by the IAU in 1976, after French composer Jean Philippe Rameau. The scarp Discovery Rupes cuts across Rameau crater.
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The site is on the edge of the Cotswold scarp and its geology is of the Jurassic time interval and is made up of Inferior Oolite limestone. There is a band of Fuller's Earth in the northern woodland area.
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A railway line hugs the foot of the scarp slope and is paralleled to the east by the A6.OS Explorer map OL24W, 1:25,000 series.Combs Edge and Black Edge - Open Group Walk at www.peakwalking.com. Retrieved 11 March 2016.
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Upavon village lies in the valley where the headwaters of the Avon leave the Vale of Pewsey and cut through the north scarp of Salisbury Plain. The parish extends both east and west onto the downs above the valley.
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Pediplanation is linked to scarp retreat in the following way: as scarps retreat over geological time pediments migrate and extend over large areas. The result is that the surface is eroded chiefly backward and that downward erosion is limited.
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USGS map showing the location of Rupes Tenuis in Planum Boreum Immediately to the south of Rupes Tenuis, approximately at 285ºE, lies Abalos Mensa, a convex formation of approximately 180 kilometer span, shaped like a wedge when viewed from above. The dune field of Abalos Undae continues in a southwestward direction after it emerges from the western end of a narrow channel separating Rupes Tenuis from Abalos Mensa. Two named craters are located in the immediate area of Rupes Tenuis; Crotone, located at 82.2ºN, 290.0ºE with a 6.4 km diameter, is situated at the channel separating the scarp from Abalos Mensa, and Boola, located at 81.1ºN, 254.2ºE, with a 17 km diameter, is found close to the western boundary of the Rupes Tenuis scarp. West of Abalos Mensa, parallel to and south of the Rupes Tenuis scarp, runs a narrow, low-altitude plain, named Tenuis Mensa, which exhibits a southward slope.
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The village lies within Causeway Coast and Glens District Council area and the Binevenagh Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, with open views eastwards to the scarp slope of Binevenagh. The village gets its name from the Earl Bishop of Derry.
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On its east side the earthwork's scarp stands high and forms a field boundary. At the south end where it crosses fields the bank is much reduced by ploughing, with a maximum height of and traces of a ploughed- out ditch.
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In South Africa they occur from the Eastern Cape to Limpopo. In Swaziland it is present in the western uplands, and in the Lebombo regions. They occur in coastal, scarp and mistbelt forests, rock outcrops, escarpments, riparian fringes, or in woodland.
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The scarp sun orchid grows in a wide range of habitats ranging from winter-wet swamps to soil pockets on granite outcrops. It is found from Geraldton to Esperance and is especially common in swampy place between Manjimup and Mount Barker.
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The North Karo River () drains the Indian state of Jharkhand. It originates on the Ranchi Plateau. It forms a high scarp falls, Pheruaghaugh, at the southern margin of the Ranchi plateau. It drains the Gumla, Ranchi and West Singhbhum districts.
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It is threatened by habitat loss caused by agricultural encroachment and small-scale wood extraction. It is present in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, which was expected (as of 2015) to become a nature reserve, improving protection of the habitat.
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With headwaters on the Darling Scarp, the Canning meanders through suburbs of Perth on the Swan Coastal Plain, including Cannington, Thornlie, Riverton, Shelley, Rossmoyne and Mount Pleasant, before joining the Swan at Melville Water just downstream of the Canning Bridge.
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Surface ruptures associated with normal faults are typically simple fault scarps. Where there are significant superficial deposits, sections with more oblique faulting may form sets of en- echelon scarp segments. Antithetic faults may also develop, giving rise to surface grabens.
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At the same location, an east–west road was dislocated towards the northeast a minimum of , and near the mouth of Comanche Creek ( south of Arvin) a shallow-sloped fault scarp was raised with a maximum vertical displacement of about .
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The trek route passes through dense jungle and shrubs of Strobilanthes callosus (Karvi). It takes about three hours to reach the fort. The trek route passes through three plateaues and the final scarp to reach the top of the fort.
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Wotton Hill lies on the Jurassic limestone scarp of the Cotswolds and includes disused quarries. It is an area of woodland, scrub, grassland and old quarries.Natural England citation for Wotton Hill It is to the west of the Coombe Hill SSSI.
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The Armenia Fault is part of the Romeral Fault System on the western slope of the Central Ranges of the Colombian Andes. The fault crosses the city of Armenia and displaces Pliocene to Pleistocene volcanic and volcano-sedimentary deposits of the Quindío Fan (), which covers about . The geometric and neotectonic features of the Montenegro and Armenia Faults are very similar. The fault forms well developed fault scarp as much as high, characterised by beheaded streams, ponded alluvium, aligned and offset drainages, soil and rock slides on the face of the scarp, and localised tilting of terrain.
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It is also shown that he has a poorly disguised crush on Rose and later asks for her email, but only for if he had an important scientific question. General Ryan Scarp (British Army General), played by Alex Ferns. Scarp is the British Army officer responsible for the security of teenage military inventor Dylan Towser. Believing that there would be no place for the army once world peace was achieved, he went insane and attempted to start a Third World War using real missiles substituted for the simulated weapons provided for the launch to demonstrate the success of Towser's invention, the Missile Disarmer.
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The Beckum Hills are a distinctive scarp landscape formed from Cretaceous marine deposits. From the centre of a basin near Beckum, which is open towards the west, the terrain ascends, especially to the south and east, but also to the north, initially gradually up to the highest elevations of the range. On the southern edge of the Beckum Basin the Höxberg Scarp (Höxbergstufe) rises to the hill of Höxberg (162.6 m) in the south and climbs up to the Mackenberg (174.4 m) in the east. On the far side of the ridge the land falls abruptly into the plain.
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Further out is the rather lower Stromberg Scarp (Strombergstufe) which falls just as steeply towards the outside and is named after the village of Stromberg northeast of Beckum. In the northeast of the Beckum Hills is the Dromberg Scarp (Drombergstufe), named after the Dromberg (< 100 m, east of Ennigerloh-Ostenfelde), which only rises around 20 m over the surrounding area. The steep outward-facing escarpments are often covered by rough pasture, otherwise the natural climax vegetation alternates between beech woods and oak/hornbeam woods. Crops are grown here except on the slopes and in the hollows, mainly wheat and oats.
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Rousillon Rupes are at the bottom just above Ursula crater. Rousillon Rupes is a scarp (rupes is Latin for "cliff") on the surface of the Uranian moon Titania named after "Bertram, count of Rousillon" (an Elisabethan English misspelling for Roussillon) in William Shakespeare's comedy All's Well That Ends Well. The 402 km long feature is a normal fault situated near the equator and running perpendicular to it. The scarp cuts impact craters, which probably means that it was formed at a relatively late stage of moon's evolution, when the interior of Titania expanded and its ice crust cracked as a result.
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The rate of retreat depends on the types of rock and the factors causing erosion. A study published in 2006 determined that the rate of scarp retreat in the Colorado Plateau today varies from per million years depending on the thickness and resistance to erosion of the caprock. Retreat of the Great Escarpment in Australia along the river valleys in the New England region appears to be progressing at about per million years. A study of cuesta scarp retreat in southern Morocco showed an average rate of per million years in areas with thin conglomerate caprocks.
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Mead is classified as a multi-ring crater with its innermost, concentric scarp being interpreted as the rim of the original crater cavity. No inner peak-ring of mountain massifs is observed on Mead. The presence of hummocky, radar- bright crater ejecta crossing the radar-dark floor terrace and adjacent outer rim scarp suggests that the floor terrace is probably a giant rotated block that is concentric to, but lies outside, the original crater cavity. The flat, somewhat brighter inner floor of Mead is interpreted to result from considerable infilling of the original crater cavity by impact melt and/or by volcanic lavas.
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Greenmount National Park is a national park in the locality of Greenmount, Western Australia, 22 km east of Perth. It is one of the smaller national parks along the Darling Scarp and is a component of the Darling Range Regional Park. Due to its proximity to John Forrest National Park, which used to be known as Greenmount National Park until 1928, and relationship to subsequent reserves to the south it is a vital scarp wildlife corridor. Bus tours were available from Perth in 1933 with Hill's Bus Tours offering passengers a tour around the park on Sundays in September.
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Due to the central location of the East Vättern Scarp Landscape in the southern one-third of Sweden, both eastern and western species are found here, as well as typically northern coniferous forest environments and typically southern Swedish wooded meadows. From a macro perspective, the East Vättern Scarp Landscape can be seen as a large border zone that gradually transitions from more open, broadleaf-dominated landscapes near the lake to more dense wooded landscapes on the South Swedish Highlands. For this reason, the hazel dormouse (Muscardinus avellanarius) has been named the symbolic species for these environments.
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The Clwydian Hills are formed from an upstanding block of deep sea sediments formed during the Silurian period as debris slurries originating on the nearby continental shelf. The older mudstones and siltstones of the Nantglyn Flags Formation form parts of the west-facing scarp slope and the overlying Elwy Formation which consists of mudstones and siltstones deposited in deep marine conditions with numerous sandstone beds form most of the higher ground. Both formations are of Ludlovian age. The range's rocks are intensely faulted; the major Vale of Clwyd Fault is responsible for the impressive west-facing scarp of the Clwydian Range.
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The site comprises ancient Beech woodland and unimproved grassland. It overlies Jurassic limestones and is at the western edge of the Cotswolds. It is located around the villages of Sheepscombe and Cranham, and along the top of the scarp between Painswick and Birdlip.
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In 2019, a capital increase of the scarp steel trading joint venture was announced. In terms of assets, as at 31 December 2015, Masteel Group, including the listed subsidiary, owned of total assets in consolidated financial statement in the Chinese accounting standards.
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There are three five-foot high rock patches to be negotiated to reach the entrance gate. The path moves along the western side of the scarp. A nice cave temple is on the way. There is water available in the rock-cut cisterns.
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John Forrest National Park is a national park in the Darling Scarp, east of Perth, Western Australia. Proclaimed as a national park in November 1900, it was the first national park in Western Australia and the second in Australia after Royal National Park.
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The Offa's Dyke Path follows the Clwydian Range, although Offa's Dyke itself was not constructed on it. The Clwydian Way long distance footpath passes through the Clwydian Range, and the North Wales Path follows the foot of the scarp between Prestatyn and Dyserth.
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A fault scarp is a small step or offset on the ground surface where one side of a fault has moved vertically with respect to the other. Active faulting can cause fault scarps to appear either individually or as multiple subparallel scarps.
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Eucalyptus glomericassis, commonly known as scarp white gum, is a species of small tree that is endemic to the Northern Territory. It has smooth bark, lance-shaped to curved adult leaves, flower buds in groups of seven, white flowers and conical fruit.
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The scene is about 500 meters wide. The scarp drops about 128 meters from the level ground. The ice sheets extend from just below the surface to a depth of 100 meters or more.Exposed subsurface ice sheets in the Martian mid-latitudes.
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The fort is located on a high tableland with escarpments on all the sides. The scarp is about 30 feet high. There is an entrance gate to enter the table land. One has to climb 20 steps to reach the top of the fort.
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On the west is a wall of rubble faced with small ashlar, which stands over a rock scarp. On the north are traces of a similar wall. There is a small tank, well cemented, with a groined roof. There is also a large well near.
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Mundaring Weir in 2020 Mundaring Weir is a dam (and historically the adjoining locality) located from Perth, Western Australia in the Darling Scarp. The dam and reservoir form the boundary between the suburbs of Reservoir and Sawyers Valley. The dam impounds the Helena River.
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A high proportion of the steeper slopes of the Blackdowns are affected by landslides, the long northern scarp of the range in particular. Typically there are patchy deposits of head (clays, sands and gravels of local origin) found beneath the affected sections of slopes.
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Norman Tindale estimated that the Kambuwal's territory stretched over some . They straddled the border between Queensland and New South Wales, from south of Millmerran, and Inglewood to Bonshaw. Their eastern flank ended around Stanthorpe, Wallangarra and the western scarp of the Great Dividing Range.
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Goeppert-Mayer is a crater on the planet Venus. It is in diameter and lies above an escarpment at the edge of a ridge belt in Southern Ishtar Terra. West of the crater the scarp has more than one kilometer (0.6 miles) of relief.
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The mighty walls scarp, built in order to withstand an attack with firearms, were still equipped with numerous trap doors. A moat surrounded the building and communicated with the sea, while the castle was connected to the city walls by means of a bridge.
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A sandstone ridge with an elevation of approximately runs east to west across the centre of the parish, from Upperton to River. The north facing scarp slope falls steeply to the low weald where the soils are a mix of Weald Clay with alluvial soils.
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Red Hill is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia. It has Toodyay Road pass through it on the way up the Darling Scarp. It is in the City of Swan local government area. At the 2011 Australian Census the suburb recorded a population of 98.
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Elgeyo escarpment is a fault-scarp caused by post-Miocene faulting. Miocene beds are still visible. The escarpment is part of the western wall of the Great Rift Valley. The northwest part of Kenya has three main geographic zones running in parallel north to south.
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The Bandeira The Bandeira is a waterfall in East Timor. The river Bandeira, which belongs to the Loís-system, falls a scarp face down, which is situated at the border between the sucos of Baboi Leten and Baboi Craic (Administrative post Atsabe, municipality Ermera).
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Darling Downs is an outer southeastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia, within the Shire of Serpentine-Jarrahdale. The name, referring to the suburb's proximity to the Darling Scarp, was first used as an estate name in 1977, and adopted as a suburb name in 1997.
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The strata of the Sixtymile Formation records the accumulation of sediments adjacent to an active fault scarp. The sandstones and siltstones of the Lower Member are inferred to have accumulated within a lake occupying a basin formed by subsidence of the Chuar syncline. The breccias and blocks of dolomite are regarded to be landslide deposits created by the collapse of an active fault scarp associated with the Butte fault zone. The sediments of the Middle Member are inferred to have accumulated in standing water, presumably a lake along the axis of the Chuar syncline as indicated by its very fine grain size, the thin regular bedding, and its bedded chert.
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Although not itself part of the downs, the vale is included as part of the North Wessex Downs AONB (Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty). The vale is a major east-west feature opening to the west towards the Bristol Channel, but is drained by the headwaters of the Salisbury Avon, rather than the westward- flowing Bristol Avon. The river cuts through the chalk scarp to the south at Upavon and crosses Salisbury Plain towards the south coast. The higher part of the eastern vale south of Burbage is drained by the River Bourne, which cuts the scarp at Collingbourne Kingston, joining the Avon at Salisbury.
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The fault was discovered during field work in the 1930s–1940s and is named after the town of Meers; previously it was known as the "Thomas fault" after a ranch named George Thomas Ranch and then as the "Meers Valley fault". The scarp was described as a Permian fault scarp before Holocene activity was discovered and made known by Gilbert 1983 and Donovan et al. 1983. The discovery of Holocene activity at the Meers fault was a surprise to scientists and attracted the attention of geologists after two publications in 1983 highlighted the young movements on this fault; it is the best researched fault east of Colorado.
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The narrow wood on the scarp of Edge Hill, in the south-east overlooks the lower slope and the plain on which the battle was fought. The battle of Edge Hill was fought on Sunday 23 October 1642 and was the first major battle in the English Civil War between the Royalist forces of King Charles I and the Parliamentarian army commanded by the Earl of Essex. The King's army started the day on the plateau above the scarp and Parliament's front line was about away. From Edge Hill, the ground drops steeply, levels out, then rises to Battleton Holt and a little beyond it are the Oaks and Graveground Copice.
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The cemetery is located on the lower slopes of Polhill, in the parish of Dunton Green near to Sevenoaks, Kent. Geologically, it sits upon a hard upper chalk layer, at the junction between the Darent Valley and North Downs scarp. The cemetery occupies a false crest on a steep hillside, commanding a view across the valley that is almost 3 kilometres wide, and also looks up the valley to the north and along the scarp to the south-west. Director of excavations Brian Philp thought this choice of location was "highly significant", allowing the "ancestors" to be buried in a "very dominant" position in the landscape.
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Attackers (if they have not bridged the ditch) must descend the counterscarp and ascend the scarp. In permanent fortifications the scarp and counterscarp may be encased in stone. In less permanent fortifications, the counterscarp may be lined with paling fence set at an angle so as to give no cover to the attackers but to make advancing and retreating more difficult. If an attacker succeeds in breaching a wall a coupure can be dug on the inside of the wall to hinder the forlorn hope, in which case the side of the ditch farthest from the breached wall and closest to the centre of the fortification is also called the counterscarp.
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Karakamia Sanctuary is a 2.75 km² nature reserve in south-west Western Australia, 4 km from Chidlow and 50 km north-east of Perth. It is located within the Jarrah forest of the Darling Scarp and is owned and managed by the Australian Wildlife Conservancy (AWC).
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The Blackdowns are on the south-west border of Somerset, extending into Devon. They are composed of Upper Greensand. The scarp faces north and is steep and wooded, with a south facing dip slope. There is an open plateau, which is not as high as the Mendips.
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To the west, again running north-east—south-west, is a scarp belt of middle-Jurassic sedimentary rocks including limestone and sandstone.Darby (1940) p. 3 fig. 1 The flat fenland countryside around the village, typical for this part of the region, lies about above sea-level.
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It is 9792 km2 in area and located at . It has a steep, north-facing scarp. Egypt Mons is named for Egypt, because that is the place where Io ended her wanderings in the mythology. Its name was adopted by the International Astronomical Union in 1997.
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The Mau Escarpment is a fault scarp running along the western edge of the Great Rift Valley in Kenya. The top of the escarpment reaches approximately 3000 m (10,000 ft) above sea level, and is over 1000 m higher than the floor of the Rift Valley.
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A schematic diagram of the morphology of coastal/marine terraces. Periodic uplift will force old shorelines up, which create the terrace treads. Wave erosion on these old shorelines will produce the scarp, or terrace riser. South Asian Monsoon is thought to be driven by tectonic-climatic interactions.
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Idiosoma nigrum, also called Black rugose trapdoor spider, occurs only in south-western Australia, in dry woodlands east of the Darling Scarp and north to Moore River. Females can reach a length of about 30mm, males about 18mm. I. nigrum digs burrows up to 32 cm deep.
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Afrixalus uluguruensis is a species of frog in the family Hyperoliidae. Its common name is Uluguru banana frog. It is endemic to the Eastern Arc Mountains of Tanzania and known from the Kipengere Range (Livingstone Mountains), Mahenge, Udzungwa Scarp, Rubeho, North Uluguru, Nguru, Ukaguru, and Nguu Mountains.
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LePage 2006, p. 181 Profile or cross-section of the Thiers wall. On the left is the earthen rampart with a masonry scarp wall. The ditch is in the centre and on the right is the angled counterscarp with the glacis sloping away to open ground.
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The mining of large bauxite deposits in the Darling Scarp also commenced, along with expansion of mineral processing at Kwinana and the South West. Federal finance for the Ord River Scheme was also secured by Brand's government. Substantial oil and gas deposits were discovered in the Pilbara.
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Dinghurst fort is an Iron Age univallate hillfort south of Churchill in Somerset, England. A scarp encircles the camp, high in the east and high in the west. The fort is also surrounded by a fosse. Bones, rings, and weapons have been found inside the fort.
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Such topography consists of shallow, rimless depressions with scalloped edges, commonly referred to as "scalloped depressions" or simply "scallops". Scalloped depressions can be isolated or clustered and sometimes seem to coalesce. A typical scalloped depression displays a gentle equator-facing slope and a steeper pole-facing scarp.
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The foundation of the reservoir is a steep-sided narrow canyon composed of siliceous sandstone and hard quartzites inter-bedded with softer shales, siltstones, and argillites. About east of the dam, a road cut has revealed a fault scarp on the southbound side with about of slippage.
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South of Hurstpierpoint ridge, the clay vale lies beneath the jutting profile and complex scarp and foot of Wolstonbury Hill. The approach from the north is characterised by a network of linked or closely spaced woodlands (some parts ancient) centred on the designed landscape at Danny House.
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It has a few Oaks. Its boundaries comprise housing and an arable field. Hockley Hall Wood (TQ831935),12.59 hectares and the detached Hockley Hall Wood South (TQ830930), 0.3 hectares. Hockley Hall Wood is a scarp wood mainly comprising Hornbeam, with some Ash and Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna).
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Grevillea endlicheriana, also known as spindly grevillea, is a shrub which is endemic to the southwest of Western Australia. The species was first formally described by botanist Carl Meissner in 1845, based on plant material collected from the Darling Scarp. The species name honors botanist Stephan Endlicher.
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The sill provides for characterful topography at Dunstanburgh, Bamburgh, Lindisfarne and neighbouring districts including the Farne Islands, offering several good sites for the construction of castles. Further south it provides the extended north-facing scarp on which the Roman emperor Hadrian had his eponymous wall built.
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The hills dip steeply forming a scarp onto the Thames valley to the north, and dip gently to the south. The highest village in Hampshire at about above sea level is Ashmansworth,Ordnance Survey. Streetmap/OS map showing height of Ashmansworth . located between Andover and Newbury.
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Nectophrynoides wendyae, also known as the Uzungwe Scarp tree toad or Wendy's forest toad, is a terrestrial toad in the family Bufonidae. It is endemic to Tanzania and is only known from a single valley in the Udzungwa Mountains. The specific name wendyae honours Wendy Clarke, the describer's wife.
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Helena Vale was the original name for Midland Junction (now Midland) in Western Australia between 1885 and 1901. It was also the earlier name of the Midland Junction Municipality between 1895 and 1901. The name has been long associated with the area between Midland and the Darling Scarp.
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Mariannwood Nature Reserve is a 12 hectare protected area in Pinetown, KwaZulu-Natal in South Africa. The park consists of scarp and riverine forest, as well as grasslands. The grasslands are noted for their flowers during the spring months. The park has self-guided trails and picnic facilities.
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Further east, a similar fault defines the course of the Dewar Burn and continues north through Peat Hill to Whitelaw Cleugh near the northeaster end of the main scarp. Since the last ice age, peat deposits have accumulated particularly around the plateau surfaces surrounding Blackhope Scar and Jeffries Corse.
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23 The fault forms a well developed and continuous fault line (scarp), and the brecciated zone of the fault reaches in width.Galvis Vergara, 1980, p.31 The peninsulas of Cabo Corrientes and Bahía Solano are composed of oceanic crust displaced by the Bahía Solano Fault.Galvis Vergara, 1980, p.
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Thelymitra frenchii, commonly called the scarp sun orchid or Jarrahdale sun orchid, is a species of orchid in the family Orchidaceae and endemic to a small area in the south-west of Western Australia. It has a single long, fleshy leaf and up to three relatively small, blue flowers.
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Lindenau is a lunar impact crater. It is located beside the east-southeastern rim of the crater Zagut, and to the northeast of Rabbi Levi. To the northeast is the slightly smaller crater Rothmann and the Rupes Altai scarp. It is 53 kilometers in diameter and 2.9 kilometers deep.
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The Weserpromenade. Along the river Weser is the Stadtgarten (town garden) stretches along the Weserpromenade between the ferry and the Gläserne Werft (shipyard showcase). At the bottom of the scarp you can find many foreign trees and a rose garden, at the top are villas and captain's houses.
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The path ascending the hill passes through many old gates and cuts through natural ledges of rock like a staircase, with precipitous sides. Midway up this path is a flat ground which is strewn with boulders. The mountain above the flat ground is a very steep hill scarp.
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The only known specimens have been collected from mid-elevation rainforest in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, most commonly from an elevation of 1650–1730m. There may be a sex ratio of 2.5 females to 1 male. Habitat range is similar to Anelosimus dude, which is also close genetically.
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The Yorkshire Wolds is a rolling landscape, flat sections are few. There is an accumulated ascent of and of accumulated descent. Heading east, the steeper gradients are the climbs from Foxholes and from Settrington. Here the route climbs a scarp slop to its high point at Settrington Beacon.
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It is north of Minchinhampton Common. It lies on Jurassic limestone and is on top of the Cotswold scarp. It is bounded on either side by the Nailsworth valley and the Frome valley. It is on a hill (a plateau area), and its margins are dissected by dry valleys.
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Milecastle 30 (Limestone Corner) was a milecastle of the Roman Hadrian's Wall. Its remains exist as an outward-facing scarp with a maximum height of . Masonry from the east wall (both faces) remains in situ. The remaining stretch is in length by thick, and survives to a height of .
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Kalamunda Road is a minor arterial road linking the historic suburb of South Guildford with the Darling Scarp town of Kalamunda, in Perth, Western Australia. It serves as a major access road for Perth Airport, and provides the foothills suburbs with access to the Perth central business district.
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The coastal plain is a strip on the Indian Ocean coast directly west of the Darling Scarp uplands running from Cape Naturaliste in the south to north of the city of Perth. The plain mainly consists of fairly infertile sandy soil along with coastal sand dunes, river estuaries, and a number of wetlands kept back from the sea by the dunes. A number of rivers cross the plain from east to west from the Darling Scarp towards the sea, including the Swan and its main tributary, the Canning. The sediments of the Perth Basin are Tertiary and Quaternary in age immediately below Perth and include coquina, travertine, and sandy limestones with abundant shelly material.
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Maps from the 1830s show the scarp labelled "General Darlings Range"; this later became Darling Range, a name by which the formation was still commonly known in the late 20th century, despite common understanding of it being an escarpment. There is also a tendency to identify the locations on or to the east of the scarp as being in the "Perth Hills" (or simply "The Hills"). The earliest traverses by British settlers in the Swan River Colony occurred in the 1830s. The best known of these is the expedition of Ensign Robert Dale, who appears to have gone from a point near Guildford, to the south side of Greenmount Hill and up through the Helena Valley.
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Noar Hill, one of the East Hampshire Hangers The East Hampshire Hangers are located in the English county of Hampshire and form a line of hills with steep scarps that marks the eastern edge of the Hampshire Downs and its boundary with the Western Weald, an area of rolling countryside east of Petersfield and Liss. The Hangers run from the area of Farnham to Petersfield, before swinging eastwards to take in the north-facing scarp of the South Downs. The main settlements of the area are the villages of Selborne, Hawkley and East Worldham. The name is derived from the "hangers": long, narrow remnants of ancient woodland clinging to the steep scarp slopes.
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Its centre is located at latitude 81.17°N, longitude 284.4°E (75.6°W), and has a diameter of 129.18 km. Abalos Mensa is a convex formation of approximately 180 kilometer span, with a top-view shaped like a wedge, and lies immediately to the south of the Rupes Tenuis scarp, approximately at 285ºE. In the neighbourhood of Abalos Mensa is the beginning of the dune field of Abalos Undae which continues in a southwestward direction after it emerges from the western end of a narrow channel separating Rupes Tenuis from Abalos Mensa. Crotone crater, located at 82.2ºN, 290.0ºE with a 6.4 km diameter, is situated at the channel separating the Rupes Tenuis scarp from Abalos Mensa.
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The enceinte wall itself was constructed following the system devised by Louis de Cormontaigne nearly a century previously. The rampart was composed of packed earth and revetted by a vertical scarp (or front face) wall of stone, topped by a broad earthen parapet. In front of this was a wide dry ditch, bounded on the far side by an earthen counterscarp which sloped at an angle of 45° and was not revetted. Extending out from the top of the counterscarp was the glacis, a ridge intended to defend the scarp wall from direct bombardment, but the slope away from the fortress was angled so as to allow the defenders to fire on any attacking troops.
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The Dorset Downs are bounded on the north, along the steep scarp face, by the Blackmore Vale, a large clay and limestone valley. On the east, the Downs were once, thousands of years ago, continuous with Cranborne Chase, but the River Stour now cuts a valley between them, which is the location of Blandford Forum and the eastern boundary of the downs. From the northern scarp face, the hills dip gently southwards before the chalk disappears beneath the Bagshot Beds which form the heathlands of the county, between Dorchester and Wareham. South of the River Frome, the chalk reappears in a narrower strip, forming coastal cliffs east of Weymouth and, further east, the steep ridge of the Purbeck Hills.
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It extends from latitude 74.94°N to 82.2°N and from longitude 242.12°E to 300.77°E (59.23°W – 117.88°W). Its centre is located at latitude 81.6°N longitude 85.47°W. It marks the outer perimeter of Planum Boreum from longitude 242.12°E to 300.77°E, and it is formed by the eastern extension of the Olympia Cavi, a series of local troughs and depressions, which become longer and deeper as they merge to create the Rupes Tenuis scarp formation. The scarp is located to the west of Chasma Boreale, at the base of Planum Boreum, and its height varies from a few hundred metres to a maximum of approximately 1000 metres.
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The Lake Edgar Fault is a long north-south trending scarp that occurs within the boundary of the Southwest National Park. The scarp traverses the button grass of the Huon Plains and is notable because faulting resulted in the defeat of westerly flowing drainage and the consequent formation of the fault-bound sag pond of Lake Edgar. In spite of a tremor measuring 3.2 on the Richter magnitude scale in January 2001 near the Lake Edgar fault, which runs adjacent to the Edgar Dam, the ability of the dam to cope with stresses associated with seismic activity. . Hydro Tasmania is confident that the eventuality of the Edgar Dam being destroyed by an earthquake is an extremely remote possibility.
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The Darling Fault is one of the longest and most significant faults in Australia, extending for at least 1500 km in a north–south orientation near the west coast of southern Western Australia. It is a major geological boundary separating the Archaean Yilgarn Craton in the east from the younger Pinjarra Orogen and overlying Phanerozoic Perth Basin to the west. The fault zone is very ancient and initially formed during the Proterozoic Eon. In the Perth area, the Darling Fault must once have coincided with the Darling Scarp, the abrupt escarpment immediately east of the city of Perth, but the scarp has since eroded eastward of the fault, leaving a formation of foothills known as the Ridge Hill Shelf.
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By the age of 65 he had achieved sufficient recognition for a dramatised version of his biography, directed by Norman Stone, to be produced and screened by the BBC in 1980. A few years later, a book about the role of providence in the marriage of Jack Clemo was written by Sally Magnusson. He was also photographed by Tricia Porter in 1975, and the images are held at the National Portrait Gallery in London. The first major academic conference on Clemo, "Kindling the Scarp","Kindling the Scarp" was held at Wheal Martyn, Cornwall, on 31 May and 1 June 2013, organised by scholars at the University of Warwick and the University of Exeter.
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To the west the land rises steeply in a scarp formation known as the East Hampshire Hangars. Goleigh Hill (220 m) and Noar Hill (214 m) are two of the highest points in the county which forms parts of the Hampshire Downs. The River Rother has its source in the village.
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Greenmount Hill from rail underpass of Roe Highway Greenmount is a locality and a geographical feature in the Shire of Mundaring, Western Australia, on the edge of the Darling Scarp. It is a vital point in the transport routes from the Swan Coastal Plain into the hinterland of Western Australia.
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The Hillfoots Villages are the villages and small towns which lie at the base of the southern scarp face of the Ochil Hills, formed by the Ochil Fault, in Stirlingshire and Clackmannanshire in central Scotland. From west to east the communities are Blairlogie, Menstrie, Alva, Tillicoultry, Devonside, Coalsnaughton, Dollar and Muckhart.
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A fictionalised account of a 1934 experiment by German inventor Gerhard Zucker to provide a postal service to the island of Scarp by rocket mail formed the basis of a 2001 film called The Rocket Post, which was filmed on Taransay."The Rocket Post (2001)" Film Hebrides. Retrieved 21 December 2008.
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In: Drexel & Preiss (1995) pp. 242-3. In places where fluvial erosion has been more active, gullies have dissected the palaeosurface of the upland, forming a characteristic tableland topography where a continuing process of scarp retreat leaves behind mesas and buttes, which persist until their residual silcrete capping is finally lost.
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There are some narrow caves dug along the scarp. The caves are very narrow so that only one person can enter inside at a time. One of the cave is 20-30 feet long with a small iron ladder to climb down. It is very humid and dark in the cave.
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There is an Iron Age hill fort half a mile north of Credenhill. Archaeological finds are in Hereford Museum. The defences of this very large hill fort follow the 600 ft contour and enclose nearly 50 acres (200,000 m²). They comprise an embankment and ditch with a slight counter- scarp bank.
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The radar-bright surface at the highest elevation along the scarp is similar to surfaces in other elevated regions where some metallic mineral such as pyrite (fool's gold) may occur on the surface.Catalog Page for PIA00268 These features are named for the Georgian goddess Dali and the Roman goddess Diana, respectively.
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Such patterns are common in periglacial areas on Earth. Scalloped terrains in Utopia Planitia display polygonal features of different sizes: small (about 5–10 m across) on the scarp, and larger (30–50 m across) on the surrounding terrains. These scale differences may indicate local difference in ground ice concentrations.
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Several million cubic meters of rock above and behind the scarp of the 1991 rockslides remains unstable today, moving towards the valley at rates up to 2 cm per year. This situation is not considered to be a critical hazard at the moment, but movements are carefully monitored and studied.
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The railway forms the southern boundary, and housing the eastern boundary. Marylands Wood is distinct from Marylands Nature Reserve (TQ839933). Plumberow Wood (TQ839940), 5.22 hectares, is a privately owned scarp wood with less Hornbeam than neighbouring woods. Timber trees are mainly Ash, the flora is rather poor, but bluebells are abundant.
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Boya is a locality on the Darling Scarp, in the Shire of Mundaring, Western Australia; it is on the south side of Greenmount Hill, and just west of Darlington. The name of Boya was not a local Noongar word, but was imposed by government officials in the early twentieth century.
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The active Rainbow site exhibits numerous active and inactive chimneys at serpentinized peridotite outcrops, distinguishable from sediment cover either by protruding from sediment or at a scarp. Chloride concentrations from vent fluids suggest a common heat source for the site, though the location and geometry of heat sources is unknown.
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The nearest col to the cave sits at the end of a 1-hour hike along a trail leading out of Jambhivli. From there, the terrain rises into the Dhak and Kalakrai peak. Reaching the cave requires ascending the col and walking along the scarp, followed by a 30' vertical ascent.
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The Berloi The Berloi is a waterfall in East Timor. The Rio Comoro falls a scarp face down, which is situated in the suco of Fatisi (Administrative post Laulara, municipality Aileu). The waterfall is half an hour by car away from the capital Dili.Isabel Nolasco Photography: Waterfalls, abgerufen am 20.
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This theory is now disproven and considered obsolete. In contrast to Earth, however, global cooling remains the dominant explanation for scarp (cliff) features on the planet Mercury. After resumption of Lunar exploration in the 1990s, it was discovered there are scarps across the Moon's surface which are caused by contraction due to cooling.
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The Hadauti plateau in Rajasthan occurs in the upper catchment of the Chambal River to the southeast of the Mewar Plains. It occurs with the Malwa plateau in the east. Physiographically, it can be divided into Vindhyan scarp land and Deccan Lava (Malwa) plateau.Sinha-Roy S., Malhotra G. and Mohanty M. 1998.
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Thornton is a village in Leicestershire, England. The village is within the civil parish of Bagworth and Thornton. It is a linear village lying along a scarp overlooking Thornton Reservoir. Merrylees Road, Thornton photographed in July 2007 The Church of England parish church of St Peter was built in the 13th century.
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The Manitoba Escarpment, or the Western Manitoba Uplands, are a range of hills along the Saskatchewan-Manitoba border. The eastern slopes of the range are considered to be a scarp. They were created by glacial scouring and formed the western shore of prehistoric Lake Agassiz. The escarpment also contains the Asessippi Ski Area.
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Close to the summit is the Neolithic long barrow, Belas Knap. On its western scarp is an Iron Age hill fort. The Hill bears one of the few rock faces in the area, Castle Rock, which is sound enough for rock-climbing. The routes are short, difficult for their grade and highly polished.
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Juliet Wege discovered the specimen at the Western Australian Herbarium (PERTH) and then relocated McCutcheon's original collection site in November 2007. The only known location of this species is on the Whicher Scarp, near Dardanup. It grows in lateritic soils among Eucalyptus marginata and Corymbia haematoxylon woodlands. It flowers in November and December.
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The site consists of a group of 3 stelae and an altar north of three small structures, each high. These two groups are located on the edge of a scarp overlooking the Pasión River. The low platform supporting the three stelae measures (north-south by east- west).Barrios and Quintanilla 2008, p.214.
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It occurs on sandplain shrubland between Arrowsmith and Eneabba and specifically on the Gingin scarp and Dandaragan plateau in Western Australia, found on flat or gently sloping land. It grows on deep white or yellow sand, and tends to be the dominant species. Commonly grows with Banksia attenuata, B. elegans and Eucalyptus todtiana.
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The Mundy Regional Park is a regional park located on the western edge of the Darling Scarp, approximately east of in Western Australia. The park has commanding views of the Swan Coastal Plain, the city of Perth and surrounding suburbs. The park is managed by the Department of Biodiversity, Conservation and Attractions.
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This verticordia often grows in association with other species of verticordia in grey or yellow sand near rocks in heath and woodland. It occurs along the Darling Scarp and inland as far as Northam and Brookton in the Avon Wheatbelt, Coolgardie, Jarrah Forest, Mallee, Geraldton Sandplains and Swan Coastal Plain biogeographic regions.
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Enheduanna is named for the Sumerian poet Enheduanna. There are irregular depressions at the center of Enheduanna, which are similar to those within Navoi, Lermontov, Scarlatti, and Praxiteles. The depressions resemble those associated with volcanic explosions. The scarp known as Victoria Rupes cuts across Enheduanna and trends to the north from it.
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The route is very safe and passes through open plateau. There is no marked path which leads to the fort, so it is advisable to hire a local guide from the village. It takes about one and half hour to reach the scarp of the fort. The other route starts from village Bilpuri.
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This scarp reaches heights of up to 1 km. At other places, the interface is a collection of mesas and troughs. Planum Boreum is surrounded by large fields of sand dunes spanning from 75°N to 85°N. These dune fields are named Olympia Undae, Abalos Undae, Siton Undae, and Hyperboreae Undae.
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The new work was immediately demolished as a provision of the Treaty of Edinburgh. Local landowners were tasked with the demolition of part of a "rampire," a rampart with its ditch and counter scarp, and a great platform for artillery.Joseph Bain, Calendar State Papers Scotland: 1547-1563, vol. 1 (Edinburgh, 1898), p.
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Tibthorpe, Main Street The northern section is entirely on road using quiet country lanes. Its western end is in Pocklington in the Vale of York. The route climbs up the Yorkshire Worlds through Millington Dale. It is a gentle climb compared to most of the roads up the scarp slope of the wold.
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The fort is accessible in all seasons. It takes about two hours to reach the fort entrance from the base village Sakwar.The trek route starts from the Ramkrishna Mission situated on the Naional Highway48. The trek path passes along the narrow spur running north till the scarp where it is very steep.
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The Swan coastal plain is characterised by a series of sand dune systems, the Quindalup dunes, the Spearwood dunes, and the Bassendean dunes, which run from west to east (in increasing age) from the coastline to the major faults which form the eastern boundary of the plain. The plain is bounded to the east by the Darling Scarp, to the north by a subsidiary fault running north-west from Bullsbrook, and to the south by the Collie-Naturaliste Scarp. The Pinjarra plain lies between the Bassendean dunes and the eastern scarps. Early work on all three dune systems considered them to have been formed at differing times by the deposition of sands carried by wind (aeolian and/or by river processes (fluviatile).
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If the Paris hydrological and geological basin is viewed as a saucer with Paris at its centre, the Côte d'Or may be seen as a segment of its south-eastern rim; the counterpart of the chalk cliffs of the Pays de Caux, on the English Channel coast to the north-west. The River Seine rises near the Côte d'Or and enters the sea near the Pays de Caux, having passed through Paris. The Côte d'Or scarp arises where a broad, relatively shallow graben has formed as a result of an interaction between the forces raising the alpine ridges and the Massif Central. The Jurassic limestone contributes the chemically basic component of the mixture of requirements for a good vineyard, while the scarp provides the drainage and aspect.
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It is further theorised that the Rupes Tenuis stratigraphic unit may have been a paleo- plateau that descended further South than the present-day Rupes Tenuis scarp. Geological formations in the vicinity of the scarp, such as mounds, are considered to have been formed by erosion mechanisms rather than volcanic activity. The horizontal attitude (inclination) of the layers of the Rupes Tenuis unit, further indicates the non-volcanic origin of these formations, since layers of volcanic origin are not typically horizontal. Nearby formations such as Abalos Colles — a group of five, flat or concave top, mounds, less than 700 m high and less than 1 km in diameter — are considered to be erosional remnants of a once-continuous stratigraphic unit, the Rupes Tenuis unit.
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In this area the long north-facing scarp of the South Downs and the longer south-facing scarp of the North Downs face one another across the Weald. For similar reasons, the Chalk is largely absent from the rather smaller area to the south of the Purbeck-Wight Monocline, save for the downs immediately north of Ventnor on the Isle of Wight. Some of the best exposures of the Chalk are where these ranges intersect the coast to produce dramatic, often vertical cliffs as at Flamborough Head, the White Cliffs of Dover, Seven Sisters, Old Harry Rocks (Purbeck) and The Needles on the Isle of Wight. The Chalk, which once extended across the English Channel, gives rise to similar cliff features on the French coast.
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Sheepscombe is a small village in the English county of Gloucestershire. Sheepscombe is located some south-east of the city of Gloucester, north-east of the town of Stroud, and east of the village of Painswick. It lies in a narrow valley, hidden behind the Cotswold scarp, and just off the A46 and B4070 roads.
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Bellevue is an eastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia in the local government areas of the City of Swan and the Shire of Mundaring. It is at the foot of the slopes of Greenmount, a landmark on the Darling Scarp that is noted in the earliest of travel journals of the early Swan River Colony.
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The Salar Grande caldera is located close to the border with Argentina, northeast of the Salar de Pedernales. The caldera has an elliptical form trending northwest-southeast, with dimensions of . As the caldera formed, some volcanoes collapsed into the depression. Ignimbrites from the eruption partly filled the caldera, whose scarp reaches an elevation of .
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Along this line, settlements and farms were often built, as on the higher land no water was available. This is demonstrated very clearly beneath the scarp of the White Horse Hills, above the Vale of White Horse. In many chalk downland areas there is no surface water at all other than artificially created dewponds.
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The Perth Basin is a thick, elongated sedimentary basin in Western Australia. It lies beneath the Swan Coastal Plain west of the Darling Scarp, representing the western limit of the much older Yilgarn Craton, and extends further west offshore. Cities and towns including Perth, Busselton, Bunbury, Mandurah and Geraldton are built over the Perth Basin.
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Nympsfield Long Barrow is sited to the southeast of the B4066 road, around southwest of Stroud, and approximately west of Cirencester within Coaley Peak Country Park. The tumulus is no longer visible. In common with other barrows in the area it lies on the edge of a scarp of Jurassic oolitic (egg stone) limestone.
