Trammell: Good point—we're hypothesizing about how eCoin might work, as compared to real cryptocurrencies.
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Science the verb is a process of questioning, hypothesizing, experimenting, and—so, so often—being wrong.
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Interestingly, there is an academic literature hypothesizing that conservatives are humorless stiffs while liberals are superfun.
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In between bites of pad Thai and curry, they were hypothesizing what had caused their friend's death.
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Researchers have been hypothesizing for months that e-cigarettes are just a "gateway" to traditional cigarette use.
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Ms. Johnson recalled a moment at last year's Dialogues when the conversation turned from hypothesizing to taking action.
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So, right now, Riverdale fans are preoccupied with theorizing and hypothesizing around who this "Angel of Death" could possibly be.
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"I understand that people are hypothesizing about what happened," park spokeswoman Kirby-Lynn Shedlowski told the National Parks Traveler via email.
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And many papers have come out hypothesizing about potential risks; unexpected mutations might disrupt key cell functions or even cause cancer.
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She turned the idea over in her head, talking to coworkers and hypothesizing about the potential market for such a service.
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Siliva wrote to us in Italian about Zoltan Istvan's story hypothesizing that God is a superintelligent artificial intelligence that killed itself.
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Photo: Justin Bellmor/FlickrScientists spend their days hypothesizing, experimenting, and analyzing in order to find evidence to better understand our strange Universe.
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How much of what's in the film is drawn from people hypothesizing, conjecturing, and how much is from interviews and the book?
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While dark matter has not yet been observed, hypothesizing its existence is the simplest and most economical explanation for myriad astronomical mysteries.
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Investment banks are hypothesizing about a potential tie-up between Mediaset and France's biggest private TV broadcaster TF210 , Il Sole 210 Ore said.
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But the work he did at Project A119, where his hypothesizing yielded no tangible results, remains a Strangelovian reminder of Cold War tensions.
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Without hypothesizing multi-planet human civilization—which we should totally do—we probably can't sustain more than two or three times our current population.
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"She had a huge following and maybe, I'm just hypothesizing, maybe she thought that this might turn some of her readers away," she said.
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We spent the better part of this week, hypothesizing when the song would actually drop and what — or more likely who — it would be about.
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All of this hypothesizing is aimed at making one point clear: The F-35 program is going to have some pretty major downstream strategic impacts.
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They then calculated the difference between these two distances, hypothesizing that the greater the change in difference, the more the abortion rate would have declined.
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Enjoy the fights, get back here Monday for the breakdowns, and enjoy a bit of 'Road Not Taken' hypothesizing when the hurly burly is done.
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"We were basically hypothesizing that in that situation the participants were giving compassion towards themselves," she says—a hunch that now looks to be correct.
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From ragging on C-SPAN for camera failings to making some...interesting hypothesizing about the music choices for the night, Twitter is not holding back.
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Actively hypothesizing, testing those hypotheses and reanalyzing data on a continuous loop will need to be a regular part of the process to drive change.
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The Duffer brothers said they stay away from Reddit and much of the fandom's hypothesizing, but sometimes a compelling idea does make its way to them.
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But he warned that scientists still know little about Pluto's overall composition, and must look to other objects like comets and meteorites to guide their hypothesizing.
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But in the stress tests that large U.S. banks have to undergo, the central bank is hypothesizing that short-term Treasury yields could drop below zero.
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But fans aren't only hypothesizing that Ramsay will die at Jon Snow's hand this season, they're predicting that it will all be thanks to little Rickon.
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Postolache's group has also explored cytokines that may be involved in triggering fatigue, hypothesizing that the allergic reaction is the direct biological cause of low mood.
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He skim-read: elvish princesses, fisting, a dash of coprophagia, an extensive and almost clinically dry segue hypothesizing how best to depict a dragon's hard-on.
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Like so many aspects of the humanities, puzzles engender wonder, curiosity, and hypothesizing — in other words, they are concrete tools for developing critical thinking and interpretive ability.
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The Next Web is hypothesizing that this move is preparation for a world in which Apple has dedicated fitness wearables in addition to the traditional Apple Watch.
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No more collecting a giant blob of data and then combing through it for a publishable outcome, a practice known as "HARKing"—hypothesizing after results are known.
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In her monologue she addressed those times Donald Trump tweeted about her, hypothesizing that he was probably in love with Robert Pattinson (which would explain a lot).
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It's hypothesizing the ordinary instance, the ordinary case of a set of elements, and second, then from that hypothesis, estimating the degree of risk of some sort.
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We may start hypothesizing what designers we'll spot at any given Hollywood event, but every so often there are a few surprises — even some newcomers to the circuit.
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A satirical romance of sorts, Flatland challenges notions of perception by hypothesizing that there are dimensions which have not been explored, and wondering what one might find there.
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Due to the fact that Jenner was wearing an orange dress that matched the Coke can suspiciously well, internet users began hypothesizing that this might be an advertising scheme.
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Earlier this year, Gallardo-Lacourt linked a phenomenon known as subauroral ion drift (SAID) to STEVEs, hypothesizing that strong westward ion flows might have something to do with it.
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"So I am still hypothesizing that we have seen a perfect storm with the number of users increasing, and then what they are using becoming more dangerous," Unick said.
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Instead, Judge O'Connor goes down a rabbit hole, hypothesizing whether the 2010 Congress would have enacted the entire law without the mandate and whether the law can function without it.
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For the last three years there's been a steady stream of research papers hypothesizing about its origin, its chemistry, and even the possibility that it might be an alien spacecraft.
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HBO has finally given us the first trailer for GOT season 7, which means it's time to start hypothesizing about what Jon Snow, Daenerys Targaryen, and Arya Stark are up to.
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Space professionals and policy makers alike are hypothesizing and prognosticating about what they believe the future will bring in space, but in reality, these are all, at best, just educated guesses.
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The study offers less information on the potential effects of paternal obesity on child development, but the authors cite previous research hypothesizing that obesity could affect the expression of genes in sperm.
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What, you didn't think the end of last year's revival series meant that we were actually done talking about (and hypothesizing about, and rolling our eyes about) the Gilmore Girls, did you?
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But as long as we're hypothesizing about the consequences of Trump's destabilizing conspiracy theories, we may as well consider ways he might pivot off of them, without assuming he would concede graciously.
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Materials scientist Jiaxing Huang and his research team recently published a study in the journal Chem hypothesizing that a naturally black carbon material, graphene, can be used as a successful hair dyeing agent.
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We have a lot of ideas about who Azor Ahai could be, but right now, for the sake of this theory, we are hypothesizing that it could be Aegon Targaryen, FKA Jon Snow.
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Bottom line, all the financial gimmickry and false hypothesizing in the world is not going to offset the very real fact that banks need to sell more products to bolster their stock prices.
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Similarly, in the hypothesizing over the extent of climate change in the aftermath of a nuclear war, might not a more useful focus be how to keep the bombs from falling in the first place?
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Fed officials are expected to hold high-level discussions about policy and the economy while in Wyoming, with some market watchers hypothesizing that the central bank could debate changing its policy on its balance sheet.
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When I played college basketball, there was always a chance that at an away game, a loud-mouthed frat boy might ask the referee if I was really female, audibly hypothesizing whether I was taking steroids.
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However, she added that "we are hypothesizing that it was because of a dog lick," because Manteufel had no obvious injuries and because he had been in contact with dogs, including his 8-year-old pit bull.
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It'd be difficult to imagine how Siri would work with the technology the 1980s, but if it did, this mock instructional video by YouTube channel Squirrel Monkey does a great job of hypothesizing how it'd all come together.
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The researchers had expected the wearable to have a positive impact on encouraging teens to exercise across a range of different forms of motivation, as well as hypothesizing it would help avoid kids feeling demotivated about physical activity.
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While we were busy getting the inside scoop, Twitter users who likely watched the number vanish before getting a chance to dial the digits began hypothesizing who Michelle could be attempting to put on blast by sharing the number.
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In a recent presentation at MIT, Subirana was critical about the structure of traditional higher education, hypothesizing that "what we learn in the classroom is irrelevant for students in the long run" unless they re-use it soon and often.
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There has been a weeks-long campaign in Chinese state media attacking the Journal for publishing the piece, which criticized Beijing's initial reaction to the coronavirus epidemic, hypothesizing what effect the outbreak might have on the country's economy and political system.
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In another paper out this year, researchers proposed a way to redesign gene drives in order to work around potential immunity, hypothesizing that a more complex architecture would make it difficult for a mutation to occur in a short period of time.
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The study tried to be a bit more optimistic, noting that private employers currently pay between $100 and $150 billion per year to provide health insurance for their workers and hypothesizing that money "could" be made available to the single payer plan.
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In a new paper published Wednesday in Science Advances, researchers propose a way to redesign gene drives in order to work around that immunity, hypothesizing that a more complex architecture would make it difficult for a mutation to occur in a short period of time.
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If you are familiar with the fantastical, analytical hypothesizing that has flourished around the movie, it's most likely thanks to Rodney Ascher's Room 24, a documentary focused on some of the many far-out but rigorous theories that The Shining experts have dreamt up.
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In the aforementioned Humanity special on Netflix, Gervais — in the segment where he coyly discusses jokes that were too offensive for him to stay onstage by ... saying them onstage — he briefly mocks Bill Cosby's victims by hypothesizing about which celebrities might be, essentially, unrape-able.
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"I think her voice is so temperamental, that if the environment is not perfect it throws another kink into this unpredictable instrument she has in 2016, going into 2017," he said, hypothesizing that she would rather "be castigated for not singing than for singing" poorly.
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In a study hypothesizing that sane people could easily be hospitalized under certain conditions, researcher David Rosenhan and his associates claimed to have auditory hallucinations, and were consequently held in different psychiatric facilities for an average of nineteen days — this, despite being neurotypical and exhibiting no symptoms while hospitalized.
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A series of surprises are dropped without much fanfare, namely that John and Laurie are now married, that Erika and Lily are both gone, that Kevin and Tommy are both Jarden cops, and that Matt is hypothesizing another "big event" to collide with the anniversary of the Sudden Departure.
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The former One Direction boy-with-the-good-hair is releasing his debut album next month and as we prepare ourselves for one of the most talked about projects of the year (it's inevitable), we are breaking down and hypothesizing everything Styles will be singing about once the album comes out.
