As Dr. Lee explains, she was performing her popping magic on a patient with an epidermoid cyst (also called a Epidermal Inclusion cyst or Infundibular cyst) on the neck.
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An unbranched spur up to 10 mm long is inserted near the base of the lid. Upper pitchers are narrowly infundibular in the basal half to three-quarters, rapidly expanding to become broadly infundibular in the upper portion.Wistuba, A. 2001. Nepenthes photographs.
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Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. . Epidermal inclusion cyst more specifically refers to implantation of epidermal elements into the dermis. The term infundibular cyst refers to the site of origin of the cyst: the infundibular portion of the hair follicle.
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Upper pitchers arise gradually from the end of the tendril. They are very narrowly infundibular in the lower half to three-quarters. Above the hip, they are either cylindrical or narrowly infundibular. Aerial pitchers are much larger than their terrestrial counterparts, growing to 26 cm in height and 4.5 cm in width.
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Flowers single or pluriflor, perigone infundibular (funnel shaped) with elongated floral tube. Paraperigonium, if present, has free segments. Stigma capitate.
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They gradually or abruptly arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a wide curve. They are tubular to infundibular in the lower two-thirds with laterally appressed pitcher walls. As in N. dubia, there is almost no gap between the walls in mature pitchers. The upper part of the pitcher is widely infundibular throughout.
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In the wild, no adult lower pitchers were recorded, only rosette pitchers on seedling plants. For this reason they were not covered in the formal description. A typical upper pitcher Upper pitchers are infundibular in the basal half and cylindrical to slightly infundibular above. A prominent hip and waist (constriction) delimits these two halves.
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Sometimes (incorrectly) considered synonymous with the posterior pituitary, the pars nervosa includes Herring bodies and pituicytes. ;Infundibular stalk: Also known as the infundibulum or pituitary stalk, the infundibular stalk bridges the hypothalamic and hypophyseal systems. The median eminence is only occasionally included as part of the posterior pituitary. Other sources specifically exclude it from the pituitary.
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Studies have also shown that purring can be caused through electrically stimulating the infundibular region of the cat's brain, suggesting central control.
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The lid is often yellowish on its lower surface and the same colour as the pitcher cup on its upper surface. Stunted plants from higher altitudes typically produce dark terrestrial pitchers. Upper pitchers are infundibular and somewhat inflated in the basal quarter to third of the pitcher cup, becoming cylindrical or slightly infundibular above. A conspicuous hip often delimits these two parts of the trap.
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Disseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis, also called disseminate and recurrent infundibular folliculitisDisseminate and Recurrent Infundibular Folliculitis Clinical Presentation or Hitch and Lund disease, is a rare follicular skin conditionDisseminate and recurrent infundibulofolliculitis that presents with irregularly shaped papules pierced by hair, is mildly itchy at times, and is chronic with recurrent exacerbations.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .
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They may be infundibular throughout or narrowly infundibular in their basal part, becoming narrower and roughly cylindrical above. They are broadest in the middle or in the upper portion. Aerial pitchers are larger than their terrestrial counterparts, growing to 6.7 cm in height by 2 cm in width (although more often around 4 cm by 1.7 cm). The pitcher lid is of the same width as the mouth.
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Pitcher Plants of Sarawak. Natural History Publications (Borneo), Kota Kinabalu. Upper pitchers are narrowly infundibular, becoming slightly wider in the upper part. They reach over 30 cm in height.
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An unbranched spur measuring up to 10 mm in length is inserted near the base of the lid. Upper pitchers differ markedly in shape, being narrowly infundibular in the lower two-thirds and becoming widely infundibular above. They are similar in size to their lower counterparts, typically measuring up to 18 cm, with some larger forms reaching 26 cm. The tiny digestive glands are overarched and number 1500 to 2000 per square centimetre.
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It measures up to 9 mm in length, with a basal diameter of up to 2 mm, although it may be much smaller. Upper pitchers are frequently produced. They are variably funnel-shaped, ranging from wholly infundibular to infundibular only in the basal two-thirds and cylindrical above. They may be somewhat larger than their terrestrial counterparts, reaching 25 cm in height by 7 cm in width, though they rarely reach these maximum dimensions.
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They are infundibular in the basal third and globose above. In aerial pitchers, a pair of ribs is present in place of wings.Malouf, P. 1995. A visit to Kinabalu Park.
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The inner surface is a light shade of yellow. The peristome is generally yellow or orange in freshly opened traps, later becoming dark red to purple as the pitcher matures. The upper surface of the lid is often yellow with orange to purple blotches, whereas the underside may be completely red, although this is not always the case. Upper pitchers are either narrowly infundibular in the basal half of the pitcher cup and swollen above or infundibular throughout.
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The peristome is usually darker than the rest of the pitcher, typically being dark orange to purple, although it may be creamy white and occasionally exhibits red stripes. The lid has a similar colour to the pitcher cup, usually having a darker upper surface with dark red speckles. Upper pitchers are tubular to narrowly infundibular in the lower two-thirds, becoming broadly infundibular above. Characteristically, the hollow pitcher tube often continues past the curved basal portion and for some distance up the tendril.
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Three to four longitudinal veins are present on either side of the midrib. Pinnate veins are inconspicuous. Tendrils are up to 30 cm long. Rosette and lower pitchers are rounded-infundibular or conical in shape.
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It measures up to 9 mm in length, with a basal diameter of up to 3 mm, although it may be much smaller. Upper pitchers are variably funnel-shaped, ranging from wholly infundibular to infundibular only in the basal quarter and cylindrical, or more rarely tubular, above. They may be considerably larger than their terrestrial counterparts, reaching 24 cm in height by 6 cm in width, though they rarely approach these maximum dimensions. The wings are commonly reduced to a pair of ribs in aerial traps.
