1000 Sentences With "heterogeneity" | Random Sentence Generator

Mess, heterogeneity, is bad — the opposite impulse of artistic minimalism.

GZ: Eight percent is a global average that conceals significant heterogeneity.

The answer lies in the heterogeneity in consumption bundles across households.

The issue of reparations illuminates the heterogeneity of the Democratic electorate.

"We could not perform meta-analysis because of heterogeneity," the authors wrote.

Yet despite its heterogeneity, the groups still live in somewhat segregated communities.

No other human disease is known to possess this degree of genetic heterogeneity.

They reflect the heterogeneity of the M5S, and the differences of emphasis within it.

The heterogeneity underlying cancer can be described through the metaphor of birds, rabbits and turtles.

The curators' installation recognizes Murray's heterogeneity by decidedly de-emphasizing the serialism in her work.

As young people flock to cities to find jobs, they are growing up used to heterogeneity.

America is so admired because of what it seems to represent: equality and opportunity and heterogeneity.

"Social scientists have found that greater ethnic heterogeneity is associated with lower social trust," he writes.

Lastly, Republicans should establish themselves as the party of heterogeneity, opposed to one-size-fits-all morality.

This level of heterogeneity in Western meditation goes beyond anything most traditional systems likely learned to cope with.

But it's also hard to ignore the irony here: Universities are now terrible places to find political heterogeneity.

The next step is to further minimize plan-specific heterogeneity of services to allow for more efficient plan design.

"I make a lot of work that has heterogeneity in it — genre, forms, style all squished together," he said.

And so focusing on 12 black British women was my way of addressing our invisibility and also exploring our heterogeneity.

There is a vertical stack for every platform, but it becomes complex when the customer has heterogeneity in the environment.

Additionally, given its population size, heterogeneity and rather fragmented social fabric, it's unsurprising that the United States isn't like Finland.

Valentine was not as anomalous as he might now seem: Southern Baptists had always tolerated a surprising degree of heterogeneity.

Many studies have found that ethnic and racial heterogeneity reduces support for public goods, like trash collection and public education.

Multiculturalism and racial ambiguity as a show of heterogeneity are at the center of the current roster of young adult shows.

Things have been changing in a positive way, especially now that diversity and heterogeneity are being championed as the way forward.

One source of the Ruby men's murderous hatred of the women is their racial heterogeneity—their utter lack of racial purity.

It's important to select only the best grapes, especially because of the heterogeneity of each different plot and each different vine.

The sheer heterogeneity could be called a kind of sales strategy — something for everyone — and also an earnest commitment to democratization.

"These results demonstrate the power of analyzing heterogeneity for the study and treatment of cancer patients," said Dr. Takahashi, in a statement.

The public health field is now learning that their heterogeneity actually makes them very poor representations for understanding exposure or health disparities.

The faces and cultures that get portrayed on screen and recognized by awarding institutions are not reflective of the vibrant heterogeneity of America.

With their heterogeneity, the selection of films works very well to represent a diverse picture of global environmental challenges and possible alternative responses.

As an entrancing, melodic ballad, "4422" nests cozily amidst a heterogeneity of sounds, permanently cementing the young producer into More Life's cultural mosaic.

In his piece "Chimera," the first performer, David Thomson, made the physical, biological state of hybridity a metaphor for other types of heterogeneity.

In some ways, this is a good thing—heterogeneity is a generally a safeguard against a widespread attack—but it also inevitably complicates things.

This heterogeneity has made its design culture quite resilient to transformations of historical periods, absorbing them as much as adopting them for inventive hybrids.

But all of our ingenuity and all of our smarts, our heterogeneity of behavior, are not going to make coronaviruses more predictable, says Quammen.

"Our analyses and conclusions are limited by the small amount of available data, small study sizes, and heterogeneity of findings across studies," the authors wrote.

Such heterogeneity could give rise to a scenario in which the countries of Europe move at different speeds, and not always towards the same goal.

To my mind, this could explain the sense of purity running through Modigliani's art, which stands in direct contradiction to the heterogeneity of his influences.

Different studies can produce polarizing results due to disparate sample sizes and heterogeneity, research method quality, and analytic strategy, as well as error and bias.

More diversity means more heterogeneity in variables to consider, so scientists consider European samples to be the most homogeneous and thus simpler to analyze and interpret.

The defective American healthcare system calls desperately for heterogeneity, for a variety of delivery models of shapes and sizes that correspond to patients' wants and needs.

In spite of increasing connectivity, most people in Asia and beyond are not aware of the heterogeneity that exists within the various countries in the region.

The heterogeneity of the two parties helped people understand their political opponents: Partisans were more likely to know someone whose politics were different than their own.

Weintraub said researchers have been well aware of the "heterogeneity of dementia," but figuring out precisely why each type can look so different has been a challenge.

To better "capture the heterogeneity" of the global system, Schneider said, researchers will need to use many simulations of cloud patches to calibrate a global climate model.

Radically richer was Jean-Jacques Lebel's examples of human heterogeneity by emphasizing facial feature fractures he deems necessary within our selfie and over-surveyed facial recognition culture.

Also, the heterogeneity of many tumours, caused by progressive mutation over the course of time, is hard to sample by nipping out one bit of the tumour.

They rarely model distributions or heterogeneity of populations, so you're looking at aggregate outcomes and ignoring inequalities in society, and that ignores a lot of the problem.

Yet in the absence of cultural and institutional supports, heterogeneity and trust are frequently in tension, as different ways of life give rise to suspicion and animosity.

Moreover, by recruiting and hiring political professionals from underrepresented racial backgrounds and life experiences, Congress can establish its workforce as more competitive by incorporating greater heterogeneity among staffers.

"Life expectancy at different ages for men and women points to considerable heterogeneity and plasticity of aging processes, but also extreme variation and persistent inequality," the bureau wrote.

The heterogeneity of diseases treated in the PICU often necessitates involvement from multiple hospitals and sometimes countries in order to enroll enough study participants to make meaningful conclusions.

"There is a large heterogeneity in the classifications that each nation makes of suspected persons," the chairman of the European Parliament's Subcommittee on Security and Defense, Arnaud Danjean, said.

" Ms. Chavkin values what she calls "heterogeneity" in her troupes, and thought Mr. Hughes would fit into "the rust belt/heavy industry world in which our ensemble is rooted.

Even as its status as one of the most diverse cities in the country is threatened by tech-boom-era gentrification, its vibrant cultural heterogeneity remains its greatest strength.

Accessible by trains to West 4th or Christopher Street, heterogeneity is the norm; the IFC Center is in the soul of Greenwich Village, one of Manhattan's last cultural hubs.

Experts say this heterogeneity has complicated dementia research, including Alzheimer's, because it hasn't always been clear what the root cause was -- and thus, if doctors were treating the right thing.

This aligns with the panel's recommendations to conduct retroactive analysis of biospecimens from patients treated with standard of care, to better understand tumor heterogeneity and to generate human tumor atlases.

I think that ultimately the heterogeneity of interests was too big, I think the parties see society differently and have different visions for it… What do you mean by that?

A slim majority and the heterogeneity of any coalition government will mean a government that cannot move left or right, forwards or backwards without losing precious support and likely collapsing.

I believe that getting it done at the state level is going to be far easier than getting it done at the federal level, because you're dealing with substantially less heterogeneity.

Whether this is because of lingering bad feeling about Sanford's affair and divorce, or merely a matter of Republican heterogeneity in the district, it doesn't look like Sanford's troubles began with Trump.

It is both biologically and physiologically implausible: It contradicts the remarkable heterogeneity of human metabolism, microbiome and environment, to name just a few of the dimensions that make each of us unique.

Here is one answer, from Julie Wronski, a political scientist at the University of Mississippi: Democrats contain much more heterogeneity across social groups than the more homogeneous white, Christian conservative Republican Party.

Though there have been important debates about the need to preserve multiple cultural identities within the whole, there has been growing support over the last century that our heterogeneity is a great virtue.

Critics of the PFLE metric say these measurements do not take into account the heterogeneity in populations or poor quality of data, particularly data from low-income countries, where economic information is deficient.

Gibson has long conversed with cultural heterogeneity: Because his father was a civil engineer of the US Department of Defense, Gibson grew up in urban hubs around the US, Korea, Germany, and England.

"When I think about the campaign as a whole, they're definitely catering to this idea of it being a city identity; they're building an image on the heterogeneity of New York City," Johnson explained.

"We're saying there's a lot of heterogeneity, and there are definitely types of fish where the repercussions are bad and it's a huge issue and maybe those are the ones that should be targeted first."

The exhibition begins 20103 years after the country gained independence in 22010, and critically examines Argentina's "heterogeneity" and postcolonial identity, focusing on its large population of European immigrants and erasure of indigenous peoples and culture.

In addition to demonstrating the heterogeneity of Latinx and Latin American experiences, these accounts share a common underlying mission: to democratize access to histories that are often written out of textbooks and excluded from museums.

As the economists Alberto Alesina, Edward Glaeser and Bruce Sacerdote put it in an important paper, European countries are much more generous to the poor relative to the United States mainly because of American racial heterogeneity.

Since the 1980s, the group's writings have emphasized the heterogeneity of Caribbean history, the fundamental contiguity of life and literature with ecology, and a tradition of oral storytelling that has become the touchstone of Chamoiseau's oeuvre.

Even a very good study of Montessori could mask some really good effects for some kids and really bad effects for some and our data is even less well-suited to pick up that kind of heterogeneity.

By conducting a chorus of unsung voices from the margins, An Opera for Animals leaves its visitors pondering the possibilities of cultural heterogeneity and deep diversity in the (post-)colonial context that the gallery is situated in.

In "Ideological Heterogeneity and the Rise of Donald Trump," Carmines, Ensley and Wagner make the case that in addition to the classic division of the electorate into three categories — liberal, moderate and conservative — at least two more are needed, populist and libertarian, and perhaps a sixth, nationalist: Trump's support among Republican primary voters, and probably in the broader electorate, only makes sense once we recognize that the political choices offered by a conservative Republican Party and a liberal Democratic Party do not reflect the full extent of the ideological heterogeneity found in the American public.

Thus, the county-level figure below is illustrating (at least) two types of heterogeneity in the US "national health insurance market": Demographics such as age, race, and family size vary widely across different counties, and so does income.

Wyden's questions and goes on to make the dubious claim that because state laws vary, heterogeneity in voting machine systems is a feature, not a bug, and the lack of uniform federal standards for these systems makes them safer.

She explained that the components of the sculpture are held together "by tension, the negotiation of different angles, weights, lengths, and shapes of the wood without the help of glue, nail, or screws" to explore the idea of heterogeneity.

"BlackThorn was founded to bring new therapies to patients by applying advances in computational sciences to address patient heterogeneity, one of the biggest historical challenges in the field of neuropsychiatric drug development," said BlackThorn's president and COO Bill Martin, PhD.

While historians are beginning to appreciate the heterogeneity of and understand the intersections between the various groups and organizations on the American side, we have not begun to unearth the multiplicity of voices and their interconnections on the Vietnamese sides.

And there is little "upside" for the company, apart from the ethical satisfaction, because the results observed in compassionate use patients are not poolable with results from other studies due to the extreme heterogeneity of the patient population in the compassionate use settings.

The Racial Heterogeneity Project, organized by the Institute for Immigration, Globalization and Education at the University of California, Los Angeles, with support from the ACT Center for Equity in Learning, has been at the forefront of these education concerns regarding the census.

Sam Woods, Britain's top banking regulator, told UK lawmakers on Wednesday that he had written to big banks to express "some concern about the degree of heterogeneity with which they are approaching IFRS9 implementation, which I worry could create comparability issues for us and for investors".

Those statistics are extremely coarse and depend on a wide array of complex inputs having little to do with health care, including differences in lifestyle (smoking, obesity, hygiene, safe sex), population heterogeneity, environmental conditions, incidence of suicide and homicide and even differences in what counts as a live birth.

The equivalent of 10 percent of world GDP is held in tax havens globally, but this average masks a great deal of heterogeneity — from a few percent of GDP in Scandinavia, to about 15 percent in Continental Europe, and 60 percent in Gulf countries and some Latin American economies.

Deleuze opposed transcendence in favor of "immanence," and his rhizomatic and labyrinthine view of postindustrial global society takes into account the rich ensemble of relations possible — the diversity, the unexpected links, the ruptures, the amalgamations, and the connected heterogeneity we all know through the electronic flux in our daily lives.

Its function is to collapse historical time into fragmented and compartmentalized spheres of "knowledge production," to replace history with the fetishism of memory, and substitute the former guardians of the archive with "curators," who assemble, dissemble, and reassemble documented fragments of the past in an effort to transform hierarchy into heterogeneity.

The final piece in the exhibit, Swiss artist Zimoun's work in motion, "240 prepared dc-motors, cardboard boxes 60 x 60 x 20 cm" (2013), is a sculptural land- and soundscape of cardboard boxes evoking the heterogeneity, both architectural and social, of modern cities, with slow and erratic movements within a closed mechanical system.

When I went looking for the house (it is occupied by a private citizen, its location only known to architecture geeks), I had the address wrong and spent hours wandering through nearby streets, for once frustrated by the extraordinary heterogeneity of Japanese architecture, with each house different from the other in style and dimension.

You could have envisioned a story instead in which Trump gets elected, he has this ambiguous ideological heterogeneity that people aren't sure what he stands for, and if he came out by saying, "Let's start with a massive infrastructure bill," Democrats are happy about that and maybe he could have been a big bipartisan political win.

MONDAY, MARCH 18 ** LUXEMBOURG - Keynote speech by ECB's chief economist Peter Praet at conference "From micro to macro: market power, firms' heterogeneity and investment", organised by the EIB on March 18 in Luxembourg - 1510 GMT TUESDAY, MARCH 19 ** London - Bank of England's Member of the Financial Policy Committee, Richard Sharp, to give speech at Cass Business School 1830 GMT.

LUXEMBOURG - Keynote speech by ECB's chief economist Peter Praet at conference "From micro to macro: market power, firms' heterogeneity and investment", organised by the EIB on March 18 in Luxembourg - 1510 GMT TUESDAY, MARCH 19 London - Bank of England's Member of the Financial Policy Committee, Richard Sharp, to give speech at Cass Business School 1830 GMT.

MONDAY, MARCH 18 LUXEMBOURG - Keynote speech by ECB's chief economist Peter Praet at conference "From micro to macro: market power, firms' heterogeneity and investment", organised by the EIB on March 18 in Luxembourg - 1510 GMT TUESDAY, MARCH 19 London - Bank of England's Member of the Financial Policy Committee, Richard Sharp, to give speech at Cass Business School 1830 GMT.

" For Butt, the heterogeneity of elements in Bach's Passions engenders a novelistic richness, a virtual world rife with ambiguity: "It is as if he had entered into a 'Faustian pact,' by which he sought for his music an extraordinarily strong power in articulating and enhancing faith within the Lutheran religion, but in doing so gave to music an autonomous logic and referential power that goes well beyond the original purpose.

Looking at the art shown in galleries, of course, doesn't reveal everything that you need to know about a place, especially as particularly a hermetic one as Tehran, but you can get an idea of some general currents: a troubled modernism examining the visual and historical past of the region as both source and challenge, and a search for the kind of heterogeneity that could merge contemporary ideas and means of production with local narratives.

In 2008, the Multicore Communications API working group released the consortium's first specification, referred to as MCAPI. MCAPI is a message-passing API that captures the basic elements of communication and synchronization that are required for closely distributed (multiple cores on a chip and/or chips on a circuit board) embedded systems. The target systems for MCAPI span multiple dimensions of heterogeneity (e.g., core heterogeneity, interconnect fabric heterogeneity, memory heterogeneity, operating system heterogeneity, software toolchain heterogeneity, and programming language heterogeneity).

Genetic heterogeneity occurs through the production of single or similar phenotypes through different genetic mechanisms. There are two types of genetic heterogeneity: allelic heterogeneity, which occurs when a similar phenotype is produced by different alleles within the same gene; and locus heterogeneity, which occurs when a similar phenotype is produced by mutations at different loci.

Locus heterogeneity and allelic heterogeneity are the two components of genetic heterogeneity. Locus heterogeneity may have major implications for a number of human diseases. For instance, it has been associated with retinitis pigmentosa, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, osteogenesis imperfecta, and familial hypercholesterolemia. Heterogenous loci involved in formation of the same phenotype often contribute to similar biological pathways.

Overall, it appears that heterogeneity is being consistently underestimated in meta-analyses. One measure of heterogeneity is I2, a statistic that indicates the percentage of variance in a meta-analysis that is attributable to study heterogeneity. When heterogeneity is substantial, a prediction interval rather than a confidence interval can help have a better sense of the uncertainty around the effect estimate. The presence of heterogeneity may affect the statistical validity of the summary estimate of effect.

In 1983, Woo et al. mapped and cloned that PAH gene confirming theorized allelic heterogeneity. Importantly, phenotypic heterogeneity unexplained by allelic heterogeneity in the PAH gene was observed over time and new mutations in tetrahydrobiopterin recycling were characterized such as by Blau et al. in 1993.

Tumour heterogeneity describes the observation that different tumour cells can show distinct morphological and phenotypic profiles, including cellular morphology, gene expression, metabolism, motility, proliferation, and metastatic potential. This phenomenon occurs both between tumours (inter- tumour heterogeneity) and within tumours (intra-tumour heterogeneity). A minimal level of intra-tumour heterogeneity is a simple consequence of the imperfection of DNA replication: whenever a cell (normal or cancerous) divides, a few mutations are acquired—leading to a diverse population of cancer cells. The heterogeneity of cancer cells introduces significant challenges in designing effective treatment strategies.

A landscape with structure and pattern implies that it has spatial heterogeneity, or the uneven distribution of objects across the landscape. Heterogeneity is a key element of landscape ecology that separates this discipline from other branches of ecology. Landscape heterogeneity is able to quantify with agent-based methods as well.

Some of these diseases include alkaptonuria, albinism, achondroplasia, and phenylketonuria."Genetics Home Reference", 25 September 2009, Allelic heterogeneity, 29 September 2009 For example, β-thalassemia may be caused by several different mutations in the β-globin gene. Allelic heterogeneity should not be confused with locus heterogeneity in which a mutation at a different gene causes a similar phenotype. Nor should it be confused with phenotypic heterogeneity in which a mutation within the same gene causes a different phenotype.

Spatial heterogeneity of resources can influence plant community composition, diversity, and assembly trajectory. Baer et al. (2005) manipulated soil resource heterogeneity in a tallgrass prairie restoration project. They found increasing resource heterogeneity, which on its own was insufficient to ensure species diversity in situations where one species may dominate across the range of resource levels.

Two types of heterogeneity have been identified in association with psychiatric genetics: causal and clinical. Causal heterogeneity refers to a situation in which two or more causes can independently induce the same clinical syndrome. Clinical heterogeneity refers to when a single cause can lead to more than one clinical syndrome.Tsuang, M., Taylor, L., Faraone, S. (2003).

Various disciplines understand heterogeneity, or being heterogeneous, in different ways.

Thus, two-sided meta-analysis is particularly sensitive to heterogeneity in the alternative hypotheses. One sided meta-analysis can detect heterogeneity in the effect magnitudes, but focuses on a single, pre-specified effect direction.

Definitions of irregularity have been important in the study of network heterogeneity, which has implications in networks found across biology, ecology, technology, and economy. Estrada, Ernesto. "Quantifying network heterogeneity." Physical Review E 82.6 (2010): 066102.

The reason for this heterogeneity of presentation is not well understood.

Heterogeneity between tumour cells can be further increased due to heterogeneity in the tumour microenvironment. Regional differences in the tumour (e.g. availability of oxygen) impose different selective pressures on tumour cells, leading to a wider spectrum of dominant subclones in different spatial regions of the tumour. The influence of microenvironment on clonal dominance is also a likely reason for the heterogeneity between primary and metastatic tumours seen in many patients, as well as the inter-tumour heterogeneity observed between patients with the same tumour type.

Current model systems typically lack the heterogeneity seen in human cancers. In order to accurately study tumour heterogeneity, we must develop more accurate preclinical models. One such model, the patient derived tumour xenograft, has shown excellent utility in preserving tumour heterogeneity whilst allowing detailed study of the drivers of clonal fitness. However, even this model cannot capture the full complexity of cancer.

Locus heterogeneity occurs when mutations at multiple genomic loci are capable of producing the same phenotype (ie. a single trait, pattern of traits, or disorder), and each individual mutation is sufficient to cause the specific phenotype independently. Locus heterogeneity should not be confused with allelic heterogeneity, in which a single phenotype can be produced by multiple mutations, all of which are at the same locus on a chromosome. Likewise, it should not be confused with phenotypic heterogeneity, in which different phenotypes arise among organisms with identical genotypes and environmental conditions.

Dynamical heterogeneity describes the behavior of glass-forming materials when undergoing a phase transition from the liquid state to the glassy state. In dynamical heterogeneity, the dynamics of cooling to a glassy state show variation within the material.

However, research into understanding and characterizing heterogeneity can allow for a better understanding of the causes and progression of disease. In turn, this has the potential to guide the creation of more refined treatment strategies that incorporate knowledge of heterogeneity to yield higher efficacy. Tumour heterogeneity has been observed in leukemias, breast, prostate, colon, brain, esophagus, head and neck, bladder and gynecological carcinomas, liposarcoma, and multiple myeloma.

There are two models used to explain the heterogeneity of tumour cells. These are the cancer stem cell model and the clonal evolution model. The models are not mutually exclusive, and it is believed that they both contribute to heterogeneity in varying amounts across different tumour types. Ability of cancer cells to form tumours under the cancer stem cell and clonal evolution models of heterogeneity.

Lipid rafts are loosely defined as regions of lipid heterogeneity in cellular membranes.

Number of studies, heterogeneity, generalisability, and the choice of method for meta- analysis. J Neurol Sci. 2017 Oct 15;381:347. When there is heterogeneity that cannot readily be explained, one analytical approach is to incorporate it into a random effects model.

Geological heterogeneity is the spatial distribution of porosity and permeability in a reservoir rock.

For example, considering heterogeneity in age is likely to be necessary in a model used to study the economic effects of pensions; considering heterogeneity in wealth is likely to be necessary in a model used to study precautionary saving or redistributive taxation.

Spatial heterogeneity is the variation of an environment over space (e.g. differences between oranges and balls). Huffaker was expanding upon Gause's experiments by further introducing heterogeneity. Gause's experiments had found that predator and prey populations would become extinct regardless of initial population size.

By autozygosity mapping, McGregor et al. (2003) located the Fraser syndrome locus to chromosome 4q21. Genetic Heterogeneity In 6 of 18 consanguineous families with Fraser syndrome, van Haelst et al. (2008) excluded linkage to both the FRAS1 and FREM2 genes, indicating genetic heterogeneity.

In natural systems, there is always heterogeneity, although its scale and intensity will vary widely..

Meager is an expert in Development Economics, Treatment Effect Heterogeneity, Econometrics, Statistics and Applied Bayesian Modelling.

This highlights the general snapshot capability of mitochondrial DNA- based biomarkers in capturing heterogeneity amongst individuals.

This heterogeneity across countries has also been detected in the Middle East and North Africa region.

In the same vein, top management teams heterogeneity moderates the impact of the internal and external advice seeking on the exploratory innovation. Alexiev, A., Jansen, J., Van den Bosch, F., & Volberda, H. (2010). Top management team advice seeking and exploratory innovation: The moderating role of TMT heterogeneity.

Unfortunately the effectiveness of this mechanism for drug nano-carriers remains inconsistent due to the heterogeneity of this EPR effect within and amongst different tumors. Tumor type, size, and location affect the nature of the surrounding vasculature and stroma and contribute to this heterogeneity in EPR effect.

Synthetic gene circuits can control gene expression heterogeneity can be controlled independently of the gene expression mean.

The heterogeneity among studies for the latter outcome indicates the questionableness of the generalizability of this estimate.

Complex heterogeneity is not suppressed by any refinement of focus, nor are simplicity, autonomy, elementariness, ever approached.

A lack of flooding has been shown to decrease the amount of habitat heterogeneity in riparian ecosystems as wetland depressions in the floodplain no longer fill and hold water. Because habitat heterogeneity is correlated with species diversity, levees can cause reductions in the overall biodiversity of riparian ecosystems.

Random effect models assist in controlling for unobserved heterogeneity when the heterogeneity is constant over time and not correlated with independent variables. This constant can be removed from longitudinal data through differencing, since taking a first difference will remove any time invariant components of the model. Two common assumptions can be made about the individual specific effect: the random effects assumption and the fixed effects assumption. The random effects assumption is that the individual unobserved heterogeneity is uncorrelated with the independent variables.

Other explanation is due to the heterogeneity of the refractory period between the healthy and diseased myocardial cells.

Depending on the available and surrounding habitat, managing for heterogeneity could mean implementing a wide range of techniques.

27, No. 14, August 1958, p 820 of the mites, creating heterogeneity. These universes fell into three groups.

Multiple types of heterogeneity have been observed between tumour cells, stemming from both genetic and non-genetic variability.

Danaher, Peter J. "Customer heterogeneity in service management." Journal of Service Research 1, no. 2 (1998): 129-139.

Only in this case, the insufficience generated by the heterogeneity of conventional particles filled composites can be avoided.

Alkaptunoria is considered to be a classic example of allelic heterogeneity showing a single variant in the human phenotype.

Different file formats, access protocols, query languages etc. Often called syntactic heterogeneity from the point of view of data.

The determination of tumor heterogeneity and tumor cell proliferation by means of DNA cytophotometry gives valuable clues regarding prognosis.

Many researchers have focused their attention on the heterogeneity of both board of directors and top management teams. Research has shown that when the functional background heterogeneity of boards of directors is included into the strategy-making, then their knowledge resources can contribute to the relative exploration orientation of an organization Heyden, M. L. M., Oehmichen, J., Nichting, S., & Volberda, H. W. (2015). Board background heterogeneity and exploration-exploitation: The role of the institutionally adopted board model. Global Strategy Journal. 5(2), 154–176.

Semantic heterogeneity is when database schema or datasets for the same domain are developed by independent parties, resulting in differences in meaning and interpretation of data values. Beyond structured data, the problem of semantic heterogeneity is compounded due to the flexibility of semi-structured data and various tagging methods applied to documents or unstructured data. Semantic heterogeneity is one of the more important sources of differences in heterogeneous datasets. Yet, for multiple data sources to interoperate with one another, it is essential to reconcile these semantic differences.

The law says that everything tends to uniformity and a dead level, diminishing (not increasing) heterogeneity'. quoted in The alleged contradiction between Spencer's theory and the second law of thermodynamics might arise from limiting the definition of homogeneity and heterogeneity to the homogeneity and heterogeneity of the spatial distribution of matter. For instance, according to the second law of thermodynamics, molecules of gas filling a room eventually fill the room at similar intervals. On the other hand, the directions of motion of the molecules become more heterogeneous.

The heterogeneity of KFS has made it difficult to outline the diagnosis as well as the prognosis for this disease.

Slightly different from facial attractiveness, facial masculinity is not shown to correlate with MHC heterogeneity (a common measure of immunocompetence).

In summary, a theory of competitive heterogeneity seeks to explain why firms do not converge on a single best way of doing things as predicted by simple microeconomics. The RBV contains one approach. In recent years capability theories have expanded RBV logic. Recently, more work that focuses on heterogeneity has been published in strategy journals.

Such models assist in controlling for omitted variable bias due to unobserved heterogeneity when this heterogeneity is constant over time. This heterogeneity can be removed from the data through differencing, for example by subtracting the group-level average over time, or by taking a first difference which will remove any time invariant components of the model. There are two common assumptions made about the individual specific effect: the random effects assumption and the fixed effects assumption. The random effects assumption is that the individual-specific effects are uncorrelated with the independent variables.

Spatial heterogeneity means that overall parameters estimated for the entire system may not adequately describe the process at any given location.

Some research has found that as immigration and ethnic heterogeneity increase, government funding of welfare and public support for welfare decrease. Ethnic nepotism may be an explanation for this phenomenon. Other possible explanations include theories regarding in-group and out-group effects and reciprocal altruism. Research however also challenges the notion that ethnic heterogeneity reduces public goods provision.

She has published extensively on treatment effect heterogeneity and propensity score matching. She serves on the editorial board of Sociological Methods & Research.

27, No. 14, August 1958, p 796. In short, these questions seek to understand the effect of spatial heterogeneity on the population system.

Pooling single cells is one strategy to increase methylome coverage, but at the cost of obscuring the heterogeneity in the population of cells.

Moreover, the heterogeneity of the neurosphere increases with its size, since more and varied cell types arise with a longer time in culture.

Heterogeneity of Early French and Native Forts, Settlements, and Villages: A Comparison to Fort St. Pierre (1719-1729) In French Colonial Louisiane. 2015.

4, pp. 263–265, 2009. .N. McGranahan and C. Swanton. “Biological and Therapeutic Impact of Intratumor Heterogeneity in Cancer Evolution” Cancer Cell, vol.

This tumor heterogeneity gives a selective advantage to the best fit clonal and sub- clonal cells of a tumor. Due to the heterogeneity and the unchecked proliferation of tumor cells, cancer is given a selective advantage not only over non-cancerous cells, but also against selective pressures that choose against it, such as pharmaceutical and clinical therapies, and also the host's immune system.

AustraliaAndrew, N.L. 1993. Spatial heterogeneity, sea urchin grazing, and habitat structure on reefs in temperate Australia. Ecology 74: 292-302. and Chile.Dayton, P.K. 1985b.

Much of the contemporary macroeconomic research, therefore, is not based on simple representative agents, but they often allow for rich heterogeneity of agents' behavior.

This heterogeneity leads to market power in the firms' favor, which latter can set wages and enjoy an oligopsony position in the labor market.

In an archive, there should not be any absolute dissociation, any heterogeneity or secret which could, separate secernent or partition, in an absolute manner.

Although many research results need to be further confirmed, evidence suggests BLBC regardless of clinical characteristics or the treatment responses, is a group with heterogeneity.

Furthermore, the concept of disease heterogeneity appears to conflict with the premise that individuals with the same disease name have similar etiologies and disease processes.

Are they not all the same? Racial heterogeneity among Black male undergraduates. Journal of College Student Development, 49(3), 199–214. Harper, S. R. (2008).

There have been several graph statistics that have been suggested, many of which are based on the number of vertices in a graph and their degrees. The characterization of highly irregular graphs has also been applied to the question of heterogeneity, yet all of these fail to shed enough light on real-world situations. Efforts continue to be made to find appropriate ways to quantify network heterogeneity.

Consequent of this genomic instability, the resulting cancer cells have the potential to diverge in sequence and gain new traits. This intratumoral heterogeneity creates a tumor mass with different genomic backgrounds as well as unique cellular traits and drug susceptibilities. Several research groups have shown that heterogeneity and genomic instability are heavily correlated with poor patient outcomes and aggressive cancers. Chang-Min Choi et. al.

On the other hand, the function can be accelerating, where the more resources that are used the bigger the payback. "Heterogeneity" is also important to the achievement of a common good. Variations (heterogeneity) in the value individuals put on a common good or the effort and resources people give is beneficial, because if certain people stand to gain more, they are willing to give or pay more.

Due to the genetic differences within and between tumours, biomarkers that may predict treatment response or prognosis may not be widely applicable. However, it has been suggested that the level of heterogeneity can itself be used as a biomarker since more heterogeneous tumours may be more likely to contain treatment-resistant subclones. Further research into developing biomarkers that account for heterogeneity is still in progress.

Thus, nanoparticles prepared by seemingly identical processes must be characterized to determine if they are actually equivalent. Any material or dimensional property of a nanomaterial can be heterogeneous, and these can lead to heterogeneity in their functional properties. Generally, uniform collections are desired. It is advantageous to minimize heterogeneity during the initial synthesis, stabilization, and functionalization processes, rather than through downstream purification steps that decrease yield.

However, a comparison between these advanced methods and the DL method of computing the between studies variance demonstrated that there is little to gain and DL is quite adequate in most scenarios. However, most meta-analyses include between 2 and 4 studies and such a sample is more often than not inadequate to accurately estimate heterogeneity. Thus it appears that in small meta-analyses, an incorrect zero between study variance estimate is obtained, leading to a false homogeneity assumption. Overall, it appears that heterogeneity is being consistently underestimated in meta-analyses and sensitivity analyses in which high heterogeneity levels are assumed could be informative.

Some research programmes of landscape ecology theory, namely those standing in the European tradition, may be slightly outside of the "classical and preferred domain of scientific disciplines" because of the large, heterogeneous areas of study. However, general ecology theory is central to landscape ecology theory in many aspects. Landscape ecology consists of four main principles: the development and dynamics of spatial heterogeneity, interactions and exchanges across heterogeneous landscapes, influences of spatial heterogeneity on biotic and abiotic processes, and the management of spatial heterogeneity. The main difference from traditional ecological studies, which frequently assume that systems are spatially homogenous, is the consideration of spatial patterns.

Furthermore, a study with 20 years of experimental warming in three contrasting plant communities found that small scale heterogeneity may buffer springtails to potential climate warming.

Due to the inherent heterogeneity of the peptides, up to now, a universally valid solution for this major drawback of the method has not been found.

Due to the heterogeneity of law enforcement and technical countermeasures of different countries, this article will mainly focus on legislative and regulatory initiatives of international cooperation.

This assumption is typically unrealistic as research is often prone to several sources of heterogeneity; e.g. treatment effects may differ according to locale, dosage levels, study conditions, ...

While the problem of identifying, characterizing, and treating tumour heterogeneity is still under active research, some effective strategies have been proposed, including both experimental and computational solutions.

Henik and colleagues edited two books in numerical cognition. One dealt with the role of continuous dimensions and one with heterogeneity of functions involved in numerical cognition.

Including the heterogeneity of a reservoir, these factors influence the success of any recovery method. Overall efficiency is the product of the sweep efficiency and displacement efficiency.

Intervention type also contributed to the heterogeneity of the response, low patient and provider expectations regarding psychological treatment may explain particularly low placebo responses to psychiatric treatments.

A measurement of dynamical heterogeneity can be done by calculating correlation functions like Non- Gaussian parameter, four point correlation functions (Dynamic Susceptibility) and three time correlation functions.

These indicators are related to Gini. The inverse Simpson index increases with diversity, unlike Simpson index and Gini coefficient which decrease with diversity. The Simpson index is in the range [0, 1], where 0 means maximum and 1 means minimum diversity (or heterogeneity). Since diversity indices typically increase with increasing heterogeneity, Simpson index is often transformed into inverse Simpson, or using the complement 1 - \lambda, known as Gini-Simpson Index.

The addition of petroleum jelly barriers and toothpicks added heterogeneity in the landscape and allowed the prey mites to disperse more readily than the predator mites. Also by patchily distributing the oranges, Huffaker created a system of sub-populations aggregating into a more stable meta-population. These two manipulations of spatial heterogeneity allowed for natural fluctuations and “extinctions” of populations to occur locally without causing extinctions in the overall meta-population.

Cardiovascular and humoral responses to extremes of sodium intake in normal black and white men, Circulation, 1979; 60: 697–706.Miller, J.Z., Weinberger, M.H., Daugherty, S.A. et al. Heterogeneity of blood pressure responses to dietary sodium restriction in normotensive adults, Journal of Chronic Diseases, 1987; 40: 245–250.Luft, F.C., McCarron, D.A., Heterogeneity of hypertension: the diverse role of electrolyte intake, Annual Review of Medicine, 1991; 42: 347–355.

These divergent conclusions have been suggested to result from varying definitions of what constitutes early postnatal hospital discharge, differences in methodologies and clinical heterogeneity of interventions and programs.

It enabled progress into the molecular causes of the disorder and collagen mutations. (Sillence DO, Senn A, Danks DM (1979). "Genetic heterogeneity in osteogenesis imperfecta". J. Med. Genet.

Ultimately, the methods used for EB formation may impact the heterogeneity of EB populations, in terms of aggregation kinetics, EB size and yield, as well as differentiation trajectories.

Cancer cell heterogeneity, or tumour heterogeneity, is the idea that tumours are made up of different populations of cancer cells that are morphologically, phenotypically and functionally different. Certain populations of cancer cells may possess inherent characteristics, such as genetic mutations and/or epigenetic changes, that confer drug resistance. Antineoplastic drugs kill susceptible sub-populations and the tumour mass may shrink as an initial response to the drug, resistant cancer cells will survive treatment, be selected and then propagate, eventually causing a cancer relapse. Cancer cell heterogeneity can cause disease progression when molecularly targeted therapy, fails to kill those tumor cells which do not express the marker, then divide and mutate further, creating a new heterogeneous tumour.

Kim, Yun Joong, et al. "Neuroimaging studies and whole exome sequencing of PLA2G6-associated neurodegeneration in a family with intrafamilial phenotypic heterogeneity." Parkinsonism & related disorders 21.4 (2015): 402-406.

Habitat heterogeneity and the functional significance of fish in river food webs. Ecology, 73: 1675-1688. and marine (Estes and Duggins 1995)Estes, J. A. and D.O. Duggins. 1995.

Retrieved on June 15, 2007. Moreover, Sacramento is one of the most well- integrated U.S. cities, having a relatively high level of ethnic and racial heterogeneity within its neighborhoods.

A heterogeneity of less than 50% is termed low, and indicates a greater degree of similarity between study data than an I2 value above 50%, which indicates more dissimilarity.

These cellular factions could only have been identified through cancer genome sequencing, showing the information that sequencing can yield, and the complexity and heterogeneity of a tumor within one individual.

Price-matching guarantees are commonly used in consumer and industrial markets.Chen, Yuxin, Chakravarthi Narasimhan, and John Zhang. "Consumer Heterogeneity and Competitive Price-Matching Guarantees." Marketing Science 20 (2001): 300-14.

Other major diseases displaying allelic heterogeneity are allelic mutations in the dystrophin gene which cause Duchenne dystrophy and mutations in the CFTR gene that are known to causes cystic fibrosis.

Bulat L.P. Transport Phenomena in Semiconductors under Large Temperature Gradients. LPI, Leningrad, 1987, 300 p. 8\. Bulat L.P. and Tomchuk P.M. Solution of kinetic equation under condition of strong heterogeneity.

Further, it introduces the concept of phenotypic plasticity, an important evolutionary concept. It has been proposed that maternal effects are important for the evolution of adaptive responses to environmental heterogeneity.

Etude hémotypologique des ethnies libanaises: par Jacques Ruffié et Nagib Taleb. Hermann, 1965. A study by Makhoul et al. (2010) on Beta Thalassemia Heterogeneity in LebanonMakhoul, N. J., et al.

Among other things, they point to the political heterogeneity on both sides (See Spanish Civil War: other factions) and criticise a monolithic interpretation, which overlooks the local nuances of Spanish history.

The biasing effect of compositional heterogeneity on phylogenetic estimates may be underestimated. Systematic biology 53(4): 638-643. DOI: 10.1080/10635150490468648Song, H., Sheffield, N.C., Cameron, S.L., Miller, K.B., & Whiting, M.F. 2010.

However, the variation might also be due to heterogeneity in the IgM preparations, i.e., the various preparations might have differed substantially in their content of J-containing and J-deficient polymers.

To store 3D city models, both file-based and database approaches are used. There is no single, unique representation schema due to the heterogeneity and diversity of 3d city model contents.

"Heterogeneity of reactive astrocytes." In: Fedoroff S (ed) Biology and pathology of astrocyte-neuron interactions. Plenum Press, New York, pp. 303-312.Fernaud-Espinosa I, Nieto-Sampedro N, Bovolenta P. (1993).

The advantage of this method, aside from its relatively straightforward nature, is the fact that with a large enough solid surface, multiple droplets can be deposited in various locations on the sample to determine heterogeneity. The reproducibility of particular values of the contact angle will reflect the heterogeneity of the surface's energy properties. Conversely, the disadvantage is that if the sample is only large enough for one droplet, then it will be difficult to determine heterogeneity, or consequently to assume homogeneity. This is particularly true because conventional, commercially available goniometers do not swivel the camera/backlight set up relative to the stage, and thus can only show the contact angle at two points: the right and the left edge of the droplet.

Butterfly abundance has been found to increase with heterogeneity, for example. Land that is not cropped, such as fallow land, grass margins in the spaces between different fields, and strips of scrub along field boundaries increases heterogeneity, and thus the biodiversity of a farm. The plants attract insects, will which attract certain species of birds, and those birds will attract their natural predators. The cover provided by the uncropped land allows the species to move across the landscape.6.

In psychiatry, the > 'splitters' and the 'lumpers' have fundamentally different approaches to > psychiatric diagnosis and classification. First, 'splitters' emphasise the > heterogeneity within the diagnostic categories and argue that this > heterogeneity drives the 'splitting' process'. 'Lumpers', on the other hand, > point to the similarities between the diagnostic categories, and suggest > that these similarities justify the creation of broader entities. Thus lumpers might see "stress" where splitters could identify (say) worry, grief, or some sort of anxiety disorder.

Dispersity is represented by the symbol Đ, and is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture, referring to either molecular mass or degree of polymerization.

Ambidextrous leadership is a recently introduced term by scholarsRosing, K., Frese, M., & Bausch, A. (2011). Explaining the heterogeneity of the leadership-innovation relationship: Ambidextrous leadership. The Leadership Quarterly. 22(5), 956–974.