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The wall is surrounded in turn by a ditch measuring by deep. Both the wall and the internal buildings were constructed from slate which appears to have been quarried from the scarp face north-east of the castle. Looking across the courtyard of Restormel Castle. Opposite, a modern timber staircase leads to the chapel.
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The National Trust visitors' centre provides both a cafeteria and gift shop, and panoramic views of the western Weald may be enjoyed from the North Downs Way, a long-distance footpath that runs along the south-facing scarp slope. Box Hill featured prominently on the route of the 2012 Summer Olympics cycling road race events.
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This species is abundant where it occurs. However, it does not survive in degraded habitats and is threatened by habitat loss caused by agricultural encroachment, logging, and expanding human settlements. It occurs in a number of protected areas: Uluguru Nature Reserve, Udzungwa Mountains National Park, and the proposed Mkingu and Uzungwa Scarp Nature Reserves.
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The fort is primarily composed of gneiss, granite, brick, and cement. Initially, the stone for the scarp wall was gneiss imported from Port Deposit, Maryland.Dobbs, Kelli, et al, 1999: p.11 In 1852, Major Sanders reported the gneiss was too hard for his stone masons and cutters to shape, slowing the progress of construction.
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The basal scarps are ten to a few hundred meters high. Sometimes, the scarp is resolved in high-resolution images as the margin of a debris apron. An example is Iopolis Planum. # Tilted block: thrust faults have been interpreted to bound tilted blocks on Io. Tilted blocks have a polygonal shape and curved crests.
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Additional events, most likely smaller landslides breaking off the head scarp, continued for several hours. The last notable signal came at 14:10:15.. Examination of records from the nearest seismic station to the southwest indicate small seismic events started around 8 a.m. the day of the slide and stopped in the late afternoon.
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In 1958, OKB-52 put forward a proposal for a multi-stage Intercontinental ballistic missile. Although their UR-200 rocket design was rejected in favour of Mikhail Yangel's R-36 (NATO designation SS-9 Scarp), their UR-100 design was accepted. Chelomey's OKB was part of the General Machine-Building Ministry headed by Sergey Afanasyev.
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Dasam Falls The Dassam Falls is a natural cascade across the Kanchi River, a tributary of the Subarnarekha River. The water falls from a height of . The sound of water echoes all around the place. Dassam Falls at one of the edges of the Ranchi plateau is one of the many scarp falls in the region.
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Mundaring Weir is the name of a dam (and historically the adjoining locality) which are located from Perth, Western Australia in the Darling Scarp. It is situated in the Mundaring locality. The dam crosses the Helena River. The town of Mundaring was gazetted in 1898, the same year as the commencement of construction of the dam.
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Avon Valley is a national park located northeast of the Perth CBD. In the springtime there is a diverse range of wildflowers. Toilets, water, shaded areas and wood barbecues are available for use, however entry and camping fess apply. John Forrest National Park is a national park in the Darling Scarp, east of the Perth CBD.
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MacQuarrie Edge () is a rock scarp rising to about in the northern part of the Otter Highlands, in the western Shackleton Range, Antarctica. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Alister S. MacQuarrie (1935–1970), a British Antarctic Survey tractor mechanic at Halley Station, 1968–69, who worked in the Shackleton Range.
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Scarp darwinia is a densely branched, glabrous, rounded shrub growing to high. It has thin red branches with the leaf bases having wings that extend down the stems. Its leaves have a petiole less than long, and a leaf blade long, linear in shape and triangular in cross-section. The tip of the leaves is sharply pointed.
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Today gypsum dunes - a rare type of dune - occur in the Estancia Valley and form the Estancia Dune Field; they were also generated by Lake Estancia when the lake dried up and the gypsum was blown away by wind. Deflation of the dry lakebed has produced a scarp, lunette dunes, domal landforms and crescent-shaped ridges.
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The Bagre Norte Fault branches from the Palestina Fault, close to the Alicante River. The fault juxtaposes Precambrian metamorphic rocks on the east against sedimentary rocks in the west. The fault shows as a prominent topographic lineament on satellite images and aerial photographs. Prominent scarp faces west, the fault appears to displace erosion surfaces of the Central Ranges about .
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The name "Muldoanich" is probably the anglicised version of the meaning "Duncan's rounded hill". It is shown with that name on Ordnance Survey maps. Mul Domhnach, meaning "Sunday island", is another possible derivation. Writing in the 16th century, Dean Munro referred to the island as "Scarp" and it appears as "Scarpa" on Blaeu's atlas of 1654.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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The route is very safe and passes through dense scrub. There is no marked path which leads to the fort, so it is advisable to hire a local guide from the village. It takes about one hour to reach the scarp of the fort. A narrow path along the small ravine leads to the rock cut steps.
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The sandstone was probably deposited in a freshwater delta and is the caprock which controls the erosion and scarp retreat of the Illawarra escarpment. Six kilometres of sandstone and shale lie under Sydney. Bringelly Shale and Minchinbury Sandstone are often seen in the greater western parts of Sydney. Ashfield Shale is observed in the inner western suburbs.
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Inside Dhlinza Forest. The Dlinza Forest is a subtropical forest or Coastal Scarp Forest in Eshowe, Zululand, South Africa, one of five natural forests running in a 100 km line running northwest from the coast. Others are the Ongoye, Entumeni, Nkandla and Qudeni Forests. They are the most important forests in southern Africa from the aspect of unique biodiversity.
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View along Great Eastern Highway Bypass. The Darling Scarp is visible in the background. Great Eastern Highway Bypass, together with Roe Highway, provides a limited-access bypass of Guildford and Midland town sites. The bypass branches off the original highway alignment at South Guildford, proceeds around the northern edge of Perth Airport, and then heads east through .
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The Ernest River is a river in the Kimberley region of Western Australia. The headwaters of the river rise in the Drysdale River National Park at the foot of Tadarida Scarp. The river flows easterly until discharging into the Forrest River, of which it is a tributary. The river was named by the Victoria Squatting Company surveyor Charles Burrowes.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Beaminster Down is common landBeaminster Down at common-land.com. Accessed on 29 Mar 2013. on the Dorset Downs and overlooks the steep scarp slope above the town of Beaminster, which is about a mile and a half to the southwest. The hill is crossed by 2 long distance trails, 2 minor roads and several other tracks.
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The Wicomico is defined by sediments located at 30.5 to 21 meters (100–70 feet) above current mean sea level. The Wicomico is well developed in northeastern and extreme northwestern Florida. At this time the county is mostly dry except for the southern coastline. The Cody Scarp is a shoreline of the Wicomico as well as the aforementioned Okefenokee.
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Longridge Fell is formed in the Pendle Grit. Strata dip locally to the south and south-east presenting a prominent northwest-facing scarp. Pendle Hill is similarly formed from these erosion- resistant sandstones. The southern part of the Forest of Bowland, including the prominent Parlick together with the isolated Beacon Fell are also formed from the Pendle Grit.
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Abert Rim seen from Valley Falls Abert Rim is approximately one mile east of Valley Falls. The rim is one of the highest escarpments in the United States, rising above the valley floor. The top is a sheer-cliff. The rim cliff runs over from north to south, making it the longest exposed block fault scarp in North America.
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Location of Pons (lower left) Pons is a lunar impact crater that is located to the west of the prominent Rupes Altai scarp. It was named after French astronomer Jean-Louis Pons. It lies to the southeast of the crater Sacrobosco, and southwest of Polybius. To the northwest along the same flank of the formation is the crater Fermat.
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Gula is a crater on Ganymede. It is a fresh crater with a distinctive central peak. It is about 40 km (25 miles) in diameter. A characteristic feature of both Gula and its southern neighbor Achelous, almost identical in size, is the "pedestal" − an outward-facing, relatively gently sloped scarp that terminates the continuous ejecta blanket.
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Arnel Bluffs is a series of rock outcrops in a steeply-falling ice scarp south of the Leckie Range, Antarctica. It was plotted in December 1958 by an Australian National Antarctic Research Expeditions dog-sledge party led by G.A. Knuckey, and named by the Antarctic Names Committee of Australia for R.R. Arnel, geophysical assistant at Mawson Station, 1958.
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The Djiringanj's tribal lands encompassed roughly southwards along the coast from Cape Dromedary to beyond Bega. Their inland extension ran up to the scarp of the Great Dividing Range east of Nimmitabel. They were wedged between the Walbanga to their north and the Thaua to their south, while their western limits touched those of the Ngarigo.
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The rampart infill was built with a mixture of soil and chalk, and is best preserved on the south side. On the east and west sides, erosion has reduced the rampart to a scarp, with the ditch silted in to form a terrace. The enclosure is roughly rectangular, with an entrance on the west side.Historic England 2017.
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A small craterlet lies along the southern rim and a small crater is attached to the exterior along the eastern side. The interior floor of litke has a low scarp that is nearly concentric with the eastern and southern sides. There is a small crater located on the interior floor just to the east of the midpoint.
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The hillfort of Whitsbury Castle (also known as Castle Ditches and Whitsbury Camp) covers sixteen acres.Hampshire Treasures Volume 5 (New Forest) Page 317 It has two large ramparts with outer ditches and an additional counter scarp bank on northern half. Some parts of the earthworks were destroyed to make way for a post-medieval manor house.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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Chatra district forms a part of the Upper Hazaribagh Plateau, Lower Hazaribagh Plateau and northern scarp. Located at an elevation of about , the general slope of the district is from north to south. Red laterite acidic soil predominates in an area that is primarily dependent upon rain-fed agriculture. Around 60% of the district is covered with forests.
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In Norman Tindale 's estimation the Ngaralta possessed some of tribal lands, from Wood Hill on the Murray River to Port Mannum. Their western confines were at Bremer Creek, Palmer, and as far as the eastern scarp of the Mount Lofty Ranges. Their boundary with the Jarildekald was at Pitjaringgarang (Mason Rock) on the eastern bank of the Murray.
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Arabana is spoken at Neales River on the west side of Lake Eyre west to the Stuart Range; Macumba Creek south to Coward Springs; at Oodnadatta, Lora Creek, Lake Cadibarrawirracanna, and The Peake. Their boundary with the Kokatha People to their west is marked by the margin of the scarp of the western tableland near Coober Pedy.
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Lake Kaulime inside the park The park covers practically the whole of the Nyika Plateau in northern Malawi, about 480 km north of Lilongwe and 60 km north of Rumphi by road. Access is by a single dirt road which branches north off the road from Rumphi to the Katumbi border post, and winds its way up the south-western scarp of the plateau, continues over the top, where it forms the border with Zambia, then descends the north-west scarp in a series of bends, and continues north to the Chisenga border post. On the top of the plateau, a spur goes east to Chelinda, the headquarters of the park nearer the centre. Although the park boundary comes within 35 km of Livingstonia there is no access from the eastern side.
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Throughout the 1890s, water availability issues in Coolgardie and in the Kalgoorlie – Boulder region were causing concern to the population. On 16 July 1896, the Premier of Western Australia, Sir John Forrest introduced to Western Australian Parliament a bill to authorise the raising of a loan of £2.5 million to construct the scheme: the pipeline would convey of water per day to the Goldfields from a dam on the Helena River near Mundaring in Perth. The scheme consisted of three key elements – the Mundaring Weir, which dammed the Helena River in the Darling Scarp creating the Helena River Reservoir; a diameter steel pipe which ran from the dam to Kalgoorlie away; and a series of eight pumping stations and two small holding dams to control pressures and to lift the water over the Darling Scarp.
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According to a study carried out by the scientists and geologists of the Geological Survey of Azerbaijan, analyses of four samples taken from Yanar Dag revealed that the area of maximum flux was situated at the upper side of the fault scarp - the very area from which the flames emanate. The value of microseepage recorded was in the range of 103 mg m−2 d−1 at approximately 30 metres (~100 ft) from the fire, on the upper part of the study area. It has been inferred that the degassing area is larger than the measured area, and it is very likely that the microseepage is pervasive along the fault zone. This fault scarp is inferred as a part of the huge Balakhan-Fatmai structure on the Absheron Peninsula.
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Serenity Chasma is long, and about deep, and its typical width is . The northern wall continues for an additional as a scarp after exiting the chasma. The chasma is part of a global techtonic belt; a series of canyons, scarps, and troughs that traverse the face of Charon. This series of faults is the longest known in the solar system.
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This species of blue tinsel lily is widespread and common within 80 kilometres of the coast on the Swan Coastal Plain and Darling Scarp from Busselton north to Geraldton, in the South West Botanical Province. It usually grows in a wide range of vegetation associations and habitats, including kwongan, woodland on white, grey or yellow sand and occasionally in swampy areas.
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View along the north-eastern rampart of Uley Bury, drawn by E.J. Burrow in 1913 Uley Bury is the long, flat-topped hill just outside Uley, Gloucestershire, England. It is an impressive multi-vallate, scarp-edge Iron Age hill fort dating from around 300 B.C. Standing some 750 feet (235 metres) above sea level it has views over the Severn Vale.
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Dermatobotrys is a rare plant genus endemic to coastal scarp forests in Madagascar and from southern Zululand to the Transkei in South Africa. It consists of a single species, Dermatobotrys saundersii, which is an epiphytic, deciduous shrub, of up to in height, growing on trees or occasionally on the forest floor. Its flowers are tubular and deep red, followed by smooth, brownish fruit.
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Kilmond Scar is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Teesdale district of south-west County Durham, England. It lies just south of the A66 road, about 3 km east of the village of Bowes. Kilmond Scar is a prominent south- facing scarp of Upper Carboniferous Limestone. Its rock ledges and scree slopes support a variety of drought-tolerant flora.
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Adventure Rupes is separated from Resolution Rupes by a high relief ridge informally named Rabelais Dorsum, which crosscuts the scarps. This means that Resolution Rupes and Adventure Rupes may be parts of one large structure similar in length to Discovery Rupes. The scarp is named after HMS Adventure, one of James Cook's ships on his second voyage to the Pacific, 1772–1775.
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The only road and foot access to the fort is in this area; all other sides are very steep or vertical cliffs. The East Ditch has a masonry-faced counterscarp and scarp, with a further outer ditch in the form of a large cutting. The Jersey Eastern Railway enlarged the cutting in 1873 to use it as a train station.
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In the early Industrial Revolution, several mill towns such as Tillicoultry, Alva and Menstrie (the Hillfoots Villages) grew up in the shadow of the Ochils to tap the water power. Some of the mills are open today as museums. Ochil Hills viewed from Stirling Castle. The scarp face formed by the line of the Ochil Fault can be seen clearly.
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The approach from the east is flat. A scarp on the north survives, above a stony bank. There is a strong double rampart on the eastern side, and traces of another, but this was largely destroyed when ornamental gardens were built. There may have been an entrance in the northwest, but in this area a farm track has partly destroyed the outer bank.
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To the northwest, where the fault cuts the base of the Serranía del Darién, the scarp and the contact between the Atrato alluvium and Tertiary rocks are sinuous. To the north of Unguía, the fault strikes north through the Bajo Atrato Valley, probably extending either into the Gulf of Urabá or to the northwest into the Caribbean Sea.Paris et al., 2000, p.
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Corymbia kombolgiensis, commonly known as the scarp gum or the paper-fruited bloodwood, is a species of small tree that is endemic to the Northern Territory. It has smooth bark, sometimes with rough, tessellated bark near the base, linear to narrow lance-shaped adult leaves, flower buds usually in groups of seven, white flowers and cylindrical to barrel-shaped fruit.
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Rothmann is an impact crater that is located in the southeastern part of the Moon's near side, about one crater diameter to the southwest of the Rupes Altai scarp. To the southwest is the slightly larger crater Lindenau. This is a relatively fresh crater that is not significantly eroded. The outer rim is circular and is not overlaid by craters of note.
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Troltrolhue or Cordillera Troltrolhue is a mountain and mountain range in Los Ríos Region, southern Chile. The mountain range runs from west to east across five communes; Mariquina, Lanco, Máfil, Los Lagos and Panguipulli. It lies south and east of Cruces River and west of Calafquén and Panguipulli lakes. Part of the southeastern slope of the mountain range is a fault scarp.
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Lockhart Phase of Lake Agassiz approximately 11,500 years ago when the Pembina Escarpment was formed. The area north of the orange line was the Laurentide Ice Sheet. The Pembina Escarpment is a scarp that runs from South Dakota to Manitoba, and forms the western wall of the Red River Valley. The height of the escarpment above the river valley is .
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The depression is cited as one of the most important Saharan grazing-grounds. There are numerous rock paintings in the area. The depression was explored by R. A. Bagnold, a pioneer in desert explorations in 1932. During this first motorized expedition in 1932, he found implements on the northern scarp, dated to the Lower Palaeolithic and Middle Palaeolithic period in the valley.
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During the Ordovician Tasmania was near the equator and was joined to Gondwana. The Tyennan Block was uplifted with the Great Lyell Scarp as an active fault. The Ordovician Wurawina supergroup comprises the Denison Group and the Gordon group. The Owen Conglomerate, part of the Denison group, lies conformably on the Dundas Group, but unconformably on the Mount Read Volcanics.
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The Great Escarpment in eastern Australia is an escarpment that runs east of the Great Dividing Range along most of the east of the continent. It was created due to formation of a new continental margin in the Mesozoic, followed by tectonic uplifting of the divide and then scarp retreat. The escarpment is estimated to be approximately in length, from north to south.
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The Crickley Hill Country Park was established in 1979 with assistance from the then Countryside Commission. Access to the countryside at this park provides limestone grassland; beech woodlands, oak parkland; an archaeological site and panoramic views. There is a range of self-guided trails with supporting leaflets. These include Hill Fort Trail; Scrubbs Trail; Scarp Trail; Family Trail and Park Trail.
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The wood lies in the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty near Winchcombe and north of Cheltenham. It is a steep east facing woodland, which is surrounded by permanent grassland. It is in the foothills of the scarp and may be considered as a similar landscape feature as that of the nearby Bredon Hill which is a national nature reserve (NNR).
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This segment of Beagle Rupes crosscuts and deforms a small 17 km diameter crater. The relief in this places reaches 1.5 km. The scarp appears to be a young feature, which postdates the emplacement of the smooth plans and formation of the majority of impact craters. Beagle Rupes is named after HMS Beagle, a ship made famous through association with Charles Darwin.
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Beagle Rupes is an escarpment on Mercury, one of the highest and longest yet seen. It was discovered in 2008 when MESSENGER made its first flyby of the planet. It has an arcuate shape and is about 600 km long. The scarp is a surface manifestation of a thrust fault, which formed when the planet contracted as its interior cooled.
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Sceptre from the Nahal Mishmar hoard (replica) The Chalcolithic Temple of Ein Gedi is a Ghassulian public building dating from about 3500 BCE. It lies on a scarp above the oasis of Ein Gedi, on the western shore of the Dead Sea, within modern-day Israel. Archaeologist David Ussishkin has described the site as "a monumental edifice in terms of contemporary architecture".
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The breaches were repaired in 1908 by infilling with flint rubble, but the main counter-mine shaft was left. As a result of all this, in 1914, the north scarp wall shifted slightly and had to be braced by a steel joist from off the top of the counterscarp wall. The damage to the moat and the subsequent repair are still visible.
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It requires three hours to reach the fort from the base villages. A path which leads to the col on the north of the fort is to be approached with high endurance. The trek path along the electric towers leads to the col. After reaching the col, the path over the southern narrow ridge should be followed to reach the Vikatgad fort scarp.
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Eastern Leon had a large inlet reaching as far as the northeastern portion of the county. The Cody Scarp is the remnant of the Okefenokee.Hendry, C. W., Jr., and Sproul, C., Geology and groundwater resources of Leon County, Florida: Florida Geological Survey Bulletin 48, 1066. What would become Lake Lafayette is a Pleistocene river delta with the lake's eastern section accessing the sea.Tappwater.
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Toodyay Road is a mostly 2-lane undivided single carriageway in Western Australia, running from the north-eastern Perth suburb of Middle Swan, through Gidgegannup and Bailup, to the Wheatbelt town of Toodyay. It is signposted as State Route 50. It rises up the Darling Scarp at Red Hill and travels through the easternmost section of the City of Swan.
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The Vale of Holmesdale lies immediately to the south, below the scarp slope. The northern and eastern boundaries are defined by dry river valleys, which were created during the last Ice Age. The total area of the hill is approximately , of which half is owned by the National Trust. The village of Box Hill is within the civil parish of Headley.
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Wilkins is a lunar impact crater that lies in the rugged highlands in the southeastern part of the Moon's near side. It is located to the southwest of the crater Pons and the long Rupes Altai scarp. Just to the southeast lies the larger crater Zagut, and to the north-northwest is the still-larger Sacrobosco. Wilkins is 57 kilometers in diameter.
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More than two million bricks were purchased from Wilmington, Del. and Philadelphia, Pa. for the scarp wall's interior. These bricks were used in construction of underground cisterns, casemates, powder magazines, soldier barracks, officer quarters, bread ovens and the fort's breast high wall. Masonry arches and vaults were used throughout the entire fort to equally distribute weight and to provide stability.
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Cloonigny Castle, now in ruins, with its moated site, was occupied by Shane De Moy (O'Kelly) in 1574. It is surrounded by a well-preserved moated site, defined by two banks with an intervening fosse. The inner bank is well preserved and there is a mound defined by a scarp and an external fosse. Close by is a ringfort containing a souterrain.
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The cemetery is roughly L-shaped in plan and occupies an area of approximately 0.22 acres (913m²). The cemetery's northern end comprises a steep scarp overlooking the A39 Falmouth Road. Into this embankment is set the site's original entrance, formed from an arched gateway with cut granite steps. At the top of these steps are the remains of a badly vandalised mortuary building.
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Gooseberry Hill National Park is a national park in Western Australia, in the locality of Gooseberry Hill, 21 km east of Perth. It is at the southern side of the mouth of the Helena Valley on the Darling Scarp. Statham's Quarry is located within the park boundary. The park was named after a hill in Yorkshire by the early settlers.
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Despite the steady encroach of the urban sprawl in recent times which has eroded the sense of a 'regional centre', Kalamunda remains a quiet town amongst the jarrah forests on the Darling Scarp. Short stay accommodation in a forest setting close to Perth is a growth area, and Kalamunda is increasingly offering eco-tourism experiences for local and overseas visitors.
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The Boyd Plateau comprises a dome of Devonian granite intruded into Devonian quartzites and sedimentaries. There are also intrusive igneous rocks from the Carboniferous period. Kanangra Tops at the south-eastern end of the Plateau is one of the Permian outliers. Its fringing fault scarp – Kanangra Walls – comprises Permian sedimentaries of the Capertee Group which rests unconformably on a Devonian Lambie Group Basement.
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Such ridges may be associated with uneven underlying terrain. The surface of the slide is covered by lava bombs less than long, blocks exceeding width, cobbles, and gravel-like rocks. Close to the collapse scarp on Llullaillaco the largest blocks with sizes of up to are found. Overall, the margins of the landslide are very crisp and the surface covered by hummocks.
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The park is on the edge of the Darling Scarp east of Perth, north of the Great Eastern Highway. The suburb to the west is known as Swan View with Pechey Road as a natural western boundary. To the south of the Great Eastern Highway the suburbs adjacent are Darlington and Glen Forrest. To the east Hovea is the adjacent suburb.
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The park contains the Lesmurdie Falls, formed by Lesmurdie Brook emptying over the Scarp, and the surrounding riparian and heath vegetation. Wandoo, jarrah and marri trees can all be found within the park. A gravity hill exists near the carpark on Palm Terrace. The Mundy Regional Park has multiple walking and running trails of varying difficulty and is popular for walking and running.
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The springs that feed the Wacissa River emerge in a bottomland forest below the Cody Scarp, a relic marine terrace marked by a line of hills to the north. According to the Florida Bureau of Geology,Rosenau, et al., pp. 190 - 195 the group of springs > consist of at least 12 known springs scattered along the upper of the > Wacissa River.
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A venusquake is a quake that occurs on the planet Venus. A venusquake may have caused a new scarp and a landslide to form. An image of the landslides was taken in November 1990 during the first flight around Venus by the Magellan spacecraft. Another image was taken on July 23, 1991 as the Magellan revolved around Venus for the second time.
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Crossing the ditch was nearly impossible, especially under withering defensive fire from musketry and canister. Confederate officers did lead their men into the ditch, but, without scaling ladders, few emerged on the scarp side, and the few who entered the fort were wounded, killed, or captured. The attack lasted twenty minutes and resulted in extremely lopsided casualties: 813 Confederate versus 13 Union.Eicher, p.
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The entire reserve is within the Mendips Scarp Prime Biodiversity Area (PBA) and Mendip Hills Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB). Draycott Sleights supports extensive areas of traditionally managed species-rich unimproved calcareous grassland. Additional interest lies in a rich invertebrate fauna. The site is situated on steep south-west facing slopes of the Mendip Hills and ranges in altitude from to .
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Forrestfield is a suburb of the City of Kalamunda in Western Australia. It lies 15 kilometres to the south-east of Perth at the base of the Darling Scarp and the southern border of Perth Airport. The suburb is split by Roe Highway into a southern residential area and a northern industrial area. The suburb is adjacent to Wattle Grove, Cloverdale and Kalamunda.
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The east ditch looking south. Externally the fort is in fair condition. Like all the polygonal forts in Malta, the limestone faces of the scarp and counterscarp have eroded substantially since they were originally cut, in places to a depth of as much as a metre. In some cases this erosion has reached the point that the revetting collapses into the ditch.
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The route returns to open country north of here, passing west of Berkhamsted. It passes the National Film Archive. Before Tring, near Wigginton, it crosses the Icknield Way Path and Chiltern Way. An arched footbridge spans the road just near the summit before it passes just east of Tring (for the Ridgeway footpath) and descends the Chiltern scarp into the Vale of Aylesbury.
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It is up to wide and features scarps up to high. By comparison, the Grand Canyon is approximately deep in some places and long but only up to wide. Chasma Boreale cuts through polar deposits and ice, such as those present at Greenland. Planum Boreum interfaces with Vastitas Borealis west of Chasma Boreale at an irregular scarp named Rupes Tenuis.
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The Comboyne Shield Volcano erupted some 11 to 13 million years ago. The Comboyne plateau is a scarp-bounded paleoplain located between the central north coast of New South Wales and the Great Dividing Range. Miocene basalts overlie much of the plateau, creating relatively fertile red/brown soils. In the southern third of the plateau are underlying Triassic sediments of the Lorne basin.
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In the central Chilterns the two parts are separated by the hard Totternhoe Stone, which forms a prominent scarp in some places. There are few, if any, flint nodules present. These two formations are not recognised within the northern province i.e. the outcrop north from East Anglia to Yorkshire, where the entire sequence is now referred to as the 'Ferriby Chalk Formation'.
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Broadening her repertoire to embrace European influences, she joined Blowzabella and its spin-off Scarp; she also plays with Token Women (as do her sister Fi and Heather Horsley) and with her own pan-European group called Freyja. Martin Brinsford went on to join Brass Monkey, with Martin Carthy. Paul Burgess and Flos Headford were founder-members of the Mellstock Band.
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Lunar Orbiter 2 image. Mandel'shtam A is in the center of Mandel'shtam, and Mandel'shtam R is similar in size to A and to the left, and it overlies the smaller Mandel'shtam T. The floor of Mandel'shtam, showing a typical highlands scarp at right. From Apollo 16. Apollo 13 image Mandel'shtam is the remains of a large crater on the Moon's far side.
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The City of Armadale is a local government area in the south-eastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth, about southeast of Perth's central business district. The City covers an area of , much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east, and had a population of almost 80,000 as at the 2016 Census.
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Bickley Pumpback Dam - known also as the Lower Bickley Brook reservoir is located in Perth, Western Australia. Bickley is a suburb situated on the Darling Scarp. Its was constructed in 1921, the Executive Engineer on the project was Arthur Hillman it was created to improve Perths water supply. The dam site was also used as a campsite for children in the 1950s.
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The western swamp tortoise has been recorded only in scattered localities on the Swan Coastal Plain in Western Australia, from Perth Airport northwards to near Pearce Royal Australian Air Force Base in the Bullsbrook locality (roughly parallel with the Darling Scarp). Most of this area is now cleared and either urbanised, used for intensive agriculture or mined for clay for brick manufacture.
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The second method of recovering older rock is through the drilling of deep core samples; however, the cores have proved difficult to date, and several samples from depths of around that suggested dates as old as 450,000 years have since been found erroneous. More reliable paleomagnetic dating, limited to rocks dating from after Kīlauea's emergence from the sea, has suggested ages of around 50,000 years. Exposed flows above sea level have proved far younger. Some of the oldest reliably dated rock, 43,000 years old, comes from charcoal sandwiched beneath an ash layer on a fault scarp known as Hilina Pali; however, samples dated from higher up the scarp indicate ash deposition at an average rate of per thousand years, indicating that the oldest exposed flows, from the base of the feature, could date back as far as 70,000 years.
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These have a red-purple to pale violet perianth (up to 30 mm long) and glandular hairs. The style is up to 40 mm long. The species was first formally described in 1845 by botanist Johann Lehmann in Plantae Preissianae The type specimen was collected from the foot of the Darling Scarp by Ludwig Preiss in 1839. It is susceptible to Phytophthora cinnamomi dieback.
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Transverse cracks at the head scarp drain water, possibly killing vegetation. Transverse ridges, transverse cracks and radial cracks form in displaced material on the foot of the slump. Slumped chalk slopes at Mupe Bay in Dorset, England Slumps frequently form due to removal of a slope base, either from natural or manmade processes. Stream or wave erosion, as well as road construction are common instigators for slumping.
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Hero Rupes is an escarpment on Mercury more than long located in the southern hemisphere of Mercury. Discovered by the Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974, it was formed by a thrust fault, thought to have occurred due to the shrinkage of the planet's core as it cooled over time. The scarp is named after sloop Hero, Nathaniel Palmer's ship used to explore the Antarctic coast, 1820–21.
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The Chilterns are an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The scarp slope of the Chilterns faces northwest from the hamlet steeply downhill towards Watlington. Much of the area between Christmas Common and Watlington is designated as the Watlington and Pyrton Hills Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI). The ancient Icknield Way follows the line of the Chilterns and is now a long-distance footpath.
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It is possible that these two locations might have had slightly different coloured foliage compared to the grey blue green colour of the Scarp. During the convict era, in 1854 Edward Du Cane was the supervisor of the building of a convict depot on the slopes of the hill. In the 1870s a government bluestone quarry was developed on the western slope of the hill.
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In 1874, an Englishman, Henry Maudsley, discovered a large segment of rock scarp and numerous ancient dressed stones on Mount Zion that were believed to be the base of Josephus's First Wall. Several of these stones were used to construct a retaining wall outside the main gate of the Bishop Gobat school (later known as the American Institute of Holy Land Studies and Jerusalem University College).
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In 1632, Clearbury Ring was recorded as Clereburu. A paleolithic hand axe was found here. To the southwest of the fort are the remains of a lynchet, consisting of a steep high scarp that runs parallel to the fort's defences. Two other lynchets have been identified near the fort, although they are not as well-preserved, together with faint traces of ancient field boundaries.
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The reserve protects riverine and coastal scarp forest, and is known for its birdlife and butterflies. There are a recorded 102 tree species in the reserve, with 48 considered rare. Close to 160 bird species have been recorded, including the Knysna Turaco and Purple Crested Turaco. A number of small mammals can be found in the reserve, including blue and grey duiker, mongoose, hyrax and cane rats.
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The fault is prominent on satellite images and topographic maps. The irregular boundary between the Serranía del Darién and the Atrato Valley suggests that the fault is a thrust fault that dips northwest. Along its southern extent, the fault forms a scarp that faces east and is a few tens of meters high. The fault separates alluvium of the Atrato and Tuira Rivers from Tertiary strata.
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Statham's Quarry (also known as Darling Range Quarry, and then Perth City Council's Darling Range Quarry after 1920) is the site of a quarry on the Darling Scarp on the southern side of the entrance of the Helena River valley on to the Swan Coastal Plain in Perth, Western Australia. It is located in Gooseberry Hill and is within the bounds of the Gooseberry Hill National Park.
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He was born in Vancouver, British Columbia, and was educated at the University of British Columbia, graduating from the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP). Williams worked as a town planning consultant. He served as an alderman for Vancouver from 1964 to 1966. From 2004 to 2006, he was a member of the Vancouver City Planning Commission, serving as its Chair in 2005.
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The traditional tribal territory of the Whadjuk, in Norman Tindale's estimate, took in some of land, from the Swan River, together with its eastern and northern tributaries. Its hinterland extension ran to beyond Mount Helena. It included Kalamunda on the Darling Scarp and Armadale. To the north it encompassed the Victoria Plains, an area south of Toodyay, and reached eastwards as far as west of York.
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Llecué is a mountain in the commune of Los Lagos in Los Ríos Region, southern Chile. The mountain lies west of mount Tralcán and immediately south of San Pedro River. The eastern slope of the mountain is a sharp fault scarp as is part of its western slope. The name of the mountain is Mapuche based on llecu, meaning near, and hue, meaning place.
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A very recent study indicates that the additional cohesion provided by vegetation roots in soil is an important contributor to slope stability in the scarp faces of the Western Ghats of Kerala.Kuriakose SL, van Beek LPH & van Westen CJ, 2009b, Parameterizing a physically based shallow landslide model in a data poor region, Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 34(6), 867–881 , Retrieved on 5 April 2009.
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Rocks of Permian age occur from South Shields southwards through Sunderland to the border with County Durham south of Hetton-le-Hole. The Magnesian Limestone forms a broken west-facing scarp raised above the Middle and Upper Coal Measures country to its west. In addition there are small outliers of Permian strata north of the River Tyne at Tynemouth, Cullercoats, Whitley Bay and Forest Hall.
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The rampart, scarp and berm are well preserved on the western and eastern edges, and remains of the moat are much less conspicuous now. It is supposed that the hillfort had 3 entrances: in the northern, eastern and southern part of the rampart. Khotiv hillfort has the status of an archaeological monument since 1965.Постанова Ради Міністрів Української РСР від 21 липня 1965 р.
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Cape Adams is an abrupt rock scarp marking the south tip of Bowman Peninsula and forming the north side of the entrance to Gardner Inlet, on the east coast of Palmer Land in Antarctica. It was discovered by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48, under Ronne, and named by him for Lt. Charles J. Adams of the then USAAF, pilot with the expedition.
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Synaphea pinnata, commonly known as Helena synaphea, is a shrub endemic to Western Australia. The low and open shrub typically grows to a height of . It blooms between August and November producing yellow flowers. It is found in the Darling Scarp and the hills in the eastern suburbs of Perth including Mundaring, Kalamunda and Gosnells where it grows in sandy-clay-loamy soils over laterite or granite.
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The Upper Darling Range Railway (also known as the Upper Darling Range Branch) was a branch railway from Midland Junction, Western Australia], that rose up the southern side of the Helena Valley and on to the Darling Scarp via the Kalamunda Zig Zag. At the time of construction it was the only section of railway in Western Australia to have had a zig zag formation.
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"Warner Wetlands Area of Critical Environmental Concern" (PDF), Lakeview District, Bureau of Land Management, United States Department of Interior, Lakeview, Oregon, 26 August 2005. The Warner Valley is bounded by high escarpment walls on the east and west. The main line of perpendicular displacement is along the foot of the cliffs to the east of the Warner Lakes. This scarp feature is known as Hart Mountain.
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The siting of the stela-altar complex on the edge of an east-facing scarp offers a perfect location for observing the sunrise. Ceramic finds from the southern portion of the stela platform have been dated to the Late Preclassic and the Late Classic periods.Tomasic and Fahsen 2004, p.798. The combined hieroglyphic texts of the three stelae contain 137 glyphs and 12 Maya calendrical dates.
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A view of the scarp face of the Ochils from the Wallace Monument, facing east. The Ochil Fault is the geological feature which defines the southern edge of the Ochil Hills escarpment in Scotland. North of the fault, Devonian lava flows and pyroclastic deposits slope gently down, thinning towards the north. These are in part overlain by Old Red Sandstone rocks formed later in the Devonian period.
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North Dandalup Dam is a dam in Western Australia. It is located south of Perth in the Darling Scarp, which forms the western border of the Darling Ranges. Constructed in 1994, it was opened by the then state Premier Richard Court in October of that year. It was the final project in a dam-building scheme that also includes the Victoria and Conjurunjup Dams.
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Its western border is the clearly demarcated scarp face of the Ghats descending to the plains of Thodupuzha. This high western crestline separates the Periyar catchment from the Manimala, Meenachil and Moovattupuzha drainage basins. It ends in the north along the channel of Periyar from Neriamangalam to Panamkutty. The catchment of Kattappana Ar located beyond the southeastern corner of the Idukki reservoir also falls in this portion.
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Separating these valleys are a jumble of steep hills and flat topped plateaux with scarp faces rearing up to elevations of around . The Idamala and Pooyamkutty rivers drain most of this section while its southern edge drains into the main Periyar. This tract is almost entirely forested and the forests extend northwest between Periyar and Chalakudy rivers along the plains almost up to Kalady.
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Miranda has one of the most extreme and varied topographies of any object in the Solar System, including Verona Rupes, a 20-kilometer-high scarp that is the highest cliff in the Solar System, and chevron-shaped tectonic features called coronae. The origin and evolution of this varied geology, the most of any Uranian satellite, are still not fully understood, and multiple hypotheses exist regarding Miranda's evolution.
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It takes about half an hour to reach the top of the fort. The trek path passes through forest area and reaches the southern tip of the hill. This is followed by walking along the eastern side of the scarp. Finally, there are 55 odd nicely carved, rock-cut steps on the eastern side of the fort which lead to the top of the fort.
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Kalamunda has extensive areas with orchards, primarily involved in apple and stone fruit production. The region largely serves as a dormitory suburb for Perth workers. It has a modest retail, government and education sector, and a small industrial base. While the town's retail centre is the largest in the Darling Scarp it primarily services Kalamunda and the contiguous urbanised areas of Lesmurdie and Walliston.
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Abalos Undae dunes at Abalos Scopuli, the scarp of Abalos Mensa. The ice layers on the cap and basal formations are also visible. The picture was taken by the HiRISE camera on board the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter and was enhanced by NASA in RGB colour. Abalos Undae (Latin for "Abalos Waves") is a dune field on Mars in the periphery of Planum Boreum, the Martian North pole.
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As the softer rock is cut away, periodically the caprock shears off. Caprock is also found on the top of mesa formations. The Niagara Escarpment, over which Niagara Falls flows, is an example of a scarp or escarpment. At Niagara Falls, the caprock is the riverbed above the falls, and is what prevents the river from eroding the face of the falls very quickly.
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Historically, fresh water was of scarce availability. In an attempt to amass a water supply, Murair Fort was constructed 1.8 km eastward of the original settlement, on the margins of the desert scarp. The fort served to facilitate wells which tapped the shallow freshwater lenses. Holocene deposits are densely scattered in the sabkha and mud plain areas located near the city ruins and the sea.
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The nearest town Junnar is a taluka place and is well connected by road. Junnar is about 90 km from Pune. The fort is at about 2-3 km from the junnar town. It is easy to reach the fort top via main entrance, however the trekkers with proper climbing equipment can try the chain route which is located on the western scarp of the fort.
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The site is in the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and is one of a series of unimproved Jurassic limestone grassland area which are located along the Cotswold scarp. It is south of Cheltenham and near the communities of Leckhampton and Charlton Kings, and has a north-facing aspect. The site also includes disused quarry faces, and quarry spoil which has been vegetated.
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May 9, 1991: Monitoring of deformation and microseismic activity led to accurate anticipation of this follow up rockslide event. The rockslide again occurred in a progressive manner over the course of a few hours, involving many small volume collapse events mostly within the upper paragneiss material (Schindler et al., 1993). These failures resulted in retreat and reduced the inclination of the upper part of the rockslide scarp.
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Like nearby Cherbury Camp, it is not clearly in a strategic or easily defended position. It lies halfway down the scarp slope of the White Horse Hills and is tucked away in a curve, invisible from most angles. This particular positioning suggests its builders had a specialist purpose in mind, although exactly what that may have been remains a mystery. It is 'multi- vallate', like Cherbury Camp.
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The Shire of Murray is a local government area of Western Australia. It has an area of and is located in the Peel Region about south of the Perth central business district. The Shire extends across the Peel Inlet and the Swan Coastal Plain into the Darling Scarp, including about of State forests. Timber logging and agriculture were the traditional enterprises of the district.
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Korshiv () is a village in the Lutsk Raion (district) of Volyn Oblast (province) of western Ukraine. Before World War II this village belonged to Poland and its name was Korszów. Korszów village is situated in Western Ukraine, about to the WSW of Lutsk, and to the east of Poland's eastern state boundary. This place lies near the northern scarp of the Volhynia Upland covered with loess.
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The chalk hills continue on the other side of the Stour Valley as Cranborne Chase. The Downs are part of the northern rim of the Hampshire Basin, which dips gently to the southeast from the steep north- facing scarp slope. The dip slope of the chalk is incised by seasonal streams or winterbornes, which have formed several roughly parallel valleys aligned north to south.
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Ashford is a town in the county of Kent, England. It lies on the River Great Stour at the southern or scarp edge of the North Downs, about southeast of central London and northwest of Folkestone by road. In the 2011 census, it had a population of 74,204. The name comes from the Old English æscet, indicating a ford near a clump of ash trees.
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Catwalk within the canyon, with the stream below Fault scarp of Fanney Rhyolite, north wall of Whitewater Canyon Whitewater Creek is a stream within a canyon in Catron County, western New Mexico, United States. It lies along the northwest boundary of the Gila Wilderness, in the Mogollon Mountains. It features the Catwalk National Recreation Trail, including a picnic area.Whitewater Canyon: Catwalk National Recreation Trail. DesertUSA.com.
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Another tributary, the Dandalup River, joins the Murray a short distance downstream of Pinjarra. This section is known as the lower Murray and is navigable in small boats. The river then flows across the sand plain between the Darling Scarp and the coast to empty into the Peel Estuary near Mandurah. The canal development of North and South Yunderup is situated several kilometres upstream from the estuary.
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The boundaries of Salisbury Plain have never been truly defined, and there is some difference of opinion as to its exact area.James, N. D. G. (1987) Plain Soldiering. Hobnob Press The river valleys surrounding it, and other downs and plains beyond them loosely define its boundaries. To the north the scarp of the downs overlooks the Vale of Pewsey, and to the north west the Bristol Avon.
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In Jefferson County to the east, the scarp coincides with the Wicomico Terrace with an elevation at 40–45 feet above mean sea level. The scarp separates the Hawthorn Group of fine to medium grained sandy clays and silty, clayey sands of the Red Hills Region of north Florida and southwest Georgia to the north from the fine to medium fine grained, partially recrystallized, silty to sandy limestones of the Gulf Coastal Lowlands to the south. A dramatic difference in elevation is seen here as the Red Hills, at a maximum of 70 meters (230 feet) mean sea level (MSL), drops to the area known as the Woodville Karst Plain, an elevation of 50 to 80 feet (15 to 24 meters) within 15 miles (24 km).Welcome to Jefferson County On the Woodville Karst Plain, the Suwannee Limestone of the Floridan Aquifer is shallow and exposed in many places.