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Several synonyms exist for epidermoid cysts, including epidermal cyst, infundibular cyst, keratin cyst and epidermal inclusion cystFreedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
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Similarly viscous pitcher fluid is found in the group of closely allied Sumatran species that includes N. aristolochioides, N. dubia, N. flava, N. inermis, N. jacquelineae, N. jamban, N. talangensis, and N. tenuis. These species all share infundibular pitchers.
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Pinnate veins are reticulate. Tendrils can be up to long and may or may not have a curl. Rosette and lower pitchers are rarely produced. They are infundibular in the lower two-thirds to three-quarters, and ovoid above.
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In addition, the upper pitchers of N. longifolia are only infundibular in the lower parts, compared to the wholly infundibular aerial pitchers of N. sumatrana. Furthermore, the peristome of N. longifolia, although distinctly notched, is never raised at the front like in N. rafflesisna, unlike that of N. sumatrana, which has a very pronounced raised section. In their description of N. longifolia, Nerz and Wistuba also used the structure of the inflorescence to distinguish these taxa, but subsequent observations have shown that both species produce one- and two-flowered partial peduncles. Nepenthes longifolia is also closely related to N. rafflesiana.
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They are infundibular throughout and may or may not have fringed wings. They bear a wide, flattened peristome (≤10 mm wide) which is contracted in the middle. Ribs are barely discernible, except at the front of the peristome. Terrestrial pitchers have ovate lids.
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Residual myocardium is confined to the subendocardial region and the trabeculae of the ventricles. These trabeculae may become hypertrophied. Aneurysmal dilatation is seen in 50% of cases at autopsy. It usually occurs in the diaphragmatic, apical, and infundibular regions (known as the triangle of dysplasia).
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Right ventricular angiography is considered the gold standard for the diagnosis of ACM. Findings consistent with ACM are an akinetic or dyskinetic bulging localized to the infundibular, apical, and subtricuspid regions of the RV. The specificity is 90%; however, the test is observer dependent.
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Upper pitchers are similar in most respects to their lower counterparts. They are up to 20 cm high and 3 cm wide. They are infundibular in the lowermost part, narrowly ovoid in the next part, and cylindrical above. The peristome lacks teeth in upper pitchers.
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Upper pitchers resemble their lower counterparts in most regards. They usually attain a slightly greater size and are infundibular in the uppermost quarter. Nepenthes eustachya has a racemose inflorescence. The peduncle is up to 40 cm long, whereas the rachis reaches 30 cm in length.
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The pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk, Fenderson's funnel, or simply the infundibulum) is the connection between the hypothalamus and the posterior pituitary. The floor of the third ventricle is prolonged downward as a funnel-shaped recess—the infundibular recess—into the infundibulum, where the apex of the pituitary is attached.Grey's Anatomy It passes through the dura mater of the diaphragma sellae as it carries axons from the magnocellular neurosecretory cells of the hypothalamus down to the posterior pituitary where they release their neurohypophysial hormones, oxytocin and vasopressin, into the blood. This connection is called the hypothalamo-hypophyseal tract or hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract.
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Pulmonic stenosis is usually due to isolated valvular obstruction (pulmonary valve stenosis), but it may be due to subvalvular or supravalvular obstruction, such as infundibular stenosis. It may occur in association with other congenital heart defects as part of more complicated syndromes (for example, tetralogy of Fallot).
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Upper pitchers are shortly cylindrical to slightly infundibular. They grow to 14 cm in height by 3 cm in width. The wings found in aerial pitchers are distinctive in that they are well developed (≤10 mm wide) but lack fringe elements. The pitcher mouth has an oblique insertion.
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The arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus (also known as ARH, ARC, or infundibular nucleusonderzoekinformatie.nl - Project: Does activation of neurons in the infundibular nucleus in menopause prevent the occurrence of Alzheimer changes?) is an aggregation of neurons in the mediobasal hypothalamus, adjacent to the third ventricle and the median eminence. The arcuate nucleus includes several important and diverse populations of neurons that help mediate different neuroendocrine and physiological functions, including neuroendocrine neurons, centrally projecting neurons, and astrocytes. The populations of neurons found in the arcuate nucleus are based on the hormones they secrete or interact with and are responsible for hypothalamic function, such as regulating hormones released from the pituitary gland or secreting their own hormones.
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N. talangensis, and N. tenuis. These species are characterised by infundibular upper pitchers and highly viscous pitcher fluid. Nepenthes inermis is thought to be most closely related to N. dubia. However, it is easily distinguished from that species as it completely lacks a peristome in its upper pitchers unlike the latter.
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Nepenthes micramphora is most easily distinguished from N. abgracilis by its upper pitchers, which are more-or-less infundibular (versus subcylindric in N. abgracilis), narrowest at the base and widest in the middle or upper half (versus widest near the base), and much smaller in all respects (≤6.7 cm versus 16 cm high).
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The lid or operculum is orbicular and cordate at the base. Multicellular hairs are sometimes present on its upper surface. An unbranched spur (≤2 mm long) is inserted at the base of the lid. Upper pitcher of N. adnata Upper pitchers are ovoid in the lower quarter and cylindrical to infundibular above.