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I'm comfortable hypothesizing who is not on the list: former presidential candidate and subsequent Cruz running mate Carly Fiorina, Cruz himself ("Lyin' Ted"), Kasich and Speaker Paul RyanPaul Davis RyanEmbattled Juul seeks allies in Washington Ex-Parkland students criticize Kellyanne Conway Latina leaders: 'It's a women's world more than anything' MORE (R-Wis.).
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Caster Semenya is scheduled to run on August 17, and critics are already saying she will "easily win," hypothesizing that since she doesn't have to take medication anymore and her testosterone levels are subsequently going to register higher than both transgender and cis female athletes, who are required to have levels below 10nmol/L.
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Justice Clarence Thomas has opined that the kind of hypothesizing analysis on which Judge O'Connor relied is inappropriate: Congress's intentions "do not count," he wrote earlier this year, unless they are "enshrined" in a text that made it through the "constitutional processes of bicameralism and presentment" — as everyone agrees the 2017 tax bill did.
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Perhaps a more revealing tea leaf is his question whether it would be legal if "a state constitution or state statute says all districts shall be designed…to increase…have a maximum number of votes for party X or party Y." By hypothesizing motive on the face of such official language, he made it difficult to argue that gerrymandering could be conceptually acceptable.
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However, the Democratic National Committee seemed to have actively worked against Sanders as a presidential contender three years ago, when he became truly competitive with party favorite Hillary ClintonHillary Diane Rodham ClintonThe exhaustion of Democrats' anti-Trump delusions Poll: Trump trails three Democrats by 10 points in Colorado Soft levels of support mark this year's Democratic primary MORE, so I'm hypothesizing that this really is just Democratic establishment bias.
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"Who's going to tell @iamcardib that Tom Petty is dead… " wrote one social media user, while another joked, "tom petty wrote walls about cardi b we just didn't know it then." tom petty wrote walls about cardi b we just didn't know it then — sextina aquafina (@giltcomplex) February 11, 2019 i cannot believe that nobody told cardi b about tom petty — ♢ (@ilysmzarry) February 11, 2019 Hypothesizing about who the flowers could have come from, one fan suggested that Nicki Minaj — whom Cardi has feuded with in the past — was responsible.
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These include p-hacking (i.e., exploiting researcher degrees of freedom until a significant result is obtained), HARKing (i.e., hypothesizing after results are known), publication bias (i.e.
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Geochemist Jerome Nriagu published an article in the New England Journal of Medicine in 1983 hypothesizing that defrutum and sapa may have contained enough lead acetate to be toxic to those who consumed them regularly.
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My Winnipeg is a 2007 film directed and written by Guy Maddin with dialogue by George Toles. Described by Maddin as a "docu-fantasia", that melds "personal history, civic tragedy, and mystical hypothesizing",Maddin, Guy. My Winnipeg. Toronto: Coach House Books, 2009. Print.
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Outcome reporting bias occurs when multiple outcomes are measured and analyzed, but the reporting of these outcomes is dependent on the strength and direction of its results. A generic term coined to describe these post-hoc choices is HARKing ("Hypothesizing After the Results are Known").
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Rationalization encourages irrational or unacceptable behavior, motives, or feelings and often involves ad hoc hypothesizing. This process ranges from fully conscious (e.g. to present an external defense against ridicule from others) to mostly unconscious (e.g. to create a block against internal feelings of guilt or shame).
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Boston: Pearson Education. Pages 19-33 In science and philosophy, an ad hoc hypothesis is a hypothesis added to a theory in order to save it from being falsified. Often, ad hoc hypothesizing is employed to compensate for anomalies not anticipated by the theory in its unmodified form.
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When they occur out of their localities, hypothesizing a transport mechanism is usually possible, such as the hulls of ships. For example, Ulva reticulata and U. fasciata travelled from the mainland to Hawaii in this manner. Mapping is possible for select species only: "there are many valid examples of confined distribution patterns."Round (1981), p. 357.
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Kelso, J.A.S. Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination Amer. J. Physiology-Regulatory, 246(6), June 1984, R1000-4., anthropology, geology, law, motor control,, bioenergetics, healing modalities Ross, S., and Ware, K. Hypothesizing the body's genius to trigger and self- organize its healing: 25 years using a standardized neurophysics therapy, Front. Physiol., 19 November 2013, and political science.
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Although PISA and TIMSS officials and researchers themselves generally refrain from hypothesizing about the large and stable differences in student achievement between countries, since 2000, literature on the differences in PISA and TIMSS results and their possible causes has emerged.Hanushek, Eric A., and Ludger Woessmann. 2011. "The economics of international differences in educational achievement." In Handbook of the Economics of Education, Vol.
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Kelso, J.A.S. Phase transitions and critical behavior in human bimanual coordination Amer. J. Physiology- Regulatory, 246(6), June 1984, R1000-4. anthropology, geology, law, motor control, bioenergetics, healing modalities Ross, S., and Ware, K. Hypothesizing the body's genius to trigger and self-organize its healing: 25 years using a standardized neurophysics therapy, Front. Physiol., 19 November 2013, and political science.
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There is a new branch of the literature on public finance hypothesizing that the Weber–Fechner law can explain the increasing levels of public expenditures in mature democracies. Election after election, voters demand more public goods to be effectively impressed; therefore, politicians try to increase the magnitude of this "signal" of competence – the size and composition of public expenditures – in order to collect more votes.
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22 June 2008 . Naturally, some gaps in knowledge, and even some observations that contradict a theory, must be temporarily tolerated while research continues. To temper ad hoc hypothesizing in science, common practice includes falsificationism (somewhat in the philosophy of Occam's razor). Falsificationism means scientists become more likely to reject a theory as it becomes increasingly burdened by ignored contradicting observations, and by ad hoc hypotheses.
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Berkenhout gave the brown rat the binomial name Rattus norvegicus, believing it had migrated to England from Norwegian ships in 1728. By the early to middle part of the 19th century, British academics believed that the brown rat was not native to Norway, hypothesizing (incorrectly) that it may have come from Ireland, Gibraltar or across the English Channel with William the Conqueror.Friends' Intelligencer. (1858) Volume 14.
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Exposures of metamorphic rocks are mostly scattered in the north of the block. The tectonic setting and evolution of the Western Block are debated. There are various models hypothesizing the subdivisions and tectonic history of the block and they are generally mutually exclusive. However, most models agree with the presence of a Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt cutting across the Western Block in the east-west direction, despite having various names for it.
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The next smallest carnivore in the environment was the mammal Eodelphis, which weighed only 600 grams. There does not appear to have been any overlap between the smallest dinosaurs and the largest mammals in ecosystems such as this, which Longrich and Currie explained by hypothesizing that either competition from dinosaurs kept mammals from growing larger (the traditional view), competition from mammals kept the dinosaurs from growing smaller, or both.
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An article in the Journal of the American Statistical Association (June, 1967) concluded, "That such nonsense should appear under the aegis of the National Academy of Sciences is deplorable." MacDonald also published work on other aspects of climatology, hypothesizing the role of Milankovitch cycles and methane clathrates as drivers of natural climate changes. In 2002, he published a book involving his research with fellow JASON physicist Richard A. Muller.
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Even if we call an expert, they will often be hypothesizing.... At the worst, we may only be able to find out whether it is plausible or not. The demands of rolling news contribute to this because we now have a system where people are producing stories much faster. In many cases sites are doing little or no original reporting but aggregating and sending on. Mistakes get replicated, even expanded.
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Maurice Stroun (born September 3, 1926) is a researcher and professor at the University of Geneva in the Department of Plant Biochemistry and Physiology. He is known for first hypothesizing and demonstrating the existence of disease-specific circulating nucleic acids as well as first developing techniques for the detection of tumor-related characteristics of circulating DNA and RNA in plasma and serum, or liquid biopsies as this field is now known.
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This evidence can be generally characterized as the successful prediction of novel phenomena based on the hypothesis that design details of adaptations should fit a complex evolved design to respond to a specific set of selection pressures. In evolutionary psychology, researchers such as Leda Cosmides, John Tooby, and David Buss contend that the bulk of research findings that were uniquely predicted through adaptationist hypothesizing comprise evidence of the methods' validity.
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Leite de Vasconcelos returned a year later to Braga, in order to examine the inscriptions, which had by then become covered in lime: he rectified the obscurity of some of the inscription, re-reading TONGOE rather than PONGOE. Leite de Vasconcelos made return visits in 1903 and 1905 to study the fountain further, hypothesizing that the human figure on the left was the religious practitioner and the image within the structure the divinity.
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Eysenck and Calvo developed ACT an extension to PET, hypothesizing an individual shifts attention to irrelevant stimuli. Stress and pressure cause an increase in the stimulus-driven system and a decrease in the goal-directed system. Disruption of balance between these two systems causes the individual to respond to salient stimuli rather than focusing on current goals. ACT identifies the basic central executive functions inhibition and shifting, which are affected by anxiety.
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McKay described the genesis as an "accident, in a way", stemming from a dinner he and Ferrell had with Wahlberg. After noticing the actors' chemistry, McKay wrote producer Kevin Messick an email hypothesizing a possible film starring the two, giving a cop film as an example of what he thought would work. Messik suggested developing that idea into a film. Principal photography for the film began on September 23, 2009, in New York City.
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With Peter K. Vogt, he reported in 1970 that a cancer-causing virus of birds had extra genetic material compared with non-cancer-causing viruses, hypothesizing that this material contributed to cancer.Biography of Peter Duesberg, hosted by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences. Accessed 2010-06-11. At the age of 36, Duesberg was awarded tenure at the University of California, Berkeley, and at 49, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
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In 1935 he became president of the Ohio Academy of Sciences. In 1940 he joined the Columbia University, specializing in structural geology. It is thought that at this time he worked as a consultant on the Manhattan Project, hypothesizing how the detonation of the atomic bomb could affect the Earth's crust. In the same year he joined the National Research Council, as a consultant as chairman of the Division of Geology and Geography.
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The official newspaper of SS was Das Schwarze Korps ("The Black Corps"), published weekly from 1935 to 1945. In its first issue, the newspaper published an article on the origins of the Nordic race, hypothesizing a location near the North Pole similar to the theory of Hermann Wirth (but not mentioning Atlantis).Lutzhöft 1977:115; W. Petersen: Woher kommt die Nordrasse?, in: Das Schwarze Korps, Year 1, Issue 1, 1/2/1935, p.11.