William J. Resetarits and Joseph Bernardo, (Oxford University Press, 2001), p 239. To prevent extinction of the mites, Huffaker introduced spatial heterogeneity in several ways. Like Gause, he manipulated dispersal within the system.

The variable concordance is due to the fact that gene amplification does not strictly correlate with protein expression and that tumor heterogeneity can make it difficult to detect protein overexpression in a tissue.

Jeanny JC, Bower DJ, Errington LH, Morris S, Clayton RM. Cellular heterogeneity in the expression of the delta-crystallin gene in non-lens tissue. Dev Biol. 1985 Nov;112(1):94-9. PubMed .

What is the blood–brain barrier (not)? Bechmann I, Galea I, Perry VH. Trends Immunol. 2007 Jan;28(1):5-11.Evidence that heterogeneity of cerebral blood flow does not involve vascular recruitment.

Unlike with generic drugs of the more common small-molecule type, biologics generally exhibit high molecular complexity and may be quite sensitive to changes in manufacturing processes. Despite that heterogeneity, all biopharmaceuticals, including biosimilars, must maintain consistent quality and clinical performance throughout their lifecycle. A biosimilar is not regarded as a generic of a biological medicine. This is mostly because the natural variability and more complex manufacturing of biological medicines do not allow an exact replication of the molecular micro-heterogeneity.

Although there is likely to be a stable preference for which motive one will select based on the individual it is important to remember that external factors will influence the decision. Dual process theory also provides a different source of behavioral heterogeneity in economics. It is mostly assumed within economics that this heterogeneity comes from differences in taste and rationality, while dual process theory indicates necessary considerations of which processes are automated and how these different processes may interact within decision making.

Spatial sampling involves determining a limited number of locations in geographic space for faithfully measuring phenomena that are subject to dependency and heterogeneity. Dependency suggests that since one location can predict the value of another location, we do not need observations in both places. But heterogeneity suggests that this relation can change across space, and therefore we cannot trust an observed degree of dependency beyond a region that may be small. Basic spatial sampling schemes include random, clustered and systematic.

The fact that the behaviour of the reverberator can significantly affected only by the events that occur near its core, results, for example, in the fact that, at a meeting with reverberator nonexcitability heterogeneity (e.g. small myocardial scar), the tip of the rotating wave "sticks" to this heterogeneity, and reverberator begins to rotate around the stationary nonexcitability obstacles. The transition from polymorphic to monomorphic tachycardia is observed on the ECG in such cases. This phenomenon is called the "anchoring" of spiral wave.

The forest plot is able to demonstrate the degree to which data from multiple studies observing the same effect, overlap with one another. Results that fail to overlap well are termed heterogeneous and is referred to as the heterogeneity of the data—such data is less conclusive. If the results are similar between various studies, the data is said to be homogeneous, and the tendency is for these data to be more conclusive. The heterogeneity is indicated by the I2.

Together with the Israel-born members, the kibbutz membership has a heterogeneity of origins. It has absorbed members with origins from all over the world. Many members came from Arab countries (Iraq, Tunisia, Morocco).

For conservation purposes, it is highly recommended that L. dispar habitats be closely managed, with promotion in increased habitat heterogeneity, being most important: this strategy has proven beneficial for many other species of butterfly.

What is more important, the theory predicts the emergence of resistant clones under the selective pressures of therapy. Since 1976, researchers have identified clonal expansions and genetic heterogeneity within many different types of neoplasms.

A 2018 meta analysis reported a weak but significant relationship that was limited by significant heterogeneity. A 2019 meta analysis reported a relationship between violent suicidal behavior (a complication of MDD) and the gene.

There have been attempts at revegetation on the Atherton Tablelands in north Queensland. This has resulted in habitat heterogeneity. These attempts may not be helpful to the habitat specific species.Johnson, D.D.P. and Mighell, J.S. 1999.

In statistics, (between-) study heterogeneity is a phenomenon that commonly occurs when attempting to undertake a meta-analysis. In a simple scenario, studies whose results are to be combined in the meta-analysis would all be undertaken in the same way and to the same experimental protocols. Differences between outcomes would only be due to measurement error (and studies would hence be homogeneous). Study heterogeneity denotes the variability in outcomes that goes beyond what would be expected (or could be explained) due to measurement error alone.

Robotics middleware is middleware to be used in complex robot control software systems. :"...robotic middleware is designed to manage the complexity and heterogeneity of the hardware and applications, promote the integration of new technologies, simplify software design, hide the complexity of low-level communication and the sensor heterogeneity of the sensors, improve software quality, reuse robotic software infrastructure across multiple research efforts, and to reduce production costs." It can be described as "software glue" to make it easier for robot builders focus on their specific problem area.

A1AT is a single-chain glycoprotein consisting of 394 amino acids in the mature form and exhibits many glycoforms. The three N-linked glycosylations sites are mainly equipped with so-called diantennary N-glycans. However, one particular site shows a considerable amount of heterogeneity since tri- and even tetraantennary N-glycans can be attached to the Asparagine 107 (UniProtKB amino acid nomenclature). These glycans carry different amounts of negatively charged sialic acids; this causes the heterogeneity observed on normal A1AT when analysed by isoelectric focusing.

The fixed effects regression model does not allow for between study variation. The random or mixed effects model allows for within study variation and between study variation and is therefore the most appropriate model to choose in many applications. Whether there is between study variation (excess heterogeneity) can be tested under the assumption that effect sizes are homogeneous or have a tendency to a central mean. If the test shows that the effect sizes have excess heterogeneity, the random effects meta-regression model may be most appropriate.

Similar results have been reported at the group-level. Research has found that group members working on a joint task displayed greater levels of creativity when they had low, rather than high, needs for nonspecific closure, or when time pressure was mild, rather than acute. Focusing on group heterogeneity, researchers found that teams with transformational leaders, and greater educational specialization heterogeneity, displayed greater team creativity. These findings suggest that individual members of groups become more creative when they have high, rather than low, epistemic motivation.

All the 9-form students in this school are involved in it. The participation in the Socrates/Comenius school development program financed by the European Committee gives students the chance to improve their sense of solidarity and empathy. It also helps them to explore and respect the heterogeneity of European Culture and social traditions. This institute is the coordinator for 6 schools in the 3-year project entitled “For a European School of Solidarity” which aims at helping the participants to learn and cohabit with heterogeneity.

Rappole, J. H., Ramoa, M. A., & Winker, K. (1989). Wintering wood thrush movements and mortality in Southern Veracruz. Nature, 106, 402-410. Fragmented areas tend to have more parasites, increased nest predation and lower habitat heterogeneity.

The PAH gene is located on chromosome 12 in the bands 12q22-q24.2. As of 2000, around 400 disease-causing mutations had been found in the PAH gene. This is an example of allelic genetic heterogeneity.

Differences in adoption behavior reflect economic and demographic heterogeneity. Dynamic processes such as learning by doingArrow, Kenneth J. "The economic implications of learning by doing." The review of economic studies 29, no. 3 (1962): 155-173.

For instance, reports of prevalence of postpartum blues in the literature vary from 15% in Japan to 60% in Iran. Underreporting of symptoms due to cultural norms and expectations may be one explanation for this heterogeneity.

The difference in populations could reflect variable coverage by available markers or true allelic heterogeneity. Dixon MJ, Marazita ML, Beaty TH, Murray JC. 2011. Cleft lip and palate: understanding genetic and environmental influences. Nature Reviews Genetics.

However, other insects such as grasshoppers responded better to heterogeneity of the vegetation.Grazing Intensity and the Diversity of Grasshoppers, Butterflies, Trap-Nesting Bees and Wasps Kruess, A. and T. Tscharntke. Conservation Biology, 2002, 16(6): 1570-1580.

Current nosological approach does not provide a framework for internal (sub-threshold symptoms) or external (comorbidity) heterogeneity of the different diagnostic categories.Szerman N, Martinez-Raga J, Peris L. et al. Rethinking Dual Disorders. Addictive Disorders & Their Treatment.

Several meta-analytic and systematic reviews suggest that acupuncture alleviates sleep disturbance, particularly insomnia. However, reviewers caution that this evidence should be considered preliminary due to publication bias, problems with research methodology, small sample sizes, and heterogeneity.

In different studies, a short stem-loop, named SL6 has been observed in at least TBEV, LGTV and OHFV. SL6 shows a high heterogeneity among different tick-borne flaviviruses, but is structurally conserved supported by multiple covariation.

It is difficult to establish the validity of any distributional assumption, and this is a common criticism of random effects meta-analyses. However, simulations have shown that methods are relatively robust even under extreme distributional assumptions, both in estimating heterogeneity, and calculating an overall effect size. However, most meta- analyses include between 2-4 studies and such a sample is more often than not inadequate to accurately estimate heterogeneity. Thus it appears that in small meta-analyses, an incorrect zero between study variance estimate is obtained, leading to a false homogeneity assumption.

Recent studies from both direct DNA sequencing and karyotype analysis illustrate the importance of the high level of heterogeneity in somatic evolution. For the formation of solid tumors, there is an involvement of multiple cycles of clonal and non-clonal expansion. Even at the typical clonal expansion phase, there are significant levels of heterogeneity within the cell population, however, most are under-detected when mixed populations of cells are used for molecular analysis. In solid tumors, a majority of gene mutations are not recurrent types, and neither are the karyotypes.

He showed that nerve stimulation induces both morphological and biochemical heterogeneity of synaptic vesicles. Vesicles that had gone through at least on cycle of exo- and endocytosis where reduced in size, could be separated by density centrifugation or chromatography on porous glass beads and were preferentially refilled with newly synthesized acetylcholine and ATP. This was in contrast to the reserve pool of synaptic vesicles that was not yet involved in the transmission process. The data suggested that synaptic activation induces synaptic vesicle heterogeneity whereby reloaded synaptic vesicles preferentially release newly synthesized acetylcholine and ATP.

The role and degree of locus heterogeneity is an important consideration in understanding disease phenotypes and in the development of therapeutic treatment for these diseases. The detection of causal genes for diseases impacted by locus heterogeneity is difficult with genetic analysis methods such as linkage analysis and genome sequencing. These methods rely on comparison of affected family members, but when different family members have different disease-causing genes, such genes may not be accurately identified. Existing techniques have been modified and new techniques have been developed to overcome these challenges.

In Dahl's because "political heterogeneity follows socioeconomic heterogeneity", social differentiation increasingly disperses power. In this case, Hamed Kazemzadeh, Canadian Pluralist argues that organizational membership socializes individuals to demo cratic norms, increases participation and moderates the politics of society so that bargaining and negotiation are possible. Hamed Kazemzadeh, Democratic platform in Social Pluralism The pluralist approach to the study of power, states that nothing categorical about power can be assumed in any community. The question then is not who runs a community, but if any group in fact does.

Increasing heterogeneity of this sort aligns with the increase of entropy, related to the number of microscopic configurations consistent with the macroscopic quantities characterizing the system. Herbert Spencer considers Evolution, defined as the integration of matter and the dissipation of motion, to be necessarily followed by Dissolution, defined as the dissipation of matter and the integration of motion. Therefore, the heterogeneity of matter alone is not claimed to be ever increasing. Additionally, Herbert Spencer states that Dissolution goes towards Equilibration, a state of the system with no differential Force between its parts.

Tahmasbi, R., Rezaei, S., (2008), "A two-parameter lifetime distribution with decreasing failure rate", Computational Statistics and Data Analysis, 52 (8), 3889-3901. This model is obtained under the concept of population heterogeneity (through the process of compounding).

Chantal Pontbriand is a Canadian curator and art critic whose work explores globalization and artistic heterogeneity. She has curated international contemporary art events: exhibitions, international festivals and international conferences, primarily in photography, video, performance, dance and multimedia installation.

Other factors that have been proposed to be able to affect the shape of OFD include the degree of habitat heterogeneity, species specificity, landscape productivity, position in the geographic range, species dispersal ability and the extinction–colonization dynamics.

She has referred to the animals as "cool" and "lovable." Wilson holds one patent for tumor treatments, and is the developer of several software packages, including XYalign, for accurately aligning sex chromosomes, and TumorSim, for simulating tumor heterogeneity.

Weil and Williamson, (2000). "Diverse Maastrichtian terrestrial vertebrate fauna of the Naashoibito Member, Kirtland Formation (San Juan Basin, New Mexico) confirms "Lancian" faunal heterogeneity in western North America." Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, 32: A-498.

International recognition of interstitial cystitis has grown and international urology conferences to address the heterogeneity in diagnostic criteria have recently been held. IC/PBS is now recognized with an official disability code in the United States of America.

Direct seeding is possible, but leads to great heterogeneity in maturity. Nettles may be used as a dye-stuff, producing yellow from the roots, or yellowish green from the leaves.Piers Warren, 101 uses for Stinging Nettles (2006), p. 65, .

Research directions on MS treatments include investigations of MS pathogenesis and heterogeneity; research of more effective, convenient, or tolerable new treatments for RRMS; creation of therapies for the progressive subtypes; neuroprotection strategies; and the search for effective symptomatic treatments.

31-41 He was among the first in France to clone and sequence plant DNA in the early 1980s,M. Delseny et al., « Sequences heterogeneity in radish nuclear ribosomal RNA genes », Plant Sci. Letters, (1983), 30, p. 107-111F.

Decreased root heterogeneity and increased root length following grassland invasion. Functional Ecology 28(5): 1266-1273. These studies provide data on how long the roots grow and how concentrated soil volume becomes with roots of A. cristatum.Bakker J & Wilson S (2001).

Furthermore, heterogeneity in each of these cell lines also suggest that different subtypes exist within each type of lymphoma, just as it has been shown in DLCL. Such knowledge can be used to direct patients to the most appropriate therapy.

Such preferences are creeping into parasitology too. Generally this suggestion has not been heeded, and confusion persists in the literature. Furthermore in demography, overdispersion is often evident in the analysis of death count data, but demographers prefer the term 'unobserved heterogeneity'.

Dr. Thierry Voet leads the Voet group. The group utilizes single cell genome variants and its transcribed RNA to study the rate of mutation, genomic instability in gametogenesis and embryogenesis, and the effects of cellular heterogeneity on health and disease.

Hamilton, R.G. (2007). "Restoring heterogeneity on the Tallgrass Prairie Preserve: applying the fire–grazing interaction model". Pages 163–169 in R.E. Masters and K.E.M. Galley (eds.). Proceedings of the 23rd Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference: Fire in Grassland and Shrubland Ecosystems.

The semi-arid continental climate subjects the soil to wind erosion.Chen, Yu Fu; Yu, Fei Hai; Dong, Ming. 2002. Scale-dependent spatial heterogeneity of vegetation in Mu Us Desert: a semi-arid area of China. Plant Ecology 162:135-142.

Blau's 1977 book, "Inequality and Heterogeneity," presents, "A macro sociological theory of social structure"Peter Blau,"Inequality and Heterogeneity" (1977) where the foundation of his theory "is a quantitative conception of social structure in terms of the distributions of people among social positions that affect their social relations." Blau received notable distinctions for his achievements, which include: election to the National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and the American Philosophical Society. He also served as the president of the American Sociological Association from 1973–1974. He died on March 12, 2002 of acute respiratory distress syndrome.

According to a paper published in 2017 most of the genetic studies in North African populations agree with a limited correlation between genetics and geography, and show a high population heterogeneity in the region. North African populations have been described as a mosaic of North African, Middle Eastern, European and sub-Saharan ancestries. This explains the current genetic structure in North Africa, characterized by diverse and heterogeneous populations, and why nearby populations inhabiting the same location might be genetically more distant than groups of people in geographically distant populations.Arauna, Lara R and Comas, David (September 2017) Genetic Heterogeneity between Berbers and Arabs.

While the majority of the rRNA operon serves a structural function, portions of the 16S-23S intergenic region can encode tRNAs depending on the bacterial species. However the taxonomic value of the ISR lies in the significant heterogeneity in both length and nucleotide sequence. In RISA, we attempt to exploit the length heterogeneity of the ISR, which has been shown to range between 150 and 1500 bp with the majority of the ISR lengths being between 150 and 500 bp. The resulting PCR product will be a mixture of fragments contributed by several dominant community members.

Crucial to the efficient study of the molecular basis of human genetic disease via genetic modifiers is first establishing that clinical variation in the phenotype cannot be otherwise explained by factors such as major locus heterogeneity or environmental influences. Methods of establishing disease heritability attributable to modifier genes can be categorized into familial studies and whole-population studies. Familial studies of phenotypic variation and heritability to establish the existence of modifier loci found themselves on fundamental principles. If heterogeneity in modifier loci underlies observed phenotypic variation, then, on the whole, the more similar their genetic backgrounds, the more similar will be their phenotypes.

Species sorting models describe variation in abundance and composition within the metacommunity due to individual species responses to environmental heterogeneity, such that certain local conditions may favor certain species and not others. Under this perspective, species are able to persist in patches with suitable environmental conditions resulting in a strong correlation between local species composition and the environment. This model represents the classical theories of the niche-centric era of G. Evelyn Hutchinson and Robert MacArthur. Source-sink models describe a framework in which dispersal and environmental heterogeneity interact to determine local and regional abundance and composition.

Previous work reveals that network size has a positive effect on knowledge transfer as it provide the actor (e.g. firm) with two major substantive benefits: one is the exposure to a larger amount of external information, knowledge, and ideas and the other is resource sharing between the actor and its contacts such as knowledge sharing, reduction of transaction costs, complementarities, and scale. 2\. network heterogeneity: network heterogeneity refers to differences in the knowledge, technology, ability, and size of members in the network. Firms in a more heterogeneous network have a higher probability to acquire external knowledge resources.

The second advantage is that the IVhet model maintains the inverse variance weights of individual studies, unlike the RE model which gives small studies more weight (and therefore larger studies less) with increasing heterogeneity. When heterogeneity becomes large, the individual study weights under the RE model become equal and thus the RE model returns an arithmetic mean rather than a weighted average. This side-effect of the RE model does not occur with the IVhet model which thus differs from the RE model estimate in two perspectives: Pooled estimates will favor larger trials (as opposed to penalizing larger trials in the RE model) and will have a confidence interval that remains within the nominal coverage under uncertainty (heterogeneity). Doi & Barendregt suggest that while the RE model provides an alternative method of pooling the study data, their simulation results demonstrate that using a more specified probability model with untenable assumptions, as with the RE model, does not necessarily provide better results.

The services sector dominates Colombia's GDP, contributing 58 percent of GDP in 2007, and, given worldwide trends, its dominance will probably continue. The sector is characterized by its heterogeneity, being the largest for employment (61 percent), in both the formal and informal sectors.

Resource heterogeneity interacts with courtship rate to influence mating success in the wolf spider Schizocosa floridana. Animal Behaviour 84, 1341–1346 (2012). Sexual selection occurs after copulation as well as before copulation.Eberhard, W. G. Postcopulatory sexual selection: Darwin’s omission and its consequences.

The chemical structure of sodium stibogluconate is somewhat ambiguous, and the structure shown above is idealized. Its solutions may contain multiple antimony compounds, although this heterogeneity may be unimportant. It has been speculated that the active species contains only a single antimony centre.

A dictionary of genetics. 7th ed, Oxford. p.204 Genetic heterogeneity within an individual is indeed usually considered to be detrimental, as selfish variants may be selected for and disrupt the integrity of the individual level.Maynard-Smith, J. and E. Szathmary. 1995.

195 and exercising influence on the entire Hispanic realm.Lebsanft 1997, pp. 188, 223 At this position Pascual tackled heterogeneity of Spanish as used worldwide and led the drive to introduce a global standard, to be shaped mostly by Madrid and adopted across all Hispanic community.

It represents an offshoot of the main Mount Barr pluton. Just northwest of the main Mount Barr pluton is a biotite hornblende quartz diorite pluton near Hicks Lake. Because of its heterogeneity, it is only occasionally grouped as part of the Mount Barr Plutonic Complex.

For example, in a statistical survey, the margin of error (determined by sample size) predicts the sampling error and hence dispersion of results on repeated surveys. The presence of study heterogeneity (studies have different sampling bias) increases the dispersion relative to the margin of error.

"Statistical mechanics of complex networks" (PDF). Reviews of Modern Physics 74: 47–97. . . It may be linked to homophily as the two seem to show similar characteristics in networks. A large number of excess links caused by degree heterogeneity might be confused with homophily.

Springer Science & Business Media. 11–12. The advantage of the benchmark over other methods is that it accounts for the heterogeneity in the distributions of node degrees and of community sizes.A. Lancichinetti, S. Fortunato, and F. Radicchi.(2008) Benchmark graphs for testing community detection algorithms.

Daniel J. Redo, H. Ricardo Grau, T. Mitchell Aide, and Matthew L. Clark. Asymmetric forest transition driven by the interaction of socioeconomic development and environmental heterogeneity in Central America in: Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. Jun 5, 2012; 109(23): 8839–8844.

Sommer, W., Valstar, J., Gaans, P., Grotenhuis, T. and Rijnaarts, H., 2013. The impact of aquifer heterogeneity on the performance of aquifer thermal energy storage. Water Resources Research, 49(12): 8128–8138. To reduce advective heat loss, aquifers with a low hydraulic gradient are preferred.

This article incorporates CC-By-2.0 text from the reference.Meyer A., Todt C., Mikkelsen N. T. & Lieb B. (2010). "Fast evolving 18S rRNA sequences from Solenogastres (Mollusca) resist standard PCR amplification and give new insights into mollusk substitution rate heterogeneity". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 70.

Cytomes are the cellular systems, subsystems, and functional components of the body. The cytome is the collection of the complex and dynamic cellular processes (structure and function) underlying physiological processes. It describes the structural and functional heterogeneity of the cellular diversity of an organism.

Bonebrake, T. C., C. L. Boggs, J. M. McNally, J. Ranganathan, and P. R. Ehrlich. 2010. Oviposition behaviour and offspring performance in herbivorous insects: consequences of climatic and habitat heterogeneity. Oikos 119: 927-934.Bryant, S. R., C. D. Thomas, and J. S. Bale. 2002.

Herbert Zimmermann (born 10 January 1944) is a German neuroscientist who pioneered the studies on the biochemical, structural and functional heterogeneity of cholinergic synaptic vesicles from the electric organ of the electric ray Torpedo, and the functional and biochemical characterization of enzymes hydrolyzing extracellular nucleotides.

Heterogeneity of Early French and Native Forts, Settlements, and Villages: a Comparison to Fort St. Pierre (1719-1729) in French Colonial Louisiane. University of Alabama Libraries, 2015. PDF.Stone, Lyle M. Fort Michilimackinac, 1715-1781: an Archaeological Perspective on the Revolutionary Frontier. Mich., 1974. Book.

Third, one should make the effort to differentiate (as with the color orange) the extremes of this heterogeneity. [...] Then one shows how the duality is actually a monism, how the two extremes are “sewn” together, through memory, in the continuous heterogeneity of duration. It may now be understood that Henri Bergson was dissatisfied with Kantianism, which limited the bounds of reason to such an extent that it deemed knowledge of the absolute an impossibility. His method of intuition can in fact be seen as a response to Immanuel Kant, who believed that we can only know the world as it appears to us, not as it is in itself.

The Galor-Zeira model is the first macroeconomic model to explore the role of heterogeneity in the determination of macroeconomic behavior. In contrast to the representative agent approach that dominated the field of macroeconomics till the early 1990s and argued that heterogeneity has no impact on macroeconomic activity, the model demonstrates that in the presence of capital markets imperfections and local non-convexities in the production of human capital, income distribution affects the long run level of income per-capita as well as the growth process. The model was developed by Oded Galor and Joseph Zeira in 1988, and it was published in the paper “Income Distribution and Macroeconomics”, 1993.

There are multiple levels of genetic heterogeneity associated with cancer, including single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), sequence mutations, Microsatellite shifts and instability, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), Copy number variation (detected both by comparative genomic hybridization (CGH), and array CGH,) and karyotypic variations including chromosome structural aberrations and aneuploidy. Studies of this issue have focused mainly at the gene mutation level, as copy number variation, LOH and specific chromosomal translocations are explained in the context of gene mutation. It is thus necessary to integrate multiple levels of genetic variation in the context of complex system and multilevel selection. System instability is a major contributing factor for genetic heterogeneity.

The great boroughs were honeycombed with sokes, or areas of seignorial jurisdiction, within which the royal reeve's authority was greatly restricted while that of the lord's reeve took precedence. Even the haws, being "burhs" or strongholds within a stronghold, enjoyed a local "peace" which protected from official intrusion. Besides heterogeneity of tenure and jurisdiction in the borough, there was also heterogeneity of status; there were burh-thegns and cnihts, mercatores, burgesses of various kinds, the three groups representing perhaps military, commercial and agricultural elements. The burh generally shows signs of having been originally a village settlement, surrounded by open fields, of which the borough boundary before 1835 will suggest the outline.

Bulk Leach Extractable Gold, more commonly shortened to BLEG is a geochemical sampling/analysis tool used during exploration for gold. It was developed in the early 1980s to address concerns relating to the accurately measuring fine grained gold, and dealing with problems associated with sample heterogeneity.

However, the individual estimates of treatment effect will vary by chance; some variation is expected. The question is whether there is more variation than would be expected by chance alone. When this excessive variation occurs, it is called statistical heterogeneity, or just heterogeneity.Singh A et al.

"A Theory of the Critical Mass. I. Interdependence, Group Heterogeneity, and the Production of Collective Action." American Journal of Sociology 91(3): 522-556. Fittingly, the newsletter and its title pre-dated the formation of the CBSM section, which was itself borne out of action and movement.

In addition, barriers exist due to different standards, taxonomies, data models and data quality. Legal obstacles include the heterogeneity of national legal frameworks, data protection and respect for privacy. These aspects prevent a fast and far-reaching implementation of the once-only principle at European level.

Several challenges IT organizations face when trying to control and manage their encryption keys are: # Scalability: Managing a large number of encryption keys. # Security: Vulnerability of keys from outside hackers, malicious insiders. # Availability: Ensuring data accessibility for authorized users. # Heterogeneity: Supporting multiple databases, applications and standards.

Steven Roth asserts that there was never a real possibility of a "Jewish question" appearing on the American political agenda as it did in Europe; according to Roth, the resistance to political antisemitism in the United States was due to the heterogeneity of the American political structure.

By studying these artifacts, we can better understand the different uses for nails in this French Colonial space.Malischke, Lisamarie. “Heterogeneity of Early French and Native Forts, Settlements, and Villages: A Comparison To Fort St. Pierre (1717-1729) In French Colonial Louisiane .” The University of Alabama, 2015.

At the other extreme, when all effect sizes are similar (or variability does not exceed sampling error), no REVC is applied and the random effects meta- analysis defaults to simply a fixed effect meta-analysis (only inverse variance weighting). The extent of this reversal is solely dependent on two factors: # Heterogeneity of precision # Heterogeneity of effect size Since neither of these factors automatically indicates a faulty larger study or more reliable smaller studies, the re-distribution of weights under this model will not bear a relationship to what these studies actually might offer. Indeed, it has been demonstrated that redistribution of weights is simply in one direction from larger to smaller studies as heterogeneity increases until eventually all studies have equal weight and no more redistribution is possible. Another issue with the random effects model is that the most commonly used confidence intervals generally do not retain their coverage probability above the specified nominal level and thus substantially underestimate the statistical error and are potentially overconfident in their conclusions.

An ASL disorder in humans can arise from mutations in the ASL gene, particularly mutations that affect the active site of the mutant multimer protein. ASL disorder is associated with considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity which is considered to reflect the extensive intragenic complementation occurring among individual patients.

Because this is unrealistic, the model must be adjusted to allow for borrowing and saving. A measure of wealth, lifetime income, or permanent income is required. The model must also be adjusted to account for the heterogeneity of real estate. This can be done by deconstructing the utility function.

Because they are defined by a negative quality (i.e., the rejection of systems of authoritarian power) the New Philosophers are very disparate. In 1978, Michael Ryan argued that they exist in name only; their "homogeneity derives from their espousal of heterogeneity."Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak and Michael Ryan (June 1978).

If however, the trace component is dispersed homogeneously (relative to pixel image size) throughout a sample, it will not be detectable. Therefore, detection limits of chemical imaging techniques are strongly influenced by particle size, the chemical and spatial heterogeneity of the sample, and the spatial resolution of the image.

If the epicenter is incorrect the loss estimate will be uncertain. Errors are introduced in the estimate of position mostly because of the heterogeneity of the Earth. Seismic waves travel with different speeds in different rocks. Uncertainties in real time epicenters estimated by teleseismic means are ±25 km (median).

Initial research on genetic heterogeneity was conducted using genetic linkage analyses, which map genetic loci of related individuals to identify genomic differences. Current research now relies largely on genome-wide association studies which examine the association of single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) to a particular disease in a population.

Mutated alleles expressing allelic heterogeneity can be classified as adaptive or disadaptive. These mutations can occur in the germ line cells, somatic cells, or in the mitochondrial. Mutations in germ line cells can be inherited as well as mitochondrial allelic mutations. The mitochondrial allelic mutations are inherited maternally.

In 1999, mutations in the ribosomal protein S19 gene (RPS19) were found to be associated with disease in 42 of 172 DBA patients. In 2001, a second DBA gene was localized to a region of chromosome 8, and further genetic heterogeneity was inferred. Additional genes were subsequently identified.

Sequence divergence ranged between 5.8% and 8.2% between phylogroups separated by >4000 km and <50 km distances respectively, this gives support to the idea that geographic isolation may be influential at very different scales. Morphological traits are more related to environmental heterogeneity than to geographic barriers and isolation.

Similarly, MTOR, a gene encoding a cell regulatory kinase, has shown to be constitutively active, thereby increasing S6 phosphorylation. This active phosphorylation may serve as a biomarker in clear-cell carcinoma. Mechanochemical heterogeneity is a hallmark of living eukaryotic cells. It has an impact on epigenetic gene regulation.

The five legends attempt to reconcile the tensions embodied in the books double introduction. "Syncretism, doubleness, and heterogeneity are portrayed as inevitable human conditions"Stephen Henighan, 1999, p. 141 in the legends. He says that Asturias wants to demonstrate the impossibility of maintaining some kind of purity of identity.

These objectives were tracked through use of trace-labeling and SPECT imaging over the course of treatment and found heterogeneity of tigatuzumab uptake in tumors, that tigatuzumab uptake is not dose dependent, and that tigatuzumab uptake is predictive of clinical response in the treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer.

In his work Chaosmosis, Guattari explains that "rather than moving in the direction of reductionist modifications which simplify the complex", schizoanalysis "will work towards its complexification, its processual enrichment, towards the consistency of its virtual lines of bifurcation and differentiation, in short towards its ontological heterogeneity".Guattari (1992, 61).

Journal of Economic Surveys, 19(3) 299-308. There are a number of strategies for identifying and coding empirical observational data. Meta- regression models can be extended for modeling within-study dependence, excess heterogeneity and publication selection. The simple regression model does not allow for within study variation.

"Genetic heterogeneity of Beta thalassemia in Lebanon reflects historic and recent population migration." Annals of human genetics 69.1 (2005): 55-66. found out that the thalassemia mutations in Lebanese Christians are similar to the ones observed in Macedonia which "may confirm the presumed Macedonian origin of certain Lebanese Christians".

Arturo Rodríguez-Blanco, Gilles Vetion, Marie-Line Escande, Daniel Delille, Jean-François Ghiglione. Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium carrying 16S rRNA gene heterogeneity and able to degrade high-molecularmass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology (2010), 60, 504–509 DOI 10.1099/ijs.

The jacky dragon is not in danger of extinction. The abundance of the jacky dragon and other common reptiles is a result of the heterogeneity and structural complexity of the ground and groundcover of undisturbed areas, which is an important observation in the conservation of reptiles in Australia.

The authors say that their method rectifies the methodological biases of earlier studies which revolve around random effects: "Numerous sources of bias may be driving the results [of earlier studies on the resource curse], the most serious of which is omitted variable bias induced by unobserved country-specific and time-invariant heterogeneity." In other words, this means that countries might have specific, enduring traits that gets left out of the model, which could increase the explanation power of the argument. The authors claim that the chances of this happening is larger when assuming random effects, an assumption that does not allow for what the authors call "unobserved country-specific heterogeneity". These criticisms have themselves been subject to criticism.

He is a co-author of the Galor–Zeira model—the first macroeconomic model to explore the role of heterogeneity in the determination of macroeconomic behavior. In contrast to the representative agent approach that dominated the field of macroeconomics till the early 1990s and argued that heterogeneity has no impact on macroeconomic activity, the model demonstrates that in the presence of capital markets imperfections and local non-convexities in the production of human capital, income distribution affects the long run level of income per-capita as well as the growth process. The Review of Economic Studies named the paper among the 11 most path-breaking papers published in The Review of Economic Studies in the past 60 years.

The variable flow regime of the Paroo River with flooding and drying events is a key ecological process for the park as it creates high habitat heterogeneity which supports high biodiversity.Boulton, A. J., and M. A. Brock 1999. Australian Freshwater Ecology: Processes and Management. Gleneagles Publishing, Glen Osmond, South Australia.

Blastopirellula marina, a member of the phylum Planctomycetes, is a halotolerant bacterium inhabiting aquatic environments.Schlesner, H., C. Rensmann, B. J. Tindall, D. Gade, R. Rabus, S. Pfeiffer, and P. Hirsch.2004. Taxonomic heterogeneity within the Planctomycetales as derived by DNA-DNA hybridization, description of Rhodopirellula baltica gen. nov., sp. nov.

As noted by Dwight Waldo in a review of field work in 1978, "Organization theory is characterized by vogues, heterogeneity, claims and counterclaims;"Waldo, Dwight. 1978. "Organization Theory: Revisiting the Elephant." Public Administration Review 38(November/December). p. 597 even greater differentiation in theory and practice have developed since then.

86 no. 16 Supplement P3.019 There is heterogeneity in the immunologic pathways even restricted to RRMS population, and it correlates with IFN-β response. In a small study patients were clustered into 6 distinct subsets by baseline cytokine profiles. Two subsets were associated with patients who responded poorly to therapy.

The homozygous mutation of the SPR gene in these two siblings exhibiting early-onset Parkinsonism showcases that SPR gene mutations can vary in combinations of clinical symptoms and movement. These differences result in a wider spectrum for the disease phenotype and increases the genetic heterogeneity causing difficulties in diagnosing the disease.

Forest mycology and forest communities in South America. I. The early fall aspect of the mycoflora of the Cordillera Pelada (Chile), with a mycogeographic analysis and conclusions regarding the heterogeneity of the Valdivian Floral district. Mycopathology et Mycologia Applicata 26:129-191.Senn-Irlet B, and de Meijer AAR. (1998).

Cloud computing is an evolving paradigm with tremendous momentum, but its unique aspects exacerbate security and privacy challenges. Heterogeneity and diversity of cloud services and environments demand fine-grained access control policies and services that should be flexible enough to capture dynamic, context, or attribute-based access requirements and data protection.

Turiel, Elliott (2002). The Culture of Morality: Social Development, Context, and Conflict. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Psychologist Per Gjerde states that cultural psychology tends to "generalize about human development across nations and continents" and assigning characteristics to a culture promotes a disregard for heterogeneity and minimizes the role of the individual.

WPM is an adequate tool to support monitoring and evaluation of the sector. Water poverty follows a highly heterogeneous pattern, widely varying between and within different geographic and administrative units; and mapping permits a feasible visualization of such heterogeneity. In addition, maps are well suited to illustrate spatial change over time.

American Indian English shows enormous heterogeneity in terms of grammatical structures. As a whole, it characteristically uses plural and possessive markers less than standard English (for example, one of the dog is here). Navajo, Northern Ute, and many other Indian Englishes may simply never use plural markers for nouns.Leap, 1993, p. 55.

In the local fragrance environment, a shift in the wind direction is another factor which may also cause another fragrance 'hot spot' to be included in the odor plume for euglossine bees.Armbruster, W. Scott. "Within-habitat heterogeneity in baiting samples of male euglossine bees: possible causes and implications." Biotropica (1993): 122-128.

Neo-Vedanta aims to present Hinduism as a "homogenized ideal of Hinduism" with Advaita Vedanta as its central doctrine. It presents Neo-Vedanta was influenced by Oriental scholarship, which portrayed Hinduism as a "single world religion", and denigrated the heterogeneity of Hindu beliefs and practices as 'distortions' of the basic teachings of Vedanta.

Capability theories, building on earlier work by Nelson and Winter and Teece, make a similar claim. Developing ideas pioneered by Rumelt (1984) and discussed by Levinthal (1985) and Noda and Collis (2001). Hoopes, Madsen, and Walker (2003) use the term competitive heterogeneity to describe the performance differences between close competitors. Hoopes et al.

He is known for his research in human retroviruses and the roles of viruses in the development of leukaemia and lymphoma. His research was instrumental in the Molecular Characterization and identifying the genetic heterogeneity of Human T Lymphotropic Virus Type II. His work proceeded onto animal models of viral diseases and molecular pathogenesis.

These are often based on linear regression, and may adopt a multiplicative or additive dispersion parameter to adjust for the presence of between-study heterogeneity. Some approaches may even attempt to compensate for the (potential) presence of publication bias, which is particularly useful to explore the potential impact on meta-analysis results.

Whittaker proposed several ways of quantifying differentiation, and subsequent generations of ecologists have invented more. As a result, there are now many defined types of beta diversity. Some use beta diversity to refer to any of several indices related to compositional heterogeneity. Confusion is avoided by using distinct names for other formulations.

During later work he extended his studies to the isolation of synaptic vesicles from a source that allowed the analysis specifically of cholinergic synaptic vesicles, the electric organ of the ray Torpedo. These studies led to fundamental insights into synaptic vesicle structure and function and the metabolic and structural heterogeneity of synaptic vesicles.

This represents the destruction of initial non-resistant subclonal populations within a heterogeneic tumour, leaving only resistant clones. These resistant clones now contain a selective advantage and can replicate to repopulate the tumour. Replication will likely occur through branching evolution, contributing to tumour heterogeneity. The repopulated tumour may appear to be more aggressive.

Different ways of representing and storing the same data. Table decompositions may vary, column names (data labels) may be different (but have the same semantics), data encoding schemes may vary (i.e., should a measurement scale be explicitly included in a field or should it be implied elsewhere). Also referred as schematic heterogeneity.

Present-day Garasias are characterised by several social divisions with well-defined relationships. These divisions have appeared out of situations of culture contact and acculturation. Further, group heterogeneity also supports a stratified order. Constant contact with others like Bhils and Hindus has led to several changes in the social order of this tribe.

Jn is asymptotically normally distributed with a zero mean and unit variance. If the sample is Poisson distributed Jn = 0; values of Jn < 0 and > 0 indicate under and over dispersion respectively. Overdispersion is often caused by latent heterogeneity - the presence of multiple sub populations within the population the sample is drawn from.

In the case of Hungarian Native Faith groups, this resulted in a rejection of postmodern heterogeneity and a sacralisation of the national identity, in which language, religion and politics form a single entity. Hungarian Native Faith groups see themselves as a core minority, amongst all Hungarians, which represents the quintessence of Hungarianness.

Single-cell ChIP-seq is extremely challenging due to background noise caused by nonspecific antibody pull-down, and only one study so far has performed it successfully. This study used a droplet-based microfluidics approach, and the low coverage required thousands of cells to be sequenced in order to assess cellular heterogeneity.

Sweep efficiency is the measure of the effectiveness of an EOR method that depends on the total volume of the reservoir that the injected fluid contacts. Sweep efficiency is affected by multiple factors: mobility ratio, directional permeability, cumulative water injected, flood pattern, geological heterogeneity and distribution of pressure between injectors and producers.

As significant socioeconomic differences admittedly do exist within the church, members are strongly exhorted to transcend such barriers and unify as a group in fulfilling God's purposes. In 2011, members of the Golden Ladies Fellowship were commended for their ability to harmoniously relate with each other despite the substantial heterogeneity in social classes.

The relational view supplements existing views. While the industry structure view explains superior returns with a firm's membership in an industry with specific structural characteristics,Porter, M.E. (1980): Competitive strategy. New York. and the resource-based view explains superior returns with firm heterogeneity,Rumelt, R.P. (1984): Towards a strategic theory of the firm.

These peaks are attributed to stretching vibrations of the OH groups. Phase 3 has also a peak at 451 cm−1, attributed to the stretching of Mg–O bonds.Ronan M. Dorrepaal and Aoife A. Gowen (2018): "Identification of Magnesium Oxychloride Cement Biomaterial Heterogeneity using Raman Chemical Mapping and NIR Hyperspectral Chemical Imaging".

Between 2008 and 2011, Coutaz contributed to CONTINUUM. The project addressed the problem of service continuity within the long-term vision of ambient intelligence, and defined models that support service continuity for mobile users. Three key scientific issues were addressed: context management and awareness, semantic heterogeneity, and human control versus system autonomy.

Landscape structure and food supply affect eagle owl (Bubo bubo) density and breeding performance: a case of intra- population heterogeneity. Journal of Zoology, 257(03), 365-372.Mikkonen, T., Valkama, J., Wihlman, H. & Sukura, A. (2005): Spatial Variation of Trichinella prevalence in rats in Finnish waste disposal sites. Journal of Parasitology 91: 210-213.