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If the aortic commissure has not yet been marked, it may be done at this point, using the same method as would be used prior to bypass; however, there is a third opportunity for this still later in the procedure. Coronary arteries are examined closely, and the ostia and proximal arterial course are identified, as are any infundibular branches, if they exist. The coronary ostia and a large "button" of surrounding aortic wall are then excised from the aorta, well into the sinus of Valsalva; and the proximal sections of the coronary arteries are separated from the surface of the heart, which prevents tension or distortion after anastomosis to the neo- aorta. Infundibular branches are sometimes unable to be spared, but this is a very rare occurrence.
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The first, fatty infiltration, is confined to the right ventricle. This involves a partial or near-complete substitution of myocardium with fatty tissue without wall thinning. It involves predominantly the apical and infundibular regions of the RV. The left ventricle and ventricular septum are usually spared. No inflammatory infiltrates are seen in fatty infiltration.
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They grow to 20 cm high and 10 cm wide, and possess a pair of fringed wings up to 6 mm wide. The peristome is cylindrical in cross-section and up to 10 mm wide. The lid is orbiculate and, as in rosette pitchers, bears an unbranched spur. Upper pitchers are infundibular (funnel-shaped) throughout.
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Their insertion at the end of the lamina is apical. Rosette and lower pitchers are either infundibular in the lower third to half and ovoid above, or ovoid throughout. They reach 25 cm in height and 9 cm in width. A pair of fringed wings (≤15 mm wide) runs down the front of the pitcher.
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Plants from Mount Mulu produce more narrowly lanceolate leaves with broadly winged petioles that are decurrent down the entire internode (≤10 cm long). Rosette and lower pitchers are narrowly ovate to infundibular. They are large, growing to 30 cm in height. The lid or operculum is broadly triangular in shape and has an undulating margin.
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Upper pitchers abruptly arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 45 mm wide curve. They are narrowly infundibular in shape, sometimes becoming tubulose towards the mouth. Aerial pitchers are up to 26 cm high by 7 cm wide. The ventral wings are usually reduced to a pair of prominent ribs in aerial pitchers.
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Nepenthes macfarlanei (; after John Muirhead Macfarlane, botanist) is a carnivorous pitcher plant species endemic to Peninsular Malaysia. It produces attractive red-speckled pitchers. Lower pitchers are ovoid or infundibular in the lower half and globose or cylindrical above and up to 25 cm high. Upper (aerial) pitchers are of a lighter colour with wings reduced to rubs.
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The arterial cone is closed by the infundibular cushions. The trunk cones are closed by the forming of an infundibulotroncal septum, which is made from a straight proximal portion and distal spiral portion. Then, the narrowest portion of the aorta is in the left and dorsal portion. The distal portion of the aorta is pushed forward to the right.
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The lid ranges in colour from orange to red, and bears fine red streaks.Guerini, M. 2011. Associazione Italiana Piante Carnivore. A collection of lower, intermediate, and upper pitchers of N. suratensis The tubulose to narrowly infundibular upper pitchers are similar in size to their terrestrial counterparts, measuring up to 18 cm in height by 3 cm in width.
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Occasionally, the pitcher may be yellowish-green throughout with a black peristome. Upper pitchers are narrowly infundibular in the basal third to half of the pitcher cup and cylindrical above. A constriction and associated hip often delimit these two parts. Aerial traps are smaller than their terrestrial counterparts, reaching 20 cm in height by 4 cm in width.
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In the wild, N. izumiae is known to form natural hybrids with N. dubia and N. jacquelineae. A single mature female plant of N. dubia × N. izumiae grows along the summit trail on Mount Talakmau. It produces infundibular upper pitchers that are yellowish-green in colouration. The pitchers are relatively small, reaching only around 10 cm in height.
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In: McPherson, S.R. New Nepenthes: Volume One. Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. pp. 36–51. Nepenthes eymae is very closely allied to the extremely polymorphic N. maxima, which is widespread across Sulawesi, New Guinea, and the Maluku Islands. It differs from this species in its wingless, infundibular and relatively small upper pitchers, ovate lower pitchers, and hastate lid.
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Acacia balsamea, commonly known as balsam wattle, is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Plurinerves. The rounded and infundibular shrub typically grows to a height of . It had erect yellowish branchlets. The khaki green aromatic phyllodes are erect with a straight to shallowly curved shape with a length of and a diameter of .
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They are infundibular throughout, becoming narrower in the basal portion. Wings are reduced to ribs in these aerial pitchers. The peristome is up to 17 mm wide and often somewhat flared at the margins. The peristome ribs are less developed than in lower pitchers, measuring only up to 0.4 mm in height, and spaced only up to 0.5 mm apart.
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A rosette pitcher Rosette and lower pitchers measure up to 20 cm in height by 6 cm in width. They are ovate in the basal third, before narrowing to become cylindrical or slightly infundibular towards the peristome. A pair of fringed wings (≤15 mm wide) runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup. Fringe elements are up to 12 mm long.
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The lower pitchers resemble those of N. talangensis, but differ in having more pronounced peristome teeth. Upper pitchers are infundibular in the lower parts, ovoid in the middle, and cylindrical in the upper parts. This hybrid can be distinguished from N. aristolochioides on the basis of its narrow, cylindrical peristome and oblique mouth, as opposed to almost vertical in the latter.
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Nepenthes izumiae may also bear a resemblance to N. bongso and N. ovata, but both of these species have entirely infundibular upper pitchers and often have spathulate laminae with glabrous margins. Nepenthes spathulata could also be confused with N. izumiae, but it can be distinguished on the basis of its wider laminae and pitchers, the latter typically also being lighter in colouration.