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It turns out that Glumov possesses this capacity, and must now decide whether or not to become a Luden himself. He at first states that to join the Ludens would be a betrayal of his family, friends, and human civilization. But he decides to try it out, if only to serve as Humanity's "ambassador" with them. Soon all contacts with Glumov are lost, Kammerer hypothesizing that he "just forgot about us now".
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Charles Alan Blake Clemetson FRCOG, FRCSC, FACOG (31 October 1923 – 30 August 2006) was a medical doctor, scientist and researcher who published over 48 medical papers and a three-volume monograph, Vitamin C. During his hospital and teaching career he specialised in obstetrics and gynecology. After retirement in 1991 he devoted his time to researching and publishing papers on Barlow's disease (scurvy in infants), hypothesizing this to be a cause of shaken baby syndrome.
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Its "exaggerated Francophilia", Crainic claimed, clashed with the day's agenda, which involved "searching for our [Romanian] selves at the deepest level". Although an Orthodox theologian, Crainic still admired Rașcu's faith and his "fine spiritual evolution". At Îndreptar and elsewhere, Rașcu published his finds on Eminescu, hypothesizing about the latter's sources of inspiration in modern French literature (particularly Lamartine and Gautier). These studies earned him accolades from the specialty press, but were also attacked by philologist Vladimir Streinu.
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There are at least two major approaches to understanding cognitive change during adolescence. One is the constructivist view of cognitive development. Based on the work of Piaget, it takes a quantitative, state-theory approach, hypothesizing that adolescents' cognitive improvement is relatively sudden and drastic. The second is the information-processing perspective, which derives from the study of artificial intelligence and attempts to explain cognitive development in terms of the growth of specific components of the thinking process.
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Gilbert, C. C., McGraw, W. S., & Delson, E. (2009). Brief communication: Plio‐Pleistocene eagle predation on fossil cercopithecids from the Humpata Plateau, southern Angola. American journal of physical anthropology, 139(3), 421–429. This predatory relationship has led to much hypothesizing as to whether Stephanoaetus eagles may have partially shaped human evolution, with small early primate ancestors having evolved towards larger body sizes and larger brains due to the reduced probability of eagle predation with these features.
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In addition, Wren experimented on muscle functionality, hypothesizing that the swelling and shrinking of muscles might proceed from a fermentative motion arising from the mixture of two heterogeneous fluids. Although this is incorrect, it was at least founded upon observation and may mark a new outlook on medicine: specialisation. Another topic to which Wren contributed was optics. He published a description of an engine to create perspective drawings and he discussed the grinding of conical lenses and mirrors.
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The Scientific temper is a way of life (defined in this context as an individual and social process of thinking and acting) which uses the scientific method and which may, consequently, include questioning, observing physical reality, testing, hypothesizing, analysing, and communicating (not necessarily in that order). "Scientific temper" describes an attitude which involves the application of logic. Discussion, argument and analysis are vital parts of scientific temper. Elements of fairness, equality and democracy are built into it.
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Despite being essentially scientific, Kępiński's works invoked great interest among Polish philosophers, most notably Józef Tischner, who greatly appreciated his anthropological insights. Kępiński was not afraid of hypothesizing about the most difficult philosophical problems such as the nature of life, the problem of free will, consciousness and human autonomy. On the other hand, he was skeptical about methods and theories which lacked solid scientific basis, e.g. psychoanalysis, and rejected various forms of magical thinking in psychology.
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Its appearance is inferred from related genera. Sinopliosaurus fusuiensis with generalized spinosaurid morphology, and unique coloration pattern. Speculative evolution can be useful in exploring and showcasing patterns present in the present and in the past, and there is a useful aspect to hypothesizing on the form of future and alien life. By extrapolating past trends into the future, scientists could research and predict the most likely scenarios of how certain organisms and lineages could respond to ecological changes.
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Lorenzo Giustiniani, in his work Dizionario geografico del Regno di Napoli (1797), suggested that Pulo di Altamura may have originated from "underground fire" () and from earthquakes, thus hypothesizing a tectonic and volcanic genesis.pupillo-immagini, pagg. 120-121 Previously, a few other scientists and geologists had only cited a natural cavity near Altamura. Naturalist Giuseppe Maria Giovene (1784) noticed that, unlike Pulo di Molfetta, the caves of Pulo di Altamura did not contain saltpetre.C. Colamonico (1917), pagg. 4-5, notes 2 and 3G.
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HARKing is an acronym coined by social psychologist Norbert Kerr for the "questionable" research practice of "Hypothesizing After the Results are Known". Kerr defined HARKing as “presenting a post hoc hypothesis in the introduction of a research report as if it were an a priori hypothesis”.Kerr (1998), p. 197 HARKing may also occur when a researcher tests an a priori hypothesis but then omits that hypothesis from their research report after they find out the results of their test.
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Wayne Gladstone (also known as Gladstone) is an American writer, humorist and novelist perhaps best known for his work with Cracked.com and the novel Notes from the Internet Apocalypse, the first in a trilogy of books entitled The Internet Apocalypse Trilogy. Following the release of Notes from the Internet Apocalypse, Gladstone has been interviewed on the internet's effect on pop culture by Esquire, as well as appearing on Fusion.net in an interview hypothesizing the societal effects of the disappearance of the Internet.
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Weiss and Miller furthered developed the evaluation approach by hypothesizing that activation only increases when the actors fear a negative evaluation. This theory suggests that activation increases when the audience or other competitors cause negative feelings, such as anxiety, in the actor. However, Good's development of evaluation apprehension takes the opposite approach, where he hypothesizes that activation increases when actors expect a positive evaluation. Because of the conflicting theories under the evaluation approach, there has been controversy over its reliability.
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Xavier uses his mental powers to break her out of her catatonia and the two fall in love. Xavier and Magneto become good friends, although neither immediately reveals to the other that he is a mutant. The two hold lengthy debates hypothesizing what will happen if humanity is faced with a new super-powered race of humans. While Xavier is optimistic, Magneto's experiences in the Holocaust lead him to believe that humanity will ultimately oppress the new race of humans as they have done with other minorities.
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According to the United States Department of Agriculture, without intervention, this pest spreads about 13 miles per year. A study published in 2012 suggests that storms can accelerate the spread, hypothesizing that strong easterly winds carried larvae across Lake Michigan to Wisconsin, a distance of at least 50 miles. Firewood transport is a common way for the eggs to spread, since the moths will lay their eggs on dead wood. Attempts have been made to limit the movement of firewood to reduce the moth's spread.
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The smaller the particles, runs the assumption; the closer one will get to the solution of the enigmas. A recent and exhaustive analysis of Leonardo as a scientist by Fritjof Capra argues that Leonardo was a fundamentally different kind of scientist from Galileo, Newton, and other scientists who followed him, his theorizing and hypothesizing integrating the arts and particularly painting. Capra sees Leonardo's unique integrated, holistic views of science as making him a forerunner of modern systems theory and complexity schools of thought.Capra, Fritjof.
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This phenomenon is called galaxy "quenching". Stars form out of cold gas (see also the Kennicutt- Schmidt law), so a galaxy is quenched when it has no more cold gas. However, it is thought that quenching occurs relatively quickly (within 1 billion years), which is much shorter than the time it would take for a galaxy to simply use up its reservoir of cold gas. Galaxy evolution models explain this by hypothesizing other physical mechanisms that remove or shut off the supply of cold gas in a galaxy.
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In spatial ecology, scale refers to the spatial extent of ecological processes and the spatial interpretation of the data. The response of an organism or a species to the environment is particular to a specific scale, and may respond differently at a larger or smaller scale. Choosing a scale that is appropriate to the ecological process in question is very important in accurately hypothesizing and determining the underlying cause. Most often, ecological patterns are a result of multiple ecological processes, which often operate at more than one spatial scale.
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The nature of tonal brightness, The National Academy of Sciences, 22, 514-521. The question that Stevens and Boring researched was concerning the bright and dull tones that could be produced with a siren when the holes were appropriately spaced, hypothesizing that brightness varies with both the intensity and the frequency of the pitch. Boring suggested that they embrace the new technology and conduct the experiment with a cathode-ray oscilloscope and a wave-analyzer. They concluded through this study that tonal brightness is essentially the same as tonal density.
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Prior to introducing the measurement model he is best known for, Rasch had applied the Poisson distribution to reading data as a measurement model, hypothesizing that in the relevant empirical context, the number of errors made by a given individual was governed by the ratio of the text difficulty to the person's reading ability. Rasch referred to this model as the multiplicative Poisson model. Rasch's model for dichotomous data – i.e. where responses are classifiable into two categories – is his most widely known and used model, and is the main focus here.
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Hugo Wilhelm Traugott Erdmann (8 May 1862 – 25 June 1910) was the German chemist who discovered, together with his doctoral advisor Jacob Volhard, the Volhard-Erdmann cyclization. In 1898 he was the first who coined the term noble gas (the original noun is in German). Erdmann invented the name Thiozone in 1908, hypothesizing that S3 made up a large proportion of liquid sulfur. In collaboration with Rudolph Fittig, Erdmann found that dehydration of γ-phenyl structural analog of isocrotonic acid produced α-naphthol, an observation that provided evidence in understanding the nature of naphthalene.
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The research team devised a N170 experiment based on the premise that visual expertise plays a critical role in inversion, hypothesizing that viewers' greater level of expertise with SR faces (holistic processing) should elicit a stronger FIE compared to OR face stimuli. The authors recorded EEGs from Western Caucasian and East Asian subjects (two separate groups) who were presented with pictures of Western Caucasian, East Asian and African America faces in upright and inverted orientations. All the facial stimuli were cropped to remove external features (i.e. hair, beards, hats, etc.).
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Sorabe or Sora-be, is an alphabet based on Arabic formerly used to transcribe the Malagasy language (belonging to the Malayo-Polynesian language family) and the Antemoro Malagasy dialect in particular dating from the 15th century.Kasanga Fernand (1990) Researchers are still hypothesizing about the origins of this transcription system. "Sorabe" means literally "large writings" from Arabic "sura" (writing) and Malagasy "be" (large). This denomination might point to the existence of a previous writing system with smaller characters of Sanskrit origin used in South East Asia as it is evidenced in some Malagasy words.