These plants served their purpose by re-vegetating and protecting the soil. But these invaders became great competitors and directly affected native vegetation. In some instances crested wheatgrass and smooth brome have forced out native vegetation, creating monoculture habitats. Monoculture habitats are not favored by sharp-tailed grouse, as they prefer sites with high heterogeneity.

After a 2003 PhD at the Swedish- language Åbo Akademi University titled 'Using multi-scale spatial and temporal information to explain soft-sediment macrofaunal heterogeneity,' Hewitt joined staff at National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research, rising to principal scientist. In 2016 Hewitt was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of New Zealand.

Non-syndromic hearing loss can occur through multiple pathways including autosomal dominant, autosomal recessive, X-linked, and Y-linked inheritance patterns. 69 genes and 145 loci have been discovered to be involved in the genetic heterogeneity of non-syndromic hearing loss, and the phenotype of the disorder is largely associated with its pattern of inheritance.

In cooperation with: Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife, and Parks. Their foraging and burrowing activities influence environmental heterogeneity, hydrology, nutrient cycling, biodiversity, landscape architecture, and plant succession in grassland habitats.King, John A. 1955. Social behavior, social organization, and population dynamics in a black-tailed prairie dog town in the Black Hills of South Dakota.

Butka's personality has created an ideological dilemma between homogeneity and heterogeneity myths in the pluralistic society of post-Communist Albania: while on specific Albanian textbooks he is considered a national hero, according to circles of Aromanians he is considered a notorious criminal because he is held primarily responsible of the destruction of Moscopole in 1916.

In biology, a cline is a continuum of species, populations, varieties, or forms of organisms that exhibit gradual phenotypic and/or genetic differences over a geographical area, typically as a result of environmental heterogeneity. In the scientific study of human genetic variation, a gene cline can be rigorously defined and subjected to quantitative metrics.

Tumour cells can also show heterogeneity between their expression profiles. This is often caused by underlying epigenetic changes. Variation in expression signatures have been detected in different regions of tumour samples within an individual. Researchers have shown that convergent mutations affecting H3K36 methyltransferase SETD2 and histone H3K4 demethylase KDM5C arose in spatially separated tumour sections.

Expansion into multiple subclonal populations occurs through a splitting mechanism. This method is more associated with tumour heterogeneity than linear expansion. The acquisition of mutations is random as a result of increased genomic instability with each successive generation. The long-term mutational accumulation may provide a selective advantage during certain stages of tumour progression.

Finite element methods divide systems in space and solve the relevant physical equations throughout that decomposition. This ranges from thermal, mechanical, electromagnetic, to other physical phenomena. It is important to note from a materials science perspective that continuum methods generally ignore material heterogeneity and assume local materials properties to be identical throughout the system.

Fallow deer bucks fighting at Charlecote Park Since fallow deer are polygynous species that congregate once every year, males must fight to obtain access to estrous females.Bergeron, P., Festa-Bianchet, M., von Hardenberg, A., & Bassano, B. (2008). Heterogeneity in Male Horn Growth and Longevity in a Highly Sexually Dimorphic Ungulate. Oikos, 117(1), 77–82. . .

In landscape ecology, spatial composition describes the content of a landscape in terms of the number of different categories of elements existing in the landscape and their proportions. Most commonly the elements being measured are spatial patches of different types. Together with spatial configuration, spatial composition is a basic component of landscape heterogeneity indices.

But these sequences sometimes produce artifactual topologies in the phylogenetic tree, because horizontal gene transfer often occurs between parasites and their hosts.Daniel L. Nickrent, Albert Blarer, Yin-Long Qiu, Romina Vidal-Russell, and Frank E. Anderson. 2004. "Phylogenetic inference in Rafflesiales: the influence of rate heterogeneity and horizontal gene transfer". BMC Evolutionary Biology 4:40.

The Internet and Web protocols have done much to overcome these sources of differences. While there is a large number of categories of semantic heterogeneity, these categories are also patterned and can be anticipated and corrected. These patterned sources inform what kind of work must be done to overcome semantic differences where they still reside.

It allows inter-operation among SS2PL-compliant different database system types, i.e., allows heterogeneity in aspects other than concurrency control. SS2PL is a very constraining schedule property, and "takes over" when combined with any other property. For example, when combined with any optimistic property, the result is not optimistic anymore, but rather characteristically SS2PL.

Accordingly, their presence after injury contributes to inhibition of regeneration. Another important caveat of the astrocytic response to CNS injuries is its heterogeneity. Particularly, the response of the astrocytes to the injury varies depending on factors such as the nature of the injury and the microenvironment at the injury location.David S, Ness R. (1993).

One would assume that on a microbial level a disturbance that results in a pit and mound event would lead to a greater heterogeneity on the microbial level as multiple soil horizons are uplifted and mixed. However, little scientific data exists on the microbial population and its changes due to a pit and mound creation.

Other potential future biomarkers include micro RNA molecules, which cancerous cells express more of than healthy ones. Cancer is a disease with excessive molecular causes and constant evolution. There’s also heterogeneity of disease even in an individual. Molecular studies of cancer have proved the significance of driver mutations in the growth and metastasis of tumors.

This isolation led to the implication of more genes as the causes of quadrupedalism. The fact that chromosome 9p24 had no effect on some families points to the genetic heterogeneity of the syndrome. Another approach for establishing the genealogy has been to compare UTS with similar syndromes such as disequilibrium syndrome (DES) and Joubert syndrome.

Rastafari, sometimes termed Rastafarianism, is classified as both a new religious movement and social movement. It developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It lacks any centralised authority and there is much heterogeneity among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas. Rastafari refer to their beliefs, which are based on a specific interpretation of the Bible, as "Rastalogy".

Environmental Chemistry (3rd ed.). W. H. Freeman. . Also, the new trees planted are not as big as the trees that were cut down, and the argument that there will be "more trees" is not compelling to forestry advocates when they are counting saplings. In particular, wood from tropical rainforests is rarely harvested for paper because of their heterogeneity.

Rücker earned a diploma from the University of Erlangen–Nuremberg in 1982. She has been affiliated with the Institute of Medical Biometry and Statistics at the University of Freiburg since 2005, and earned her doctorate (Dr. rer. nat.) there in 2010. Her dissertation, Small-study Effects And Heterogeneity In Meta-analysis, was supervised by Martin Schumacher.

Soil cover in this area is characterized by great heterogeneity. The creation of this mosaic soil cover pedogenetski influenced many factors that are particularly important : the geological structure, relief, climate and hydrological conditions and the flora and fauna. Especially the quality of the soil and affect the human factor. But the most significant factor considered Geology i.e. subsoil.

The genetic profiles of primary and metastatic lesions in breast carcinomas show a large extent of clonal pertinence between lesions. There are various patterns of prevalence of genetic mutations in the genomes of primary breast tumour and its metastases. It also confirms the genetic heterogeneity between the primary neoplasm of breast cancer patients and their respective metastases.

Also, CNN processors were used to approximate pattern generation systems that create stationary fronts, spatio-temporal patterns oscillating in time, hysteresis, memory, and heterogeneity. Furthermore, pattern generation was used to aid high-performance image generation and compression via real-time generation of stochastic and coarse-grained biological patterns, texture boundary detection, and pattern and texture recognition and classification.

Furthermore, advertisers may encounter legal problems if legally required information doesn't actually display to users, even if that failure is due to technological heterogeneity. In the United States, the FTC has released a set of guidelines indicating that it's the advertisers' responsibility to ensure the ads display any required disclosures or disclaimers, irrespective of the users' technology.

Habitat heterogeneity increases the number of species that will be successful after immigration. Over time, the countervailing forces of extinction and immigration result in an equilibrium level of species richness. This diagram shows the effect of an island’s distance from the mainland on the amount of species richness. The sizes of the two islands are approximately the same.

Market Opportunities, Genetic Endowments, and Intrafamily Resource Distribution: Child Survival in Rural India. American Economic Review, 72(4), pp. 803-815. In another study with Schultz, Rosenzweig documents how households' demand for medical care, smoking or fertility are determined by individual heterogeneity, and thereby ultimately significantly affect fetal growth and birth weight.Rosenzweig, M.R., Schultz, T.P. (1983).

The Autonomist Party did not claim to be an Italian movement, and indicated that it sympathized with a sense of heterogeneity amongst Dalmatians in opposition to ethnic nationalism. In the 1861 elections, the Autonomists won twenty-seven seats in Dalmatia, while Dalmatia's Croatian nationalist movement, the People's Party, won only fourteen seats.Ivo Goldstein. Croatia: A History.

Finally, some interventions improve parenting practices even when their primary focus is not parenting. For instance, social protection conditional cash transfer programmes that combine cash and parenting services have demonstrable impact on parenting knowledge and practice.Behrman, J. R. and Hoddinott, J. 2005. Programme evaluation with unobserved heterogeneity and selective implementation: The Mexican PROGRESA impact on child nutrition.

Their results identified a subset of radiomic features that may be useful for predicting patient survival and describing intratumoural heterogeneity. They also confirmed that the prognostic ability of these radiomics features may be transferred from lung to head-and-neck cancer. However, Parmar et al. (2015) demonstrated that prognostic value of some radiomic features may be cancer type dependent.

They give rise to a variety of cells, are capable of self-renewal and homeostatic control. Furthermore, the relapse of cancer and the emergence of metastasis are also attributed to these cells. The cancer stem cell hypothesis does not contradict earlier concepts of carcinogenesis. The cancer stem cell hypothesis has been a proposed mechanism that contributes to tumour heterogeneity.

The sexual dimorphism of the species has been the subject of study. Males are highly polygynous and compete directly for mates, giving rise to the pronounced size differential. Preferring open terrain, there is significant habitat heterogeneity (sameness) and excellent visibility across brown songlark territories. This allows males to defend large territories and support multiple nesting females.

The first experiments with predation and spatial heterogeneity were conducted by G. F. Gause in the 1930s, based on the Lotka–Volterra equation, which was formulated in the mid-1920s, but no further application had been conducted.Real, Leslie A. and Brown, James H. 1991. Foundations of Ecology: Classic papers with commentaries. The University of Chicago Press, Chicago.

Regarding Trichostrongylus retortaeformis, worm burden is affected parallel to host immune system and climate change.Mignatti Although immunity prevents any significant long-term net accumulation of T. retortaeformis in the rabbit population, its seasonal effect is to increase heterogeneity in infection and transmission between individuals by worsening the parasite burden in the juveniles exposed to climate warming.

Neuronal differentiation, ranging from neuroblasts to ganglion cells, is seen in some medulloepitheliomas.Imaging studies such as Computerized Tomography (CT) and Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) can aid diagnosis. Medulloepithelioma appears isodense or hypodense with variable heterogeneity and calcification on non-contrast CT scan, and enhances with contrast. This radiographical finding is consistent with a primitive neuroectodermal tumour, especially in children.

For example it has been said that many factors have contributed to the litigiousness of the United States, including: the rights afforded to the people, a written constitution, immigrant origins of its population, racial and ethnic heterogeneity and the wealth and spoils of its population. To this end national character and history influence current legal culture.

A partial solution to the paradox lies in raising the dimensionality of the system. Spatial heterogeneity, trophic interactions, multiple resource competition, competition-colonization trade-offs, and lag may prevent exclusion (ignoring stochastic extinction over longer time-frames). However, such systems tend to be analytically intractable. In addition, many can, in theory, support an unlimited number of species.

James Jaffe, "Gandhi, Lawyers, and the Courts' Boycott during the Non-Cooperation Movement." Modern Asian Studies 51.5 (2017): 1340-1368. online The historical heterogeneity and localism of the Indian legal system results in a wide range of legal codes and practices. Thus the lawyer may fail in a given district with a technique that was successful in another.

Due to the heterogeneity of the reaction mixture, yields are contingent on the rate of stirring, which can pose a problem for larger scale (i.e. process-scale) reactions. Additionally, Weix and coworkers found that reactivity is also contingent on the source and size of the zinc dust. Tetrakis(dimethylamino)ethylene (TDAE) can also function as a single-electron reductant.

Approached from the radical democracy theory, the expression of such views on the internet can be understood as online activism. In current liberal representative democracies, certain voices and interests are always favoured above others. Through online activism, excluded opinions and views can still be articulated. In this way, activists contribute to the ideal of a heterogeneity of positions.

The scales of Geckolepis are imbricated (overlapping) and ossified. Histological studies on the scales were performed as early as 1911 by Wilhelm Josef Schmidt. Schmidt noted the heterogeneity and imbrication of the scales, which makes meristics difficult on Geckolepis. Schmidt noted that the imbrication of the scales was a result of their folding, essentially being bilayered rather than monolayered.

In medicine and genetics, a genetic or allelic heterogeneous condition is one where the same disease or condition can be caused, or contributed to, by several factors, or in genetic terms, by varying or different genes or alleles. In cancer research, cancer cell heterogeneity is thought to be one of the underlying reasons that make treatment of cancer difficult.

The fresh herb is no longer used officially. No dose-finding studies exist and the reported clinical studies are characterised by a considerable heterogeneity. Except for homeopathic medicines, the drug is no longer used in most English-speaking countries. In Germany and Switzerland, extracts of Chelidoni herba are a controversial component of the gastric remedy "Iberogast".

Chimerism has been found in some species of marine sponges. Four distinct genotypes have been found in a single individual, and there is potential for even greater genetic heterogeneity. Each genotype functions independently in terms of reproduction, but the different intra-organism genotypes behave as a single large individual in terms of ecological responses like growth.

Hardware operating code is usually low level and is prone to errors. The code development engineer rely on the hardware documentation which typically contains imprecise or inaccurate information. There are several Interface Definition Languages (IDL) to express the hardware functionalities. The modern OSes uses these IDLs to glue components or to hide heterogeneity, like remote procedural call IDL.

James W. Vaupel (born May 2, 1945), is an American scientist in the fields of aging research, biodemography, and formal demography. He has been instrumental in developing and advancing the idea of the plasticity of longevity, and pioneered research on the heterogeneity of mortality risks and on the deceleration of death rates at the highest ages.

While normally referred to as heterogeneity control, generally the concern is maintaining homogeneity because the homogeneous case is usually less reactive. Particularly, at lower enrichment a system may be more reactive in a heterogeneous configuration compared to a homogeneous configuration. Physicochemical Form: Consists of controlling the physical state (i.e., solid, liquid, or gas) and form (e.g.

For example, 40S ribosomal units without eS25 in yeast and mammalian cells are unable to recruit the CrPV IGR IRES. Heterogeneity of ribosomal RNA modifications plays an important role in structural maintenance and/or function and most mRNA modifications are found in highly conserved regions. The most common rRNA modifications are pseudouridylation and 2’-O methylation of ribose.

Centerbe or Centerba (italian for "one hundred herbs"), is a liqueur made by aromatic herbs commonly found on Mount Majella. Italy By Matthew Evans p.100 Style and social identities: alternative approaches to linguistic heterogeneity By Peter Auer p.74 It is a typical abruzzese liquor in central Italy and it's made on a base of 70% alcohol.

"Differential activation of microglia and astrocytes in aniso- and isomorphic gliotic tissue." Glia 8: 277-291. Further, the reactive astrocytes in the immediate vicinity of the injury increase gene expression, thus compounding the response of other astrocytes and contributing to the heterogeneity. Particularly, astrocytes closest to the lesion generally secrete more inhibitory molecules into the extracellular matrix.

Genetic hitchhiking occurs when one allele is strongly selected for and driven to fixation. This causes the surrounding areas to also be driven to fixation, even though they are not being selected for. By looking at the Drosophila melanogaster population data, Lee et al. found a reduced amount of heterogeneity within 25 base pairs of focal substitutions.

Fordham University Press, 2012. The Autonomist Party did not claim to be an Italian movement, and indicated that it sympathized with a sense of heterogeneity amongst Dalmatians in opposition to ethnic nationalism. In the 1861 elections, the Autonomists won twenty-seven seats in Dalmatia, while Dalmatia's Croatian nationalist movement, the National Party, won only fourteen seats.Ivo Goldstein.

However, the use of molecular pathology in epidemiology posed unique challenges, including lack of research guidelines and standardized statistical methodologies, and paucity of interdisciplinary experts and training programs. Furthermore, the concept of disease heterogeneity appears to conflict with the long-standing premise in epidemiology that individuals with the same disease name have similar etiologies and disease processes. To resolve these issues and advance population health science in the era of molecular precision medicine, "molecular pathology" and "epidemiology" was integrated to create a new interdisciplinary field of "molecular pathological epidemiology" (MPE), defined as "epidemiology of molecular pathology and heterogeneity of disease". In MPE, investigators analyze the relationships between (A) environmental, dietary, lifestyle and genetic factors; (B) alterations in cellular or extracellular molecules; and (C) evolution and progression of disease.

Chromosomal locations of mega-telomeres in an inbred chicken line: GGA (chromosome) 9 and W The current research exploring mega-telomeres has indicated unexpected heterogeneity and non-Mendelian segregation of mega- telomere profiles between subsequent generations of inbred chicken (Gallus gallus) lines. This heterogeneity or inconsistency from generation to generation, despite nearly identical genomic sequences, is evidence that mega- telomeres promote recombination during meiosis. Furthermore, the preferential location on microchromsomes and the discovery of an extremely large mega- telomere on the female-specific W chromosome of avian species also signify the role of mega-telomeres. Microchromosomes are known to be gene-dense and particularly susceptible to damage, thus mega-telomeres may act specifically to protect these gene-rich but fragile chromosomes from erosion or other forms of chromosomal damage.

A big contribution to cancer death and failed cancer treatment is clonal evolution at the cytogenetic level, for example as seen in acute myeloid leukaemia (AML). In a Nature study published in 2011, Ding et al. identified cellular fractions characterized by common mutational changes to illustrate the heterogeneity of a particular tumor pre- and post-treatment vs. normal blood in one individual.

In biology, phase variation is a method for dealing with rapidly varying environments without requiring random mutation. It involves the variation of protein expression, frequently in an on-off fashion, within different parts of a bacterial population. As such the phenotype can switch at frequencies that are much higher (sometimes >1%) than classical mutation rates. Phase variation contributes to virulence by generating heterogeneity.

The archaeology is culturally exclusive and written evidence indicates deep religious divisions. Some historians assume that the states' heterogeneity eroded formal apartheid. The key differentiator in status and economic position was between urban and rural dwellers. Indigenous Christians could gain higher status and acquire wealth through commerce and industry in towns, but few Muslims lived in urban areas except those in servitude.

A rich biodiversity with habitat heterogeneity has been recorded during a scientific survey carried out between January 2000 and December 2002 in different habitat patches of the lake. The lake’s rich biological diversity comprises 233 species of aquatic macrophytes of emergent, submergent, free-floating and rooted floating leaf types. But in the declining trend of vegetation, the important flora recorded are as under.

Somalia provides an interesting example. Due to the fact that about 85% of its population defined themselves as Somali, Somalia was considered to be a rather ethnically-homogeneous nation. However, civil war caused ethnicity (or ethnic affiliation) to be redefined according to clan groups. There is also much discussion in academia concerning the creation of an index for "ethnic heterogeneity".

Solid tumor samples obtained from clinical practice are highly heterogeneous. They consist of multiple clonal populations of cancer cells as well as adjacent normal tissue, stromal, and infiltrating immune cells. The highly heterogeneous structure of tumor tissues could complicate or bias various genomic data analysis. Removing heterogeneity is of substantial interest to isolate expression data from mixed samples in silico.

In addition, the metabolic profile of an individual at baseline (metabotype) provides information about how individuals respond to treatment and highlights heterogeneity within a disease state. All three approaches require the quantification of metabolites found in bodily fluids and tissue, such as blood or urine, and can be used in the assessment of pharmaceutical treatment options for numerous disease states.

For example, spatial heterogeneity is maintained, which means there will always be pockets of plants not found by herbivores. This stabilizing dynamic plays an especially important role for specialist herbivores that feed on one species of plant and prevents these specialists from wiping out their food source.Smith, RL and Smith, TM. Ecology and Field Biology: Sixth Edition.Benjamin Cummings, New York.

"Precautionary Saving in the Small and in the Large," Econometrica, pp. 53-73 He was also awarded the Samuelson Prize Certificate of Excellence for his work in survey measurement of preference parameters.Barsky, B., Juster, F. T., Kimball, M. and Shapiro, M., 1997. "Preference Parameters and Behavioral Heterogeneity: An Experimental Approach in the Health and Retirement Study," Quarterly Journal of Economics, pp.537-579.

A team of oxen yoked together Regarding composition, all teams will have an element of homogeneity and heterogeneity. The more homogeneous the group, the more cohesive it will be. The more heterogeneous the group, the greater the differences in perspective and increased potential for creativity, but also the greater potential for conflict. Team members normally have different roles, like team leader and agents.

18S ribosomal RNA gene of Wirenia argentea has been analyzed in 2010 and it contains 2161 bp with strong secondary structures and with 63.12% of guanine-cytosine clamps.Meyer A., Todt C., Mikkelsen N. T. & Lieb B. (2010). "Fast evolving 18S rRNA sequences from Solenogastres (Mollusca) resist standard PCR amplification and give new insights into mollusk substitution rate heterogeneity". BMC Evolutionary Biology 10: 70.

Errors are again introduced through the heterogeneity of the Earth. The loss of energy along the wave path is not exactly the same in all parts of the world.Seismic Waves and Earth's Interior, An Introduction to Earthquakes, Saint Louis University.Project Activity and Findings, Pacific Earthquake Engineering Research Center (PEER), in partnership with the U.S. Geological Survey and the Southern California Earthquake Center.

In this group the food sources were not continuous, but were dispersed among rubber balls. This added an element of difficulty for dispersal of prey and predator species. The effects of spatial heterogeneity and mites species' searching ability on predator and prey population dynamics were tested here. Universe D: (food source dispersal introduced) 4 half exposed oranges dispersed randomly among 36 rubber balls.

Given the heterogeneity of registered organisations, calculating average benefits and costs of EMAS is nearly unfeasible. The financial benefits of an EMAS registered organisation can differ per country. For example, some countries offer substantial reductions of waste fees, lower permitting costs, faster licensing procedures, etc. Nevertheless, several studies have been undertaken to provide reference points on the benefits and costs.

Forty- nine participants from 25 European Union Member States will work together to address health inequalities and the underlying social determinants of health across Europe. Under the coordination of the Italian Institute of Public Health, the Joint Action aims to achieve greater equity in health in Europe across all social groups while reducing the inter-country heterogeneity in tackling health inequalities.

Due to the prevalence of synesthesia among the first-degree relatives of synesthetes, there is evidence that synesthesia might have a genetic basis, however the monozygotic twins case studies indicate there is an epigenetic component. Synesthesia might also be an oligogenic condition, with Locus heterogeneity, multiple forms of inheritance (including Mendelian in some cases), and continuous variation in gene expression.

Waminoa litus is a species of dinoflagellate-bearing acoels which are epizoic on living corals. This species is unique in that it transmits its endosymbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) vertically (from the parent host to the offspring) via eggs, regardless of the heterogeneity of the zooxanthellae. Two dinoflagellate genera have been found to simultaneously live in the parenchyma of W. litus: Symbiodinium and Amphidinium.

His work is in microeconomic analysis, with emphasis in the empirical assessments of theoretical propositions. He has worked in the areas of intrahousehold decision making; demand analysis; consumption and saving, and its interaction with labor supply. An important part of his work concerns the empirical assessment of rationality through the concept of revealed preference, and the modeling of individual heterogeneity in applied work.

25% or wages change in a given period. In general, if contracts last for i periods, there are i unions and 1 resets wages (prices) each period. So, if contracts last 10 periods, there are 10 unions and 1 resets every period. However, Taylor realized that in practice, there is much heterogeneity in the length of wage contract across the economy.

DamID is usually performed on around 10,000 cells, (although it has been demonstrated with fewer). This means that the data obtained represents the average binding, or probability of a binding event across that cell population. A DamID protocol for single cells has also been developed and applied to human cells. Single cell approaches can highlight the heterogeneity of chromatin associations between cells.

In landscape ecology, spatial configuration describes the spatial pattern of patches in a landscape. Most traditional spatial configuration measurements take into account aspects of patches within the landscape, including patches' size, shape, density, connectivity and fractal dimension. Other measurements are pixel-based, such as contagion and lacunarity. Together with spatial composition, spatial configuration is a basic component of landscape heterogeneity indices.

The ecological importance of hydraulically redistributed water is becoming better understood as this phenomenon is more carefully examined. Water redistribution by plant roots has been found influencing crop irrigation, where watering schemes leave a harsh heterogeneity in soil moisture. This influencing process also assist in seedling success. The plant roots have been shown to smooth or homogenize the soil moisture.

Because of this, prominent people from the early days of Bifrost had personal connections to movements such as Thelema and LaVeyan Satanism. This heterogeneity resulted in a schism in 1998, when a number of members left and formed Foreningen Forn Sed, which is based on "Norwegian folklore". These two umbrella organisations have since held the majority of organised heathens in Norway.

Living in neighborhoods with increased poverty, ethnic heterogeneity and decreased collective efficacy (social cohesion among neighbors) are all found to be linked to increased femicide rates in that area. Also, reporting of female victims of femicide in the US is stymied due to the assumption that female victims are not an anomaly, but are driven by their perceived vulnerability and passivity.

Discrete groups of cells occur in the form of clusters of one to four cells with variable morphologies. Intratumoral morphological heterogeneity in invasive breast carcinoma. Diversity of invasive growth of breast cancer is shown, which can be classified into five main morphological structures: alveolar (Alv), trabecular (Trab), tubular (Tub), solid (Solid) structures, and discrete groups of tumor cells (Discr). Hematoxylin and eosin staining.

The PRISMA statement suggests a standardized way to ensure a transparent and complete reporting of systematic reviews, and is now required for this kind of research by more than 170 medical journals worldwide. Developments in systematic reviews during the 21st century included realist reviews and the meta-narrative approach, both of which addressed problems of methods and heterogeneity existing on some subjects.

The histology of spontaneous tumorigenesis in canines is attributed to the multiplicity and complexity of the disease. The heterogeneity of its development encompasses inherited, epigenetic, and environmental factors. The selective breeding techniques used with domestic dogs causes certain breeds to be at high risk for specific cancers. Selection for specific phenotypes in dog breeding causes long-range linkage disequilibrium in their DNA.

Benjamin Moll (born June 29, 1983) is a German macroeconomist who is Professor of Economics at the London School of Economics.full CV at LSE Department of Economics He is the recipient of the 2017 Bernacer Prize for his "path- breaking contributions to incorporate consumer and firm heterogeneity into macroeconomic models and use such models to study rich interactions between inequality and the macroeconomy".

Both were significantly higher than previously reported rates of 3-4% from two large cohort studies in the United Kingdom, which may reflect heterogeneity across countries. Both meta-analyses found higher rates in the United States (12.8-14.1%) compared to studies conducted internationally (7.1-8.2%). Furthermore, there was a moderate positive correlation between paternal and maternal depression (r = 0.308; 95% CI, 0.228-0.384).

Specific stimulation of in vitro maturation of mesencephalic dopaminergic neurones by striatal membranes. par Prochiantz A, Daguet MC, Herbet A, Glowinski J. dans Nature du 15 octobre 1981;293(5833):570-2.Glial heterogeneity may define the three-dimensional shape of mouse mesencephalic dopaminergic neurones. par Denis-Donini S, Glowinski J, Prochiantz A. dans Nature du 16 février 1984;307(5952):641-3.

The concept of the "sensor web" is a type of sensor network that is especially well suited for environmental monitoring. The phrase the "sensor web" is also associated with a sensing system which heavily utilizes the World Wide Web. OGC's Sensor Web Enablement (SWE) framework defines a suite of web service interfaces and communication protocols abstracting from the heterogeneity of sensor (network) communication.

Gene expression profiles also vary within specific regions of the brain. A microarray study showed that the transcriptome profile of the CNS clusters together based on region. A different study characterized the regulation of gene expression across 10 different regions based on their eQTL signals. The cause of the varying expression profiles relates to function, neuron migration and cellular heterogeneity of the region.

Ribosomes are compositionally heterogeneous between species and even within the same cell, as evidenced by the existence of cytoplasmic and mitochondria ribosomes within the same eukaryotic cells. Certain researchers have suggested that heterogeneity in the composition of ribosomal proteins in mammals is important for gene regulation, i.e., the specialized ribosome hypothesis. However, this hypothesis is controversial and the topic of ongoing research.

Outsourced supply or trade was then primarily if not always carried out by land. Life at the fort was relatively simple yet boring, which left little to do save keep watch, farm, and tend the land. Malischke, LisaMarie. Heterogeneity of Early French and Native Forts, Settlements, and Villages: A Comparison to Fort St. Pierre (1719-1729) in French Colonial Louisiane.

Crustal anatexis is not restricted to a single tectonic setting, but rather is controlled by four primary parameters: temperature, pressure, volatile content, and rock type/composition. These parameters are highly variable and depend on depth, crustal thickness, and local variations of the Earth’s geotherm. The amount and composition of partial melts likely varies locally, reflecting the heterogeneity of the Earth's crust.

" In International Conference on Parallel Problem Solving from Nature, pp. 211-221. Springer International Publishing, 2014. ExSTraCS integrated (1) expert knowledge to drive covering and genetic algorithm towards important features in the data,Urbanowicz, Ryan J., Delaney Granizo- Mackenzie, and Jason H. Moore. "Using expert knowledge to guide covering and mutation in a michigan style learning classifier system to detect epistasis and heterogeneity.

This approach to human well-being emphasizes the importance of freedom of choice, individual heterogeneity and the multi-dimensional nature of welfare. In significant respects, the approach is consistent with the handling of choice within conventional microeconomics consumer theory, although its conceptual foundations enable it to acknowledge the existence of claims, like rights, which normatively dominate utility-based claims (see ).

Genetics 26: 507-526, 1992. He has been a pioneer in the use of genomic and metabolomic approaches to understand system-wide effects of damaging agents like radiation.Amundson, S. A., Bittner, M., Chen, Y., Trent, J., Meltzer, P., and Fornace, A. J., Jr. Fluorescent cDNA microarray hybridization reveals complexity and heterogeneity of cellular genotoxic stress responses. Oncogene 18: 3666-3672, 1999.

The traditional negative binomial regression model, commonly known as NB2, is based on the Poisson-gamma mixture distribution. This model is popular because it models the Poisson heterogeneity with a gamma distribution. Poisson regression models are generalized linear models with the logarithm as the (canonical) link function, and the Poisson distribution function as the assumed probability distribution of the response.

The 16S rRNA gene sequences of the type strain CEE_131(T) proved to be distantly related to those of Rheinheimera and Serratia. Its G+C content was 41.7 mol%.Rodríguez-Blanco A, Vetion G, Escande ML, Delille D, Ghiglione JF. Gallaecimonas pentaromativorans gen. nov., sp. nov., a bacterium carrying 16S rRNA gene heterogeneity and able to degrade high-molecular-mass polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.

Thus, interfamilial phenotypic variation will be greater than intrafamilial variation. Researchers use sibling and twin studies, for instance, to estimate heritability of a phenotype, controlling for sources of variation such as major locus heterogeneity and environmental influence. In one such example, Vanscoy et al. compare lung function between monozygotic and dizygotic twin pairs, as well as siblings with cystic fibrosis (CF).

Chicago and London. and others have pointed out that most natural populations usually don’t even approach exhaustion of resources, and too much emphasis on interspecific competition is therefore wrong. Concerning the possibility that competition has led to segregation in the evolutionary past, Wiens (1974, 1984)Wiens, J.A. 1974. Habitat heterogeneity and avian community structure in North American grasslands. American Midland Naturalist 91,195-213.

Her dissertation traces Egypt's politic history. The paintings of Sirry capture the relationship between feminist consciousness and advocacy of women, history, fascism, and Islamic futurism. Because of their eclecticism and heterogeneity of modern Egypt, Sirry's paintings were known. Her work is dominated by women in unmistakable pose of power stemming from female unity, performing roles in the public and private spheres.

However, kleptothermy can happen between different species that share the same habitat, and can also happen in pre-hatching life where embryos are able to detect thermal changes in the environment. This process requires two major conditions: the thermal heterogeneity created by the presence of a warm organism in a cool environment in addition to the use of that heterogeneity by another animal to maintain body temperatures at higher (and more stable) levels than would be possible elsewhere in the local area. The purpose of this behaviour is to enable these groups to increase its thermal inertia, retard heat loss and/or reduce the per capita metabolic expenditure needed to maintain stable body temperatures. Kleptothermy is seen in cases where ectotherms regulate their own temperatures and exploit the high and constant body temperatures exhibited by endothermic species.

11, 836–842 (2009). This approach is unaffected by phenotypic heterogeneity, incomplete penetrance and levels of expressivity. Therefore, it is useful in complex diseases that also overlap, such as autism spectrum disorder and intellectual disability, enabling the diseases to be distinguished, and specific subtypes of the disease based on the genomic content to be determined. Currently, the genotype-first approach is used primarily for research objectives.

There are conflicting views on the effect of competition on species diversity. Some hold the view that an increase in interspecies competition leads to local extinctions and a decrease in diversity. Others view competition as a means of species specialization and niche partitioning, resulting in increase diversity.Menge, B. A. & Sutherland, J.P. (1976) Species diversity gradients: synthesis of the roles of predation, competition, and temporal heterogeneity.

Spatial statistics or analysis are applied to test hypotheses regarding patterns or relationships within these data, such as the property of spatial dependency (spatially closer entities are more similar or related than spatially distant entities) or spatial heterogeneity (locations are unique relative to other locations).Sui, D.Z., 2007. Geographic information systems and medical geography: Toward a new synergy. Geography Compass, 1(3), pp.556-582.

Measuring corruption accurately is difficult if not impossible due to the illicit nature of the transaction and imprecise definitions of corruption. Few reliable measures of the magnitude of corruption exists and among those, there is a high level of heterogeneity. One of the most common ways to estimate corruption is through perception surveys. They have the advantage of good coverage, however, they do not measure corruption precisely.

An example of this difference is seen in the species' virulence. Only a few strains of S. aureus are associated with infections in humans. This demonstrates that there is a large range of infectious ability within the species. It has been proposed that one possible reason for the great deal of heterogeneity within the species could be due to its reliance on heterogeneous infections.

There is a volume-dependent relationship between homogeneity of the eruption products and their volume; large volume ignimbrites have uniform mineralogical and compositional heterogeneity. Small volume ignimbrites often show gradation in composition. This pattern has been observed in other volcanic centres such as the Fish Canyon Tuff in the United States and the Toba ignimbrites in Indonesia. Petrologically, ignimbrites are derived from dacitic–rhyodacitic magmas.

Am. Nat. 169, 738–747van Nes, E., and Scheffer, M. (2005) Implications of spatial heterogeneity for catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems. Ecology 86, 1797–1807Hastings, A., and Wysham, D.B. (2010) Regime shifts in ecological systems can occur with no warning. Ecol Lett, 1–9 Systems approaching a bifurcation point show a characteristic behaviour called critical slowing down leading to an increasingly slow recovery from perturbations.

Substantial phenotypic and genotypic evidence exists to demonstrate heterogeneity within the species. This has led to the reclassification of C. botulinum type G strains as a new species, C. argentinense. Group I C. botulinum strains that do not produce a botulin toxin are referred to as C. sporogenes. The complete genome of C. botulinum has been sequenced at Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute in 2007.

Landscape ecology theory stresses the role of human impacts on landscape structures and functions. It also proposes ways for restoring degraded landscapes. Landscape ecology explicitly includes humans as entities that cause functional changes on the landscape. Landscape ecology theory includes the landscape stability principle, which emphasizes the importance of landscape structural heterogeneity in developing resistance to disturbances, recovery from disturbances, and promoting total system stability.

A bottle of Clos de Vougeot wine. Notice the Grand Cru designation on the label. Both the geological heterogeneity of Clos de Vougeot, and the bewildering array of many small vineyard holders, contribute to making wines produced under the Clos de Vougeot AOC designation very variable in style and quality. Very fine wine of classic quality as well as very mediocre wines are produced here.

Antineoplastic resistance, synonymous with chemotherapy resistance, is the ability of cancer cells to survive and grow despite different anti-cancer therapies, i.e. their multiple drug resistance. There are two general causes of antineoplastic therapy failure: Inherent resistance, such as genetic characteristics, giving cancer cells their resistance from the beginning, which is rooted in the concept of cancer cell heterogeneity and acquired resistance after drug exposure.

Polycystic lipomembranous osteodysplasia with sclerosing leukoencephalopathy is a rare disease characterised by early-onset dementia and multifocal bone cysts.Kondo T, Takahashi K, Kohara N, Takahashi Y, Hayashi S, Takahashi H, Matsuo H, Yamazaki M, Inoue K, Miyamoto K, Yamamura T (2002) Heterogeneity of presenile dementia with bone cysts (Nasu-Hakola disease): three genetic forms. Neurology 59: 1105-1107 It is also known as Nasu–Hakola disease.

Thus, ECHO has been chosen as an ideal means to detect excessive wall thickening of cardiac muscle in HCM. For children with HCM, treatment strategies aim to reduce disease symptoms and lower the risk of sudden death. Due to the heterogeneity of the disease, treatment is usually modified according to individual's needs. β-blockers improve left ventricular filling and relaxation and thereby improve symptoms.

While many cases of HPMRS are caused by mutations in the PIGV gene, there may be genetic heterogeneity in the spectrum of Mabry syndrome as a whole. PIGV is a member of the molecular pathway that synthesizes the glycosylphosphatidylinositol anchor. The loss in PIGV activity results in a reduced anchoring of alkaline phosphatase to the surface membrane and an elevated alkaline phosphatase activity in the serum.

In biology, Opitz' most important contribution was the reintroduction of the developmental field concept linking human evolution, genetics, and development. The discovery by Hans Spemann in 1922 of the "organizer" identified the "primary" field. Clinically, radius dysgenesis was defined as a developmental field defect on the basis of causal heterogeneity. Developmental fields are now known as the basic morphogenetic units of the vertebrate embryo.

Aside from the great heterogeneity seen in lung cancers (especially those occurring among tobacco smokers), the considerable variability in diagnostic and sampling techniques used in medical practice, the high relative proportion of individuals with suspected GCCL who do not undergo complete surgical resection, and the near-universal lack of complete sectioning and pathological examination of resected tumor specimens prevent high levels of quantitative accuracy.

To overcome cultural conflicts anti- historicism with modern architectural vocabulary became a prevalent design strategy for the majority of architectural projects. Hence homogeneity of materials replaced traditional heterogeneity and concrete became a material of choice for construction. Such practices, however, caused several problems. Industrialization caused pollution of cities but more importantly it caused flight from rural areas that further caused discrepancies in production, which damaged the economy.

See, for example, Barilits (1994), p. 61. Correlations in this sense, including in the PIMS program, initially give nothing other than a reason to investigate possible causalities substantiated and intensively.' Another important criticism of PIMS is that it does not take into account heterogeneity in the data set. The presumption of PIMS analysis is that the same "laws of the marketplace" apply to all industries.

CT is excellent for demonstrating dystrophic calcifications in the teratoid type. On MRI, dityomas typically appear slightly to moderately hyperdense to vitreous on T1-weighted images and hypodense on T2-weighted images, with marked homogeneous enhancement (except for prominent parts of cystic components, which, if present, may impart heterogeneity) after administration of intravenous contrast material. MRI is excellent for detection of tumors as small as 2 millimeters.

The section of lake facing Chilumba is called Chilumba Bay. The MV Ilala a steamboat, which connects the main settlements on Lake Malawi, has Chilumba as its northernmost stop. Once it has reached Chilumba, it starts its travel back to its base in Lusumbwe in the Southern Region of Malawi. Heterogeneity in landscape gives Chilumba a unique environment for diversification of recreation and production activities.

The heterogeneous character makes it difficult to summarize the general mechanical properties for trabecular bone. High porosity makes trabecular bone compliant and large variations in architecture leads to high heterogeneity. The modulus and strength vary inversely with porosity and highly depend on the porosity structure. Additionally, the effects of aging and small cracks of trabecular bones on their mechanical properties will be analyzed more in final drafts.

Understanding the potential mechanisms involving benthic periphyton and the effects on heterogeneity within a stream may provide a better understanding of the structure and function of stream ecosystems. Benthic gross primary production (GPP) may be important in maintaining biodiversity hotspots in littoral zones in large lake ecosystems. However, the relative contributions of benthic habitats within specific ecosystems are poorly explored and more research is needed.

Thus knf = Nnf / tn. One can see that the single molecule measurement of rate constant is only dependent on the ergodic hypothesis, which can be judged if statistically enough number of single molecules are measured and expected well-behaved distributions of dwell times are observed. Heterogeneity among single molecules can be observed as well if each molecule has distinguishable set of states or set of rate constants.

Finds assigned to the Istvaeones are characterized by a greater heterogeneity than can be found in the other Germanic archaeological groupings. Their predominant burial type is the pyre grave. There are no richly equipped princely graves or weapons as grave goods to be found as, for example, occur with the neighboring Elbe Germanic groups.Walter Pohl: Walter Pohl: Die Germanen, Oldenbourg Wissenschaftsverlag, 2004, (p. 20/21).