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As in N. inermis, there is almost no gap between the walls in mature pitchers. The upper part of the pitcher is widely infundibular throughout. Wings are reduced to ribs in upper pitchers. The inner surface of the pitcher is covered with numerous small, slightly depressed glands, occurring at a density of 600-900 per square centimetre; it lacks a waxy zone.
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A putative natural hybrid between N. dubia and N. jacquelineae A single mature female plant of N. dubia × N. izumiae grows along the summit trail on Mount Talakmau. It produces infundibular upper pitchers that are yellowish-green in colouration. The pitchers are relatively small, reaching only around 10 cm in height. As in N. dubia, the stem and tendrils are purplish-red.
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The pitcher lid is ovate and usually has a hook-shaped appendage on the underside near the peristome. A branched spur (≤5 mm long) is inserted near the base of the lid. An intermediate pitcher Upper pitchers arise abruptly from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 20 to 30 mm wide curve. They are cylindrical in the lower part and infundibular above.
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Indistinct reticulate veins are also present. The lamina is yellowish-green in colour and the midrib may be reddish. Tendrils reach 24 cm in length and may be green to red. Rosette and lower pitchers are either infundibular throughout or ovate and variably inflated. They are small, measuring only up to 7 cm in height by 4 cm in width.
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The underside of the lid of N. naga, showing a prominent hook-shaped basal crest and the forked sub-apical appendage for which it is named Upper pitchers are infundibular in the lowermost part, becoming ovoid and then cylindrical above. They may be up to 24.3 cm high by 4.5 cm wide. A pair of ribs is present instead of wings.
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Nepenthes reinwardtiana × N. spathulata is also known solely from the peat swamp near Lake Kerinci. Like N. mirabilis × N. spathulata, this hybrid is unlikely to occur anywhere else. The lower pitchers are infundibular in the lowermost part, becoming ovoid up to the hip, and cylindrical above. A pair of narrow wings, which may or may not be fringed, run down the front of the pitcher.
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On its underside it possesses a number of very dense fleshy bristles measuring up to 2 cm in length. Other than these distinctive structures, the lid has no appendages. An unbranched spur is inserted near the base of the lid. An upper pitcher The upper pitchers of N. lowii are very distinctive, being globose in the lower part, strongly constricted in the middle, and highly infundibular above.
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They are narrowly infundibular in the lower two-thirds, becoming ovoid above, and are sharply contracted below the rim. Terrestrial pitchers are relatively small, reaching 5 cm in height and 3.5 cm in width. A pair of fringed wings (≤3 mm wide) runs down the upper third of the pitcher beneath the rim. The glandular region covers the lower two-thirds of the inner surface.
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Tendrils may be densely glandular in some specimens. Laminae are typically green throughout, but may be tinged with purple, especially in stunted plants from higher elevations. The midrib and tendrils are often yellow and turn orange to red upon exposure to strong sunlight. Rosette and lower pitchers are typically ovate in the basal half of the pitcher cup, becoming cylindrical and sometimes slightly infundibular above.
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The median eminence is a part of the hypothalamus from which regulatory hormones are released. It is integral to the hypophyseal portal system, which connects the hypothalamus with the pituitary gland. The pars nervosa (part of the posterior pituitary gland) is continuous with the median eminence of the hypothalamus via the infundibular stalk. Parvocellular neurons from the hypothalamus terminate in the median eminence of the hypothalamus.
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The peristome forms an extended neck (≤9 cm long) at the rear and is up to 7 cm wide at this point. Upper pitchers are more infundibular than their lower counterparts, but also reach large dimensions of up to 28.5 cm. In aerial pitchers, the lid is much more narrowly triangular. It measures up to 8 cm long by 4.2 cm wide and has a cordate base.
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PILI-NGO Movement, Bogor. Tendrils are up to 30 cm long and often have a sub-apical or even peltate insertion, joining the lamina on the underside, before the apex. The lamina is green throughout, whereas the midrib and tendril may be green to reddish. Rosette and lower pitchers are typically ovate in the basal quarter to half of the pitcher cup, becoming cylindrical and sometimes slightly infundibular above.
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Upper pitchers on a climbing stem Upper pitchers are typically somewhat infundibular in the lowermost part, becoming narrowly ovoid in the lower third, and finally cylindrical and slightly narrower above. They may be quite large, reaching 25 cm in height by 5 cm in width. The waxy zone of the inner surface is well developed. A pair of remnant ribs is present in place of the ventral wings.
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March 2015. San Diego, CA Additionally, in research involving human fetuses it has been observed that the hypophyseal portal system fully develops by week 11.5 of the human fetal gestation period. This was determined by injecting a silicone rubber compound into specimens of various stages of gestation. In a specimen at week 11.5, the median eminence and infundibular stem contained the compound, suggesting the existence of the fully developed portal system.
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CT angiography showing aneurysm measuring 2.6 mm in diameter at the ACOM (anterior communicating artery). Once suspected, intracranial aneurysms can be diagnosed radiologically using magnetic resonance or CT angiography. But these methods have limited sensitivity for diagnosis of small aneurysms, and often cannot be used to specifically distinguish them from infundibular dilations without performing a formal angiogram. The determination of whether an aneurysm is ruptured is critical to diagnosis.
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It does not bear any appendages on its lower surface. An unbranched spur measuring up to 22 mm in length is inserted near the base of the lid. Upper pitchers are broadly infundibular in the basal third to half of the pitcher cup and cylindrical to slightly swollen in the upper portion. They are smaller than lower pitchers, reaching 15 cm in height by 6.5 cm in width.