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As the settlement of the pool got larger, portions of the shell began to slide backwards into the core pool area and the majority of the upstream shell began to move into the reservoir, translating south and rotating slightly about the east abutment. The west end of the slide mass broke away from the dam near station 27+00 and the core pool water rapidly poured out of the breach that was created in the shell. Portions of the core in the still-stable portion of the dam continued to slump into the hole created by the loss of the slide mass. One construction supervisor was backing his car away from the advancing scarp to the west along the beach to avoid the slumping and noted that the small scarp in the core was advancing to the west at a speed equal to his own (approximately 10 mph (16 km/h)).
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Location of Catharina Catharina is an ancient lunar impact crater located in the southern highlands. It was named after Saint Catherine of Alexandria. It lies in a rugged stretch of land between the Rupes Altai scarp to the west and Mare Nectaris in the east. To the west-northwest is the crater Tacitus, and the lava-flooded Beaumont lies to the east along the shore of Mare Nectaris.
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The grassland is a part of the short grass plains of North America. The best example of this ecosystem are preserved around the Pawnee Buttes where grazing and intensive agriculture have had less impact. There are eleven vegetation zones represented with the most unique being the scarp woodlands on the north face of the buttes. Typical of higher elevations, there are limber pines and relicts of an ice-age forest.
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This results in internal deformation of the moving mass consisting chiefly of overturned folds called sheath folds. Slumps have several characteristic features. The cut which forms as the landmass breaks away from the slope is called the scarp and is often cliff-like and concave. In rotational slumps, the main slump block often breaks into a series of secondary slumps and associated scarps to form stairstep pattern of displaced blocks.
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Parallel and a little further south there is a scarp which suggests that the 7 metre ditch may have been cut from an earlier and wider ditch that silted up. The evidence suggests that a fortified enclosure existed on the site that was large for a manorial enclosure in the area. Close to a ford in the River Ribble the site is of strategic significance. The fortifications have not been dated.
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Soon after meeting Roe Highway, it meets Hale Road. Hale Road serves as the main road for Forrestfield, eventually passing through a rural Maida Vale and climbing the Darling Scarp. Welshpool Road then passes through Wattle Grove, a mostly rural foothill suburb; however, this section is suburban. It then meets Tonkin Highway; this marks both State Route 8 and Welshpool Road's final traffic light and departure from the Swan Coastal Plain.
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The fault forms an outstanding prismatic-tectonic mountain block composed of pyroclastic flow and ash-fall deposits. This block is bounded by two well developed fault scarps of about height; one facing west-southwest and the other facing south-southwest. There is geomorphic evidence of scarp degradation and old landslides on the face of these scarps. Deep canyons cut about into scarps formed against a flat-topped high mountain.
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Mount Beevor is a rounded prominence forming part of a north-south trending ridge, about 30 km east of Mount Lofty and 18 km north east of Mount Barker. The western slopes are the steepest. The headwaters of the Bremer River collect beside the western base of Mount Beevor before flowing southward into Lake Alexandrina. Geologically, it is about mid-way along the north-south running Bremer Fault Scarp.
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The uplifting of the Potrillos, together with the subsidence of nearby grabens, occurred in the late Tertiary. The eastern boundary of the horst is the active Robledo fault, which has created a scarp on the eastern side of the range. The basal rocks in the range are sedimentary, and consist of limestone, dolomites, and silty beds of Middle Permian age. The thickness of these beds is approximately 950 feet (300 m).
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However, Kookoolau has pumice cones on the rim that suggest it formed originally as an eruptive vent. The road runs into Hilina Pali Road, a winding eight-mile road that dead ends. The road passes Pauahi crater, and fresh fault scarp that have been active for more than 1000 years. The road continues through a forest, Kipuka Nene, where 1,100-year-old trees are surrounded by fresh lava.
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As a people of the wetlands, the Pindjarup were famed for their fish-traps, and a seasonal cycle of six seasons, making full use of the environmental resources from the coastal estuaries and sand-dunes, through the interior lakes and wetlands to the more fertile soils of the Darling Scarp foothills and ridgelines. Western long-necked tortoises, black swans, ducks, and migratory birds formed an important part of their diet.
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Kar Plateau () is a small, mainly snow-covered plateau with an almost vertical rock scarp marking its southern side, standing on the west side of Granite Harbour, just north of the terminus of Mackay Glacier, in Victoria Land, Antarctica. The plateau rises gently toward the northwest to the heights of Mount Marston. It was mapped and named by the British Antarctic Expedition, 1910–13, "kar" being a Turkish word meaning snow.
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Toys Hill is a hamlet which lies within Brasted civil parish in the Sevenoaks district of Kent, England. It lies to the south of Brasted Chart, also in the parish. The hamlet is situated on the steep scarp slope of the Greensand Ridge, a prominent escarpment principally formed of Lower Greensand sandstone. The escarpment here presents itself as a high, thickly wooded ridge running from west to east.
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Yangel used an ICBM design of his own, the R-36 (NATO designation SS-9 Scarp), as a base for the R-36O. The missile had three stages, using the RD-251 engine in its first stage and the RD-252 engine in its second stage. The weapon's third stage was related to the deorbiting process as well as warhead guidance and delivery; the Soviets referred to this system as OGCh.
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Painter Jakub Slánský completed the painting above the pulpit and Petr Smolik wrote the text of the Compacts of Basel on the walls. In 1611, the Chapel of St. Roch was established on the south side. In 1678 a fire destroyed the district of St. Martin, and the upper part of the steeple was rebuilt after the fire. In the lower part it was provided with a scarp.
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Around the town, some areas of the Angolan Scarp savanna and woodlands with its unique plants and animals are still to be found. The Gabela akalat (Sheppardia gabela), a species of bird, was first recorded here by scientists and subsequently named after the town, as were the Gabela helmet-shrike (Prionops gabela) and Gabela bush-shrike (Laniarius amboimensis); these endangered species are only found in the uplands near Gabela.
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The hill on which fort stays is nearly square in form and about a mile in circumference. It has a natural scarp about 700 ft high on three sides while on the south it has been artificially scarped. Two fines of walls, with bastions at intervals, extend round the brow of the hill at a short distance from each other and the entrance was guarded by strong teak wood gates.
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The mountain has a west-facing fault scarp with a steep cliff face overlooking the Goose Lake Valley. The mountain's fault-block displacement tilts layers of basalt upward to expose the underlying John Day rhyolite tuff formation on the western flank of the mountain. Agates and thunder eggs are found in the rhyolite layers. Small amounts of gold bearing quartz are also found on the southern slope of the mountain.
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The modern Manihiki Plateau rifted from the Hikurangi Plateau, now located adjacent to New Zealand, in the Early Cretaceous. In the Early Cretaceous the Manihiki Plateau was much shallower, below sea level or less. Shortly after emplacement the initiation of the Tongareva triple junction resulted in extension, upwelling and rifting. Renewed rifting at about 116 Ma created the eastern margin, the Manihiki Scarp, and separated Manihiki and Hikurangi.
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Gretton War Memorial Gretton Church Gretton is a small village located at the foot of the western scarp of the Cotswolds, about 9 miles north of Cheltenham in the English county of Gloucestershire. The population taken in mid 2016 was 475. The place-name 'Gretton' is first attested in 1175, and means 'village or town on gravelly soil'.Eilert Ekwall, Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-names, p.205.
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The North Downs Way long- distance footpath from Farnham to Dover, crosses the River Mole at the Stepping Stones and then runs from west to east at the top of the scarp slope, passing in front of the Salomons Memorial. The Thames Down Link follows the course of Stane Street across Mickleham Downs, to the north of Box Hill, and meets the North Downs Way close to the Burford Bridge Hotel.
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This cycad is endemic to South Africa. It occurs in the Qumbu and Tabankulu areas of the Eastern Cape Province, and in a large part of KwaZulu-Natal, including the catchment areas of the Mkuze River and the Umfolozi River. It is found at altitudes of up to , but seldom close to the coast. It grows on rocky outcrops, south-facing cliffs or steep scarp slopes in forests.
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The Victoria Dam is a water supply dam providing water for the city of Perth, Western Australia. It is situated on the Darling Scarp near Lesmurdie, and crosses Munday Brook. Two dams have stood at the present site; the older dam was the first permanent water supply for the colony and also the first dam in Western Australia. It stood for almost 100 years before being replaced with the current dam.
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Nevertheless, it is threatened by habitat loss (draining of its breeding habitat for agricultural activities, afforestation, agricultural expansion, fire, and expanding human settlements). It has not been recorded in the Udzungwa Mountains National Park. However, it occurs in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest, which was, as of 2014, "soon to be a nature reserve". It has not been recorded in the Southern Highlands since the initial species description in 1975.
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It is situated approximately east of Esperance and off the coast near the edge of the continental shelf making it one of the southernmost islands in the archipelago. The island is formed from a massive limestone scarp that sits atop a granite dome. Many caves are found throughout the island both above and below water. Indigenous Australians are thought to have inhabited the island up to 18,000 years ago.
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Ibberton is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It is situated in the Blackmore Vale under the scarp face of the Dorset Downs, south of Sturminster Newton and west of Blandford Forum. The parish covers almost and extends over the chalk downs that lie to the south. In the 2011 census the parish had a population of 101, a reduction from 134 in 2001.
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Caer Llan is a field studies centre, conference centre and former country house located at Lydart within the community of Mitchel Troy, Monmouthshire, south east Wales, about south-west of Monmouth.Ordnance Survey: Explorer map sheet OL14 Wye Valley & Forest of Dean It is close to the top of a scarp slope with extensive views westwards over the valley of the River Trothy, and is accessed from the B4293 road.
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Two of Calyute's wives were amongst the wounded; Yornup's lower leg had been shot away, and Mindip had been shot in the left arm and right thigh. At the end of the hostilities, Stirling gave the Noongar people a terrifying threat. If there were any retaliatory payback killings from the Binjareb, he declared, "no one would be allowed to remain alive on this side of the Mountains" (the Darling Scarp).
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Gulella aprosdoketa is a species of very small air-breathing land snail, terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Streptaxidae. This species is endemic to the coastal scarp forest and woodland in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa, and has only been observed within an 80 km-long strip along the Eastern Cape coast. Human activities, such as construction, tourism, and livestock use, are major contributors to its habitat loss.
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The extreme north of the peninsula, roughly corresponding to Yucatán State, has underlying bedrock consisting of flat Cenozoic limestone. To the south of this the limestone rises to form the low chain of Puuc Hills, with a steep initial scarp running east from the Gulf coast near Champotón, terminating some from the Caribbean coast near the border of Quintana Roo.White and Hood 2004, p. 152. Quezada 2011, p. 14.
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Evidence of this would be the kaolinite found at some locations. To the northwest the Lofoten archipelago is bounded by the NE–SW-trending West Lofoten Border Fault. This is a normal fault whose fault scarp has been eroded forming a strandflat. In Vestvågøya mountains have steep slopes towards the open sea in the northwest and southeast while slopes pointing towards the interior of the island are more gentle.
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The castle stands on a level base, bounded to the north-east by a scarp slope, about high. The castle had two storeys or more, and may have had a courtyard. It had a vaulted basement, and a hall on the first storey, reached by a straight stair. In the 17th century an unvaulted kitchen, with a chamber above, was added, but it has long since been demolished.
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Huisinish or Hushinish (Scottish Gaelic Hùisinis) is a remote place on the west coast of Harris in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. It lies at the end of a single-track B road. The settlement of only four houses overlooking a white sand beach with views to the Atlantic. Nearby, and to the north, lies the uninhabited island of Scarp, the location of an experimental rocket postal service in the 1930s.
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The Swiss army had deployed a floating bridge in anticipation of the flooding, which successfully allowed the road upstream of the deposit to remain open. A nearly 4 km long bypass tunnel was then bored into the wall beneath the cliff to prevent any future floods. Looking south to the Matter valley from the top of the Randa rockslide. The scarp of the 1991 rockslides can be seen in the foreground.
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Counterscarp of a Napoleon era polygonal fort (Fort Napoleon, Ostend). Counterscarps had become vertical by this time. The housing at the bottom of the ditch is a caponier from where the defenders could fire on attackers that managed to climb down into the ditch, while being protected from cannon fire themselves. A scarp and a counterscarp are the inner and outer sides, respectively, of a ditch or moat used in fortifications.
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In Roman times, Melton benefited from the proximity of the Fosse Way and other important Roman roads, and of military centres at Leicester and Lincoln. Intermediate camps were also established, for example, at Six Hills on the Fosse Way. Other Roman trackways in the locality passed north of Melton along the top of the Vale of Belvoir scarp, linking Market Harborough to Belvoir, and the Fosse Way to Oakham and Stamford.
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This descends relatively sharply to the coastal plains, in some cases forming a sharp escarpment (as with the Darling Range/Darling Scarp near Perth). road network. The extreme age of the landscape has meant that the soils are remarkably infertile and frequently laterised. Even soils derived from granitic bedrock contain an order of magnitude less available phosphorus and only half as much nitrogen as soils in comparable climates in other continents.
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The El Golfo landslide scarp on El Hierro. Tanganasoga is the central peak in the photograph, partially obscured by cloud. There is evidence of at least three major gravitational landslides that have affected El Hierro in the last few hundred thousand years. The most recent of these was the 'El Golfo' landslide that occurred about 15 thousand years ago, involving collapse of the northern flank of the island.
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The hills are defined to the north by a craggy escarpment overlooking the glen of the River Forth. At the foot of this scarp are the villages of Gargunnock and Kippen. The hills drain principally to the south; Mary Glyn's Burn and Burnfoot Burn combine with Gourlay's Burn and Backside Burn to form Endrick Water. The waters of Earl's Burn are dammed at two places to form Earlsburn Reservoir no.
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Two sets of troughs can be seen running perpendicular to Isbanir Fossa, like Daryabar Fossa. These troughs appear to be right-laterally offset 15–20 km east and west of Isbanir Fossa, suggesting that the scarp may be a strike- slip fault or even a transform fault with troughs like Daryabar Fossa representing spreading centres (Rothery 1999). Isbanir Fossa is named after the home of Fakir Taj from Arabian Nights.
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The base is almost trapezoidal and it is characterized by four cylindrical corner towers (though only three have survived today) and curtains on a scarp. The west side was occupied by a residential building. Some photos of the early 1900s show the baron-like palace inside the 18th-century walls, reworked by the fortification control room. Today the palace remains a piece of perimeter wall with decorations of the frame.
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Glenholme Nature Reserve is a privately managed area of grassland, scarp and swamp forest in Kloof, outside of Durban, South Africa. A small stream in the reserve leads to a waterfall and gorge which forms one of the headwaters of the Umbilo River. The reserve is managed by WESSA and the Kloof and Highway SPCA. The Glenholme Nature Reserve is accessible via a one-hour-long trail to the neighbouring Clive Cheesman Nature Reserve.
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Geological evidence indicates that the loch was formed in the last Ice Age approximately 10,000 years ago, and is the result of glaciation that scoured the landscape. The surrounding rock is metamorphic, mostly schists, although there are also sedimentary conglomerates formed from the metamorphic and igneous strata in the fault scarp that comprises the Great Glen. Glacial sediments can be found to the south of the loch around the southern shore of Loch Ness.
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This empties via the Afon Sawdde into the River Towy. The southern slopes drain via the Twrch Fechan, the Nant Menyn and Nant Lluestau into the Afon Twrch and so into the River Tawe.British Geological Survey 1:50,000 map sheet 213 'Brecon' & accompanying sheet explanation Large moraines occur to the east of the summit at the base of the scarp, and below the prominent peak of Picws Du as well as those damming the Lake.
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Unconsolidated alluvial deposits up to 15 meters thick overly many areas of basement rock in Sierra Leone. Along the coast is the Bullom Group, a belt of unconsolidated sands and gravels 10 to 20 meters thick, overlying sands and clays 30 to 80 meters thick. The formation is a moderately productive aquifer. The Saionya Scarp and Rokel River Group form a consolidated, near-surface weathered regolith aquifer in metasedimentary rocks, with low intergranular porosity.
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Delayed by a shortage of funds, the polygonal fort was constructed between 1895 and 1897; it featured vaulted barrack casemates on the west side and a magazine on the east. An earthen rampart with positions for light field artillery pieces and machine guns was surrounded by a ditch with a concrete revetment on the scarp face. A cottage was built for a caretaker, who was responsible for maintenance and security in peacetime.
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This is the primary recharge area for Wakulla Springs and where the aquifer is most vulnerable to pollution on the land surface. It is also a zone of high sinkhole activity. In Alachua County, Florida this westward-facing escarpment between an upland plateau to the east and a karst plain to the west has elevations up to 190 feet (57.9 meters) mean sea level (MSL). The Cody Scarp runs right through Gainesville, Florida.
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Beside a broad moat, high above the circular scarp of a ruined bastion, stands a windmill with some low cottages. The path from the mill leads, on the left, over a little bridge across a sluice, to a landing-post in the foreground. A woman with a child goes down to the water ; a man pushes a barrow upwards. In the centre foreground a woman at the water's edge is washing linen.
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This had been overturned by 1835 and extensive logging occurred in the area until 1871 at which was set aside for public purposes. Limestone was quarried from the edge of the scarp to build many of Perth's civic buildings including the Town Hall and Supreme Court. Mount Eliza contains a reservoir, Mount Eliza Reservoir, which supplies the greater Perth CBD and surrounds, and is considered a part of West Perth for administrative purposes.
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Downs Nunatak () is a nunatak rising to between the Garcie Peaks and Webb Peak, Crescent Scarp, in northwest Palmer Land. The nunatak was photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service, 1940, the U.S. Navy, 1966, and was surveyed by the British Antarctic Survey, 1970–73. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names for Bobby G. Downs, a U.S. Navy cook at Palmer Station, winter party 1968.
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The Hluhluwe region has hilly topography where altitudes range from above sea level. The high ridges support coastal scarp forests in a well-watered region with valley bushveld at lower levels. The north of the park is more rugged and mountainous with forests and grasslands and is known as the Hluhluwe area, while the Umfolozi area is found to the south near the Black and White Umfolozi rivers where there is open savannah.
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Bellevue is bounded by the Helena River to the south, Great Eastern Highway to the north and Military Road and Cowie Close to the west. The suburb is an even mix of residential, industrial and parkland (mainly along the Helena River). Being at the eastern part of the Swan Coastal Plain, Bellevue is also at the foot of the Darling Scarp with Greenmount Hill as the point of access to the region to the east.
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The Darling Scarp, also referred to as the Darling Range or Darling Ranges, is a low escarpment running north–south to the east of the Swan Coastal Plain and Perth, Western Australia. The escarpment extends generally north of Bindoon, to the south of Pemberton. The adjacent Darling Plateau goes easterly to include Mount Bakewell near York and Mount Saddleback near Boddington. It was named after the Governor of New South Wales Lieutenant-General Ralph Darling.
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Other large impact basins such as Imbrium, Serenitatis, Crisium, Smythii, and Orientale also possess regionally low elevations and elevated rims. The far side of the lunar surface is on average about higher than that of the near side. The discovery of fault scarp cliffs by the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter suggest that the Moon has shrunk within the past billion years, by about 90 metres (300 ft). Similar shrinkage features exist on Mercury.
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The reserve includes a section of the Mtamvuna River, and surrounding cliffs and plateaus, from the outskirts of the town of Port Edward to 19 km inland. The total river frontage in the reserve is about 28 km. The reserve also includes the Bulolo River; a tributary of the Mtamvuna. The plateau areas consist of grasslands (Pondoland Sourveld), which drop off into Coastal Scarp Forest in the gorge along the river below.
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Scarp darwinia is killed by fire but regenerates from seed stored in the soil. Its pollination mechanism is not known but similar darwinias are pollinated by insects or birds. Some Darwinia species are susceptible to dieback disease caused by Phytophthora cinnamomi, but initial trials suggest that this species may be resistant. The main threats to the remaining populations include too- frequent fires, road and firebreak maintenance, weed invasion, illegal rubbish dumping and mining.
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The Tarra Fault is located northwest of the city of Cúcuta and Las Mercedes Fault. The fault thrusts Precambrian and Paleozoic rocks over Cretaceous rocks. It has a very pronounced morphologic expression along the base of the mountain front through the western side of the Tarra valley. The strong topographic signature of the scarp suggests, according to Page (1986), that the fault is as active as other known Quaternary faults in the region.
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The Toro Fault cuts accreted oceanic rocks of the Western Ranges of the Colombian Andes, close to the Cauca River valley. It is one of the faults of the regional Cauca-Patía Fault System that bounds the eastern side of the Western Ranges along most of the range's length. This well developed fault trace has an eroded fault scarp, degraded triangular facets, and the fronts of spurs show evidence of sinistral deformation.
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The Southern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic bounds the ecoregion on the east, south of the Congo River. The Angolan miombo woodlands lie to the southeast and south. The Angolan Scarp savanna and woodlands lies to the southwest along the Atlantic coast, extending south from the Congo River's mouth. The cities of Kinshasa and Brazzaville, capitals of the two Congo republics, are in the ecoregion, located opposite one another on the Congo River.
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Scarp gum was first formally described in 1978 by Ian Brooker and Clyde Dunlop in the journal Australian Forest Research, and was given the name Eucalyptus kombolgiensis. The type specimens were collected by Dunlop on Mount Brockman (in Kakadu National Park) in 1977. In 1995, Ken Hill and Lawrie Johnson changed the name of this species to Corymbia kombolgiensis. The specific epithet (kombolgiensis) is a reference to the Kombolgie sandstone, where this species is common.
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Those within Northumberland are referred to as the Holy Island, High Green and St. Oswald's subswarms. The sill provides the extended north-facing scarp on which the Roman emperor Hadrian had his eponymous wall built. This sill is considered the original sill within geological science; sill is a local term for a broadly flat-lying body of rock and is now used for igneous intrusions parallel to bedding on a worldwide basis.
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The fault line on the southeastern margin can be seen in some areas (e.g., northeast of Oban) but in general does not form a prominent scarp slope. In this part of Cape Breton south of Bras d'Or Lake, glaciation more than geological structure appears to have influenced drainage patterns. South of East Bay Hills the glacial direction is strongly northeast-southwest, in this case parallel to the fault which defines their southern boundary.
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They inhabit a variety of settings including the low-lying heath forests, montane rain forests, and swamps, but are most common on scarp faces, hills and rocky ridgetops up to 1000 m. E. brachystachys and E. tristis are found solely in Malaysia, while the remainder are Bornean or Thai in origin. E. tristis has become an effective pest in the Hill Dipterocarp forest where it colonizes cleared timberland preventing the regeneration of various trees.
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The townsite was requested by the 14 Mile Brook Progress Association in 1911. The name, derived from a nearby pool, is of Aboriginal origin but its meaning is unknown. Gazetted in 1913, the town did not develop and to this day remains a sparsely populated agricultural area on the edge of the Darling Scarp. Plans by the Shire of Williams to seal its part of the Congelin-Narrogin road are in progress.
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Satellite imagery of the Swan River and surrounds The Swan River drains the Swan Coastal Plain, a total catchment area of over in area. The river is located in a Mediterranean climate, with hot dry summers and cool wet winters, although this balance appears to be changing due to climate change. The Swan is located on the edge of the Darling Scarp, flowing downhill across the coastal plain to its mouth at Fremantle.
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The primary mechanism for sedimentation was originally subsidence creating accommodation (space for sediments to accumulate), followed by fault extension and more recently, sediment loading, i.e. the basin continuing to subside because of the weight of sediments within it. The eastern boundary of the main Perth Basin is the Darling Fault, topographically expressed as the Darling Scarp. Small outliers of the Perth Basin, such as the Collie Sub- basin, lie east of the Darling Fault.
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Chalk grassland is found on the steep south-facing scarp slopes and the more gently graded north-facing dip slopes, where woodland is absent. The alkaline soils are thin and nutrient poor, which prevents deeper-rooted lush grasses (with a high water demand) from dominating. Each square metre of chalk downland may support up to 40 different species. This semi-natural habitat is maintained through sheep, cattle and rabbit grazing which prevents scrub encroachment.
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Khotiv hillfort is a hillfort of early Iron Age (Scythian times, 6 century BC) in the village of Khotiv, Ukraine. The hillfort adjoins the southern part of Kyiv, namely Feofaniya Park. It occupies a rhombic plateau 1000x700 m wide, bordered by valleys of the streams. All the plateau area, 31 ha, was surrounded with earth rampart, while the slope of the hill was fortified by a scarp with a berm and a moat beneath.
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Bandiagara Escarpment in Mali. Scarp retreat is a geological process through which the location of an escarpment changes over time. Typically the cliff is undermined, rocks fall and form a talus slope, the talus is chemically or mechanically weathered and then removed through water or wind erosion, and the process of undermining resumes. Scarps may retreat for tens of kilometers in this way over relatively short geological time spans, even in arid locations.
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Betchworth Quarry (Upper Cretaceous strata) on the south-facing scarp slope of Box Hill 90 million years ago the North Downs hard chalk was deposited, a white limestone which is over 95% calcium carbonate. It contains thin beds of marl and nodules of flint, either scattered or in bands. The North Downs extending from Farnham to Dover, Kent are formed by this chalk. They now have an often white, almost vertical south-facing slope.
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Papadimitriou's interest in and identification with the former county of Middlesex featured in a number of these broadcasts. In 2013, Nick Papadimitriou published the book Scarp. Part autobiography, part fiction, part travelogue, and written after decades of hiking and discoveries in and around London, the book focused on the ridge of land to the north of the city's suburbs which Papadimitriou refers to as the North Middlesex/South Hertfordshire Tertiary Escarpment.Tonkin, Boud.
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The present scarp landscape was formed during the Mesozoic era. About 350 million years ago a large basin emerged which was surrounded by mountain ranges and ridges. Prior to that red sandstone had accumulated in the numerous depressions, the erosion products from the Variscan mountains. In the Triassic and Jurassic periods the region sometimes lay above sea level and sometimes below it, so that alternate beds of continental and marine deposition were laid down.
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In that area, the valley floor is bounded on three sides by perpendicular cliffs from high, the result of numerous fault events. These cliffs expose hundreds of feet of Miocene and Oligocene lava flows and ignimbrites, which include Steens basalt and various andesite, trachyandesite, and tuff flows. The mountain mass forming the western border of the South Warner Valley is a steep fault scarp. This cliff face rises over above the valley floor.
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McCauley J.F. et al. (1981) Icarus 47, 184 Individual massifs are typically to long; the inner edge of the unit is marked by basin-facing scarps. Lineated terrain extends for about out from the foot of a weak discontinuous scarp on the outer edge of the Caloris mountains; this terrain is similar to the sculpture surrounding the Imbrium basin on the Moon. Hummocky material forms a broad annulus about from the Caloris mountains.
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The large guyot rises over from the eastern flank of the Tonga Trench to a depth of . It features a wide flat top at depth, which tilts gently westwards. A north-northeast trending scarp separates the flat top from another, shallower flat-topped knoll on the eastern side of the flat top which also tilts westwards; the shallowest point of the seamount lies on this knoll. Additional volcanic cones dot the slopes of Capricorn Seamount.
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The gentle northern dip slope descends into the North German Plain, whilst the steeper southern scarp slope drops into the Aue valley, through which the A 2 autobahn runs. The Heeßer Berge in the west is a nature reserve. The ridge is cut through in two places: at Bad Eilsen near the western end, where the river Aue has cut a gap in the ridge, and at the Reinser Paß (pass) near the eastern end.
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Map of Paris from 1911 showing Thiers fortifications surrounding the city. The Thiers wall and the Porte de Versailles at the turn of the 20th century. On the right is the rampart and the stone scarp wall, on the left is the counterscarp and beyond that the sloping glacis, with the slums of the zone just visible in the background. The Thiers wall (Enceinte de Thiers) was the last of the defensive walls of Paris.
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Glanvilles Wootton, or Wootton Glanville, is a village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It is situated in the Blackmore Vale under the scarp of the Dorset Downs, south of Sherborne. In the 2011 Census the parish had a population of 196. To the north of the village is Round Chimneys Farm, which used to be a manor house and home of John Churchill, 1st Duke of Marlborough.
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Lily () is the new Earthly One guarded and tempted by Sweet and Kabale, respectively, on the second season. She has got a crush on her childhood friend, Alexander, who doesn't feel the same for her, he is in love with Gloria. She has got short brown hair and eyes of the same color. She wears a green scarp, a yellow long-sleeved shirt underneath a short-sleeved dark purple one and jeans.
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Hermitage is a small village and civil parish in the county of Dorset in southern England. It is situated in the Blackmore Vale under the scarp of the Dorset Downs, south of the town of Sherborne. Dorset County Council's latest (2013) estimate of the parish population is 70. Augustinian monks once had a hermitage here, hence the name of the village, but they abandoned the site in the 14th or 15th century.
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Voyager 2 image of Oberon showing Mommur Chasma near the limb at upper right. Mommur Chasma is the largest 'canyon' on the known part of the surface of Uranus' moon Oberon. This feature probably formed during crustal extension at the early stages of moon's evolution, when the interior of Oberon expanded and its ice crust cracked as a result. The canyon is an example of graben (rift valley) or scarp produced by normal fault(s).
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Rock cut steps Lime mixer Water tank Kenjalgad Fort (also called Ghera Khelanja Fort) in Wai, Maharashtra is a fort north-west of Wai. It is located on the Mandhardev spur of the Mahadev hill range. The fort is visible from quite a long distance as a stone scarp 30–40 feet high rising as a cap on the irregular hill.The fort is rhomboid in shape with 388m long axis and 175m short axis.
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In the centre and north of the county the substrate is the chalk of the Hampshire Downs and the South Downs. These are high hills with steep slopes where they border the clays to the south. The downland supports a calcareous grassland habitat, important for wild flowers and insects, as well as arable agriculture. The hills dip steeply forming a scarp onto the Kennet valley to the north, and dip gently to the south.
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Typical rail side road structures with a rail reserve between and the Zig Zag road on the old section where the railway climbed the Darling Scarp. It is at Gooseberry Hill that the railway used to descend from the hills to Midland Junction, dropping 300 metres in a series of 5 zig-zag shunts. The railway line has been replaced by a single lane, one-way scenic drive that follows the old track.
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A cross section of the geology of the North York Moors Subsequently, about 30 million years ago, the land was uplifted and tilted towards the south by earth movements. The upper layers of rock were eroded away and the older rocks were exposed in places. Because of the tilt the oldest rocks became exposed in the north. These are the bands of shales and ironstones on the northern scarp of the moors and Cleveland Hills.
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Achelous is a relatively fresh crater on Ganymede adjacent to the similarly sized Gula. It has an outer lobate ejecta deposit extending about a crater radius from the rim. A characteristic feature of both craters, almost identical in size, is the "pedestal" - an outward-facing, relatively gently sloped scarp that terminates the continuous ejecta blanket. Similar features may be seen in ejecta blankets of Martian craters, suggesting impacts into a volatile (ice)-rich target material.
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The Leederville Aquifer is a significant freshwater aquifer located in the south west of Western Australia and predominantly beneath the Swan Coastal Plain west of the Darling Scarp. It is located above the Yarragadee Aquifer, and beneath two superficial aquifers known as the Gnangara Mound and Jandakot Mound. These aquifers are separated by impervious layers with no groundwater, called aquitards.Leyland, Lucy Ann (2011) Hydrogeology of the Leederville Aquifer, Central Perth Basin, Western Australia.
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The site is in the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty, is on the north-facing slope of the scarp and is steep. It overlies limestone of the Inferior Oolite and clays and sands of the Upper Lias layer. The designated site is part of a larger woodland area which has been replanted with conifers and broad-leaved species. There are seepage areas and a spring in the north of the site.
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The Long Man of Wilmington, inscribed into the scarp face of the South Downs in East Sussex Two of the landmarks on the Downs are the Long Man of Wilmington, a chalk carved figure, and Clayton Windmills. There is also a war memorial, The Chattri, dedicated to Indian soldiers who died in the Brighton area, having been brought there for treatment after being injured fighting on the Western Front in the First World War.
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The shallow pool of Pwll Gwy- rhoc sits in a broad depression towards the northern edge of the plateau whilst a smaller pool frequently occupies a large shakehole a few hundred metres to its west. The hill forms an impressive northern scarp overlooking the Usk valley and commonly referred to as the Llangattock Escarpment. Its southern margins are more subdued. Its eastern end is defined by the drops into the Clydach Gorge.
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A view of both the historic and the current Florida State Capitols Historic Grove Plantation, known officially as the Call/Collins House at The Grove. Territorial Governor Richard Keith Call built this antebellum plantation house c. 1840. Tallahassee has an area of , of which is land and (2.59%) is water. Tallahassee's terrain is hilly by Florida standards, being at the southern end of the Red Hills Region, just above the Cody Scarp.
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Anderson Scarp () is an upward slope and cliff high, about west of Hall Bluff on the Dais, Wright Valley, in the McMurdo Dry Valleys of Antarctica. It was named by the Advisory Committee on Antarctic Names in 2004 after Kent Anderson of the Albuquerque Seismological Laboratory, U.S. Geological Survey, from 1992. He played a key role in the installation of the VNDA seismograph station at Bull Pass, near Lake Vanda, in the early 1990s.
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Whit Beck is a tributary of the Glenderaterra, a stream which forms the eastern boundary of Lonscale Fell. This flows due south from Skiddaw Forest between the Skiddaw massif and Blencathra, before joining the River Greta and running on through Keswick. The eastern face of the fell above the Glenderaterra is a mile long scarp of crags, a singular feature in the Skiddaw range. To the north of the fell is Skiddaw Forest.
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Pyroclastic fall deposits crop out in the northern rim of the caldera and there are more alternating lava-tephra sequences elsewhere in the summit region. There is evidence of past structural instability (collapse structures) on the eastern and southeastern flank, and an arcuate scarp on the eastern flank appears to be an incipient sector collapse. Except for geothermal areas, the ground is bouldery. Frost heave has been observed in the summit region.
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The hill is composed of a layer cake of rocks laid down during the Carboniferous period. Lowermost, and exposed along its shallow northern scarp, are Carboniferous Limestones whilst above these is the coarse Twrch Sandstone (formerly the 'Basal Grit') of the Marros Group (former 'Millstone Grit Series') also dating from the Carboniferous period. A number of northwest to southeast aligned faults runs across the hill. The limestone gives rise to karstic scenery including numerous shakeholes.
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On the southern and eastern side the scarp is long and high, while the southern side is about long. A large wedge-shaped scar is recognizable on the northwestern flank, delimited by prominent scarps running through the western and northern flanks of the edifice. The existence of a lake in the summit area within the scarps at elevations of has been reported. On the northeastern flank a pumice deposit is clearly visible.
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The walls of the amphitheatre were about high, so high that secondary landslides occurred. The largest of these detached from a dome northwest of the summit and descended a horizontal distance of , forming a landslide structure notable in its own right and covering about . The central section of the collapse amphitheatre was not a simple collapse structure, but instead contained a secondary scarp. At the mouth of the collapse scar, the walls were lower, about .
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Nectophrynoides wendyae occurs in montane rainforest at elevations of above sea level. It is a leaf-litter dweller; the type series was caught with pitfall traps. While quite abundant in one tiny part of its range, Nectophrynoides wendyae is listed as critically endangered due to its very restricted distribution (estimated extent of occurrence no more than 15 km2) and ongoing habitat deterioration and loss. It occurs in the Udzungwa Scarp Forest Reserve, but the area is not well protected.
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According to Norman Tindale the Kariera held sway over some of tribal land and were centereds round the Peeawah, Yule, and Turner rivers, as far as Port Hedland. Their western boundary ran to the scarp of the Hamersley tableland at the Yule river's headwaters. Their land took in the Mungaroon Range, the area north of Wodgina, at Yandeyarra. Their eastern frontier ran along a line connecting McPhee Hill, Tabba Tabba Homestead, and the mouth of Petermarer Creek.
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The sector collapses have given rise to avalanche deposits, the largest of which has a volume of about . Later two of the sector collapses were found to be nonexistent, with one scarp being of glacial origin and another landslide deposit being a pyroclastic deposit. Chaco has principally erupted andesite, which contains hornblende, orthopyroxene and plagioclase, but also biotite within lava dome forming andesites. Some hydrothermal alteration has taken place in the central part of the volcano.
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These three scarps lie on a large arc extending for more than 1000 km. Resolution Rupes is separated from Adventure Rupes by a high relief ridge informally called Rabelais Dorsum, which crosscuts the scarps. This means that Resolution Rupes and Adventure Rupes may be parts of one large structure similar in length to Discovery Rupes. The scarp is named after HMS Resolution, one of James Cook's ships on his second voyage to the Pacific, 1772–1775.
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The hill ranges of the Tirumala rise to a height of (at Tirumala) from the average height of in the plains at Tirupati. The steep scarp of the ranges shows the Eparchian Unconformity's topographic, structural and denudational features. The sedimentary thickness of the Cudappah basin is of the order of , and includes volcanic sequences in the form of sills and dykes. A prominent Eparchaean Unconformity of the formation resting on the archaean peninsular gneissic complex is noted.
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Darwinia apiculata, commonly known as the scarp darwinia, is a plant in the myrtle family Myrtaceae and is endemic to a small area in Western Australia. It is a rounded, densely branched, small shrub with thin red branches and scattered small leaves. The flowers are arranged in small groups on the ends of the branches, their most obvious feature being long, red, pointed bracts surrounding each flower and a longer red style with scattered hairs near its tip.
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Welshpool Road is a major arterial road running through the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia. Although the road is now split in two, having had its western and eastern sections disconnected due to the extension of Roe Highway, it remains Welshpool's second most important road (after Orrong Road), and the highest quality access road for the Darling Scarp. Welshpool Road East is part of State Route 8, while the entire road was previously allocated State Route 35.
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Though defenders on high ground already have a direct line of sight, a glacis allows the field of fire to be swept more efficiently by minimizing changes to the angle of their guns while firing. Furthermore, the glacis prevents attacking cannon from having a clear shot at the walls of a fortress, as usually these cannot be seen until the glacis is crossed and the ditch, bounded on either side by the smooth, masoned scarp and counterscarp, is reached.
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Map of the North York Moors To the east the area is clearly defined by the impressive cliffs of the North Sea coast. The northern and western boundaries are defined by the steep scarp slopes of the Cleveland Hills edging the Tees lowlands and the Hambleton Hills above the Vale of Mowbray. To the south lies the broken line of the Tabular Hills and the Vale of Pickering. Four roads cross the moors from north to south.
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It is thought that the name Yafforth is derived from Ea-ford, meaning the ford in the river. Yafforth was mentioned in the Domesday Book as a berewick in the royal manor of Northallerton. To the north of the village lies a notable mound called Howe Hill, It is a Norman motte probably built during the reign of King Stephen. Today it still stands high and retains some of its ditch and the counter scarp bank.
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The only structure in good condition is a small mosque on the western edge of the fort. A night stay at the fort can be made in the caves or mosque on the fort. The rock-cut arch- gate of the pleasure palace of Rang Mahal stands in good condition with all its walls fallen to ruins. There are two rock-cut water cisterns on the scarp near the entrance with rock-cut figures of Nandi Bull and Lingas.
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The Great Escarpment formed about 80 million years ago due to scarp retreat from a new continental edge formed by rifting. This was similar to the model in the western rift of East Africa. The Great Divide is an upwarp that lies tens or hundreds of kilometers from the chasmic fault of the continental margin, creating a drainage divide. The sequence of formation appears to have started with erosion of the plain and formation of a river pattern.
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Arrow Canyon Wilderness is made up of three distinct landforms: the craggy Arrow Canyon Range; wide valleys; and deep canyons. The Arrow Range lies along the west edge of the wilderness. This craggy block of tilted sedimentary carbonate rock exposes the underlying strata along the west side of the ridge. This fault scarp is several thousand feet high and is marked by black and white bands of carbonate rock and quartzite that run the length of the entire range.
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Downland develops when chalk rock becomes exposed at the surface. The chalk slowly erodes to form characteristic rolling hills and valleys. As the Cretaceous chalk layer in southern England is typically tilted, chalk downland hills often have a marked scarp slope on one side, which is very steep, and a much gentler dip slope on the other. Where the downs meet the sea, characteristic white chalk cliffs form, such as the White Cliffs of Dover and Beachy Head.
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Big Pine's "big pine" The Big Pine post office first opened in 1870, closed for a time during 1877, changed its name to Bigpine in 1895, and reverted to Big Pine in 1962. Big Pine has a significant geologic feature (an earthquake scarp) related to the 1872 Lone Pine earthquake. In 1958, the Owens Valley Radio Observatory was established just north of Big Pine. Matt Williams, a professional baseball player and manager, lived there for part of his life.
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In the northeast lies Deeside, the coastal plain beside the Dee estuary, and this part of Clwyd is heavily developed for industry. The area around Wrexham and the commuter settlements close to Chester are also heavily built up. Sheep grazing with the Clwydian Range behind To the west of this is a ridge of mountains with a steep scarp slope to the west, the Clwydian Range. The highest point of these hills is Moel Famau at .
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To the north lies the Teonther tehsil which is quite different in its physical and other features from the plateau tehsils. The Rewa plateau decreases in height from south to north. In the south, the Kaimur Range rises to more than 450 meters above sea level, whereas the alluvial plain of Teonthor is just 100 meters above sea level. The district has a varied terrain that includes alluvial plains, hills, ravines, scarp, rivers, and water-falls.
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This caused underground tectonic and erosive processes; hence the emerging festooned-scarp relief called "cuestas" () arranged in arcs towards the Brazilian Highlands, which encompasses the "Torrinha" rock as well. The municipality also has about 5% of its original native vegetation preserved. Of this total, almost all is composed of vegetation on slopes. Savannah and broad-leaved tropical forest species still exist in small isolated areas, although they have been almost completely decimated due to agriculture and stock breeding.
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At the south- eastern corner of the plateau is Jilinga Hill at . Mahabar Jarimo at and Barsot at stand in isolation to the east, and on the north-west edge of the plateau Sendraili at and Mahuda at are the most prominent features. Isolated on the plateau, in the neighbourhood of Hazaribagh town are four hills of which the highest Chendwar rises to . On all sides it has an exceedingly abrupt scarp, modified only on the south-east.
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Mons Penck is a mountain promontory on the near side of the Moon. It lies just to the northeast of the crater Kant, to the north of Ibn-Rushd and the Rupes Altai scarp. Southeast of Mons Penck are the prominent craters Theophilus and Cyrillus. The selenographic coordinates of this peak are 10.0° S, 21.6° E. It has a diameter of about 30 km at the base and climbs to an altitude of over 4 km (13,000 feet).