Leopardus pardalis, the ocelot, is a threatened species that finds a home in the southwest Amazon moist forests. What is distinctive about this region is the diversity of habitats created by edaphic, topographic and climatic variability. Habitat heterogeneity, along with a complex geological and climatic history has led to a high cumulative biotic richness. Endemism and overall richness is high in vascular plants, invertebrates and vertebrate animals.

For some investigation teams it means that MS is a heterogeneous disease. Others maintain that the shape of the scars can change with time from one type to other and this could be a marker of the disease evolution. Anyway, the heterogeneity could be true only for the early stage of the disease. Some lesions present mitochondrial defects that could distinguish types of lesions.

American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author. The diagnosis of personality disorders in the fourth edition Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, including dependent personality disorder, was found to be problematic due to reasons such as excessive diagnostic comorbidity, inadequate coverage, arbitrary boundaries with normal psychological functioning, and heterogeneity among individuals within the same categorial diagnosis.

Molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE, also molecular pathologic epidemiology) is a discipline combining epidemiology and pathology. It is defined as "epidemiology of molecular pathology and heterogeneity of disease". Pathology and epidemiology share the same goal of elucidating etiology of disease, and MPE aims to achieve this goal at molecular, individual and population levels. Typically, MPE utilizes tissue pathology resources and data within existing epidemiology studies.

The heterogeneity of tumors makes drug development increasingly complex, especially as new causes are discovered. No cure for cancer in canines exist. Some dog owners opt for no treatment of the cancer at all, in which case palliative care, including pain relief, may be offered. Regardless of how treatment proceeds following a diagnosis, the quality of life of the pet is an important consideration.

In the east, Songhay, Bozo, and Dogon people predominate, while the Fula people, formerly nomadic, have settled in patches across the nation. Tuareg and Maure peoples continue a largely nomadic desert culture, across the north of the nation. The interaction of these communities (along with dozens of other smaller ethnicities) have created a Malian culture, marked by heterogeneity, as well as syntheses where these traditions intermix.

Scalability in a distributed network must face different issues. First, it must take into account the heterogeneity of the devices, having different performance and energy constraints, the highly dynamic condition and the reliability of the connections, compared to more robust infrastructure of cloud data centers. Moreover, security requirements may introduce further latency in the communication between nodes, which may slow down the scaling process.

At meander and hyper-meander, the displacement of the center of autowave rotation (i.e. its drift) is influenced by the forces generated by the very same rotating autowave. However, in result of the scientific study of rotating autowaves was also identified a number of external conditions that force reverberator drift. It can be, for example, the heterogeneity of the active medium by any parameter.

Genetic drift is typically modeled in lab environments using bacterial populations or digital simulation. In digital organisms, a generated population undergoes evolution based on varying parameters, including differential fitness, variation, and heredity set for individual organisms. Rozen et al. use separate bacterial strains on two different mediums, one with simple nutrient components and one with nutrients noted to help populations of bacteria evolve more heterogeneity.

For most human diseases, variable expressivity of the disease phenotype is the norm. This makes choosing one specific age group or phenotypic marker more difficult to select for study. # The origins of complex disease involve many biological pathways, some of which may differ between disease phenotypes. # Most importantly, complex diseases often illustrate genetic heterogeneity – multiple genes can be found that interact and produce one disease state.

A locus at 14q has been suggested, but no gene has been identified. A second locus has been identified on chromosome 8 and a third has been reported on chromosome 2. This suggests there may be some genetic heterogeneity in this disease. A mutation in the gene encoding the type III sodium dependent phosphate transporter 2 (SLC20A2) located on chromosome 8 has been reported.

Two very broad, large low-shear-velocity provinces, exist in the lower mantle under Africa and under the central Pacific. It is postulated that plumes rise from their surface or their edges. Their low seismic velocities were thought to suggest that they are relatively hot, although it has recently been shown that their low wave velocities are due to high density caused by chemical heterogeneity.

The nanobodies outperformed the classical antibodies in detecting clinical significant concentrations of hPSA. To increase the crystallization probability of a target molecule, nanobodies can be used as crystallization chaperones. As auxiliary proteins, they can reduce the conformational heterogeneity by binding and stabilizing just a subset of conformational states. They also can mask surfaces interfering with the crystallization while extending regions that form crystal contacts.

Certain ribosomal proteins are absolutely critical for cellular life while others are not. In budding yeast, 14/78 ribosomal proteins are non-essential for growth, while in humans this depends on the cell of study. Other forms of heterogeneity include post- translational modifications to ribosomal proteins such as acetylation, methylation, and phosphorylation. Arabidopsis, Viral internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs) may mediate translations by compositionally distinct ribosomes.

A particular resource like money cannot automatically be equated with power because the resource can be used skillfully or clumsily, fully or partially, or not at all. Pluralists believe that social heterogeneity prevents any single group from gaining dominance. In their view, politics is essentially a matter of aggregating preferences. This means that coalitions are inherently unstable (Polsby, 1980), hence competition is easily preserved.

With a large wave of immigrants in the 1960s and onwards, the United States saw an increased heterogeneity in its public. In the 1980s and 90s, drug related homicide was at a record high. This increase in drug violence became increasingly tied to these ethnic minorities. Though the rate of violence varied tremendously among cities in America, it was a common anxiety in communities across urban America.

These regions in the glassy polymer are called cages. In the intermediate regime each particle has its own and different relaxation time. The dynamics in all these cases are different, so at a small scale, there are a large number of cages in the system relative to the size of the whole system. This is known as dynamical heterogeneity in the glassy state of the system.

Rastafari, sometimes termed Rastafarianism, is also sometimes listed as an Abrahamic religion. Classified as both a new religious movement and social movement, it developed in Jamaica during the 1930s. It lacks any centralised authority and there is much heterogeneity among practitioners, who are known as Rastafari, Rastafarians, or Rastas. Rastafari refer to their beliefs, which are based on a specific interpretation of the Bible, as "Rastalogy".

Combined with their dependence on polyP and pyrophosphate, the lower temperatures at the land-water interface the most likely habitat for obcells to evolve. In these conditions, the extreme temperature changes and heterogeneity of external components could induce sharp changes in the structure and function of colonizing obcells which is more likely to lead to the evolution of protocells compared to stable temperatures and homogeneous external components.

Biopsies are invasive and associated with risks to the patient. Therefore, multiple biopsies to monitor disease progression are rare and diagnostic biopsies are relied on for genetic information. This can be problematic because of tumor heterogeneity and tumor evolution. Firstly, biopsies only sample one portion of the tumor, and because tumors are heterogeneous, this will not cover the full genetic landscape of the tumor.

She has published dozens of peer-reviewed articles in the field of gynecologic oncology. Her research covers the depth and breadth of women's health care with focus on women's cancers. Some of the more significant contributions include work on avoiding ultra-radical surgery for advanced vulvar cancer, using evidence-based medicine to choose chemotherapy for women with ovarian cancer, and understanding the heterogeneity of ovarian cancer.

For example, people with tumors have high levels of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) due to tumor cells that have gone through apoptosis. This tumor marker can be detected in the blood, saliva, or urine. The possibility of identifying an effective biomarker for early cancer diagnosis has recently been questioned, in light of the high molecular heterogeneity of tumors observed by next-generation sequencing studies.

CMD has the following features. It integrates a variety of proactive defense elements technically as the concept. And the similarity and singularity of the target system are altered via heterogeneity and diversity while the static state and certainty of the target system are transformed through dynamic and stochastic means. Also it identifies and shields unknown defects and threats based on heterogeneous, redundant and multi-mode ruling mechanisms.

Bunder, J. E., A. J. Roberts, and I. G. Kevrekidis (2017). “Good coupling for the multiscale patch scheme on systems with microscale heterogeneity”. In: J. Computational Physics 337, pp. 154–174. That is, for efficiency one makes the microscale tooth/patch as small as possible, but limited by the need to fit in action and core regions big enough to form accurate enough averages.

Berlin, Germany: ACM. "DOI". In fact, it has been proposed as a valid solution to the semantic heterogeneity problem, namely managing the diversity in knowledge. Interoperability among people of different cultures and languages, having different viewpoints and using different terminology has always been a huge problem. Especially with the advent of the Web and the consequential information explosion, the problem seems to be emphasized.

As time passes cancerous tumors can progress in genetic diversity amongst clonal cells due to the ability to accumulate changes over time, until the tumor reaches homeostasis thus allowing for the spread of the disease throughout the body of a host. Overlap this pathway with all of the other developmental pathways and possible events that can lead to the same outcome of metastasis, and it becomes apparent that cancer has a unique ability to find a way to progress into its cancerous phenotype. Therefore, from the moment of initiation putting cells or tissues down a pathway towards metastasis the majority of tumor cells will accumulate mutations that increases genetic diversity within the tumor (intra- tumor genetic heterogeneity). Not only can tumors be composed of genetically diverse cells, it can also lead to inter-tumor heterogeneity meaning that related tumors within the same host are genetically different.

Blood- based biomarkers those are obtained from plasma or serum samples. Since the prevalence of metabolic syndromes is increased in schizophrenia patients, makers of those syndromes have been common targets of research. Differences between patients and controls have been found in insulin levels, insulin resistance, and glucose tolerance. These effects are generally small, however, and often present only in a subset of patients, which results from the heterogeneity of the disease.

2004 Thus, forests are often highly heterogeneous environments compared to other terrestrial plant communities. This heterogeneity in turn can enable great biodiversity of species of both plants and animals. Some structures, such as tree ferns may be keystone species for a diverse range of other species.Fountain-Jones N.M, Mc Quillan P and Grove S. (2012) ‘Beetle communities associated with the tree fern Dicksonia antarctica Labill. in Tasmania’ Australian Journal of Entomology.

After graduating, Belgrave worked at GlaxoSmithKline (GSK), where she was awarded the Exceptional Scientist Award. Belgrave joined Imperial College London as a Medical Research Council (MRC) statistician in 2015. She develops statistical machine learning models to look at disease progression in an effort to design new management strategies and understand heterogeneity. Statistical learning methods can inform the management of medical conditions by providing a framework for endotype discovery using probabilistic modelling.

In the manual thrombus perviousness assessment, spherical ROIs with a diameter of 2 mm are manually placed in the thrombus, both on NCCT and CTA. To improve reflection of possible thrombus heterogeneity, three ROIs are placed per imaging modality rather than one.Santos EMM, Yoo AJ, Beenen LF, Berkhemer OA, den Blanken MD, Wismans C, et al. Observer variability of absolute and relative thrombus density measurements in patients with acute ischemic stroke.

The Birth of Biopolitics pp. 290-316 (2008)The Birth of Biopolitics pp. 267-289 (2008) Foucault answers this question on the process of how to govern through governmental technology, the new neo-liberals, economic liberals sought to have a heterogeneity of the economic and the judicial which must be pegged to an economy understood as process of production and exchange. Civil society,The Birth of Biopolitics pp.

Such characteristics of the data grid systems as large scale and heterogeneity require specific methods of tasks scheduling and resource allocation. To resolve the problem, majority of systems use extended classic methods of scheduling.Epimakhov, Igor; Hameurlain, Abdelkader ; Dillon, Tharam; Morvan, Franck. Resource Scheduling Methods for Query Optimization in Data Grid Systems Others invite fundamentally different methods based on incentives for autonomous nodes, like virtual money or reputation of a node.

According to Simmel, in small groups, secrets are less needed because everyone seems to be more similar. In larger groups secrets are needed as a result of their heterogeneity. In secret societies, groups are held together by the need to maintain the secret, a condition that also causes tension because the society relies on its sense of secrecy and exclusion. For Simmel, secrecy exists even in relationships as intimate as marriage.

However, subsequent molecular investigations indicated heterogeneity within this new species, and in 1996 it was divided into S. dysgalactiae subspecies equisimilis and S. dysgalactiae subspecies dysgalactiae. The taxonomic division of Streptococcus dysgalactiae into its two subspecies has been the origin of much confusion, and a matter of ongoing debate. Although no official taxonomic gold standard exists, the most current and widely supported definition was published by Vieira et al. in 1998.

Thrombodynamics analyser scheme Thrombodynamics designed to investigate the in vitro spatial-temporal dynamics of blood coagulation initiated by localized coagulation activator under conditions similar to the conditions of the blood clotting in vivo. Thrombodynamics takes into account the spatial heterogeneity trombodinamiki processes in blood coagulation. The test is performed without mixing in a thin layer of plasma. The measurement cuvette with the blood plasma sample is placed inside the water thermostat.

Autism spectrum disorders are among the most highly heritable psychiatric disorders and display high levels of phenotypic variability. Disorders on the Autism spectrum have high levels of genetic heterogeneity and result from multiple genetic pathways including single gene mutation disorders (such as Fragile X Syndrome), regional and submicroscopic variations in the number of gene copies (either heritable or de novo), rare and common genetic variants, and chromosomal aberrations.

One of van Wyhe's areas of research covers the reception of evolutionary ideas, and in an article titled "Darwin vs God?" he put forward the case that Darwin was neither an atheist nor was there a significant uproar of science and religion when The Origin of Species was published, though heterogeneity of opinion existed.Darwin vs God?', BBC History Magazine, volume 10, No 1, January 2009, p. 27-31.

Funnel plots, introduced by Light and Pillemer in 1984 and discussed in detail by Matthias Egger and colleagues, are useful adjuncts to meta-analyses. A funnel plot is a scatterplot of treatment effect against a measure of study precision. It is used primarily as a visual aid for detecting bias or systematic heterogeneity. A symmetric inverted funnel shape arises from a ‘well-behaved’ data set, in which publication bias is unlikely.

The PDZ domain is a motif composed of 80-120 amino acids with conserved four residue GLGF sequences that typically interact with C-termini of cytoskeletal proteins. The region of heterogeneity in the two isoforms is between the PDZ domain and LIM domain. ALP is localized to chromosome 4q35. It has been shown that deletion of muscleblind-like 1 in mice can alter the splicing pattern of PDLIM3.

Other sequence variations are single base exchanges, deletions and insertions. SNPs occur on average about every 100 to 300 bases and so are the major source of heterogeneity. A functional, or non-synonymous, SNP is one that affects some factor such as gene splicing or messenger RNA, and so causes a phenotypic difference between members of the species. About 3% to 5% of human SNPs are functional (see International HapMap Project).

Furthermore, it is possible for genetic variability to be further increased by some cancer therapies (e.g. treatment with temozolomide and other chemotherapy drugs). Mutational tumor heterogeneity refers to variations in mutation frequency in different genes and samples and can be explored by MutSig. The etiology of mutational processes can considerably vary between tumor samples from the same or different cancer types and can be manifested in different context-dependent mutational profiles.

Single-cell DNA genome sequencing involves isolating a single cell, amplifying the whole genome or region of interest, constructing sequencing libraries, and then applying next- generation DNA sequencing (ex. Illumina, Ion Torrent). In mammalian systems, single-cell DNA sequencing has been widely applied to study normal physiology and disease. Single-cell resolution can uncover the roles of genetic mosaicism or intra-tumor genetic heterogeneity in cancer development or treatment response.

Glycosylation is an important parameter in the optimization of many glycoprotein-based drugs such as monoclonal antibodies. Glycosylation also underpins the ABO blood group system. It is the presence or absence of glycosyltransferases which dictates which blood group antigens are presented and hence what antibody specificities are exhibited. This immunological role may well have driven the diversification of glycan heterogeneity and creates a barrier to zoonotic transmission of viruses.

Sofer's most notable student Rabbi Moshe Schick, together with Sofer's sons, the rabbis Shmuel Binyamin and Shimon, took an active role in arguing against the Reform movement. They showed relative tolerance for heterogeneity within the Orthodox camp. Others, such as the more zealous Rabbi Hillel Lichtenstein, supported a more stringent position in orthodoxy. Rabbi Moshe Schick demonstrated support in 1877 for the separatist policies of Rabbi Samson Raphael Hirsch in Germany.

Path Leader: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Strufe; Path Co-Leader: Prof. Dr.-Ing. Frank H. P. Fitzek The goal of this Path is to achieve the resilience of networked systems, focusing on flexible, application-specific, and adaptive resilience mechanisms. Reliable information processing with unreliable and adjustable components is being researched, taking into account the projected heterogeneity of future systems and the fault characteristics of new materials-inspired technologies.

Route capacity is maximised for any rail system when all the rail traffic is the same type. Mixing different types of trains, or even different stopping patterns, will result in a substantial reduction of capacity. Where different types of trains are mixed together this is sometimes called heterogeneity. In this context different types of trains means those that are slower than other trains, for example, freight and passenger trains.

Mosser's laboratory has studied the heterogeneity of macrophages, and the roles these cells play in positively or negatively influencing adaptive immune responses. Mosser is generally credited with identifying and characterizing a population of macrophages with anti- inflammatory and immunoregulatory activity, termed Regulatory Macrophages (R-MΦ). They hypothesize that the generation of these cells can be exploited to mitigate autoimmunity. Conversely, the deletion of these cells may potentiate immune responses.

The data interaction process can be well explained as a local sequential Bayesian updating process within a neighborhood. Because single- step transition probability matrices are difficult to estimate from sparse sample data and are impractical in representing the complex spatial heterogeneity of states, the transiogram, which is defined as a transition probability function over the distance lag, is proposed as the accompanying spatial measure of Markov chain random fields.

Different theories conceptualise dyslexia as either a phonological, attentional, auditory, magnocellular, or automatisation deficit. Such heterogeneity suggests the existence of yet unrecognised subtypes of dyslexics suffering from distinguishable deficits. The purpose of the study was to identify cognitive subtypes of dyslexia. Out of 642 children screened for reading ability 49 dyslexics and 48 controls were tested for phonological awareness, auditory discrimination, motion detection, visual attention, and rhythm imitation.

Whittaker studies novel photovoltaic and thermoelectric materials for energy generation and storage. She is particularly interested in chalcogenides and perovskites and how their composition and structure impacts their electronic properties. Whittaker has researched how bias stress and sample heterogeneity impact the performance and operational lifetime of organic-inorganic halide perovskites (OIHPs). She has also studied the role of excitons in their operational stability and impact of moisture and oxygen.

It is also appropriate to view spatial dependency as a source of information rather than something to be corrected. Locational effects also manifest as spatial heterogeneity, or the apparent variation in a process with respect to location in geographic space. Unless a space is uniform and boundless, every location will have some degree of uniqueness relative to the other locations. This affects the spatial dependency relations and therefore the spatial process.

Meta-regression analysis (MRA) is a quantitative method of conducting literature surveys. Meta-regression has gained popularity in social, behavioral and economic sciences. Important applications have focused on qualifying estimates of policy-relevant parameters, testing economic theories, explaining heterogeneity, and qualifying potential biases. Generally, three types of models can be distinguished in the literature on meta-analysis: simple regression, fixed effect meta-regression and random effects meta-regression.

Because the together time between the couples has been decreasing, and the discrepancy of urbanization level between genders has gradually extended which tended to induce the societal heterogeneity between genders larger, the possibility of divorce rate has been consequently increasing. One sample study in a county of one central province showed that 65% of the divorce cases in 2008 were involved with rural women who were left behind.

Macrophytes promote the sedimentation of suspended solids by reducing the current velocities,Zhu, M.Y., Zhu, G.W., Nurminen, L., Wu, T.F., Deng, J.M., Zhang, Y.L., Qin, B.Q. & Ventela, A.M. (2015) The Influence of Macrophytes on Sediment Resuspension and the Effect of Associated Nutrients in a Shallow and Large Lake (Lake Taihu, China). PLoS ONE, 10. impede erosion by stabilising soil surfaces. Macrophytes also provide spatial heterogeneity in otherwise unstructured water column.

His reforms attempted to create a form of religious heterogeneity by, among other things, reopening pagan temples, accepting Christian bishops previously exiled as heretics, promoting Judaism, and returning Church lands to their original owners. However, Julian's short reign ended when he died while campaigning in the East. Christianity came to dominance during the reign of Julian's successors, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens (the last Eastern Arian Christian emperor).

529-535 His initial work focused on the heterogeneity of eukaryotic genome composition. During his postdoctoral stay, he discovered the first intercellular adhesive molecule N-CAM and then described for the first time the relationship between morphogenesis and the adhesive status of cells.Edelman G.M., Gallin W., Delouvée A., Cunningham B.A. and Thiery J.P., « Early epochal maps of two different cell adhesion molecules », Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci., USA, (1983), 80, p.

The most commonly used tissue an EWAS is blood. However, blood samples contain multiple different cell types each of which have a unique epigenetic signature. In this way, it is extremely difficult to determine if the sample you have taken is homogeneous and is therefore difficult to determine if the variation in epigenetic marks are due to the differences in phenotype/stimulus or due to the sample heterogeneity.

Temporary Migration, Human Capital, and Language Fluency of Migrants. Scandinavian Journal of Economics, 101(2), pp. 297-314. In work with Arthur van Soest, Dustmann finds that the effect of language proficiency on immigrants' earnings was likely underestimated by earlier studies as the downward bias due to measurement errors in subjective language proficiency dominates the upward bias due to heterogeneity in terms of unobserved ability.Dustmann, C., van Soest, A. (2001).

Plants treated with an external application of the hormone display a temporary restoration of elongation growth patterns. This growth pattern diminished by 35% 7–14 days after final treatment. Hybrid male sterile and male fertile flowers that display heterogeneity have a low crossover of honeybee visitation. Sensory cues such as pollen odor, diameter of seed head, and height may influence pollinator visitation of pollinators that display constancy behavior patterns.

MTSCC can be a difficult diagnosis due to its morphologic heterogeneity. Several morphological variants have been described, as the ‘‘mucin-poor variants’’, showing a predominance of tubular or spindle cell components and only minimal pale mucinous background. Focal papillations or papillary cores and foamy histiocytes can also be seen, creating confusion with type 1 papillary RCC. Helpful features for diagnosis are bland cytologic features and adjacent tubular and spindle cell components.

Historically, the Miskito were not recognized as a singular "people" until their population grew in the area beyond being categorized as "sparsely populated". Largely, the Miskito are identified by their large amounts of ethnic heterogeneity resulting from miscegenation from African and native ancestors. In addition, their consistent historical and modern-day geographic presence on the Atlantic coast of Nicaragua and Honduras allows for recognition as an "ethnic group".

While sexual assault, including rape, can result in physical trauma, many people who experience sexual assault will not suffer any physical injury.Kennedy KM, Heterogeneity of existing research relating to sexual violence, sexual assault and rape precludes meta-analysis of injury data. Journal of Forensic and Legal Medicine. (2013), 20(5):447–459 Rape myths suggest that the stereotypical victim of sexual violence is a bruised and battered young woman.

A modern CHN Analyzer constructed in 2011. A CHN Analyzer (also known as a carbon hydrogen and nitrogen analyzer) is a scientific instrument which is used to measure carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen elemental concentrations in a given sample with accuracy and precision. Sample sizes are most often just a few milligrams, but may differ depending on system. For some sample matrices larger mass is preferred due to sample heterogeneity.

Currently, his group focuses on the development and use of advanced mouse models for cancer. Themes of his current research are: # Development of tools to faster generate complex mouse models, # High throughput transposon insertional mutagenesis to identify components in signaling pathways relevant for cancer, # The role of tumor heterogeneity and cells-of-origin of lung cancer and mesothelioma. His group consists of approximately 12 members including 4 technicians.

This disease is autosomal recessive. Acrocallosal syndrome (ACLS, ACS, Schinzel- Type) is a rare, heterogeneous, autosomal recessive disorder. The heterogeneity of this condition refers to the multiple genes that may function to contribute to varying degrees of this syndrome and is often linked to consanguinity. Characteristics of this syndrome include agenesis of the corpus, macrocephaly, hypertelorism, polydactyly, mental and motor retardation, craniofacial dysmorphism, hallux duplication, and sometimes palatal clefting.

This suggests the syndrome is genetically heterogeneous. The researchers took a different approach to isolate the gene that causes this syndrome by comparing the genealogy of all the families in which the syndrome had been reported. The two types of Uner Tan Syndrome, UTS type I and type II show genetic heterogeneity. In two of the first families (Antep and Canakkale families) it was the VLDLR gene on chromosome 9p24.

If the network in question is a distributed system, the nodes are clients, servers or peers. A peer may sometimes serve as client, sometimes server. In a peer-to-peer or overlay network, nodes that actively route data for the other networked devices as well as themselves are called supernodes. Distributed systems may sometimes use virtual nodes so that the system is not oblivious to the heterogeneity of the nodes.

These connections help users find the topic that they are looking for and build a social connection with people sharing the same interests. Also, as contributors gather according to a common theme, their votes help to screen out the domain expert and the high quality questions in that field. Also, the heterogeneity in the user and question graphs are significant contributors to the quality of the community's knowledge base.

Marked genetic heterogeneity is correlated to multiple levels of causation in many common human diseases including cystic fibrosis, Alzheimer's disease, autism spectrum disorders, inherited predisposition to breast cancer, and non-syndromic hearing loss. These levels of causation are complex and occur through: (1) rare, individual mutations that when combined contribute to the development of common diseases; (2) the accumulation of many different rare, individual mutations within the same gene that contribute to the development of the same common disease within different individuals; (3) the accumulation of many different rare, individual mutations within the same gene that contribute to the development of different phenotypic variations of the same common disease within different individuals; and (4) the development of the same common disease in different individuals through different mutations. Increased understanding of the role of genetic heterogeneity and the mechanisms through which it produces common disease phenotypes will facilitate the development of effective prevention and treatment methods for these diseases.

39 books, 94 contributions to books, 48 articles in refereed journals, 29 articles in non-refereed economic policy journals, 22 other publications and numerous discussion papers, research papers and strategic papers in German, English, French and Spanish. A number of books and articles have been translated into Arabic, Chinese, German, Russian and Spanish. Ayuso, M., J. Bravo and R. Holzmann. 2014. “Revisión de las proyecciones de población.” BBVA Pension Institute, Documento de Trabajo, No. 7, Madrid: BPI. Ayuso, M., J. Bravo, and R, Holzmann. 2017a. “On the Heterogeneity in Longevity Among Socioeconomic Groups: Scope, Trends, and Implications for Earnings-Related Pension Schemes.” Global Journal of Human Social Sciences- Economics 17(1): 33–58. Ayuso, M., J. Bravo, and R, Holzmann. 2017b. “Addressing Longevity Heterogeneity in Pension Scheme Design.” Journal of Finance and Economics 6(1): 1-24. Ayuso, M., J. Bravo, and R, Holzmann. 2020. “Getting Life Expectancy Estimates Right for Pension Policy: Period versus Cohort Approach.” Journal of Pension Economics and Finance (in print).

Morroni (2006, pp. 253-6). If, on the other hand, the analysis is expanded, including the aspects concerning the development of knowledge and the organization of transactions, it is possible to conclude that economies of scale do not always lead to monopoly. In fact, the competitive advantages deriving from the development of the firm's capabilities and from the management of transactions with suppliers and customers can counterbalance those provided by the scale, thus counteracting the tendency towards a monopoly inherent in economies of scale. In other words, the heterogeneity of the organizational forms and of the size of the companies operating in a sector of activity can be determined by factors regarding the quality of the products, the production flexibility, the contractual methods, the learning opportunities, the heterogeneity of preferences of customers who express a differentiated demand with respect to the quality of the product, and assistance before and after the sale.

The Heterogeneity and Autonomy requirements pose special challenges concerning concurrency control in an FDBS, which is crucial for the correct execution of its concurrent transactions (see also Global concurrency control). Achieving global serializability, the major correctness criterion, under these requirements has been characterized as very difficult and unsolved. Commitment ordering, introduced in 1991, has provided a general solution for this issue (See Global serializability; See Commitment ordering also for the architectural aspects of the solution).

She published an essay Om betydningen av det uensartede i våre skoger (On the significance of heterogeneity in forests), which made plead for the conservation of natural mountain forest and criticized its replacement by spruce plantations. This pamphlet caused much animosity against her among foresters. Together with the geologist Adolf Hoel, she was behind the first designation of a conservation area in Svalbard. She was a strong advocate for nature conservation in the Norwegian mountains.

Wang W, Côté J, Xue Y, Zhou S, Khavari PA, Biggar SR, Muchardt C, Kalpana GV, Goff SP, Yaniv M, Workman JL, Crabtree GR. Purification and biochemical heterogeneity of the mammalian SWI-SNF complex. EMBO J. 15(19): 5370-5382, 1996. . Using biochemical and genetic approaches he discovered that the genes that encode its subunits are put together like letters in a word to give a wide variety of different biological meanings.

Additional applications of ecological networks include exploration of how the community context affects pairwise interactions. The community of species in an ecosystem is expected to affect both the ecological interaction and coevolution of pairs of species. Related, spatial applications are being developed for studying metapopulations, epidemiology, and the evolution of cooperation. In these cases, networks of habitat patches (metapopulations) or individuals (epidemiology, social behavior), make it possible to explore the effects of spatial heterogeneity.

The List of Species of the Brazilian Flora published in 2015 around 5000 plant species for the campo rupestre; according to REFLORA by 2019 this number has currently increased in about 100 species, if the database is queried for plants occurring in "Highland Rocky Field". However, due to the heterogeneity of vegetation types assembled in the campo rupestre and increasing knowledge in floristic composition, this number is most likely underestimated and needs to be reassessed.

One can disrupt the membrane and demonstrate a heterogeneous range of composition in the population of the resulting vesicles or fragments. Electron microscopy can also be used to demonstrate lateral inhomogeneities in biomembranes. Often, lateral heterogeneity has been inferred from biophysical techniques where the observed signal indicates multiple populations rather than the expected homogenous population. An example of this is the measurement of the diffusion coefficient of a fluorescent lipid analogue in soybean protoplasts.

Sloughs support a wide variety of plant life that is adapted to rapidly changing physical conditions such as salinity, oxygen levels and depth. In general, sloughs are microhabitats high in species diversity. Open water sloughs are characterized by submerged and floating vegetation which includes periphyton mats dominated by sawgrass typically. The topographical and vegetation heterogeneity of ridge and slough landscape influences the productivity and diversity of birds and fish adapted to that wetland.

Landscape ecology developed in Europe from historical planning on human-dominated landscapes. Concepts from general ecology theory were integrated in North America. While general ecology theory and its sub-disciplines focused on the study of more homogenous, discrete community units organized in a hierarchical structure (typically as ecosystems, populations, species, and communities), landscape ecology built upon heterogeneity in space and time. It frequently included human-caused landscape changes in theory and application of concepts.

Most psychiatric disorders are highly heritable; the estimated heritability for bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and autism (80% or higher) is much higher than that of diseases like breast cancer and Parkinson disease. Having a close family member affected by a mental illness is the largest known risk factor, to date. However, linkage analysis and genome-wide association studies have found few reproducible risk factors. Heterogeneity is an important factor to consider when dealing with genetics.

Delalat M.m and Kharrat R., Investigating the Effects of Heterogeneity, Injection rate, and Water Influx on GAGD EOR in Naturally Fractured Reservoir, Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 1, 2013, pp. 9–21. 22\. Khalili M., Kharrat R., Salahshour K.m Haghighat Sefat M., Fluid injection Optimization Using Modified Globel Dynamic Harmony Search, Journal of Oil & Gas Science and Technology, Vol. 2, Issue 3, 2013, pp. 57–72. 23\.

She comments that Goldberg's theory "contrasts interestingly with the mind-games that Western intellectuals like to play",Hakim (2004): 206. but concludes that Goldberg's thesis has yet to be fully proven.Hakim (2004): 208. In her book's final chapter, after reviewing the empirical evidence, she notes that none of the four competing theories fully explains women's subordination, but that preference theory rules out the salience of sex and gender, given the evidence for female heterogeneity.

The treatment of cleft hand is usually invasive and can differ each time because of the heterogeneity of the condition. The function of a cleft hand is mostly not restricted, yet improving the function is one of the goals when the thumb or first webspace is absent. The social and stigmatising aspects of a cleft hand require more attention. The hand is a part of the body which is usually shown during communication.

Their experiments on Escherichia coli revealed the predicted relative 13C enrichments at odd numbered carbon sites. However, this pattern was not found in S. cerevisiaea fed glucose. Instead, its fatty acids were 13C enriched at the odd positions. This has been interpreted as either a product of isotope effects during fatty acid degradation or the intramolecular isotopic heterogeneity of glucose that ultimately is reflected in the position-specific patterns of fatty acids.

Typically in the human genome a small amount of allele variants account for ~75% of the mutations found at a particular locus within a population. Other variants found are considered to be rare or exclusive to a single pedigree. The Online Mendelian Inheritance of Man has a record of over 1000 genes and their associated allelic variants. These genes display allelic heterogeneity at their loci and are responsible for distinct disease phenotypes.

Affective-homogenous groups are expected to behave differently from heterogeneous ones. The verdict is yet to be decided as to whether homogeneity is better than heterogeneity. In favor of affective homogeneity stand the notion that familiarity and similarity bring feelings of liking, comfort and positive emotions, and thus presumably better group outcomes and performances. It has long been found that people prefer to be in a group similar to them in many perspectives.

The Tatra vole lives at altitudes of 650 to 2350 m above sea level. The habitat occupied by the species is either humid rocky meadows in the subalpine zone or climax upper montane forest. Its distribution range is insular and fragmented as a consequence of landscape altitudinal structure and habitat heterogeneity. The population of the Tatra vole has been estimated to 200,000–250,000 individuals and no population fluctuation or population outbreaks were recorded.

In 2010, Lehtinen received a prestigious K99/R00 NIH Pathway to Independence award from the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke. This award funded her transition from postdoctoral fellow to assistant professor as she launched her independent laboratory at Boston Children's Hospital studying CSF-mediated signaling during development. Lehtinen's work has shed light on several crucial aspects of biology. Her early groundbreaking work demonstrated formerly unrecognized spatial heterogeneity in the choroid plexus.

This assumption may be justifiable if the sites can be assumed to be evolving neutrally. If the primary effect of natural selection on the evolution of the sequences is to constrain some sites, then models of among-site rate-heterogeneity can be used. This approach allows one to estimate only one matrix of relative rates of substitution, and another set of parameters describing the variance in the total rate of substitution across sites.

Historically, this method was used to compare and analyze properties of a single sequence or a group of sequences such as heterogeneity in the absence of sequencing. It was not uncommon to ribosomal DNA and compare the resulting maps of related organisms not unlike 16s rRNA identification method that is often used today.Cramer J H; Rownd R H. (1980) “Denaturation mapping of ribosomal DNA of Saccharomyces cerevisiae”. Molecular Genetics and Genomics 177: p.

He also designed the Miguel Angel Builes Ethnographical Museum (named for Miguel Angel Builes) (1975). His work is characterized by courtyards, high ceilings, color, large bright spaces, heterogeneity, and craftsmanship (artisan construction). Forero graduated from the National University of Colombia, studied in Italy and at the Association School of Architecture in London.Laureano Forero Ochoa 29 June 2007 El Tiempo He worked with Gio Ponti doing architecture and landscaping in Baghdad and England.

The initial behavior model was an attempt to study of why a family uses health services. However, due to the heterogeneity of family members the model focused on the individual rather than the family as the unit of analysis. Andersen also states that the model functions both to predict and explain use of health services. A second model was developed in the 1970s in conjunction with Aday and colleagues at the University of Chicago.

He formulated theories relating to many aspects of social phenomena, including upward mobility, occupational opportunity, and heterogeneity. From each of his theories, he deduced an hypothesis which he would test against large scale empirical research. He was one of the first sociological theorists to use high level statistics to develop sociology as a scientific discipline using macro-level empirical data to gird theory. He also produced theories on how population structures can influence human behavior.

Different methods when applied help us understand how social forces and urban design segregated black communities from white communities. "Shaw and McKay argued that three structural factors- low economic status,ethnic heterogeneity and residential mobility- led to the disruption of community social organization,which,in turn, accounted for variations in crime and delinquency."Sampson and Groves "Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorginization Theory", Chicago Journals, vol. 94, No. 4, January 1989 pages 774-802.

At high pressure 1/n = 0, hence extent of adsorption becomes independent of pressure. It is used in cases where the actual identity of the solute is not known, such as adsorption of colored material from sugar, vegetable oil etc. The Freundlich equation is unique; consequently, if the data fit the equation, it is only likely, but not proved, that the surface is heterogeneous. The heterogeneity of the surface can be confirmed with calorimetery.

With binary data, the random distribution is the binomial (not the Poisson). Thus the Taylor power law and the binary power law are two special cases of a general power-law relationships for heterogeneity. When both a and b are equal to 1, then a small-scale random spatial pattern is suggested and is best described by the binomial distribution. When b = 1 and a > 1, there is over-dispersion (small-scale aggregation).

There is consensus amongst stroke specialists that tPA is the standard of care for eligible stroke patients, and benefits outweigh the risks. There is significant debate mainly in the emergency medicine community regarding recombinant tPA's effectiveness in ischemic stroke. The NNT Group on evidence-based medicine concluded that it was inappropriate to combine these twelve trials into a single analysis, because of substantial clinical heterogeneity (i.e., variations in study design, setting, and population characteristics).

He described a simple experiment to estimate the composition and distribution components of the sampling variance. The distribution heterogeneity causes spatial dependence between measured values in ordered sets determined in sampling units and sample spaces. Visman worked briefly in Ottawa after immigrating to Canada in 1951. Until his retirement in 1976, he headed the Western Regional Laboratories of the Department of Mines and Technical Surveys, which is nowadays known as Energy, Mines & Resources.

After a transitional period with four districts, the new Duchy was consolidated into three districts on 1 August 1809: Wiesbaden, Weilburg, and Ehrenbreitstein. In turn, these were abolished in 1816, with the establishment of Wiesbaden as sole capital. The number of Amt subdivisions was slowly reduced, from sixty-two in 1806 to forty-eight in 1812. Due to the religious heterogeneity of the territory, a system of "combined schools" was introduced on 24 March 1817.

Multiculturalism was regarded as a problem, in Australia attempts were made to reduce cultural heterogeneity by restricting immigration to white Europeans (Wilkinson & Cheng, 1999). This idea was swiftly abandoned. Other issues included adapting to the customs and traditions of new countries, tensions between ethnic communities of historical origins (Wilkinson & Cheng, 1999). Recently the focus has shifted onto the benefits of multiculturalism, and how it can potentially increase domestic and international brand recognition (De Mooij, 2015).

The Baháʼí teachings state that cultural heterogeneity is compatible with unity, and that the Baháʼí teaching of unity requires the embracing of cultural diversity since humanity is enriched by the various cultures throughout the world. The Baháʼí teachings state that having an international auxiliary language would remove the pressure from the natural aggrandizement of majority language groups and thus preserve minority languages, since each person would keep their own mother-tongue, and thus minority cultures.

Opisthioparorchis is a genus of trematodes in the family Batrachotrematidae. The separation of Opisthioparorchis and Batrachotrema, originally weakened by the heterogeneity of the former, has been solidified by the separation of species presenting tegumental spines to Opisthioparorchis and those without tegumental spines to Batrachotrema. This differentiation is opposed to that of Wang (1980), who separated Opisthioparorchis on the basis of the relative positioning of the testes and their relation to the internal caeca.

Dysfunction in emotional circuits located in these regions have been hypothesized as a mechanism for bipolar disorder. A number of lines of evidence suggests abnormalities in neurotransmission, intracellular signalling, and cellular functioning as possibly playing a role in bipolar disorder.Regions implicated in bipolar Studies of bipolar disorder, particularly neuroimaging studies, are vulnerable to the confounding effects such as medication, comorbidity, and small sample size, leading to underpowered independent studies, and significant heterogeneity.

Neo-Druidry is the second-largest pagan path after Wicca, and shows similar heterogeneity. It draws inspirations from historical Druids, the priest caste of the ancient pagan Celts. Neo-Druidry dates to the earliest forms of modern paganism: the Ancient Order of Druids founded in 1781 had many aspects of freemasonry, and has practiced rituals at Stonehenge since 1905. George Watson MacGregor Reid founded the Druid Order in its current form in 1909.

Brooks's interest in black performance was developed from her passion for rock music since she was a child. She frequently turns to music criticism to find out how a rocker's music was different from others, and how a piece of music was influenced by culture to embody greater issues like cultural heterogeneity, race and gender. Because of her passion in black rock music and substantial exposure to African American literature by her family,.

He is currently pursuing a long- term project on the interactions between global climate change and the economy. He is especially known for developing the most widely used computational algorithm for calculating macroeconomic equilibrium under rational expectations in economies with heterogeneous agents and aggregate uncertainty when financial markets are incomplete.Per Krusell and Anthony A. Smith, Jr., (1998), 'Income and wealth heterogeneity in the macroeconomy'. Journal of Political Economy 106 (5), pp. 867-96.

A common example is trying to determine cardiopulmonary reserve in a patient very limited by osteoarthritis. Physiologic heterogeneity and decreased functional reserve are also manifested perioperatively. Normal aging results in changes in cardiac, respiratory, and renal physiology, and the response of the elderly patient to surgical stress is often unpredictable. The pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of elderly and younger patients also differ; moreover, the elderly patient’s use of multiple medications may alter homeostatic mechanisms.

Thus, through the Miskito Reserve the Miskito people were granted "autonomy," but remained under British influence through the designated chief. The British ultimately largely failed in attempts to create fully functioning centralized political structures for the Miskito largely as a result of the heterogeneity within the Miskito population. However, their establishment of a singular political leader did allow that individual to gain favor with the British and allow for continued contact between the two societies.