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Tuberoinfundibular pathway shown in opaque blue, connecting that hypothalamus with the pituitary gland. The tuberoinfundibular pathway refers to a population of dopamine neurons that project from the arcuate nucleus ( the "infundibular nucleus") in the tuberal region of the hypothalamus to the median eminence. It is one of the four major dopamine pathways in the brain. Dopamine released at this site inhibits the secretion of prolactin from anterior pituitary gland lactotrophs by binding to D2 receptors.
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Rosette and lower pitchers are narrowly ovate in the basal portion and cylindrical or sometimes slightly infundibular above. They are very small, reaching only 4.1 cm in height by 1.6 cm in width. A pair of wings (≤4 mm wide) typically runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup, although these may be reduced to ribs. The wings bear fringe elements measuring around 3 mm and spaced 2.5–3 mm apart.
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Nepenthes sumatrana is distinguished by its infundibular upper pitchers (versus cylindrical in N. beccariana), which have a raised section at the front of the peristome. In addition, the ovoid lower pitchers of N. sumatrana have orbicular lids, as opposed to the ovate operculum of N. beccariana. The unidentified taxon (N. cf. beccariana) that grows along the road from Sibolga to Tarutung is similar to N. longifolia, but is atypical of the species.
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This device allows four instruments to be used simultaneously. During LESS cholecystectomy a fourth instrument becomes essential to gain critical view. Up until now surgeons have been inventive in how to retract the infundibulum; sutures and other novel means of retraction have all been reported. The instrument's channel allows for a fixed curved infundibular grasper to be added; this helps replicate the methodology currently being practised in traditional four-port laparoscopic cholecystectomy.
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They are infundibular in the lower half and cylindrical in the upper half. The inner surface of the pitcher is only glandular in the lower half, with the waxy zone continuing to the top of the pitcher. A pair of wings (≤2.5 mm wide) with fringe elements up to 1 cm long runs down the front of the pitcher. The pitcher mouth is ovate and bears a flattened peristome up to 3 cm wide.
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The two taxa differ markedly in growth habit and N. hurrelliana has more infundibular pitchers with distinctive purple speckles as well as a differently shaped lid. The species has also been compared to N. maxima, although the latter is now known to be absent from Borneo. In his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer lists N. hurrelliana as a possible hybrid between N. veitchii and N. stenophylla (as distinct from N. fallax).
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The open, spreading or infundibular shrub typically grows to a height of . It mostly has a "V"-shaped habit but is sometimes rounded shrubs and generally has three to six main stems but is sometimes single-stemmed and with a spindly habit. The rounded and moderately dense crown is open but sometimes bushy when regrowing. The smooth, mid-grey to dark grey coloured bark can be longitudinally fissured on main stems bases.
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Redfern Natural History Productions, Poole. The lower pitchers are brittle and campanulate (bell-shaped), up to 30 cm tall and 16 cm wide and emerge from tendrils that are 30–40 cm long and 4–9 mm in diameter. The tendrils are flattened towards the leaf, making them almost semi-circular in cross section. The upper pitchers are similar to the lower pitchers, but generally infundibular, to 25 cm tall and 12 cm wide.
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This time Souttar's technique was widely adopted although there were modifications. In 1947 Thomas Holmes Sellors (1902–1987) of the Middlesex Hospital operated on a Fallot's Tetralogy patient with pulmonary stenosis and successfully divided the stenosed pulmonary valve. In 1948, Russell Brock, probably unaware of Sellor's work, used a specially designed dilator in three cases of pulmonary stenosis. Later in 1948 he designed a punch to resect the infundibular muscle stenosis which is often associated with Fallot's Tetralogy.
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They are either entirely ovate or only ovate in the upper half and infundibular below. They often narrow just below the peristome. Terrestrial pitchers grow to 10 cm in height by 6 cm in width. A pair of fringed wings (≤10 mm wide) usually runs down the ventral surface of the trap, bearing filaments up to 8 mm long, although these wings may be absent altogether or only extend for a portion of the trap's length.
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They are infundibular in shape and reach much greater dimensions than their lower counterparts, measuring up to 18 cm high by 8 cm wide. Like terrestrial pitchers, they lack wings, instead having a pair of prominent ribs. The pitcher mouth is positioned almost horizontally at the front, but rises into a neck (≤3 cm high) towards the rear. The flattened peristome is up to 12 mm wide and bears ribs spaced ⅓ mm apart which terminate in short teeth.
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Rosette and lower pitchers are only produced for a short time before the plant transitions into a scrambling vine (although they may be produced later on offshoots from the original stem). They grow up to 18 cm high by 5 wide. They are ovate in the basal fifth to half of the pitcher cup, being bulbous to varying degrees in this portion, often narrowly so. The pitcher is narrower in the upper part and may be cylindrical or slightly infundibular towards the orifice.
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The herbarium material examined by Cheek and Jebb exhibited spurs that were basally 5-branched, with each branch being secondarily ramified. Upper pitchers are similar in shape to their terrestrial counterparts, though usually more elongated, growing to 7–25 cm in height by 1.2–6 cm in width. The basal fifth to third of the trap is ovate, narrowing and becoming cylindrical to slightly infundibular above. As in lower pitchers, a conspicuous hip often marks the boundary between these two parts.
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Several plants representing the cross N. rigidifolia × N. spectabilis have been recorded from an open rocky outcrop close to the type locality of N. rigidifolia. The hybrid differs from N. rigidifolia in having narrower pitchers with an infundibular base and distinct hip around the middle. On the other hand, the pitchers of this hybrid are broader than those of N. spectabilis and have a wider, expanded peristome. The richly coloured lower pitchers of N. rigidifolia × N. spectabilis superficially resemble those of N. macfarlanei.