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He returned to England to serve in the Royal Navy and returned to Western Australia as the Superintendent of Convicts in 1854. In 1860 he followed the Williams River eastward and explored the Darling Scarp. Lefroy and Landor completed another expedition to the Goldfields in 1863, where the party passed through areas such as Bruce Rock, Dumbleyung and Coolgardie. They trekked for a total of 85 days, including four days with no water, before returning to York.
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The Dale River is a perennial river located in the Wheatbelt region of Western Australia. Rising on the eastern slopes of the Darling Scarp, the river flow generally east by north, joined by six major tributaries including the Dale River South, Gibb Gully, Connelly Gully, Sherlock Gully, Flint Gully and Talbot Brook. The river reaches its mouth to join the Avon River approximately west of near the Avondale Agricultural Research Station. The river descends over its course.
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To the north, the El Niño scarp of the El Niño caldera separates the Cerro Blanco caldera from the Purulla valley. Other valleys are the Purulla valley northwest from Cerro Blanco and Incahuasi due north; all three contain both volcanic deposits from Cerro Blanco and salt flats or lakes. In the Incahuasi valley an ignimbrite also known as the "white ignimbrite" reaches a distance of over . Wind has carved up to deep channels into the ignimbrites.
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The lake is overlooked by several prominent mountain peaks, especially Picws Du and Waun Lefrith. Waun Lefrith is formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone laid down during the Devonian period. Its southern slopes are formed from the hard-wearing sandstones of the overlying Plateau Beds Formation which are of upper/late Devonian age. It is those rocks which form vertical crags along the top edge of the scarp.
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A study conducted by Guthrie et al. (2012) concluded that groundwater played a key role in the collapse. Prior to failure the flanks of Meager were subject to high pore water pressures indicated by extensive surface seepage observed throughout the failure surface and along lateral shears following the 2010 event. The largest visible bedrock spring occurred along the west lateral scarp and was the location of at least two previous landslides, occurring in 1998 and 2009.
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Ngome Forest is situated to the east of Vryheid, KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. This is a unique forest, being transitional between Mistbelt Forest and Coastal Scarp Forest. The area has been protected since 1905, and forms part of the Ntendeka Wilderness Area. Trees here grow up to 30m tall and include Yellowwoods (Afrocarpus falcatus and Podocarpus latifolius), Natal Hard Pear (Olinia radiata), Forest Waterberry (Syzygium gerrardii), Bastard Stinkwood (Ocotea kenyensis), Terblanz Beech (Faurea macnaughtonii) and Green Hazel (Trichocladus grandiflorus).
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Ravine scarp defending the south side of the site Zaculeu was likely originally developed because of its proximity to the Seleguá River, providing a permanent water supply and transportation waterway, together with its easily defensible hilltop location. Zaculeu has 43 structures. The majority of construction activity took place in one burst in the Early Classic, with minor alterations thereafter. The smaller platforms situated in the plazas were late additions; they show the influence of central Mexican civilization.
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Another important sector is in the tectonic valley of the River Ser, at the foot of the fault scarp of the Corb and Finestres ranges, with the volcanoes of Santa Margarida and Croscat. Lava flowed down the valley, past Sallent de Santa Pau to the Gibert mill. A third group of volcanoes lies in the Llémena river valley and the stream of Adri. Romanesque monastery of Sant Joan les Fonts The field became active about 700,000 years ago,.
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Village primary school Okeford Fitzpaine is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset, situated in the Blackmore Vale south of the town of Sturminster Newton. It is sited on a thin strip of greensand under the scarp face of the Dorset Downs. In the 2011 census the civil parish—which includes the hamlet of Belchalwell to the west and most of Fiddleford to the north—had 404 dwellings, 380 households and a population of 913.
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Easterton lies at the northern edge of Salisbury Plain. The parish includes gault and greensand north-west of the road, and lower, middle and upper chalk zones ascending the slope south-eastwards on to the high plain. Across the parish run The Ridgeway along the scarp, the railway north of the greensand ridge, and the former turnpike road in between. This forms the village street, where it is bordered on the west side by a small brook.
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They result from sudden slippages of the hanging wall in the direction of the dip, causing earthquakes. Single earthquakes result in 1–12 m of scarp. The Sparta fault is zig-zag in strike, varying between N 170° E and N 140° E. The maximum slippage has been 10–12 m in three increments. The earthquake of 464 BC, which levelled Sparta, resulted from a slippage of 3–4 m over a length of 20 km of the fault.
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Kloof frog is an endangered amphibian, confined to clear streams in scarp forests. Blue duiker and bushbuck were released into the reserve in 1970 and 1971. Red duiker, then regionally extinct, was also introduced but did not persist, while the introduced baboons had to be eradicated after causing a nuisance to nearby residents. Common duikerAffirmed by camera trap, 2013, University of KwaZulu-Natal occurs and the last brown greater galagos of the Durban metropole are resident.
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Gisborough Moor is a moor in England's North York Moors, lying to the south of the town of Guisborough. The summit is a broad flat ridge, with the highest point at the southern end, some south of a trig point. It is crossed by a number of footpaths leading between the Cleveland Way and Commondale and other settlements to the south. Highcliff Nab, near the moor's north-western corner, overlooks Guisborough from the edge of the scarp.
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The church, with the exception of the tower, was rebuilt in the 19th century with assistance from Thomas Hardy, who designed the capitals and possibly also the corbels. Hardy described Turnworth's position as being "stood in a hole, but the hole is full of beauty", and he used Turnworth House as the inspiration for Hintock House in his novel The Woodlanders. Nearby is Ringmoor, an ancient settlement on the top of the scarp face of the downs.
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The park is composed of typical Darling Scarp woodland including species of marri, jarrah and wandoo with a diverse understorey including a range of wildflowers. Piesse Brook flows through the park before joining the Helena River, making the park and important catchment area for both the Helena and the Swan Rivers. No fees apply to enter the park but facilities exist within the park for visitors apart from several walk trails including the northern end of the Bibbulmun Track.
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Perspective view of Dali Chasma and Latona Corona on Venus. The Dali and Diana Chasma system consist of deep troughs that extend for and are very distinct features on Venus. Those chasma connect the Ovda Regio and Thetis Regio highlands with the large volcanoes at Atla Regio and thus are considered to be the "Scorpion Tail" of Aphrodite Terra. The broad, curving scarp resembles some of Earth's subduction zones where crustal plates are pushed over each other.
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Sleaford is the principal market town in the North Kesteven district of Lincolnshire. The civil parish includes the hamlet of Holdingham to the north east and the village of Quarrington to the south east, both of which merge with the town. Note: select "Civil Parishes or Communities" and search for "Sleaford, Lincolnshire". Sleaford lies approximately 43 feet (13 m) above sea level close to Lincoln Cliff, a Limestone scarp running north–south through Lindsey and Kesteven.
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These relations suggest that scarp formation occurred in c3 to c4 time. Very smooth plains material flanks some scarps and ridges and, if the material is ponded extrusives or mass-wasted products, may postdate the structures. Scarps and ridges are abundant in intercrater, intermediate, and smooth plains units, but they are not embayed by intermediate and intercrater plains materials. These relations suggest that the structures began to form after emplacement of these two oldest plains units.
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Aston Rowant Woods is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest near Aston Rowant in Oxfordshire and Buckinghamshire. Part of it is in Aston Rowant National Nature Reserve, and a large part is in the Chiltern Beechwoods Special Area of Conservation. The site is also in the Chilterns Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The site is described by Natural England as "of national importance as a large, unfragmented area of ancient semi-natural woodland characteristic of the Chilterns scarp".
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Warren's Cave (or Warren Cave) is a dry karst cave in Alachua County, Florida. It is the longest dry cave in Florida, with more than of mapped passages. The cave is located on the margin of the Cody Scarp near the San Felasco Hammock Preserve State Park, northwest of the city of Gainesville. The property on which the entrance to Warren's Cave is located, the Warren Cave Nature Preserve, is owned by the National Speleological Society.
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Swan View is an eastern suburb of Perth, Western Australia. Its local government areas are the City of Swan and the Shire of Mundaring. It is from Perth in the Perth Hills on the edge of the Darling Scarp, just to the west of the John Forrest National Park, east of Roe Highway and north of the Great Eastern Highway. The Brown Park community recreation ground is the location of the long-standing annual Swan View Agricultural Show.
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The thick walls to the left of the entrance is easily identifiable as 12th century in design, and shows the existence of a rectangular keep. This keep was relatively small in size, approximately 8m x 13m. In the 13th century a curtain wall was added to the east side of the keep leading towards a steep scarp. This was followed by a much larger L-shaped build to the south with a south-east tower added at the angle.
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Midland is a suburb in the Perth metropolitan region, as well as the regional centre for the City of Swan local government area that covers the Swan Valley and parts of the Darling Scarp to the east. It is situated at the intersection of Great Eastern Highway and Great Northern Highway. Its eastern boundary is defined by the Roe Highway. Midland is almost always regarded as a suburb of Perth, being only away from the city centre.
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Mons Rümker has a concentration of 30 lunar domes--rounded bulges across the top, some of which contain a small craterlet at the peak. These are wide, circular features with a gentle slope rising in elevation a few hundred meters to the midpoint. Lunar domes are similar to shield volcanoes, and are the result of lava erupting from localized vents followed by relatively slow cooling. Mons Rümker is surrounded by a scarp that separates it from the adjacent mare.
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The west half is composed of friable metasediments (schists) which break down to form smooth slopes, and so give easy walking. The east half is of tougher gneiss and forms spiky alpine scenery with sharp crests and some difficult places. Several excellent circuits can be made from Nuria. The plateau summit of Puigmal d'Err is split for several hundred metres by a bold scarp, in places over 20 metres high, with the eastern half having slipped bodily towards Nuria.
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The shelf is about high on average, and is therefore well-drained. It is largely vegetated by a forest of Eucalyptus marginata (Jarrah) and Corymbia calophylla (Marri), with an understorey of Banksia, Casuarina fraseriana and Xylomelum occidentale (Woody Pear). Some publications identify the Ridge Hill Shelf with the foothills of the scarp, but this is incorrect. The foothills are about 15 kilometres wide, and largely continuous, whereas the Ridge Hill Shelf is no more than 3 kilometres wide and highly discontinuous.
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It was introduced in 1967 and was derived from the R-36 ICBM (NATO designation SS-9 Scarp). It was retired in 1969. It made its maiden flight on 27 October 1967. The booster's design was kept secret and no images or film clips of the complete vehicle were released to the public until after the collapse of the Soviet Union, in part because of being used exclusively for military payloads and also because it was derived from an actively serving missile system.
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Resolution Rupes is an escarpment on Mercury approximately 190 kilometers long located in the southern hemisphere of Mercury. Discovered by the Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974, it was formed by a thrust fault, thought to have occurred due to the shrinkage of the planet's core as it cooled over time. Resolution Rupes has an arcuate shape with the scarp face on convex side of the arc. It has a relief of about 0.9 km and is situated between Adventure Rupes and Discovery Rupes.
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Earnshaw Glacier () is a glacier long, flowing northward to the east of Norwood Scarp and entering Maitland Glacier to the south of Werner Peak, in the eastern Antarctic Peninsula. It was photographed from the air by the United States Antarctic Service on September 28, 1940. It was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in January 1961, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Thomas Earnshaw, an English watchmaker who made innovations leading to the modern marine chronometer.
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View of the south scarp of Caesar's Camp Caesar's Camp is an Iron Age hill fort straddling the border of the counties of Surrey and Hampshire in southern England. The fort straddles the borough of Waverley in Surrey and the borough of Rushmoor and the district of Hart, both in Hampshire. Caesar's Camp is a Scheduled Ancient Monument with a list entry identification number of 1007895. It lies approximately north of the town of Farnham, and a similar distance west of Aldershot.
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Loriu is bounded by Lake Turkana to the east, Kapedo to the south, the Kerio River to the west, and Kerio River delta to the north. The plateau is 64 kilometers running from north to south, approximately 8 kilometers wide, and is capped by Tertiary volcanic lava flows. The western margin of Loriu rises gradually while the eastern margin is defined by a fault scarp more than 366 meters high in some locations. The maximum altitude of the plateau is 1,463 meters.
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The Pilgrims' Way/North Downs Way passes along the downland ridge to the north of Lenham. Between this ridge and the village lies a chalk cross carved into the scarp slope. First constructed in 1922, to remember those who fell in the Great War, and fully restored in 1994, the cross now commemorates the dead of both world wars. To avoid its use as a navigation aid by the Luftwaffe, the cross was filled in between 1939 and May 1945.
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After this point, the scenery transitions to semi-rural; however, the quality of the road remains high. After about , the road starts to climb the Darling Scarp, varying from 6 to 10 degree angle of slope. A short time after this, the median which was previously as wide as 4 lanes thins out dramatically, and becomes negligible. The road continues to climb quite steeply; similar to Great Eastern Highway the climb is constant; Kalamunda Road's climb of the escarpment is undulating.
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The hill ranges of the Tirumala rise to a height of (at Tirumala) from the average height of in the plains at Tirupati. The steep scarp of the hill ranges depicts unconformity in its topographic, structural and denudational features, which is the Eparchian Unconformity. The sedimentary thickness of the Cudappa basin is of the order of with volcanic sequences in the form of sills and dykes. A prominent Eparchaean Unconformity of the formation resting on the Archaean peninsular gneissic complex is noted.
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The Soviet Union developed a new series of long-range missiles, called the SS-9 (NATO codename Scarp). A question developed concerning the extent of their capability to carry nuclear weapons; at issue was whether the missile were a Multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle (MIRV) or not. The CIA information was that these missiles were not 'MIRVed' but Defense intelligence considered that they were of the more potent kind. If so, the Soviet Union was possibly aiming at a first strike nuclear capacity.
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The government has expressed concern over this problem and because of it has diverted water development projects, particularly around Tripoli, to localities where the demand on underground water resources is less intense. It has also undertaken extensive reforestation projects. There are also numerous springs, those best suited for future development occurring along the scarp faces of the Jabal Nafusah and the Jabal al Akhdar. The most talked-about of the water resources, however, are the great subterranean aquifers of the desert.
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The Perth City Council operated the quarry following Statham's death and material from the quarry was used as street paving in Perth during the early 1900s. The rocks for the groyne at City Beach also came from the quarry.Statham's Quarry Walk Trail pamphlet - Kalamunda Shire Council There was also a clay quarry operation known as Statham's in Glen Forrest which was a brickworks. The quarry is the claimed location of one of the most extensive dolerite dikes on the Darling Scarp.
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A third wall surrounded both inner enclosures and was represented only by tumbled stones to the east and north, but by a more substantial scarp studded with stones and boulders to the west and south. Two outer ramparts run around the lower slopes of the hill. These were made up of rubble and earth, with the inner enclosing an area measuring from east to west and from north to south, and the outer lying further out for most of its length.
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Twmpa or Lord Hereford's Knob is a mountain in south-east Wales, forming a part of the great northwest scarp of the Black Mountains. It lies 1.86 miles (3 km) west of the border with England, and around 4.34 miles (7 km) south of Hay-on-Wye. To the northeast lies the Gospel Pass through which runs a minor road between Hay and the Llanthony Valley. A ridge known as Darren Lwyd tapers away for about to the southeast of the summit.
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Castlecrag attracted a number of other architects post-war, experimenting with design philosophies similar to those developed by Lucas. They designed homes including Peter Muller's Audette House and the home of Hugh and Eva Buhrich on Edinburgh Road, and the house designed for photographer Max Dupain by Arthur Baldwinson on The Scarp. The Australian Institute of Architects and Local Government recognise a number of these properties for their heritage values. For the architectural community, the Glass House remains a landmark building.
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Bowdown and Chamberhouse Woods is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest south of Thatcham in Berkshire. An area of is a nature reserve managed by the Berkshire, Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire Wildlife Trust. Bowdown Woods Nature Reserve lies between Greenham Common and the River Kennet The site is an area of ancient woodland lying on the scarp slope north of Greenham Common, close to the eastern edge of Newbury, most of which is a Nature Reserve open to the public.
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Cockleford Marsh () is a biological Site of Special Scientific Interest in Gloucestershire, notified in 1991.Natural England SSSI information on the citationCotswold District Local Plan, Appendix 1, Sites of Special Scientific Interest It lies in the Cotswold Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. The site is a typical example of the spring line fen-meadow habitat which is common along the Cotswold scarp and the valleys in areas of landslip. There are only a few remaining such marshes in the Cotswolds.
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The gulf bottom surrounding the Corossol structure is characterized by a relict cuesta landscape consisting of partially eroded, gently inclined sedimentary rock layers that decreases southwards into a flat topography. The cuestas consist of steep northward-facing scarps and gentle southward-dipping slopes. Along its north side, the crater is truncated by a steep scarp of one of these cuestas and a wide and deep basin. Distinct long and wide streamlined glacial lineations cut across the southern half of the Corossol structure.
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Site Accounts p. 53 The beech woodlands incorporate communities characteristic of soils on the Clay-with-flints of the Chiltern plateau and the chalky deposits of the scarp slopes. Associated with the beech on the plateau are oak and occasional birch whilst on the slopes, the associated species are ash and whitebeam. Both even-aged and more mixed stands are represented, the latter typically with a shrub layer including gorse and honeysuckle on the plateau, and elder and hazel on the slopes.
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Newnham Castle was built by the Normans, probably by Fulk de Newenham in the mid-12th century during the civil war known as the Anarchy. The castle was located on a scarp to the north of the village and comprised a motte and bailey design. It had a stone keep approximately by , with thick walls, with unusual curved corners. Once built, a mound was piled up around the tower to produce the motte, in a similar fashion to that seen at Farnham.
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The catchment area below Wellington Dam for the estuary covers . The catchment includes part of the Swan Coastal Plain, the Darling Scarp and the Darling Plateau. The Collie and Preston Rivers are the main catchment rivers and enter the estuary from the southern end and with the catchment runoff discharging into the Indian ocean via the cut in the peninsula. Other rivers in the catchment area include the Brunswick River, Ferguson and Wellesley as well as numerous other creeks, streams and irrigation drains.
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Up to 50% of the interior volume of Mathilde consists of open space. However, the existence of a 20-km-long scarp may indicate that the asteroid does have some structural strength, so it could contain some large internal components. The low interior density is an inefficient transmitter of impact shock through the asteroid, which also helps to preserve the surface features to a high degree. Mathilde's orbit is eccentric, taking it to the outer reaches of the main belt.
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There was a Roman settlement, Durocornovium, slightly northwest of the current village, at a road junction mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary. Being the last vicus on Ermin Way or Ermin Street before the scarp slope of the Marlborough Downs, Durocornovium was a site where horses were watered before the steep climb off the Oxfordshire plain. Wanborough is just off the Ridgeway National Trail. Development in a strip along the road frontages characterised the village, which reached maximum development in the 4th century.
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The Idrisid Emirate of Asir () was a state located on the Arabian Peninsula. The Emirate was located in the geographical region of Jizan in what is now southwestern Saudi Arabia. The authority of the Emir was restricted to a strip of the Tihamah some long and extending about inland to the scarp of highland Asir, with Sabya as its capital and Jizan and Midi as ports. The Emirate was established by Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi in rebellion against the Ottoman Empire.
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The spectacular scene of water fallit height has been described as a sight to behold. The different formations of rock due to the erosion by the constantly falling of water have added to the beauty of the place. The Hundru Falls at one of the edges of the Ranchi plateau is one of the several scarp falls in the region. During rainy season it takes a formidable form but in the dry season it turns into an exciting picnic spot.
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There are several signs of early settlement in the area. Round barrows and standing stones are within a short walk of the manor house. Uley Bury, a mile to the west, is a multi-vallate, scarp-edge hill-fort of the middle Iron Age (300 BC), commanding views over the Severn Vale and enclosing the Owlpen valley from the west. Hetty Pegler's Tump is a well-preserved middle neolithic chambered long barrow of the Severn-Cotswold group (2900–2400 BC).
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It is unknown for how many years Pnyx III was used as the meeting place of the ekklesia, and certainly by the 1st century B.C. the assembly held their meetings in the Theater of Dionysos on the South Slope of the Acropolis. Finally, in the Roman period, part of the Pnyx was used as a sanctuary of Zeus Hypsistos. Evidence for the sanctuary consist of c. 50 niches for votive plaques cut into the bedrock scarp east of the speaker's platform.
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Present day activity is limited to geothermal phenomena in El Tatio, Sol de Manana and Guacha, with recent activity encompassing the extrusion of Quaternary lava domes and flows. Deformation in the area occurs beneath Uturuncu volcano north of the Guacha centre. A westward-facing semicircular scarp () contains subvertically banded Guacha ignimbrite layers rich in lithic clasts and is the presumable vent of the Guacha ignimbrite. The resulting caldera formed like a trapdoor and with a volume of is among the largest known.
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Ku-ring-gai Chase-petroglyph, via Waratah Track, depicting Baiame, the Creator God and Sky Father in the dreaming of several Aboriginal language groups. Waugals (yellow triangles with a black snake in the centre) are the official Bibbulmun Track trailmarkers between Kalamunda and Albany in Western Australia. The Noongar believe that the Waugal, or Wagyl, created the Swan River and is represented by the Darling scarp. Related entities are known as Mura-mura by the Dieri and as Tjukurpa in Pitjantjatjara.
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They are most convincingly interpreted as thrust faults, indicating a period of global compression. The lobate scarps typically transect smooth plains materials (early Calorian age) on the floors of craters, but post-Caloris craters are superposed on them. These observations suggest that lobate-scarp formation was confined to a relatively narrow interval of time, beginning in the late pre-Tolstojan period and ending in the middle to late Calorian Period. In addition to scarps, wrinkle ridges occur in the smooth plains materials.
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There is road access to the base of the hill, and bus service to Menstrie from Alloa and Stirling. The track up the scarp face of Myreton Hill leads to some calcite workings. It was used by a farmer, the owner of the Jerah holding, to access his sheep, and its also forms the beginning of a walking route to deeper parts of the Ochil Hills. There are remains of a dun, a possible Iron Age fortification, on the slopes of the hill.
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The thinning of the crust, which resulted from the impact, stimulated effusive volcanic activity. Light-colored lavas filled the inner part of Rembrandt causing it to subside, which led to the contraction of the basin's floor and formation of wrinkle ridges. The later floor uplift, which causes are not known, led to the extension and formation of troughs. The latest episode of tectonic activity led to the formation of the lobate scarp, which actually runs tangentially to the ring of wrinkle ridges.
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The fault separates Cambrian-Proterozoic igneous rocks from thick Cambrian-Ordovician age carbonates to the northeast. The igneous rocks belong to the Amarillo- Wichita uplift and are much more magnetic than the carbonates; this has been used to trace the fault with aeromagnetic techniques although the igneous rocks also reduce its visibility in reflection seismology studies. The nature of the surrounding rocks also influences the expression of the Meers fault, as it has a more pronounced scarp in erosion-resistant rock units.
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B. telmatiaea grows only in the Swan Coastal Plain, Geraldton Sandplains and Jarrah Forest biogeographic regions, inland from the coast but never east of the Darling Scarp. It occurs from Hill River near Badgingarra in the north, to Serpentine in the south. Most populations occur north of Moore River or south of Cannington, there being only a few scattered populations in between. The species favours lowland areas that are seasonally wet but never inundated, such as the margins of swamps and marshes.
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Detail of the Inglewood Oil Field, showing its position relative to nearby cities. Active oil wells are shown as black dots; blue dots are active water injection or disposal wells. The Inglewood Oil Field underlies the Baldwin Hills, a range of low hills near the northern end of the Newport–Inglewood Fault Zone. The hills are cut by numerous canyons, and include a central depression along the east side of which is a scarp representing the surface trace of the Newport–Inglewood Fault.
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The "Cross in Hand" on Batcombe Down Newlands Farm with its archway dated 1622 Batcombe is a small straggling village and civil parish in Dorset, England, situated north-west of Dorchester below the northern scarp slope of the Dorset Downs. The name Batcombe derives from the Old English Bata, a man's name, and cumb, meaning valley. In 1201 it was known as Batecumbe. The local travel links are located from the village to Chetnole railway station and to Bournemouth International Airport.
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Kemsing is a village and civil parish in the Sevenoaks District of Kent, England. The parish is twinned with Compton and lies on the scarp face of the North Downs, 20 miles south east of Central London, north east of Sevenoaks. Also in the parish are the hamlets of Heaverham, to the east, and Noah's Ark to the south. The population of the civil parish in 2001 was 4014 persons, increasing to a population of 4,218 at the 2011 Census.
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The most prominent geologic feature of the Carrizo Plain is the San Andreas Fault, which runs along the northeast side of the plain, at the base of the Elkhorn Scarp. The section of the fault in the Carrizo Plain is the oldest section along the entire fault zone.Matthews, V., 1973, The Pinnacles-Neenach correlation: a restriction for models of the origin of the Transverse Ranges and the big bend in the San Andreas Fault; Geological Society of America Bull., V. 84, p.
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Controlled demolition is based on the drilling of holes placed at a short distance from each other and parallel to the scarp to be demolished. The diameter of the holes generally varies from 40 to 80 mm; the spacing of the holes is generally about 10 to 12 times the diameter. The charge fuse times are established so that those at the outer edges explode first and the more internal ones successively, so that the area of the operation is delimited.
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Alva lies right at the foot of the Ochil Hills. The Ochil Fault, movement of which gave rise to the steep southern scarp of the Ochil Hills, coincides approximately with the old road along the base of the hills. The rock beneath the carse in this area is of Carboniferous age. The town is situated on slightly higher ground than the surrounding carse, being on two overlapping alluvial fans, made up of material deposited by the Carnaughton Glen and Alva Glen burns.
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Currently, Page-Ladson is about 60 m by 45 m wide and 10 m deep. The lower part of the Aucilla River (from the Cody Scarp to the Gulf of Mexico) crosses the Woodville Karst Plain, which consists of a thin layer of sand over limestone bedrock. Much of the flow of the Aucilla River has been captured by an underground drainage system created by karst processes. Sections of the river are entirely underground, surfacing for short stretches and then disappearing again.
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Giovanni da Verrazzano, an Italian working for France, is credited with being the first European to explore the New York City area, in 1524. He was closely followed the next year by a Spanish expedition led by the Portuguese explorer Estêvão Gomes. In 1542 the French established a fortified trading post known as Fort d'Anormée Berge (Fort of the Grand Scarp), in southern Manhattan on an island in a lake later called Collect Pond. It is unclear when it was disestablished.
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Layers of turf could also be added to stabilise the motte as it was built up, or a core of stones placed as the heart of the structure to provide strength.Kenyon, p. 10. Similar issues applied to the defensive ditches, where designers found that the wider the ditch was dug, the deeper and steeper the sides of the scarp could be, making it more defensive. Although militarily a motte was, as Norman Pounds describes it, "almost indestructible", they required frequent maintenance.
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The terrain of the heathland is characterized by flat or gently sloping plateaux with numerous watercourses incising broad or sometimes steep-sided valleys. Apart from these, the heaths are lower heading east (before the London Basin) and along the main river valleys to the low-lying areas of the Kennet floodplain and lower reaches of the Loddon and its largest tributary, the Blackwater. At the western edge is the chalk scarp of the Hampshire Downs. The highest elevation is 296 metres.
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The site was chosen for its access to fresh water and river transport, the availability of building materials, fine views of the Darling Scarp and the shelter offered by Mount Eliza from naval bombardment. The official foundation ceremony took place on 12 August 1829 with the chopping down of a tree by Helen Dance, the wife of Captain William Dance of the Sulphur. This event is commemorated by a plaque set in the footpath of Barrack Street at the approximate location.
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View over Swaziland from the mouth of Border Cave. Border Cave is a rock shelter on the western scarp of the Lebombo Mountains in KwaZulu-Natal near the border between South Africa and Swaziland. Border Cave has a remarkably continuous stratigraphic record of occupation spanning about 200 ka. Anatomically modern Homo sapiens skeletons together with stone tools and chipping debris were recovered. Dating by carbon-14, amino acid racemisation and electron spin resonance (ESR) places the oldest sedimentary ash at some 200 kiloannum.
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The scarp forest habitat of the green hylia is increasingly being cleared for charcoal production and to make way for agriculture. The entire forest understory in certain areas is being cleared through slash and burn techniques to make way for the farming of crops such as bananas, maize or beans. These crops do not support species such as Hylia prasina as they do not possess sufficient understory environments. It is currently unknown how quickly the destruction of these habitats is occurring.
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Location of Polybius Polybius is a lunar impact crater in the southeast part of the Moon, and is named after ancient Greek historian Polybius. It is located to the south-southeast of the larger crater Catharina, in the area framed by the Rupes Altai scarp. Some distance to the northeast is the Mare Nectaris, with the flooded craters Beaumont and Fracastorius. The crater rim of Polybius appears slightly distended in the northeast, and has a cut through the northern wall.
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The Canning Dam and reservoir provide a major fresh water resource for the city of Perth, Western Australia. The dam is situated on the Darling Scarp and is an impoundment of the Canning River. It is noted for its innovative structural and hydraulic design that was considered to be at the forefront of concrete gravity dam design at the time of construction. The Canning Dam was Perth's primary water supply up until the 1960s when other sources of fresh water were tapped.
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This restraining bend is thought to be where the fault locks up in Southern California, with an earthquake-recurrence interval of roughly 140–160 years. Northwest of Frazier Park, the fault runs through the Carrizo Plain, a long, treeless plain where much of the fault is plainly visible. The Elkhorn Scarp defines the fault trace along much of its length within the plain. The southern segment, which stretches from Parkfield in Monterey County all the way to the Salton Sea, is capable of an 8.1-magnitude earthquake.
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Worse, the large open ditches surrounding forts of this type were an integral part of the defensive scheme, as was the covered way at the edge of the counter scarp. The ditch was extremely vulnerable to bombardment with explosive shells. In response, military engineers evolved the polygonal style of fortification. The ditch became deep and vertically sided, cut directly into the native rock or soil, laid out as a series of straight lines creating the central fortified area that gives this style of fortification its name.
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An old look at trees : vegetation of south-western Australia in old photographs Perth : Campaign to Save Native Forests (W.A.). – has photographs of significant large old jarrah trees from the Swan Coastal Plain in the late 19th and early 20th centuries Jarrah is very vulnerable to dieback caused by the oomycete Phytophthora cinnamomi. In large sections of the Darling Scarp there have been various measures to reduce the spread of dieback by washing down vehicles, and restricting access to areas of forest not yet infected.
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On the southeast side, the defences consisted of a triple rampart and a counter-scarp bank that continued to the south side. The fort's defences were strongest on the south, where they cut across level ground. The main entrance to the fort is believed to have been halfway along the east side; however, direct evidence is lacking due to the damage caused to the supposed entrance by modern quarrying. A trackway cuts through the strong defences on the south side, but this may be modern.
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The Precambrian basement rock biotite-gniesses that form the underlying structure of Loriu were exposed during the plateau's formation through up faulting and tilting of the basement rock. These layers are clearly visible and form a major part of the stratigraphy of the Mugor scarp on the eastern edge of the plateau. Because of the gradual slope of the western plateau, Loriu is most likely not a horst. Lavas capping Loriu are dated to the Pliocene, according to the East African Geological Research Unit.
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Selborne Hill is one of the highest points in the county of Hampshire, England. It is one of the East Hampshire Hangers, a line of prominent hills on the eastern scarp slope of the Hampshire Downs, and reaches above sea level. Its prominence of 53 metres qualifies it as one of the county's Tumps. Selborne Hill lies above the village of Selborne on the edge of the Hampshire Downs, its crown playing host to Selborne Common, an area of woodland and relict wood-pasture.
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The Private Reserve of Natural Heritage (RPPN) of University of Santa Cruz do Sul is located in municipality of Sinimbu in Rio Grande do Sul state, Brazil, distant about 48 km north of municipality of Santa Cruz do Sul. Unfortunately it is the only RPPN present in the highlands scarp region in this state,Sühs, R.B.; Putzke, J. & Budke, J.C. 2010. Relações florístico-geográficas de espécies arbóreas em remanescente florestal da região central do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Revista Floresta 40: 635-646.Oliveira,S.
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The geology of West Sussex in southeast England comprises a succession of sedimentary rocks of Cretaceous age overlain in the south by sediments of Palaeogene age. The sequence of strata from both periods consists of a variety of sandstones, mudstones, siltstones and limestones. These sediments were deposited within the Hampshire and Weald basins. Erosion subsequent to large scale but gentle folding associated with the Alpine Orogeny has resulted in the present outcrop pattern across the county, dominated by the north facing chalk scarp of the South Downs.
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It surmounts a perpendicular scarp of black rock about thirty feet high, and is itself about fifteen feet higher. In thickness it is twenty feet and had originally a parapet about six feet high and three feet thick, all of which has broken down. It is made of laterite blocks from one or two cubic feet each, and solidly set in mortar, lined with small stones and mud. It is carefully provided at intervals with secret escape doors for the garrison should the fort be successfully taken.
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The village is on an east-west running boulder clay (middle-Pleistocene till) ridge sitting on a belt of mainly Jurassic Kimmerigian clays running south-west from The Wash. To the east is a north-south running belt of geologically more recent Upper- Cretaceous Lower Greensand capped by Lower-Cretaceous Gault Clay; the whole area is surrounded by even more recent fen deposits. To the west, again running north-east—south-west, is a scarp belt of middle-Jurassic sedimentary rocks including limestone and sandstone.Darby (1970) p.
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In the middle of the 15th century, around the earlier quadrilateral fort, Michelozzo built a new round tower using new warfare technique and joined it to the new system of low scarp walls. The full six-meter (20 feet) thick walls of the new tower had a series of protected gun ports. The architect and sculptor Giorgio da Sebenico of Zadar continued the work on the Minčeta tower. He designed and built the high narrow round tower while the battlements are a later addition.
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This "schichstufen" plateau and scarp landscape is made up of gently dipping Triassic red beds and Jurassic limestone and shale. Middle Jurassic rocks contain sedimentary iron ore. These Mesozoic rocks in the center of the country are sometimes referred to as the Luxembourg Gulf and are cut by small river valleys. The sedimentary and metamorphic rocks in the country are 6.2 kilometers thick, with very thin 30 meter and 10 meter sequences from the Eocene, Miocene and Pliocene, within the last 66 million years of the Cenozoic.
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The lower slopes are more accessible, with the North Downs Way, a long- distance trail passing beneath the crest, in an area known as Hill Park. Running in parallel at the foot of the scarp slope is another more ancient route, the Pilgrims Way. The artist and craftsman, John Paul Cooper selected Betsom's Hill as the location for his house, workshop and studio. He designed the house in the Arts and Crafts style to reflect the local Kentish architecture, and lived there until his death in 1933.
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It then climbs up through the built-up area of Rochester and Chatham, passing Troy Town and Rochester Airport and the M2 motorway before descending the scarp slope of the North Downs at Blue Bell Hill. Below the road as it descends is the tunnel carrying High Speed 1. Once into the Medway Valley, there is a junction with the M20 motorway, and it follows the River Medway into Maidstone town centre. There are junctions with several main roads here, including the A26, A20 and A249.
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The River Torrens runs largely westward from the Adelaide Hills, through the centre of Adelaide to the Gulf St Vincent. It originates close to the eastern fault scarp of the Mount Lofty Ranges, near Mount Pleasant, approximately above sea level. It runs predominantly along faulted north-south ground structures, which were formed over 250 million years ago during the Paleozoic era then further dislocated during the Cretaceous and earliest Tertiary. There is a subsidence along the Para Fault which also affects the rivers flow.
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The Canning River rises not far from North Bannister, southeast of Perth and joins the Swan at Applecross, opening into Melville Water. The river then narrows into Blackwall Reach, a narrow and deep stretch leading the river through Fremantle Harbour to the sea. The Noongar people believe that the Darling Scarp represents the body of a Wagyl (also spelt Waugal) – a snakelike being from Dreamtime that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and lakes. It is thought that the Wagyl/Waugal created the Swan River.
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Originally known as Prairie Lake, Lake Lafayette is the remnant of a Pleistocene river delta. Water levels receded in the last Ice Age and the coast moved farther south of the site which became a river valley and eventual a tributary of the St. Marks River. Dissolution processes culminated in the formation of a large basin, , a major sinkhole is located in Upper Lake Lafayette just South of the Cody Scarp. The Lake Lafayette Basin is considered to be one of the premier paleoarchaelological sites in Florida.
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Banksia sessilis sets a large amount of seed and is an aggressive coloniser of disturbed and open areas; for example, it has been recorded colonising gravel pits in the Darling Scarp. Nothing is known of the conditions that affect its distribution, as its biogeography is as yet unstudied. An assessment of the potential impact of climate change on this species found that its range is likely to contract by half in the face of severe change, but unlikely to change much under less severe scenarios.
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The most spectacular feature of the scarp was a deep prominent fissure up to 3 metres wide and 3–4 metres deep, mostly with near-vertical walls, that opened up along the fault. It appears that the fault has ruptured at least once previously in the past 1800 years. The intense ground shaking led to a large number of ground surface failures, including sand boils, ridge-top shatters and debris avalanches on steeper slopes. The Rangitaiki Plains lie within the Taupo Volcanic Zone, which is widening.
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During the Albian erosion and subsidence levelled the volcano, forming a flat surface. A carbonate platform developed on this surface first with fringing reefs and then with barrier reefs. The carbonate platform continued to be active for 10 million years. A research group of the Tokai University after studying dredged samples proposed that the limestones west and east of the central scarp are of different ages and developed at different sea levels: The western part would be of Barremian age and the eastern one of Albian age.
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Coastal scarp and mistbelt forests were the main source of timber in South Africa before the advent of exotic timber plantations.Steven, H.M. Forestry 1929 3(2):124–133; Afforestation in South Africa Giant yellowwoods and stinkwoods were the most sought-after trees. Most of the larger forests are now protected, but some small scale timber extraction by local communities still takes place. Attempts to grow indigenous trees as timber plantations have so far proven economically unviable compared to exotics, but more research is needed.
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The variety acerosa grows in lateritic soils in Jarrah (Eucalyptus marginata) and Marri (Corymbia calophylla) forest or in sand in heath along the Darling Scarp or at the foot of the range between Forrestfield and Cannington. The variety preissii is more widely distributed across the south-west of Western Australia between Coorow and the Fitzgerald River National Park. It grows in a wide range of soils and vegetation associations, often with other species of verticordias in the Avon Wheatbelt, Jarrah Forest and Mallee biogeographic regions.
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Meall Tionail has an unusual geographic feature on its western slopes, it is marked on OS maps as Coire Chirdle, however it is not a corrie in the usual sense as there is no hollow cavity in the mountain. Instead there is a clearly marked semi circle (see picture) called an arcuate scarp below which is a bulge. This was probably created after the last Ice Age when the unstable hillside saturated by meltwater slipped down the steep slope.www.geotectonics.com. Gives details of Coire Chirdle Slide.
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Tidal wetlands of the Chesapeake Bay View of Roanoke River National Wildlife Refuge from Plymouth, NC Tidewater region is generally flat and low flooded river plains composed of tidal marsh and large expanses of swamp. Much of the area is covered with pocosin and the higher areas are used for agricultural farmlands. Geographically, in North Carolina and Virginia the Tidewater area is the land between the Suffolk Scarp and the Atlantic Ocean. In Maryland the Tidewater area is the flooded river areas below the Fall Line.
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Titsey covers a long tract which reaches up the southern escarpment of the North Downs, specifically to the highest point of the range, Botley Hill, which is in the parish. The north has altitude of around where the North Downs Way passes through the parish. Springs in Titsey, rising at the foot of the chalk scarp of the North Downs, are the source of the River Eden. It is a dispersed settlement bordering Farleigh to the north and the London Borough of Bromley to the north-east.
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The settlement of Australind by the Western Australian Land Company in 1840–41 prompted the first real need for a good quality road to Perth. A coastal Australind–Mandurah route was completed by 2 November 1842. Though the road was rebuilt by convicts in the 1850s, its importance was already declining. With a new road via Pinjarra at the foothills of the Darling Scarp completed in 1876, and the opening of the Perth−Bunbury railway in 1893, few people travelled up the old coastal road.
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These in turn are overlain by the varied cyclic sequences of the Lower Limestone Formation. The igneous rocks are relatively resistant to erosion and form the main scarp and two summits. A quartz-dolerite sill of probable Permo-Carboniferous age, forming a part of the Midland Valley Sill Complex intrudes the early Carboniferous sedimentary rocks of the Lower Limestone Formation. The peaks of West Lomond and Green Hill are nepheline-basanite intrusions whilst East Lomond is a teschenite/olivine dolerite intrusion and vent agglomerate.
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Almanon is a lunar impact crater that lies in the rugged highlands in the south-central region of the Moon. It was named after Abbasid Caliph and astronomer Al-Ma'mun. Image of Almanon (crater) It is located to the south-southeast of Abulfeda, and to the north-northeast of the smaller crater Geber. The crater chain designated Catena Abulfeda forms a line between the south rim of Abulfeda and the north rim of Almanon, continuing for a length of about 210 kilometers to the Rupes Altai scarp.
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The higher summit of Scout Scar has a topographic prominence of 109m and is thus classified as a HuMP, a hill with a prominence of at least 100m. Scout Scar and Cunswick Scar are both formed of Carboniferous Limestone and dip gently towards the east with a steep western scarp slope. At the lower, southern, summit there is a shelter, locally known as "The Mushroom". It was built in 1912 as a memorial to King George V, and restored in 1969 and again in 2003.
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The western ramparts of the Ring. Maumbury Rings was remodelled in the Roman period when it was adapted for use as an amphitheatre for the use of the citizens of the nearby Roman town of Durnovaria (Dorchester). The banks were lowered by around 3 metres, with the material produced piled onto the banks. The interior was modified by the excavation of an oval, level arena floor, and the cutting of seating into the scarp and bank which was revetted with either chalk or timber.
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Walyunga National Park is a national park in Western Australia, 35 km northeast of Perth along the Great Northern Highway. The park is situated just behind the Darling Scarp in the Darling Range spread over a steeply sided valley. The Swan-Avon River and the Eastern Railway run through the park and the Avon Descent passes through a set of rapids along this section. The area is dominated by granite outcrops along with smaller dolerite areas, the tops of hills are capped with laterite.
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Watership Down, seen from the northeast Watership Down is a hill, or down, at Ecchinswell in the civil parish of Ecchinswell, Sydmonton and Bishops Green in the English county of Hampshire, as part of the Hampshire Downs. It rises fairly steeply on its northern flank (the scarp side), but to the south the slope is much gentler (the dip side). The Down is best known as the setting for Richard Adams' 1972 novel about rabbits, also called Watership Down. The area is popular with cyclists and walkers.