Legumes can either be self-pollinated or cross-pollinated. Some tropical legumes that are closely self-pollinated are: Macroptilium atropurpureum 'Siratro', Macroptilum lathyroides, Centrosema pubescens, Neonotonia wightii, and Lotononis bainesii. However, the autogamous annual Stylosanthes humilis proved otherwise by adapting in response to changing conditions during an experiment, and was found to be composed of several genotypes showing heterogeneity. Two legumes used for pasture with cross-pollination are: Desmodium intortum and Desmodium uncinatum.

Habitat-specific species pool only these which can potentially inhabit focal study site. Observed diversity can be studied at any scale, and sites with varying heterogeneity. This is also true for dark diversity. Consequently, as local observed diversity can be linked to very different sample sizes, dark diversity can be applied at any study scale (1x1 m sample in a vegetation, bird count transect in a landscape, 50x50 km UTM grid cell).

Mutations in ABCA3 appear to be the most common cause of genetic surfactant dysfunction in humans. The mutations result in a loss of or reduced function of the ABCA3 protein, and are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner . There are more than 150 different mutations throughout ABCA3 gene with various allelic heterogeneity, making it the biggest class of genetic cause of surfactant dysfunction.Like SP-B deficiency, ABCA3 mutations are inherited in autosomal recessive trait.

The authors of the U.S. study concluded that "Our results indicate that SHC2 gene deletions underlie few, if any, cases of well-characterized MSA in the US population. This is in contrast to the Japanese experience reported by Sasaki et al., likely reflecting heterogeneity of the disease in different genetic backgrounds." Another study investigated the frequency of RFC1 intronic repeat expansions, a phenomenon implicated in CANVAS; a disease with a diagnostic overlap with MSA.

Another issue is that heterogeneity within a gene can make a result hard to interpret. For example, if Ka/Ks = 1, it could be due to relaxed selection, or to a chimera of positive and purifying selection at the locus. A solution to this limitation would be to apply Ka/Ks analysis across many species at individual codons. The Ka/Ks method requires a rather strong signal in order to detect selection.

M. coucha has been used frequently in medical research. Unlike the common murine research model, M. coucha has been maintained as an outbred line so it has maintained the genetic heterogeneity necessary for many studies involving immune response. M. coucha also has a naturally occurring papillomavirus that mimics the infection cycle and symptoms seen in humans with HPVs. These two traits have made it a good model to study vaccines against HPV infections.

Rise in Core (RIC) wettability characterization technique is based on a modified form of Washburn's equation (1921). The technique enables relatively quick and accurate measurements of wettability in terms of contact angle while requiring no complex equipment. The method is applicable for any set of reservoir fluids, on any type of reservoir rock and at any heterogeneity level. It characterizes wettability across the board from strongly water to strongly oil wet conditions.

Steven Neuberg Steven L. Neuberg is an experimental social psychologist whose research has contributed to topics pertaining to person perception,Ackerman, J. M., Shapiro, J. R., Neuberg, S. L., Kenrick, D. T., Schaller, M., Becker, D. V., Griskevicius, V., & Maner, J. K. (2006). They all look the same to me (unless they're angry): From out-group homogeneity to out-group heterogeneity. Psychological Science, 17, 836-840. impression formation,Fiske, S. T., & Neuberg, S. L. (1990).

Primary differentiation is demonstrated using the peppered moth as an example, with a change in an environmental variable such as sooty coverage of trees imposing a selective pressure on a previously uniformly coloured moth population. This causes the frequency of melanic morphs to increase the more soot there is on vegetation. Clines produced through this way are generated by spatial heterogeneity in environmental conditions. The mechanism of selection acting upon organisms is therefore external.

Bottom-up modeling focuses on processes to develop system behavior, whilst top-down modeling focuses on system outcomes and try to look for correlations to determine system behavior. There can also be other differences between models. Models could be physics-based, data-based or conceptual. Another difference between models is if they are distributed or lumped, where lumped models include dynamics that vary only in time and distributed models include spatial and temporal heterogeneity.

Rhodotorula glutinis is the type species of the genus Rhodotorula, a basidiomycetous genus of pink yeasts which contains 370 species. Heterogeneity of the genus has made its classification difficult with five varieties having been recognized; however, as of 2011, all are considered to represent a single taxon. The fungus is a common colonist of animals, foods and environmental materials. It can cause opportunistic infections, notably blood infection in the setting of significant underlying disease.

Virtually all of the scientific knowledge about pit and mounds and their impact on forest heterogeneity and other dynamics comes from the Northern Hemisphere, particularly the Relic forests of Europe and the Temperate rainforests of Eastern Canada and Southeast Alaska. It can be argued that because pit and mounds occur on such a small scale, they may impact forest in the southern hemisphere in a different way. Until information is collected, it will be unknown.

Most designs were half-cell experiments; testing only the anode or cathode. As geometries become more complex, non-line-of-sight methods to in-fill the design with electrolyte materials supply the oppositely charged electrode is essential. These batteries can be coated with various materials to improve their performance and stability. However, chemical and physical heterogeneity leaves molecular- level control a significant challenge, especially since the electrochemistry for energy storage is not defect-tolerant.

Murdoch's work in biological control has been instrumental in demonstrating that stability of parasitoid-host interactions in pest control can be achieved by non-equilibrium mechanisms. For example, his examination of the parasitoid- host relationship between Aphytis and the California red scale has elucidated that stability does not arise from metapopulation dynamics and that the regulating mechanism may, instead, lie in size-related interactions, in small- scale spatial heterogeneity, or mixtures of these mechanisms.

Climate change and habitat heterogeneity drive a population increase in Common Buzzards Buteo buteo through effects on survival. Ibis, 156(1), 97–106. At least 238 common buzzards killed through persecution were recovered in England from 1975 to 1989, largely through poisoning. Persecution did not significantly differ at any time due this span of years nor did the persecution rates decrease, nor did it when compared to rates of last survey of this in 1981.

The process of tumorigenesis that transforms a normal cell to a cancerous cell involve a series of complex genetic and epigenetic changes. Identification and characterization of all these changes can be accomplished through various cancer genome sequencing strategies. The power of cancer genome sequencing lies in the heterogeneity of cancers and patients. Most cancers have a variety of subtypes and combined with these ‘cancer variants’ are the differences between a cancer subtype in one individual and in another individual.

The OPC UA protocol specification consists of 14 documents for a total of 1250 pages. Due to this complexity, existing implementations are usually incomplete. In addition, the existence of several serialization formats, as well as the possibility of selectively implementing certain services such as PubSub, eventually lead to a great heterogeneity of the OPC UA connection points. Under these conditions, it is finally difficult to develop client applications that are independent of the specific implementation of each server.

Toxological profile for radon, Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, U.S. Public Health Service, In collaboration with U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, December 1990. Statistically significant excesses in lung cancer deaths were present after cumulative exposures of less than 50 WLM. There is unexplained heterogeneity in these results (whose confidence interval do not always overlap). The size of the radon-related increase in lung cancer risk varied by more than an order of magnitude between the different studies.

The elements have been shown to function in other plants, including tobacco, Arabidopsis,) and rice. Genomic analysis of maize show that these elements, which share terminal 11 bp imperfect inverted repeat sequences, have much sequence heterogeneity, both in length and content. They also include a class of DNA elements that do not transpose in the presence of the Ac element (Du et al. 2011). The chromosome breaking property has been shown to come from pairs of closely positioned elements.

The limiting number of individuals in the population or the isolation can cause a decrease in the heterogeneity of population and leads to a decrease in fitness. Habitat fragmentation causes conservation efforts to be difficult because it has to be decided what areas get protect or have the best possible chance of helping increase a population without damaging the overall fitness of the population, so great care is taken when selecting what areas will be protected.

The approach helped to standardize the imaging and tumor sampling processes, and led to miniaturized assays. Key findings included that tumor response was a good predictor of patient survival, and that tumor shrinkage during treatment was a good predictor of long-term outcome. Importantly, the vast majority of tumors identified as high risk by molecular signature. However, heterogeneity within this group of women and measuring response within tumor subtypes was more informative than viewing the group as a whole.

Single particle analysis can be done on both negatively stained and vitreous ice-embedded CryoTEM samples. Single particle analysis methods are, in general, reliant on the sample being homogeneous, although techniques for dealing with conformational heterogeneity are being developed. Images (micrographs), in the past, were collected on film are digitized using high- quality scanners or using built-in CCD detectors coupled to a phosphorescent layer. Now it is common to use direct electron detectors to collect images.

First, coordinates of cluster peaks (e.g. the voxels where the differences between patients and healthy controls were highest), and statistical maps if available, are selected according to SDM inclusion criteria. Second, coordinates are used to recreate statistical maps, and effect-sizes maps and their variances are derived from t-statistics (or equivalently from p-values or z-scores). Finally, individual study maps are meta-analyzed using different tests to complement the main outcome with sensitivity and heterogeneity analyses.

Contraditório tends to balance research and analysis on a wide range of policy issues and public outreach and as an academic-diversified think tank welcomes the heterogeneity of subjects based on an innovative approach of facing problems and looking for solutions. It has Working Groups on a broad range of public policy issues - Education and Culture, Economy and Finance, International Affairs and Political Science, Law, Science, Innovation and Technology, Entrepreneurship, Society - on which its members conduct policy research.

In Cooperation with Karl Welte and his colleagues at MSKCC the purification and molecular and biological characterization of cytokines, important regulators of cell division, differentiation and migration, were the focus of his work in the following years at MSKCC. Interleukin-2K. Welte, C. Y. Wang, R. Mertelsmann, S. Venuta, S. P. Feldman, M. A. Moore: Purification of human interleukin 2 to apparent homogeneity and its molecular heterogeneity. In: J Exp Med. 1982 Aug 1;156(2), S. 454–464.

Other factors include the loss of methylation, increasing gene expression heterogeneity correlating to genomic abnormalities and telomere shortening. It is uncertain if transcription-based DNA repair takes part in the maintaining of somatic mutations in aging tissues. In some cells, the somatically acquired alterations can be reversed back to wild type alleles by reversion mosaicism. This can be due to endogenous mechanism such as homologous recombination, codon substitution, second-site suppressor mutations, DNA slippage and mobile elements.

But to implement the program V. Lanovyi failed. Scared of radicalism, Vitold Fokin "removed" V. Lanovyi of government. In these circumstances, and I passed Congress "New Ukraine" in June 1992. Apparent heterogeneity of the whole "New Ukraine" : some showed themselves Social Democrats, others - as liberals, some - as advocates of full independence of Ukraine, while others wanted to draw her again in neo-imperial structure - whether in the form of CIS, whether various "There is one space".

The prognosis of MCB can vary between different sub-classifications, which, given the heterogeneity of classification systems, makes assigning prognoses difficult. However, the prognosis for MCB is generally poor. Predictors associated with worse prognosis of MCB include age younger than 39 years at presentation, tumor invasion of the skin, and squamous cell carcinoma spread to the lymph nodes. The 5-year survival rate for MCB varies by classification, and ranges from 49% in the most deadly classifications to 64%.

In people who have IBS-C, soluble fiber can reduce overall symptoms, but will not reduce pain. The research supporting dietary fiber contains conflicting small studies complicated by the heterogeneity of types of fiber and doses used. One meta- analysis found only soluble fiber improved global symptoms of irritable bowel, but neither type of fiber reduced pain. An updated meta-analysis by the same authors also found soluble fiber reduced symptoms, while insoluble fiber worsened symptoms in some cases.

Mutations in the ACAD9 gene are associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, which is autosomal recessive. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and can be caused by mutation in nuclear-encoded genes or in mitochondrial-encoded genes. There are no obvious genotype- phenotype correlations, and inference of the underlying basis from the clinical or biochemical presentation is difficult, if not impossible.

Most cases of EPP are results of inborn errors of metabolism but the metabolic defect in some patients may be acquired. Mutation of the gene that encodes for ferrochelatase in the long arm of chromosome 18 is found in majority of the cases. Ferrochelatase (FECH) catalyzes the insertion of ferrous iron into the protoporphyrin IX ring to form heme. EPP exhibits both recessive and dominant patterns of inheritance and a high degree of allelic heterogeneity with incomplete penetrance.

In either case, anaphase lag will cause one daughter cell to receive a complete set of chromosomes while the other lacks one paired set of chromosomes, creating a form of monosomy. Whether the cell survives depends on which sister chromatid was lost and the background genomic state of the cell. The passage of abnormal numbers of chromosomes will have unique consequences with regards to mosaicism and development as well as the progression and heterogeneity of cancers.

A random effects meta-analysis model involves an assumption that the effects being estimated in the different studies are not identical, but follow some distribution. The model represents the lack of knowledge about why real, or apparent, treatment effects differ by treating the differences as if they were random. The centre of this symmetric distribution describes the average of the effects, while its width describes the degree of heterogeneity. The conventional choice of distribution is a normal distribution.

Lipid microdomains are formed when lipids undergo lateral phase separations yielding stable coexisting lamellar domains. These phase separations can be induced by changes in temperature, pressure, ionic strength or by the addition of divalent cations or proteins. The question of whether such lipid microdomains observed in model lipid systems also exist in biomembranes had motivated considerable research efforts. Lipid domains are not readily isolated and examined as unique species, in contrast to the examples of lateral heterogeneity.

The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy This series of acts is why Bergson calls intuition a method. The first act is a kind of leap, and the idea of a leap is opposed to the idea of a re-constitution after analysis. One should make the effort to reverse the habitual mode of intelligence and set oneself up immediately in the duration. But then, second, one should make the effort to dilate one's duration into a continuous heterogeneity.

The groups recognized by the government before independence receive an annual sum for paying their adherents. The government allows overseas missionary groups to operate on a case-by-case basis, although there are no rules that prohibit proselytizing activities. The missionaries should obtain both residence permit and work permit to operate, which is provided for a maximum of three years, without any extension. There are lot of government holidays, most of which are religious indicating the heterogeneity of religions.

Jean de Thévenot, a French traveler in the Middle East, noted that men of all occupations, religions, or statuses could frequent coffeehouses. Thévenot recognized the “heterogeneity of coffeehouse clientele,” citing “socio-professional and confessional distinctions.” The main frequenters were artisans, shopkeepers, yet merchants from foreign countries like England, Russia, France, and Venice constituted the second largest group. Due to increased communication and interaction between distinct people, “mimetic processes” were developed in politics, art, and, most importantly, insurrection.

The Duration can only be grasped through intuition, the sympathy by which one is transported into an object to grasp what is unique and ineffable within it. Intuition is a complete philosophical method that involves placing oneself within the Duration, and expanding it into a continuous heterogeneity, differentiating the extremities within it to create a dualism, before showing them to in fact be one. An example of this is Duration itself, which is neither a multiplicity or a unity.

Ashcraft discusses that we can point to and expand on ranges of racial categories and heterogeneity that is encompassed within each in order to steer away from racial bifurcations. We can then propose essential possibilities to “cultural difference” race models. The fourth message is that “racial discrimination is a function of personal bias, interpersonal misunderstanding, organizational failure to manage cultural differences, and disproportionate demographics” (Ashcraft & Allen, 2003). Discrimination comes from numerous sources including misunderstandings and management styles.

Different portions of the sugar molecules are used for biosynthesis based on the metabolic pathway an organism uses. Therefore, any interpretations of position-specific isotopes of molecules downstream of glucose have to consider this intramolecular heterogeneity. Glucose is the monomer of cellulose, the polymer that makes plants and trees rigid. After the advent of position-specific analyses of glucose, biogeochemists from Sweden looked the concentric tree rings of a Pinus nigra that recorded yearly growth between 1961 and 1995.

In the past decade, research on team effectiveness has burgeoned as teams have become increasingly common in organizations of all kinds. Research conducted on this topic has focused on aggregated member characteristics, member heterogeneity and team size as categories associated with team composition. The fashion in which a team is configured has a strong influence on team processes and the outcomes that the team achieves.Deep-level composition variables as predictors of team performance: A meta-analysis.

Mutations in the NDUFS1 gene are associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, which is autosomal recessive. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and can be caused by mutation in nuclear-encoded genes or in mitochondrial-encoded genes. There are no obvious genotype-phenotype correlations, and inference of the underlying basis from the clinical or biochemical presentation is difficult, if not impossible.

Mutations in the NDUFV2 gene are associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, which is autosomal recessive. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and can be caused by mutation in nuclear-encoded genes or in mitochondrial-encoded genes. There are no obvious genotype-phenotype correlations, and inference of the underlying basis from the clinical or biochemical presentation is difficult, if not impossible.

Mutations in the NDUFS2 gene are associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, which is autosomal recessive. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and can be caused by mutation in nuclear-encoded genes or in mitochondrial-encoded genes. There are no obvious genotype-phenotype correlations, and inference of the underlying basis from the clinical or biochemical presentation is difficult, if not impossible.

The album's heterogeneity of styles meant that its transitions between tracks could be jarring, but the disc demonstrated von Stade's ability to project many different kinds of music and character with equal conviction. In sum, the album was "another desirable record" from an "attractive, thoughtful" singer who "never makes a bad one".Blyth, Alan: Gramophone, January 1980, pp. 1195-1196 The album was also reviewed in the 1982 edition of The new Penguin stereo record and cassette guide.

Beginning in 1989 with the opera 63: Dream Palace, Bose has enriched the process of temporal layering and serial organization characteristic of his music, in a spirit of reflective postmodernism, by borrowing stylistic elements from the past and present. He wrote the libretto for 63: Dream Palace himself after the novella by James Purdy. It was premiered at the second Munich Biennale in 1990. The heterogeneity of post- modernism is processed through the different reflected styles.

The Swiss Federal Council is elected by the Parliament for four years (its members cannot be dismissed), and is composed of seven members, among whom one is president and one is vice- president, although these are completely symbolic. There is no relationship of confidence between Parliament and the Federal Council. It is a shared system of government that reflects and represents the heterogeneity and multiethnicity of the Swiss people. Direct popular elections are used at the local level.

In statistics, a Galbraith plot (also known as Galbraith's radial plot or just radial plot) is one way of displaying several estimates of the same quantity that have different standard errors. Example for Galbraith's radial plot. It can be used to examine heterogeneity in a meta-analysis, as an alternative or supplement to a forest plot. A Galbraith plot is produced by first calculating the standardized estimates or z-statistics by dividing each estimate by its standard error (SE).

The habitat heterogeneity hypothesis claims that a larger geographic area will have a greater variety of habitat types, and therefore more species adapted to each unique habitat type. Setting aside a small area will not encompass enough habitat variety to contain a large variety of species. The equilibrium hypothesis draws from the theory of island biogeography as described by MacArthur and Wilson. Large areas have large populations, which are less likely to go extinct through stochastic processes.

They define culture as the habits acquired by a society. Smedley states "Ethnicity and culture are related phenomena and bear no intrinsic connection to human biological variations or race" (Smedley 17). The authors state using physical characteristics to define an ethnic identity is inaccurate. The variation of humans has actually decreased over time since, as the author states, "Immigration, intermating, intermarriage, and reproduction have led to increasing physical heterogeneity of peoples in many areas of the world" (Smedley 18).

The clonal evolution model was first proposed in 1976 by Peter Nowell. In this model, tumours arise from a single mutated cell, accumulating additional mutations as it progresses. These changes give rise to additional subpopulations, and each of these subpopulations has the ability to divide and mutate further. This heterogeneity may give rise to subclones that possess an evolutionary advantage over the others within the tumour environment, and these subclones may become dominant in the tumour over time.

The linguistic heterogeneity, combined with the fact that the most of the upper class of workers spoke French, meant that the class struggle for most workers in Brussels was not seen as a language struggle as well. Ever since the start of the 20th century, the workers movement in Brussels defended bilingualism, so as to have a means of emancipation for the local working class. This, along with the educational system, facilitated the Francization of thousands of Brussels residents.

Strategic tutors do more prior planning, including determining the number of learners per groupJacques, D., and Salmon, G (2007) Learning in Groups: A Handbook for on and off line environments, Routledge, London and New York. and membership. Smaller groups are more likely to cultivate trust, whereas a larger group provides for greater heterogeneity and promotes interaction and task achievement. Six is reported to be the smallest size for good online work, and fifteen is the maximum for full participation.

In a society where heterogeneity is established as a form of homogeneity, Woods envisioned the foundation of heterarchy, a societal structure based on dialogue and collaboration. In this context, the individual stands as a unique entity called heteros pertaining to the other; the one that differs from the group. In this society, Woods believes that the architect needs to first respect and meet the needs of each heteros member to satisfy eventually the ones of the larger group.

Chesher's work in econometric theory has led to many crucial developments such as methods for measuring and detecting the heterogeneity in individual responses to changes in economic variables.Andrew Chesher, Biography, p. 1. Chesher graduated with a First-class degree in Mathematics, Economics, and Statistics from the University of Birmingham in 1970. From 1971 to 1983 he lectured in Economics at the same university before becoming the Head of the Department of Economics at the University of Bristol in 1987.

Biodiffusion models are then fit to vertical distributions (profiles) of tracers in sediments to provide values for DB. Parameterization of bioturbation, however, can vary, as newer and more complex models can be used to fit tracer profiles. Unlike the standard biodiffusion model, these more complex models, such as expanded versions of the biodiffusion model, random walk, and particle- tracking models, can provide more accuracy, incorporate different modes of sediment transport, and account for more spatial heterogeneity.

The emergence of drug-resistant tumors due to intra- and inter-tumoral heterogeneity an issue in treatment efficacy. A minor genetic clone within the tumor can expand after treatment if it carries a drug-resistant mutation. Initial biopsies can miss these clones due to low frequency or spatial separation of cells within the tumor. For example, since a biopsy only samples a small part of the tumor, clones that resides in a different location may go unnoticed.

The cause of this disease is Yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype O1. 95% are subtype O1b. Yersinia pseudotuberculosis has been divided into 6 genetic groups: group 1 has only been isolated from the Far East.Fukushima H Matsuda Y, Seki R, Tsubokura M, Takeda N, Shubin FN, Paik IK, Zheng XB (2001) Geographical heterogeneity between Far Eastern and Western countries in prevalence of the virulence plasmid, the superantigen Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen, and the high-pathogenicity island among Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains.

Subsequently, the presence of native neuroligin dimers was confirmed in neurons through biochemical detection, which included heterodimers composed of different neuroligin species, increasing the potential heterogeneity of endogenous neuroligin core dimer complexes. The extracellular domain of NLGN consists mostly of a region that is homologous to acetylcholinesterases, but the amino acids important for catalysis in AChE are not conserved in NLGN, which lack esterase activity. Furthermore, this AChE homologous region is crucial for the proper function of NLGN.

Pereira et al. (2010) observed greater matrilineal heterogeneity among the Tuareg inhabiting more southerly areas in the Sahel. The Tuareg in the Gossi environs in Mali largely bear the H1 haplogroup (52%), with the M1 lineage (19%) and various Sub-Saharan L2 subclades (19%) next most common. Similarly, most of the Tuareg inhabiting Gorom-Gorom in Burkina Faso carry the H1 haplogroup (24%), followed by various L2 subclades (24%), the V lineage (21%), and haplogroup M1 (18%).

The spider could be more susceptible to a single parasite or a natural disaster since they are all genetically similar and remain in one colony. Their lack of dispersion, heterogeneity, and relatedness all suggest that kin selection plays a major role in the cooperativity of individuals. The web structure may appear empty during the day because the spiders lie hidden, emerging at nightfall to repair the web and hunt. Most of the prey is caught at night.

The challenge is that the reservoir's permeability distribution is hard to determine because heterogeneity changes from one area to another. Therefore, to maximize oil recovery (sweep efficiency), it is necessary to monitor and map the orientation of the permeability layers via seismic surveys. Seismic waves are sent through the rock formations and the time lapse and distortions in the seismic waves are analyzed to map the permeability orientation to enhance the efficient installation of injection patterns.

In 2015, Molofsky started her lab at UC San Francisco. The Molofksy Lab investigates the communication between astrocytes, microglia, and neurons and how this communication shapes synapse formation during development. Her lab discovered a novel function of Interleukin-33 in which astrocytic release of this cytokine helps regulate microglial synaptic pruning during development and maintain synapse homeostasis. Molofsky is also dedicated to characterizing astrocyte heterogeneity and further understanding their unique roles in neural circuit function and in neuroinflammation.

These hallmark features of fibroblast-like synoviocytes in rheumatoid arthritis are divided into 7 cell-intrinsic hallmarks and 4 cell- extrinsic hallmarks. The cell-intrinsic hallmarks are: reduced apoptosis, impaired contact inhibition, increased migratory invasive potential, changed epigenetic landscape, temporal and spatial heterogeneity, genomic instability and mutations, and reprogrammed cellular metabolism. The cell-extrinsic hallmarks of FLS in RA are: promotes osteoclastogenesis and bone erosion, contributes to cartilage degradation, induces synovial angiogenesis, and recruits and stimulates immune cells.

This heterogeneity has been more intertwined with a wide diversity of political, cultural and socioeconomic factors. Comprehensive research studies accomplished in the UK on the concept of "national identity" reveal that minority groups in the UK are thought of "un-British". Recent cultural debates and round-table discussions held by Media experts in a quest for knowing "who is and who is not British" have also attached more significance to the theme of minority marginalization in the media.

Mutations in the NDUFS4 gene are associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, which is autosomal recessive. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and can be caused by mutation in nuclear-encoded genes or in mitochondrial-encoded genes. There are no obvious genotype-phenotype correlations, and inference of the underlying basis from the clinical or biochemical presentation is difficult, if not impossible.

The groups recognized by the government before independence receive an annual sum for paying their adherents. The government allows overseas missionary groups to operate on a case-by-case basis, although there are no rules that prohibit proselytizing activities. The missionaries should obtain both residence permit and work permit to operate, which is provided for a maximum of three years, without any extension. There are lot of government holidays, most of which are religious indicating the heterogeneity of religions.

As a result of the ethnic heterogeneity present in the Miskito people, various ethnic subgroups exist within the larger Miskito identity. A major ethnic distinction exists between the Zambo Miskito and the Tawira. The Zambo Miskito constitute a large ethnic representation of Africans in the Cabo Gracias a Dios area, the survivors from a shipwrecked Dutch slaver. The Zambo Miskito would go on to form strong relationships with the British, with many Miskito kings coming from this group.

Plains formation and cratering continued at reduced rates during the early phases of planetary cooling and contraction. c3 craters are distinguishable by partial retention of secondary craters and by locally prominent morphologic features (McCauley and others, 1981). These characteristics suggest a decreasing rate of resurfacing and of crater modification (Malin and Dzurisin, 1977). The smaller extent of the smooth and very smooth plains units, compared with that of older plains materials, suggests considerable heterogeneity of mercurian crustal materials.

Mutations in the NDUFS3 gene are associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, which is autosomal recessive. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and can be caused by mutation in nuclear-encoded genes or in mitochondrial-encoded genes. There are no obvious genotype-phenotype correlations, and inference of the underlying basis from the clinical or biochemical presentation is difficult, if not impossible.

Mutations in the NDUFV1 gene are associated with Mitochondrial Complex I Deficiency, which is autosomal recessive. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and can be caused by mutation in nuclear-encoded genes or in mitochondrial-encoded genes. There are no obvious genotype- phenotype correlations, and inference of the underlying basis from the clinical or biochemical presentation is difficult, if not impossible.

Thymic epithelial cells (TECs) are specialized cells with high degree of anatomic, phenotypic and functional heterogeneity that are located in the thymic epithelium within the thymic stroma. Thymus, as a primary lymphoid organ, mediates T cell development and maturation. Thymic microenvironment is established by TEC network filled with thymocytes in different developing stages. TECs and thymocytes are the most important components in the thymus, that are necessary for production functionally competent T lymphocytes and self tolerance.

Inputs to the model are: water inflow, evaporation, nutrient loading, light intensity, water temperature, sediment characteristics and depth of the ditch. Six functional groups of water plants are modelled: floating-leaved plants, emerged plants, non-rooted floating plants, non-rooted submerged flowering plants, rooted submerged flowering plants, Charophytes, and one phytoplankton group. The default configuration of PCDitch does not take spatial heterogeneity into account. However, PCDitch can be coupled with spatial explicit hydrodynamical models to model networks of ditches.

The observed species richness is affected not only by the number of individuals but also by the heterogeneity of the sample. If individuals are drawn from different environmental conditions (or different habitats), the species richness of the resulting set can be expected to be higher than if all individuals are drawn from similar environments. The accumulation of new species with increasing sampling effort can be visualised with a species accumulation curve. Such curves can be constructed in different ways.

The presence/absence of homologs (or their effective count) can thus be used by programs to reconstruct the most likely evolutionary scenario along the species tree. Just as with reconciliation methods, this can be achieved through parsimonious or probabilistic estimation of the number of gain and loss events. Models can be complexified by adding processes, like the truncation of genes, but also by modelling the heterogeneity of rates of gain and loss across lineages and/or gene families.

Mycalesis anapita is known as an open grassland species that prefers well-lit areas dominated with Poaceae species.Hamer, K, Hills, J, Benedick, S, Mustaffa, N, Sherratt, T, Maryati, M & Chey, K 2003, "Ecology of butterflies in natural and selectively logged forests of northern Borneo: the importance of habitat heterogeneity", Journal of Applied Ecology, vol. 40, pp. 150-162 It is commonly found low to the ground, in disturbed habitats such as Acacia manfium and palm oil plantations.

Before we can understand the festival let's first of all treat Ani Anam deity. Ani Anam is best regarded as a covenant rather than an Oracle. During the early settlement of Anam people there was a lot of crime such as adultery, killing of a fellow Anamite, stealing, covetousness, betrayal etc. This resulted from the heterogeneity of Anam communities so the elders decided to have a bond that will bind all together and promote security and mutual trust.

Trachette Levon Jackson (born July 24, 1972) is an American mathematician who is a professor of mathematics at the University of Michigan and is known for work in mathematical oncology. She uses many different approaches, including continuous and discrete mathematical models, numerical simulations, and experiments to study tumor growth and treatment. Specifically, her lab is interested in "molecular pathways associated with intratumoral angiogenesis", "cell-tissue interactions associated with tumor-induced angiogenesis," and "tumor heterogeneity and cancer stem cells".

Indeed, one of the characteristics of the first squad was the heterogeneity of its crew, consisting mainly of two large groups: those who spoke English and those who spoke Spanish.(Cubitt, 1976: 193-195) It was stipulated that each ship should be governed by the language of its commander.(García Reyes, 1846. 10) As of November 1818, being commanded by Lord Thomas Cochrane, which meant that approximately 500 British, including sailors and officers, were integrated with him.

This is the only family so far to express homozygosity. It is possible for dissimilar mutations in the VLDLR gene to result in the same phenotype as a result of allelic heterogeneity. In the Iskenderun family, a different gene, WDR81 on chromosome 17p13.1-13.3 was isolated . The Iraqi family had CA8 on chromosome 8q isolated . In the last family studied (the Adana family), the researchers were not able to isolate any gene, only a locus on chromosome 13q.

They are always clouds of mutants. Changes in the relative dominance of components of mutant spectra are particularly severe during in vivo infections, with complex dynamics of intra-host heterogeneity and variations. Bioinformatic procedures have been developed to unveil the relationships among different but closely related genome types that may suggest some hierarchical order of mutation acquisition or identification of transmission clusters (examples are Partition Analysis of Quasispecies, PAQ or QUasispecies Evolution, Network-based Transmission Inference, QUENTIN).

Emotions emerge when neural systems underlying different psychological operations interact (not just those involved in valence and arousal), producing distributed patterns of activation across the brain. Because emotions emerge from more basic components, there is heterogeneity within each emotion category; for example, a person can experience many different kinds of fear, which feel differently, and which correspond to different neural patterns in the brain. Thus, this view presents a different approach to understanding the neural bases of emotion than locationist approaches.

Imaging studies have shown differing results which probably represents the heterogeneity of language problems than can occur in PNFA. However, classically atrophy of left perisylvian areas is seen. Comprehensive meta-analyses on MRI and FDG-PET studies identified alterations in the whole left frontotemporal network for phonological and syntactical processing as the most consistent finding. Based on these imaging methods, progressive nonfluent aphasia can be regionally dissociated from the other subtypes of frontotemporal lobar degeneration, frontotemporal dementia and semantic dementia.

In more recent years, Okamura and his team extended their molecular clock work to posttranscriptional, intercellular, and systemic levels. They found the mRNA methylation alters the speed of circadian rhythms and heterogeneity of G protein signaling is necessary for time-keeping in the SCN. Moreover, they found the dysregulated clock induces salt-sensitive hypertension through the inappropriate secretion of aldosterone. Another discovery was that clock regulation of gap junction protein in the urinary bladder was a cause of abnormal urination.

One of the hallmarks of cancer formation and persistence is genomic instability, referring to the increased frequency in sequence mutation, chromosome rearrangement, and aneuploidy. The instability allows a cancerous growth to increasingly diverge from normal cell growth and division, with the potential to gain new traits such as angiogenesis, immune system evasion, and loss of cell cycle checkpoint genes. Aneuploidy is a drastic divergence from the normal karyotype, as such the potential heterogeneity within these cells makes diagnosis and treatment increasingly difficult.

DNA methylation is commonly found to lead to silencing of gene expression with the covalent addition of a methyl group catalyzed by DNA methyltransferases (DNMTs). It is found so far that the non-expression in normal somatic tissues of CT antigens genes is caused by the methylation in their promoters and the different promoter methylation status is directly responsible for the highly heterogeneous intratumor expression of CT antigens in different cancers. This promoter methylation heterogeneity was found to be inherited by daughter cells.

Their model was based on two simple assumptions. First, that dynamic heterogeneity occurs over a length scale on the order of a Kuhn length of the chain. Second, that each polymer in the blend experiences a ‘self-concentration’ that is higher than the bulk (average) composition, due to chain connectivity over this length scale. The impact is that the local dynamics of the two polymers in the blend may exhibit different dependencies on temperature and overall composition due to differences in local composition.

In the preceding year Kabat had demonstrated the heterogeneity of antibodies through ultracentrifugation studies of horses' sera. Until this time, cell-mediated immunity and humoral immunity were considered to be contending theories to explain effective immune response, but the former lagged behind owing to lack of advanced techniques. Cell-mediated immunity got an impetus in its recognition and study when in 1942, Merrill Chase successfully transferred immunity against tuberculosis between pigs by transferring white blood cells. Frank Macfarlane Burnet (1899-1985).

When scholars associated with Social Disorganization theory developed spatial analytical techniques seventy years ago, they wanted a way to study violent crimes. These theorists were particularly concerned about the adverse impacts of that immigration, and how internal migration and ethnic heterogeneity might impact the ability of neighborhoods to control the behavior of their residents.Lee, Matthew T., and Ramiro Martinez JR. "Social Disorganization Revisited: Mapping the Recent Immigration and Black Homicide Relationship in Northern Miami." Sociological Focus 35.4 (2002): 363-80.

Henri Bergson, The Creative Mind: An Introduction to Metaphysics, pages 187 to 188. The method then consists in placing oneself within the Duration, which always contains a sense of all the other Durations within the absolute Duration. From here, one should expand their Duration into a continuous heterogeneity. Once this is done, one differentiates two extremities within the Duration to create a dualism, just as one differentiates between red and yellow within the colour spectrum, before showing they are in fact one.

These isoforms are not able to be determined from one another based on factors influencing activity. This variety also results from macro-heterogeneity, as some isoforms bind FAD at their N-terminus while others are unable to bind FAD. It is understood that this is the case because the N-terminal fold is a region known to bind FAD as a needed cofactor. Also curious is that FAD plays no observed role in active site oxidation-reduction reactions of this enzyme.

The biopesticide produced by extraction from the tree seeds contains limonoid triterpenes. Currently, the extraction process has disadvantages such as contamination with fungi and heterogeneity in the content of limonoids due to genetic, climatic, and geographical variations. To overcome these problems, production of limonoids from plant cell suspension and hairy root cultures in bioreactors has been studied, including the development of a two-stage bioreactor process that enhances growth and production of limonoids with cell suspension cultures of A. indica.

The language spoken by the Yakurr is Lokạạ, an Upper Cross River language. It is described by Iwara (1988) as one of the major languages of Cross River State, comparable, in terms of number of speakers, with Efik, which enjoys the special status of a lingua franca in the state. According to Ethnologue, it was spoken by 120.000 people in 1989 (Eberhard et al. 2019). The Yakurr exhibits a very high degree of social heterogeneity, but linguistic, political, religious and cultural homogeneity.

Heterogeneity is the measure of how parts of a landscape differ from one another. Landscape ecology looks at how this spatial structure affects organism abundance at the landscape level, as well as the behavior and functioning of the landscape as a whole. This includes studying the influence of pattern, or the internal order of a landscape, on process, or the continuous operation of functions of organisms. Landscape ecology also includes geomorphology as applied to the design and architecture of landscapes.

To capture the heterogeneity of the families, one can think of the probability parameter of the binomial model (say, probability of being a boy) as itself a random variable (i.e. random effects model) drawn for each family from a beta distribution as the mixing distribution. The resulting compound distribution (beta-binomial) has an additional free parameter. Another common model for overdispersion—when some of the observations are not Bernoulli—arises from introducing a normal random variable into a logistic model.

The observed species diversity is affected not only by the number of individuals but also by the heterogeneity of the sample. If individuals are drawn from different environmental conditions (or different habitats), the species diversity of the resulting set can be expected to be higher than if all individuals are drawn from a similar environment. Increasing the area sampled increases observed species diversity both because more individuals get included in the sample and because large areas are environmentally more heterogeneous than small areas.

Heterogeneity is an important feature of Karner blue butterfly habitat. Specific recommendations regarding the spatial arrangement of the various required habitat types and Karner blue butterfly habitat patches are discussed in Landscape effects. Creation and rotation of management units should incorporate this information as well as data on Karner blue butterfly movement (see section "Timing of major life history events"). Bidwell recommends management units be a maximum of 1,300 to 1,600 feet (400–500 m) wide to improve recolonization from neighboring areas.

For example, Muncer critiqued the study by Rushton and Irwing that claimed to find a general factor of personality based on a reanalysis of Digman's data. Muncer argued that Rushton and Irwing's meta-analysis was unreliable due to heterogeneous correlations between the Big Five factors analysed. Furthermore, the extent of such heterogeneity is strong evidence against the existence of such a general factor. More importantly, Muncer argued, evolutionary theory does not support the existence of a general factor of personality.

This translates into rich heterogeneity in portfolio composition across households. In particular, the model fits empirical evidence by featuring a large share of households holding little liquid wealth: the ’hand-to-mouth’ households. Consistent with empirical evidence, about two-thirds of these households hold non-trivial amounts of illiquid wealth, despite holding little liquid wealth. These households are known as wealthy hand-to-mouth households, a term introduced in a 2014 study of fiscal stimulus policies by Kaplan and Violante.

In addition, the community shows a clear need: funders demand measurables on the impact of their spending, such as public engagement. However, there are limitations that affect the usefulness due to technique problems and systematic bias of construct, such as data quality, heterogeneity and particular dependencies. In terms of technique problems, the data might be incomplete, because it is difficult to collect those online research outputs without direct links to their mentions (i.e. videos) and identify different versions of one research work.

The third proposition states that the heterogeneity, as discussed by Oliver, et al. is beneficial, especially if users are dispersed over a larger area, thus necessitating interactivity via media. Fourth, it is very helpful to have highly sought-after individuals to act as early adopters, as their use acts as incentive for later users. Finally, Markus posits that interventions, both monetarily and otherwise, by governments, businesses, or groups of individuals will help a media reach its critical mass and achieve universal access.

The French-American-British (FAB) classification system was published in 1976 to classify the leukaemias. It placed CMML into the category of MDS, along with the refractory anaemia, refractory anaemia with ring sideroblasts, refractory anaemia with excess blasts and refractory anaemia with excess blasts in transformation. The system does have clinical utility; however factors such as cytogenetic status are not within the remit of the classification. For this reason, many disease entities in these groups show a great deal of heterogeneity.

While remote sampling techniques often improve our point-sampling resolution, benthologists need to consider the real-world heterogeneity at small spatial scales and compare them to the noise inherent to most high-volume data collection methods (e.g. Rabouille et al. 2003 for microelectrode investigations of pore water). New developments in the field of SPI will provide tools for investigating dynamic sediment processes, but also challenge our ability to accurately interpolate point-data collected at spatial densities approaching continuous data sets.

The concepts of spatial ecology are fundamental to understanding the spatial dynamics of population and community ecology. The spatial heterogeneity of populations and communities plays a central role in such ecological theories as succession, adaptation, community stability, competition, predator-prey interactions, parasitism, and epidemics. The rapidly expanding field of landscape ecology utilizes the basic aspects of spatial ecology in its research. The practical use of spatial ecology concepts is essential to understanding the consequences of fragmentation and habitat loss for wildlife.

A large blue on Thymus praecox The habitat of the large blue butterfly is largely influenced by location of its food sources. The species requires a combination of abundant amounts of its larval food plant, Thymus drucei and the presence of Myrmica sabuleti ants in order to survive. It has also been found that an underlying key factor for the survival of the large blue is site heterogeneity. The butterfly is most abundant in pastures and abandoned areas of diverse vegetation and shrubbery.