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In addition, the upper pitchers of N. jacquelineae are not known to be yellow throughout, a colouration that is characteristic of N. flava. Nepenthes flava bears a conspicuous band of nectar glands on the underside of the lid, around the midline. This feature, among others, distinguishes it from N. inermis. With N. inermis, this species shares similarly infundibular pitchers, a narrow lid, and the habit of rapidly transitioning from a rosette to a climbing plant (with associated sudden internode elongation).
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There is also evidence for central actions of prolactin. Findings have suggested that thyroid hormone (T4) is taken up by the hypothalamic glial cells in the infundibular nucleus/ median eminence, and that it is here converted into T3 by the type 2 deiodinase (D2). Subsequent to this, T3 is transported into the thyrotropin- releasing hormone (TRH)-producing neurons in the paraventricular nucleus. Thyroid hormone receptors have been found in these neurons, indicating that they are indeed sensitive to T3 stimuli.
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The lower surface of the lid bears no appendages and has many small glands concentrated near the centre. An unbranched spur is inserted at the base of the lid. Upper pitchers gradually arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 6 to 12 mm wide curve. They are shortly infundibular in the lower part, slightly ventricose for around a third of their height, and wholly tubulose in the upper part. Aerial pitchers may be up to 15 cm high and 3 cm wide.
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The majority of epidermal inclusion cysts originate from the infundibular portion of the hair follicle, thus explaining the interchangeable, yet inaccurate, use of these two terms. Epidermoid cyst may be classified as a sebaceous cyst, although technically speaking it is not sebaceous. "True" sebaceous cysts, cysts which originate from sebaceous glands and which contain sebum, are relatively rare and are known as steatocystoma simplex or, if multiple, as steatocystoma multiplex. Medical professionals have suggested that the term sebaceous cyst be avoided since it can be misleading.
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Nepenthes aristolochioides is noted for exhibiting relatively little dimorphism between its lower and upper pitchers. Rosette and lower pitchers are only briefly produced on small rosettes before the plant begins to climb, or on offshoots from the climbing stem. They arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 3–5 mm wide curve. They are broadly infundibular in the lower two-thirds and globose above, forming a dome above the pitcher opening. They reach 7 cm in height and 3 cm in width.
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The lid ranges in colour from orange to red, and bears fine red streaks. A collection of lower, intermediate, and upper pitchers of N. andamana The tubulose to narrowly infundibular upper pitchers are similar in size to their terrestrial counterparts, measuring up to 16 cm in height by 3 cm in width. The wings, if present, are up to 1 mm wide, otherwise they are reduced to a pair of ridges. The pitcher mouth is orbicular to broadly ovate and has an oblique insertion.
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A light green upper pitcher Upper pitchers arise gradually from the end of the tendril, forming a curve up to 4 cm wide. They are narrowly infundibular in the lowermost parts, slightly ovoid up to the hip, and cylindrical or tubulose above. Upper pitchers are produced on shorter tendrils, but are larger than their lower counterparts, growing to 25 cm in height and 4 cm in width. They have a pair of prominent ribs in place of wings, sometimes bearing fringe elements near the peristome.
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Reissner's fiber (named after Ernst Reissner) is a fibrous aggregation of secreted molecules extending from the subcommissural organ (SCO) through the ventricular system and central canal to the terminal ventricle, a small ventricle-like structure near the end of the spinal cord. In vertebrates, Reissner's fiber is formed by secretions of SCO-spondin from the subcommissural organ into the ventricular cerebrospinal fluid. Reissner's fiber is highly conserved, and present in the central canal of all chordates. In cephalochordates, Reissner's fiber is produced by the ventral infundibular organ, as opposed to the dorsal SCO.
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A pitcher of N. aristolochioides in longitudinal section, showing the broad, incurved peristome and extensive glandular region Upper pitchers gradually arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 10 mm wide curve. They are narrowly infundibular in the lower half and utriculate above, with a pronounced dome above the pitcher orifice. The ventral face of the trap is often noticeably flattened and is around 30% thicker than the wall of the translucent dome. Aerial traps are larger than their terrestrial counterparts, reaching 15 cm in height and 8 cm in width.
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Holmes heart is a rare congenital heart disease with absence of the inflow tract of the morphologically right ventricle (RV) and hence a single left ventricle (LV). The great vessels are normally related, with the pulmonary artery arising from the small infundibular outlet chamber, and the aorta arising from the single left ventricle. The Holmes heart is named after Dr. Andrew F. Holmes, who first described an autopsy specimen of this congenital heart defect in 1824. Dr. Holmes later became the first Dean of the Medical Faculty at McGill University in Canada.
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A typical upper pitcher with a hand for size comparison Upper pitchers are similar in most respects to their lower counterparts. They are broadly infundibular in the lower third and ovoid above, narrowing below the pitcher opening. They are also larger, reaching 21.1 cm in height and 9.4 cm in width. Wings are reduced to narrow ribs that run the whole length of the pitcher cup. The peristome is cylindrical and up to 4.4 cm wide. As in lower pitchers, it bears ribs up to 0.5 mm high and spaced up to 1 mm apart.
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The upper surface of the lamina is typically green, but may be red if exposed to direct sunlight. Tendrils are up to 15 cm long. Rosette and lower pitchers are ovate in the basal third to quarter of the pitcher cup, becoming approximately cylindrical above and infundibular towards the pitcher mouth. They are relatively small, growing to only 12 cm in height by 3 cm in width. A pair of wings (≤4 mm wide) typically runs down the ventral surface of the pitcher cup, with fringe elements measuring up to 8 mm in length.