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The area around what is known as Flynn's Turn (intersection of Peterborough County Road 36 and Country Road 507) is a prime example of a limestone flat. On highway 49 you can see the evidence of what is called a Limestone Ridge ("Ordovician strata". This same ridge extends to Lower Buckhorn Lake and the erosion on the northern edge has created a scarp (or steep cliff) some 30 meters high in areas. Sandy Lake and the beach area has a unique soft turquoise colour.
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Dragon Hill is a small hillock immediately below the Uffington White Horse on the border of the civil parishes of Uffington and Woolstone in the English county of Oxfordshire. In 1974 it was transferred from Berkshire. Dragon Hill is a natural chalk hill with an artificially flattened top (on the scarp slope of White Horse Hill); according to legend, Saint George slew the dragon here. A bare patch of chalk upon which no grass will grow is purported to be where the dragon's blood spilled.
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The Burren, a vast natural region in Ireland; view of the western scarp A natural region (landscape unit) is a basic geographic unit. Usually, it is a region which is distinguished by its common natural features of geography, geology, and climate. From the ecological point of view, the naturally occurring flora and fauna of the region are likely to be influenced by its geographical and geological factors, such as soil and water availability, in a significant manner. Thus most natural regions are homogeneous ecosystems.
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MOLA colorized topography of Pavonis Mons The bulk of the volcano's surface consists of lava flows of the early Amazonian age. The northern flanks of the volcano are highly faulted with grabens and normal faults concentric to the volcano's summit caldera. To its lower east flank, there is a chain of elliptical, or oval-shaped, pits, lined up down the center of a shallow trough. These features were formed by faulting and associated collapse; the scarp on each side of the trough is a fault line.
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In Roman times the settlement at Wanborough was known as Durocornovium and was a little north west of the current position, at a road junction mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary. Being the last vicus on Ermin Way before the scarp slope of the Marlborough Downs, Durocornovium was a site where horses were watered before the steep climb off the Oxfordshire plain. It is not obvious why this name was used as it is a long way from the territories of the two Cornovii tribes.
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In the early 20th Century, the WAGR was using a wide range of locomotives for a variety of operational roles. One type of locomotive lacking, however, was a dedicated long-distance of express passenger locomotive. The R class engines of 1897 had not proved appropriate for the steep gradients made necessary by the crossing of the Darling Scarp, due to their lack of power. In 1900, orders were placed with British manufacturers, Nasmyth, Wilson & Co and Vulcan Foundry for forty-five 4-6-2 locomotives.
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In Perth, the Noongar believe that the Darling Scarp is said to represent the body of a Wagyl, a snakelike being from the Dreamtime that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and lakes. It is thought that the Wagyl created the Swan River. The Wagyl has been associated with Wonambi naracoutensis, part of the extinct megafauna of Australia that disappeared between 15 and 50,000 years ago. The Swan River Canning River in light blue Also in Perth, Mount Eliza was an important site for the Noongar.
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Forde-Johnston (1962), p. 23 A low-lying site, Oakmere hill fort is on a triangular area of land projecting into a mere, also called Oakmere.Forde- Johnston (1962), pp. 21-22. Today, the waters of the mere are below the defences at the south-western end of the site, with a gap between the edge of the mere and the defences; however when the hill fort was built the water- level would have been higher and closer to the scarp, offering the site natural defences.
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Within the plate, however, there are a number of fault lines. These lines are relatively stable compared to the external plate boundaries, but do have the potential to generate significant earthquakes. The Cadell fault is an example of this. The uplifted Cadell fault forms a bifurcated scarp, the northern part of which extends for 55 kilometres from Deniliquin to Echuca with a height of 12–15 metres, and the southern part which extends for 13 kilometres south of Echuca with a height of about 3–4 metres.
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"Eric M. Jones - Apollo Lunar Surface Journal At about 165:33:38, Cernan took a series of photos from higher up the hill. In this photomontage, Schmitt is standing to the left of the rock and the Lunar Roving Vehicle (LRV) is parked to the right. :"Cernan - 'I haven't seen the rock from this perspective in nearly nineteen years. My hand print really shows you how big the rock is and, in 21482, you can see across to the South Massif and the Scarp.
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A diagram showing Vauban's method of approaching an enemy fortification using saps and parallels. The bastion system of fortification had dominated military thinking since its introduction in 16th century Italy, until the first decades of the 19th century. The French engineer Sébastien Le Prestre de Vauban, also devised an effective method to defeat them. Before Vauban, besiegers had driven a sap towards the fort, until they reached the glacis, where artillery could be positioned, directly to fire on the scarp wall, to make a breach.
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4m apart, and there are traces of a fosse (Wth of top 5.75m; Wth of base 1.25m; D 0.1m) NW- NE. The interior slopes down slightly to the N and there is an enclosure inside the perimeter at S. This is a penannular area (dims c. 12m E-W; c. 11.5m N-S) defined by a slight scarp ENE-SE (Wth 2.2m; H 0.05m) and SW-WNW (Wth 1.9m; H 0.3m), but the perimeter is incorporated into that of the platform SE-SW and is absent elsewhere.
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The stratigraphy in the main abri comprises archaeological material mainly from Magdalenian III and Magdalenian IV. There is also some marginal evidence of the Azilian. In the slope waste in front of the scarp slope remains from the Neolithic and the late Bronze Age were also discovered. The Abri de Marseilles offers a more detailed stratigraphic sequence: the original profile is still existing. From it one can conclude that the Magdalenians settled approximately 14,000 years ago directly on the existing bottom of the abri.
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Other nearby inhabited islands in the Lewis and Harris group are (Great Bernera) and (Scalpay). (Taransay) and (Scarp), now uninhabited, are islands close to the shore of Harris. On the map to the right, the entire Western Isles (or Outer Hebrides) are coloured red. This includes the islands of North Uist, Benbecula and South Uist (the thinner red strip to the south of Lewis-Harris; they are three distinct islands but connected by a causeway) and Barra, just to the south of South Uist.
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On the northern flank is found a volcaniclastic fan with a surface area of , a volume of and thicknesses of , presumably, considering its geochemical composition, formed by a mass failure of the San Antonio stage edifice. The scarp was probably formed by the same event but was not accompanied by explosive activity or a pyroclastic flow. This flank collapse may have been triggered by magma injection. A structure on the southern side of the volcano may also be a collapse scar, but no deposit is identifiable.
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The Swan View Tunnel is a former railway tunnel located on the southern side of the Jane Brook valley in the outer Perth suburb of Swan View in the John Forrest National Park on the edge of the Darling Scarp. After its closure as a railway tunnel, it reopened as part of the John Forrest Heritage Trail, a rail trail. Prior to the construction of tunnels and the sinking of the Subiaco railway station in 1999, the Swan View Tunnel was the only tunnel on the Western Australian railway network.
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To the north the Plackwald descends comparatively gently to 450 m the Breitenbruch Forest (334.32) and Warstein Hills. To the south it drops steeply and suddenly into the Ruhr valley, around 250 metres below. The upper edge of the scarp of the truncated upland follows the Plackweghöhe, which runs along the southern edge of the Upper Arnsberg Forest, to the Inner Sauerland Basins (335). As a result the climate in the Plackwald is harsher and, with around 1,000 mm of precipitation annually, wetter that in other areas of the North Sauerland Uplands.
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The arrival of explosive shells in the 19th century led to yet another stage in the evolution of fortification. Star forts did not fare well against the effects of high explosive and the intricate arrangements of bastions, flanking batteries and the carefully constructed lines of fire for the defending cannon could be rapidly disrupted by explosive shells. The ditch and counter scarp of Fort Delimara. Built in 1878, Delimara was built as a typical polygonal fort ditches and counter scarps made to be very deep, vertically sided, and cut directly into the rocks.
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The glacis gives extra protection to the fort and was designed to blend the fort into the landscape. It surrounded the fort on the north, south and seaward sides and was made by forming the surrounding sandhills. The side facing the fort—the scarp—is steep and, with the front face of the rampart, forms a wide ditch that can be raked by rifle fire from the caponier or the stockade's sides. The outer face is a gentle slope and is designed to be covered by case shot fired from the fort's 64-pounder guns.
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Waun Lefrith is formed from the sandstones and mudstones of the Brownstones Formation of the Old Red Sandstone laid down during the Devonian period. Its southern slopes are formed from the hard-wearing sandstones of the overlying Plateau Beds Formation which are of upper/late Devonian age. It is those rocks which form vertical crags along the top edge of the scarp. The northern face of Waun Lefrith was home to a glacier during the ice ages which gouged out the cwm in which Llyn y Fan Fach now sits.
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William Rees, FRSC (born December 18, 1943), is Professor Emeritus at the University of British Columbia and former director of the School of Community and Regional Planning (SCARP) at UBC. Rees taught at the University of British Columbia from 1969–70 until his retirement in 2011-12, but has since continued his writing and research. His primary interest is in public policy and planning relating to global environmental trends and the ecological conditions for sustainable socioeconomic development. He is the originator of the "ecological footprint" concept and co-developer of the method.
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Much of the plain has been cleared for agriculture and urban development, especially in and around Perth, where the heath has been almost entirely cleared as far as the Darling Scarp and the city is spreading up and down the coast. Although some areas are protected, clearance is going on while the plant disease Phytophthora dieback and changes to traditional fire regimens affect the heathland vegetation including the Banksia trees. Protected areas include Kings Park, Beeliar Wetlands, Star Swamp, Hepburn Heights Bushland, Canning River Regional Park, Bold Park, Whiteman Park, Kensington Bushland and Thomsons Lake.
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Southern scarp of Bwrdd Arthur St Michael's church Llanfihangel Din Sylwy (spelling variants include Llanfihangel Din Silwy and Llanfihangel Tyn Sylwy) is a small, coastal (former) parish in the commote of Dindaethwy in north-east Anglesey, three miles north-northwest of Beaumaris. A scattered settlement, it is distinguished by a hillfort known as Din Sylwy or Bwrdd Arthur and by a late medieval church dedicated to St. Michael (Welsh: Mihangel). The hillfort constitutes a relatively flat but partly overgrown area, 600 yards from the Irish Sea. Two entrances have been detected.
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Tarajornitsut wetland lake under the highest point of the highland. Tarajornitsut is located north of Kangerlussuaq Fjord, behind the dike scarp bounding the fjord from the northwest. The eastern part of the wide highland region of numerous lakes (some of which are saline), wet valley depressions, and mostly barren hills, begins immediately to the north of Kangerlussuaq, and is bounded from the east by the large Sanningasoq lake. The long Tasersuaq lake in the west separates the highland from the Pingu mountain group halfway between Davis Strait and the Greenland ice sheet ().
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Adventure Rupes is an escarpment on Mercury approximately long located in the southern hemisphere of Mercury. Discovered by the Mariner 10 spacecraft in 1974, it was formed by a thrust fault, thought to have occurred due to the shrinkage of the planet's core as it cooled over time. Adventure Rupes has an arcuate shape with the scarp face on convex side of the arc. It has a relief of about 1.3 km and is a continuation of Resolution Rupes and Discovery Rupes along a rough arc, which extends for more than 1000 km.
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Mount Liszt is a snow-covered mountain, about high, with a scarp on its southeastern face, rising northeast of Mount Grieg, on the Beethoven Peninsula, situated in the southwest portion of Alexander Island, Antarctica. A number of mountains in this vicinity first appear on maps by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE), 1947–48. This mountain, apparently one of these, was mapped from RARE air photos by D. Searle of the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1960, and was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee after Franz Liszt, the Hungarian composer.
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During a typical summer one can often find near-established trails leading to the best outcrops. Also easily visible at the base of the Inyo Mountains, in the southwestern end of the valley behind Deep Springs Lake, is a sizable dip-slip fault. Researchers showed that the most recent fault scarp had an average displacement of along a section of the fault. With an estimated rupture area of 345 km2, the event was calculated to have a moment magnitude of 7.0 and was estimated to have occurred about 1,800 years ago.
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Villas are more common on the south side of the Chilterns, but there are 7 or 8 along the north side below the scarp of which this is one. The reason for this was because back in the Mediterranean climate having a dwelling within the shadow of a hillside could be comfortable in the hot summer weather Roger Howgate: 'Kimble's Journey' 'in' The World of Piers the Ploughman pp. 04. (There was another villa built on the north side at Saunderton). Surplus produce would have been sold at Verulamium (St Albans).
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Stratigraphically above the Lower Greensand Group is the Selborne Group which comprises a suite of mudstones, siltstones, sandstones and limestones laid down during the Albian age between 112 and 94 million years ago. It divides into an earlier Gault Formation and a later Upper Greensand Formation. These outcrop in a thin tract of country, typically 1–2 km in width, at the foot of the north-facing South Downs scarp. The Gault Formation comprises clays, mudstone, sandstone and limestone whilst the overlying Upper Greensand Formation comprises siltstones and fine-grained sandstones.
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Welshpool Road East (9.5 km long) had an East suffix added after the road's disconnection. At a similar quality to Welshpool Road, its 4-lane section is an entire dual carriageway; it changes to a 2 to 3 lane single carriageway after climbing most of the Darling Scarp, however. With only 4 traffic lights in total (two of those at Roe Highway's diamond interchange), traffic problems are relatively minor, the only congestion being towards Roe Highway westbound. Allocated State Route 8, Welshpool Road East starts as an extension of Orrong Road.
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Outlying earthwork in Crates Wood An outlying earthwork lies approximately to the west of the main rampart; it crosses the ridge in a north-south direction, ending at natural scarp slopes in both directions. It extends in a curve for , running almost parallel to the rampart of the fort. The outlier extends across fields but is more clearly marked towards the north end within Crates Wood where it reaches a maximum height of , with a deep ditch on its west side. The bank is up to wide and the ditch measures wide.
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Narwar Fort Narwar Fort is situated atop a hill, at Narwar in Shivpuri district of Madhya Pradesh, about 500 feet above ground level spread over an area of 8 km², which stands on a steep scarp of the Vindhya Range. Kachwaha Rajputs are said to have built (or rebuilt) the fort when they occupied Narwar in the 10th century. Kachwaha, Parihara, and Tomara Rajputs held Narwar successively from 12th century onwards, until its capture by the Mughals in the 16th century. It was conquered by the Maratha chief Scindia in the early 19th century.
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There are a number of faults, but they show relatively little displacement. The western slope of the Wind River valley is shaped like a fault scarp, and it seems to be aligned with Trout Creek Hill, suggesting a potential fault line there that trends to the northwest. However, the six or seven emplaced lava flow deposits in the area only show small amounts of alteration to the west of the valley, and they show no alteration to the east. Moreover, there are only three significantly altered deposits along the Bear Creek.
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At the edge of the Gnangara Mound, where heavy guildford clays meet the bassandean dune system, bogs and swamps are created by the discharge of water from this aquifer. The clay and sand intersection on the Swan Coastal Plain, near the Darling Scarp, also produces permanent springs, giving rise to peat and sand mounds containing plant and invertebrate assemblages. The continuing vegetative growth produces microhabitat for many species. Penetration of water produced by regional hydrological forces alter and increase the size of the mounds by pushing material to the surface through the peat layers.
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Here it attains its maximum elevation north of Quebec City in the Réserve faunique des Laurentides (over 1000 m). Individual summits rise above the plateau surface: Mont Sir Wilfrid (783 m) and Mont Tremblant in the west, Mont Sainte-Anne (815 m) at Quebec, Mont Raoul Blanchard (1166 m), Mont Bleu (1052 m) and Mont des Conscrits (1006 m) in Réserve faunique des Laurentides. Cap Tourmente (579 m) and Mont des Éboulements (770 m) are dramatic examples of the scarp face as it drops precipitously to the St Lawrence River.
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It was built as a five sided polygonal fort, surrounded by a dry ditch. Three sides face landward, one seaward, whilst the rear faces the Cattewater. The ditch was defended with three caponiers and a counter-scarp gallery. The fort was connected by a military road to the nearby Staddon Fort.The National Archives WO78/2314, 29 Maps of fortifications in the environs of Plymouth, 1857-1920 To house the fort's garrison a barrack block for 200 men was built within the rear section of the fort, arranged in 13 casemates, on two floors.
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This enabled the gun-crew to handle and fire the gun without exposing themselves to enemy fire. The battery was designed to engage enemy warships at ranges up to 7,000 yards. The low profile of the battery and the deeply buried machinery rooms and magazines were intended to enable it to survive counterfire from capital warships. The dilapidated ditch of the battery The battery has no secondary armament; its fortifications - simply ditches, caponiers, a counter-scarp gallery and firing points - were intended mostly for small arms fire and grenades.
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Weeip was an Aboriginal Australian leader of the Boora clan (Boya Ngura people) of the Whadjuk Noongar people in the 1830s, during the early years of the Swan River Colony in Western Australia. His territory extended from the Helena River and upper reaches of the Swan River (modern day Guildford) to the Darling Scarp. In 1834 Weeip negotiated a truce with Governor James Stirling to improve relations between the Boora and the British settlers, around the time of the Pinjarra massacre. The negotiations took place while Weeip's younger son Billyoomerri was held in prison.
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It flows through the gorge to Athelstone, passing over the Eden Fault Zone of the Adelaide Hills face and associated escarpment. After the scarp it flows over sedimentary rocks of varying resistance to erosion, which has led to interspersed narrows and broad basins. From the base of the Adelaide Hills to Adelaide's central business district it runs in a shallow valley with a terraced floor, then down the slope of its own alluvial fan. The structure of this fan shows that the river formerly entered Gulf St Vincent via the Port River.
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The Woodville Karst Plain is a karst area that runs from Tallahassee, Florida, U.S. to the Gulf of Mexico separated by the Cody Scarp. This karst plain includes numerous first magnitude springs, including Wakulla-Leon Sinks Cave System, the longest surveyed underwater cave in the United States extending and ranking #57 among the top 100 longest caves in the world. The WKP is home to five of the 27 reported species of troglobites in Florida and South Georgia including Woodville Karst cave crayfish and Swimming Florida cave isopod. Also of interest are the Leon Sinks.
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This results in a near-complete ring of inward- facing chalk scarp slopes including Magdalen (Morn) Hill to the north, Chilcomb Down, Cheesefoot Head and Telegraph Hill to the east, Deacon Hill, Twyford Down and St. Catherine's Hill to the south. To the west, cut off by the valley of the Itchen are Compton Down and Oliver's Battery. The core of the anticline is crossed by the M3 motorway, completed in the 1990s. In order to avoid the Itchen Valley close to Winchester this cuts deeply through the younger beds to the north and south.
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The river valley is the centre of the catchment of the Helena River and extends from the edge of the Darling Scarp where Boya, Gooseberry Hill and Helena Valley define the "mouth" of the valley that opens to the Swan Coastal Plain, east and south east past Mundaring Weir and Lake C.Y. O'Connor to its origins in the region of Mount Dale. The soils of Helena Valley are characteristic of the eastern Swan Coastal Plain, ranging from sand to loam and clay, with a neutral pH tending towards moderately acid.
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The Mahishasuramardini cave, also known as the Mahishamardini mandapa, is found at the southern end of the site (known locally as Yamapuri). Excavated on the eastern scarp of a boulder on the main Mamallapuram hill, above it are the ruins of the Olakkannesvara temple.K R Srinivasan (1964), Cave temples of the Pallavas, Archaeology Survey of India, Government of India, pages 148-156 According to Ramaswami, the temple is unfinished but what has been carved represents the ultimate in Tamil temple rock art. The cave has many panels, and their narrative follows the Markandeya Purana.
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The scarp slope of the down faces south, over Swanage, meeting the sea as Ballard Cliff. The obelisk at Ballard Down World War 2 plaque The down was an area of calcareous grassland for up to 1000 years until World War II, when there was a sudden rise in the need for arable agricultural land. The down is now owned by the National Trust, and has largely been returned to grassland. The National Trust allows grazing on the down to prevent it becoming a natural beech woodland climax community.
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Unlike the GR-1, the UR-200 and its derivatives used storable (or hypergolic) liquid propellants; specifically nitrogen tetroxide and UDMH. Chelomey and his engineers received development authorization for the UR-200 ICBM on March 16, 1961, beginning work on the UR-200A variant at some point after. The second of the two other projects came from the Soviet missile designer Mikhail Yangel. His proposal was the R-36O (8K69 by GRAU index and SS-9 Mod 3 Scarp by NATO report) which was approved for development by Soviet officials on April 16, 1962.
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Anigozanthos manglesii in bushland on the Darling Scarp. Anigozanthos manglesii late stages of the bud Anigozanthos manglesii the part of the plant from its common name is derived - kangaroo paw The species is widely distributed throughout the Southwest Australian biogeographic regions, preferring white, yellow or grey sand, or sandy loam. The occurrence is confirmed in the northernmost part of its range in the Geraldton Sandplains and the Swan Coastal Plain near Perth. Extensive records also exist of occurrence in Jarrah Forest and Warren region to the south, but not reaching the southern coasts.
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The only recorded evidence of Castle Nos is a mention by John Leland, who stated, "Castelle Nose is but a high stony creg in the top of an hille". The castle comprises a scarp and ditch forming a raised platform and on the north face is a ruined dry-stone building. Its location and form do not appear to be Norman and it is thought to have been built by the Welsh as a border defence, which would date it before 1247, when Richard de Clare seized Glynrhondda.Davis (1989), p. 25.
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Such flank collapse occurred notably on Mount St. Helens during its eruption in 1980. A high scarp west of the eastern summit was left by the collapse of San Pedro; otherwise much of the evidence was buried by later volcanic activity. As with the mudflows, the steep slopes of San Pedro probably facilitated the onset of the sector collapse, which descended over an elevation difference of about . A parasitic vent named La Poruña lies on the western foot of San Pedro, its formation was probably influenced by a normal fault that runs in that area.
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The Bulbourne flows in the Chiltern Hills, part of a system of chalk downlands throughout eastern and southern England, which formed between 84 and 100 million years ago in the Cretaceous Period when the area was a chalk- depositing marine environment. The valley is at the southernmost limit of the Pleistocene glaciation ice erosion of the Chiltern scarp, giving it a smooth rounded appearance. Around Berkhamsted the valley sides rise 300 ft. It is situated on the northern rim of the larger syncline or down folding of rocks called the London Basin.
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Great Eastern Highway Bypass in Perth's eastern suburbs opened in 1988, allowing through traffic to avoid the Guildford and Midland townsites, and in 2002 a new bypass diverted the highway around Northam. A future route to replace Great Eastern Highway's current ascent of the Darling Scarp has been identified. The planned route is a controlled-access highway along Toodyay Road to Gidgegannup, and then across to Wundowie via a new alignment. Though planning began in the 1970s, , construction of this route has not been scheduled, and it is not considered a priority.
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The highway rises from the Swan Coastal Plain to the Darling Scarp to the north of Greenmount Hill, though it is commonly described as travelling "up Greenmount". The historic hill, with significant Aboriginal and European heritage sites, has been a well-known landmark since the 1830s, and featured on an 1846 survey of the York Road. Part of this original eastern route remains as a separate road, now known as Old York Road. The highway diverges from this original route at a point east of Roe Highway, bypassing residential properties that line the old road.
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Based on data collected during the Lunar Orbiter missions and from Earth-based telescopes, the mare includes some material from the surrounding highlands. The density of crater impacts indicates that this mare is an estimated 3.5 billion years old, and it finished forming roughly 340 million years after the impact that created the Oriental basin. The mare contains eleven sinuous rilles formed from lava tubes and channels, with lengths ranging from 4 to 51 km. Many of these rilles begin in the Rook mountains and flow to the base of the mountainous scarp.
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Two-lane highway section near Mount Barker Albany Highway and South Coast Highway intersection outside Albany Albany Highway proceeds east and then south from Armadale, around the suburb of Mount Richon. The road continues south-east, with signs of human activity becoming more sparse as the highway crosses the Darling Scarp, and the scenery transitions to native forest. Further south, after , it transitions again to pastures, with farming activities such as livestock rearing and orchards. Over the next , the highway encounters few towns: Williams, Kojonup and Mount Barker are on the highway, but are apart.
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Inter-crater plains on Mercury are a land-form consisting of plains between craters on Mercury. Inter-crater plains and heavily cratered terrain typical of much of Mercury outside the area affected by the formation of the Caloris Basin. Abundant shallow elongate craters and crater chains are present on the plains. This image, taken during the first mission of Mariner 10, shows a large tract of inter-crater plains centered at 3° N, 20° W. The scarp running down the middle of the image, Santa Maria Rupes cuts through both the plains and large craters.
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The Fort du Questel monitors the valleys of the Moulin du Buis to prevent any enemies from becoming established and bombarding the city and harbor. Surrounded by deep moats and accessed by a drawbridge, it consists of a masonry wall (scarp), topped by a chemin de ronde, or covered path for musketeers. This path is itself dominated by an earthen rampart, angled to support artillery (26 guns total). The garrison of about 200 men had access to various galleries, including two large ones underground that connect the central courtyard to the parapets.
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Stoddard made his entry into wildlife management on a landscape known as the Red Hills Region of southern Georgia and north Florida. The Red Hills occupy an area covering parts of five counties across the southern border of Georgia and northern border of Florida. It is bounded on the west by the Ochlockonee River, on the south by the Cody Scarp, on the east by the watershed of the Aucilla River, and on the north by the Tifton Upland of Georgia. The history of this region provided a unique setting for Stoddard to study.
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The Division of Canning stretches from Byford and Carmel in the north to Wagerup in the south, and is largely based around the Peel region of Western Australia to the south of Perth. As at the 2016 election, it includes the entire Peel region, comprising the City of Mandurah and the Shires of Serpentine-Jarrahdale (including Byford and Mundijong), Murray (including Pinjarra, Yunderup and Dwellingup), Waroona (including Waroona and Preston Beach) and Boddington. It also includes suburbs of a more semi-rural nature in the Darling Scarp from the Cities of Armadale, Gosnells, and Kalamunda.
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There is evidence of prehistoric settlement, with a tumulus (a bowl barrow) 500 metres southwest of the summit, a cross dyke beyond it and a settlement and field system in the area of the Ringmoor plantation. Ringmoor is a National Trust property. A disused pit at the foot of the escarpment indicates earlier quarrying activity. The villages of Belchalwell in the vale a mile to the northwest, and Belchalwell Street at the foot of the scarp, took their names from the original names of the two settlements, Bell and Chaldwell.
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The larger part of Norfolk's bedrock geology is concealed beneath superficial deposits, the oldest of which is a spread of glacial till dating from the Anglian glaciation. Interspersed with the till are sheets of glacial sands and gravels. The fact that the Chalk scarp in East Anglia is much reduced in height compared to its outcrop in Lincolnshire and the Chiltern Hills has been put down to erosion by the Anglian icesheet which reached as far south as Essex.Brenchley, P.J. & Rawson, P.F. (eds) 2006 The Geology of England and Wales.
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The Fort Supérieur and the Batterie du Clos des Caurres are protected by a scarp/counterscarp wall system and by sliding drawbridges, which withdraw into the guardhouse on rollers when closed to traffic. These are simple enough to be operated by two people with very little effort, even after 50+ years of no maintenance. The total cost of the fort had been envisaged at about 1.5 million francs (in the money of the time) but the final cost was over 3.5 million, causing a huge hole in the government finances at the time.
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South Saxon impact was greatest in the Weald. Along the north scarp of the Downs runs a series of parishes with land evenly distributed across the different soils to their northern boundaries; the parishes were more or less equal in area, around . In the early mediaeval period, the rivers of Sussex may have acted locally as a major unifier, linking coastal, estuary and riverside communities and providing people in these areas with a sense of identity. The boundaries of the Kingdom of Sussex probably crystallised around the 6th and 7th centuries.
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Modifications were made to the steep ascent of the Darling Scarp at Bindoon Hill between February 2002 and April 2003, and Great Northern Highway was realigned to bypass the Dalwallinu town centre. Work on Great Northern Highway has been continuous. From 2004 to 2010, the Muchea to Wubin section was upgraded, with parts reconstructed and realigned, and traffic lights installed at the intersection with Brand Highway. In the Kimberley, five sections between Halls Creek and Victoria Highway were improved between 2008 and 2009 with regards to pavement strength, alignment, safety, and flood resistance.
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The rims of the caldera are particularly conspicuous on its northern side and form a recognizable scarp on the northeastern side. The caldera contains two hills in its southern part, high Cerro Apo Porco and high Huayna Porco. Both of these hills are intrusive stocks; other smaller intrusions are found elsewhere in the caldera and some may be exposed feeder dikes of now eroded lava domes. The basement of the caldera is formed by phyllite rocks of Ordovician age, which in turn are overlaid by the Cretaceous Toro Toro formation, which consists of sandstone.
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Perth (; Nyungar: Boorloo) is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia (WA). It is Australia's fourth-most populous city, with a population of 2.14 million living in Greater Perth. Perth is part of the South West Land Division of Western Australia, with most of the metropolitan area on the Swan Coastal Plain between the Indian Ocean and the Darling Scarp. The city has expanded outward from the original settlements on the Swan River, upon which the city's central business district and port of Fremantle are situated.
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Satellite image of Perth Perth is on the Swan River, named for the native black swans by Willem de Vlamingh, captain of a Dutch expedition and namer of WA's Rottnest Island, who discovered the birds while exploring the area in 1697. This water body was known by Aboriginal inhabitants as Derbarl Yerrigan. The city centre and most of the suburbs are on the sandy and relatively flat Swan Coastal Plain, which lies between the Darling Scarp and the Indian Ocean. The soils of this area are quite infertile.
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The white-breasted robin is found in Western Australia south from Geraldton to the southwest corner of the continent. Within this area, it is mainly restricted to two areas of different habitat. In the main southern part of its range, it is found in an area bounded by Jarrahdale and Woorooloo on or east of the Darling Scarp, and south-east to Beaufort Inlet. Here it occurs in tall forest dominated by karri (Eucalyptus diversicolor), where it is found in dense undergrowth of such plant species as karri hazel (Trymalium odoratissimum subsp.
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The fort sloping all round from the sides to the top is round at the summit, and covers about twenty acres. On the east is a hollow, where are two ponds and the site of the garrison's quarters, now thickly covered with prickly pear, and the buildings in ruins. Only two small guns remain among the rubbish. The fort has but little scarp, the wall crowning a ridge of black rock protruding abruptly from the sides of the hill which though steep are covered with loose shallow soil.
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The National Trust owns the Box Hill Fort and a metal grill has been placed over the entrance to allow bats to access to their roosts. The Betchworth Fort is in private ownership and is not accessible to the public. Pillbox on the south-facing scarp slope of Box Hill (to the north of Betchworth Castle). During the World War II, the River Mole comprised part of the fortified GHQ Line B. This defensive line ran along the North Downs from Farnham via Guildford to Dorking, before following the river to Horley.
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At the same time, another two 12 cm cannon were fitted on a newly constructed small satellite fortification to the north of the fort. Rödberget Fort was part of the southern fort group together with Södra Åberget Fort on the other side of Lule River. These two forts--unlike the other forts--do not have a caponier ditch on all sides, as the western side of Rödberget Fort is protected by the natural scarp of the mountain. The surroundings feature four large bunkers, two observation posts and two searchlight sites.
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The Silent Pool Spring is the only major spring source in the -long scarp slope of the North Downs between the Wey and Mole valleys. It discharges between 1 and 10 megalitres (220,000 to 2.2 million gallons) per day into Silent Pool; and the lake water exhibits a blue opalescence characteristic of chalk spring-fed ponds. In prolonged dry periods, Silent Pool has been known to dry up, although the lower Sherbourne Pond has not. The Silent Pool lies on Lower Chalk, observable at the northern end of the pond.
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Monks Risborough is a village and ecclesiastical parish in Buckinghamshire, England, lying between Princes Risborough and Great Kimble. The village lies at the foot of the northern scarp of the Chiltern Hills. It is south of the county town of Aylesbury and north of High Wycombe, on the A4010 road. Until 1934 Monks Risborough was also a separate civil parish, but it now forms part of the much enlarged civil parish of Princes Risborough, with the exception of Meadle and Owlswick, which are both now in the civil parish of Longwick-cum- Ilmer.
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The headwaters of the Moore River lie in the Perenjori, Carnamah and Dalwallinu Shires. The river then drains southwards through Moora, flows westerly before joining with the Moore River East near Mogumber, then flows in a westerly direction over the Edengerie Cascade, through the northern edge of the Moore River Nature Reserve, then through the Gingin Scarp, discharging into the Indian Ocean at Guilderton. The river includes a catchment that extends from just south of Three Springs to Guilderton. The catchment has a total area of and is 80% cleared for agriculture.
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The R-36 () is a family of intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) and space launch vehicles (Tsyklon) designed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War. The original R-36 was deployed under the GRAU index 8K67 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-9 Scarp. It was able to carry three warheads and was the first Soviet MRV(multiple reentry vehicle) missile. The later version, the R-36M was produced under the GRAU designations 15A14 and 15A18 and was given the NATO reporting name SS-18 Satan.
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Subsequent activity of the volcano has completely filled the scarp. The lack of ground deformation during eruptive activity suggests the magma chamber of Irruputuncu may be more than deep, which may be linked to the thickness of the crust beneath the Central Andes, ranging . Irruputuncu displays vigorous fumarolic activity that occupies about half the summit crater and is visible within several . The high fumaroles have temperatures of and are composed mainly by sulfur dioxide, followed by minor amounts of hydrogen sulfide, hydrogen chloride, hydrogen fluoride, methane, nitrogen and oxygen.
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This area and its antipode in the Discovery quadrangle are the only two on Mercury where tensional forces can now be seen to have shaped the surface. The Tolstoj Basin is encompassed by parts of at least three ragged and discontinuous inward-facing scarps. Lineated ejecta is best developed in the vicinity of and beyond the outer scarp, whereas blocky materials occur between the inner and outer scarps. These relations are similar to those around Caloris, although Tolstoj is less than half its size and is much more severely degraded by later impact cratering.
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Many of these lineaments may be faint secondary-crater chains or gouges; others may represent traces of an ancestral structural pattern that partly controlled the excavation of the craters and basin. The lineaments may have been enhanced or preserved by the gentle upwarping of this region of Tolstoj ejecta discussed above. The largest lineament, which marks the northwest limit of recognizable Tolstoj ejecta, is a subdued scarp some 450 km long. Rejuvenation of earlier faults or fractures by subsequent impacts probably occurred throughout the history of the planet.
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The fort is about six acres in extent and nearly a square. Its defences consist of a scarp generally from forty to sixty feet high, more than usually precipitous and in many places actually overhanging and surmounted by a wall with masonry ramparts. The original materials of enormous blocks of dry stone have nearly all disappeared and except the northern end where the gateway and wall are of the huge masonry of the old forts what remains is very light work. Of the 18 ponds which supplied the garrison with water, only three possess water.
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From this point a broad track branches off northwards to the fort which lies not more than half a mile from the road. There are three hamlets close on the north of the fort which towers about 250 feet above them. It consists of a flat nearly triangular table land with the apex to the east surmounting a perpendicular scarp of black trap below which are steep slopes of short grass with a little soil. The sides are overgrown in places with prickly pear especially on the north-west corner.
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But before entering, the visitor will probably go some fifteen yards further to see a small tank cut in the rock, the site of an excellent spring always full of water and furnishing the neighbouring hamlets with their hot weather supply. The gateway has been cut in the scarp about thirty feet below the summit. The passage cut is about six feet wide but the gateway narrows to about five feet. It consisted as usual of a single pointed arch about seven feet high of well cut masonry the top of which has fallen in.
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Acadia University technician Don Osburn sampling rocks near the rim of the crater for evidence of impact shock features. The Bloody Creek structure is slightly elliptical in shape with a long northwest-trending major axis and a long southwest-trending minor axis. As seen in aerial photographs taken before Bloody Creek was flooded, the crater of this structure is defined by a continuous and prominent scarp that is high and completely encircles what once a flat, fen. Approximately of peat and lake sediments underlies the surface of the former fen.
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The City of Gosnells is a local government area in the southeastern suburbs of the Western Australian capital city of Perth, located northwest of Armadale and about southeast of Perth's central business district. The City covers an area of , much of which is state forest rising into the Darling Scarp to the east, and had a population of approximately 118,000 at the 2016 Census. The largest activity centre in the City is the Central Maddington shopping centre. District centres exist in the Gosnells town centre, Thornlie and Canning Vale.
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The paved way begins just beyond this and continues for two-thirds of the ascent. The first resthouse, Chadia Parab, is reached, 480 feet, above the plain; and the second halting-place at Dholi-deri, 1000 feet above the plain. From here the ascent becomes more difficult, winding under the face of the precipice to the third resthouse, 1400 feet up. The path turns to the right along the edge of a precipice, which is very narrow, so that the doli almost grazes the scarp, which rises perpendicularly 200 feet above the traveller.
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The outer hall has two small raised platforms paved with slabs of yellow stone, covered with representations of feet in pairs called padukas, which represent the 2452 feet of the Ganadharas, first disciples of Tirthankaras. On the west of this is a porch overhanging the perpendicular scarp. On two of the pillars of the mandapam are inscriptions dated 1275, 1281, and 1278—dates of restoration. The enclosure is nearly surrounded inside by 70 cells, each enshrining a marble image, with a covered passage in front of them lighted by a perforated stone screen.
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Thirty creeks and rivers flow into the Avon; some of the larger tributaries include the Dale River, Brockman River, Mortlock River and the Mackie River. Most of these watercourses are ephemeral and only flow after rain events in winter and spring. Some permanent pools exist along the course of the river including Burlong Pool, Robins Pool, Long Pool, Cobblers Pool and Jimperding Pool. The Avon River Valley is the third and final route for the Eastern Railway line through the Darling Scarp between Midland and Northam, having been constructed in the 1960s.
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Wandoo (Eucalyptus wandoo) woodlands along the highway at Brookton Highway Nature Reserve, December 2010. Near its western terminus, the road passes through thick jarrah forest in the Darling Scarp; however further east, the landscape soon becomes flat, passing through wheat farming regions and wandoo woodlands until reaching Brookton. The highway is a part of the route linking Perth to Esperance and is identified as a strategic freight and tourist route. For most of the road it is able to cater for heavy vehicle combinations up to in length which generally carry grain and livestock.
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Four of the forts (Luton, Horsted, Bridgewoods and Borstal) were linked by an gauge railway, hauled by convicts, to move building materials between the sites. Building materials were brought by barge up the River Medway to a quay at Borstal; they were landed, then hauled by a steam-powered ropeway up the steep scarp slope of the North Downs to Fort Borstal, where they were offloaded onto the railway. The prisoners were accompanied on their labours by armed warders on horseback. The railway remained in use until about 1905.
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Only a single habitation, Llwyn, adjoins it but others lie off the main road at regular intervals to west and east. The Welsh dedication of the church and the form of the oval churchyard suggests that it is of early medieval origin. St Cadfarch was reputedly a 6th-century saint and a disciple of St Illtyd. The churchyard adopts an irregular form but has been extended at its west end where the original curvilinear course can still be detected as a scarp bank amidst the tightly packed graves.
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Lincolnshire County Council's State of the Environment Report (1994) found that roughly three-quarters of Lincolnshire is low-lying, with much of it near sea-level; Quarrington lies between approximately 15 and 25 meters above sea level, close to Lincoln Cliff, a limestone scarp running north–south through Lindsey and Kesteven.Elsdon 1997, p. 7 The bedrock under most of Quarrington is Cornbrash limestone belonging to the Great Oolite Group of Jurassic rocks formed 168−165 million years ago. The soil belongs to the Quarrington series, a type of brown, calcareous sand.
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A few faults cut intercrater areas and trend generally northwest or northeast (Scott and others, 1976). Ridges are broader than many lunar mare ridges and are confined largely to the cratered plains materials. Antoniadi Dorsum, which is a well- developed broad ridge north of the Kuiper quadrangle, is less well developed at its south end and appears in this quadrangle as an irregular scarp. A number of linear depressions superficially resemble grabens but are chains of overlapping secondary craters, for example, Goldstone Vallis (15° S., 32°) and Haystack Vallis (5° N., 46°).
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Champion Lakes Champion Lakes viewed from the Darling Scarp, above Kelmscott Champion Lakes Regatta Centre (generally referred to as Champion Lakes) is a man-made aquatic sporting facility south of Perth, Western Australia in the suburb of Champion Lakes. It cost approximately over 30 million dollars to build. It is an international standard facility for rowing, kayaking and dragon boat racingChampion Lakes Regatta Centre brochure and includes a 2,000 metre buoyed course for competition.Armadale Redevelopment Authority City of Armadale Newsletter June 2007 The facility is owned by VenuesWest is situated adjacent to Tonkin Highway.
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Along the coast of Rowes Bay, high waves steepened an existing erosion cliff by as much as , although much of the removed sand was simply deposited closer to the water. Despite of sand being displaced from the base of the scarp, the changes to the beach were considered to be within acceptable parameters of the ongoing beach nourishment project. Tessi also had a serious impact on seagrass meadows, such as those in Cockle Bay. Just offshore, Magnetic Island endured 10-minute sustained winds of in what was described as its worst storm in 30 years.
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Orrong Road is a major arterial road servicing the metropolitan area of Perth, Western Australia as well as the south-eastern continuation of the Graham Farmer Freeway. It is a dual carriageway for its entire length, with multiple sets of traffic lights. In addition to servicing the southeastern suburbs of Perth, the road provides a vital connection from the Perth CBD to Perth Airport, the Kewdale Freight Terminal and the Darling Scarp. It is designated H27 (Rivervale–Wattle Grove Link) in Main Roads' internal designation along with Welshpool Road East west of Tonkin Highway.
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Uranus Glacier () is a glacier on the east coast of Alexander Island, Antarctica, long and wide at its mouth, flowing east into George VI Sound immediately south of Fossil Bluff. Along the south face of the glacier is an east–west escarpment called Kuiper Scarp. The glacier was probably first seen by Lincoln Ellsworth, who flew directly over it and photographed segments of this coast on November 23, 1935. The portion near the mouth of the glacier was first roughly surveyed in 1936 by the British Graham Land Expedition.
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View of Bennett Island with its ice cap Bennett Island in NASA Landsat image Bennett Island has the largest permanent ice cover within the De Long Islands. In 1987, the permanent ice cap of this island consisted of four separate glaciers that had a total area of . All of these glaciers were perched on high, basaltic plateaus bounded by steep scarp-like slopes.Verkulich, S.R., A.G. Krusanov, and M.A. Anisimov, 1992, The present state of, and trends displayed by, the glaciers of Bennett Island in the past 40 years.
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Black Butte marks the edge of the Sisters fault zone, which includes about 50 known faults that extend southeast through the cities of Sisters and Bend. In total, the Sisters fault zone runs for in length, with its width varying between . Black Butte itself sits on a small fault that straddles the graben, and its lava deposits have been displaced slightly by a fault on the northwestern side of the volcano. To the north lies the Green Ridge fault scarp, which trends to north and rises about above the Metolius Valley.