His music ranges from orchestral works to rock bands, from surround electronics to a cappella singing and he has developed a musical language that makes a personal bridge between popular, classic and experimental languages. For the heterogeneity and yet coherence of his music he has been characterized as a musical platypus. Since 2007, he has been researching and designing his own microtonal tunings. His solo repertory uses a just intonation system. For his piano songs he has been labeled a “dark Satie”.

Sterne and Egger have compared these with others, and conclude that the standard error is to be recommended. When the standard error is used, straight lines may be drawn to define a region within which 95% of points might lie in the absence of both heterogeneity and publication bias. In common with confidence interval plots, funnel plots are conventionally drawn with the treatment effect measure on the horizontal axis, so that study precision appears on the vertical axis, breaking with the general rule.

Mutations in the NDUFS6 gene are associated with mitochondrial Complex I deficiency, and are inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. This deficiency is the most common enzymatic defect of the oxidative phosphorylation disorders. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency shows extreme genetic heterogeneity and can be caused by mutation in nuclear-encoded genes or in mitochondrial-encoded genes. There are no obvious genotype-phenotype correlations, and inference of the underlying basis from the clinical or biochemical presentation is difficult, if not impossible.

Etiquette in Europe is not uniform. Even within the regions of Europe, etiquette may not be uniform: within a single country there may be differences in customs, especially where there are different linguistic groups, as in Switzerland where there are French, German and Italian speakers. Despite this heterogeneity, many points of etiquette have spread through Europe and many features are shared. The ancient Roman Empire is a historical source, and the cosmopolitan royalty and also nobility were effective in spreading etiquette throughout Europe.

O'Connell is from Banagher on the Shannon, Co. Offaly, Ireland. She received her BSc in Biotechnology with Chemistry, and then PhD in Computational Molecular Evolution in 2005, from the University of Maynooth. Her PhD explored heterogeneity in rates of change between human and mouse protein-coding genes, selective pressure variation and adaptation. Later she spent six months as a Science Foundation Ireland postdoctoral researcher at University College Cork, working on genomic imprinting, selection and conflict theory, before starting her own independent research group.

The Azores Plateau began to form around 10 Ma, and is characterized by isotopic and elemental variations indicative of large heterogeneities in the mantle beneath it. There is also evidence of only one magmatic source, and no interaction with other volcanic systems.Madureira, P., Mata, J., Mattielli, N., Queiroz, G., & Silva, P. (2011). Mantle source heterogeneity, magma generation and magmatic evolution at Terceira Island (Azores archipelago): constraints from elemental and isotopic (Sr, Nd, Hf, and Pb) data. Lithos, 126(3), 402-418.

The first species described was S. maltophila by Hugh and Ryschenko in 1961. At the time it was named Pseudomonas maltophilia, but later transferred to the genus Xanthomonas before it was given its own genus. The genus name (from the Greek ‘stenos’, meaning narrow, ‘trophus’, meaning one who feeds and ‘monas’, meaning unit) was intended to highlight the limited nutritional range of the bacterium. However, several studies subsequently demonstrated that the genus is capable of great metabolic versatility and intraspecific heterogeneity.

There are many classification systems for RMS and a variety of defined histological types. Embryonal rhabdomyosarcoma is the most common type and comprises about 60% of cases. Patient outcomes vary considerably, with 5 years survival rates between 35% and 95% depending on the type of RMS involved, so clear diagnosis is critical for effective treatment and management. Accurate and quick diagnosis is often difficult due to the heterogeneity of RMS tumors and a lack of strong genetic markers of the disease.

She is now a chair of the academic committee at the Royal College of Radiologists, and steering committee member of the European School of Radiology. She is interested in studying tumour heterogeneity, micro-environment, biomarker development in gastrointestinal, lung and renal cancers in humans using multi-modality functional imaging. According to Scopus, she has published 209 scientific documents with 7233 citations, and an h-index of 45. She has been mentioned on public online-blogs on several occasions for her cancer imaging work.

"Bruckner's Missa Solemnis is a musical summa of the first thirty years of his life."Anton Bruckner Critical Complete Edition - Requiem, masses and Te Deum Stylistically the mass, in the line of Beethoven's orchestral masses, displays Bruckner's confrontation with tradition. In spite of many beautiful details, multiple influences afford the work some heterogeneity in which J. S. Bach's technique of the fugue is "amalgamated" with elements of the Viennese Classical and Preclassical periods, and of the early Romantic (Schubert).U. Harten, p.

However, the Freundlich equation is unique; consequently, if the data fit the equation, it is only likely, but not proved, that the surface is heterogeneous. The heterogeneity of the surface can be confirmed with calorimetery. Homogeneous surfaces (or heterogeneous surfaces that exhibit homogeneous adsorption (single site)) have a constant \Delta H of adsorption as a function of % sites occupied. On the other hand, heterogenous adsorption (multi-site) have a variable \Delta H of adsorption depending on the percent of sites occupied.

The science of reserve design has faced some recent controversy regarding species-area relationship, when it was shown that habitat heterogeneity is likely a stronger factor in determining species richness than area. The study decoupled area and habitat complexity to show that small, but heterogeneous habitats have more arthropod species than large, but homogeneous ones. Habitat diversity and quality have also been shown to influence biodiversity. It was discovered that plant species richness in Norwegian meadows is correlated with habitat diversity.

This image shows the expression of C11orf42 for different levels of brain aneurysm. The red columns represent the expression levels and the blue squares represent the percentage ranking of expression for C11orf42 among other genes expressed. The light green represents ruptured aneurysm, the medium green represents the unruptured anuerysm, and the dark green represents the superficial temporal artery. C11orf42 was observed in a RNA microarray that looked at different levels of intercranial aneurysms in order to see the biological heterogeneity of aneurysms.

A whole genome or whole exome sequencing approaches may be necessary to discover new mutations in tumor DNA while monitoring disease burden or tracking drug resistance. Untargeted approaches are also useful in research to observe tumor heterogeneity or to discover new drug targets. However, while untargeted methods may be necessary in certain applications, it is more expensive and has lower resolution. This makes it difficult to detect rare mutations, or in situations where low ctDNA levels are present (such as minimal residual disease).

Homogeneity and heterogeneity are concepts often used in the sciences and statistics relating to the uniformity in a substance or organism. A material or image that is homogeneous is uniform in composition or character (i.e. color, shape, size, weight, height, distribution, texture, language, income, disease, temperature, radioactivity, architectural design, etc.); one that is heterogeneous is distinctly nonuniform in one of these qualities. Heterogeneous Mixtures, in chemistry, is where certain elements are unwillingly combined and, when given the option, will separate.

Despite this emphasis on interconnection, throughout his individual writings and more famous collaborations with Gilles Deleuze, Guattari has resisted calls for holism, preferring to emphasize heterogeneity and difference, synthesizing assemblages and multiplicities in order to trace rhizomatic structures rather than creating unified and holistic structures. Guattari's concept of the three interacting and interdependent ecologies of mind, society, and environment stems from the outline of the three ecologies presented in Steps to an Ecology of Mind, a collection of writings by cyberneticist Gregory Bateson.

Race and ethnicity have been used as categories in biomedical research and clinical medicine. Recent genetic research indicates that the degree of genetic heterogeneity within groups and homogeneity across groups make race per se a less compelling predictor. Rushton uses averages of hundreds of studies, modern and historical, to assert the existence of this pattern. Rushton's book is focused on what he considers the three broadest racial groups, and does not address other populations such as Southeast Asians and Australian Aborigines.

The effectiveness of SVE, that is, the rate and degree of mass removal, depends on a number of factors that influence the transfer of contaminant mass into the gas phase. The effectiveness of SVE is a function of the contaminant properties (e.g., Henry’s Law constant, vapor pressure, boiling point, adsorption coefficient), temperature in the subsurface, vadose zone soil properties (e.g., soil grain size, soil moisture content, soil permeability, soil carbon content), subsurface heterogeneity, and the air flow driving force (applied pressure gradient).

On ultrasound, HCC often appears as a small hypoechoic lesion with poorly defined margins and coarse, irregular internal echoes. When the tumor grows, it can sometimes appear heterogeneous with fibrosis, fatty change, and calcifications. This heterogeneity can look similar to cirrhosis and the surrounding liver parenchyma. A systematic review found that the sensitivity was 60% (95% CI 44–76%) and specificity was 97% (95% CI 95–98%) compared with pathologic examination of an explanted or resected liver as the reference standard.

Nevertheless, Luttrell (1955) did finally retain the Hysteriales as a separate order and noted that this order may have phylogenetic relationships basal to the Pleosporales. Hans Zogg (1962) acknowledged the heterogeneity of the classical Hysteriales and, following Duby (1862), divided hysteriaceous fungi into two families, namely the Hysteriaceae s. str. to include Hysterium, Hysterographium, Gloniopsis, Gloniella, Glonium, Farlowiella, and Hysterocarina, and the Lophiaceae Zogg ex von Arx and Müller [equivalent to Mytilinidiaceae Kirschst., as meant by Barr 1990Barr ME. 1990.

Postpartum blues is a very common condition, affecting around 50-80% of new mothers based on most sources. However, estimates of prevalence vary greatly in the literature, from 26-85%, depending on the criteria used. Precise rates are difficult to obtain given lack of standardized diagnostic criteria, inconsistency of presentation to medical care, and methodological limitations of retrospective reporting of symptoms. Evidence demonstrates that postpartum blues exists across a variety of countries and cultures, however there is considerable heterogeneity in reported prevalence rates.

By defining standardized service interfaces, a sensor web based on SWE services hides the heterogeneity of an underlying sensor network, its communication details and various hardware components, from the applications built on top of it. OGC's SWE initiative defines the term "sensor web" as an infrastructure enabling access to sensor networks and archived sensor data that can be discovered and accessed using standard protocols and application programming interfaces. Through this abstraction from sensor details, their usage in applications is facilitated.

Heterogeneity in ribosome composition was first proposed to be involved in translational control of protein synthesis by Vince Mauro and Gerald Edelman. They proposed the ribosome filter hypothesis to explain the regulatory functions of ribosomes. Evidence has suggested that specialized ribosomes specific to different cell populations may affect how genes are translated. Some ribosomal proteins exchange from the assembled complex with cytosolic copies suggesting that the structure of the in vivo ribosome can be modified without synthesizing an entire new ribosome.

The Maratha kingdom comprised about 4.1% of the subcontinent, but it was spread over large tracts. At the time of his death, it was reinforced with about 300 forts, and defended by about 40,000 cavalries, and 50,000 soldiers, as well as naval establishments along the west coast. Over time, the kingdom would increase in size and heterogeneity; by the time of his grandson's rule, and later under the Peshwas in the early 18th century, it was a full-fledged empire.

As racial heterogeneity increases in a white community, white employees are less accepting of workplace diversity. RCT provides an explanation of this pattern because in communities of mixed races, members of minority groups are seen as competing for economic security, power, and prestige with the majority group. RCT can help explain discrimination against different ethnic and racial groups. An example of this is shown in cross-cultural studies that determined that violence between different groups escalates in relationship to shortages in resources.

The advent of single-cell sequencing has provided researchers with the tools to resolve genotypically and phenotypically distinct cells within a mixed population.Wang, X. Single Cell Sequencing and Systems Immunology (Vol. 5). Springer In cases where such heterogeneity is relevant, such as in tumours, this technique enables the study of clonal relationships and tumour evolution. As well, rare cell types and samples otherwise containing low cell numbers, such as in the case of circulating tumour cells, can also be studied in greater detail.

Julian eliminated most of the privileges and prestige previously afforded to the Christian Church. His reforms attempted to create a form of religious heterogeneity by, among other things, reopening pagan temples, accepting Christian bishops previously exiled as heretics, promoting Judaism, and returning Church lands to their original owners. However, Julian's short reign ended when he died while campaigning in the East. Christianity came to dominance during the reign of Julian's successors, Jovian, Valentinian I, and Valens (the last Eastern Arian Christian Emperor).

Research on cystic fibrosis (CF) exhibits a progression from genetic to molecular characterization of the major locus, CFTR. In 1985, the gene was mapped by linkage analysis by Tsui et al., and in 1989, the gene was cloned by Riordan et al. When analyses of allelic variation in CFTR did not suffice to yield dependable genotype-phenotype correlations or explain the total phenotypic heterogeneity in CF, the existence of modifier loci was suspected and association studies, such as by Zielenski et al.

The term "cross-culturalism" became prevalent in cultural studies in the late 1980s and 1990s.Joseph Trimmer and Tilly Warnock, Understanding Others: Cultural and Cross-Cultural Studies and the Teaching of Literature Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English, 1992. An early proponent of the term was the Guyanese writer Wilson Harris, who wrote in The Womb of Space (1983), that "cultural heterogeneity or cross-cultural capacity" gives an "evolutionary thrust" to the imagination.Wilson Harris, The Womb of Space (Westport: Greenwood, 1983): xviii.

Concurrent measurement of both protein and transcript levels opens up opportunities to use CITE-Seq in various biological areas, some of which were touched upon by the developers. For instance, it may be used to characterize tumor heterogeneity in different cancers, a major research field. It also permits identifying rare subpopulations of cells as a high-throughput single-cell method and thus detect information otherwise lost with bulk methods. It also may aid in tumor classification - for example, identification of novel subtypes.

UTS seems to be genetically different from DES in that DES can be linked to a single gene, VLDLR, located on chromosome 9p24. When compared with DES, Joubert syndrome has shown links to 7 gene mutations. As is the case with almost all diseases, the three syndromes compared show allelic heterogeneity . Researchers recently isolated a recessive TUBB2B mutation in one of the families diagnosed with UTS. This makes TUBB2B the fifth gene after VLDLR, WDR81, CA8 and ATP8A2, associated with this syndrome.

Strain rate imaging is a method in echocardiography (medical ultrasound) for measuring regional or global deformation of the myocardium (heart muscle). The term "deformation" refers to the myocardium changing shape and dimensions during the cardiac cycle. If there is myocardial ischemia, or there has been a myocardial infarction, in part of the heart muscle, this part is weakened and shows reduced and altered systolic function. Also in regional asynchrony, as in bundle branch block, there is regional heterogeneity of systolic function.

Another group working contemporaneously with the Montagnier and Gallo groups was that of Dr. Jay Levy at the University of California, San Francisco. He independently discovered the AIDS virus in 1983 and named it the AIDS associated retrovirus (ARV). This virus was very different from the virus reported by the Montagnier and Gallo groups. The ARV strains indicated, for the first time, the heterogeneity of HIV isolates and several of these remain classic examples of the AIDS virus found in the United States.

Post-dispersal seed predation is extremely common in virtually all ecosystems. Given the heterogeneity in both resource type (seeds from different species), quality (seeds of different ages and/or different status of integrity or decomposition) and location (seeds are scattered and hidden in the environment), most post-dispersal predators have generalist habits. These predators belong to a diverse array of animals, such as ants, beetles, crabs, fish, rodents and birds. The assemblage of post-dispersal seed predators varies considerably among ecosystems.

This initial line of instruments purportedly cost about apiece to purchase in 2011. One reported use for the instruments is "to identify signatures of induced pluripotent stem cells". In June 2015, Fluidigm introduced Helios™, the third-generation CyTOF® platform that enables system-level biology at single-cell resolution, on an accessible, expandable system designed for clinical trials. CyTOF technology provides a high- resolution proteomic profile of each cell, which distinguishes it from all other cells and reveals the heterogeneity of the sample.

Créolité is a literary movement first developed in the 1980s by the Martinican writers Patrick Chamoiseau, Jean Bernabé and Raphaël Confiant. They published Eloge de la créolité (In Praise of Creoleness) in 1989 as a response to the perceived inadequacies of the négritude movement. Créolité, or "creoleness", is a neologism which attempts to describe the cultural and linguistic heterogeneity of the Antilles and, more specifically, of the French Caribbean. "Creoleness" may also refer to the scientifically meaningful characteristics of Creole languages, the subject of study in creolistics.

With the expiration of numerous patents for blockbuster biologics between 2012 and 2019, the interest in biosimilar production, i.e., follow-on biologics, has increased. Compared to small molecules that consist of chemically identical active ingredients, biologics are vastly more complex and consist of a multitude of subspecies. Due to their heterogeneity and the high process sensitivity, originators and follow-on biosimilars will exhibit variability in specific variants over time, however the safety and clinical performance of both originator and biosimilar biopharmaceuticals must remain equivalent throughout their lifecycle.

Being a merger of two networks, Avea suffers from the heterogeneity of roaming partners and customers with numbers beginning with 50 and 55 don't have the same list of roaming partners (see the list of roaming partners for 505 customers and the list of roaming partners for 555 customers for the different partners' lists). Avea also offers GPRS / EDGE / 3G roaming in multiple countries (see the list of GPRS roaming partners for 505 customers and the list of GPRS roaming partners for 555 customers).

Afterward, he proudly shared the award with his colleagues, remarking that he felt that it symbolized the "common understanding of German and American scientists of the nature of eugenics."Lombardo, 2008: pp. 211–213. Henry Friedlander wrote that although the German and American eugenics movements were similar, the U.S. did not follow the same slippery slope as Nazi eugenics because American "federalism and political heterogeneity encouraged diversity even with a single movement." In contrast, the German eugenics movement was more centralized and had fewer diverse ideas.

This turns out, today, to be a group of around 45-50 species also known as the Articulatae, since his genus Didiclis/Gymnogynum was based on Selaginella plumosa. He also described the genus Diplostachyum to include a group of species similar to Selaginella apoda. Spring inflated the genus Selaginella to hold all selaginelloid species four decades later. Phylogenetic studies by Korall & KenrickKorall & Kenrick (2004): The phylogenetic history of Selaginellaceae based on DNA sequences from the plastid and nucleus: extreme substitution rates and rate heterogeneity.

Unfortunately, heterogenous tumors have the potential to represent further heterogeneity between patients. Because of the rarity of cases, in 2014 there were only 64 cases reported in the literature, most studies of ectomesenchymoma are limited by very small cohort sizes. In an investigation of six cases, researchers attempted to create a profile for the different presentations in ectomesenchymomal tumors. Mesenchymal elements, represented by rhabdomyosarcoma, were the dominant component in the majority of cases (5/6) while embryonal and alveolar morphology had equal distribution (3/6).

This is particularly true in the case of North European waders. In the northernmost of Finland, palsa mires host the highest bird species density of all compared to several different biotopes, and there are most likely the heterogeneity of habitats and availability of shallow waters (a basic source of food) that creates such a massive diversity of birds. Due to likely loss of palsa mires in this century, effects on wildlife and biodiversity is undeniable. Shallow waters might disappear or decrease dramatically, creating a more homogenous environment.

Operationalizing success in multi-modal pain therapy is a challenge and is up to now characterized by tremendous heterogeneity. There are efforts to define core sets of patient-relevant outcome variables to be measured in clinical trials in general and for multi-modal pain therapy. Meanwhile, a core outcome measure set based on PROMS was developed with routine data and validated for operationalizing success in multimodal pain therapy. Validation studies suggest also suitability for depicting long-term success in the sense of sustainability of treatment effects.

Cancer cell line supernatant is an attractive source of secreted proteins. There are many standardized cell lines available and supernatant is much simpler to analyze than proximal body fluid. But it is unclear whether a cell line secretome is a good representation of an actual tumor in its specific microenvironment and a standardized cell line is not illustrative of the heterogeneity of a real tumor. Analysis of proximal fluids can give a better idea of a human tumor secretome, but this method also has its drawbacks.

The phenomenon of clonal interference also occurs in cancer and pre-cancer cell lineages within a patient. The heterogeneity found in cells of carcinogenic tumours implies competition between sub-populations of cells in the tumour, hence clonal interference. Population dynamics within cancer lineages are therefore becoming of increasing importance in the clinical research on cancer treatments. Furthermore, knowledge on the role of population dynamics and clonal interference, often resulting in antibiotic resistance, is being taken into account in the treatment of infectious diseases with antibiotics.

On the other hand, Heaton was among the first to recognize that the heterogeneity in the crust could be modeled by 3D fractal tensors models for stress. With Deborah E. Smith, they generated those fractal stress tensors and used them to produce catalogs of earthquake locations and focal mechanisms. They could explain several field observations with this model. Also the model predicts that the strength of the crust should be a scale dependent property, a topic which is currently being further investigated in Heaton's group.

For example, carbon in the interstellar medium and solar nebula partition into distinct states based on thermodynamic favorability. Measuring site-specific isotope enrichments of carbon from organic molecules extracted from carbonaceous chondrites can elucidate where each carbon atom comes from, and how organic molecules can be synthesized abiotically. More broadly, these isotope enrichments can provide information about physical processes in the region where the molecular precursors were formed, and where the molecule formed in the solar system (i.e., nucleosynthetic heterogeneity, mass independent fractionation, self-shielding, etc.).

This cycle included several parts or tales, each with a differing thematic emphasis. Having absorbed details from these various parts, a more popular version ---a military tale—still manifests stylistic and thematic heterogeneity. The Tale of St Nicholas of Zarazsk (in 1225) and The Tale of Batu's Capture of Ryazan (in 1237) in their earlier serving manuscripts versions are dated to the second third of the sixteenth century. For the first time, The Tale of Batu's Capture of Ryazan was published by I. P. Sakharov in 1841.

However, the empirical findings that constitute S.F.3 prove the exact opposite of Friedman's prediction: very different "genes" survive to the market. As a consequence, a realistic representation of economic behavior should rather allow for firm-specificities, which would explain the heterogeneity found in the data: a point that was clearly made by Richard Nelson and Sidney Winter in their book An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change.Nelson, R.R. and Winter S.G., An Evolutionary Theory of Economic Change, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, (1982). pp.72-136.

Anisotropy has been reported to occur in the Earth's three main layers; the crust, mantle and the core. The origin of seismic anisotropy is non-unique, a range of phenomena may cause Earth materials to display seismic anisotropy. The anisotropy may be strongly dependent on wavelength if it is due to the average properties of aligned or partially aligned heterogeneity. A solid has intrinsic anisotropy when it is homogeneously and sinuously anisotropic down to the smallest particle size, which may be due to crystalline anisotropy.

Studies have indicated that due to polymorphism of platelet V1R there is significant heterogeneity in the aggregation response of normal human platelets to vasopressin. V1Rs are found in kidney, where they occur in high density on medullary interstitial cells, vasa recta, and epithelial cells of the collecting duct. Vasopressin acts on medullary vasculature through V1R to reduce blood flow to inner medulla without affecting blood flow to outer medulla. V1Rs on the luminal membrane of the collecting duct limit the antidiuretic action of vasopressin.

A major divide is between theories that attribute the difficulties to a low-level problem with auditory temporal processing, and those that propose there is a deficit in a specialised language-learning system. Other accounts emphasise deficits in specific aspects of learning and memory. It can be difficult to choose between theories because they do not always make distinctive predictions, and there is considerable heterogeneity among children with DLD. It has also been suggested that DLD may only arise when more than one underlying deficit is present.

The existence of network homophily may necessitate a closer examination of node attributes as opposed to other theories on network evolution which focus on network properties. It is often assumed that nodes are identical and the evolution of networks is determined by the characteristics of the broader network such as the degree. Degree heterogeneity is also observed as a prevalent phenomenon (with a large number of nodes having a small number of links and a few of them having many).Albert, Réka; Barabási, Albert-László (2002).

Increases in cytoplasmic Ca2+ levels interfere with muscle contraction, leading to the characteristic symptoms of BD. In some cases of BD, no mutations in ATP2A1 have been observed. Disease transmission in cases of non- ATP2A1 BD have been characterized as autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. These cases have revealed that the cause of the disease likely exhibits genetic heterogeneity, meaning the disease involves mutations in other locations within the genome (although no other loci have been identified in the development of BD as of now).

In addition to urban planning, architecture of Bosnia has emerged with a bit clearer architectural vocabulary. Architecture however was organized around a set of unwritten architectural laws including: human scale, unobstructed views, geometry, open and flexible spaces, simple furniture, spatial links to nature and use of local materials and traditional building techniques. In addition design philosophy favored heterogeneity of materials. In other words, each material had a particular intrinsic function given to it by social perception of the people involved in the architectural process.

Her principal academic research interests relate to FDI. Through her research, Ruane has contributed to the understanding of international economics, industrial development, structural change, and firm heterogeneity. For her academic research and public service, she was recognised with an Honorary Fellowship by Trinity College Dublin in 2010 and was invited to give the 21st Leonard Abrahamson Memorial Lecture by the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland in 2011. She served as a member of the Council of the Royal Irish Academy between 2012 and 2015.

The conclusion was further proven by the partial release of deposited bacteria when the ionic strength decreased. Because the amount of released bacteria was less than 100%, it was suggested that bacteria could deposit at the primary minimum due to the heterogeneity of the surface collector or bacterial surface. This fact was not covered in classical DLVO theory. The presence of divalent electrolytes (Ca2+) can neutralize the charge surface of bacteria by the binding between Ca2+ and the functional group on the oocyst surface.

1 (1972) The remainder of the article was dedicated to discussing the visual enhancement of the figure in relation to the ground by increasing heterogeneity between the two elements. Dent suggested using strong, well- defined edges for the figure, articulating the figure, and depicting the figure as a closed shape. He concluded the article by observing that the figures on the map carry the important intellectual content, but that an effective map cannot be created without visually integrating the geographic data of the ground into the whole.

However, RCA has not been tested with RNA-seq, which typically employs next- generation sequencing. Single-cell RNA-seq for bacteria would be highly useful for studying microbiomes. It would address issues encountered in conventional bulk metatranscriptomics approaches, such as failing to capture species present in low abundance, and failing to resolve heterogeneity among cell populations. scRNA-Seq has provided considerable insight into the development of embryos and organisms, including the worm Caenorhabditis elegans, and the regenerative planarian Schmidtea mediterranea and axolotl Ambystoma mexicanum.

Genetic heterogeneity is a common feature of tumour genomes, and can arise from multiple sources. Some cancers are initiated when exogenous factors introduce mutations, such as ultraviolet radiation (skin cancers) and tobacco (lung cancer). A more common source is genomic instability, which often arises when key regulatory pathways are disrupted in the cells. Some examples include impaired DNA repair mechanisms which can lead to increased replication errors, and defects in the mitosis machinery that allow for large-scale gain or loss of entire chromosomes.

The unit cell of high-temperature cuprate superconductor BSCCO-2212 Cuprate superconductors usually feature copper oxides in both the oxidation states 3+ and 2+. For example, YBa2Cu3O7 is described as Y3+(Ba2+)2(Cu3+)(Cu2+)2(O2−)7. All superconducting cuprates are layered materials having a complex structure described as a superlattice of superconducting CuO2 layers separated by spacer layers, where the misfit strain between different layers and dopants in the spacers induce a complex heterogeneity that in the superstripes scenario is intrinsic for high-temperature superconductivity.

The inflammatory bowel diseases could be effectively treated by 'pharmacotherapies' to relieve and maintain the symptoms, which showed in 'mucosal healing' and symptoms elimination. However, an optimal therapy for curing both inflammatory diseases are still under research due to the heterogeneity in clinical feature. Although both UC and CD are sharing similar symptoms, the medical treatment of them are distinctively different. Dietary treatment can benefit for curing CD by increase the dietary zinc and fish intake, which is related to mucosal healing of the bowel.

Beavers are the prototypical ecosystem engineer because of the effects their dams have on channel flow, geomorphology, and ecology. Kelp are autogenic ecosystem engineers, by building the necessary structure for kelp forests An ecosystem engineer is any organism that creates, significantly modifies, maintains or destroys a habitat. These organisms can have a large impact on the species richness and landscape-level heterogeneity of an area. As a result, ecosystem engineers are important for maintaining the health and stability of the environment they are living in.

The Same Picture of Dave Coulier Every Day is an image blog which publishes the same photograph of Coulier every day. Begun in 2011 by comedian Aaron Littleton, it is the progenitor of a trend of similarly themed blogs which feature the same content in every daily update. The trend of such "content heterogeneity" has been studied in academic literature. The trend has also been called "single-topic", and Forbes has called The Same Picture of Dave Coulier Every Day the apotheosis of the movement.

This is a list of various exponents of Forza Italia (current and former deputies, senators, ministers, MEPs, regional presidents, leading regional- level politicians, mayors of big and medium-sized cities and important members of party's national organs), divided by political origin (that is to say, of what party they were members or supporters shortly before the 1992-93 crisis and realignment of the political system, and of the foundation of Forza Italia in 1994). The list shows well the political heterogeneity of members of Forza Italia.

They tend to be helpful and concerned for the welfare of others. Agreeable workers also tend to experience high job satisfaction compared to less agreeable workers. Workers high in agreeableness tend to rate themselves as high in intrinsic motivation, particularly when work performed on behalf of others or an organization is considered. Heterogeneity of personality is important in team productivity, particularly where agreeableness is involved; having complete agreeableness among all members of a team is negatively related to performance as it tends to lead to groupthink.

Ideally, sphingomyelin molecules are shaped like a cylinder, however many molecules of sphingomyelin have a significant chain mismatch (the lengths of the two hydrophobic chains are significantly different). The hydrophobic chains of sphingomyelin tend to be much more saturated than other phospholipids. The main transition phase temperature of sphingomyelins is also higher compared to the phase transition temperature of similar phospholipids, near 37 C. This can introduce lateral heterogeneity in the membrane, generating domains in the membrane bilayer. Sphingomyelin undergoes significant interactions with cholesterol.

Heck cattle demonstrate a higher amount of heterogeneity than in any wild animal or most other domestic breeds. There is considerable variation in coat colour, horn shape and horn dimensions, as well as size and proportions. Besides the features that are desired because they bear resemblance to the aurochs, numerous divergent features may appear (as explained above). Heck cattle differ in many respects from the aurochs, and there are breeds which resemble the aurochs at least as much, such as the Spanish fighting bull.

A nobleman accompanied by his entourage and servants, a bas-relief of Borobudur. A Buddhist hermit meditating in secluded forest, Borobudur bas-relief. A complex and stratified society of ancient Javanese people and their social order can be seen through studies on the rich portrayal in bas-reliefs from this period, as well as inscription studies. The kingdom had developed a complex society; which characterised by heterogeneity of their society, inequality of social stratification, and the formation of national administrative institution in their kingdom.

The significance of studies of the morphological manifestations and molecular genetic mechanisms of the invasion and metastasis of malignant tumors is not in doubt. The results of numerous studies clearly demonstrate that migration of tumor cells during invasive growth can occur both via single cells and via groups of cells. This diversity of cell migration types probably leads to the development of intratumoral heterogeneity that is represented, e.g. in breast cancer, by different morphological structures: alveolar, trabecular, and solid structures and discrete groups of tumor cells.

The Product Space is a network representation of the relatedness or proximity between products traded in the global market. The network exhibits heterogeneity and a core-periphery structure: the core of the network consists of metal products, machinery, and chemicals, whereas the periphery is formed by fishing, tropical, and cereal agriculture. The clusters of products in this space bear a striking resemblance to Leamer's product classification system. The Product Space is a network that formalizes the idea of relatedness between products traded in the global economy.

Much research has focused on trying to identify what makes language learning so hard for some children. A major divide is between theories that attribute the difficulties to a low-level problem with auditory temporal processing, and those that propose there is a deficit in a specialised language-learning system. Other accounts emphasise deficits in specific aspects of memory. It can be difficult to choose between theories because they do not always make distinctive predictions, and there is considerable heterogeneity among children with SLI.

MPE started as analysis of risk factors (such as smoking) and molecular pathologic findings (such as KRAS oncogene mutation in lung cancer). Studies to examine the relationship between an exposure and molecular pathologic signature of disease (particularly, cancer) became increasingly common throughout the 1990s and early 2000s. The use of molecular pathology in epidemiology posed lacked standardized methodologies and guidelines as well as interdisciplinary experts and training programs. MPE research required a new conceptual framework and methodologies (epidemiological method) because MPE examines heterogeneity in an outcome variable.

Dent disease is mainly caused by loss-of-function mutations in the CLCN5 gene (Dent disease 1; MIM#300009). Dent disease 1 shows a marked allelic heterogeneity. To date, 265 different CLCN5 pathogenic variants have been described. A small number of pathogenic variants were found in more than one family. The 48% are truncating mutations (nonsense, frameshift or complex), 37% non-truncating (missense or in-frame insertions/deletions), 10% splice site mutations, and 5% other type (large deletions, Alu insertions or 5’UTR mutations).

Molofsky completed her undergraduate education at Amherst College, majoring in both neuroscience and chemistry. After her bachelors, she pursued an MD-PhD at the University of Michigan through the NIH funded Medical Scientist Training Program. During her PhD, Molofsky focused her training in CNS stem cell renewal and investigated glial heterogeneity under the mentorship of Dr. Sean Morrison. Molofsky then continued her clinical training with a residency in adult psychiatry at UC San Francisco followed by postdoctoral training in the lab of Dr. David Rowitch.

Doman notes in a journal devoted to issues of Cultural effects on SLA, "Questions abound about what defines SLA, how far its borders extend, and what the attributions and contributions of its research are. Thus, there is a great amount of heterogeneity in the entire conceptualization of SLA. Some researchers tend to ignore certain aspects of the field, while others scrutinize those same aspects piece by piece.". Community attitudes toward the language being learned can also have a profound impact on Second Language Acquisition.

Due to the heterogeneity of the patient population, in terms of the microscopic diagnosis of the tumor and its grade, size, and the ability of the patients to carry out normal daily activities (Karnofsky performance status), it was not possible to come up with definitive conclusions about therapeutic efficacy. However, the survival data were no worse than those obtained by standard therapy at the time, and there were several patients who were long-term survivors, and most probably they were cured of their brain tumors.

This uncertainty leads to either hesitation to enter the market, high due diligence costs and/or unfavorable lending terms. Another reason for the financing gap is that many clean energy projects are small and distributed. Building efficiency upgrades and rooftop solar projects are inherently small investments that are geographically dispersed, with varying credit among counter parties. Heterogeneity in clean energy projects is more expensive for a private lender to underwrite at scale, making loans for clean energy projects potentially uneconomical from the perspective of the lender.

It was thought that the genus Todus was established in 1760, after the split from the kingfisher from the genus Alcedo. However, the exact historical relationship between the genus Todus and other close relatives was not confirmed until around 2004 when a paper was published on the molecular phylogenic relationships for the tody species. Mitochondrial DNA and nuclear gene sequences were used to discover the heterogeneity among genes in these species. Genus Todus is monophyletic and a relatively old group based on divergence approximations.

Secondly, after treatment tumors evolve and there may be new mutations not represented in the diagnostic sample. Biopsy-free tumor genotyping, by way of CAPP-Seq and ctDNA, addresses many of these issues. A simple blood test is non-invasive and much safer and easier to subject cancer patients to multiple times through the course of treatment. Using ctDNA gives a better sample of tumor DNA compared to a single area of a tumor collected in a biopsy, allowing a better estimate of tumor heterogeneity.

DSM-IV and previous versions of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders presented extremely high comorbidity, diagnostic heterogeneity of the categories, unclear boundaries, that have been interpreted as intrinsic anomalies of the criterial, neopositivistic approach leading the system to a state of scientific crisis. Accordingly, a radical rethinking of the concept of mental disorder and the need of a radical scientific revolution in psychiatric taxonomy was proposed. In 2013, the American Psychiatric Association published the DSM–5 after more than 10 years of research.

Goldenberg moved to Canada in 2008 as a post-doctoral fellow. She is currently appointed as an associate professor at University of Toronto's Department of Computer Science and the Department of Statistics and a scientist at the Hospital for Sick Children's Research Institute. Her laboratory explores how machine learning can be used to map the heterogeneity seen in various human diseases - specifically to develop methodologies to identify patterns in collected data and improve patient outcomes. She has more than 50 publications in peer- reviewed journals.

Kemp, "Foreword" to Baku, pg. xi. Industrialization was minimal in these nations, the trade union movement virtually non-existent, and national bourgeoisies very weak in comparison to those of the colonial powers. Movements for national independence were barely beginning and consequently those attracted to the Comintern's red flame were, in the words of Comintern chief Grigory Zinoviev, "heterogeneous" and "motley" in composition. This heterogeneity was problematic for congress organizers, as the vast number of languages spoken by participants presented a massive task for translators.

The use of the green handkerchief as a feminist distinction became immensely popular during 2018 and has become part of the country's social imaginary. It is traditionally worn around the neck during feminist demonstrations, but can now be seen on a daily basis hanging from bags, backpacks, balconies or even used around the wrist or to tie hair. Given the heterogeneity of current Argentine feminism, conflicts and debates have arisen within the movement. One of the most prominent is the one referring to sex work and prostitution.

This improvement was only robust after a week for those in the diagram group and there was a significant decrease in motivation compared to the subjects' preferred methods of note taking. A meta study about concept mapping concluded that concept mapping is more effective than "reading text passages, attending lectures, and participating in class discussions". The same study also concluded that concept mapping is slightly more effective "than other constructive activities such as writing summaries and outlines". However, results were inconsistent, with the authors noting "significant heterogeneity was found in most subsets".

People with schizophrenia often have additional mental health problems such as anxiety, depressive, or substance-use disorders. Schizophrenia occurs along with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) considerably more often than could be explained by chance. An estimated 21% to 47% of patients with schizophrenia have a substance misuse disorder at some time in their life, and the chances of developing a substance misuse disorder is significantly higher among patients suffering from a psychotic illness. All of these factors result in an increased range of clinical presentations and suggest a significant etiological heterogeneity.

1\. LIANTI has been used to probe stochastic firing of DNA replication origins in single cells. LIANTI was performed in single human fibroblast cells in early S phase, enabling direct observation of DNA replication origin firing and replicon formation based on the detection of single-cell copy-number gain with kilobase resolution. Certain level of cell-to-cell heterogeneity was observed, suggesting a large degree of stochasticity in replication origin firing in early S phase. 2\. LIANTI has been used to characterize UV-induced SNVs in single cells.

The RBD up states can be observed in MERS-CoV, SARS-CoV-1 and SARS-CoV-2, however, they can not be observed in coronaviruses that are causing common cold OC43, MHV or HKU1. Several investigators have identified significant conformational heterogeneity in coronavirus S-proteins, especially in the RBD region. Only open state of S-protein is highly immunogenic, while closed state of RBD is hidden from antibodies. Conformational change of S-protein from open to closed can affect multiple antibodies binding constants and it can promote ADE.

The classical theory developed in the early 70's anticipated that metastasis is due to genetically determined subpopulations in primary tumours. The genetic variance between metastatic foci is significant for only particular locus and within specific cell populations or only one-cell population shows differences and some loci are divergent only in one cell subpopulation. This explains the concept of tumour heterogeneity and the order of genetic events during tumor evolution. Many of the genes driving the growth at primary site can determine the dissemination and colonization at the ectopic site.

In any case, it is important to build resilience in the long run. And for that, tools must be put in place that limit forced displacement after a disaster; promote employment programs, even if only temporary, for IDPs or establish funding plans to ensure their security; to minimize the vulnerability of populations from risk areas. This can limit the displacement caused by environmental shocks and better channel the positive spillovers (money transfers, experiences, etc.) from the migration to the origin countries/communities. The figure of the "failed migrant", in most African countries, shows extreme heterogeneity.

Although malignant tumors are known to display extreme heterogeneity, overexpression of SR-B1 is a relatively consistent marker in cancerous tissues. While SR-B1 normally mediates the transfer of cholesterol between high-density lipoproteins (HDL) and healthy cells, it also facilitates the selective uptake of cholesterol by malignant cells. In this way, upregulation of the SR-B1 receptor becomes an enabling factor for self-sufficient proliferation in cancerous tissue. SR-B1 mediated delivery has also been used in the transfection of cancer cells with siRNA, or small interfering RNAs.

In such cases, these biphasic tumors are classified as a form of pulmonary blastoma because the presence of the blastomatous cells dramatically worsens the prognosis. FA can occur in combination with other forms of lung cancer, particularly other variants of adenocarcinoma. There also seems to be an association with clear cell lung cancer variants. A case of combined small cell lung carcinoma featuring components of FA and cells resembling those from carcinoid tumor has been reported, illustrating the unique complexity and heterogeneity of divergent histogenesis and cell differentiation in lung cancer.

There are five criteria on which a candidate ANSI is evaluated. Representation and condition are assessed at the landscape level, and diversity, ecological functions, and special feature are applied to each site. The representative features for an ANSI in an ecodistrict are the geologic themes for an Earth Science ANSI or the landforms and vegetation for a Life Science ANSI. The diversity of such representative features deemed to be high quality for the site is also important, as those with greater heterogeneity support a greater breadth of species.

In part because of heterogeneity of the samples tested, early fiber diffraction patterns were usually ambiguous and not readily interpretable. In 1955, Marianne Grunberg-Manago and colleagues published a paper describing the enzyme polynucleotide phosphorylase, which cleaved a phosphate group from nucleotide diphosphates to catalyze their polymerization. This discovery allowed researchers to synthesize homogenous nucleotide polymers, which they then combined to produce double stranded molecules. These samples yielded the most readily interpretable fiber diffraction patterns yet obtained, suggesting an ordered, helical structure for cognate, double stranded RNA that differed from that observed in DNA.

Biagi E, Rousseau R, Yvon E, et al. Responses to human CD40 ligand/human interleukin-2 autologous cell vaccine in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 2005;11(19 Pt 1):6916-23.Monsurro V, Nagorsen D, Wang E, et al. Functional heterogeneity of vaccine-induced CD8(+) T cells. J Immunol 2002;168(11):5933-42.Dudley ME, Nishimura MI, Holt AK, Rosenberg SA. Antitumor immunization with a minimal peptide epitope (G9-209-2M) leads to a functionally heterogeneous CTL response. J Immunother 1999;22(4):288-98.

