Angeiocystis is a genus of parasitic alveolate eukaryotes belonging to the phylum Apicomplexa.
|
|
Merogregarina is a genus of parasitic alveolate in the phylum Apicomplexa. Species in this genus infect marine invertebrates.
|
|
The anchorage system, of the alveolate beams, is gotten with a particular system to interlacement of shaped stainless steel.
|
|
They are smooth to faintly alveolate (i.e. with a honeycombed surface) with a mealy texture. The chromosome number is 2n = ca. 86.
|
|
Perkinsus marinus is a species of alveolates belonging to the phylum Perkinsozoa.Joseph, S., et al. (2010). The alveolate Perkinsus marinus: biological insights from EST gene discovery. BMC Genomics 11(1), 228.
|
|
The remaining species, C. edaphicum, C. vietnamica, and C. marisrubri were introduced to the genus in recent years, and phylogenetic analyses allowed researchers to use Colponema to ask questions about alveolate evolution.
|
|
Choleoeimeria is a genus of alveolate parasites that infect the biliary tracts of reptiles. Morphologically they are similar to the Eimeria, to whom they are closely related. The genus was described in 1989 by Paperna and Landsberg.
|
|
This is an established feeding method among other alveolate parasites.Gómez, F., Moreira, D., & López-García, P. (2009). Life cycle and molecular phylogeny of the dinoflagellates Chytriodinium and Dissodinium, ectoparasites of copepod eggs. European Journal of Protistology, 45(4), 260-270.
|
|
Ochrophyta is a group of mostly photosynthetic heterokonts. Their plastid is of red algal origin.Updating algal evolutionary relationships through plastid genome sequencing: did alveolate plastids emerge through endosymbiosis of an ochrophyte? The classification of the group is still being worked out.
|
|
However, it was once thought Telonema was closely related to photosynthetic cryptomonads, or stramenopiles and centrohelids, but there was not enough data to prove this. After a study of 127 genes across 72 species, they found that Telonema Subtilis could be related to alveolate and rhizaria.
|
|
The length of the shell attains 10 mm, its diameter 3 mm. A very delicate flesh-coloured shining shell with oblong aperture and produced siphonal canal. This attenuate-fusiform shell contains 7 whorls, including two decussated and alveolate apical whorls. They are much impressed at the sutures, longitudinally few-ribbed, there are but seven on the body whorl, and spirally obscurely lirate.
|
|
Through a variety of phylogenetic tests on the orthologous genes found in similar organisms, researchers were able to relate C. velia to dinoflagellates and apicomplexans which are alveolates. Both the nucleus and the plastid of C. velia showed alveolate ancestry. A subsequent study of the C.velia and V. brassicaformis plastid genomes has shown in greater detail that the plastids of peridinin dinoflagellates, apicomplexans and chromerids share the same lineage, derived from a red-algal-type plastid.
|
|
From high profile diseases like malaria to maintenance of bacterial communities in water reservoirs, alveolates can have sweeping medical and economic impacts. By looking into lineages that diverged during evolutionary transitions near the origin of alveolates, you can develop a better understanding of how the group evolved. Colponema is very useful to our understanding of alveolate evolution because they were one of the first groups to diverge and display key characters that can be used to compare them to other alveolates. We can use this information to work towards reconstructing the common ancestor to all alveolates and broadening our understanding of these extremely important and widespread organisms.
|
|
In July 2015 the full genome sequences of chromerids C.velia and V. brassicaformis were published, revealing the array of genes that were co-opted or adapted in the transition from a free living lifestyle to a parasitic lifestyle. The plastid genome of C. velia is unusual in that there is evidence it may be linear and contains split genes for key photosystem genes. The linear state of the C. velia plastid genome is a reminder that C. velia is not an ancestral organism, but is a derived form, which evolved from an ancestral photosynthetic alveolate that presumably had a circular plastid genome, just as the other known chromerid Vitrella brassicaformis does. Much research surrounds the flagellar apparatus of Chromera, Vitrella and apicomplexans, in relation to the morphological transition of this organelle during the origination of parasitism in apicomplexans.
|
|