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Top-down parsing in computer science is a parsing strategy where one first looks at the highest level of the parse tree and works down the parse tree by using the rewriting rules of a formal grammar. LL parsers are a type of parser that uses a top-down parsing strategy. Top-down parsing is a strategy of analyzing unknown data relationships by hypothesizing general parse tree structures and then considering whether the known fundamental structures are compatible with the hypothesis. It occurs in the analysis of both natural languages and computer languages.
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Anolis oculatus, the Dominican anole or eyed anole, is a species of anole lizard. It is endemic to the Caribbean island of Dominica, where it is found in most environments. The species is found in a diverse range of color forms, which one herpetologist once classified as four subspecies, which most other scientists did not recognise because the forms gradually inter-grade with one another. Two later researchers have instead promoted the "ecotypes" concept, hypothesizing the color forms are maintained by the ecological conditions of the surrounding environment, despite being genetically indistinguishable.
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547–548 However, the work was heavily reliant on Marxist sociology, hypothesizing that socialist societies had perfected new incentives for workers to set collective objectives and succeed at them.A. Huhnwald, "Bibliographie. Ralea M., Hariton T., Sociologia succesului", in Revue Française de Sociologie, Nr. 2/1964, pp. 219–220 According to psychologist Edgar Krau, Ralea and Herseni gave credibility to "the tenet that the individualistic ethics of capitalism disunites and hurts people"; however, they ignored the reality of communism, which was "not [its] collectivism, but the all-pervading party tuition".
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Roger Ebert wrote, of the film and Maddin's work in general, that "For me, Maddin seems to penetrate to the hidden layers beneath the surface of the movies, revealing a surrealistic underworld of fears, fantasies and obsessions." Maddin's next feature stemmed from a commission to produce a documentary film about his hometown of Winnipeg, for which Maddin's producer directed "Don't give me the frozen hellhole everyone knows that Winnipeg is." Taking what he described as a "docufantasia" approach that melded "personal history, civic tragedy, and mystical hypothesizing",Maddin, Guy. My Winnipeg.
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The anus has a relatively high concentration of nerve endings and can be an erogenous zone, which can make anal intercourse pleasurable if performed properly. The pudendal nerve that branches to supply the external anal sphincter also branches to the dorsal nerve of the clitoris and the dorsal nerve of the penis. Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, for example, described an anal stage, hypothesizing that toddlers derive pleasure from retaining and expelling feces. This is the source of the term "anal-retentive" and the derived informal term "anal".
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Before breaking in, he and Scully discuss the odd behavior of the roaches, with Scully hypothesizing that the roaches could be an invasive species. Inside the facility, which resembles a typical house, Mulder sees the walls rippling and is quickly surrounded by roaches. He is then confronted by Dr. Bambi Berenbaum (Bobbie Phillips), a researcher from the Department of Agriculture who is studying cockroaches to develop more effective methods of pest control. Berenbaum has great interest in insects and, incidentally, believes that some UFOs are actually insect swarms flying through electrically charged airspaces.
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James completed her A.B. (Bachelor of Arts) in zoology at Mount Holyoke College and went on to do her M.S. (Masters) at Louisiana State University. She then finished her Ph.D. in Zoology from the University of Arkansas in 1970 at the age of 40 after raising a family of three daughters with her then husband ornithologist Douglas A. James. Her dissertation involved observing patterns of intraspecific size variation in 12 species of birds found in areas of the United States. James looked specifically at Bergmann’s rule hypothesizing that temperature may not be the most important factor determining body size patterns across gradients.
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Muller (1961) renamed it Q. oleoides var. sagraeana, hypothesizing that the Cuban oak population was a subspecies of Q. oleoides, originating from the Yucatán region of Mexico, but with introgression from Q. geminata coming from Florida. He considered the morphologically variable Cuban population a hybrid swarm that had stabilized and was distinct from the other live oaks of the series Virentes. A recent study of molecular genetic variation and taxonomically informative leaf morphology shows that the Cuban oak shows little evidence of hybrid origin and is most similar to Q. virginiana, but distinct enough to be regarded as a separate species, Q. sagraeana.
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However, the second term becomes equally important with time when the people who moved to the countryside begin to reproduce and settle permanently in rural districts. Alexsandr Chaianov is credited for hypothesizing the theory of "agricultural cooperation in which he distinguished between vertical and horizontal forms of cooperative arrangements". The horizontal cooperation was described as a much more dysfunctional model in which small farms were identified as units that formed links with each other. The vertical cooperation was described as a much more practical model in that it involved linking "farms with food processors and retailers" in a hierarchical and feasible trend.
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Nietzsche concludes his First Treatise by hypothesizing a tremendous historical struggle between the Roman dualism of "good/bad" and that of the Judaic "good/evil", with the latter eventually achieving a victory for ressentiment, broken temporarily by the Renaissance, but then reasserted by the Reformation, and finally confirmed by the French Revolution when the "ressentiment instincts of the rabble" triumphed. The First Treatise concludes with a brief section (§17) stating his own allegiance to the good/bad system of evaluation, followed by a note calling for further examination of the history of moral concepts and the hierarchy of values.
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In 2004, in a book (Il terzo incomodoLe pesanti verità di Ferruccio Mazzola ) and in an interview with L'espressoLa pillola misteriosa di Herrera Mazzola spoke out against the use of performance-enhancing drugs in sport made by Internazionale, Lazio and Fiorentina during the 1960s and the 1970s. In 2005 the prosecutor's office of Florence opened an investigation into the death of Fiorentina footballer Bruno Beatrice, hypothesizing that this could have been caused by doping. However, on 2 January 2009 it requested the dismissal of the case by the statute of limitations. Meanwhile, Internazionale chairman Massimo Moratti sued Mazzola for defamation about his statements.
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In addition to sharing symptom presentations, CPTSD and BPD can share neurophysiological similarities, for example, abnormal volume of the amygdala (emotional memory), hippocampus (memory), anterior cingulate cortex (emotion), and orbital prefrontal cortex (personality). Another shared characteristic between CPTSD and BPD is the possibility for dissociation. Further research is needed to determine the reliability of dissociation as a hallmark of CPTSD, however it is a possible symptom. Because of the two disorders’ shared symptomatology and physiological correlates, psychologists began hypothesizing that a treatment which was effective for one disorder may be effective for the other as well.
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John Archibald Wheeler (July 9, 1911April 13, 2008) was an American theoretical physicist. He was largely responsible for reviving interest in general relativity in the United States after World War II. Wheeler also worked with Niels Bohr in explaining the basic principles behind nuclear fission. Together with Gregory Breit, Wheeler developed the concept of the Breit–Wheeler process. He is best known for using the term "black hole" for objects with gravitational collapse already predicted during the early 20th century, for inventing the terms "quantum foam", "neutron moderator", "wormhole" and "it from bit", and for hypothesizing the "one-electron universe".
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There is some evidence to indicate that The Slayer might possess some supernatural influence or presence over others. Part of the role of the Slayer is being a leader and deciding the appropriate course of action to be taken. In the course of the entire timeline, The Slayer has always instantly been acknowledged as the leader and the final decision maker, superseding even that of the Watchers. This is touched on in the episode "Chosen", with Faith and Buffy hypothesizing that one of the major reasons they don't get along is that there should only be one.
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Between World War I and II, cultural relativism was the central tool for American anthropologists in this rejection of Western claims to universality, and salvage of non-Western cultures. It functioned to transform Boas' epistemology into methodological lessons. This is most obvious in the case of language. Although language is commonly thought of as a means of communication, Boas called attention especially to the idea that it is also a means of categorizing experiences, hypothesizing that the existence of different languages suggests that people categorize, and thus experience, language differently (this view was more fully developed in the hypothesis of Linguistic relativity).
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It is possible that the concept and province of the "Upper Satrapies" was created already during the late Achaemenid Empire, where superior military commands covering several satrapies are attested for Asia Minor at least, with scholars hypothesizing also the existence of similar arrangements for the Armenian, Syriac-Babylonian and eastern satrapies. The evidence for the eastern satrapies is based on a statement by Diodorus of Sicily that Artaxerxes III entrusted the Upper Satrapies to Bagoas, but this may be an anachronism, and no other piece of evidence survives indicating any continuity between the Achaemenid and Hellenistic periods in this regard.
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In a concurrence, Justice Thomas affirmed that the use of the severability doctrine was the right course of action in this decision, but postulated that the Court should revisit this doctrine since it often requires hypothesizing the intent of Congress. Justice Breyer, in his own written opinion, disagreed with Alito's opinion related to severability, believing the rest of the law could remain. Justice Ruth Bader Ginsburg wrote the dissenting opinion, joined by Justice Sonia Sotomayor and in part by Breyer. Justice Ginsburg wrote that the decision to overturn all of PASPA was excessive, and based on the desire to legalize sports betting.
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In 2004, scientists at the University of Tasmania linked whale strandings and weather, hypothesizing that when cool Antarctic waters rich in squid and fish flow north, whales follow their prey closer towards land. In some cases predators (such as killer whales) have been known to panic other whales, herding them towards the shoreline. Their echolocation system can have difficulty picking up very gently-sloping coastlines. This theory accounts for mass beaching hot spots such as Ocean Beach, Tasmania and Geographe Bay, Western Australia where the slope is about half a degree (approximately deep out to sea).
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The stiffly folded piece of paper is held in an odd and delicate manner and is at least one part of a musical score, with musical notes and letters written on it. Due to the poor condition of the lower part of the painting, the notes and letters are largely illegible. This has not stopped some scholars from hypothesizing as to what the letters say, often using their interpretations to support their theory of the musician's identity. The notes have offered little clarity into the painting, other than strongly suggesting the subject to be a musician.
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However, there remain difficult questions about the process of interpreting any given evidence into a probability that the general statement is true. One way out of these particular difficulties is to declare that all beliefs about scientific theories are subjective, or personal, and correct reasoning is merely about how evidence should change one's subjective beliefs over time. Some argue that what scientists do is not inductive reasoning at all but rather abductive reasoning, or inference to the best explanation. In this account, science is not about generalizing specific instances but rather about hypothesizing explanations for what is observed.