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A typical lower pitcher from Dinagat Upper pitchers are infundibular throughout, being variably swollen in the upper portion. They are frequently produced, although Cheek and Jebb reported seeing a flowering specimen that lacked upper pitchers. Aerial traps are even smaller than their terrestrial counterparts and some of the smallest pitchers in the genus, reaching only 7.5 cm in height and 3 cm in width. Wings are reduced to a maximum width of only 4 mm with fringe elements up to 3 mm long, but may be absent altogether.
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Propiomazine is an antagonist at types 1, 2, and 4 dopamine receptors, serotonin (5-HT) receptor types 2A and 2C, muscarinic receptors 1 through 5, alpha(1)-receptors, and histamine H1-receptors. Propiomazine's antipsychotic effect is due to antagonism at dopamine and serotonin type 2 receptors, with greater activity at serotonin 5-HT2 receptors than at dopamine type-2 receptors. This may explain the lack of extrapyramidal effects. Propiomazine does not appear to block dopamine within the tubero-infundibular tract, explaining the lower incidence of hyperprolactinemia than with typical antipsychotic agents or risperidone.
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These cells all together produce hormones of the anterior pituitary and release them into the blood stream. Nota bene: The terms "basophil" and "acidophil" are used by some books, whereas others prefer not to use these terms. This is due to the possible confusion with white blood cells, where one may also find basophils and acidophils. :; Pars tuberalis: The pars tuberalis (tubular part) forms a part of the sheath extending up from the pars distalis, which joins with the pituitary stalk (also known as the infundibular stalk or infundibulum), arising from the posterior lobe.
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The intermediate lobe synthesizes and secretes melanocyte-stimulating hormone. The posterior pituitary (or neurohypophysis) is a lobe of the gland that is functionally connected to the hypothalamus by the median eminence via a small tube called the pituitary stalk (also called the infundibular stalk or the infundibulum). Hormones secreted from the pituitary gland help to control growth, blood pressure, energy management, all functions of the sex organs, thyroid glands and metabolism as well as some aspects of pregnancy, childbirth, breastfeeding, water/salt concentration at the kidneys, temperature regulation and pain relief.
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Calyx dark-vivid red, narrow infundibular, tube 16–22 mm long, 3–5 mm basally expanding to 6–8 mm wide at throat, lobes deltoid-ovate, subulate-acuminate, 8–12 mm long; persistent in fruit. Standard petal brilliant red, paler toward spotted center, blade oblong-lanceolate, 25–33 mm long x 14–17 mm wide, claw 21–24 mm long. Wing petals shorter than keel, red, flaring apically, blade elliptic-oblong 25–33 mm long x 14–17 mm wide, claw 21–24 mm long. Keel petals red, blade elliptic- oblong, weakly falcate, 17–23 mm long x 2.5–5 mm wide.
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Nepenthes aristolochioides produces extremely thick, mucilaginous pitcher liquid, which coats the entire inner surfaces of the traps in a thin film. The pitchers of this species appear to function at least in part as flypaper traps, with the sticky inner walls trapping flying insects above the surface of the fluid. Similarly viscous pitcher fluid is also found in seven other closely allied Sumatran species: N. dubia, N. flava, N. inermis, N. jacquelineae, N. jamban, N. talangensis, and N. tenuis. Together with N. aristolochioides, these species all share infundibular pitchers that are wholly glandular or almost so.
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The pitchers of N. rigidifolia resemble those of N. bongso to a degree, although their colouration is closer to that of N. spectabilis. Nepenthes rigidifolia differs from N. bongso, N. ovata and related species in having mostly ovoid upper pitchers (compared to infundibular in the others), distinctly thick and coriaceous laminae, and a narrower, cylindrical peristome with very short teeth. In addition, the lower pitchers of N. bongso are considerably larger than those of N. rigidifolia. While recognising N. rigidifolia as a valid species in his Carnivorous Plant Database, taxonomist Jan Schlauer suggests that it may be conspecific with N. densiflora.
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An upper pitcher of the natural hybrid N. rigidifolia × N. spectabilis Only one natural hybrid involving N. rigidifolia (with N. spectabilis) is known. This cross, which is only known from a single open rocky outcrop, may now outnumber N. rigidifolia at the type locality (as observed by Stewart McPherson in 2007). The hybrid differs from N. rigidifolia in having narrower pitchers with a strongly infundibular base and distinct hip around the middle. On the other hand, the pitchers of this hybrid are broader than those of N. spectabilis and have an expanded peristome, as well as a markedly shorter spur.
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It measures up to 3 cm in length by 2.5 cm in width and does not bear any appendages. The underside of the lid has an even distribution of small (0.1–0.2 mm in diameter) convex glands, occurring at a density of about 40/cm2. The spur, which is inserted near the base of the lid, is up to 7 mm long and may be simple, forked, or fasciculate with up to 12 branches. A typical upper pitcher Upper pitchers are ovate in their basal third to fifth, becoming cylindrical above and infundibular towards the peristome.
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Nepenthes talangensis produces extremely thick, mucilaginous pitcher liquid, which coats the entire inner surfaces of the traps in a thin film. The pitchers of this species appear to function at least in part as flypaper traps, with the sticky inner walls trapping flying insects above the surface of the fluid. Similarly viscous pitcher fluid is also found in seven other closely allied Sumatran species: N. aristolochioides, N. dubia, N. flava, N. inermis, N. jacquelineae, N. jamban, and N. tenuis. Together with N. talangensis, these species all share infundibular pitchers that are wholly glandular or almost so.