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Looking south from centre of wetlands Looking south from centre of wetlands The Brixton Street Wetlands is an environmentally significant wetland area in the city of Perth, Western Australia. The wetlands are located in the suburb of Kenwick, in the south-east of the city not far from the foot of the Darling Scarp. The Brixton Street Wetlands occupies adjoining urban residential developments, schools and remnant semi-rural properties in an area which is rapidly urbanising. Roe Highway, a major transport artery, runs along one boundary of the wetlands, together with a parallel railway line.
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Lester Charles King (1907–1989) was an English geologist and geomorphologist known for his theories on scarp retreat. He offered a very different view of the origin of continental landscaping than that of William Morris Davis. Studying at university in New Zealand King was a disciple of Charles Cotton who was heavily influenced by Davis. While King's ideas were an attempt at refuting Davis' cycle of erosion they were themselves of cyclical nature and contributed to what Cliff Ollier has called "Davis bashing" — the ridicule of cyclical theories in geomorphology, in particular Davis' ones.
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It is unknown when exactly the name Venice of Cieszyn entered everyday language. The term is based on a comparison of the street in Cieszyn located near an artificial watercourse with its several bridges over the canal to numerous canals of Italian Venice. There is no official document which would refer to the matter but it is assumed that this term emerged in the second half of the 20th century. The term Przykopa or Młynówka refers to the artificial watercourse at the foot of the scarp on which Cieszyn was founded.
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The impressive Abri of Laugerie-Basse, named after the village, is located on the right side of the Vézère valley, about 2 kilometers upstream from Les Eyzies. It was formed at the bottom of a 45 meters high and 500 meters long scarp slope of flat-lying limestones from the Coniacian. The 15-meter-deep Abri is located 15 meters above river level. Taking advantage of the natural conditions, the houses of Laugerie-Basse were built directly into the rocks so that building a back wall and the back half of the roof was dispensable.
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The opening of the Perth to Bunbury railway in 1893 further expanded the area. Almost immediately after farming commenced, settlers realised that the soils surrounding the lower reaches of the river suffered badly from annual flooding caused by a very low fall between the base of the scarp and the estuary, a distance of about 40 km. The problem was exacerbated by extensive clearing of trees in the foothills which would have otherwise helped in removing the excess water. Settlers described a giant wetland with travel impossible for several months each year.
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He covered over on horseback but mostly on foot through the Sierra Madre Oriental mountains recording his observations. His report included the first surface rupture map of an earthquake in North America and photographs of the rupture scarp by C.S. Fly. The United States Geological Service praised his "remarkable and creditable" report, describing it as "systematic, conscientious, and thorough." The earthquake was at the time the “longest recorded normal-fault surface rupture in historic time.” His report was later described as an “outstanding study” and a “pioneering achievement”.
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Beginning at the historical and now bypassed Great Eastern Highway in South Guildford, the road passes through a light industrial area, and meets the Great Eastern Highway Bypass, which provides access to Perth City and Midland. It then passes by Perth Airport and Guildford Cemetery, before passing through the foothills suburbs of High Wycombe and Maida Vale. After meeting Roe Highway, it is allocated State Route 41, and is dual carriageway for this section between the highway and Hawtin Road. It then reverts to single carriageway and ascends the Darling Scarp.
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Later, the seamen from the squadron, under Smith's command, maneuvered 24-pounder guns from Surveillante up the steep scarp of Saint Clara Island to assemble their own battery facing San Sebastian, which allowed them to silence the guns there. Smith was slightly wounded while being in charge of the seamen on shore engaged in taking the French battery on Saint Clara Island and in the subsequent operations. In 1847 the Admiralty authorized the issuance of the Naval General service Medal with clasp "St. Sebastian" to surviving participants in the campaign.
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As later parts of the collapse overrode the earlier segments, they formed a northeast-trending scarp in the deposit, across which there is a striking difference in the surface morphology of the collapse. The landslide deposit has been stratigraphically subdivided into two units, the Monturaqui unit and the El Cenizal unit. The first unit forms most of the surface and consists itself of several subunits, one of which includes basement rocks that were integrated into the collapse as it occurred. Likewise, the El Cenizal unit included basement rocks as well, such as playa deposits.
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The name Plackweghöhe does not just cover the hill itself, but a ridge along the old trading route of the Plackweg. It is mentioned in 1969 on the Arnsberg Sheet, after the same author, in 1963, had not used it in the Arolsen Sheet. The term does not relate explicitly to the highest point, but to the entire, roughly 20-km-long ridgeline of the North Sauerland scarp on the Ruhr-Möhne watershed between the hills of Großer Berg (476.0 m) in the west and the Großen Storchschnabel (ca. 516.7 m) in the east, along which ridgeline the Plackweg runs.
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San Felipe Lake lies just south of the Santa Clara County line in San Benito County, just south of Highway 152 east of Gilroy at the foot of the Diablo Range. The lake is a sag pond dammed by the fault scarp of the Calaveras Fault, which forms a natural dike along the western shoreline. It is perennial in all but the driest years, e.g. 1977. San Felipe Lake used to be 50% larger until the man-made North and South Outflow canals, which drain to the Miller Canal, were cut through the western rim in 1874.
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The fortifications of the town of Rhodes are shaped like a defensive crescent around the medieval town and consist mostly in a modern fortification composed of a huge wall made of an embankment encased in stone, equipped with scarp, bastions, moat, counterscarp and glacis. The portion of fortifications facing the harbour is instead composed of a crenellated wall. On the moles towers and defensive forts are found. They were built by the Knights Hospitaller of Saint John by enhancing the existing Byzantine walls starting from 1309, the year in which they took possession of the island after a three-year struggle.
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Attitti and surrounding lakes The Attitti Lake region, which includes McArthur Lake, is typical of the flat-surfaced part of the Canadian Shield, with low hills that rarely rise as much as above the lakes. The terrain consists of roughly parallel sinuous ridges of outcrop separated by muskeg, drift and lakes. Geologically the area is in the Precambrian Kisseynew complex, underlain by an assemblage of metamorphosed sedimentary rocks that has been intricately folded, with intrusions of sill-like granitic bodies. In its northern section the McArthur Lake fault zone is parallel to the east shore of McArthur Lake, forming a steep scarp high.
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Importantly, the geological and geomorphological history of the slope including, for example, the prominent strike-slip movement of about 2.5 cm per year, has ultimately lead to failures all along the scarp, including the one that buried Guinsaugon. Richard Guthrie, of University of Waterloo, Canada, stated: "We have had very large rains and we have had very large earthquakes in the past; The rocks have been stretched and strained. As time moves on, the rock begins to age and die and finally it collapses. The important thing is that we’re able to know the preconditioning of the slopes." www.gmanews.
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Subsurface drainage of groundwater can also be accomplished by pumped wells (vertical drainage, in contrast to horizontal drainage). Drainage wells have been used extensively in the Salinity Control and Reclamation Program (SCARP) in the Indus valley of Pakistan. Although the experiences were not overly successful, the feasibility of this technique in areas with deep and permeable aquifers is not to be discarded. The well spacings in these areas can be so wide (more than 1000m) that the installation of vertical drainage systems could be relatively cheap compared to horizontal subsurface drainage (drainage by pipes, ditches, trenches, at a spacing of 100m or less).
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An early morning view of the Illawarra escarpment west of Albion Park (20 km south of Wollongong) The escarpment or scarp was created between 225 and 280 million years ago and since eroded by creeks to its present height around 30 million years ago. Most of it is sandstone, with many Hawkesbury sandstone boulders and ledges visible in addition to the actual cliffs. Its maximum heights are reached in the south, west of Albion Park at Knights Hill, , and Mount Murray, . This forms the eastern edge of the Southern Highlands plateau, uplifted along with the Blue Mountains around 70 million years ago.
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The area is mostly covered by a Pliocene blanket of pyroclastic rocks and calc-alkaline lavas, Quaternary lahar deposits and fluvio-glacial deposits. The Buesaco-Aranda Fault has a very well-defined fault trace, with strongly deformed landforms of Pleistocene- Holocene age, clear breaks in slope along eroded fault scarps, and fault scarps facing both to the southeast or the northwest, which is a characteristic of strike-slip faults. Systematic right lateral deflections of some stream gullies, river channels, and ridges are visible. Offset features in confined alluvial deposits and in recent alluvial fans have fresh scarp morphology.
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Gillem Bluff, a fault scarp, was created as the region stretched and a block of earth dropped down along this fault (see Basin and Range Province). The tuff layer on top of Gillem Bluff is 2,000,000 years old, indicating the rock layers beneath are even older. The oldest lava flow from the Medicine Lake Volcano within the monument is the Basalt of Hovey Point, near Captain Jack's Stronghold, which is 450,000 years old. Petroglyph Point was created about 275,000 years ago when cinders erupted through the shallow water of Tule Lake; violent explosions of ash and steam formed layers upon layers of tuff.
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The Capel River is a river in the South West region of Western Australia that rises in the Darling Range east of Mullalyup, and flows into the Indian Ocean at Peppermint Grove Beach. The Capel River is the largest in the Geographe catchment. It rises at the edge of the Darling Scarp and flows in a north- westerly direction across the northern part of the Blackwood plateau to the confluence of the Capel River North and Capel River South, near Goodwood. The original inhabitants of the Capel basin were the Noongar Aboriginals of the Wardandi dialect group.
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High Wycombe () is a suburb of Perth, Western Australia, within the City of Kalamunda. High Wycombe lies east of the Perth CBD at the base of the Darling Scarp (commonly referred to as the foothills). Formerly part of Maida Vale, the suburb was officially declared on 2 June 1978; its name, which was first used in 1958 by a subdivider, Western Agencies, and refers to the town in Buckinghamshire where one of the partners in the firm was born. High Wycombe is directly east of Perth Airport, west of Maida Vale, north of Forrestfield, and south of the industrial suburb of Hazelmere.
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Ballard Cliff from the South West Coast Path to the west Ballard Cliff is part of the Jurassic Coast near Swanage in the Isle of Purbeck in Dorset, England. The steeply dipping Cretaceous chalk that marks the northern end of Swanage Bay takes over from the Wealden beds at this location. A series of landslides during the late 1990s and early 2000s created a prominent white 'zig-zag' in the scarp. A rotational slip in the Chalk, Upper Greensand and Gault has developed, exposing a section of the soft, blue-grey Gault clay at the base of the cliff.
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The fells rise steeply above the Eden Valley, the scarp slope being deeply dissected by streams. Natural England states that "the great importance of the area lies in its rich variety of habitats and associated plant and animal species" and that "geologically there are important exposures of the Great Whin Sill quartz dolerite". According to data from Natural EnglandNatural England data download, accessed 10 Dec 2011 the condition of 93% of the SSSI is designated "Unfavourable Recovering" and less than 5% is "Favourable". There is blanket bog above about , a mire dominated by hares-tail cotton grass and heather.
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In 1968, Seuling — who as a sideline was president of the newly founded but short-lived Society for Comic Art Research and Preservation, Inc. (SCARP) — staged the First International Convention of Comic Art under that organization's auspices, holding it at New York City's Statler Hilton Hotel. (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription) He held another comics convention at that hotel the following year, (Abstract; full article requires fee or subscription) launching the New York Comic Art Convention series. On March 11, 1973, Seuling was arrested at the Second Sunday monthly comic book show for allegedly "selling indecent material to a minor".
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The P class locomotives proved to be an excellent design, being free steaming and easy to operate. They quickly reduced the need for bank engines which were normally need to provide extra power up the steep gradients across the Darling Scarp. In addition to saving time and resources, this freed up additional badly needed locomotives. Better economy also allowed for higher running distances without stops for resupply and higher speeds made for more efficient running of the expresses on which the P class served, primarily on the Great Southern and Eastern Goldfields railways to Albany and Kalgoorlie respectively.
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The Oder, view towards Grobla Island Brzeg, as the regional capital of Brzeg County (Powiat Brzeski), is located in the west of the Opole Voivodeship, in the south-east of Poland. The settlement is located in the valley of the Oder, located between Opole 38.5 km to its east and Wrocław, to its north-west. The town has a predominantly flat relief (in comparison to the river scarp on the eastern bank of the river). The River Oder, at low water levels (predominantly between June and early September) forms eyots north of Jerzynowa, Kępa and Srebrna Islands.
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These include sandstone and limestone, which have been quarried near Aisholt. At Great Holwell, south of Aisholt, there is a limestone cave, which is the only one in the Devonian limestone of North Devon and West Somerset. The lower fringes around the hills are composed of younger rocks of the Triassic period, these are known as New Red Sandstone rocks which represent the deposits of large river systems that crossed a desert plain, and often contain irregular masses or veins of gypsum, which was worked on the foreshore at Watchet. The scarp is to the west with a dip slope to the east.
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Volcanoes in the Central Volcanic Zone include Sabancaya, El Misti and Ubinas in Peru and Tacora, Isluga, Irruputuncu, Ollague, San Pedro, Putana, Alitar, Lascar and Lastarria in Chile, Bolivia and Argentina; there are about 34 volcanoes in the Chilean portion of the Central Volcanic Zone alone. Of these Lascar is considered to be the most active, with a large eruption in 1993. Aside from volcanoes, the Central Volcanic Zone also features geothermal fields such as El Tatio. The volcano is a high cone with a summit caldera that opens northwest and a wide crater below the summit within the caldera scarp.
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Situated on the east of the Sagaing fault and the west of Shan plateau, the Mogok Metamorphic Belt (MMB) lies at the foothill of Shan Scarp. It runs in a near north-south direction and extends over 1500 km with an average width of 24–40 km. The meta-sedimentary and meta- intrusive belt is composed of marbles, schists, gneisses of upper amphibolite, with locally granulite facies intruded by a deformed granodiorite pluton and pegmatites. The belt also shows evidence for ductile stretching along the north-northwest-south-southeast direction, e.g. lineation, sheath folds and “pencil-like” mullions.
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Cape Reichelderfer is a rounded, mainly ice-covered headland 4 nautical miles (7 km) east of DeBusk Scarp, lying at the west side of Stefansson Strait on the east coast of Palmer Land. This cape was seen by Sir Hubert Wilkins who explored this coast on his aerial flight of December 20, 1928. It was charted in 1940 by the United States Antarctic Service (USAS) and erroneously called Cape Rymill at that time. Resighted in 1947 by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition (RARE) under Ronne who named it for Francis W. Reichelderfer, Chief of the U.S. Weather Bureau.
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It is believed to have been built, around 250 BC, by the Dobuni who were one of the Celtic tribes living in the British Isles prior to the Roman invasion of Britain. The name Maes Knoll is derived from the Brythonic word maes meaning flat top, derived from Latin mensa meaning table., and Old English knoll or knowle meaning hill. The existing scarp slopes were steepened and, on the north-western edge of the fort is an earthen mound, known as Maes Knoll Tump, about above the rests of the fort defences, which is across and above a defensive ditch.
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Shoreline indicators may be morphological features such as the berm crest, scarp edge, vegetation line, dune toe, dune crest and cliff or the bluff crest and toe. Alternatively, non-morphological features may be used such as water level (high water line (HWL), mean high water line) wet/dry boundary and the physical water line. Figure 1 provides a sketch of the spatial relationships between commonly used shoreline indicators. The HWL (H in Figure 1) is the most commonly used shoreline indicator because it is visible in the field, and can be interpreted on both colour and grey scale aerial photographs.
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Among the pioneers of ski touring is John "Snowshoe" Thompson, perhaps the earliest modern ski mountaineer and a prolific traveler who used skis to deliver the mail at least twice a month over the steep eastern scarp of the Sierra Nevada to remote California mining camps and settlements. His deliveries began in 1855 and continued for at least 20 years. Thompson's route of took three days in and 48 hours back out with a pack that eventually exceeded of mail. Cecil Slingsby, one of the earliest European practitioners, crossed the Keiser Pass in Norway on skis in 1880.
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The scarp at Fixin, near Dijon coomb of Lavaux The Côte d'Or near Meursault The Côte d'Or is a limestone escarpment in Burgundy, France of the same name of the department which was formed around it. It stretches from Dijon in the north to the river Dheune to the south, overlooking the valley of the Saône to the east. The east-facing slope of the Côte d'Or is home to some of the greatest names of Burgundy wine, such as Gevrey-Chambertin, Clos de Vougeot, Meursault and Montrachet. The northern half, the Côte de Nuits, produces red wine almost exclusively.
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Corscombe is a village and civil parish in the English county of Dorset, in the Dorset Council administrative area. The parish includes the small settlements of Benville and Toller Whelme to the south and in the 2011 census had a population of 445. Corscombe village is sited "into hollows and along sunken lanes"Gant, R., Dorset Villages, Hale, 1980, p105 on the northern scarp slope of the Dorset Downs, approximately south-south-west from the town of Yeovil in Somerset. Evidence of early human occupation within the parish includes lynchets and, south of the village, three standing stones.
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Close-up of USGS map showing the location of Abalos Colles in Planum Boreum in the vicinity of Rupes Tenuis, showing also Abalos Mensa, Abalos Scopuli, and Tenuis Mensa Abalos Colles (Latin for "Abalos Hills") is a stratified fragment of the Rupes Tenuis basal unit of Planum Boreum, located south of the Rupes Tenuis scarp and west of the Escorial crater. It contains 16 mounds. Abalos Colles is one of the named features in the vicinity of Planum Boreum, the Martian North pole. It is named after one of the classical albedo features on Mars located at latitude 72°N, longitude 70°W.
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The White River and multiple tributaries cut across the reservation The topography is generally rolling mixed grass prairie, interspersed in various location, especially to the north, into typical badlands topography. The higher elevations of the prairie are covered by wind blown sands that form dunes, blowouts, and thin sheets. The southern part of the reservation is crossed by Pine Ridge, which is probably a fault scarp, and which supports the growth of scattered pine and cedar trees. Well-developed sandhills are the dominant features along the southern boundary of the reservation, which extend into the sandhills region of Nebraska.
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Batsford Arboretum is a arboretum and botanical garden near Batsford in Gloucestershire, England, about 1½ miles north-west of Moreton-in-Marsh. It is owned and run by the Batsford Foundation, a registered charity, and is open to the public daily throughout most of the year. The arboretum sits on the Cotswold scarp and contains around 2,900 trees, with a large collection of Japanese maples, magnolias and pines. It maintains the national collection of Prunus (sato-sakura Group) — Japanese Flowering Cherry — under the NCCPG National Plant Collection scheme run by the National Council for the Conservation of Plants and Gardens.
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The Arafura Swamp is a large and irregular floodplain surrounded by a low plateau in height, with prominent scarps to the east and west. The eastern scarp contains the Arafura Jungles site. It is laced with drainage channels and billabongs and forms a major flood-control and sedimentation basin for the Goyder-Glyde river system, with the main inflow coming from the Goyder and Gulbuwangay Rivers in the south, and with discharge northwards through the Glyde River into the Arafura Sea. It has a monsoonal tropical savanna climate with a mean annual rainfall of over , falling mostly from December to April.
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The northern face of Waun Lefrith was home to a glacier during the ice ages which gouged out the cwm in which Llyn y Fan Fach now sits. This empties via the Afon Sawdde into the River Towy. The southern slopes drain via the Twrch Fechan, the Nant Menyn and Nant Lluestau into the Afon Twrch and so into the River Tawe.British Geological Survey 1:50,000 map sheet 213 'Brecon' & accompanying sheet explanation Large moraines occur to the east of the summit at the base of the scarp, and below the prominent peak of Picws Du as well as those damming the Lake.
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The Basin and Range Province includes much of western North America. In the United States, it is bordered on the west by the eastern fault scarp of the Sierra Nevada and spans over to its eastern border marked by the Wasatch Fault, the Colorado Plateau and the Rio Grande Rift. The Basin and Range Province extends north to the Columbia Plateau and south as far as the Trans- Mexican Volcanic Belt in Mexico, though the southern boundaries of the Basin and Range are debated. The Basin and Range province has a characteristic topography that is familiar to anyone who ventures across it.
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The class was preceded on the WAGR system by the M/Ms class Garratts. The class were used extensively on WAGR lines with light rails and sharp curves, as a consequence many of the smaller older branch lines on the Darling Scarp; as well as those with steep inclines such as those on the Mundaring Weir, Nannup, and Flinders Bay lines. In their later years, the boiler pressure was reduced to match that of the M/Ms class. By this stage they had been concentrated on the Bunbury to Boyup Brook and Pinjarra to Boddington lines.
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Much of Perth was built on the Perth Wetlands, a series of freshwater wetlands running from Herdsman Lake in the west through to Claisebrook Cove in the east. To the east, the city is bordered by a low escarpment called the Darling Scarp. Perth is on generally flat, rolling land, largely due to the high amount of sandy soils and deep bedrock. The Perth metropolitan area has two major river systems, one made up of the Swan and Canning Rivers, and one of the Serpentine and Murray Rivers, which discharge into the Peel Inlet at Mandurah.
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The tropical boubou occurs from about 10° northern latitude south to the Limpopo River in South Africa. In the western part of its range, it is found as a regular breeder from Côte d'Ivoire eastwards to about 5° N; it is not found further south along the Atlantic coast and in the inner Congo Basin, but occurs on the Scarp of Angola. It also does not seem to occur in northern Somalia, eastern Ethiopia and Kenya, and central Tanzania as well as the lower Ruvuma River basin. It is not a migratory bird and only moves around locally.
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On June 20, 1993, two years after Lemieux was abandoned, heavy rains caused a retrogressive earthflow which destroyed 17 hectares of farmland at the edge of the town site. The scarp retreated from the riverbank in less than an hour and left a crater some wide and deep. An estimated 2.8 to 3.5 million cubic metres of sand, silt and liquefied clay collapsed into the river, damming it for for several days. A portion of Prescott and Russell County Road 16, beyond the outskirts of the original town, was consumed by the landslide with the balance being farmland.
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Travel across the "Narrow Neck of Land" by Matthew Roper The breadth of "Bountiful", according to Olive, Coon and Hamilton, is approximately the thirty-three mile distance from Batavia, New York, westward to the coast of Lake Erie - along the line of the Onondaga scarp which fails the scriptural requirement that 1.5 day stretch of land be to the east of the narrow neck. The "narrow neck of land" according to Olive is a narrow moraine near Batavia.Olive, The Lost Empires and Vanished Races of Prehistoric America, pg. 97; Coon, Choice Above All Other Lands, pg.
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Location of the Cranborne Chase and West Wiltshire Downs AONB in the UK Ashmore pond Cranborne Chase () is a chalk plateau in central southern England, straddling the counties Dorset, Hampshire and Wiltshire. The plateau is part of the English Chalk Formation and is adjacent to Salisbury Plain and the West Wiltshire Downs in the north, and the Dorset Downs to the south west. The scarp slope of the hills faces the Blackmore Vale to the west, and to some extent the Vale of Wardour to the north. The chalk gently slopes south and dips under clays and gravels.
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The exposed chalk workings of the former Betchworth Quarry on the south-facing scarp slope of Box Hill. The chalk which comprises the majority of Box Hill (and the rest of the North Downs), has its origins in the late Cretaceous (approximately 100 – 66 million years ago). For the entirety of this period, south east England was covered by a warm, shallow sea in which coccolithophores, single-celled algae with small calcite skeletons, thrived. As the phytoplankton died, their calcium-rich shells were deposited on the sea bed and, over time, formed the chalk we know today.
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Oolitic limestone stone wall on Bredon Hill, separating grassland summit area from a wheat field Bredon Hill is one of the most important wildlife sites in England, providing a range of habitats including ancient woodland, calcareous grassland and scrub. A large section of the western and northern scarp was designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest (SSSI) in 1955.Natural England information on citation, map and unit details for Bredon Hill SSSI Since 2005, an overlapping area has also been designated as a Special Area of Conservation (SAC) under the European Commission Habitats Directive. Part of the SAC is a National Nature Reserve.
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The hills are formed from early Carboniferous sedimentary rocks overlying Devonian sandstones and intruded by sills and volcanic plugs during late Carboniferous and Permian times. The lower ground to the north and west is formed from late Devonian rocks of the Glenvale Sandstone Formation traditionally ascribed to the Old Red Sandstone. Overlying this and forming the lower slopes of the scarp are the early Carboniferous sandstones of the Knox Pulpit and the Kinnesswood formations. Next in succession are the Pathhead Formation rocks which include cycles of sandstones, siltstones, mudstones, ironstones and limestone, formerly referred to as the Calciferous Sandstone Measures.
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Two to four earthquakes occurred during the Holocene in the last 6,000 years, one of which occurred 1,100–1,300 years ago and the other 2,000–2,900 years ago. The dates have been obtained through radiocarbon dating on soil in trenches dug in the fault scarp and of offset alluvium deposits. Additional faulting appears to have occurred over 12,000 years ago, but evidence thereof was partly eroded away during a time of a wetter climate and prior to the Holocene the fault might have been inactive for 100,000–130,000 years. The slip rate has been estimated to be , which is typical for intraplate faults.
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Hilfield is a small, scattered village and civil parish in west Dorset, England, situated under the scarp face of the Dorset Downs south of Sherborne. Dorset County Council's 2013 estimate of the parish population is 50. Hilfield parish church, dedicated to St Nicholas, has late 13th- or early 14th-century origins, though the present building dates from the 15th century and was substantially altered in 1848. It has wooden parquet flooring, notable carved bench ends—possibly moved from Cerne Abbey and thought to be Flemish but of unknown age—and the pulpit and seating have 16th-century panelling.
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Hector McLarty moved his family to the timber town of Canning Mills in the Darling Scarp. There he worked for the Western Australian Government Railways on the Eastern Railway, while his wife was the Postmistress for the town during the early 1890s. McLarty then took up a position as a detective with the Western Australian Customs on 1 July 1895. As part of the Federation of Australia the WA Customs service was amalgamated with similar services in the other States to form the Australian Customs Service, Hector remained with the ACS until he retired on 30 June 1911.
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The sharpness of the single rim-scarp of Mozart reflects the youth (younger than the smooth plains) of this large impact. The position of Mozart at the west terminator of the Mariner 10 image data precludes visibility of its floor and thus hides any evidence of a possible central uplift or inner structural ring. Lobate scarps or ridges, which are best seen within the smooth plains material and vary locally within the intercrater plains material, are generally steep on one side and gently dipping on the other. Some, like the lunar mare ridges, appear to mark the outlines of subjacent craters.
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Northwest of Lower Dowdeswell, there is Dowdeswell Woods. Immediately south of these woods is Dowdeswell Reservoir. Both Dowdeswell Reservoir and Dowdeswell Woods have been managed historically as nature reserves through the Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust (formerly named Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation).Kelham, A, Sanderson, J, Doe, J, Edgeley-Smith, M, et al, 1979, 1990, 2002 editions, 'Nature Reserves of the Gloucestershire Trust for Nature Conservation/Gloucestershire Wildlife Trust' On the opposite hillside to Dowdeswell Woods lies Lineover Wood which is a Site of Special Scientific Interest and is on the steep face of the Cotswold scarp.
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The western side of the Quantocks are steep scarp slopes of pasture, woods and parkland. Deep stream-cut combes to the north-east contain extensive oak-woods with small flower-rich bogs above them. The areas where there is limited drainage are dominated by heather (Calluna vulgaris), with significant populations of cross-leaved heath (Erica tetralix), purple moor-grass (Molinia caerulea), bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and wavy hair-grass (Deschampsia flexuosa). Drier areas are covered with bell heather (Erica cinerea), western gorse (Ulex gallii) and bristle bent (Agrostis curtisii), while bracken (Pteridium aquilinum) is common on well-drained deeper soils.
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The scarp is formed by resistant Jurassic age rocks, principally the Lincolnshire Limestone Formation, and is remarkable for its length and straightness. However it is modest in height, rising about 50 metres or less above the surrounding landscape. It runs for over 50 miles from the Leicestershire border near Grantham to the Humber Estuary, and is broken only twice by river gaps at Ancaster and Lincoln, through which the rivers Slea and Witham respectively flow. To the west of the Cliff north of Lincoln lies the River Trent, with the valley of the Witham to the west south of Lincoln.
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The pumping station at Hardham, just above the junction with the River Arun The river flows through the South Downs, an Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty and since 2011, a designated national park. There are two large aquifers in the area, one consisting of chalk, to the south of the river valley, and the other the Lower Greensand Group, underlying the whole of the river. The aquifers are separated by a Gault Formation, which consists of clay. At the western edge of the region, both the chalk and the gault turn to the north, creating a scarp slope.
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The iron railings of the access bridge to the fort are still in place although the access road has been widened to two lanes by filling in the ditch parallel to the bridge. The ditch was partially cleared in the late 1980s by Fareham Council with volunteer help from people of the adjoining housing estate (Fort Fareham Conservationists, now disbanded). The surrounding wooded scarp, covered way and glacis now forms an area of wildground which seems to be managed by Fareham Council. A series of paths with seats at intervals provides a continuous walkway around the outer perimeter of the ditch.
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Lying at the foot of the rock scarp that once bore the Antonia Fortress, the pool is located at the northwestern corner of Jerusalem's Temple Mount. Measuring 52 by 14 metres, the pool is oriented from northwest to southeast, with its depth increasing from 4.5 metres in the north to 6 metres in the south. The pool's long eastern and western walls are not horizontal but also drop steadily to the south. Once open-aired, the pool was accessible along both long walls by a series of rock-cut steps covered by waterproof mortar composed of chalk and ashes.
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The Edgar Dam is an earthfill embankment saddle dam without a spillway, located offstream in the South West region of Tasmania, Australia. The impounded reservoir, also formed with the Scotts Peak Dam and the Serpentine Dam, is called Lake Pedder which flooded Lake Edgar, a naturally forming fault scarp pond. The dam was constructed in 1973 by the Hydro Electric Corporation (TAS) as part of the Gordon River Power Development Scheme for the purpose of generating hydro-electric power via the Gordon Power Station. Water from Lake Pedder is diverted to Lake Gordon (formed by the Gordon Dam) via the McPartlan Pass Canal.
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Green Lake is a lake in Hunter Mountains in the Southland Region of New Zealand located to the north of Lake Monowai. The lake has no surface outlets but probably feeds several streams draining to lake Monowai via springs.New Zealand 1:50000 Topographic Map Series sheet CE07 – Lake Monowai The lake is a basin in the debris of the Green Lake Landslide, which is the largest known above-sea-level landslide on earth. Steep escarpments on the north and east sides of the lake form the head scarp of the landslide, which has an estimated volume of .
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The ridges associated with the intermediate plains unit are best interpreted as tectonic in origin because they extend into adjacent exposures of intercrater plains material and, more significantly, because they transect ejecta, rims, and floors of craters. The ridges range in length from about 50 km to many hundreds of kilometers, are sinuous to lobate in plan, and generally trend about north-south. Most are asymmetric, with one slope steeper than the other, and at places they can be more logically referred to as rounded scarps. Commonly, an individual ridge changes along trend from symmetric ridge to asymmetric ridge to rounded scarp.
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It is viewed as being a rival suburb to the neighbouring suburb of Kalamunda directly to the north. The main access to the suburb from the Swan Coastal Plain is via Welshpool Road East, that snakes its way up the side of the Darling Scarp from the suburb of Wattle Grove. Lesmurdie can also be accessed from Kalamunda, Walliston, Carmel and Bickley, primarily through Canning Road. The main road is Lesmurdie Road, which starts from the south as a T-junction with Welshpool Road and finishes at a roundabout intersection with Canning Road and Lesmurdie Road East.
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A ditch and earth bank at Old Sarum, near Salisbury in England, dating from the Iron Age. Ditch of Valletta, which was built between 1566 and the 1570s. A ditch in military engineering is an obstacle, designed to slow down or break up an attacking force, while a trench is intended to provide cover to the defenders. In military fortifications the side of a ditch (or gorge) farthest from the enemy and closest to the next line of defence is known as the scarp while the side of a ditch closest to the enemy is known as the counterscarp.
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Its economy has been transformed to render agriculture a minor but physically evident employer across most of the area: this area of the Cotswolds has been almost wholly been turned over from forest to agriculture, landscape parks and private or semi-private gardens. The working population divides almost equally into short-distance commuters and working-from-home groups, together accounting for approximately 88% of the working-age population in 2001. A significant minority work in the district's leisure, food and hospitality sector. The Cotswold Water Park lies to the south and the Cotswold scarp is away to the north and west.
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Geologically the hill forms a detached part of a longer north and west-facing sandstone scarp which runs roughly northeast through Monmouthshire from Llandevaud to the Wye valley south of Monmouth. Gray Hill is formed from various sandstones of the Old Red Sandstone (or 'ORS') which were laid down during the Devonian period. The northern and western slopes and the lower southern slopes are formed by the lower ORS Brownstones Formation. Unconformably overlying these rocks are the upper ORS Quartz Conglomerates which are pebbly in nature, themselves overlain by the sandstones of the Tintern Sandstone Group.
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It was formed partly by the weathering of resistant sandstone lying on top of a softer sandstone, and partly by faulting of the rocks. The scarp or slope is repeated eight times by faults of up to 200 metres, which has thrown down blocks of sandstone west to Alderley and east to the village of Kirkleyditch. The northern side of the Edge is shaped like a horse shoe or hough (pronounced huff), as this type of ridge is called in Cheshire. The Edge also marks the line of a hamlet of scattered houses called The Hough, which descend towards Alderley village.
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The river has a total catchment area of stretching from Kukerin in the east to Hardy Inlet in the west, and from Darkan in the north to Augusta in the south. Several major towns are found within the catchment including Katanning, Narrogin, Bridgetown and Nannup. The upper or larger catchment area of the river is in agricultural areas, while the middle catchment area passes through forest areas, and the lower portion of the river passes into mixed forest, agricultural and residential lands. The middle catchment passes through what is known as the Blackwood Plateau between the Whicher Scarp and the Scott Coastal Plain.
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Newman 1998, p.13. (Quoting Hitchens' & Drew's History of Cornwall 1824.) From there they would start working up the valley, using the stream of water to wash over the debris they had loosened from the bed with picks. This method of working leaves characteristic evidence in the valleys - a series of ridges of the larger gangue material, sometimes roughly perpendicular to, sometimes coaxial with the line of the valley, sometimes apparently haphazard, all bounded by a scarp which marked the edge of the worked ground and whose height relates to the depth of the deposits.Newman 1998, p.13-16.
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The line of the road on the North Downs scarp slope On Blythe Hill the road turns 9 degrees to the south, and crosses the River Pool, then turns another 6 degrees southward onto the next main alignment. Here the intact road was found to be made of gravel on pebbles and flints under a golf course. It then crosses the railway about east of Beckenham railway station. Going through Beckenham it passes close to Langley House then east of West Wickham village centre, crosses Corkscrew Hill, and goes down to the Addington to Hayes road, where there was once a small settlement.
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Two German rocket scientists are unable to obtain funding for their experiments from the German Government, They travel to the Island of Scarp, an island in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland. Their experiments initially end in disastrous failure. Over time one of the scientists, Heinz Dombrowsky is fed up with the primitive living conditions and returns to Germany where rocketry has obtained the interest of the Third Reich. Things look up for the remaining scientist Gerhard Zucker when he falls in love with a local lass and a local handyman improves his rockets to successfully keep them exploding.
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The region covers and entirely surrounds the northwest- southeast oriented line of the Quantock Hills which form National Character Area 144. The Vale of Taunton runs from the foot of the steep northern scarp of the Blackdown Hills to the coast of the Bristol Channel. In the west it extends between the Quantock Hills and the Brendon Hills on the eastern edge of Exmoor and, to the east, between the Quantock Hills and the Somerset Levels and Moors. Much of the region is verdant and pastoral, transitioning to steep, moorland-topped hills in the west and open clay levels in the east.
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Narwar Fort is situated atop a hill about 500 feet above ground level spread over an area of 8 km², which stands on a steep scarp of the Vindhya Range It is now in a dilapidated condition, but the remains suggest that, in the flourishing days, it might have been only second to the Gwalior Fort in magnificence. The interior of the fort is divided by cross walls into four 'ahata' and 'dholaahata'. The architecture of the fort and palaces is basically Rajput in style with flat ceiling, fluted columns and multifold arches. The inner walls of the palaces have been decorated with bright paint and glass beads.
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A normal fault which cuts right through the town in a roughly NNE to SSW direction passes directly through the north-western side of the lake, the cliff at the lake is the scarp slope of this fault. Elsewhere in the town the fault was later buried by subsequent underwater landslides. An underground stream that was cut by this fault created a solution sinkhole and a small cave following the disappearance of the overlying sea during the Messinian Salinity Crisis. After only a few hundred thousand years the small cave, dissolved out of the unstable and structurally weak breccia, collapsed creating a deep hole.
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The refurbished Civic Hotel won the Royal Australia Institute of Architects 2000 NSW Chapter Commendation Award for Conservation and Adaptive Re-Use. Recent work The Scarp house, completed in 2007, has gained recognition through the Historic Houses Trust of New South Wales 2008 Sydney Open Focus Tours and was featured in Monument Magazine and the 2010 book 21st Century Houses Down Under. The house is recognised for its inventive structure and its sensitivity to the surrounding environment. Located on a steep incline in the Castlecrag foreshore, it unfolds around a large rock escarpment, embracing part of the rock as a feature to the house.
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Stinchcombe Hill lies west of Dursley and forms part of the Jurassic limestone scarp of the Cotswolds. The site represents the semi- natural calcareous grasslands supporting particular flora and fauna, and particularly a number of rare and uncommon species. The Hill has a large golf course on the top, and has a public right of way round its edge which is part of the Cotswold Way. (The exact line of the right of way and its interaction with the golf greens has been the subject of some controversy over the years.) The rights of way were redefined by a public enquiry in 2012 and are signposted.
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Ditch and rampart of Clearbury Ring Clearbury Ring is a univallate Iron Age hillfort which is partly in the parish of Downton in the county of Wiltshire in southwest England, approximately due south of Salisbury city centre. The site, which is a Scheduled Ancient Monument, straddles the boundary with Odstock parish, and a slight scarp runs across the interior of the fort, marking the parish boundary. The fort occupies a prominent hilltop overlooking the valley of the River Avon, at an altitude of above mean sea level. The hillfort is immediately adjacent to the Clearbury Down Site of Special Scientific Interest, but is not included within it.
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At the highest point of this wide expanse the nearby north scarp of the Downs has a 100-foot cross carved into the chalk, possibly by monks from St Pancras' Priory in Lewes. The cross is no longer white as the chalk has long been overgrown, but to the knowledgeable eye it is still visible due to its lighter-coloured grass. It can also be seen from a distance of several miles when the sun is low and the depression is in shadow. Although now no longer in place, within living memory a sandstone block at the centre of the cross bore the inscription 'Battle of Lewes 1264'.
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The fort measures (NS by EW), enclosing an area of . There is a counter-scarp bank that averages wide and varies in height from at the southwest to between at the northeast; at the southwest this bank is high enough to give the impression of a bivallate fort. There are four gaps in the ramparts, one in each of the cardinal directions, but it is not known if these were original entrances to the fort. The east and west gaps are suspected of being the original entrances while the narrower gaps on the north and south sides are thought to be modern field entrances.
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Most cliffs of chalk have very few obvious bedding planes unlike most thick sequences of limestone such as the Carboniferous Limestone or the Jurassic oolitic limestones. This may indicate very stable conditions over tens of millions of years. "Nitzana Chalk curves" situated at Western Negev, Israel are chalk deposits formed in the Mesozoic era's Tethys Ocean Chalk has greater resistance to weathering and slumping than the clays with which it is usually associated, thus forming tall, steep cliffs where chalk ridges meet the sea. Chalk hills, known as chalk downland, usually form where bands of chalk reach the surface at an angle, so forming a scarp slope.
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There is one larger lake on the island, Qalorujoornep Tasia, located in a post-glacial cirque in the heart of the island directly west of the western wall of Qalorujoorneq. Its northern shore is situated just shy of the shallow saddle in the northwestern ridge of the mountain, directly above the airport. During the brief summer a stream flows to the west, to then turn north through the depression in the center of the island, to join the second-largest lake on the island, serving as a water reservoir for the settlement. The reservoir empties into a smaller pond on the edge of the village just south of the coastal scarp.
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On the mountain's east and south, the slopes rise steeply from the pass to the granite cliffs, their main scarp face high and a mile wide, that bracket the summit and the northeast ridge. The north side has a gentler, but deeper, drop into the valley of McGuire Brook, which drains into Butternut Pond to the north and then, via that body's outlet into Augur Lake, to the AuSable River. On the south, a steeper drainage goes to Cold Brook, which flows into the North Branch of the Boquet River. Both streams themselves drain into Lake Champlain, whose Willsboro Bay is east of Poke-O-Moonshine's summit.
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These scarp faces are characterised by thin soil (regolith) cover modified heavily by anthropogenic activity. The highlands of the region experience an annual average rainfall as high as 500 cm from the South-West, North-East and Pre-Monsoon showers. A review of ancient documents, investigation reports and news paper reports indicates a lesser rate of slope instability in the past; 29 major landslide events that occurred in the recent past was identified through the review.Kuriakose SL, Sankar G & Muraleedharan C, 2009a, History of landslide susceptibility and a chorology of landslide prone areas in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India, Environmental Geology, 57(7), 1153–1568 , Retrieved on 1 July 2008.
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Valley train surfaces to the east of Sikeston Ridge may have resulted from deposition by the Ohio River. Sikeston Ridge was also thought to have tectonic origins because of its orientation in the New Madrid Seismic Zone. Trenching, drilling, and satellite imaging along the western scarp of Sikeston ridge showed slight subsurface deformation of less than 0.25 m, which is negligible compared to the 3 to 5 m height of the ridge at the spots where data was collected. Sikeston Ridge has been determined to have been erosional in origin and has been associated with colluvial deposition and channel incision during the latest Wisconsin glacial period, during the Pleistocene.
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Past the Hite Fault System the OWL enters a region of geological complexity and confusion, where even the trace of the OWL is less clear, even to the point where it has been suggested that both the topographic feature and the Wallula fault are terminated by the Hite fault., p. 2-17. The original topographic lineament as described by Raisz is along the scarp on the northeast side of the Wallowa Mountains. However, there is a sense that the trend of the faulting in that area turns more to the south; it has been suggested the faulting associated with the OWL takes a large step south to the Vale Fault Zone, .
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According to John Blay The Thawa ranged from Mallacoota to Merimbula, and westwards as far as the borders of Narigo territory in Monaro. Norman Tindale in his 1974 catalogue of Australian Aboriginal boundaries describes the Thaua country and associated estates as follows: > From north of Merimbula south to Green Cape; west to the scarp of the > Dividing Range. Their hordes were divided into two groups, the ['Katungal] > 'sea coast people,' and the ['Baianbal] or ['Paienbara], the 'tomahawk > people,' those who lived in the forests; a third group, the Bemerigal or > mountain people at Cooma belonged to the Ngarigo with whom the inland Thaua > had some associations.