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Regional population control has been used on species that cannot be excluded from the airport environment. A nesting colony of laughing gulls at Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge contributed to 98–315 bird strikes per year, in 1979–1992, at adjacent John F. Kennedy International Airport (JFK). Though JFK had an active bird management program that precluded birds from feeding and loafing on the airport, it did not stop them from overflying the airport to other feeding sites. U.S. Department of Agriculture Wildlife Services personnel began shooting all gulls that flew over the airport, hypothesizing that eventually, the gulls would alter their flight patterns.
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In recent years there has also been an added focus on projects related to saving lives at birth in low-resource settings. The foundation has supported 1600 international research projects with more than 40 million dollars in funding (12). The Laerdal Foundation facilitates an annual meeting for medical researchers from around the world at the Utstein Abby outside of Stavanger, Norway, to make recommendations for how to implement best practices in topics including resuscitation (13) , patient simulation, maternal and neonatal mortality. The widely accepted Utstein Formula for Survival (15) is a model that employs three elements in hypothesizing potential survival rates: Medical Science, Educational Efficiency and Local Implementation.
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Cosmine was first described in the Osteolepiform Megalichthys hibberti by Williamson in 1849, in a purely descriptive, pre- Darwinian, non-evolutionary framework. Goodrich expanded on Williamson's descriptions, hypothesizing a transition from a monoodontode scale (like a chondryicthian placoid scale) to a complex polyodontode scale through fusion of discrete units. Gross' 1956 monograph provided the most elaborate description of cosmoid tissues detailing differences between the shape and configuration of pore canals within different clades of lobe finned fishes. Further descriptions of cosmine growth and development were advanced by Tor Ørvig, dealing specifically with the pattern of squamation, or scale formation across the body of a fish.
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They both see it as a coping mechanism, and both insist that the other reality is a dream. To try to prove this to Michael, Dr. Evans has Michael read a part of the United States Constitution, as if that reality was a dream, Michael could not have done so, unless he had memorized the Constitution. Michael learned that he had alcohol in his system the night of the car accident, with Dr. Lee hypothesizing that Michael has this dream because he feels guilty for killing his son. At the end of the episode, Michael comes to the conclusion that he wants to live with both of his family members.
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Criticism of the play in the first decades of the 18th century continued to be dominated by the neoclassical conception of plot and character. Even the many critics who defended Hamlet took for granted the necessity of the classical canon in principle. Voltaire's attack on the play is perhaps the most famous neoclassical treatment of the play; it inspired numerous defenses in England, but these defenses did not at first weaken the neoclassical orthodoxy. Thus Lewis Theobald explained the seeming absurdity of Hamlet's calling death an "undiscovered country" not long after he has encountered the Ghost by hypothesizing that the Ghost describes Purgatory, not death.
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In gay men, results of psycho-emotional damage from marginalization from a heteronormative society include suicide and drug addiction. Scientists have been studying the impact of racism on health. Amani Nuru-Jeter, a social epidemiologist at the University of California, Berkeley and other doctors have been hypothesizing that exposure to chronic stress may be one way racism contributes to health disparities between racial groups. Arline Geronimus, a research professor at the University of Michigan Institute for Social Research and a professor at the School of Public Health, and her colleagues found that psychosocial stress associated with living in extreme poverty can cause early onset of age-related diseases.
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The first major breakthrough in the genetic basis of hybrid incompatibility is the Dobzhansky-Muller model, a combination of findings by Theodosius Dobzhansky and Joseph Muller between 1937 and 1942. The model provides an explanation as to why a negative fitness effect like hybrid incompatibility is not selected against. By hypothesizing that the incompatibility arose from alterations at two or more loci, rather than one, the incompatible alleles are in one hybrid individual for the first time rather than throughout the population - thus, hybrids that are infertile can develop while the parent populations remain viable. The negative fitness effects of infertility are not present in the original population.
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Like Behaghel, his thesis supervisor, Maurer directed much attention to the study of dialects (dialectology and dialect geography) and to the comparative linguistic of German. He published numerous works on medieval literature and poetry that were notable for their connections between literature studies, cultural history, prehistoric archaeology and sociology. With Friedrich Stroh, Maurer published Deutsche Wortgeschichte ("History of German Words") in 1943. Maurer's 1942 linguistic work Nordgermanen und Alemannen ("Northern Germans and Alemanni") is considered his most important one, where he put forth a theory of the development of the Germanic languages that was strongly imbued with nationalist ideology by hypothesizing a strong union of the Germanic peoples in antiquity; a theory that is still controversial.
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Thomas Hunt Morgan The idea of genetic linkage was first discovered by the British geneticists William Bateson, Edith Rebecca Saunders and Reginald Punnett. Thomas Hunt Morgan expanded the idea of linkage after noticing that in some instances the observed rate of crossing-over events differed from the expected rate of crossing-over events. He attributed the depressed rates of recombination to the smaller spatial separation of genes on a chromosome; Hypothesizing that genes which are more closely positioned on a chromosome will have smaller rates of recombination than those that are spaced farther apart. The unit of measurement describing the distance between two linked genes is the Centimorgan, and is named after Thomas Hunt Morgan.
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They ride down the mountain slopes and fall into a raging river, eventually arriving at the village of Mayapore in northern India. The villagers beg them for help and ask them to retrieve the sacred stone stolen from their shrine, as well as their missing children, from evil forces in the nearby Pankot Palace. Indy agrees to do so, hypothesizing that the stone is one of the five Sankara stones given by the gods to help humanity fight evil. The trio receive a warm welcome from the officials at Pankot Palace and are allowed to stay for the night as guests, attending a lavish but revolting banquet hosted by the young Maharaja.
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Map of North America and the Western Interior Seaway in the Late Cretaceous (~ 75 million years ago) Previous research on Albertan centrosaur bonebeds interpreted their formation in terms of a herd of dinosaurs drowning while trying to cross a swollen river. Eberth, Brinkman, and Barkas proposed a different explanation for the Hilda mega-bonebed, hypothesizing that a herd of Centrosaurus apertus, as well as other local wildlife, were killed by a flood. The researchers concluded that all of the component bonebeds of the Hilda complex formed during the same individual flood. The region around the Western Interior Seaway was prone to tropical storm activity, many of which could become full-scale hurricanes.
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In 1995, Scott assisted a Sudbury woman in her successful battle to have chronic fatigue syndrome officially recognized as a debilitating disease.Don Scott, "Taking on 'Mighty Myke' and its mysteries", Sudbury Star, 30 July 2004, A9. He developed a personal interest in the subject, and conducted private research on degenerative diseases from 1995 to 1999. In 1995, he and his son William wrote a book entitled The Extremely Unfortunate Skull Valley Incident, examining an American test of nerve gas in the Skull Valley area that caused the death of thousands of sheep. The Scotts wrote a follow-up book called The Brucellosis Triangle in 1997, hypothesizing a link between CFS and brucella bacteria.
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Economic theories of intertemporal consumption seek to explain people's preferences in relation to consumption and saving over the course of their lives. The earliest work on the subject was by Irving Fisher and Roy Harrod, who described 'hump saving', hypothesizing that savings would be highest in the middle years of a person's life as they saved for retirement. In the 1950s, more well-defined models built on discounted utility theory and approached the question of inter-temporal consumption as a lifetime income optimization problem. Solving this problem mathematically, assuming that individuals are rational and have access to complete markets, Modigliani & Brumberg (1954), Albert Ando, and Milton Friedman (1957) developed what became known as the life-cycle model.
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Using conclusions set forth by psychoanalytic theory, The I combines Holland's theory of the role of identity in people's perceptions and behavior, and the psychoanalytic stages of childhood and adult development. In The Brain of Robert Frost: A Cognitive Approach to Literature (1988),New York: Routledge, 1988. Holland draws on neurological evidence of a "growing and ungrowing" of the brain in mammalian development to show how an identity theme might come into being in the body. Additionally, this text develops a three-tier feedback model of the mind, which illustrates that the brain deals with its world by hypothesizing through physiology, through fixed codes and flexible canons derived from culture, and through personal identity.
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Hypothesizing dark energy can explain this phenomenon. The traditional approach to modeling the effects of gravity assumes that general relativity is as valid at cosmological scales as it is in the Solar System, where its predictions have been more accurately tested. Not changing the rules of gravity, however, implies the presence of dark matter and dark energy in parts of the Universe where the curvature of the spacetime manifold is far less than that in the Solar System. It is phenomenologically possible to alter the equations of gravity in regions of low spacetime curvature such that the dynamics of the spacetime causes what we assign to the presence of dark matter and dark energy.
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The reduction from Eu3+ to Eu2+ is induced by irradiation with energetic particles. The most outstanding examples of this originated around Weardale and adjacent parts of northern England; it was the fluorite found here that fluorescence was named after in 1852, although it was not until much later that europium was determined to be the cause. In astrophysics, the signature of europium in stellar spectra can be used to classify stars and inform theories of how or where a particular star was born. For instance, astronomers in 2019 identified higher-than-expected levels of europium within the star J1124+4535, hypothesizing that this star originated in a dwarf galaxy that collided with the Milky Way billions of years ago.
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However, the prospect of acquisition was discounted by the media, with one report stating that "the numbers didn't add up", and Bobby Owsinski hypothesizing on the Forbes website in July that SoundCloud's ongoing inability to secure deals with the major music labels was the foremost culprit. On 28 September 2016, Spotify announced that it was in talks to buy SoundCloud, but on 8 December 2016, Spotify was reported to have abandoned its acquisition plans. In Spring 2017, SoundCloud initially faced being sold after not raising the $100 million dollars needed to support the platform. The initial evaluation of Soundcloud at $700 million did not hold as strong to investors after their financial shortages.
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Reference frames are inherently nonlocal constructs, covering all of space and time or a nontrivial part of it; thus it does not make sense to speak of an observer (in the special relativistic sense) having a location. Also, an inertial observer cannot accelerate at a later time, nor can an accelerating observer stop accelerating. Physicists use the term "observer" as shorthand for a specific reference frame from which a set of objects or events is being measured. Speaking of an observer in special relativity is not specifically hypothesizing an individual person who is experiencing events, but rather it is a particular mathematical context which objects and events are to be evaluated from.