The test is performed 8–12 hours after an unprotected sexual intercourse at the estimated time of ovulation, when the cervical mucus is least viscous and thus most permeable for the sperm. The result is considered poor in case of less than 10 sperm per high power field are apparent. Generally, the main drawback of all tests used for the diagnosis of ASA is a heterogeneity of data presented in available studies, caused by lack of method standardisation, various semen preparations, and inconsistent cut-off values. These facts compromise precise comparison between various methods.

Journal of Molluscan Studies 76(4): 303-316. . While the basal position of Acteonoidea was commonly accepted, some authors doubted the basal position of Nudipleura, which was originally considered as a highly derived taxon, and suspect rate heterogeneity and deviant base composition as causing this unnatural grouping. Based on potential synapomorphies in the reproductive system (presence of a ciliary stripe within the ampulla, androdiaulic or triaulic pallial gonoduct), Ghiselin already suggested a relationship between Acteonoidea and Nudipleura. However, Acteonoidea form a well-supported "lower heterobranch" clade with Rissoelloidea, confirming results by Aktipis et al.

Those HNLs that bind FAD do so at a hydrophobic region neighboring the active site where it is believed that the binding of FAD confers structural stability that allows for enzymatic action. These HNL, referred to as HNL Class I (or HNL I) are also noted to have N-terminus glycosylation and the distinct heterogeneity and presence of isoforms within the same organism. HNL Class II (HNL II), on the other hand, afford a wider variety of substrates, and in general favor (S) stereochemistry, whereas HNL I stereo-selectively produce (R)-mandelonitrile.

However, this success rate varies greatly among fungal groups, from 65% in non-Dikarya (including the now paraphyletic Mucoromycotina, the Chytridiomycota and the Blastocladiomycota) to 100% in Saccharomycotina and Basidiomycota (with the exception of very low success in Pucciniomycotina). Furthermore, the choice of primers for ITS amplification can introduce biases towards certain taxonomic fungus groups. For example, the "universal" ITS primers fail to amplify about 10% of the tested fungal specimens. The tandem repeats of the ribosomal gene cluster cause the problem of significant intragenomic sequence heterogeneity observed among ITS copies of several fungal groups.

Hence the decision on which patients to treat should be based on the prognostic factors and the risk of progression. Also, IgA nephropathy recurs in transplants despite the use of ciclosporin, azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, Isotretinoin and steroids in these patients. There are persisting uncertainties, due to the limited number of patients included in the few controlled, randomized, studies performed to date. These studies hardly produce statistically significant evidence regarding the heterogeneity of IgA nephropathy patients, the diversity of study treatment protocols, and the length of follow-up.

Prostate enlargement can cause difficulties emptying the bladder completely. This situation, in which there is residual volume in the bladder is prone to complications such as cystitis and bladder stones, also commonly found in patients with benign prostate hyperplasia. It was often suggested to change the voiding position of symptomatic males, however study results showed heterogeneity. A meta-analysis of people with prostate enlargement and healthy males showed a significant reduction of residual volume, while a trend towards an improved urinary flow rate and decreased voiding time was found.

The public bicycle sharing service was launched in 2016.in US, bike sharing is still a male-dominated space where male users made up for more than 80% of total trips made in 2017.BicikeLJ in Ljubljana, Slovenia A study published in 2015 in the journal Transportation concludes that bike sharing systems can be grouped into behaviourally similar categories based upon their size. Cluster analysis shows that larger systems display greater behavioural heterogeneity amongst their stations, and smaller systems generally have stations which all behave similarly in terms of their daily utilisation patterns.

At Hanawon, the three-month training curriculum is focused on three main goals: easing the socioeconomic and psychological anxiety of North Korean defectors; overcoming the barriers of cultural heterogeneity; and offering practical training for earning a livelihood in the South. Refugees relearn the peninsula's history, i.e. that the North started the Korean War, and take classes on human rights and the mechanics of democracy. They are taught sex education, and learn how to use an ATM, pay an electric bill, drive a car, read the Latin alphabet and speak the South Korean dialect.

Evolutionary theory proposes that organisms survive due to the goodness of fit between their characteristics and their environment. Humans have flourished in a diverse range of environments, yet Rushton et al.'s theory proposes that high levels of a single personality dimension have been adaptive throughout all of human evolution which would require a constant environment throughout this evolutionary period. In contrast, many other evolutionary theorists have proposed that environmental heterogeneity actually supports diversity in traits, because given traits may be adaptive in some environments and not in others.

"Arrosticini" of Pescara valley "Spaghettoni alla chitarra" of Teramo Typical "bocconotto" of Castel Frentano "Sise delle Monache" from Guardiagrele Renowned for its variety and richness due to the heterogeneity of its territory, Abruzzo's cuisine is among the best in Italy. In 2013 an Italian organization Confesercenti survey of foreign tourists showed that Abruzzo is the best Italian region to eat in. Both the agricultural and coastal aspects of Abruzzo have contributed to its cuisine. Due to the mountains, much of Abruzzo was isolated from international influence until the 20th century.

Fisher's method is typically applied to a collection of independent test statistics, usually from separate studies having the same null hypothesis. The meta-analysis null hypothesis is that all of the separate null hypotheses are true. The meta-analysis alternative hypothesis is that at least one of the separate alternative hypotheses is true. In some settings, it makes sense to consider the possibility of "heterogeneity," in which the null hypothesis holds in some studies but not in others, or where different alternative hypotheses may hold in different studies.

A common reason for the latter form of heterogeneity is that effect sizes may differ among populations. For example, consider a collection of medical studies looking at the risk of a high glucose diet for developing type II diabetes. Due to genetic or environmental factors, the true risk associated with a given level of glucose consumption may be greater in some human populations than in others. In other settings, the alternative hypothesis is either universally false, or universally true - there is no possibility of it holding in some settings but not in others.

Presenting such views in conjunction with the projects in this pioneering way, accompanied by two external essays and four essays by the authors, makes this book less a conventional architectural monograph, than a profoundly theoretical statement. ;Museum het Valkhof (1999); The contemporary museum is a mixture of supermarket, temple and tourist attraction. This heterogeneous collection of functions imposes a great diversity of technical and structural requirements. The wide variety of the objects and works of art belonging to the different museological collections reflect the potential heterogeneity of the building.

The frequent ownership of municipally owned corporations by multiple municipalities can cause problems, the so-called multiple principal problem, that can lead these to be inefficient, inequitable, or unaccountable or have high failure rates. There can be free-riding or duplication in steering and monitoring procedures, resulting in high costs. If there is heterogeneity in interests between the multiple municipalities, there may be directive ambiguity or lobbying of the corporations by individual municipalities, leading to high inefficiency and low accountability. Delegating governance to one elected party may be a way to solve this problem.

Renal cell carcinoma with t(6;11) translocation or TFEB-amplified Renal Cell Carcinomas is rare subtype of renal cell carcinoma. The t(6;11)(p21;q12) translocation fuses the Alpha (MALAT1) gene with the TFEB transcription factor gene, resulting in upregulated expression of TFEB which leads to expression of melanocytic markers.Pedram Argani, Victor E. Reuter, Lei Zhang, Yun-Shao Sung, Yi Ning, Jonathan I. Epstein, George J. Netto, and Cristina R. Antonescu: TFEB-amplified Renal Cell Carcinomas: An Aggressive Molecular Subset Demonstrating Variable Melanocytic Marker Expression and Morphologic Heterogeneity. Am J Surg Pathol.

The results obtained from metabarcoding are limited or biased to the frequency of occurrence. It is also problematic that far from all species have barcodes attached to them. Even though metabarcoding may overcome some practical limitations of conventional sampling methods, there is still no consensus regarding experimental design and the bioinformatic criteria for application of eDNA metabarcoding. The lack of criteria is due to the heterogeneity of experiments and studies conducted so far, which dealt with different fish diversities and abundances, types of aquatic ecosystems, numbers of markers and marker specificities.

Allelic heterogeneity is the phenomenon in which different mutations at the same locus lead to the same or very similar phenotypes. These allelic variations can arise as a result of natural selection processes, as a result of exogenous mutagens, genetic drift, or genetic migration. Many of these mutations take the form of single nucleotide polymorphisms in which a single nucleotide base is altered compared to a consensus sequence. They can also exist as copy number variants (CNV) in which the copies of a gene or DNA sequence is different from the population.

PGCs are described as the dedicated cells in early embryonic development, responsible for reaching the developing gonad. During their migration however, heterogeneity of cellular behaviour is observed due to change in cellular morphology from the time of specification to colonization. By the end of PGC migration, around 5% of migratory cells remain outside the gonad and later undergo apoptosis. The apoptotic route during the migratory period is occurring via an intrinsic pathway; nonetheless, the elimination of PGCs can be unsuccessful and result in tumour formation known as teratomas, derivatives of the three germ layers.

Synthetic biology offers unique opportunities for experimental evolution, facilitating the interpretation of evolutionary changes by inserting genetic modules into host genomes and applying selection specifically targeting such modules. Synthetic biological circuits inserted into the genome of Escherichia coli or the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae degrade (lose function) during laboratory evolution. With appropriate selection, mechanisms underlying the evolutionary regain of lost biological function can be studied. Experimental evolution of mammalian cells harboring synthetic gene circuits reveals the role of cellular heterogeneity in the evolution of drug resistance, with implications for chemotherapy resistance of cancer cells.

The selection process was ultimately won in 2012 by the InSight mission, a Mars lander. The Comet Hopper was designed to use the ASRG, the Advanced Stirling Radioisotope Generator. The Comet Hopper mission, if it were selected, would have had multiple science goals over the 7.3 years of its nominal lifetime. At roughly 4.5 AU the spacecraft would rendezvous with Comet Wirtanen and begin to map the spatial heterogeneity of surface solids as well as gas and dust emissions from the coma - the nebulous envelope around the nucleus of a comet.

A 2020 study of the Florida Tax Credit Scholarship Program reviewed child-level data that matched birth records to school records, employing student fixed effects to analyze cognitive and behavioral outcomes and heterogeneity. It used five separate measures of voucher competition over time including educational (test scores) and behavioral (absenteeism and suspensions) metrics. The study reported that students in public schools more exposed to private school choice experienced increasing benefits with program scale. These included lower rates of suspensions and absences and higher standardized test scores in reading and in math.

Recent work has shown that they may act as an ecosystem engineer by maintaining the heterogeneity of the forest floor. Through field observations and radio- tracking, a group of mongooses was followed for a period of three months, with a record of their foraging traces being kept. As they forage, they disturb the leaf litter and soil, with an estimate that they may be able to overturn the entire forest floor in a period of 8 months. This altering of the litter environment indirectly affects seed predation and germination.

The conclusions of the study suggest that such a device has potentially significant importance when used as a treatment measure. While the overall findings were not statistically significant, when the aetiology of the patients was taken into account the BAL group gained a statistically significant reduction in mortality over the control group. This suggests that while the device may not be applicable to patients as an overall treatment for liver dysfunction, it can provide an advantage when the heterogeneity of patients is considered and is used with patients of specific aetiology.

Another important research field in MS is over its heterogeneity. There are also some reports considering that several disease entities are confused into the same clinical entity "multiple sclerosis". For example, neuromyelitis optica, formerly considered a kind of MS, was separated in 2006 with the discovery of AQP4-IgG, and currently a second variant has been separated, antiMOG associated encephalomyelitis and a third one was separated as anti- neurofascin disease. This research is not closed and some other conditions could be separated from MS following the discovery of specific pathogens.

MS has been historically a clinically defined entity including several atypical presentations. Some auto-antibodies have been found in atypical MS cases, giving birth to separate disease families and restricting the previously wider concept of MS. The research in MS heterogeneity is trying to set apart all the pathogenically unrelated conditions that are currently included in the spectrum. It is an ongoing research and the list of separated conditions could grow in the future. First of all, anti-AQP4 autoantibodies were found in neuromyelitis optica (NMO), which was previously considered a MS variant.

However, these studies have come to different conclusions as to whether the cause was due more to diversity or to species composition. Specifically, a diversity in the functional roles of the species may be a more important quality for predicting productivity than the diversity in species number. Recent mathematical models have highlighted the importance of ecological context in unraveling this problem. Some models have indicated the importance of disturbance rates and spatial heterogeneity of the environment, others have indicated that the time since disturbance and the habitat's carrying capacity can cause differing relationships.

Stern’s earliest work focused on identifying cognitive changes in nondemented patients with idiopathic Parkinson’s disease, which helped identify the cognitive role of the basal ganglia when it was widely believed to have a role only in motor function. He validated these observations in patients with MPTP-induced Parkinson's. In the long-standing Predictors study, Stern has been working to clarify the heterogeneity of the course of Alzheimer's disease. He identified a set of disease features that are associated with more rapid decline, and created prediction algorithms for disease course.

This habitat spatial structure of patches allowed for coexistence between the predator and prey species and promoted a stable population oscillation model. Although the term metapopulation had not yet been coined, the environmental factors of spatial heterogeneity and habitat patchiness would later describe the conditions of a metapopulation relating to how groups of spatially separated populations of species interact with one another. Huffaker's experiment is significant because it showed how metapopulations can directly affect the predator–prey interactions and in turn influence population dynamics.Janssen, A. et al. 1997.

Coordination of agents is accomplished by the Generalized Partial Global Planning (GPGP) family of algorithms that are used to respond to particular features of the task structure. GPGP is a cooperative (team-oriented) coordination component that is built of modular mechanisms that work in conjunction with, but do not replace, a fully functional agent with a local scheduler. GPGP can be adapted to different problem domains, it allows agent heterogeneity, it exchanges global information, it communicates at multiple levels of abstraction, and it allows the use of a separate local scheduling component.

One possible explanation for the lack of agreement on hydrologic change throughout the Quaternary is that there was significant heterogeneity in climate during the Last Glacial Maximum throughout Indonesia. Alternatively, the physical and chemical processes that underlie the method of inferring precipitation from δ18O records may have operated differently in the past. Some authors working primarily with pollen records have also noted the difficulties of using vegetation records to detect changes in precipitation regimes in such a humid environment, as water is not a limiting factor in community assemblage.

Additionally, interior locations tend to have both lower population densities and labor-productivity levels. However, factors including fertile soil, nearby rivers, and ecological systems suited for rice or wheat cultivation can give way to dense inland populations. Nathan Nunn and Diego Puga note that though rugged terrain usually makes farming difficult, prevents travel, and limits societal growth, early African states used harsh terrain to their advantage. The authors used a terrain ruggedness index to quantify topographic heterogeneity across several regions of Africa, while simultaneously controlling for variables such as diamond availability and soil fertility.

The horizontal axis of both charts is geographic distance as measured along likely routes of human migration. (Chart from Kanitz et al. 2018) The distribution of genetic variants within and among human populations are impossible to describe succinctly because of the difficulty of defining a "population," the clinal nature of variation, and heterogeneity across the genome (Long and Kittles 2003). In general, however, an average of 85% of genetic variation exists within local populations, ~7% is between local populations within the same continent, and ~8% of variation occurs between large groups living on different continents.

Pooled QMLE is a technique that allows estimating parameters when panel data is available with Poisson outcomes. For instance, one might have information on the number of patents files by a number of different firms over time. Pooled QMLE does not necessarily contain unobserved effects (which can be either random effects or fixed effects), and the estimation method is mainly proposed for these purposes. The computational requirements are less stringent, especially compared to fixed-effect Poisson models, but the trade off is the possibly strong assumption of no unobserved heterogeneity.

It was suggested that the swimming energy of the cells could overcome the repulsive energy or they can adhere to regions of heterogeneity on the surface. The swimming capacity increase with the ionic strength and 100mM is the optimal concentration for the rotation of flagella. Despite the electrostatic repulsion energy from DLVO calculation between the bacteria and surface collector, the deposition could occur due to other interactions such as the steric impact of the presence of flagella on the cell environment and the strong hydrophobicity of the cell.

The Michigan Avenue-Genesee Street District was developed in the latter half of the nineteenth century, as new businesses were developed in Owosso and fine craftsmen moved to the city. The district was located near the newly-established factories, and close to the booming commercial district, so both shopkeepers and craftsmen found the neighborhood a convenient place to live. As the neighborhood attracted a varied group of residents, the houses constructed embraced a range of sizes and styles. However, despite the heterogeneity of the buildings, they all exhibited fine craftsmanship.

The inconsistent findings with respect to receptor expression has been emphasized as not precluding dysfunction in dopamine receptors, as many factors such as regional heterogeneity and medication status may lead to variable findings. When combined with findings in presynaptic dopamine function, most evidence suggests dysregulation of dopamine in schizophrenia. Exactly how dopamine dysregulation can contribute to schizophrenia symptoms remains unclear. Some studies have suggested that disruption of the auditory thalamocortical projections give rise to hallucinations, while dysregulated corticostriatal circuitry and reward circuitry in the form of aberrant salience can give rise to delusions.

SMART-seq2 has been used to analyze single cell eukaryotic microbes, but since it relies on poly(A) tail capture, it has not been applied in prokaryotic cells. Microfluidic approaches such as Drop-seq and the Fluidigm IFC-C1 devices have been used to sequence single malaria parasites or single yeast cells. The single-cell yeast study sought to characterize the heterogeneous stress tolerance in isogenic yeast cells before and after the yeast are exposed to salt stress. Single-cell analysis of the several transcription factors by scRNA-seq revealed heterogeneity across the population.

Al-Azzawi graduated with a B.Sc. in Civil Engineering from University of Mosul, Iraq (1971-1976). After spending 6 years practicing in various structural engineering & engineering management roles she relocated to the United States of America to pursue an M.S. in Geotechnical Engineering from Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado, US (1983-1986) followed immediately by a Ph.D. in Geological Environmental Engineering (1986-1989) with a dissertation titled: “An integrated approach to subsurface heterogeneity measurement for three dimensions ground water flow and contaminant transport modeling.” ushering in her career in hazardous & radioactive waste modeling & management.

It was also observed that purine- pyrimidine transversions occurred at a high frequency among the SNPs. The characterization of copy number and single nucleotide variations of single colon cancer cells highlighted the heterogeneity present within a tumour. MALBAC has been applied as a method to examine the genetic diversity amongst reproductive cells. By sequencing the genomes of 99 individual human sperm cells from an anonymous donor, MALBAC was used to examine genetic recombination events involving single gametes and ultimately provide insight into the dynamics of genetic recombination and its contribution to male infertility.

In studies of uranium miners, workers exposed to radon levels of 50 to 150 picocuries of radon per liter of air (2000–6000 Bq/m3) for about 10 years have shown an increased frequency of lung cancer. Statistically significant excesses in lung cancer deaths were present after cumulative exposures of less than 50 WLM. There is, however, unexplained heterogeneity in these results (whose confidence interval do not always overlap). The size of the radon- related increase in lung cancer risk varied by more than an order of magnitude between the different studies.

Despite the positive aspects of tracking, some scholars have noted limitations of the system. Tracking often does not work as effectively as it should because of the composition of the tracks. In practice, tracks are generally not as homogeneous as they could be (although they are more homogenous than a non- tracking system, which randomly assigns students to classrooms), so some of the potential benefits can't be fully exploited. Even when tracks initially are nearly homogeneous in students' academic abilities, heterogeneity can develop over time, since students learn at different rates.

Example 5. Sort Big Data Objects by Revealed Preference When ranking big data observations, diverse consumers reveal heterogeneous preferences; but any revealed preference is a ranking between two observations, derived from a consumer’s rational consideration of many factors. Previous researchers have applied exogenous weighting and multivariate regression approaches, and spatial, network, or multidimensional analyses to sort complicated objects, ignoring the variety and variability of the objects. By recognizing the diversity and heterogeneity among both the observations and the consumers, Hu (2000) instead applies endogenous weighting to these contradictory revealed preferences.

Several human trials aimed to evaluate the effect of lactotripeptides on blood pressure. Some trials show a blood pressure-lowering effect of lactotripeptides in people with mild to moderate hypertension, however others see no effect from these peptides. A recent systematic review of the literature found no confirmed ACE-inhibitor effects in humans, as well as no conclusive evidence for lactotripeptides as a successful intervention; the meta-analysis cited heterogeneity in methodology and lack of inclusion of recent larger studies by prior meta-analyses to account for the variance between studies.

Akademische Verlagsgesellschaft, 1909. This equation is known as Freundlich adsorption isotherm or Freundlich adsorption equation. As this relationship is entirely empirical, in the case where adsorption behavior can be properly fit by isotherms with a theoretical basis, it is usually appropriate to use such isotherms instead (see for example the Langmuir and BET adsorption theories). The Freundlich equation is also derived (non- empirically) by attributing the change in the equilibrium constant of the binding process to the heterogeneity of the surface and the variation in the heat of adsorption..

The CHopper mission had three primary science goals for the 7.3 years of its lifetime. At roughly 4.5 AU the spacecraft would have rendezvoused with Comet Wirtanen to map the spatial heterogeneity of surface solids as well as gas and dust emissions from the coma - the nebulous envelope around the nucleus of a comet. The remote mapping would also allow for any nucleus structure, geologic processes, and coma mechanisms to be determined. After arriving at Comet Wirtanen, the spacecraft would have approached and landed, then subsequently hopped to other locations on the comet.

Analysis of siblings from highly inbred chicken-lines have suggested that these ultra-long telomeric sequences are extremely heterogenous. Similar observations of heterogeneity have also been made in mice. In birds, whose cells contain microchromosomes, it has been suggested that there was a correlation between the presence of mega-telomeres and the number of microchromosomes present in a species, such that bird genomes with large numbers of microchromosomes also possessed larger amounts of telomeric DNA sequence. It was thought that these telomeric sequences might protect genes on these tiny chromosomes from erosion during cell division.

Both airborne and vibrational waves are subject to interference and alteration from environmental factors. Factors such as wind and temperature influence airborne sound propagation, whereas propagation of seismic signals are affected by the substrate type and heterogeneity. Airborne sound waves spread spherically rather than cylindrically, attenuate more rapidly (losing 6 dB for every doubling of distance) than ground surface waves such as Rayleigh waves (3 dB loss for every doubling of distance), and thus ground surface waves maintain integrity longer.O’Connell-Rodwell, E.O., (2007). Keeping an “ear” to the ground: seismic communication in elephants.

While TNM staging is important, systems based just on anatomic features are not well suited for deciding what treatment is best for a patient with prostate cancer, as there is still considerable heterogeneity of prognosis within the stage categories. A more refined prognosis can be established by consideration of prostate-specific antigen, and grade (i.e. Gleason score in the Gleason grading system). For example, it is now common to classify patients into high, intermediate and low-risk groups on the basis of these three factors (TNM stage, PSA and Gleason score).

The water-level task refers to a task developed by Jean Piaget where bottles filled with different levels of water are presented in different angles of orientation. It is used to assess the level of mental development of spatial abilities (e.g., recognition of the invariance of horizontality). Formann criticized the established method of dichotomizing water-level responses by the subjects into "right" versus "wrong" – he showed that this method was inappropriate because it ignored the heterogeneity of the task difficulties - and instead recommended using latent class models or Rasch models.

The traditional Dhow, an enduring symbol of Oman Outwardly, Oman shares many of the cultural characteristics of its Arab neighbours, particularly those in the Gulf Cooperation Council. Despite these similarities, important factors make Oman unique in the Middle East. These result as much from geography and history as from culture and economics. The relatively recent and artificial nature of the state of Oman makes it difficult to describe a national culture; however, sufficient cultural heterogeneity exists within its national boundaries to make Oman distinct from other Arab States of the Persian Gulf.

In algebra, homogeneous polynomials have the same number of factors of a given kind. In the study of binary relations, a homogeneous relation is a relation on a set X (R ⊆ X × X ) while a heterogeneous relation concerns possibly distinct sets (R ⊆ X × Y, X = Y or X ≠ Y ). In statistical meta-analysis, study heterogeneity is when multiple studies on an effect are measuring somewhat different effects due to differences in subject population, intervention, choice of analysis, experimental design, etc.; this can cause problems in attempts to summarize the meaning of the studies.

In the years 2000–2004, he was the president of the Special Interest Group on the Lexicon (SIGLEX) of the ACL. Kilgarriff was an active member of the European Association for Lexicography (member of board 2002–2006), consultant for major publishing houses and reviewer for journals and conferences around that field.Adam Kilgarriff's Curriculum Vitae He has been working on methods for automatic acquisition of large web corpora and quantitative and qualitative corpus analysis (text genres, corpus similarity, homogeneity and heterogeneity). His work on corpora was closely connected with their application for computer lexicography.

Sraffa (1925 in 1998, p. 324). The difficulties of the system that could, in short, be defined as the cross of the supply and demand curves firstly depend on the heterogeneity of the assumptions on which these two different tendencies are based. Decreasing returns and increasing costs are caused by the limited availability of some input which prevents all inputs from varying in optimal proportion. In other words, if an input is limited in quantity, a rise in production levels brings about a less efficient proportion among inputs with a fall in productivity.

Aberrations of DISC1 are considered a generalized risk factor in major psychiatric diseases and have also been implicated in memory deficits and abnormal patterns of brain activity. DISC1 translocation increases the risk of developing schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, or major depression by about 50-fold in comparison to the general population. Efforts to model DISC1 disease biology in transgenic mice, Drosophila, and zebrafish have provided psychiatric disease implications related to DISC1 mutations. However, no specific variant is consistently associated with development of mental disorders, indicating allelic heterogeneity in psychiatric disease.

"Border effect refers to asymmetries in trade patterns between cities and regions of different countries that share a national border and those that are located in the same country. Usually, trade volume is much lesser between the former cities and regions." Yuriy Gorodnichenko and Tesar re-examines the evidence on the border effect in this paper. They argue that if there is cross-country heterogeneity in the distribution of price differentials within a country, then there is no clear reference point from which to set a standard for the effect of the border.

The traditional Dhow, an enduring symbol of Oman Outwardly, Oman shares many of the cultural characteristics of its Arab neighbours, particularly those in the Gulf Cooperation Council. Despite these similarities, important factors make Oman unique in the Middle East. These result as much from geography and history as from culture and economics. The relatively recent and artificial nature of the state in Oman makes it difficult to describe a national culture; however, sufficient cultural heterogeneity exists within its national boundaries to make Oman distinct from other Arab States of the Persian Gulf.

Permeability depends on the size of the sediment grains that formed the rock and the manner in which they were packed. Permeability is the number of pores, and their interconnectedness in a rock and the existence of different layers in a rock with different permeability is a manifestation of geological heterogeneity. When steam injection takes place, water flows through the more permeable layers, bypassing the oil-rich less permeable layers. This causes low sweep efficiency and early water production with the volume of oil in contact with the water.

In the mid-2000s, Professor Barney worked with Dr. Sharon Alvarez to develop a new theoretical approach to the study of entrepreneurship. Rather than assuming that entrepreneurial opportunities are formed by exogenous shocks to established markets or industries, this approach suggests that opportunities can also be endogenous to entrepreneurial action [15]. By 2015, this "creation view" of entrepreneurship was beginning to gain traction among entrepreneurship scholars. Research topics that build directly on resource-based theory include The Knowledge based Theory of the Firm, Relational View, Dynamic Capabilities, theories of core competence, and competitive heterogeneity.

By 1753 the civilian population had grown to 1816 persons, the main elements in which 597 were Genoese, 575 Jews and 351 British inhabitants.Census, 1970 These numbers show the heterogeneity of the small number of civilians considered official residents of The Rock in its early stages. The treaty of 1713 stipulated that in the event of any change in sovereignty, Spain would have first claim to the territory. With the treaty, Her Britannic Majesty promised the Catholic King of Spain that no Jews or Moors would be permitted to live in Gibraltar.

After receiving the award, Steinmo acted as the Principal Investigator in his European Commission funded project, "Willing to Pay?". The goal of the project was to better understand, through experiment, why heterogeneity exists among different democratic welfare states regarding citizens' willingness to pay government taxes. In broad terms, "Willing to Pay?" set out to explore "the interactive relationships between policy choices, institutions and ideas", effectively "exploring and explaining the multiple paths and different choices made in different democratic welfare states". Steinmo returned to a professorship position at the University of Colorado, Boulder in 2017.

Another alternative is to construct dynamic stochastic general equilibrium (DSGE) models with heterogeneous agents, which is difficult, but is becoming more common (Ríos-Rull, 1995; Heathcote, Storesletten, and Violante 2009; Canova 2007 section 2.1.2). Chang, Kim, and Schorfheide (2011) make a point similar to that of Kirman, in the context of a DSGE model where agents are heterogeneous because of uninsured labor income risk.Y. Chang, S.B. Kim, and F. Schorfheide (2011), "Labor-Market Heterogeneity, Aggregation, and the Policy-(In)variance of DSGE Model Parameters". RCER Working Paper 566, Univ.

While a number of neuroimaging findings are consistently reported in people with major depressive disorder, the heterogeneity of depressed populations presents difficulties interpreting these findings. For example, averaging across populations may hide certain subgroup related findings; while reduced dlPFC activity is reported in depression, a subgroup may present with elevated dlPFC activity. Averaging may also yield statistically significant findings, such as reduced hippocampal volumes, that are actually present in a subgroup of subjects. Due to these issues and others, including the longitudinal consistency of depression, most neural models are likely inapplicable to all depression.

Fernandes et al. (2019), The Arrival of Steppe and Iranian Related Ancestry in the Islands of the Western Mediterranean, found that a skeleton excavated from the Balearic islands (dating to ∼2400 BCE) had substantial WSH ancestry; however, later Balearic individuals had less Steppe heritage reflecting geographic heterogeneity or immigration from groups with more European first farmer- related ancestry. In Sicily, WSH ancestry arrived by ∼2200 BCE and likely came at least in part from Spain. 4 of the 5 Early Bronze Age Sicilian males had Steppe-associated Y-haplogroup R1b1a1a2a1a2 (R-P312).

In addition, megacryometeors display textural variations of the ice and hydro-chemical and isotopic heterogeneity, which evidence a complex formation process in the atmosphere. It is known that they do not form from airplane toilet leakage because the large chunks of ice that occasionally do fall from airliners are distinctly blue due to the disinfectant used. Some have speculated that these ice chunks must have fallen from aircraft fuselages after plain water ice accumulating on those aircraft through normal atmospheric conditions has simply broken loose. However, similar events occurred prior to the invention of aircraft.

The heterogeneity of these aquifers makes them complicated to study and manage. Consequently, growing signs of conflict and competition for water use between sector needs are being observed in some regions. Another considerable challenge in Costa Rica is the lack of a monitoring and maintenance for potable water and the problem has precipitated a higher incidence of water-borne illnesses. In response, the Health Ministry created a system of vigilant monitoring of the quality of water, illnesses, population migration, environmental sanitation, vulnerability of the aquifers, lakes, and rivers.

Genes with expression patterns consistent with the disease phenotype, showing a (putative) function related to the phenotype, or homologous to another gene linked to the phenotype are all priority candidates. Generalization of positional cloning techniques in this manner is also known as positional gene discovery. Positional cloning is an effective method to isolate disease genes in an unbiased manner, and it has been used to identify disease genes for Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Huntington's disease, and cystic fibrosis. However, complications in the analysis arise if the disease exhibits locus heterogeneity.

Two key challenges to this assertion are: # Since usability is related to the specific set of users, such a small sample size is unlikely to be representative of the total population so the data from such a small sample is more likely to reflect the sample group than the population they may represent #Not every usability problem is equally easy-to-detect. Intractable problems happen to decelerate the overall process. Under these circumstances the progress of the process is much shallower than predicted by the Nielsen/Landauer formula.Schmettow, Heterogeneity in the Usability Evaluation Process.

Plant's branch researches single-cell measurements from live cell microscopy, and development of theoretical approaches that lead to predictive understanding of complex cellular systems. Currently, Plant examines small molecular networks in engineered induced pluripotent stem cells with a statistical thermodynamics model. The heterogeneity of cellular phenotypes within isogenic populations provides a window into the diversity of ways the cellular machinery can operate to process information. This diversity of expression reflects the stochastic fluctuations that occur as connected network variables interact with one another to effect up- and down-regulation.

Their complex social order can be seen through studies on the inscriptions, foreign accounts, as well as rich portrayal in bas-reliefs of temples from this period. Their accomplished artistry was evidenced from a number of Srivijayan Art Mahayana Buddhist statues discovered in the region. The kingdom had developed a complex society; which characterised by heterogeneity of their society, inequality of social stratification, and the formation of national administrative institution in their kingdom. Some forms of metallurgy were used as jewelry, currency (coins), as status symbols—for decorative purposes.

Many universities (in the United States) do not offer the master's degree directly; rather, the degree is routinely awarded as a master's degree "en route", after completion of a designated phase of the PhD program in economics. Typically, the curriculum is structured around core topics, with any optional coursework complementary to the program focus. The core modules are usually in microeconomic theory, macroeconomic theory and econometrics. At this level, the topics covered are microfoundations and dynamic stochastic general equilibrium, and allow for heterogeneity, relaxing the idea of a representative agent.

In Vietnam and the United States, teratogenic or birth defects were observed in children of persons who were exposed to Agent Orange or 2,4,5-T that contained TCDD as an impurity out of the production process. However there has been some uncertainty on the causal link between Agent Orange/dioxin exposure. In 2006 a meta-analysis indicated large amount of heterogeneity between studies and emphasized a lack of consensus on the issue. Still-births, cleft palate, and neural tube defects, with spina bifida were the most statistically significant defects.

In contrast, different human cell types respond to damage differently indicating an absence of a common global response. The probable explanation for this difference between yeast and human cells may be in the heterogeneity of mammalian cells. In an animal different types of cells are distributed among different organs that have evolved different sensitivities to DNA damage. In general global response to DNA damage involves expression of multiple genes responsible for postreplication repair, homologous recombination, nucleotide excision repair, DNA damage checkpoint, global transcriptional activation, genes controlling mRNA decay, and many others.

Six families did not link to either locus, indicating genetic heterogeneity. Among a larger group of 33 families, including the 18 consanguineous families, molecular analysis identified 11 novel mutations in the FRAS1 gene in 10 families and 1 mutation in the FREM2 gene (608945.0003) in 1 family. A literature review of genotype/phenotype correlations suggested that patients with FRAS1 mutations have more frequent skull ossification defects and a low insertion of the umbilical cord compared to patients without a FRAS1 mutation, but the findings were not statistically significant.

When an agreement is close to absolute, estimating answers is straightforward. The problem addressed by cultural consensus theory is how to estimate beliefs when there is some degree of heterogeneity present in responses. In general, cultural consensus theory provides a framework for determining whether responses are sufficiently homogeneous to estimate a single set of shared answers and then estimating the answers and individual cultural competence in answering the questions. Cultural consensus models do not create consensus or explain why consensus exists; they simply facilitate the discovery and description of possible consensus.

Squeeze flow (also called squeezing flow, squeezing film flow, or squeeze flow theory) is a type of flow in which a material is pressed out or deformed between two parallel plates or objects. First explored in 1874 by Josef Stefan, squeeze flow describes the outward movement of a droplet of material, its area of contact with the plate surfaces, and the effects of internal and external factors such as temperature, viscoelasticity, and heterogeneity of the material.Engmann, J., Servais, C., & Burbidge, A. S. (2005). Squeeze flow theory and applications to rheometry: A review.

The implementation of self- pollination significantly reduces genetic variation in a population, and an established population of identical progeny presents limited opportunity for evolution on a genomic level throughout a species. The plant combats this through the utilization of both male and female sex organs which provides an environment with low rates of outcrossing through sex-biased genes. The result of low genetic variations in both A. thaliana gametophytes self-fertilization comes from the low rates of outcrossing. The low rates of outcrossing can be overcome by variations of heterogeneity in selection.

Tyrosinemia type I affects males and females in equal numbers. Its prevalence has been estimated to be 1 in 100,000 to 120,000 births worldwide. HT1 is especially prevalent in the Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean region of Quebec is one in 1,850 births. The elevated frequency of this disorder within individuals of French-Canadian ancestry in Quebec is believed to be due to reduced genetic heterogeneity within the original founder population for the Saguenay-Lac Saint-Jean region. The initial settlement of Saguenay Lac-Saint-Jean (SLSJ) occurred between 1838 and 1911.

This complexity is called disease allele heterogeneity and is a further reason that genetic associations are found with different markers in the dysbindin gene when different samples are studied. Genetically caused dysbindin-related mechanisms causing brain dysfunction are not fully known, but in one study, schizophrenic patients carrying the high-risk haplotype demonstrated visual processing deficits. In another work, damping down the DTNBP1 expression led to an increase in cell surface dopamine D2-receptor levels. Mutation in the DTNBP1 gene was also shown to cause Hermansky–Pudlak syndrome type 7.

In his most highly cited article, with Hédi Kallal, Jouini analyses how dynamic securities markets with transaction costs depend on arbitrage, as otherwise the bid-ask spreads would become martingales, which in turn offers a method for determining the investment opportunities available in an economy.Jouini, E., Kallal, H. (1995). Martingales and arbitrage in securities markets with transaction costs. Journal of Economic Theory, 66(1), pp. 178-197. Further important research by Jouini (with Clotilde Napp) has dealt with the effect of belief heterogeneity on asset pricing,Jouini, E., Napp, C. (2007).

She suggests that it happens because of the interplay between the company's mission, the cost differential between poor and unbanked wealthier clients and region specific characteristics pertaining the heterogeneity of their clientele. But in either way, this problem of selective funding leads to an ethical tradeoff where on one hand there is an economic reason for the company to restrict its loans to only the individuals who qualify the standards, and on the other hand there is an ethical responsibility to help the poor people get out of poverty through the provision of capital.

In its designation, COSEWIC: #Disregarded population structure and provided a recommendation based on the presumption of a single homogeneous population (which even DFO's own internal documents concluded was unlikely, compared to heterogeneity). #Disregarded the arithmetic that clearly put declines in high "at risk" categories, and applied a decision of vulnerable, a lower-risk category, to the entire species within Canadian waters. COSEWIC did not account for the variation of its designation from the Report's recommendation, and did not admit that variation. COSEWIC also refused to release the Report, although its rules required it to.

The field of precision medicine that is related to psychiatric disorders and mental health is called "precision psychiatry." Inter-personal difference of molecular pathology is diverse, so as inter-personal difference in the exposome, which influence disease processes through the interactome within the tissue microenvironment, differentially from person to person. As the theoretical basis of precision medicine, the "unique disease principle" emerged to embrace the ubiquitous phenomenon of heterogeneity of disease etiology and pathogenesis. The unique disease principle was first described in neoplastic diseases as the unique tumor principle.

The Lake Tana Biosphere Reserve is a protected area located in the Amhara National Regional State approximately 563 km northwest of Addis Ababa in the north-western part of Ethiopia. The biosphere reserve comprises Lake Tana, the largest lake in Ethiopia, the main source of the Blue Nile, which provides important ecosystem services. The area is a hotspot of biodiversity, internationally known as an Important Bird Area and is of global importance for agricultural genetic diversity. The area is characterized by an enormous heterogeneity of land uses and natural ecosystems.

For bipolar I disorder, the rate at which identical twins (same genes) will both have bipolar I disorder (concordance) is around 40%, compared to about 5% in fraternal twins. A combination of bipolar I, II, and cyclothymia similarly produced rates of 42% and 11% (identical and fraternal twins, respectively). The rates of bipolar II combinations without bipolar I are lowerbipolar II at 23 and 17%, and bipolar II combining with cyclothymia at 33 and 14%, which may reflect relatively higher genetic heterogeneity. The cause of bipolar disorders overlaps with major depressive disorder.

Within the ZORKA 2004 project, with the other schools involved in the Innovative School Network, the school has been developing digital teaching and learning resource materials to be used in teaching natural sciences. In the school year 2005/2006 the ESZTER project was organised by Sulinet Program Office (Programiroda), with innovative schools taking part, within which students were exploring the ethnic, language, religious and cultural heterogeneity of the EU countries. With the HEFOP 3.1.3. project the school can take part in the development program entitled ’Preparation for Competence-based Teaching’.

In this type of thinning, the intent is to manage various portions of the stand in different ways to create structural and spatial heterogeneity. The intent is often to increase biodiversity or wildlife habitat. In variable density thinning, some portions of the stand may not be entered. These unentered areas, sometimes called reserves, leave islands, or skips (as they are skipped over) help retain a large range of tree diameters, serve as a future source of competition-related mortality, and may preserve snags, down wood, and understory plants.

Circulating tumour DNA (plasma DNA) Analysis can be used to track tumour burden and analyse cancer genomes non-invasively but the extent to which it represents metastatic heterogeneity is unknown. PyClone can be used to compare the clonal population structures present in the tumour and plasma samples from amplicon sequencing data. Stem and metastatic-clade mutation clusters can be inferred using PyClone and then compared to results from clonal ordering. Serial Time Point Sequencing: PyClone can be used to study the evolution of mutational clusters as cancer progresses.