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While some forms of N. maxima also produce entirely infundibular aerial traps, these are not usually as abruptly contracted (and therefore wine glass-shaped) as in N. eymae, and may or may not have fringed wings. Where the two species grow side-by-side, introgression may blur these morphological boundaries and make circumscription difficult. Like N. eymae, N. maxima and N. klossii (another closely related species) also commonly have two lid appendages. Nepenthes fusca of Borneo may produce aerial pitchers resembling those of N. eymae, although its lower pitchers are considerably narrower and cylindrical in shape.
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The optic recess - marks the inferior end of the lamina terminalis, with the optic chiasm forming the immediately adjacent floor. The portion of the floor immediately posterior of the optic chiasm distends inferiorly, and slightly anteriorly, to form a funnel (the infundibulum); the recess leading to the funnel is known as the infundibular recess. The border of the funnel is the tuber cinereum, which constitutes a bundle of nerve fibres from the hypothalamus. The funnel ends in the posterior lobe of the pituitary gland, which is thus neurally connected to the hypothalamus via the tuber cinereum.
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However, N. pitopangii may be distinguished from all of these species on the basis of its laminae, lower pitcher shape, and the size and shape of the lid, which lacks appendages. Despite there being only a very small number of known N. pitopangii specimens, the taxon is not thought to be of hybridogenic origin. It is unlikely to be a natural hybrid involving N. glabrata since the closest known population of that species is more than 50 km from the type locality of N. pitopangii. The only other Nepenthes from Sulawesi that produce infundibular upper pitchers are N. eymae and some forms of N. maxima.
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Later in 1948 he designed a punch to resect the infundibular muscle stenosis which is often associated with Fallot's Tetralogy.Harold Ellis (2000) A History of Surgery, page 223+ Also in 1948 he was one of four surgeons who carried out successful operations for mitral stenosis resulting from rheumatic fever. Horace Smithy (1914–1948) of Charlotte, revived an operation due to Dr Elliott Cutler of the Peter Bent Brigham Hospital using a punch to remove a portion of the mitral valve. Charles Bailey (1910–1993) at the Hahnemann Hospital, Philadelphia, Dwight Harken in Boston and Russell Brock at Guy's all adopted the finger fracture technique first used by Henry Souttar in 1925.
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The pitcher mouth is round and slightly raised at the back. The peristome is cylindrical, up to 3 mm wide, and bears indistinct teeth. The lid or operculum is ovate and slightly raised in the middle. It bears no appendages. An unbranched spur (≤4 mm long) is inserted at the base of the lid. An upper pitcher Upper pitchers are generally larger, growing to 8 cm in height and 4 cm in width. They gradually arise from the ends of the tendrils, forming a 5 to 10 mm wide curve. They are tubular to infundibular in the lower parts with laterally appressed pitcher walls.
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Results of other studies showed that the neural hypophyseal stalk and ventromedial region of the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus receive arterial blood from ascending and descending infundibular branches and capillaries, coming from arteries of the superior hypophyseal arterial system. Small ascending vessels arising from the anastomoses that connect the upper with the lower hypophyseal arterial system also supply blood to hypophyseal vessels. Many of these branches are continuous between the proximal arcuate nucleus and anterior pituitary, enabling rapid hormone exchange. Other evidence indicates that capillary perivascular spaces of the median eminence and arcuate nucleus are contiguous, potentially facilitating hormonal messages between systemic blood and the ventral hypothalamus.
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He observed that these arteries maintain their symmetrical arrangement in the pons, whereas in the lower segments, owing to the formation of the median fissure, they give rise to a single median tract. In “Hypophysis” (1904), Sterzi studied the hypophysis of petromyzontes and, at variance with previous findings, demonstrated that no infundibular gland exists in these cyclostomes (Sterzi, 1904). He also investigated the comparative anatomy of this organ in all vertebrates. In “The Regio Parietalis (of Diencephalon) in Lower Craniates” (1905), Sterzi demonstrates that there are organs which are single (epiphysis and paraphysis) and organs that are originally double (pineal and parapineal organs; Sterzi, 1905).
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An apocrine sweat gland (; from Greek apo– "away" and krinein "to separate") is composed of a coiled secretory portion located at the junction of the dermis and subcutaneous fat, from which a straight portion inserts and secretes into the infundibular portion of the hair follicle. In humans, apocrine sweat glands are found only in certain locations of the body: the axillae (armpits), areola and nipples of the breast, ear canal, eyelids, wings of the nostril, perianal region, and some parts of the external genitalia. Modified apocrine glands include the ciliary glands in the eyelids; the ceruminous glands, which produce ear wax; and the mammary glands, which produce milk. The rest of the body is covered by eccrine sweat glands.
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MYL4 expression in ventricular myocardium has shown to abnormally persist in neonates up through adulthood in patients with the congenital heart disease, tetralogy of Fallot. Altered ALC-1 expression is also altered in other congenital heart diseases, Double outlet right ventricle and infundibular pulmonary stenosis. Moreover, in patients with aortic stenosis or aortic insufficiency, ALC-1 expression in left ventricles was elevated, and following valve replacement decreased to lower levels; ALC-1 expression also correlated with left ventricular systolic pressure. Additionally, in patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy, dilated cardiomyopathy and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, ALC-1 protein expression is shown to be reactivated, and ALC-1 expression correlates with calcium sensitivity of myofilament proteins in skinned fiber preparations, as well as ventricular dP/dtmax and ejection fraction.
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