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The Youth Internet Safety Survey from the University of New Hampshire, which was implicitly cited by Rep. Michael Fitzpatrick, found two cases of rape/sexual assault through Internet solicitation in its two surveys covering 3,001 children ages 10 to 17. According to the FBI's criminal victimization tables' national rate for sexual assault, one would expect seven rapes or sexual assaults among such a group every year.Bureau of Justice Statistics Criminal Victimization in the United States - Statistical Tables Overall, the Youth Internet Safety Survey suggested that fewer children are actually being sexually solicited online in 2005 than in 1999, hypothesizing that those who encountered solicitations knew better now to rebuff or ignore these solicitations.
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The Black Death was a particularly devastating epidemic in Europe during this time, and is notable due to the number of people who succumbed to the disease within the few years the disease was active. It was fatal to an estimated thirty to sixty percent of the population where the disease was present. While there is some question of whether it was a particularly deadly strain of Yersinia pestis that caused the Black Death, research indicates no significant difference in bacterial phenotype. Thus environmental stressors are considered when hypothesizing the deadliness of the Black Plague, such as crop failures due to changes in weather, the subsequent famine, and an influx of host rats into Europe from China.
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In February 2009 the online newspaper Tempostretto noted a remarkable similarity of the work with the Boston City Hall hypothesizing a plagiarism of the Messina designers. The curious aspect of the story is the fact that the town hall of Boston is dated 1969 and after forty years of life, it risks being demolished. In any case, the City Hall of Boston boasts the sad distinction of being at the top of the list of the 10 most ugly buildings in the world, a list drawn up by the authoritative tourism site Virtualtourist. Another controversy that characterized the troubled construction of the Palacultura, was the discovery, in February 1982, of some archaeological finds dating back to Roman times.
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Charles Darwin in 1868 Charles Darwin commented on the idea of neutral mutation in his work, hypothesizing that mutations that do not give an advantage or disadvantage may fluctuate or become fixed apart from natural selection. "Variations neither useful nor injurious would not be affected by natural selection, and would be left either a fluctuating element, as perhaps we see in certain polymorphic species, or would ultimately become fixed, owing to the nature of the organism and the nature of the conditions." While Darwin is widely credited with introducing the idea of natural selection which was the focus of his studies, he also saw the possibility for changes that did not benefit or hurt an organism.Darwin, C. (1987; 1859).
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His major contribution was in isolating fibrin, a key protein in the blood coagulation process. His Copley work came when he showed the existence of lymph vessels in animals and explained their function by hypothesizing the existence of a human lymphatic system. He also demonstrated that red blood cells were discoid, rather than spherical as had been previously supposed by Anton van Leeuwenhoek, but incorrectly identified the cells' dark centers as their nuclei. In 1773 he produced evidence for the concept of a cell membrane in red blood cells — however, this last work was largely ignored. On 10 July 1770 he married Mary Stevenson (better known as Polly), a London friend of Benjamin Franklin.
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And within a molecule, the electron's three degrees of freedom (charge, spin, orbital) can separate via the wavefunction into three quasiparticles (holon, spinon, and orbiton). Yet a free electron – one which is not orbiting an atomic nucleus and hence lacks orbital motion – appears unsplittable and remains regarded as an elementary particle. Around 1980, an elementary particle's status as indeed elementary – an ultimate constituent of substance – was mostly discarded for a more practical outlook, embodied in particle physics' Standard Model, what's known as science's most experimentally successful theory. Many elaborations upon and theories beyond the Standard Model, including the popular supersymmetry, double the number of elementary particles by hypothesizing that each known particle associates with a "shadow" partner far more massive, although all such superpartners remain undiscovered.
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To explain the discrepancy between morphological and embryological data in the context of bird origins, an alternative scenario to LDR was developed by paleontologists Tony Thulborn and Tim Hamley in 1982. In this scenario, the digits I and V of theropods were reduced in the process of Bilateral Digit Reduction (BDR), with the remaining digits developing to resemble the former digits I-III. Limusaurus was initially considered as evidence for the BDR hypothesis by Xu and colleagues in 2009 due to it—and other ceratosaurians—having a reduced first digit, with these researchers hypothesizing that a similar pattern of reduction occurred among the tetanurans (the sister group of the ceratosaurians). Several other hypotheses have been proposed to improve upon and reconcile the LDR and BDR hypotheses.
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Several types of HARKing have been distinguished, including: ;THARKing: Transparently hypothesizing after the results are known, rather than the secretive HARKing that was first proposed by Kerr (1998). In this case, researchers openly declare that they developed their hypotheses after they observed their research results. ;CHARKing (or Pure HARKing): Constructing new hypotheses after the results are known and presenting them as a priori hypotheses CHARKing is often regarded as the prototypical form of HARKing. ;RHARKing: Retrieving old hypotheses from the existing literature after the results are known and presenting them as a priori hypotheses Note that RHARKed hypotheses can be considered to be a priori hypotheses in the sense that they were developed and published prior to knowledge of the current research results.
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Scientists are actively researching the role that exosomes may play in cell- to-cell signaling, hypothesizing that because exosomes can merge with and release their contents into cells that are distant from their cell of origin (see membrane vesicle trafficking), they may influence processes in the recipient cell. For example, RNA that is shuttled from one cell to another, known as "exosomal shuttle RNA," could potentially affect protein production in the recipient cell. By transferring molecules from one cell to another, exosomes from certain cells of the immune system, such as dendritic cells and B cells, may play a functional role in mediating adaptive immune responses to pathogens and tumors. Conversely, exosome production and content may be influenced by molecular signals received by the cell of origin.
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This possibility, sometimes called the "Poleaxe Hypothesis" or the "Knockout Hypothesis", is now considered unlikely. A 1994 Learning Channel documentary on sex had fiber optic cameras inside the vagina of a woman while she had sexual intercourse. During her orgasm, her pelvic muscles contracted and her cervix repeatedly dipped into a pool of semen in the vaginal fornix, which might ensure that sperm would proceed by the external orifice of the uterus, making conception more likely. Evolutionary psychologists Christopher Ryan and Cacilda Jethá, in their discussion of the female orgasm, address how long it takes for females to achieve orgasm compared to males, and females' ability to have multiple orgasms, hypothesizing how especially well suited to multiple partners and insemination this is.
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In quantum information, the Hayden-Preskill thought experiment (also known as the Hayden-Preskill protocol) is a thought experiment that investigates the black hole information paradox by hypothesizing on how long it takes to decode information thrown in a black hole from its Hawking radiation. The thought experiment concerning Alice and Bob is as follows: Alice throws a k qubit quantum state into a black hole that is entangled with Bob's quantum computer. Bob collects the Hawking radiation emitted by the Black hole and feeds it into his quantum computer where he applies the appropriate quantum gates that will decode Alice's state. Bob only needs at least k qubits from the black hole's Hawking radiation to decode Alice's quantum state.
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Political polarization among elites is negatively correlated with legislative efficiency, which is defined by the total number of laws passed, as well as the number of "major enactments" and "key votes". Evidence suggests that polarization of political elites may more strongly affect efficiency than polarization of Congress itself, with authors hypothesizing that the personal relationships among members of Congress may enable them to reach compromises on polarized legislation, though not if political elites allow no leeway for such. Negative effects of polarization on the United States Congress include increased gridlock and partisanship at the cost of quality and quantity of passed legislation. It also incentivizes stall tactics and closed rules, such as filibusters on non-contentious issues and excluding minority party members from committee deliberations.
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Jeffrey Beall, a research librarian at the University of Colorado, has compiled a list of what he considers to be "potential, possible, or probable predatory scholarly open-access publishers"; the list numbered over 300 journals as of April 2013, but he estimates that there may be thousands. The OMICS Publishing Group, which publishes a number of the journals on this list, has threatened to sue Beall. Some academic journals use the registered report format, which aims to counteract issues such as data dredging and hypothesizing after the results are known. For example, Nature Human Behaviour has adopted the registered report format, as it "shift[s] the emphasis from the results of research to the questions that guide the research and the methods used to answer them".
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Those following Alexander's route from Zaba on its northern shore to Cattigara to its southeast consider it to be no more than the Gulf of Thailand, with Cattigara located in the Funanese Óc Eo ruins at Thoại Sơn. Its Cottiaris River would then be a former course of the Mekong which once passed the site to enter the Gulf of Thailand. Others ignoring the route as garbled but taking Cattigara to be the major Han entrepôt of Longbian consider the Great Gulf to have been the Gulf of Tonkin, hypothesizing that the Gulf of Thailand (if present) was represented by the smaller inlet on the eastern shore of the Golden Chersonese. Its Cottiaris River would have been Vietnam's Red River.
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The historian Owen Jander discusses the symbolism embedded within Beethoven's fifth symphony and the portrait, hypothesizing that both works were a "ritualized confrontation" – a public yet veiled declaration of the composer's growing deafness, as a means of learning to accept it. Jander proposes that much of 18th to 19th century portrait painting can be considered self-portraits, commissioned at significant times in a person's life in which the details of the portrait were laid out by the subject. Elements such as the subject's pose, facial expression, clothing, accompanying objects and gestures are all part of the conventions of portraiture. Similarly, if any of these elements is depicted in such a way that diverges from typical depictions, that strengthens the message they intend to communicate by drawing in the viewer's attention.
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Hypothesizing that eminence is inherited from ancestors, Galton did a study of families of eminent people in Britain, publishing it in 1869 as Hereditary Genius. Galton's ideas were elaborated from the work of two early 19th-century pioneers in statistics: Carl Friedrich Gauss and Adolphe Quetelet. Gauss discovered the normal distribution (bell-shaped curve): given a large number of measurements of the same variable under the same conditions, they vary at random from a most frequent value, the "average", to two least frequent values at maximum differences greater and lower than the most frequent value. Quetelet discovered that the bell-shaped curve applied to social statistics gathered by the French government in the course of its normal processes on large numbers of people passing through the courts and the military.
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This work opened the way for efforts to develop molecules blocking IGF-1 signaling as possible treatments for cancer, currently being tested. Additionally, observing the links between insulin resistance, inflammation, and sex steroids with central obesity and obesity-related cancers, Dr. Mantzoros expanded this research to the molecule adiponectin, hypothesizing that abnormalities in this molecule, caused by abnormal fat deposition in the abdomen, were upstream of all other hormonal and inflammatory abnormalities above. First performing physiology studies in rodents and later in human case- control and prospective cohort studies, his team demonstrated the link between adiponectin and several types of cancer, including breast, colorectal, thyroid, prostate, and others. This work opened the way for efforts to develop molecules blocking IGF-1 signaling as possible treatments for cancer, currently being tested.