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Thus arises the chacarilla of Mercy. For 1812, Farms has 344 inhabitants, of whom about 150 live in the present Godoy Cruz. In 1855 he presents the budget of hand, scarp and trench. Two years later, the school tax Chacras Coria had 67 students in reading and 57 writing. In 1861, 20 March, was the great earthquake that destroyed the church and the schoolhouse Mercedarios. After 7 years, calls for the creation of a school for girls that could be enjoyed by more than 80 of them. On 30 January 1889, establishing a police station by decree of the province. In 1893, the Farms station is named "Paso de los Andes".
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Pilica is a village in the administrative district of Gmina Warka, within Grójec County, Masovian Voivodeship, in east-central Poland. It lies approximately north-east of Warka, east of Grójec, and south of Warsaw. The village has a population of 210 and lies on the higher, left bank of the Pilica River, about 9 km upstream from where it now joins the Vistula. In the Middle Ages, the settlement's location on the western scarp of the Vistula River valley marked the then confluence of the two rivers, resulting in the village sharing the name of the river; Official Tourist Website of Mazovia > The surroundings of Warka Accessed 30 July 2012.
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In Great Britain, greensand usually refers to specific rock strata of Early Cretaceous age. A distinction is made between the Upper Greensand and Lower Greensand. The term greensand was originally applied by William Smith to glauconitic sandstones in the west of England and subsequently used for the similar deposits of the Weald, before it was appreciated that the latter are actually two distinct formations separated by the Gault Clay. The Upper Greensand was also once known as either the "Malm" or "Malm Rock Of Western Sussex" Both Upper and Lower Greensand outcrops appear in the scarp slopes surrounding the London Basin and the Weald.
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A further possibility is to climb from Trawden, the nearest town to the summit, and it was originally intended that Boulsworth Hill would be a highlight of the Pennine Way, which instead passes to the east of the hill. Following the CRoW Act, Boulsworth Hill can now also be legally climbed from the Yorkshire side, near Hebden Bridge. The underlying rock is Millstone Grit, which is seen outcropping in several places and forming a steep scarp face along the summit. The hill is covered by acidic grassland, which provide a valuable breeding ground for red grouse, twite, (HTML version ) golden plover and other birds.
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In contrast, settlements had spread and prospered in the foothills of the Darling Scarp, and on 1 July 1853, Colonial Secretary Frederick Barlee announced a new proposal for a Perth–Pinjarra–Bunbury route along the foothills, with a width, mostly following the alignment of previous tracks. Between 1864 and 1876, two parties of convicts were involved in the making of the road. A road from Bunbury to Boyanup, called the Blackwood Road, existed as early as 1864. A bi- weekly mail route from Boyanup to Bridgetown via Preston, Balingup, and Greenbushes was established by 1891; it also extended further south to Balbarrup on a weekly basis.
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Daiichi-Kashima is a high and wide guyot and rises to a depth of . On the eastern part of the volcano lies an at least thick platform of clay and reef limestone with traces of past barrier reefs at its margins. The summit platform of Daiichi-Kashima covers an area of . It is cut by several normal faults that run approximately parallel to the trench and have an offset of about in the central sector of the volcano; the carbonate platform is also offset in such a manner by a normal fault represented by a scarp into a lower western and a higher eastern part.
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A Groundwater monitoring bore at Shirley Balla Swamp Reserve, Banjup The Jandakot Mound, or Jandakot Groundwater Mound, is an unconfined aquifer in south-western Western Australia. It is the smaller of the two main shallow aquifers near Perth (the other being the Gnangara Mound, north of the Swan River) that together supply about 40% of Perth's drinking water. Its highest point lies about south of Perth's central business district. It stretches from the Swan River in the north to the Serpentine River in the south, and from the Indian Ocean in the west to the Darling Scarp and Southern River in the east, covering an area of about .
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It is found in exposure on the south side of the North Downs and the north side of the South Downs. It is also to be found beneath the scarp of the Berkshire Downs, in the Vale of White Horse, in Oxfordshire, England, and on the Isle of Wight where it is known as Blue Slipper. Gault underlies the chalk beneath the London Basin, generally overlying eroded rocks of Jurassic and Devonian age; lower gault is present only below the outer parts of the basin and is absent under central London. The Gault Formation represents a marine transgression following erosion of the Lower Greensand.
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The Lamberhurst Bypass A21 near Robertsbridge Where the new A21 begins, and also where the A224 joins from the north, the road is called the Sevenoaks Road; at Knockholt (Hewitts Roundabout), the road enters Kent near its junction with a spur from the M25 motorway. The A21 actually multiplexes with the M25 and descends the North Downs Scarp here. The M25 then has to use a slip road in the left lane and the A21 takes priority although is still technically a motorway until the junction with the A25 to Sevenoaks and the M26. The oddness of Junction 5 is due to the M26 once being part of the M25.
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20 The floor of the ditch is traversed by five caponiers or covered galleries with loopholes that allowed the defenders to fire at any attackers who had reached that point. These are unique in any of the circular redoubts and are thought to have been added in the mid-19th century. Access to the main gate of the redoubt is across a wooden drop bridge, which is a modern reconstruction of the original, built in 2003 with help from the Royal Engineers. A second entrance from the ditch was created in 1957 by inserting a large doorway through the scarp wall into one of the casemates.
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Lunar Orbiter 4 image Oblique view of Almanon, the satellite crater Almanon C and its surroundings including Geber and Azophi, Apollo 16 image Almanon is a lunar impact crater that lies in the rugged highlands in the south-central region of the Moon. It was named after Abbasid Caliph and astronomer Al- Ma'mun. It is located to the south-southeast of Abulfeda, and to the north- northeast of the smaller crater Geber. The crater chain designated Catena Abulfeda forms a line between the south rim of Abulfeda and the north rim of Almanon, continuing for a length of about 210 kilometers to the Rupes Altai scarp.
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At the times that the CSNF tried to cope with the issues of governmental and forestry business pressures to develop woodchipping, and mining in the jarrah forest, another group started as well—the South West Forests Defence Foundation. There was co-operation between the groups on some issues as well as joint publications. The CSNF subsequently campaigned in response to mining by Alcoa in the jarrah forest on the Darling Scarp, conducting rallies and protests outside the alumina refinery construction site at Wagerup in February, May, and August 1979. It was involved in submissions to Australian federal and Western Australian state inquiries on forestry through the late 1980s.
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A dry valley near Rackham Hill, South Downs, England A dry valley may develop on many kinds of permeable rock, such as limestone and chalk, or sandy terrains that do not regularly sustain surface water flow. Such valleys do not hold surface water because it sinks into the permeable bedrock. There are many examples of chalk dry valleys along the North and South Downs in southern England. Notably the National Trust-owned Devil's Dyke near Brighton covers some of downland scarp, and includes the deepest dry valley in the world – created when melting water eroded the chalk downland to the permafrost layer after the last ice age.
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South West Forests Defence Foundation (SFDF) is a group that has been involved in the conservation of the Jarrah and Karri forests of the South West region of Western Australia for more than three decades. It was formed at approximately the same time as the government of Charles Court expressed interest in exploiting forests in the south west for woodchipping. Around the same time, the forests of the Darling Scarp were being allocated for removal for the mining of bauxite. Another group, the Campaign to Save Native Forests (CSNF), worked in co-operation with the SFDF on publishing critiques of the environmental conditions for the woodchipping at Manjimup.
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Bangor Mountain (Welsh: Mynydd Bangor) is a scarp face of a hill below which the city of Bangor in Gwynedd, Wales, sits. Though not a mountain in the true sense of the word it is so called because of the way it rears up behind Bangor and appears mountainous, especially from the Glan Adda, High Street and Hirael areas of the city. The north facing part of the summit was worked up with a series of paths in the late 19th century, when the area was promoted as 'the pleasure grounds' in tourism literature. The Mountain is much less precipitous on its southern side.
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Stories cover many themes and topics, as there are stories about creation of sacred places, land, people, animals and plants, law and custom. In Perth, the Noongar believe that the Darling Scarp is the body of the Wagyl – a serpent being that meandered over the land creating rivers, waterways and lakes and who created the Swan River. In another example, the Gagudju people of Arnhemland, for which Kakadu National Park is named, believe that the sandstone escarpment that dominates the park's landscape was created in the Dreamtime when Ginga (the crocodile-man) was badly burned during a ceremony and jumped into the water to save himself.
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The 'Garden Cliff' at Westbury-on-Severn. Triassic marls of the Mercia Mudstone group. The green/grey streaks, known as 'Tea Green marls' are caused by ferrous oxide formed in reducing conditions Traditional building stone in the Severn Vale is scarce, necessitating brick or half-timbered construction in the main, although along the scarp mentioned above harder limestone bands in the Lower Lias (known as 'Blue Lias') have been used in vernacular building. Towards the east side of the Severn Vale the Lias clays are overlain by the sands and limestones of the Middle Lias - well displayed on the slopes of Robinswood Hill, a Jurassic outlier overlooking the city of Gloucester.
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Beaminster is sited mostly on Middle Jurassic fuller's earth clay, with some Inferior Oolite in the south of the town and Bridport Sand Formation north of the town centre. The hills north and east of the town are Cretaceous chalk with a scarp face of Upper Greensand Formation, while those to the south and west are of Bridport Sand Formation. There are several faults running west-northwest to east-southeast through the town and its southern environs. Horn Park Quarry SSSI produced building stone from the Inferior Oolite and some quality fossil specimens before becoming a light industrial estate on the road to Broadwindsor.
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A branch line connecting Aldermaston to the Didcot, Newbury and Southampton Railway (DN&SR;) at was proposed. The line was authorised by an Act of Parliament but never built. This is because the railway finances were loaned by the London and South Western Railway, who stipulated that the DN&SR; must relinquish their sole rights to run Southampton-bound services on the line and to also abandon its plans for a link at Aldermaston with the Great Western Railway. The proposed route roughly followed the Enborne valley, passing south of Brimpton, before following the Gaily Brook and West Clere Scarp near Kingsclere on to Old Burghclere.
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The physiography and distribution of surface material in the Town of Halton Hills are the result of glacial activity which took place in the Late Wisconsinan Substage of the Pleistocene Epoch. This period of time, which lasted from approximately 23,000 to 10,000 years ago, was marked by the repeated advance and melting back of massive, continental ice sheets. The Niagara Escarpment dominates the physiography of the town and greatly influenced the pattern of glaciation in the region. The Escarpment, formed by erosion over millions of years, is a high relief bedrock scarp which trends to the north through the central part of the town.
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However, a United States Army commission who visited in 1856 noted that the glacis, which rose above the floor of the ditch, only partially protected the vulnerable masonry of the scarp wall. Originally, there was a covered way which passed along the top of the counterscarp below the crest of the glacis, but by 1856 this had largely been eroded away.Delafield 1860, pp. 197-198 The enceinte wall was serviced and supplied by the Rue Militaire ("military road") which passed directly behind the works; different sections of which were named after various Marshals of France and are collectively called the Boulevards des Maréchaux,LePage 2006, p.
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On 28 September 2010 a directive (in FrenchMinisterial press release here. See p3, final point) was issued by minister Jean-Louis Borloo, in political charge of the project. In relation to the sector containing Pompignan, and in response to representations made by local communities, three alternative routes were examined and compared with the route (through the chateau's park) originally proposed, which is still considered on balance the most favourable. However, the proposals advocated by USV, essentially running the tracks close to the existing A62 motorway (which mounts the scarp at a shallower angle some 10 km south of Pompignan), merit study in more depth before a decision can be made.
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In 1803 the Ahmednagar Fort was round in appearance, with twenty-four bastions, one large gate, and three small sally ports. It had a glacis, no covered way; a ditch, revetted with stone on both sides, about wide, with water all around, which only reached within 6 or of the top of the scarp; long reeds grew in it all around. The berm was only about one yard wide. The rampart was of black hewn stone; the parapet of brick in chunam, and both together appeared from the crest of the glacis to be only as high as the pole of a field-officer's tent.
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Before the Pleistocene, uplift and erosion was widespread, which was followed by eruptions from the northeastern part of the Wind River area during the early Pleistocene. Rocks in the Wind River area have not been altered significantly by orogenic movement (large structural deformation of the Earth's crust and uppermost mantle due to the interaction between plate tectonics). There are a number of faults, but they show relatively little displacement. The western slope of the Wind River valley is shaped like a fault scarp, and it seems to be aligned with Trout Creek Hill, suggesting a potential fault line there that trends to the northwest.
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A relict population of Brachystelma natalense is conserved here, besides the only South African population of the red sunbird bush, Metarungia pubinervia. The vulnerable aquatic plant Hydrostachys polymorpha is found on one of the Molweni's waterfalls, while the Bootlace lily, Drimia flagellaris, discovered in 2005, is endemic to the reserve's cliff faces. The distinctive subspecies floribunda of Crassula multicava is endemic to scarp forest and gorge bottoms of this area. It is home to several species of African violet of the genus Streptocarpus, and includes the core range of the nominate subspecies of S. molweniensis, a vulnerable and declining species only described in 1996.
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Adjacent to these are Londonthorpe and Alma Park Woods, both owned by the Woodland Trust. The former comprises young woodland and open areas of wild flowers, whilst Alma Park has some mature woodland on its steep limestone scarp and offers views over the town and the surrounding area. To the south of the town, between Little Ponton and Saltersford, the River Witham flows through marshes and water meadows. These support a variety of plant species including vetches, cowslip, Primula veris, Lady's bedstraw {Galium verum}, and orchids, including the Southern Marsh Orchid, and wildlife, including herons, ducks, geese, water vole, and the now critically endangered white clawed crayfish.
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Sutton Waldron is a village and civil parish in north Dorset, England, situated on the A350 road between Iwerne Minster and Fontmell Magna, in the Blackmore Vale under the scarp of Cranborne Chase, north of Blandford Forum and south of Shaftesbury. In the 2011 census the parish had 93 dwellings, 87 households and a population of 200. The parish covers about in a strip of land that, from west to east, is composed of Kimmeridge clay, Lower Greensand, Gault Clay, Upper Greensand and chalk. In 1086 in the Domesday Book Sutton Waldron was recorded as Sudtone; it had 24 households, one mill, six ploughlands, of meadow and of woodland.
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Battir is located 6.4 km (horizontal distance) north-west of Bethlehem on a hill above Wadi el-Jundi (lit. "Valley of the Soldier"), which runs southwest through the Judean hills to the coastal plain. The PEF's Survey of Western Palestine in 1883 described the city's natural defenses, saying its houses stand upon rock terraces, having a rocky scarp below; thus from the north the place is very strong, whilst on the south a narrow neck between two ravine heads connects the hill with the main ridge. At an altitude of around 760 m above sea level, Battir's summers are temperate, and its winters mild with occasional snowfall.
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Besides wilc chives, the thin soil of the site supports biting stonecrop (Sedum acre), hairy stonecrop (S. villosum), wild thyme (Thymus praecox), parsley piert (Aphanes arvensis), common whitlow-grass (Erophila verna), early hair-grass (Aira praecox), annual knawel (Sceleranthus annuus), rue-leaved saxifrage (Saxifraga tridactylites) and long-stalked cranesbill (Geranium columbinum). Grassland surrounding drier areas is composed of red fescue (Festuca rubra), common bent (Agrostis capillaris), sweet vernal-grass (Anthoxanthum odoratum), crested dog's-tail (Cynosurus cristatus) and heath grass (Danthonia decumbens). Crags and north-facing scarp slopes support bilberry (Vaccinium myrtillus) and heather (Calluna vulgaris), fir clubmoss (Lycopodium selago) and parsley fern (Cryptogramma crispa).
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The top of the Cliff is followed by two historically significant roads. Closely following the escarpment is an ancient trackway, loosely known as the Jurassic Way,; Not to be confused with the modern footpath of the same name designated by Northampton County Council which in large parts now consists of the A607 south of Lincoln and the B1398 to the north. The second road is the Roman Ermine Street that runs parallel a few miles to the east of the Edge. North of Lincoln, the name Lincoln Cliff, or simply the Cliff, is locally used to refer to the entire ridge of Jurassic Limestone, not just its steep western scarp.
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Beyond the town of Marlborough the downs (now called the Marlborough Downs) sweep in a semicircle to the south around the headwaters of the River Kennet, with the Vale of Pewsey cutting through these downs carrying the headwaters of the Hampshire River Avon. Here too can be found the wooded area of Savernake Forest. Finally, the highest stretch of the Downs runs east along the Berkshire-Hampshire border on the opposite side of the River Kennet from the Berkshire Downs. Again the scarp slope is to the north (facing down in the valley of the Kennet) and the dip slope is to the south into Hampshire.
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Sign at the summit of the butte The cinder cone was also exploited to some extent for its economic value. In June 1926, a quarry was developed in the fault scarp east of Lava Butte as a source for paving material for the first The Dalles-California Highway (later U.S. Route 97). In November 1929, cinders from Lava Butte were shipped to Longview, Washington, to be used in construction of Longview Bridge across Columbia River. A United States Forest Service fire lookout tower was built on the summit in 1931, and in early 1933 a steep, single-lane road was constructed spiraling up to the summit.
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The Scotts Peak Dam is a rockfill embankment dam without a spillway across the Huon River, located in the South West region of Tasmania, Australia. The impounded reservoir, also formed with the Edgar Dam and the Serpentine Dam, is called Lake Pedder which flooded Lake Edgar, a naturally forming fault scarp pond. The dam was constructed in 1973 by the Hydro Electric Corporation (TAS) as part of the Gordon River Power Development Scheme for the purpose of generating hydro-electric power via the conventional Gordon Power Station. Water from Lake Pedder is diverted to Lake Gordon (formed by the Gordon Dam) via the McPartlan Pass Canal.
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The Serpentine Dam is a rockfill embankment dam with a concrete face and a controlled spillway across the Serpentine River, located in the South West region of Tasmania, Australia. The impounded reservoir, also formed with the Edgar Dam and the Scotts Peak Dam, is called Lake Pedder which flooded Lake Edgar, a naturally forming fault scarp pond. The dam was constructed in 1971 by the Hydro Electric Corporation (TAS) as part of the Gordon River Power Development Scheme for the purpose of generating hydro-electric power via the conventional Gordon Power Station. Water from Lake Pedder is diverted to Lake Gordon (formed by the Gordon Dam) via the McPartlan Pass Canal.
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The mine warfare waged by the French was continued by the British, exploiting the advantage of being on the dip slope and only having to dig horizontally into the ridge to undermine German positions. The Germans, on the steeper scarp slope, had to dig down before they could dig horizontally, a disadvantage made worse by a shortage of manpower and mining equipment. An attack was planned by the Germans to capture the British positions, from which mine galleries were being dug under the German defences. Success would gain more defensive depth and forestall mine attacks on the German positions before the British could organise their defences on the ridge.
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The Berkshire Downs run east–west, with their scarp slope facing north into the Vale of White Horse and their dip slope bounded by the course of the River Kennet. Geologically they are continuous with the Marlborough Downs to the west and the Chilterns to the east. In the east they are divided from the Chilterns by Goring Gap on the River Thames. In the west their boundary is generally taken to be the border between Berkshire and Wiltshire, although the downs in Wiltshire between the Berkshire border and the valley of the River Og are sometimes considered to be part of the Berkshire Downs.
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Victorian-era gatehouse and ditch Scarp and ditch of the Victorian-era battery When Malta fell under British rule permanently, they substantially extended the fort and the original tower now forms the core of a Victorian era fortress. Between 1872 and 1878, the battery, enclosure and the flight of steps leading to the tower were dismantled, and a new polygonal fort was built instead, with the entire installation being renamed Fort Saint Lucian. The fort has caponiers, a sunken gate, and a curved entrance ramp. On the seaward side the tower has been extended to form a low battery, with three large casemates facing out across Marsaxlokk Bay towards Fort Delimara.
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The Great Belchen, highest peak of the North French Highlands, in the Alsatian part of the Vosges The North French Scarplands ( ; French : Hautes Terres du Nord-Est) is a scarp landscape comprising various highlands and uplands in northern France, eastern Belgium, Luxembourg and western Germany. It is separated from the South German Scarplands to the east by the Upper Rhine Graben. To the north it is bounded by the Hunsrück and the Rhenish Massif. The German part of the region, which is limited to the states of Rhineland- Palatinate and Saarland, also goes by the less common name of the Saar-Nahe Uplands and Table Land (Saar-Nahe-Berg- und Tafelland).
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NASA satellite photo of typical Basin and Range topography across central Nevada The Basin and Range Province includes much of western North America. In the United States, it is bordered on the west by the eastern fault scarp of the Sierra Nevada and spans over to its eastern border marked by the Wasatch Fault, the Colorado Plateau and the Rio Grande Rift. The province extends north to the Columbia Plateau and south as far as the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt in Mexico, though the southern boundaries of the Basin and Range are debated. In Mexico, the Basin and Range Province is dominated by and largely synonymous with the Mexican Plateau.
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The Canning Contour Channel is a series of man-made concrete channels and steel and cast-iron pipelines in the Darling Scarp in Western Australia constructed between July 1935 and December 1936. The project was a Depression era public works scheme to carry potable water from just below Canning Dam through the hills around and above Roleystone and Kelmscott to a screening, fluoridation and pumping station near Gosnells by following the natural contours of the Canning Valley—hence it was entirely gravity-fed. Where a tributary valley needed to be crossed, suspended or siphoning pipelines were used. From Gosnells, the water entered the city's pipeline distribution system.
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The seamounts, including the Sabine Bank which reaches bsl, are the volcanic remnants of an old island arc. A -deep scarp separates the southern ridge from the North Loyalty Basin to the south. The Bougainville Guyot, south of Santos, forms the eastern continuation of the seamount chain and is a Middle Miocene andesitic volcano covered by Oligocene to Miocene lagoonal limestone. The northern ridge, a more continuous ridge similar in composition to the Mariana fore-arc, forms part of an abandoned, north-facing oceanic trench which has been subducting under the New Hebrides island arc during the last 2–3 Ma. The northern DER reaches bsl.
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Stronend, at the western margin of the Fintry Hills The Fintry Hills form the western end of a range of hills which stretch west from the city of Stirling, Scotland. They culminate in the peak of Stronend, which overlooks Strathendrick and the village of Fintry. The northern, western and southern sides of the hills are defined by a steep and craggy escarpment, whilst the eastern sides run more gently down into the valley of the Backside Burn and Endrick Water. The Boquhan Burn, which runs initially northeastwards, drops over the northern scarp at the Spout of Ballochleam. Loch Walton lies at the foot of the hills’ southern slopes.
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The Canning Dam Catchment lies within the Darling Scarp which forms part of an Archaean Shield composed largely of granite with some invaded linear belts of metamorphosed sedimentary and volcanic rocks. The dam wall is situated in a narrow gorge running east and west, with rock sides sloping upward from the river bed. Behind the dam wall, the south branch of the Canning River joins the main stream, with the impounded water forming a lake which stretches back in three major arms to the east south-east and south. Canning Dam, as it appeared at 34.4% of capacity The catchment has an area of .
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The Yilgarn Craton is partially covered by onlapping sedimentary basins of Palaeozoic and Phanerozoic age in the east and north-east, including the Canning Basin. It is bounded on the western edge by the Darling Scarp and Darling Fault which separate the Yilgarn Craton from the Perth Basin to the west, and is covered by several remnant sedimentary basins of Jurassic age such as the Collie Sub-Basin. The Yilgarn Craton also has a considerable Tertiary and younger sedimentary veneer of palaeochannel deposits derived from prolonged erosion, sedimentation and redeposition of older cover sequences and regolith as well as the Archaean basement itself. Recognised Tertiary cover sequences include the Bremer Basin, Officer Basin and others.
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Lake Tahoe is an example of a lake that is in danger of having a tsunami due to faulting processes. Lake Tahoe in California and Nevada USA lies within an intermountain basin bounded by faults, with most of these faults at the lake bottom or hidden in glaciofluvial deposits. Lake Tahoe has had many prehistoric eruptions and in studies of the lake bottom sediments, a 10m high scarp has displaced the lake bottom sediments, indicating that the water was displaced by the same magnitude, as well as generating a tsunami. A tsunami and seiche in Lake Tahoe can be treated as shallow-water long waves as the maximum water depth is much smaller than the wavelength.
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Looking northwards over Swindon Looking westwards towards the River Severn Barbury Castle is at , about south of Swindon and the M4, on the northern edge of the Marlborough Downs within the North Wessex Downs Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty. Other than a couple of nearby farms, there is no current settlement near the site. By road the site can only be approached by a single road ascending the scarp slope of the downs from midway along the B4005 between Wroughton and Chiseldon. More options are available by foot or horseback, including the Ridgeway, which runs east–west along the edge of the downs, and a byway south across the downs to Marlborough.
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The lowest wall is divided by a gap of full thirty feet in the centre flanked by two strong bastions, but no gateway. The ascent between these three entrances and from the north-west out-work on to the citadel is by a winding path with steps at intervals where, not unfrequently, the naked scarp of the rock has to be surmounted. The steps are nearly everywhere broken down and the way generally blocked with prickly pear. The above description will show that the hill was unprotected below the citadel and its out-works on the south-west and south-east sides, and that elaborate care was taken to protect the north side.
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Down canyon and closer to the dramatic eastern scarp of the Sierra Nevada are the Petersen, Williams, and Clark Tracts: then directly at the base of Carson Peak are the Dream Mountain and Silver Lake Meadow areas as well as the Rush Creek Power House. These "down canyon" areas are primarily single-family residential although several commercial nodes exist containing retail, lodging, dining and other services. There are also several outlying inhabited areas which are under lease from the Forest Service. These include the June Lake Junction and Pine Cliff Resort to the northeast of June Lake; Silver Lake Resort; the Silver Lake Recreation Residence Tract; and the Grant Lake Campground and Marina.
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After some years, he was made deacon and prior of Hamage, half a league from Marchiennes, on the Scarp, founded by a relative, Gertrude of Hamage. He built himself a new monastery called Breüil, on his estate of Merville, a considerable town near Saint-Venant, in the diocess of Thérouanne, and when it was finished, was chosen the first abbot. His father Adalbald had two brothers, Sigefrid, count of Ponthieu, and Archenald, Mayor of the Palace to Clovis II, son of Dagobert, to whom they were related. After the death of Adalbald, his brother Archenald rebuilt the castle of Douay, (which gave rise to the town,) and founded the church of our Lady, now called Saint Amatus’s.
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The other relic of the park's industrial past is the large number of eucalyptus glades groves which were planted around the factory site to buffer against potential explosions. The park features the promontory of Point Pinole, located where the East Bay shoreline turns from running south towards Berkeley and Oakland to running eastwards, inland. Geologically, it is a result of movement on the Hayward Fault which runs along its western edge, creating a low scarp. It offers superb views across the bay in all directions, towards San Francisco to the southwest, Mount Tamalpais and the Marin Headlands to the northwest, inland across San Pablo Bay to the north and east, and Mt. Diablo inland to the southeast.
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Cape Kidson () is an abrupt rock scarp which rises to , forming the north side of the entrance to New Bedford Inlet, on the east coast of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It was first sighted and photographed from the air by members of the United States Antarctic Service in 1940. During 1947 the cape was photographed from the air by the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition, who in conjunction with the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey (FIDS) charted it from the ground. It was named by the FIDS for Edward Kidson, a New Zealand meteorologist and author of the meteorological reports of the British Antarctic Expedition, 1907–09, under Ernest Shackleton, and of the Australasian Antarctic Expedition under Douglas Mawson, 1911–14.
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Cerro Autana as other table-top mountains in the region is the remains of a large sandstone plateau that once covered the granite basement complex between the north border of the Amazon Basin and the Orinoco, between the Atlantic coast and the Rio Negro. The table-mountain topography is formed as water percolates along joints and bedding planes, the siliceous cement dissolves, quartzite disaggregates and large blocks collapse which accumulate in the foot of the scarps. The percolating water forms large and intricate cave systems, which frequently emerge in the scarp zone as high waterfalls.Briceño, Henry O. and Schubert, Carlos (1990), 'Geomorphology of the Gran Sabana, Guayana Shield, southeastern Venezuela', Geomorphology, 3 (2), 125-41.
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On the west of this is a closed entrance with a porch overhanging the perpendicular scarp of the hill. On two of the pillars of the mandapa are inscriptions dated 1275, 1281, and 1278 — dates of restoration. The enclosure in which these rangamandapas and the central shrine are situated, is nearly surrounded inside by 70 little cells, each enshrining a marble image on a bench, with a covered passage running round in front of them lighted by a perforated stone screen. The principal entrance was originally on the east side of the court; but it is now closed, and the entrance from the south side of court in Khengar's Palace is that now used.
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With the line between Perth and Kalgoorlie gauge converted to standard gauge, The Westland was replaced on 15 June 1969 by the Trans Australian which now operated from Port Pirie through to East Perth. Right up to that time drinking water in the second class sleepers was provided for passengers from water bags slung from the carriage platform railing, and a stack of fire wood was kept on the platform of the dining car to fuel its stoves. The standard gauge line followed a new alignment through the Avon Valley of the Darling Scarp east of Perth. This was the first section of the new line to be constructed, tracks on this section being and dual gauge.
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LeFeuvre Scarp () is an irregular cliff-like elevation, high, situated west of Cape Reichelderfer on the east side of Palmer Land, Antarctica. It marks the north side of the divide between Bingham Glacier and a smaller unnamed glacier next northward. The feature was photographed from the air by Lincoln Ellsworth in 1935, the United States Antarctic Service in 1940, and the Ronne Antarctic Research Expedition in 1947, and was surveyed by the Falkland Islands Dependencies Survey in 1947. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-Names Committee in 1962 after Charles F. LeFeuvre, a radio operator at Brunt Ice Shelf in 1956, Signy Island in 1959, and Horseshoe Island and Stonington Island in 1960.
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The northern castle consisted of a keep within a triangular inner bailey, with an accompanying outer bailey which may been entered via a gatehouse at its north-east corner. The main feature of the later southern castle was a circular (or octagonal) tower inside a walled court, separated from the main part of the ridge by a deep rock-cut ditch. There was probably a small bailey to the south-west, and a scarp across the main ridge suggests the southern half of Castle Bank may have formed a large north bailey. The outline of a building in this area is likely to be the oak hall recorded at Cefnllys in the 15th century.
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The Vale of Clwyd () is a tract of low-lying ground in the county of Denbighshire in northeast Wales. The Vale extends south-southwestwards from the coast of the Irish Sea for some 20 miles (about 30 km) forming a triangle of low ground bounded on its eastern side by the well-defined scarp of the Clwydian Range and to the west by numerous low hills. The River Clwyd (Welsh: ) which rises within Clocaenog Forest, southwest of Denbigh, runs the full length of the vale. It is joined by the two major left bank tributaries of the River Clywedog (Welsh: ) and River Elwy (Welsh: ) and the smaller right bank tributary of the River Wheeler (Welsh: ).
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The route goes through Gravesend; crosses the A2 at Tollgate; goes southward through Sole Street and Luddesdown; climbs to the North Downs Way at Trottiscliffe/Vigo Village; descends the scarp slope of the North Downs; crosses the M20 and A20; goes through Platt and Mereworth Woods to Gover Hill, where the Medway valley comes into view; goes down to West Peckham, Barnes Street and thus to the Medway; takes the riverside path upstream for a full , through Tonbridge to Hayesden; heads due south, under the railway and under the Tonbridge bypass; climbs to the ridge at Bidborough through to Modest Corner, Southborough; and follows a mixture of paths and roads to the A264, at Stone Cross.
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About 14 km from the Karjat station, on Central Railway, and at the base of the old hill fort of Rajmachi, is the Kondane group of caves, first brought to notice in the 19th century by Vishnu Sastri, and soon after visited by Mr. Law, then collector of Thana. They are in the face of a steep scarp, and quite hidden from view by the thick forest in front of them. Water trickles down over the face of the rock above them during a considerable part even of the dry season, and has greatly injured them. So much so indeed that it is now difficult to determine whether they or the caves at Bhaja Caves are the earliest.
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Broadway, Worcestershire As it closely follows the scarp of the Cotswold Edge, the Cotswold Way usually affords views, mainly to the north and west—starting in the south with the Severn Estuary and Severn bridges, the meanders of the River Severn above Sharpness, the Forest of Dean, the Welsh hills of Monmouthshire and the Black Mountains on the Welsh border to the west. The distinctive shape of May Hill is visible for much of the route, as is the long spine of the Malvern Hills. Gloucester Cathedral can be seen from the path. Further north on the path, above Cheltenham, there are old quarries containing rock features such as the Devil's Chimney at Leckhampton.
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The size of the auditorium (as it is restored by the excavators) is not that much larger than Pnyx I. Pnyx III: The Pnyx was rebuilt and expanded in the 3rd quarter of the 4th century B.C., probably around 345-335 B.C. A massive, curved, retaining wall was built (or at least begun) on the north. The southern side of the auditorium and speaker's platform (bema) were quarried out of the natural bedrock. (Traces of the quarrying process can still be seen at the eastern side of the great rock-cut scarp). On a terrace above (south of) the speaker's platform, the foundations were begun for 2 long stoas (but these seem never to have been finished).
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The South German Scarplands are part of a scarp landscape that stretches from the Bohemian Forest to the Paris Basin. This anticlinal terrain is a result of the tectonic bulging of the earth's surface between Paris and the Bohemian Forest. Following the sinking of the Upper Rhine Rift Valley in the area of maximum uplift and flexure, scarplands were formed to the east and west of the rift, their layers of rock all dipping away from the Upper Rhine. These regions are the known in the west as the North French Scarplands (in northern France and the Palatinate) and in the east as the South German Scarplands (in Baden- Württemberg and northern Bavaria).
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The scarp drops about 128 meters from the level ground in the upper third of the image Water on Mars exists today almost exclusively as ice, with a small amount present in the atmosphere as vapour. Some liquid water may occur transiently on the Martian surface today but only under certain conditions. No large standing bodies of liquid water exist because the atmospheric pressure at the surface averages just 600 pascals (0.087 psi)—about 0.6% of Earth's mean sea level pressure—and because the global average temperature is far too low (210 K (−63 °C)), leading to either rapid evaporation or freezing. Features called recurring slope lineae are thought to be caused by flows of brine — hydrated salts.
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More recently, the submarine USS San Francisco ran into an uncharted seamount in 2005 at a speed of , sustaining serious damage and killing one seaman. One major seamount risk is that often, in the late of stages of their life, extrusions begin to seep in the seamount. This activity leads to inflation, over-extension of the volcano's flanks, and ultimately flank collapse, leading to submarine landslides with the potential to start major tsunamis, which can be among the largest natural disasters in the world. In an illustration of the potent power of flank collapses, a summit collapse on the northern edge of Vlinder Seamount resulted in a pronounced headwall scarp and a field of debris up to away.
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The River Lydden is a tributary of the River Stour that flows through Blackmore Vale in Dorset, England. Its headwaters rise at the foot of the scarp slope of the Dorset Downs near Buckland Newton. These headwaters streams coalesce south of Pulham, from where the river flows north-east to it confluence with the Wonston Brook. Continuing in a northerly direction it passes King’s Stag, to Twoford bridge where it is crossed by the A357 between Lydlinch and Bagber, beyond which it meets its main tributary the Caundle Brook. The lower Lydden then flows beneath the listed Bagber Bridge where it is crossed by a minor road, to join the Stour near King’s Mill south west of Marnhull.
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The Ochil Fault remained active throughout geological time, and some later movements allowed intrusive eruptions of diorite or quartz-dolerite to rise at various places along its length. An aerial view of the Ochil Fault Modern movements of the fault are very minor but occasionally give rise to discernible earthquakes, particularly in the village of Menstrie, and the town of Tillicoultry. However the latter may be easily confused with the collapse of old room and pillar coal mine workings which undoubtedly underlie the southern part of the town. The Ochil Fault is one of Britain's finest examples of a fault line scarp, and can be best appreciated from vantage points such as the Wallace Monument near Stirling.
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It consists of long, hilly ridges and grooves that are subradial to the Caloris Basin and are extensively embayed by smooth plains. The inner boundary of the Van Eyck is generally coincident with the weak outer Caloris scarp. The Van Eyck is similar in morphology but somewhat more degraded than the Fra Mauro Formation around the Imbrium Basin on the Moon; secondary cratering and ballistic deposition of ejecta from Caloris undoubtedly played an important role in its emplacement. It is difficult to define individual secondary craters within the Van Eyck, but at a distance of about one basin diameter, numerous clusters and chains of moderately well preserved craters occur that are interpreted as far-flung Caloris secondary craters.
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The floor of Sveinsdóttir was later covered by the smooth plains material and deformed by wrinkle-ridges before the scarp appeared. More than long and one of the largest fault scarps on the planet, Beagle Rupes marks the surface expression of a large thrust fault believed to have formed as Mercury cooled and the entire planet shrank. Beagle Rupes crosscuts Sveinsdóttir crater and has uplifted the easternmost portion (right side portion) of the crater floor by almost a kilometer, indicating that most of the fault activity at Beagle Rupes occurred after the impact that created Sveinsdóttir. Crosscutting relationships such as this are used to understand the sequence in time of the different processes that have affected Mercury’s evolution.
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The ancient church of St Chad in the village of Harpswell, about 12 miles north of the city of Lincoln, was established c.1042 and has one of the few complete Anglo-Saxon towers remaining in England.St Chad's listing on Genuki website The church had thirteenth- and fourteenth-century additions, in particular its Norman south arcade was extended in this period, and the whole church was heavily restored in 1890-91. Research indicates that the church, which stands very close to a spring (one of a number at the foot of the Jurassic limestone scarp with ritual associations) was constructed on a much older pre-Christian ritual site connected with water cults.
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Rocket nozzles of SS-9 Scarp R-36 Development of the R-36 was begun by OKB-586 (Yuzhnoye) in Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine (at the time part of the Soviet Union) in 1962, and built upon the work of the R-16 program. The Chief Designer was Mikhail Yangel. Initial development was of light, heavy, and orbital versions, with flight testing from 1962 through 1966, at which time initial operational capability was achieved. News of the development of the orbital version caused alarm in the West with the possibility that the Soviets would be able to launch a large number of nuclear weapons into orbit where there was no capability to intercept them.
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On the west of this is a closed entrance with a porch overhanging the perpendicular scarp of the hill. On two of the pillars of the mandapa are inscriptions dated 1275, 1281, and 1278 — dates of restoration. The enclosure in which these rangamandapas and the central shrine are situated, is nearly surrounded inside by 70 little cells, each enshrining a marble image on a bench, with a covered passage running round in front of them lighted by a perforated stone screen. The principal entrance was originally on the east side of the court; but it is now closed, and the entrance from the south side of court in Khengar's Palace is that now used.
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It is one of the officially named northern circumpolar dune fields, along with Olympia, Hyperboreae, and Siton Undae, and also one of the densest of the region. Its northernmost boundary is located in the southwest channel that separates the Abalos Colles formation from the main polar ice cap, and from there the dune field extends southwest all the way to the lowlands of Vastitas Borealis. It is theorised that the dunes of the Abalos field may have resulted from erosion of Rupes Tenuis (), the polar scarp. Its name was approved by the International Astronomical Union in 1988. It extends from latitude 74.94°N to 82.2°N and from longitude 261.4°E to 283.03°E (76.97°W – 98.6°W).
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In locations such as the Chilterns, South Downs and coastal areas of Devon and Cornwall where there was a limit of important resources, a further development of the parish system can be observed. For example, in Buckinghamshire and Oxfordshire settlements established in the lowland areas of the Vale of Aylesbury and Thames Valley respectively, along the base of the Chiltern Hills, extended their territories by accumulating territory on the largely uninhabited hillside, scarp and hilltop areas to exploit scarce resources such as woodland and upland summer pasture also known as transhumance. The result of this land reorganisation produced estates and parishes, which were narrow elongated strips exhibiting a range of land types ensuring the widest possible availability of resources.
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Lava domes and a vent complex formed in the Maunga Puka area, while breccias formed along the vents on the western portion of Rano Aroi crater. This volcano's southern and southeastern flanks are composed of younger flows consisting of basalt, alkali basalt, hawaiite, mugearite, and benmoreite from eruptive fissures starting at 0.24 Ma. The youngest lava flow, Roiho, is dated at 0.11 Ma. The Hanga O Teo embayment is interpreted to be a 200 m high landslide scarp. Rano Raraku and Maunga Toa Toa are isolated tuff cones of about 0.21 Ma. The crater of Rano Raraku contains a freshwater lake. The stratified tuff is composed of sideromelane, slightly altered to palagonite, and somewhat lithified.
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The 1991 rockslides at Randa consisted of two separate collapse events on April 18 and May 9, which released in total a cumulative volume of approximately 30 million cubic meters of rock. The elevation of the top of the scarp is 2320 m (7610 ft), while the elevation of deposit toe is 1320 m (4330 ft). Accelerating occurrences of small rockfalls from the cliff in the decades preceding the slides gave indication of deeper movements, and fallen debris had eventually destroyed much of the forest beneath the cliff (Sartori et al., 2003). Precursory events noted immediately prior to the April, 1991 rockslide included explosive ruptures of rock slabs and new forceful water discharges from the face (Schindler et al.
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The size of the 'ramparts' would argue for a defensive purpose, but the only entrance on the uphill side would not. The lack of any water supply would argue against any permanent human occupation and against its use as a livestock enclosure, although two more level areas inside the earthwork have been identified as possible building platforms. Hill-slope enclosures are found in South West England dating from the first and second millennium BC. When excavated, they have sometimes been found to have had settlements inside them, resembling defensible farmsteads, but the extreme steepness of this site and its location halfway up the scarp of the Quantocks make it difficult to assign it a purely practical purpose.
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Geologically, the Franconian Heights belong to the Keuper Uplands, which run through both the Franconian Keuper-Lias Land and through the adjacent Swabian Keuper-Lias Land to the southwest, and is also surrounded by lias country. Its northern continuation is the Steigerwald, up to 499 m high, which transitions into the Haßberge (up to 512 m) on the far side of the River Main. Its southern continuation, the Swabian-Franconian Forest, runs from the southern boundary of the Heights, mainly westwards, and is a little higher, climbing to 586 m. On its western side, the Franconian Heights end in a steep scarp (also called the Trauf), and in the east, descends to the plains.
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He describes the settlement's location at the time as "halfway up the scarp" on the southern side of the Awash River, and Sire itself as "a small Abyssinian village and customs post". He was struck by its "curious little church consisting of a stone-built cube, surmounted by a sharp steeple- like roof, also of stone", which he speculated was originally a Muslim shrine "similar to that at Sheikh Hussein and others in the Arussi country."Gwynn, "A Journey in Southern Abyssinia," Geographical Journal, 38 (1911), p. 117 Based on figures from the Central Statistical Agency in 2005, Sire has an estimated total population of 10,977 of whom 5,404 are men and 5,573 women.