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He claimed that this Law of Abbreviation is a universal structural property of language, hypothesizing that it arises as a result of individuals optimising form-meaning mappings under competing pressures to communicate accurately but also efficiently. Zipf GK. 1935 The Psychobiology of language, an introduction to dynamic philology. Boston, MA: Houghton–Mifflin Zipf GK. 1949 Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley Since then, the research on this linguistic law has continued and it has been empirically verified for almost a thousand languages of 80 different linguistic families when studying the relationship between the size of words measuring them in terms of number of characters in texts and their frequencies. Bentz C, Ferrer-i-Cancho R. 2016 Zipf’s Law of abbreviation as a language universal.
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This idea was subsequently explored in more detail by Galileo Galilei, who derived his kinematics from the 14th-century Merton College and Jean Buridan, and possibly De Soto as well. Galileo successfully applied mathematics to the acceleration of falling objects, correctly hypothesizing in a 1604 letter to Paolo Sarpi that the distance of a falling object is proportional to the square of the time elapsed. Galileo suggested in his Two New Sciences (1638) that the slight variance of speed of falling objects of different mass was due to air resistance, and that objects would fall completely uniformly in a vacuum. A disciple of Galileo, Evangelista Torricelli reiterated Aristotle's model involving a gravitational centre, adding his view that a system can only be in equilibrium when the common centre itself is unable to fall.
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Kenny's parents are arrested for having a meth lab at their home, an event documented on the reality show White Trash in Trouble. As a result, Kenny and his two siblings, Kevin and Karen, are put into the foster care system. Their caseworker, Mr. Adams, who insists on making constant jokes about the Penn State sex abuse scandal, places them with the Weatherheads, a militantly agnostic couple living in Greeley that forbids their numerous foster children from expressing any notions of certainty. Their agnosticism manifests itself in a number of peculiar ways, such as their edict that the children can only drink "agnostic beverages" such as Dr Pepper, because no one can be certain as to what flavor it is, and hypothesizing that God could be "a giant reptilian bird in charge of everything".
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The planets would condense from small clouds developed in, or captured by, the 2nd cloud, the orbits would be nearly circular because accretion would reduce eccentricity due to the influence of the resisting medium, orbital orientations would be similar because the small cloud was originally small and the motions would be in a common direction. The protoplanets might have heated up to such high degrees that the more volatile compounds would have been lost and the orbital velocity decreases with increasing distance so that the terrestrial planets would have been more affected. The weaknesses of this scenario are that practically all the final regularities are introduced as a prior assumptions and most of the hypothesizing was not supported by quantitative calculations. For these reasons it did not gain wide acceptance.
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Anonymous reproduction of the Tassili mushroom figure Matalem-Amazar found in Tassili.Photography of original, Scielo.org depiction of a dancing or seated human In 1989, the psychedelics researcher Giorgio Samorini proposed the theory that the fungoid-like paintings in the caves of Tassili are proof of the relationship between humans and psychedelics in the ancient populations of the Sahara, when it was still a verdant land:Giorgio Samorini, The oldest representations of hallucinogenic mushrooms in the world, Artepreistorica.com, December 2009 (first published in 1992) This theory was reused by Terence McKenna in his 1992 book Food of the Gods, hypothesizing that the Neolithic culture that inhabited the site used psilocybin mushrooms as part of its religious ritual life, citing rock paintings showing persons holding mushroom- like objects in their hands, as well as mushrooms growing from their bodies.
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The Words and Rules model contradicts previous orthodox Chomskyan ideas hypothesizing that several irregular past tense forms arise from rules applied to verbs with phonological similarities (as seen with the example of sleep, weep, and keep above). He particularly notes discrepancies that would arise in application of a rule-based theory, as in the verb steep and its past-tense form steeped as opposed to steep/stept. Pinker accepts the notion of pattern associators from the connectionist model, which states that families of irregular verbs obtain their past-tense forms from associations between the phonological features of these verbs and those of their irregular past-tense forms. Pinker found that some adults and children will form the past-tense form splung from the novel verb spling in line with the pattern seen in fling/flung and cling/clung.
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However, he and his colleagues were unable to specify the exact mechanism for the difference, beyond hypothesizing that supply conditions of primary and secondary goods were different in that while farmers planted the same amount every year regardless of the price they would get, manufacturers were able to reduce or increase capacity to respond to expected changes in demand. However, these ideas remained unformed until he was appointed executive director of the Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA or CEPAL) in 1950. In 1950, he released a study The Economic Development of Latin America and its Principal Problems that stated what is now known as the Prebisch–Singer hypothesis. German economist Hans Singer had separately arrived at a similar conclusion as Prebisch at roughly the same time, although his paper used a more empirical approach based on analysis of world trade statistics.
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Shortly after the teratogenic properties of thalidomide were recognized in the mid-1960s, its anti-cancer potential was explored and two clinical trials were conducted in people with advanced cancer, including some people with multiple myeloma; the trials were inconclusive. Little further work was done with thalidomide in cancer until the 1990s. Judah Folkman pioneered studies into the role of angiogenesis (the proliferation and growth of blood vessels) in the development of cancer, and in the early 1970s had shown that solid tumors could not expand without it. In 1993 he surprised the scientific world by hypothesizing the same was true of blood cancers, and the next year he published work showing that a biomarker of angiogenesis was higher in all people with cancer, but especially high in people with blood cancers, and other evidence emerged as well.
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Guevara closed his remarks to the General Assembly by hypothesizing that this "wave of anger" would "sweep the lands of Latin America" and that the labor masses who "turn the wheel of history" were now, for the first time, "awakening from the long, brutalizing sleep to which they had been subjected". Guevara later learned there had been two failed attempts on his life by Cuban exiles during his stop at the UN complex.Bazooka Fired at UN as Cuban Speaks by Homer Bigart, The New York Times, 12 December 1964, p. 1. The first from Molly Gonzales, who tried to break through barricades upon his arrival with a seven-inch hunting knife, and later during his address by Guillermo Novo, who fired a timer-initiated bazooka from a boat in the East River at the United Nations Headquarters, but missed and was off target.
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Pilot research examined whether U.S. trust in science changed between December 2019 and March 2020 after hypothesizing that the amount of public discussion and research would improve it, but the study reported a null finding. Doctors are also joining groups on social media to spread information about treating the disease with one group on Facebook, the PMG COVID-19 Subgroup on Facebook reporting some 30,000 members worldwide by the end of March. Another group, Physician Moms Group, which was started five years prior to the pandemic had so many people wanting to join the 70,000 strong group that Facebook click-to-join code broke and 10,000 additional doctors waited for it to be fixed. The groups have allowed medical professionals to collaborate with one another, gather information and help direct supplies to hospitals that need them.
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To that end, Fowler and coworkers installed a carbonyl group on the nitrogen, hypothesizing that the lone pair of the nitrogen would be stabilized by participation in an amide bond, and that the electronegativity of this amide group would lower the LUMO of the imine group, making the transition state more favorable. Using this strategy, Fowler and coworkers were able to use the 1-aza-Cope rearrangement to create piperidine and pyridine derivatives. This strategy was shown to be relatively robust, allowing for the formation of products even when forced through a boat transition state, when perturbed with substituent effects, or put in competition with alternative rearrangements. Also significant is the relative ease of production of the reactants, which uses a Diels-Alder reaction paired with relatively simple workup steps, allowing for syntheses using complex cycling.
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This type of selection will result in a normal distribution of neuroticism, so the extremities of the distribution will be individuals with excessive neuroticism or too low neuroticism for what is optimal, and the ones with excessive neuroticism would therefore be more vulnerable to the negative effects of depression, and Nettle gives this as the explanation for the existence of depression rather than hypothesizing, as others have, that depression itself has any evolutionary benefit. Some research has found that neuroticism, in modern societies, is positively correlated with reproductive success in females but not in males. A possible explanation may be that neuroticism in females comes at the expense of formal education (which is correlated with lower fertility) and correlates with unplanned and adolescent pregnancies.Vall, Gemma, Fernando Gutiérrez, Josep M. Peri, Miguel Gárriz, Eva Baillés, Juan Miguel Garrido, and Jordi E. Obiols.
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One of ten photogravure portraits of Louis Vivet published in Variations de la personnalité by Henri Bourru and Prosper Ferdinand Burot. The first case of DID was thought to be described by Paracelsus in 1646. In the 19th century, "dédoublement," or double consciousness, the historical precursor to DID, was frequently described as a state of sleepwalking, with scholars hypothesizing that the patients were switching between a normal consciousness and a "somnambulistic state". An intense interest in spiritualism, parapsychology and hypnosis continued throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, running in parallel with John Locke's views that there was an association of ideas requiring the coexistence of feelings with awareness of the feelings. Hypnosis, which was pioneered in the late 18th century by Franz Mesmer and Armand-Marie Jacques de Chastenet, Marques de Puységur, challenged Locke's association of ideas.
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In her QAEco position her research focuses on "reproducibility, the ability to replicate an experiment or study and its outcomes...She will be on the lookout for publication bias, p-hacking, cherry picking and HARKing (Hypothesizing After the Results are Known) in the discipline, all indicators of poor reproducibility." Fidler has continuing collaborations with the Interdisciplinary Conservation Science Research Group at RMIT University. She has also been part of The University of Melbourne’s team, known as SWARM (Smartly-assembled Wiki-style Argument Marshalling) which received a grant from US intelligence community’s research arm, the Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity (IARPA) as part of four-and-a-half year project known as CREATE (Crowdsourcing Evidence, Argumentation, Thinking and Evaluation). The SWARM team developed new ways to support better reasoned argument leading to better collective results and also examined explore using algorithms to identify a participant’s “reasoning profile” .
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As a member of the polio advisory committee of the United States Public Health Service, Paul joined in a 1962 recommendation that the use of an oral polio vaccine created by Albert B. Sabin in treating adults should be halted based on the lack of clinical evidence showing that the vaccine prevented those receiving the vaccine from developing the disease. In his 1971 book A History of Poliomyelitis, Paul put forth the proposition that humans had always been exposed to poliovirus but had been protected by antibodies contained in the mothers milk, and that it was the clean water, sewer systems and improved hygiene of modern civilization that prevented children from being exposed to the virus at an early age, hypothesizing that protection would be conferred if people were exposed to the virus as infants.Orent, Wendy. "Still a Scourge" , proto: Dispatches from the Frontiers of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital.
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Dirk Schulze-Makuch disputes this, hypothesizing alternative biochemistries for alien life. While Rare Earth proponents argue that only microbial extremophiles could exist in subsurface habitats beyond Earth, some argue that complex life can also arise in these environments. Examples of extremophile animals such as the Hesiocaeca methanicola, an animal that inhabits ocean floor methane clathrates substances more commonly found in the outer Solar System, the tardigrades which can survive in the vacuum of space or Halicephalobus mephisto which exists in crushing pressure, scorching temperatures and extremely low oxygen levels 3.6 kilometres deep in the Earth's crust, are sometimes cited by critics as complex life capable of thriving in "alien" environments. Jill Tarter counters the classic counterargument that these species adapted to these environments rather than arose in them, by suggesting that we cannot assume conditions for life to emerge which are not actually known.
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View of the church from a side View of the church, showing the three apses Chroniclers Leontios Machairas and Diomede Strambaldi wrote that the church had been built by the Lakhas brothers (also known as Lakhanopoulos) in around 1360. These brothers were recorded as two "East Syrian", aka Nestorian merchants, who were known for their immense wealth. The chroniclers pointed out to the architecture and decorations of the building, reminiscent of the Southern French and Italian Gothic churches of the time, hypothesizing that it may have been influenced by King Peter I's visit to Avignon in 1363. This version of the church's history represents the virtual consensus of scholars of medieval Famagusta, though scholar Michele Bacci has postulated a need to revise "name-identification and date of this church" as its architecture is reminiscent of the 12th–13th century Crusader architecture in Palestine and Syria.
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In the letter he described the conditions under the right-wing government of Conservative Laureano Gómez as the following: "There is more repression of individual freedom here than in any country we've been to, the police patrol the streets carrying rifles and demand your papers every few minutes". He also goes on to describe the atmosphere as "tense" and "suffocating" even hypothesizing that "a revolution may be brewing". Guevara was correct in his prognostication, as a military coup in 1953 would take place, bringing General Gustavo Rojas to power. However, the civil war the country was experencing never went away rather tensions were brewing and were leading to an escalation in various regions in Colombia which led to the Colombian civil war Later that month Guevara arrived in Caracas, Venezuela and from there decided to return to Buenos Aires to finish his studies in medical science.
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Abu al-Rayhan al-Biruni (AD 973–1048) was one of the earliest Muslim geologists, whose works included the earliest writings on the geology of India, hypothesizing that the Indian subcontinent was once a sea. Ibn Sina (Avicenna, AD 981–1037), a Persian polymath, made significant contributions to geology and the natural sciences (which he called Attabieyat) along with other natural philosophers such as Ikhwan AI-Safa and many others. Ibn Sina wrote an encyclopedic work entitled "Kitab al-Shifa" (the Book of Cure, Healing or Remedy from ignorance), in which Part 2, Section 5, contains his commentary on Aristotle's Mineralogy and Meteorology, in six chapters: Formation of mountains, The advantages of mountains in the formation of clouds; Sources of water; Origin of earthquakes; Formation of minerals; The diversity of earth's terrain. In medieval China, one of the most intriguing naturalists was Shen Kuo (1031–1095), a polymath personality who dabbled in many fields of study in his age.
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Their computations lent support to the Indo-Hittite hypothesis according to which the first of these subdivisions to separate from the rest of the Indo-European languages were the Anatolian languages. Their results also support the Graeco-Armenian hypothesis, according to which the Armenian language and Greek language form a subfamily of Indo-European. They fit the Germanic languages into the evolutionary tree of Indo-European languages, previously considered problematic, by hypothesizing that the Proto-Germanic language was closely related to the Balto-Slavic languages but then became modified by westward migrations of the Germanic tribes which led them into contact with Italic and Celtic speakers.. This perfect phylogeny approach was later extended by Warnow and colleagues to allow for undetected borrowing between languages, so that language evolution is modelled with a network rather than a tree. In 2009, Warnow and her colleagues released their SATé software for co-estimating biological multiple sequence alignments and evolutionary trees.
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The Oort cloud is thought to have developed after the formation of planets from the primordial protoplanetary disc approximately 4.6 billion years ago. The most widely accepted hypothesis is that the Oort cloud's objects initially coalesced much closer to the Sun as part of the same process that formed the planets and minor planets. After formation, strong gravitational interactions with young gas giants, such as Jupiter, scattered the objects into extremely wide elliptical or parabolic orbits that were subsequently modified by perturbations from passing stars and giant molecular clouds into long-lived orbits detached from the gas giant region. Recent research has been cited by NASA hypothesizing that a large number of Oort cloud objects are the product of an exchange of materials between the Sun and its sibling stars as they formed and drifted apart and it is suggested that many—possibly the majority—of Oort cloud objects did not form in close proximity to the Sun.
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Divino afflante Spiritu ("Inspired by the Holy Spirit") is a papal encyclical letter issued by Pope Pius XII on 30 September 1943 calling for new translations of the Bible into vernacular languages using the original languages as a source instead of the Latin Vulgate. The Vulgate, completed by Jerome and revised multiple times, had formed the textual basis for all Catholic vernacular translations until then. Divino afflante Spiritu inaugurated the modern period of Roman Catholic biblical studies by encouraging the study of textual criticism (or lower criticism), pertaining to text of the Scriptures themselves and transmission thereof (for example, to determine correct readings) and permitted the use of the historical-critical method (or higher criticism), to be informed by theology, Sacred Tradition, and ecclesiastical history on the historical circumstances of the text, hypothesizing about matters such as authorship, dating, and similar concerns. The eminent Catholic biblical scholar Raymond E. Brown described it as a "Magna Carta for biblical progress".
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The Spanish anti-austerity movement, also known as the 15-M Movement or Indignants Movement, born on the eve of the 2011 municipal and regional elections, had resulted in an increase of street protests and demonstrations calling for a more democratic governmental system, a halt to spending cuts and tax increases and an overall rejection of Spain's two-party system formed by the People's Party (PP) and the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (PSOE). After the PP's arrival to government and its subsequent breach of electoral promises as well as the emergence of corruption cases, protests intensified. Social mobilization channeled through various protest actions, such as Surround the Congress ("Rodea el Congreso"), the so-called Citizen Tides ("Mareas Ciudadanas") or the Marches for Dignity ("Marchas de la Dignidad"). Despite the PP's enormous loss of support, the main opposition party, the PSOE, remained unable to channel this social discontent and to regain lost support, with pundits hypothesizing that the memory of Zapatero's last government and its economic management remained fresh in voters' minds.
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Joseph Adolph Sonnabend (born 6 January 1933) is an Afrikaans physician, scientist and HIV/AIDS researcher, notable for pioneering community-based research, the propagation of safe sex to prevent infection, and an early multifactorial model of AIDS. As one of the first physicians to notice among his gay male patients the immune deficiency that would later be named AIDS, during the 1980s and 1990s he treated many hundreds of HIV-positive people. During the height of the AIDS crisis, Sonnabend helped create several AIDS organisations, including the AIDS Medical Foundation (now amfAR), the nonprofit Community Research Initiative (now ACRIA), which pioneered community-based research, and the PWA Health Group, the first and largest formally recognised buyers' club. Sonnabend became controversial for advocating that gay men change their sexual behaviors to avoid sexually- transmitted infections, rather than to just have fewer sexual partners, as advocated by Gay Men's Health Crisis and other gay community organizations and for hypothesizing a multi-factorial model of causation, including for a period of time after discovery of HIV .
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Harkin noted that many chlorine attacks launched by Syrian forces in the past had resulted in no casualties, hypothesizing that—in contrast to the much more lethal sarin gas—Syrian forces likely employed chlorine at Douma to induce panic among the population rather than to kill many people. One of the canisters never released its payload and caused no deaths, but the other canister struck the weak roof of an apartment complex at an unexpected angle, releasing a very high concentration of chlorine that killed the people beneath it in a matter of minutes. According to Harkin, the frightened residents seen flocking to a nearby hospital and being doused with water in viral footage were not survivors of the chemical attack, but victims of conventional weapons and smoke inhalation. A report released by the Global Public Policy Institute (GPPI), a Berlin-based think tank, determined that chlorine attacks accounted for 91.5% of all confirmed chemical weapons attacks attributable to the Syrian government throughout the war, including the 7 April 2018 attack on Douma.
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Map of the continents in After Man, having experienced 50 million years of continental drift since the present day After Man explores an imagined future Earth, set 50 million years from the present, hypothesizing what new animals might evolve in the timespan between its setting and the present day. Ecology and evolutionary theory are applied to create believable creatures, all of which have their own binomial names and text describing their behaviour and interactions with other contemporary animals. In this new period of the Cenozoic, which Dixon calls the "Posthomic", Europe and Africa have fused, closing the Mediterranean Sea; whereas Asia and North America have collided and closed the Bering Strait; South America has split from Central America; Australia has collided with Southern Asia (colliding with the mainland sometime in the last 10 million years), uplifting a mountain range beyond the mountains of the Far East that has become the most extensive and the highest chain in the world, greater even than the Himalayas at their zenith 50 million years ago; and parts of eastern Africa have split off to form a new island called Lemuria. Other volcanic islands have been added, such as the Pacaus archipelago and Batavia.
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One of the puzzling pieces of evidence is that the hand of one of the policemen, still holding his gun, was severed from his arm, having not had a chance to fire the weapon. To the detectives' dismay, the Chief of Police, lacking a plausible explanation for the attack, has written into the official report states that the policemen were attacked by a pack of stray dogs after becoming intoxicated with carbon monoxide, in order to avoid raising public concern, in light of upcoming elections. The detectives pay a visit to the Medical Examiner, Dr. Evans, who informs them that there were no knife marks, that the victims were eaten, and that unidentified canine fur, bites and claw marks were found on the bodies. Reluctant to leave the real cause of death of their colleagues unknown, Neff and Wilson decide to take some paw-print casts to Tom Rilker, a dog trainer, in an attempt to identify the breed of dogs that may have attacked the policemen, hypothesizing that someone might have trained and employed dogs to cause such harm as a kind of weapon.
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