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At (53.5166°, −2.4668°), and northwest of central London, Tyldesley is situated 7.7 miles (12.4 km) east-southeast of Wigan and 8.9 miles (14.3 km) west-northwest of the city of Manchester, and at the eastern end of the Metropolitan Borough of Wigan. Tyldesley and Shakerley cover Topographically Tyldesley is situated the edge of the Lancashire Plain just to the north of Chat Moss and the Banks of Tyldesley are where the foothills of the Pennines begin. The land rises from about at the foot of the banks to at the highest point. The banks, a sandstone escarpment with the scarp slope facing south and the gentler dip to the north, are about one and a half miles long.
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The Osbourn Trough, located at 25.5°S just north of the Louisville Ridge collision zone, is a -long extinct spreading ridge located midway between two large oceanic plateaux north and south of the Tonga Trench respectively: Manihiki to the north and Hikurangi to the south. These plateaux once formed part of the Ontong Java-Manihiki- Hikurangi large igneous province (LIP). Spreading between the plateaux ceased when Hikurangi collided with the Chatham Rise east of New Zealand at 86 Ma. The western end of the Osbourn Trough is bounded by the Tonga Trench and its eastern by the Wishbone–East Manihiki Scarp. In between the Osbourn Trough is divided into three segments separated by dextral offsets.
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The 'Wooldridge and Linton Model' of landscape evolution was dependent on the identification of remnants of three widely developed erosion surfaces: a warped sub-Eocene surface; a high-level unwarped Neogene peneplain and an unwarped Plio-Pleistocene marine platform. It explained both the concordant drainageConcordant streams flow in patterns that would be expected based on the geology, for example cutting valleys following outcrops of soft rocks. pattern of the central Weald (through long-term sub-aerial erosion), and the widespread discordantDiscordant streams cut across the grain of the geology, as for example the Medway cutting through the scarp of the North Downs. features (as being related to a high-level marine shelf).
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These are the youngest stages of Tuzgle volcanism and are well preserved. Radiating away from the central summit of the volcano, another lava flow unit forms the so-called Azufre synthem; these lava flows reach maximum thicknesses of and are gray to brownish-red with some evidence of hydrothermal alteration. On the northwestern and southern flanks, lava emission from one emission area down steep slopes form the San Antonio synthem (unconformity bounded unit), with lava flows up to thick. These San Antonio stage lavas have been cut by a long fault scarp trending NNE-SSW that may have been formed by a mass failure of the Tuzgle edifice, which was then rebuilt by the Azufre stage lavas.
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The range is a fault block of granitic rocks squeezed between the San Jacinto fault on the west and the San Andreas fault system on the east. The fault scarp on the northern and eastern side is one of the most abrupt in North America, going from sea level to 10,000 feet in a few miles. The height and steepness of the range points out that the San Jacinto fault and San Andreas fault are very active and very capable of producing major earthquakes (well in excess of magnitude 7). The last massive quake struck the southern segment of the San Andreas-San Jacinto fault complex more than 200 years ago making another major earthquake likely but not currently possible to predict.
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The Offa's Dyke national trail makes a steep ascent of the hill's northern slopes and then heads south eastwards along the broad ridge of the Black Mountain and the Hatterrall Ridge. A more gentle path to the summit follows the crest of the northwest- facing scarp, known as Ffynnon y Parc, from the road summit about 1 mile / 1.7 km to the southwest at Gospel Pass. There is also a clear, but unpaved path which passes along the edge of the escarpment to the east with good views over the countryside towards Hay-on-Wye. It leads to the trig point at the Black Hill (Herefordshire), and continues on to the south-east dropping down the stony knife-edge ridge towards Longtown.
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York Road (currently known in parts as the Old York Road) was the main road connecting Guildford and York, in Western Australia, during the 19th and 20th centuries. Its origins in a talk in 1929 claim an earlier name King Dick Road, and the first settlers usage of the route being on 6 September 1831. Pelloe, Mrs T. The York Road - read to The Western Australian Historical Society (It was not yet the Royal in 1929) on 25 October 1929, and published in the Journal and Proceedings Vol.1, part VI, pp 1-16 It became, in the 20th century, portions of the Great Eastern Highway, and the portion of the road traversing the Darling Scarp at Greenmount was named the Old York Road.
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The defenders of Fort Napoleon, warned of the presence of Hill's troops, were prepared for the assault but were still taken by surprise when the 50th and part of the 71st burst from their cover and charged up towards the fort in the face of fire from the defenders and from the guns in Fort Ragusa. British troops were struck down as they dashed forward, but some reached the top of the hill and flung their ladders against the scarp. The men pulled themselves onto the first of the two steps and drew their ladders up. They placed the ladders on the step, climbed to the top of the ramparts, and were soon engaged in hand-to-hand fighting with the defenders along the ramparts.
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They fall within the Hundred of Stone, which was originally one of the Three Hundreds of Aylesbury, later amalgamated into the Aylesbury Hundred. The parishes lie between Monks Risborough and Ellesborough and, like other parishes on the north side of the Chilterns, their topography are that of long and narrow strip parishes, including a section of the scarp and extending into the vale below. In length the combined parish extends for about from near the Bishopstone Road beyond Marsh to the far end of Pulpit Wood near the road from Great Missenden to Chequers but it is only a mile wide at the widest point. The village of Great Kimble lies about south of Aylesbury and about north east from Princes Risborough on the A4010 road.
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Archibald Sanderson (1 April 1870 – 18 June 1937) was an Australian politician and journalist. Born at Glenthompson in Victoria to pastoralist John Sanderson and Agnes Roberts, he attended Haileybury College and Christ Church, Oxford (graduating in 1892) after the family's move to England before travelling to New Zealand to work as a parliamentary reporter for the Christchurch Press and the Wellington Evening Press. In 1895 he moved to Western Australia and joined the Perth Morning Herald. In 1897 he began establishing a rural retreat and fruit-growing property in the Darling Scarp which he named Lesmurdie after Lesmurdie Cottage, a shooting box near Dufftown, Scotland that his father had rented; the area of his property is now a suburb of Perth.
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It is especially strong at the three angles from which project triangular outworks about sixty feet lower than the citadel. The outworks are of unequal size, but built of the same materials and more strongly even than the citadel. The sides of the south-west out-work are not more than thirty yards long but it is perhaps the most solid of the three; the sides of the north-east outwork are about fifty yards, and those of the north- west out-work about seventy yards long. The first two out-works communicated with the citadel by a small door not more than two feet wide built through the walls, which led on to the steps cut in the scarp.
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The track of Old Coast Road in 1920 The road was rebuilt by convicts in the 1850s, but by that decade, the importance of the coast road was diminishing. For most of its length, the road went through well-timbered, sandy limestone country of little value to agriculture, and settlers in the vicinity of the road were scarce. In contrast, settlements had spread and prospered in the foothills of the Darling Scarp, and on 1 July 1853, Colonial Secretary Frederick Barlee announced a new proposal for a Perth–Pinjarra–Bunbury route along the foothills, with a width, mostly following the alignment of previous tracks. Between 1864 and 1876, two parties of convicts were involved in the making of the road.
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The Uffington White Horse is a prehistoric hill figure, long, formed from deep trenches filled with crushed white chalk. The figure is situated on the upper slopes of White Horse Hill in the English civil parish of Uffington (in the ceremonial county of Oxfordshire and historic county of Berkshire), some east of Swindon, south of the town of Faringdon and a similar distance west of the town of Wantage; or south of Uffington. The hill forms a part of the scarp of the Berkshire Downs and overlooks the Vale of White Horse to the north. The best views of the figure are obtained from the air, or from directly across the Vale, particularly around the villages of Great Coxwell, Longcot and Fernham.
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Robert Powell is a botanical author from Perth, Western Australia who has co- written a number of books with Jane Emberson about the plants and trees of the Swan Coastal Plain and adjacent Darling Scarp. His book An old look at trees.. was the careful archival retrieval of rarely seen photographs of coastal vegetation, Jarrah and Marri trees long since destroyed by urban development in the Perth region. It also provided very careful annotation of remnant vegetation, and appraisals of remnant vegetation in the region - with the Woodman Point book being a survey of an area to that point relatively undisturbed coastal vegetation. The later publications were more studies of the potential plants for utilisation in the Perth metropolitan area.
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Whiteleaf is a hamlet in the civil parish of Princes Risborough and the ecclesiastical parish of Monks Risborough in Buckinghamshire, England. It is located 7 miles south of the county town of Aylesbury and 8 miles north of High Wycombe. It lies halfway up the northern scarp of the Chilterns, about half a mile from the parish church of Monks Risborough. The hamlet's name is first found in the form White Cliff in the eighteenth century, referring to the white chalk cliff above the road to the east of the hamlet,Mawer, A. and Stenton, F.M: The Place Names of Buckinghamshire (Cambridge, 1925) which has the Whiteleaf Cross cut into the chalk on the side of Whiteleaf Hill above it, making an important landmark for miles around.
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The university itself was founded in 1983. In 2004, Masteel Group transferred 17 primary and secondary schools to the relevant provincial authority. In 2005, the hospital of the group was sold to the employees of the hospital, with the group retained 27.79% shares. Hengkang Medical Group (), a listed company, was attempted to purchase the hospital from the new owners in 2018. As of 2018, Masteel Group still owned 6.48% shares of the hospital. After not involving in steel business directly since the establishment of the listed subsidiary in 1993, the Masteel Group and the listed subsidiary formed a joint venture in trading scarp steel in 2012, which Masteel Group owned 55% stake of the joint venture, while the listed subsidiary owned 45% stake.
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It was created following the Western Australian Government Railways (the WAGR, as it was commonly known) ceasing to operate on the Bellevue to Northam railway following the construction of the Standard Gauge Railway in 1966. The first two attempts at the Eastern Railway from Bellevue to Chidlow, Western Australia both constructed before 1900 failed to have sufficiently low gradients for the increasing tonnages on the railway system. The Avon Valley route taken by the new Standard Gauge line, was the third and final attempt to take the railway system out of the metropolitan area across the Darling Scarp. The first two Eastern Railway formations were closed by an Act of Parliament in the 1960s, and the lands were vested with the Mundaring Council.
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The edge of the mesa rises above the surrounding plains, however the slope up to the edge of Thomagata Patera is unknown. If the floor of the patera is at the same level as the surrounding plains, the western slope of the mesa would have a grade of 2°. The morphology of this mesa and the pattern of faded lava flows along its slopes radiating away from Thomagata (at least on its eastern side) suggest that Thomagata Patera and the mesa that surrounds it may be a shield volcano, also called a tholus on Io. The irregular margin of the mesa and the lack of debris at the base of its basal scarp suggest that it was modified by sulfur dioxide sapping.
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The Sierra Nevada-Great Valley Block (SNGV) is a section of the earth's crust in California encompassing most of the region east of the Great Valley fault system which runs along the eastern foot of the Coast Ranges, and west of the Sierra Nevada Fault which runs along the foot of the Sierra Nevada's eastern scarp. To the south, the block is bounded by the Garlock Fault. The northern bound is not well defined at present, but generally runs along a line extending across the northern Sacramento Valley. The SNGV has been found to behave like a rigid body relative to the North American Plate to which it is somewhat loosely attached, for this reason it is sometimes referred to as Sierra Nevada microplate.
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Perspective view of the Martian polar ice cap and the Rupes Tenuis scarp with Abalos Mensa on the left of the picture. Picture was taken by the Mars Express orbiter of the European Space Agency Research on the stratigraphic analysis of the Martian circumpolar deposits is ongoing because it provides information on the ancient climate and geological formation processes of the planet. The circumpolar deposit of Abalos Mensa has been described as an "enigmatic wedge of material", which has been studied by scientists due to its uncommon location and shape characteristics. Formation theories for Abalos Mensa primarily propose erosional processes based either on fluid action or wind action; the latter are known as Aeolian processes, named after Aeolus, the ancient Greek God of the wind.
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An example of the characteristic pattern of parallel ridges and scarp left by tin-streaming, east of Fox Tor, Dartmoor This is a list of charters promulgated by kings of England that specifically relate to Cornwall, which was incorporated into the Kingdom of England late in the Anglo-Saxon period. In the 9th and 10th centuries, the kings of Wessex became the rulers of Cornwall, and after a period of independence during the wars with the Danes, this rule by the kings of England became permanent (see History of Cornwall). The charters below relate either to the tin mines of Cornwall and Devon or to the Earldom or Duchy of Cornwall. The stannary charters are dated between 1201 and 1508, the others between 1231 and 1338.
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Since 2003, The Nature Conservancy and other organizations have been working to restore about of wetlands in the Williamson River delta at the north end of Upper Klamath Lake. Formerly diked and drained for farming, the delta provides habitat for millions of migrating birds as well as many native species of fish, mollusks, and aquatic plants. In early Pleistocene times, the Klamath Marsh and Upper Klamath lake were much larger; and were maintained as shallow lakes and marshes by the continued subsidence of the basin in the face of abundant sedimentation and uplift along the eastern fault scarp. The eruption of Mt. Mazama about 7,700 years ago contributed an enormous amount of sediment to the lake and marsh basins, and filled the canyon of the Williamson River.
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The most conspicuous structural elements in the quadrangle are the radial and concentric ridges and cracks inside the Caloris Basin and the ridges developed in the Odin Formation and smooth plains unit immediately outside Caloris. O’Donnell and Thomas (personal communication, 1979) have suggested, on the basis of orientation of features outside Caloris, that these ridges and scarps largely follow preexisting radial and concentric fracture patterns in the mercurian lithosphere initiated by the Caloris impact, similar in character to those around Imbrium on the Moon (Mason and others, 1976). Caloris itself consists of a single mountain ring and a weak outer scarp. A few sinuous scarps also occur in this quadrangle, including the Heemskerck Rupes which cuts the older intercrater plains.
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The Caloris Montes Formation, which was informally called the Caloris mountains terrain by Trask and Guest, consists of a jumbled array of smooth-appearing but highly segmented mountain massifs that rise 1-2 km above the surrounding terrain. These massifs mark the crestline of the most prominent scarp or ring of the Caloris Basin and grade outward into smaller blocks and lineated terrain. The Caloris Montes Formation is very similar in morphology to and is considered the equivalent of the massif facies of the Montes Rook Formation around the Orientale Basin. The Caloris Montes is interpreted as basin rim deposits consisting of ejecta from deep within Caloris that is mixed with but generally overlies uplifted and highly fractured prebasin bedrock.
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A visit by the OS in August 1982 stated that "It is difficult to make any accurate assessment of this feature. It has obviously been altered and landscaped beyond any recognition of its original form, and in its present state has an ornamental appearance. Situated on the edge of a natural N–S scarp line at approximately 60 m, it is possible that this was at one time just a slightly raised promontory, but as such, it is almost certainly not a motte and would be more typical of a homestead position in this region." The name 'Jockey's Cap' originates from the days when the annual 'Stewarton Bonnet Guild Festival' included horse racing – like the 'Irvine Marymass' Celebrations still do.
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In Borealis Planitia, however, most of the ridges are of external origin. They appear either to outline the rim crests of subjacent ghost craters that are lightly mantled by smooth plains material or to be lava flow fronts. The map shows the rim crests of 20 ghost craters, ranging in diameter from 40 to 160 km, that are buried under the smooth plains material of Borealis Planitia, which material is coextensive with the fill covering the floor of the Goethe Basin. In addition, ejecta from the crater Depréz extend more than 40 km eastward beyond a circular scarp that may represent the rim crest of a buried crater 170 km in diameter (FDS 156, 160) or, more likely, the front of lava flows.
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At above sea level, Kalamunda and the surrounding areas experience colder night temperatures than the bulk of the Perth Metropolitan area to the west. Deep clay soils in the valleys in this area provide ideal growing conditions for stone fruits, apples and pears,wine production and for a small commercial rose growing industry. The suburb of Gooseberry Hill is located to the north of Kalamunda where the terrain drops away sharply to the Helena Valley effectively isolating Kalamunda from other Darling Scarp population centres to the north. To the south and east the urban area transitions into the semi-rural and orchard growing areas of Bickley, Carmel and Pickering Brook, which in turn give way to extensive jarrah and marri forests.
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Focal mechanism diagram for the earthquake The earthquake was felt throughout Mozambique and over a wide area of eastern southern Africa, including South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe and Botswana. Close to the epicentre the shaking reached VIII in intensity on the Mercalli intensity scale. In the cities of Beira, Inhambane and Maputo the intensity reached V. The focal mechanism of the earthquake is consistent with normal faulting on a westerly dipping fault plane. Field investigations identified 15 km of surface rupture in the form of a west-facing scarp, with up to 2.05 m of vertical displacement, although it was not possible to prove the full extent of surface faulting due to lack of time and the presence of minefields.
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It is close to the Benmore Botanic Garden and the Benmore Outdoor Centre, which uses the loch and its surrounding for outdoor learning. A pathway runs along the west side of the loch, and gives access to the Paper Caves, set in the steep hillside with caving access to a platform set above a steep scarp within the cave. A legend holds that the Argyll family documents were hidden in the caves when the 9th Earl of Argyll was arrested, to prevent his lands from being made forfeit. The loch is also an impounding reservoir with a water treatment works, that were upgraded in 2012 by Scottish Water, which supplies the freshwater to much of the southeast of Cowal, including Dunoon.
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The outer perimeter is a circular inward scarp about in diameter on the largely undisturbed Cretaceous and upper Silurian sediments of the Parnaíba basin, breached on the west, north, and south sides by drainage valleys. Within the perimeter there is a series of concentric circular valleys and a central basin, all at roughly the same elevation, separated by ring walls. Shuttle Radar Topography Mission imagery shows a faint ring about in diameter, a second ring of gentle hills about in diameter, and an inner ring of steeper hills, about in diameter and up to high, open to the northwest, surrounding a central basin about in diameter. The impact origin is attested by the presence of impact breccias, quartzite shatter cones and shocked quartz.
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In southern Sweden the peneplain surfaces tilt away from the crest of South Swedish Dome, to the northwest in Västergötland, to the northeast in Östergötland and to the east in eastern Småland. At this last region the sub-Cambrian peneplain is truncated to the west by a well defined and prominent scarp that separates it from the South Småland peneplain to the west. Much of the Hardangervidda plateau in the Norway is believed to be an uplifted part of the peneplain In the Central Swedish lowland the peneplain extends further west being 450 km wide from west to east. In Bohuslän, at the northern end of the Swedish West Coast, there is some uncertainty over whether the hilltops are remnants of the peneplain.
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Number 3 became to prototype of the WAGR A class 2-6-0 tender locomotives. The A class locomotives were soon supplemented by the B class 4-6-0T tank engines which had twice the haulage capacity of the A class. During this time the WAGR had been greatly expanded over the Darling Scarp and into the large agricultural strip to the East, specifically to the centers of Chidlow, Northam and Toodyay (then Newcastle). With the beginning of WA gold rushes in 1888 the railways required massive expansion and in 1889 the WAGR received a larger version of the A class which had been used in the construction of the private Great Southern Railway in Albany, on the southern coast of Western Australia.
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The steep 1 in 30 gradients over the Darling Scarp presented a major problem to the early railway system, so in 1893/94 the K class 2-8-4T tank engines were introduced for traffic on this Eastern Railway. The K class was the first class of locomotives designed new for the WAGR, and some were later ordered for use in South Africa. The K class was unfortunately too heavy for branch- line operations and was so restricted to main-line services. In 1896 two new classes were introduced to the WAGR, namely the N Class 4-4-4T suburban tank engines and the O Class 2-8-0T&T;, so classified for the presence of tenders and boiler-side fuel-storage bunkers.
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An example of the characteristic pattern of parallel ridges and scarp left by tin-streaming, east of Fox Tor. The earliest means of recovery, known as streaming or streamworking, involved the collection of alluvial deposits from river and stream beds where they had accumulated after being eroded from the ore-bearing lodes. The geological processes that resulted in the deposition of the cassiterite in the stream beds often resulted in very pure tin gravel which was mixed with gravels of other, unwanted, minerals such as quartz, mica and feldspar, collectively known as "gangue".Newman 1998, p.11. It was relatively easy to separate these minerals on the basis of their very different specific gravities – cassiterite about 7 and gangue 3 or less.
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Thomas Peel had left Britain with a promise that if he arrived at Fremantle by the beginning of November 1829 with 400 settlers, he would be allocated a grant of , comprising much of the land on the south bank of the Swan River to Cockburn Sound. As he arrived six weeks late and with only 169 settlers, the offer was withdrawn by Governor Stirling as the land had been granted to established settlers. Peel was offered an alternative grant from Woodman Point to the north bank of the Murray River and from the ocean to the Darling Scarp. Peel's remaining settlers arrived shortly after and settled initially at Clarence before moving to the site of present-day Mandurah, which he named Peeltown.
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With its flat and steady descent, the Dauntsey Vale has since the Industrial Revolution been used as a major route to cross southern England, providing a manageable descent from the chalk highlands of eastern Wiltshire to Bath and Bristol below. The first to do so was the Wilts and Berks Canal, whose course hugged the foot of the eastern ridge. Brunel then used the Vale for the first Great Western Railway line from London to Bath and Bristol, which was followed by the line to South Wales in 1901, which diverges from the earlier line at Royal Wootton Bassett. Finally, the M4 motorway descends across the Vale from north east to south west, and cuts through the lesser eastern Cotswolds scarp at Stanton St Quintin.
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It is bounded by higher ground ranging from Dundry Down to the north, the Lulsgate Plateau to the west, the Mendip Hills to the south and the Hinton Blewett, Temple Cloud, Clutton and Marksbury plateau areas to the east. The valley's boundary generally follows the top of scarp slopes except at the southwestern and southeastern boundaries where flat upper areas of the Chew Valley grade gently into the Yeo Valley and eastern Mendip Hills respectively. The River Chew was dammed in the 1950s to create Chew Valley Lake, which provides drinking water for the nearby city of Bristol and surrounding areas. The lake is a prominent landscape feature of the valley, a focus for recreation, and is internationally recognised for its nature conservation interest, because of the bird species, plants and insects.
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Up to the beginning of the 19th century, the Wiese flowed largely unregulated from its source in the Black Forest to its mouth on the Rhine, swinging between the scarp of the lower river terrace and carving its way through the gravel and sandbanks of the river meadows. The annual floods frequently resulted in a change in the course of the river. Only the Wiesewuhre, an artificial watercourse that used water for agriculture, trade and handicrafts, and later for the industries of the Wiesental and Kleinbasel, impeded the course of the Wiese and diverted a not inconsiderable part of the Wiese into the various commercial water canals. In the Wiesental, the term Teich is used as a synonym for artificial canals, along with the Alemannic/Basel German terms Diich and Tych.
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Looking SW from the top of St. Catherine's Hill water meadows Structurally, St. Catherine's Hill is part of the Winchester anticline. This is an upfold in the chalk at the western end of the South Downs. In the Winchester area the core of the anticline has eroded to expose older rocks in Chilcomb, Bar End and Winchester itself, leaving a near complete ring of inward-facing chalk scarp slopes including Magdalen (Morn) Hill to the north, Chilcomb Down and Telegraph Hill to the east, Deacon Hill, Twyford Down and St. Catherine's to the south and Oliver's Battery to the west. Whilst the highest part of the main ring of hills (which reaches up to at Cheesefoot Head) is of the 'Lewes Nodular Chalk Formation', St. Catherine's is of the slightly older 'New Pit Chalk Formation'.
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Despite the crew perishing in the impact, the bomber remained largely intact and, to prevent other aircraft from spotting it and reporting it repeatedly, the wreckage was cut into a number of smaller, moveable pieces and discarded down Broad Slack, where parts of it are still visible today. Over the years, two of the four Rolls-Royce engines were recovered from the crash site by an RAF helicopter, one of which is now on display at the Ruskin Museum in Coniston.Alfred Wainwright: A Pictorial Guide to the Lakeland Fells, Book 4: In contrast to the craggy scarp of the east face, the western slope of the ridge descends over grass to the col of Fairfield, forming a tilted triangular plateau. Across Fairfield is the rocky top of Grey Friar.
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II, p 109 Several other launches by Schmiedl occurred through 1932, and similar experiments occurred in several other countries, usually subsidized by philatelists. Gerhard Zucker experimented in the 1930s with powder rockets similar to fireworks. Between 1931 and 1933, he travelled throughout Germany displaying his rocket and claiming that it could be used to deliver mail. After moving to the United Kingdom, Zucker tried to convince the General Post Office that postal delivery by rocket was viable. After initial demonstrations on the Sussex Downs in southern England, a rocket was launched on 28 and a second on 31 July 1934 over a 1600-metre flight path between the Hebridean islands of Harris and Scarp in Scotland. Around 1.07 m long with a diameter of 18 cm, the rocket fuselages were packed with 1,200 envelopes.
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The extension of the Eastern Railway line in Western Australia to Chidlow's Well in 1884 was immediately useful to those in the region, to quote the West Australian of 17 April 1885: Up until its closure, it had tearooms, and the overnight sleeper train 'The Westland' to Kalgoorlie had a refreshment stop at Chidlow. In some regularly reprinted photographs of the station buildings and platform the sign is for Chidlow's Well Refreshment Station. In all Working Timetables (WTT) during the operation of this line, there was an arrival and departure time, owing to either taking on water for steam engines, or change in crew. The Bellevue to Chidlow railway line involved the encounter with the Darling Scarp requiring extra power for the up line, and considerable extra caution for the down line.
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In 1979, Steve Squyres of Cornell University noted the presence of mass wasting-derived structures in Nilosyrtis Mensae and Protonilus Mensae and generalized this report to identify what he termed "lobate debris aprons" on any scarp subject to sufficient seasonal ice deposition. He also claimed that any lobate debris apron constrained to the pathway of a narrow valley would manifest as a "lineated valley fill". The Phlegra Montes was noted in particular by Squyres as a site in the northern lowlands where these features were concentrated outside zones of fretted terrain. In 1985, James H. Moore of Arizona State University published an abstract for the 16th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference (held in The Woodlands, Texas) proffering interpretations of the Phlegra Montes' origin based on topographic and gravity data.
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This is probably the best location from which to see the buildings of the Bangor University and the cathedral--as shown in the image below (the old Students Union building, and Theatr Gwynedd to the centre left of this photo, have been replaced by the new Pontio building). View of Bangor from Bangor Mountain Along the side of the high street, the scarp slope is nearly vertical and clothed with trees. The slope is so severe and the mountain so close at the North end of the High Street, that one short section does not receive direct sunlight between November and February. Bangor Mountain has a diverse ecology with a variety of mixed woods, open grassland and extensive areas of gorse although biodiversity appears to be significantly reduced within the confines of the golf course.
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Bruce Bolt, a seismologist and a professor of earth and planetary science at the University of California, Berkeley, walked the fault scarp in 1992 and found that the vertical displacement measured along most of the length with the southwest end reaching . The earthquake had a disastrous impact on the city, as many buildings are still not recovered. , according to some news websites, between 4,000 and 5,000 residents of Gyumri remain homeless, although there are no official figures provided by the local authorities of the city.Անօթեւանների թվաքանակը, քաղաքապետարանի չիրականացրած հաշվառումն ու Սուքիաս Ավետիսյանի «հուզմունքը» Gyumri City Hall at the Vartanants Square At the time of the breakup of the Soviet Union, the city was renamed Kumayri between in 1990 until 1992 when it was finally given the name Gyumri.
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The most prominent features within the plain itself are a pair of craters, similar in size to one another, known as Brontë (Mercurian crater) and Degas (crater). Brontë is the older of the two craters, and the impact that formed Degas has overlapped the edges of that older crater and spread a spray of rays across the southern regions of Sobkou Planitia and beyond. According to Peter Grego's book Venus and Mercury and how to observe them Sobkou Planitia is free of scarps, ridges, fractures and valleys. Its southeastern edge is bordered by the scarp Heemskerck Rupes (26N, 125W) which is about 300 km long which along part of the line of a very broad, bright swathe which is 1,000 km long and terminating just to the east of Chong Ch'ol (45N, 116W).
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Dangars Gorge, near Armidale The formation of the area began with muddy sediments under ancient oceans that were changed by heat and pressure into hard rocks, then uplifted by movements of the continental plate and volcanic eruptions. This resulted in the formation of the Great Dividing Range, an undulating plateau that sloped gently to the west and fell away steeply to the east. Erosion by wind, rain, storms and ice over millions of years carved out the plateaus of the Northern Tablelands, and rivers and streams gradually cut back the eastern edge of the tableland creating deep gorges that eventually formed one continuous escarpment. The jagged scarp is slowly retreating west and this movement can be seen today in the erosion of steep cliffs at places like Wollomombi, Dangars and Apsley Gorges.
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Analytical and numerical models that solve the diffusion equation for different initial and boundary conditions have been popular for studying a wide variety of changes to the Earth's surface. Diffusion has been used extensively in erosion studies of hillslope retreat, bluff erosion, fault scarp degradation, wave-cut terrace/shoreline retreat, alluvial channel incision, coastal shelf retreat, and delta progradation. Although the Earth's surface is not literally diffusing in many of these cases, the process of diffusion effectively mimics the holistic changes that occur over decades to millennia. Diffusion models may also be used to solve inverse boundary value problems in which some information about the depositional environment is known from paleoenvironmental reconstruction and the diffusion equation is used to figure out the sediment influx and time series of landform changes.
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To the South and West an extensive outwork, the Polder, which had formerly been a field from which the water had been pumped by means of windmills near the point where the Yperlet stream flowed into the old harbour. Flanking the Polder at both points were the South bulwark and the West bulwark, in front of each were two further outworks; the inner stronger Polder, South and West Bulwark's which then linked the Polder, South and West Ravelins. This then linked to the Polder, South and West square's; Ostend's most outer defensive works. At the northwest angle, near the mouth of the fordable old harbour, the walls consisted of a strong ravelin in the counter scarp called the Porcepic, and a bastion in its rear known by the name of the Helmund.
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The Wittunga Botanic Garden is one of three Botanic Gardens in Adelaide, South Australia administered by the Botanic Gardens of South Australia, a State Government statutory authority; the other two are the Adelaide Botanic Garden located in the inner city's parklands, and the Mount Lofty Botanic Garden. The Wittunga garden is located on Shepherds Hill Road, Blackwood, on the western scarp of the Adelaide Hills. Beginning as a formal English garden at the home of Edwin Ashby in 1901, it changed over the years assisted by the efforts of Edwin's son, Arthur Keith Ashby to include South African and native Australian plants. Wittunga’s displays of these plants are especially spectacular in spring and include rich collections of Erica, Leucadendron, and Protea, complemented by displays of exotic and unusual bulbs and colourful annuals.
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The Panamint Valley lies in the southern Basin and Range Province, which has been subject to extensive Quaternary tectonic activity characterized by crustal extension along normal faults as well as strike-slip fault activity. Volcanic activity between 7.7 and 4 million years ago preceded the opening of the valley, leaving basalts stranded on either side. Subsequently, the Panamint Valley Fault Zone triggered subsidence of the valley floor and the separation of the formerly connected Darwin Plateau and Panamint Ranges. Little tectonic activity occurred while the valley was flooded although lake sediments have been deformed by a high fault scarp and fault offsets are observed in many places of the Panamint Valley, and while there is evidence for fault movement only a few hundred years ago, historical earthquake activity in the region is low.
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De Havilland Memorial Stone near Seven Barrows Field and Beacon Hill from A34 View of Beacon Hill with the tomb of George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon Gravestone of George Herbert, 5th Earl of Carnarvon The hill fort on the top of the hill has never been systematically excavated, but the land and ditch are sharply defined and well preserved. The Beacon Hill camp, (scheduled ancient monument number 7) built around 1000 BC, was probably inhabited by around 2–3000 people according to calculations from similar camps. It is one of a number of hillforts, which are strung out along the north-facing scarp of the Hampshire Downs, overlooking the Kennet valley to the north. When originally built, these structures must have looked spectacular even from a distance as their white chalk ramparts caught the sun.
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Walton Hill, Polden Hills The Poldens are a low narrow ridge of late Triassic / early Jurassic mudstones (often referred to as clay) alternating with limestones. The south-southwest facing scarp is formed by a succession of rocks, lowermost of which are the mudstones of the Mercia Mudstone Group (formerly known as the Keuper Marl), overlain in the west by more mudstones of the latest Triassic age Blue Anchor Formation (formerly ‘Tea Green Marls’), a thin unit recorded from Puriton Hill east to the vicinity of Stawell. Elsewhere the overlying layer is that of the earliest Jurassic (Rhaetian) age Westbury Formation (formerly known as the Rhaetic clays or Westbury Beds) consisting of mudstones and limestones. Stratigraphically above these are the mudstones and limestones of the Blue Lias, forming the north-northeasterly directed dip-slope of these hills.
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Jarrah and marri forest near the Blackwood River Marri is widely distributed in the Southwest region of Western Australia, from north of Geraldton (28° S) to Cape Riche (34° S), and inland beyond Narrogin (32°56′S 117° E). It is found displaying its adaptability to the different environments on the Swan Coastal Plain and the Darling Scarp. Where the soil type is appropriate it will dominate as the upper storey in woodland, to within a few kilometres from the coast. The species will grow on comparatively poor soil, but good specimens are considered an indicator of the better agricultural soils. Found in a variety of terrains including Flats, hills, breakaways, wetlands, fringing salt marches and beside drainage lines it is able to grow in red-brown clay loams, orange-brown sandy clays, gravel and grey sandy soils over limestone, granite or laterite.
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The old centre of Shaftesbury is sited on a westward-pointing promontory of high ground in northeast Dorset, on the scarp edge of a range of hills that extend south and east into Cranborne Chase and neighbouring Wiltshire.Ordnance Survey (2013), 1:25,000 Explorer Map, Sheet 118 (Shaftesbury and Cranborne Chase), John Bartholomew & Son Ltd (1980), 1:100,000 National Map Series, Sheet 4 (Dorset), The town's built-up area also extends down the promontory slopes to lower ground at St James, Alcester and Enmore Green, and eastwards across the watershed towards the hill's dip slope. Shaftesbury's altitude is between about at the lowest streets below the promontory, to about at Wincombe Business Park on the hilltop in the north, with the promontory and town centre being at about . Below the town to the west is the Blackmore Vale, which undulates between about and .
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Antiques of the old residence of the colonialists called the " Europeans quarters" still abound on the Hill-top, an outskirt of Enugwu-Ngwo town. Another settlement known as Ugwu Alfred (Igbo: Alfred's Hill) or "Alfred's Camp", inhabited by an Alfred Inoma (a leader of indigenous labourers from Onitsha) and his labourers, was located on a hillside. After the land acquisition by the British, Frederick Lugard, the Governor-General of Nigeria at the time, named the colliery built at the bottom of the Udi Hills Enugu Coal Camp to distinguish it from Enugwu Ngwo which overlooks the city from atop a scarp on Enugu's west. The first coal mine in the Enugu area was the Udi mine opened in 1915 which was shut down two years later and replaced with the Iva Valley mine.Udo, pp. 196–197.Sklar, pp. 207–210.
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To the east is the wide fertile Severn Vale, floored by Triassic 'New Red' sandstones and marls of the Mercia Mudstone Group (formerly known as the 'Keuper Marls'), and Jurassic lias clays further east. The Triassic deposits were formed in a Sahara -like desert when the British Isles lay about 15 degrees north of the equator, whereas the clays represent deep-water sediments. The landscape here is flattish, with the only feature of note a rather weak low scarp which meanders across the vale from SW to NE marking the Triassic/Jurassic border. This is superbly illustrated at the ‘Garden Cliff’, Westbury-on-Severn (see picture), where the river Severn has sliced a convenient ‘cut-away’ section of this transition from the red Triassic marls, through the thin Penarth Group (formerly 'Rhaetic') strata, to the lias clays and limestones of the lower Jurassic.
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They are mostly covered in hot water algae, or cyanobacteria, which grows in temperatures between 35–59 degrees Celsius (95-138.2 degree fahrenheit), the colours dependent on the species, with green, yellow and black the most common. At the base of the two lower terraces – named Rainbow and Cascade Terraces – are several small geysers, including the intermittently active Sapphire Geyser, and the Hochstetter Pool (named after Austrian pioneer geologist Ferdinand von Hochstetter, who visited the area in 1859), which erupted in November 1954 and played as a geyser until mid-1955, ceasing suddenly after swarms of subterranean earthquakes. The third and largest great fault scarp in the valley is called the Golden Fleece Terrace (named Te Kapua by the Māori people, meaning "The Cloud"), which is five metres high and 40 metres long, with a beautiful white crystal-like sinter coating.
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He has been active in the Canberra writing community, teaching and editing, was Chair of the ACT Writers Centre from 2003 to 2008 and in 2006 was Writer in Residence at the University of Science in Penang, Malaysia. Cormick's creative writing has appeared in most of Australia's literary journals including Southerly, Westerly, Island, Meanjin, The Phoenix Review, Overland, Scarp, 4W, Redoubt, Block, as well as in overseas publications including Silverfish New Writing (Malaysia) and Foreign Literature No 6 (China). He has previously been an editor of the radical arts magazine Blast, and his writing awards include the ACT Book of the Year Award in 1999ACT Book of the Year Award 1999 a Queensland Premier's Literary Award in 2006, a Victorian Community History Award in 2015, the ACT Writing and Publishing Award in 2015 and the Tasmanian Writers' Prize in 2016.
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The authors of the study conclude that if the 464 BC event took place along the fault whose scarp they identified, its magnitude would have been approximately 7.2 on the surface wave magnitude scale. Due to the lack of proper infrastructure and seismic engineering knowledge during this time casualties were originally thought to be very high with some contemporary sources believing the death toll to be around 20,000. However, modern scholars believe this might be an exaggeration due to the fact that at the time the city was relatively small and spread out, with most buildings being one floor and constructed from wood or sun-baked brick making it hard to believe that casualties could have been so high. The lack of detailed population records, coupled with flight of survivors to other areas, may have contributed to the uncertainty, as it can today.
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Ploughing has reduced the size of the platform but it remains visible with a scarp on the eastern side and a scatter of stones to mark its position. At a point on the wall 174m west of Milecastle 17 there is a significant change in construction, discovered in 1931. East of this point the wall is constructed at the thickness of the foundations for one course of stone before stepping in to a narrower wall, west of here the wall continues at full foundation thickness for three or four courses before stepping in. In addition the western part tends to use smaller stones, and east of Milecastle 17 until Turret 12A all turrets have east doors and thick walls, with those west until Turret 21A having doors in the western part of the south wall and thinner walls.
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Statham's Quarry Number 2 points Gradient profile map The Kalamunda Zig Zag was completed in July 1891, as part of the Upper Darling Range Railway line in Western Australia which was built by the Canning Jarrah Timber Company from a junction with the Midland line at Midland Junction to Canning Mills to transport railway sleepers to Perth's growing railway system. On 1 July 1903, the line was taken over by the Western Australian Government Railways.History of the Railway Pickering Brook Heritage Group To overcome a steep gradient up the Darling Scarp, a zig zag was built between Ridge Hill and Gooseberry Hill stations, being cheaper to build than a continuous gradient line. It closed on 22 July 1949 along with the rest of the line, with the track removed in 1952 and converted into a narrow bitumen road.
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Lifted type block mountains have two steep sides exposing both sides scarps, leading to the horst and graben terrain seen in various parts of Europe including the Upper Rhine valley, a graben between two horsts - the Vosges mountains (in France) and the Black Forest (in Germany), and also the Rila - Rhodope Massif in Bulgaria, Southeast Europe, including the well defined horsts of Belasitsa (linear horst), Rila mountain (vaulted domed shaped horst) and Pirin mountain - a horst forming a massive anticline situated between the complex graben valleys of Struma and that of Mesta. Tilted type block mountains have one gently sloping side and one steep side with an exposed scarp, and are common in the Basin and Range region of the western United States. Example of graben is the basin of the Narmada River in India, between the Vindhya and Satpura horsts.
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A study by Sherrod and his associates used potassium–argon dating to trace samples from Black Butte to 1.43 ± 0.33 million years ago, during the Matuyama Polarity Zone of reversed magnetic polarity. These dates superseded an earlier determination of 400,000 years, which was recognized as incorrect based on polarity magnetization of the lava; according to Peterson and Groh, E. M. Taylor also communicated an age of about 500,000 years for Black Butte from K–Ar dating of its rock. Large-scale block faulting in the vicinity of the Metolius Springs could have coincided with the beginning of volcanic activity in the High Cascades, which gradually progressed from building shield-shaped edifices to more violent eruptions. Volcanism resumed after the Green Ridge fault scarp reached its maximum height and fault movement ceased, occurring along a fault within the graben in the Metolius Springs vicinity.
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Mining had an important role but before coal mining began, iron ore was discovered around Bentley Grange which led to the establishment of iron ore mines and a forge by the monks of Byland Abbey under a licence granted by Sir William Fitzwilliam (the first lord of the manor to adopt the name Fitzwilliam) in 1217 and another endorsed by his son Sir Thomas Fitzwilliam in 1237. Grange, a name associated with many buildings in and around Emley including Bentley Grange, is a reference to Byland Abbey's outlying monastic farming estate, typically where sheep were kept. The remains of bell pits around Bentley Grange, a scheduled monument, are medieval workings from when iron ore was mined from the Tankersley seam. The steep scarp slope overlooking the Dearne Valley south of the village contains the remains of day holes, medieval mines where coal was dug for iron forging.
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Broadly speaking, the Greensand Ridge runs along the northern edge of the Weald in a west-east arc from Surrey into Kent, just south of and parallel to the chalk escarpment of the North Downs. The ridge is separated by a mixed deep and shallow, fertile depression from the North Downs referred to as the 'Vale of Holmesdale', formed on Gault Clay, and a narrow band of Upper Greensand that outcrops at the foot of the chalk scarp (ridge). In some places the clay vale is very narrow: for example at Oxted the gap between summits of the Greensand Ridge and the North Downs is less than . The Greensand Ridge, capped by the resistant sands and sandstones of the Hythe Beds, reinforced by bands of chert, rises steeply as a series of high, wooded escarpments between Gibbet Hill, Hindhead (), north of Haslemere, and the ridge's highest point, Leith Hill ().
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The Friary of St Francis, Hilfield Shortly after World War I, the Revd Douglas Downes, an economics don at Oxford University, and a few friends gave practical expression to their sympathy with and concern for victims of the depression by going out onto the roads and sharing the life of the homeless men and boys, looking for work from town to town. In 1921, a Dorset landowner, Lord Sandwich, offered a small farm property (now Hilfield Friary),Hilfield is a hamlet in west Dorset, England, situated under the scarp face of the Dorset Downs seven miles south of Sherborne. and here the group of friends was able to offer shelter to the exhausted wayfarers and others in temporary need of help. In 1934, another small group (led by Father Algy) who had a clearer idea of forming a religious order, joined Brother Douglas (as he liked to be called).
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