Although all EMT subpopulations presented similar tumor propagating cell capacity, they displayed different cellular plasticity, invasive and metastatic potential. The lab also showed the role of PIK3CA in inducing heterogeneity in breast tumors, especially its role in reprogramming basal cells into luminal ones and vice versa. They showed that cell fate reprograming during tumorigenesis correlated with the cell of origin, tumor type and different clinical outcomes of breast tumors. His team showed the first experimental evidence for the existence of cancer stem cells during unperturbed solid tumor growth in vivo.

Surface plasmon resonance microscopy (SPRM), also called surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRI), is a label free analytical tool that combines the surface plasmon resonance of metallic surfaces with imaging of the metallic surface. The heterogeneity of the refractive index of the metallic surface imparts high contrast images, caused by the shift in the resonance angle. SPRM can achieve a sub-nanometer thickness sensitivity and lateral resolution achieves values of micrometer scale. SPRM is used to characterize surfaces such as self-assembled monolayers, multilayer films, metal nanoparticles, oligonucleotide arrays, and binding and reduction reactions.

A check for trends with production order is also recommended. This approach is not taken in ISO Guide 35:2017; rather, emphasis is placed on deciding whether the between-unit standard deviation is sufficiently small for the intended end use. If statistical tests are used, however, the homogeneity experiment should be capable of detecting important heterogeneity, ISO Guide 35:2017 in turn requiring a sufficient combination of precision of the measurement procedure, number of RM units and number of replicates per unit. Statistical power calculations can assist in ensuring a sufficiently effective test .

There are over 300 types of ion channels just in the cells of the inner ear. Ion channels may be classified by the nature of their gating, the species of ions passing through those gates, the number of gates (pores) and localization of proteins. Further heterogeneity of ion channels arises when channels with different constitutive subunits give rise to a specific kind of current. Absence or mutation of one or more of the contributing types of channel subunits can result in loss of function and, potentially, underlie neurologic diseases.

This feature is captured in measures of lacunarity listed across the top of the figures, as calculated using standard biological imaging box counting software . Lacunarity, from the Latin lacuna, meaning "gap" or "lake", is a specialized term in geometry referring to a measure of how patterns, especially fractals, fill space, where patterns having more or larger gaps generally have higher lacunarity. Beyond being an intuitive measure of gappiness, lacunarity can quantify additional features of patterns such as "rotational invariance" and more generally, heterogeneity. This is illustrated in Figure 1 showing three fractal patterns.

F. Brenguier, M. Campillo,C. Hadziioannou, N.M. Shapiro, R.M. Nadeau, E. Larose, « Postseismic relaxation along the San Andreas fault at Parkfield from continuous seismological observations », Science, (2008), volume : 321, issue : 5895, p. 1478-1481 The properties of diffuse seismic wave fields (energy partitioning between modes) were measured and modelled to demonstrate how these observables carry information about the structure beneath the stations. This is a growing field in engineering seismology.L. Margerin, Campillo M, Van Tiggelen BA and R.Hennino, « Energy partition of seismic coda waves in layered media : theory and application to Pinyon Flats Observatory », Geophysical Journal International, (2009), volume : 177, issue : 2, p. 571-585 Michel Campillo discussed the relative shares for seismic rupture of local friction properties and their spatial heterogeneity. He shows in 3D elasticity the relevance of the concept of effective friction introduced in Campillo et al. (2001) to describe the large-scale behaviour of the rupture (initiation duration, slip distribution, rupture velocity. . .).S. Latour, M. Campillo, C. Voisin, I. R. Ionescu, J. Schmedes, and D. Lavallée, « Effective friction law for small-scale fault heterogeneity in 3D dynamic rupture », J. Geophys. Res., (2011), 116, b10306 (DOI doi:10.1029/2010JB008118) He also published the first application of ambient noise analysis to deep structures.

The probabilistic description of discrete choice behavior is used not to reflect individual behavior that is viewed as intrinsically probabilistic. Rather, it is the lack of information that leads us to describe choice in a probabilistic fashion. In practice, we cannot know all factors affecting individual choice decisions as their determinants are partially observed or imperfectly measured. Therefore, discrete choice models rely on stochastic assumptions and specifications to account for unobserved factors related to a) choice alternatives, b) taste variation over people (interpersonal heterogeneity) and over time (intra-individual choice dynamics), and c) heterogeneous choice sets.

In 2018, Violante together with Benjamin Moll and Greg Kaplan introduce the term HANK (Heterogeneous Agent New Keynesian) model to describe the rising literature incorporating household heterogeneity into New-Keynesian models. They argue that monetary policy operates mostly via general equilibrium effects on the labor market, instead of the standard intertemporal substitution channel. This is due to a sizable share of households exhibiting high MPCs, whose spending behavior reacts strongly to changes in disposable income. As Ricardian equivalence fails in HANK models, the reaction of the fiscal authority to a monetary shock is key to determine the overall macroeconomic response.

Breast cancer is consensually considered genetically and clinically as a heterogeneous disease, in that it reflects the heterogeneity of the normal breast tissue at its origin17873350. A number of discrete genetic events have to occur in order to enable individual tumor cells that have the capacity to grow at an ectopic site. The metastatic progression depends on the regulation of developmental programs and environmental events. The metastatic potential of sub populations within mouse mammary cells is now considered as relatively an early event and dissemination occurs at the same time of pre invasive or micro-invasive lesions.

Schafer wrote: > In the opinion of the writer, the Chou ruling class was particularly hostile > to women in government, and regarded the ancient fertility rites as impure. > This anti-female tendency was even more marked in the state of Lu, where > Confucius approved of the official rain-ceremony in which men alone > participated. There was, within ancient China, a heterogeneity of culture > areas, with female shamans favored in some, males in others. The > "licentiousness" of the ceremonies of such a state as Cheng (doubtless > preserving the ancient Shang traditions and customs) was a byword among > Confucian moralists.

The meta-analysis estimate represents a weighted average across studies and when there is heterogeneity this may result in the summary estimate not being representative of individual studies. Qualitative appraisal of the primary studies using established tools can uncover potential biases, but does not quantify the aggregate effect of these biases on the summary estimate. Although the meta-analysis result could be compared with an independent prospective primary study, such external validation is often impractical. This has led to the development of methods that exploit a form of leave-one-out cross validation, sometimes referred to as internal-external cross validation (IOCV).

The term matorral followed Spanish colonization of the Americas, and is used to refer to both Mediterranean (climate) woodlands and scrub,Jiménez, Héctor E. and Armesto, Juan J. (December 1992) "Importance of the Soil Seed Bank of Disturbed Sites in Chilean Matorral in Early Secondary Succession" Journal of Vegetation Science 3(5): pp. 579-586, p. 579 and xeric shrublands ecosystems in Mexico,Camargo-Ricalde, Sara Lucía; Dhillion, Shivcharn S. and Grether, Rosaura (October 2002) "Community Structure of Endemic Mimosa Species and Environmental Heterogeneity in a Semi-Arid Mexican Valley"Journal of Vegetation Science 13(5): pp. 697-704 Chile, and elsewhere.

The study of IgM began with the report in 1937 that horses hyperimmunized with pneumococcus polysaccharide produced antibody that was much larger than the typical rabbit γ-globulin, with a molecular weight of 990,000 daltons. In accordance with its large size, the new antibody was originally referred to as γ-macroglobulin, and then in subsequent terminology as IgM—M for “macro”. The V domains of normal immunoglobulin are highly heterogeneous, reflecting their role in protecting against the great variety of infectious microbes, and this heterogeneity impeded detailed structural analysis of IgM. Two sources of homogeneous IgM were subsequently discovered.

There are limitations of and arguments against using field experiments in place of other research designs (e.g. lab experiments, survey experiments, observational studies, etc.). Given that field experiments necessarily take place in a specific geographic and political setting, there is a concern about extrapolating outcomes to formulate a general theory regarding the population of interest. However, researchers have begun to find strategies to effectively generalize causal effects outside of the sample by comparing the environments of the treated population and external population, accessing information from larger sample size, and accounting and modeling for treatment effects heterogeneity within the sample.

The method was developed by groups of dermatologists directed by: Lidia Rudnicka in Poland, Antonella Tosti and Giuseppe Micali in Italy and Shigeki Inui in Japan. In 2004 Francesco Lacarrubba and coworkers first described videodermoscopic features of alopecia areata (micro-exclamation hairs, yellow hyperkeratotic hair follicle openings, and black cadaverized hairs. In 2005 Malgorzata Olszewska and Lidia Rudnicka first used videodermoscopy for evaluation of disease severity in androgenic alopecia and for monitoring treatment efficacy. Characteristic images of female androgenic alopecia included hair shaft heterogeneity and increased percentage of thin (below 30 micrometers) hairs at the vertex.

Their noncomformity with traditional designs and concepts and their heterogeneity has made problematical their placement into racing, outside of one design races. Creating handicap systems that match actual sportsboat performance has necessitated new Racing Rules of Sailing and measures. The Australian Measurement System was updated in 2012 with the launch of AMS2 and this has been very successful in updating the mathematics to accommodate modern [traditional] designs. Particularly because of their planing performance (which varies from the hydrodynamics and hull speed of a displacement hull), the Sportsboat Measurement System was specially created to fit the needs of boats within the category.

Acids occur in larger amounts in the centre of the berry while the sugars are in greater proportion at the periphery. This heterogeneity in the distribution of sugars, acids, and inorganic compounds in the berry is used during pressing, especially in Champagne pressing. This process separates them as it happens and uses them to measure the progress of the "vintage", the first and second tailles, and finally the rebêches of insufficient quality to be made into AOC wine. The flesh is the major element of the wine, as it is the part that contains the highest proportion of liquid.

These deviant cultural incarnations were not only not possible in the public sphere, but also had to be eliminated from all possible political and social activity to prevent contamination. In everyday life speech, "diversionists" were labeled as "débiles" (weaks), "raros" (weirdos), and "gusanos" (worms), terms that picked out the heterogeneity of social groups that contested the Revolution from below starting in the first decade of the Revolution, as the personal case of Anna Veltfort, an art history student at University of Havana bears witness to it [9] (see Figure 1.). Figure 1. "A los gusanos hay que hervirlos".

In certain situations, ADHD traits may have been beneficial to society as a whole even while being harmful to the individual. The high rates and heterogeneity of ADHD may have increased reproductive fitness and benefited society by adding diversity to the gene pool despite being detrimental to the individual. In certain environments, some ADHD traits may have offered personal advantages to individuals, such as quicker response to predators or superior hunting skills. In the Ariaal people of Kenya, the 7R allele of the DRD4 gene results in better health in those who are nomadic but not those who are living in one spot.

Kurds are often regarded as "the largest ethnic group without a state", Some researchers, such as Martin van Bruinessen, who seem to agree with the official Turkish position, argue that while some level of Kurdish cultural, social, political and ideological heterogeneity may exist, the Kurdish community has long thrived over the centuries as a generally peaceful and well-integrated part of Turkish society, with hostilities erupting only in recent years. Michael Radu, who worked for the United States' Pennsylvania Foreign Policy Research Institute, notes that demands for a Kurdish state comes primarily from Kurdish nationalists, Western human-rights activists, and European leftists.

Gene amplification is among the most common mechanisms of oncogene activation. One of the primary functions of ecDNA in cancer is to enable the tumor to rapidly reach high copy numbers, while also promoting rapid, massive cell-to-cell genetic heterogeneity. The most commonly amplified oncogenes in cancer are found on ecDNA and have been shown to be highly dynamic, re-integrating into non-native chromosomes as homogeneous staining regions (HSRs) and altering copy numbers and composition in response to various drug treatments. The circular shape of ecDNA differs from the linear structure of chromosomal DNA in meaningful ways that influence cancer pathogenesis.

Distribution, numbers and breeding performance of Tawny Owls (Strix aluco) in relation to clear-cutting in a conifer forest in northern England. Birds of Prey in a Changing Environment’.(Eds DBA Thompson, SM Redpath, AH Fielding, M. Marquiss and CA Galbraith.) pp, 111-129. In this area, due probably to the exotic conifer dominated forest, owls were quite dependent on field vole numbers in the openings, and could vary from twentyfold from low to high years, with 70% of the variance of productivity could be correlated to the habitat types available and show the importance of habitat heterogeneity.

Heckman is noted for his contributions to selection bias and self-selection analysis, especially Heckman correction, which earned him the Nobel Prize in Economics. He is also well known for his empirical research in labor economics, particularly regarding the efficacy of early childhood education programs. His work has been devoted to the development of a scientific basis for economic policy evaluation, with special emphasis on models of individuals and disaggregated groups, and the problems and possibilities created by heterogeneity, diversity, and unobserved counterfactual states. He developed a body of new econometric tools that address these issues.

The 2010s saw the development of models incorporating household heterogeneity into the standard New Keynesian framework, commonly referred as `HANK' models (Heterogeneous Agent New Keynesian). In addition to sticky prices, a typical HANK model features uninsurable idiosyncratic labor income risk which gives rise to a non-degenerate wealth distribution. The earliest models with these two features include Oh and Reis (2012), McKay and Reis (2016) and Guerrieri and Lorenzoni (2017). The name "HANK model" was coined by Greg Kaplan, Benjamin Moll and Gianluca Violante in a 2018 paper that additionally models households as accumulating two types of assets, one liquid the other illiquid.

From 2004 till 2014, Alary was appointed as the principal investigator for the evaluation of Avahan; a project regarding the in depth study of nature and heterogeneity of HIV transmission in India. He conducted a systemic review and meta-analysis of the observational studies regarding the transmission risk of HIV-1 during heterosexual contact. According to Alary, there is a greater need to study of various differences and to quantify the infectivity in low-income countries. During his appointment for Avahan, Alary developed a new approach for the impact evaluation of HIV prevention programs outside the context of randomized trials.

Antineoplastic resistance, often used interchangeably with chemotherapy resistance, is the resistance of neoplastic (cancerous) cells, or the ability of cancer cells to survive and grow despite anti-cancer therapies. In some cases, cancers can evolve resistance to multiple drugs, called multiple drug resistance. There are two general causes of antineoplastic therapy failure: Inherent genetic characteristics, giving cancer cells their resistance and acquired resistance after drug exposure, which is rooted in the concept of cancer cell heterogeneity. Characteristics of resistant cells include altered membrane transport, enhanced DNA repair, apoptotic pathway defects, alteration of target molecules, protein and pathway mechanisms, such as enzymatic deactivation.

Small-scale disturbances are the key to creating and maintaining diversity and heterogeneity within a forest. Small-scale disturbances are events such as single-tree blowdowns, which create gaps that let light through the canopy to the understory and forest floor. This available light allows early-successional shade-intolerant species to colonize and maintain a population within the dominant forest, leading to the complex spatial mosaic forest structure recognized as old-growth. This process is referred to as patch dynamics or gap dynamics and has been described across many types of forests, including tropical, temperate, and boreal.

The Chilung Volcanoes () are a group of extinct volcanoes located in northern Taiwan, lying to the east of Taipei and Keelung (Chilung), and adjoining the northern coast of the island of Taiwan. Together with Mount Guanyin and the Tatun Volcano Group, it belongs to the northern Taiwan volcanic province, constituting the western end of the island chains of the Ryukyu arc. Five separate bodies can be distinguished: Chilungshan (Mount Keelung), Penshan, Wutanshan, Tsaoshan and Chimuling. The group is mainly composed of andesite, although there is some heterogeneity caused by the mixing between mantle- derived and continental material.

He won the Literary National Prize Franz Tamayo in 1976 before becoming a scientist. His book 20 (mis)conceptions on coca and cocaine addresses drug policy and development problems, and La democracia en el ch`enko explains one of the most neglected causes of economic stagnation: economic heterogeneity. In his later book "La Trampa del Rentismo" Laserna presents his theory on the Rent-seeking trap, and explores the influence of the abundance of natural resources in shaping the political institutions and economic culture that drives underdevelopment in Bolivia. He has also researched social conflicts, drug trafficking, decentralization and urbanization.

Competitive heterogeneity is a concept from strategic management that examines why industries do not converge on one best way of doing things. In the view of strategic management scholars, the microeconomics of production and competition combine to predict that industries will be composed of identical firms offering identical products at identical prices. Deeper analyses of this topic were taken up in industrial organization economics by crossover economics/strategic-management scholars such as Harold Demsetz and Michael Porter. Demsetz argued that better-managed firms would make better products (or similar products at lower costs) than their competitors.

Similar misconceptions can, and often do, occur in one's own time. Working from a false premise about past rapid assimilation and cultural homogeneity, some individuals employ what they believe is an objective comparison with the present scene, which they find troubling in its heterogeneity and supposedly non-assimilating groups. Like the 1907 Dillingham Commission, they may be susceptible to mistaken impressions about a “threat” posed by recent immigrants whose presence and behavior they view as different from earlier immigrants. The most common examples are expressed views that today's immigrant minorities present an unprecedented challenge to an integrative society.

A support for the positive effects of homogeneity can be found in a study that examined homogeneity in managers' positive affectivity (PA) and its influence on several aspects of performance such as satisfaction, cooperation and financial outcome of the organization. On the other hand, according to the view of opposites being beneficial, affective heterogeneity may lead to more emotional checks and balances which could then lead to better team performance. This was found to be true especially in groups where creativity is needed to complete the task appropriately. Homogeneity might lead to groupthink and hamper performance.

Histological findings include granulation tissue, microrupture, degenerative changes, and there is no traditional inflammation. Longitudinal sonogram of the lateral elbow displays thickening and heterogeneity of the common extensor tendon that is consistent with tendinosis, as the ultrasound reveals calcifications, intrasubstance tears, and marked irregularity of the lateral epicondyle. Although the term “epicondylitis” is frequently used to describe this disorder, most histopathologic findings of studies have displayed no evidence of an acute, or a chronic inflammatory process. Histologic studies have demonstrated that this condition is the result of tendon degeneration, which replaces normal tissue with a disorganized arrangement of collagen.

Ironwood tree canopies have provided facilitative effects on plant species richness and abundance in xeric sites in the Sonoran Desert. Two factors, water stress and benefactor size, had effects on facilitation and are factors to consider when looking at the richness, abundance, and size of the plants under nurse plant canopies in xeric and mesic habitats. The ironwood was often the only tree growing in xeric areas and their canopies had the largest effect on plant community structure and richness even when water stress was high. These trees contribute to habitat heterogeneity that can’t be found in other desert microhabitats.

A possible explanation for the persistence of white morphs despite their higher predation rates is selection heterogeneity; in other words, due to the wide geographic distribution of the wood tiger moth, different populations experience vastly different selective pressures. One consideration is immune variation. A 2013 study demonstrated that male yellow and white larvae saw different survival rates when reared in aggregations; yellow male survived to pupate better in aggregations than white males did, which may reflect different immune investments. In aggregations, white males saw better ability to encapsulate pathogens, while yellow males had higher hemolymph (equivalent to insect 'blood') lytic activity (virus attacking).

Transcriptional noise is a primary cause of the variability (noise) in gene expression occurring between cells in isogenic populations (see also cellular noise) . A proposed source of transcriptional noise is transcriptional bursting although other sources of heterogeneity, such as unequal separation of cell contents at mitosis are also likely to contribute considerably. Bursting transcription, as opposed to simple probabilistic models of transcription, reflects multiple states of gene activity, with fluctuations between states separated by irregular intervals, generating uneven protein expression between cells. Noise in gene expression can have tremendous consequences on cell behaviour, and must be mitigated or integrated.

This growth is characterized by low cellularity with hyalinized or sclerotic stroma and disorganized blood vessel infiltration. This growth is called a desmoplastic response and occurs as result of injury or neoplasia. This response is coupled with malignancy in non-cutaneous neoplasias, and with benign or malignant tumors if associated with cutaneous pathologies. The heterogeneity of tumor cancer cells and stroma cells combined with the complexities of surrounding connective tissue suggest that understanding cancer by tumor cell genomic analysis is not sufficient; analyzing the cells together with the surrounding stromal tissue may provide more comprehensive and meaningful data.

A complicating factor is that the majority of patients have multiple independent tumor foci upon diagnosis, and these foci have independent genetic changes and molecular features. Because of this extensive inter-focal heterogeneity, it is a risk that the prognostication is set based on the wrong tumor focus. Androgen ablation therapy causes remission in 80–90% of patients undergoing therapy, resulting in a median progression- free survival of 12 to 33 months. After remission, an androgen-independent phenotype typically emerges, wherein the median overall survival is 23–37 months from the time of initiation of androgen ablation therapy.

In this case the incident laser is usually linearly polarized and aligned parallel to the tip, in order to generate confined surface plasmon at the tip apex. The sample is moved rather than the tip so that the laser remains focused on the tip. The sample can be moved systematically to build up a series of tip enhanced Raman spectra from which a Raman map of the surface can be built allowing for surface heterogeneity to be assessed with up to 1.7 nm resolution. near-field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) probe design for lens-free TERS measurement.

Stephen Morgan's empirical studies have explored a logic of inference appropriate to the social sciences. His 2007 volume with Christopher Winship, Counterfactuals and Causal Inference: Methods and Principles for Social Research, was unique in both synthesizing and integrating the literature from sociology, statistics, and econometrics on counterfactual models in causal analysis in sociology. Morgan's other contributions to the logic and methods of causal inference in social research include research on diagnostic routines for detecting heterogeneity in causal effect estimates and applications of the causal graph methodology, including applications to the tradition of educational transitions modeling and to experimental data in survey research.

There are far more small geographic features than large ones in the Earth's surface, or far more small things than large ones in maps. This notion of far more small things than large ones is also called spatial heterogeneity, which has been formulated as scaling law. Cartographic generalization or any mapping practices in general is essentially to retain the underlying scaling of numerous smallest, a very few largest, and some in between the smallest and largest. This mapping process can be efficiently and effectively achieved by head/tail breaks, a new classification scheme or visualization tool for data with a heavy tailed distribution.

In molecular epidemiology the phenomena studied are on a molecular biology level, including genetics, where biomarkers are evidence of cause or effects. A recent trend is to identify evidence for influence of the exposure on molecular pathology within diseased tissue or cells, in the emerging interdisciplinary field of molecular pathological epidemiology (MPE). Linking the exposure to molecular pathologic signatures of the disease can help to assess causality. Considering the inherent nature of heterogeneity of a given disease, the unique disease principle, disease phenotyping and subtyping are trends in biomedical and public health sciences, exemplified as personalized medicine and precision medicine.

During the elimination phase, immune effector cells such as natural killer cells, with the help of dendritic and CD4+ T-cells, are able to recognize and eliminate tumor cells (left). As a result of heterogeneity, however, tumor cells which are less immunogenic are able to escape immunosurveillance (right). The elimination phase, also known as immunosurveillance, includes innate and adaptive immune responses to tumour cells. For the innate immune response, several effector cells such as natural killer cells and T cells are activated by the inflammatory cytokines, which are released by the growing tumour cells, macrophages and stromal cells surrounding the tumour cells.

Benthic diatoms have been used by the European Union's Water Framework Directive (WFD) to establish ecological quality ratios that determined the ecological status of lakes in the UK. Beginning research is being made on benthic assemblages to see if they can be used as indicators of healthy aquatic ecosystems. Benthic assemblages in urbanized coastal regions are not functionally equivalent to benthic assemblages in untouched regions. Ecologists are attempting to understand the relationship between heterogeneity and maintaining biodiversity in aquatic ecosystems. Benthic algae has been used as an inherently good subject for studying short term changes and community responses to heterogeneous conditions in streams.

Being able to identify ecosystem engineers in an environment can be important when looking at the influence these individuals may have over other organisms living in the same environment – especially in terms of resource availability. The presence of some ecosystem engineers has been linked to higher species richness at the landscape level. By modifying the habitat, organisms like the beaver create more habitat heterogeneity and so can support species not found elsewhere. Thoughts may be that similar to other umbrella species by conserving an ecosystem engineer you may be able to protect the overall diversity of a landscape.

Along his career, Korol has developed in collaboration with colleagues novel approaches for sequence comparisons on the whole genome level (compositional spectra based on fuzzy linguistics). He has coined a new concept of “genome dialect” to demonstrate the above-gene sequence organization and its relationship with the evolution of recombination-repair enzymes. A major scope of this field is to explore genome heterogeneity in main groups of organisms where total genome sequence is available (mammals and vertebrates in general, insects, fungi, plants). Another aspect of this field is to reveal genomic peculiarities associated with evolution at contrasting and extreme environments (e.g.

Mansoor has been a critic and contributor to art journals including Artforum, October, Texte Zur Kunst, and The Journal of Aesthetics and Protest. She has authored or co-authored monographic studies on artists including Piero Manzoni, Ed Ruscha, Agnes Martin, Blinky Palermo, Mona Hatoum, Gerhard Richter, and Florian Pumhösl. In 2010, Mansoor co-edited an anthology of essays, Communities of Sense: Rethinking Aesthetics and Politics, addressing the conjuncture between politics and Jacques Rancière’s articulation of aesthetics. The book both argues for a radical potential for equality and heterogeneity within aesthetic fields, but also that these potentials can only be activated by aesthetic strategies.

Due to genetic heterogeneity, environmental factors, and pathophysiological causes, individuals that exhibit similar disease expression may respond differently to identical drug treatments. Selecting treatments based on factors such as age, body-surface area, weight, gender, or disease stage has been shown to incompletely address this problem, so medical professionals are shifting toward using patient genomic data to select optimal treatments. Now, an increasing amount of evidence shows that epigenetics also plays an important role in determining the safety and efficacy of drug treatment in patients. Epigenetics is a bridge that connects individual genetics and environmental factors to explain some aspects of gene expression.

The > astonishing variety of Sterne's work, spanning from her initial > appropriation of surrealist techniques, to her investigation of conceptual > painting, and her unprecedented installations in the 1960s, exemplify her > adventurous spirit. Yet, the heterogeneity of her styles, and her complete > disinterest in the commercially driven art world, have contributed to her > exclusion from the canon. When the heroic male narratives of modernism begin > to fade, we may, eventually, be ready to recognize this amazingly > idiosyncratic body of work. Sterne's art is, indeed, a manifesto in favor of > the untamable forces of the mind and the continually changing flux of > life.

Fisher in 1921 proposed the equation : s^2 = a m + b m^2 Neyman studied the relationship between the sample mean and variance in 1926. Barlett proposed a relationship between the sample mean and variance in 1936 : s^2 = a m + b m^2 Smith in 1938 while studying crop yields proposed a relationship similar to Taylor's. This relationship was : \log V_x = \log V_1 + b\log x \, where Vx is the variance of yield for plots of x units, V1 is the variance of yield per unit area and x is the size of plots. The slope (b) is the index of heterogeneity.

It suggests that the while the growth process may affect inequality, income distribution has no impact on the growth process. The modern perspective which has emerged in the late 1980s suggests, in contrast, that income distribution has a significant impact on the growth process. The modern perspective, originated by Galor and Zeira, highlights the important role of heterogeneity in the determination of aggregate economic activity, and economic growth. In particular, Galor and Zeira argue that since credit markets are imperfect, inequality has an enduring impact on human capital formation, the level of income per capita, and the growth process.

Most models of complex functional diversity are only effective in a small range of spatial scales. However, by defining the functional trait probability density as a "function representing the distribution of probabilities of observing each possible trait value in a given ecological unit," the results of many models can be generalized to larger scales. At larger spatial scales, more environmental heterogeneity may increase opportunities for species to exploit more functional groups. Consistent with this conclusion, tests of theoretical models predict that the net effects of biodiversity on ecosystem functions grow stronger over time, over larger spatial scales, and with more heterogeneous natural resources.

They remarked that the category did not provide enough information on the considerable diversity that existed within the various populations currently classified under this heading. This concealed heterogeneity ultimately made the gathered data of limited use analytically. To remedy this, the Muslim Council of Britain proposed that this census category should be broken down instead into specific ethnic groups. The National Association of British Arabs (NABA) and other Arab organisations also lobbied for the inclusion of a separate "Arab" entry, which would include under-reported groups from the Arab world such as Syrians, Yemenis, Somalis and Maghrebis.

Despite a large decrease in impulsive aggression behavior from baseline, only 44% of fluoxetine responders and 29% of all fluoxetine subjects were considered to be in full remission at the end of the study. Paroxetine has shown to be somewhat effective although the results are inconsistent. Another medication, escitalopram, has shown to improve the condition of the subjects of pathological gambling with anxiety symptoms. The results suggest that although SSRIs have shown positive results in the treatment of pathological gambling, inconsistent results with the use of SSRIs have been obtained which might suggest a neurological heterogeneity in the impulse-control disorder spectrum.

Nancy Hogg’s PhD project involved the protein sequencing of immunoglobulin heavy chains identifying for the first time the heterogeneity that accounts for immunoglobulin specificity. During a postdoctoral period at the Imperial Cancer Research Fund she co-discovered the protein that is now known as fibronectin. Through study of leukocyte integrin LFA-1 and particularly special mAb 24, Hogg was the first to document that the state of integrin activity could be controlled by bound divalent cations. The active forms are linked to different cytoskeletal proteins, namely talin for high affinity and a-actinin for clustered intermediate affinity LFA-1 .

This can mislead research that focuses on studying the role of tumor heterogeneity in cancer progression and relapse. The use of ctDNA in research can alleviate these concerns because it could provide a more representative 'screenshot' of the genetic diversity of cancer at both primary and metastatic sites. For example, ctDNA has been shown to be useful in studying the clonal evolution of a patient’s cancer before and after treatment regimens. Early detection of cancer is still challenging but recent progress in the analysis of the epigenetic features of cfDNA, or the fragmentation pattern unlock improve the sensitivity of liquid biopsy.

Their highly sensitive bottom-up proteomic approach enabled the detection intra-cell type cell heterogeneity in the embryo.13 Further, the group has also discovered molecules that are able to alter normal cell fate decisions in the embryo.11 The investigators next developed microprobe technologies that enabled the direct, in vivo analysis of these small14 and large15 molecules in cells in X. laevis embryos undergoing normal development. These results challenge basic understanding of molecular processes that are necessary for normal embryonic body and brain development and raise important implications to help understand, promote, and protect the health of humans and animals.

The clinical features of this disease appear to be due—at least in part—to the production of a superantigen—YpM (Yersinia pseudotuberculosis-derived mitogen). This is present in almost all strains from the Far East but only 20% of European isolates.Yoshino K, Ramamurthy T, Nair GB, Fukushima H, Ohtomo Y, Takeda N, Kaneko S, Takeda T (1995) Geographical heterogeneity between Far East and Europe in prevalence of the ypm gene encoding the novel superantigen among Yersinia pseudotuberculosis strains. J Clin Microbiol 33(12) 3356–3358 The antigen was discovered in 1993 and is encoded by a 456-base gene.

Using his systems biology toolbox developed for microorganisms, Nielsen initiated work on human metabolism. In connection with this he developed a comprehensive genome-scale metabolic model for human cells and he was the first to use a human GEM to illustrate the metabolic heterogeneity of cancer metabolism. His work on human metabolism has involved studies of different diseases such as obesity, NAFLD and NASH, and hepatocellular carcinoma. Nielsen further used human GEMs to identify that combined measurements of several glycosaminoglycans can be used as a very strong biomarker for clear cell renal cell carcinoma, probably the first systems biomarker.

For many years, our research team has studied the features of breast cancer progression depending on intratumoral heterogeneity. Particular attention has been paid to the phenotypic diversity of the primary tumor in invasive carcinoma of no special type, which accounts for the bulk (80%) of all histological types of breast cancer. Despite the considerable structural diversity of the primary breast tumor, five main types of morphological structures can be distinguished: alveolar, trabecular, tubular and solid structures, and discrete groups of tumor cells (Fig. 2). The alveolar structures are tumor cell clusters of round or slightly irregular shape.

The soil vapor extraction remediation technology uses vacuum blowers and extraction wells to induce gas flow through the subsurface, collecting contaminated soil vapor, which is subsequently treated aboveground. SVE systems can rely on gas inflow through natural routes or specific wells may be installed for gas inflow (forced or natural). The vacuum extraction of soil gas induces gas flow across a site, increasing the mass transfer driving force from aqueous (soil moisture), non-aqueous (pure phase), and solid (soil) phase into the gas phase. Air flow across a site is thus a key aspect, but soil moisture and subsurface heterogeneity (i.e.

However, coupled conformational heterogeneity is also sometimes evident in secondary structure. For example, consecutive residues and residues offset by 4 in the primary sequence often interact in α helices. Also, residues offset by 2 in the primary sequence point their sidechains toward the same face of β sheets and are close enough to interact sterically, as are residues on adjacent strands of the same β sheet. An "ensemble" of 44 crystal structures of hen egg white lysozyme from the Protein Data Bank, showing that different crystallization conditions lead to different conformations for various surface-exposed loops and termini (red arrows).

Colorado State University Thesis: 29 August 2005. Because of the heterogeneity in fir and spruce forests, patches of trees are always left in nature. Fire suppression, on the other hand, alters the natural patch dynamics, thus greatly reducing the number of mammals present.Miller, Melissa A. “Snowshoe Hare Habitat Relationships in Successional Stages of Spruce-Fir, Lodgepole Pine, and Aspen Cover Types in Northwest Colorado.” 2005. Colorado State University Thesis: 29 August 2005. The trees all grow older, close the canopy, the understory is repressed, branches fall off during the winter, and for the majority of the year there is no available food.

A uniform (monodisperse) collectionA non-uniform (polydisperse) collection In chemistry, the dispersity is a measure of the heterogeneity of sizes of molecules or particles in a mixture. A collection of objects is called uniform if the objects have the same size, shape, or mass. A sample of objects that have an inconsistent size, shape and mass distribution is called non-uniform. The objects can be in any form of chemical dispersion, such as particles in a colloid, droplets in a cloud, crystals in a rock, or polymer macromolecules in a solution or a solid polymer mass.

Four different ecotypes of Physcomitrella patens, stored at the International Moss Stock Center In evolutionary ecology, an ecotype,Greek: οίκος = home and τύπος = type, coined by Göte Turesson in 1922 sometimes called ecospecies, describes a genetically distinct geographic variety, population or race within a species, which is genotypically adapted to specific environmental conditions. Typically, though ecotypes exhibit phenotypic differences (such as in morphology or physiology) stemming from environmental heterogeneity, they are capable of interbreeding with other geographically adjacent ecotypes without loss of fertility or vigor. Ecology: From individuals to ecosystems by Begon, Townsend, Harper, Blackwell Publishing 4th ed. (2006), p.

As mentioned the analytic element method thus not rely on discretization of volume or area in the model, as in the finite elements or finite different methods. Thus, it can model complex problem with an error on the order of machine precision. This is illustrated in a study which modeled a highly heterogeneous, isotropic aquifer by including 100,000 spherical heterogeneity with a random conductivity and tracing 40,000 particles. The analytical element method can efficiently be used as verification or as a screening tool in larger projects as it may fast and accurately calculate the groundwater flow for many complex problems.

In 2018, Moll together with Greg Kaplan and Gianluca Violante coin the term HANK (Heterogeneous Agent New Keynesian) model to describe the rising literature incorporating household heterogeneity into New-Keynesian models. They argue that monetary policy operates mostly via general equilibrium effects on the labor market, instead of the standard intertemporal substitution channel. This is due to a sizable share of households exhibiting high MPCs, whose spending behavior reacts strongly to changes in disposable income. As Ricardian equivalence fails in HANK models, the reaction of the fiscal authority to a monetary shock is key to determine the overall macroeconomic response.

A variety of other technologies have been applied to CTC enumeration and identification since that time. Modern cancer research has demonstrated that CTCs derive from clones in the primary tumor, validating Ashworth's remarks. The significant efforts put into understanding the CTCs biological properties have demonstrated the critical role circulating tumor cells play in the metastatic spread of carcinoma. Furthermore, highly sensitive, single-cell analysis demonstrated a high level of heterogeneity seen at the single cell level for both protein expression and protein localization and the CTCs reflected both the primary biopsy and the changes seen in the metastatic sites.

Raúl Rabadán (born January 3rd, 1974) is a Spanish-American theoretical physicist and computational biologist. He is currently the Gerald and Janet Carrus Professor in the Department of Systems Biology, Biomedical Informatics and Surgery at Columbia University. He is the director of the Program for Mathematical Genomics at Columbia University and director of the Center for Topology of Cancer Evolution and Heterogeneity. At Columbia, he has put together a highly interdisciplinary lab with researchers from the fields of mathematics, physics, computer science, engineering, and medicine, with the common goal of solving pressing biomedical problems through quantitative computational models.

Bagwell, Laurie Simon, "Dutch Auction Repurchases: An Analysis of Shareholder Heterogeneity" 1992, Journal of Finance, Vol. 47, No. 1, 71–105. The purchase price is the lowest price that allows the firm to buy the number of shares sought in the offer, and the firm pays that price to all investors who tendered at or below that price. If the number of shares tendered exceeds the number sought, then the company purchases less than all shares tendered at or below the purchase price on a pro rata basis to all who tendered at or below the purchase price.

Currently, no widespread and systematic nomenclature is used to differentiate pyoverdine structures. A system was proposed in 1989, consisting of Pyoverdine Type I, Type IIa, Type IIb, and Type III. At the time, only a few pyoverdine structures were known, and it was anticipated that much less variation would occur than has been seen. As a consequence of the tremendous heterogeneity observed in the peptide backbone, and the observation of congeners (pyoverdines from a single strain differing only in their ketoacid portions), nomenclature of pyoverdines remains rather tenuous and no single system has garnered universal acceptance.

In January 1941, the DHC and federal officials declared that Sojourner Truth would have white occupants, but quickly decided instead that it would be occupied by black war workers just two weeks later. Ultimately, it was decided that the Sojourner Truth project would house black residents as originally promised, much to the frustration of the local white community. February 1942 saw the culmination of these intense feelings about racial heterogeneity. As the first African- Americans workers and their families attempted to move into their new homes, large crowds of both black supporters and white opponents surrounded the area.

A mutation of the IRF6 gene can lead to the autosomal dominant van der Woude syndrome (VWS) or the related popliteal pterygium syndrome (PPS). Van der Woude syndrome can include cleft lip and palate features along with dental anomalies and lip fistulas. In addition, common alleles in IRF6 have also been associated with non-syndromic cases of cleft lip and/or palate through genome-wide association studies and in many candidate gene studies. These disorders are caused by mutations in the IRF6 gene and some of the phenotypic heterogeneity is due to different types of IRF6 mutations.

Since the mid-2000s, research in a relatively new branch of trade theory, which emphasizes the role of firm-level heterogeneity in explaining trade, has provided first insights about how export promotion affects individual enterprises. Using panel data for Chile and the USA, Alvarez (2004)Roberto Alvarez 2004, Sources of export success in small- and medium-sized enterprises: the impact of public programs, International Business Review 13(3), pp. 383-400. and Bernard and Jensen (2004),Andrew Bernard and Bradford Jensen 2012, Why some firms export 86(2), pp. 561-569. respectively, find mostly insignificant firm responses to different export promotion schemes.

J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 52, 2001, p. 139–160Moulinec H., P. Suquet and G. Milton, « Convergence of iterative methods based on Neumann series for composite materials : Theory and practice », Int. J. Numer. Meth. Engng., 2018 (lire en ligne) introduced a numerical method using massively the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) using only a pixelized image of the study microstructure (without mesh size). By introducing a homogeneous reference medium, the heterogeneity of the medium is transformed into a polarization constraint. The Green operator of the reference medium, known explicitly in Fourier space, can be used to iteratively update the polarization field.

Early Christian communities were highly inclusive in terms of social stratification and other social categories, much more so than were the Roman voluntary associations. Heterogeneity characterized the Pauline groups, and the role of women was much greater than in either of the forms of Judaism or paganism in existence at the time. Early Christians were told to love others, even enemies, and Christians of all classes and sorts called each other "brother" and "sister." These concepts and practices were foundational to early Christian thought, have remained central, and can be seen as early precursors to modern concepts of tolerance.

While depression severity as a whole is not correlated with a blunted neural response to reward, anhedonia is directly correlated to reduced activity in the reward system. The study of reward in depression is limited by heterogeneity in the definition and conceptualizations of reward and anhedonia. Anhedonia is broadly defined as a reduced ability to feel pleasure, but questionnaires and clinical assessments rarely distinguish between motivational "wanting" and consummatory "liking". While a number of studies suggest that depressed subjects rate positive stimuli less positively and as less arousing, a number of studies fail to find a difference.

In keeping with the performance and mass range of available mass spectrometers, two approaches are used for characterizing proteins. In the first, intact proteins are ionized by either of the two techniques described above, and then introduced to a mass analyzer. This approach is referred to as "top-down" strategy of protein analysis as it involves starting with the whole mass and then pulling it apart. The top-down approach however is mostly limited to low-throughput single-protein studies due to issues involved in handling whole proteins, their heterogeneity and the complexity of their analyses.

Due to the fact that horizontal and vertical heterogeneity of a forest is significantly increased by gaps, gaps become an obvious consideration in explaining high biodiversity. It has been proven that gaps create suitable conditions for rapid growth and reproduction. For example, non-shade tolerant plant species and many shade-tolerant plant species respond to gaps with an increase in growth, and at least a few species are dependent on gaps to succeed in their respective environments (Brokaw 1985; Hubbell and Foster 1986b; Murray 1988; Clark and Clark 1992). Gaps create diverse microclimates, affecting light, moisture, and wind conditions (Brokaw 1985).

He therefore decides to keep him away from all women, including his mother, and even to prevent him from learning of the existence of a second sex. This situation provides the setup for a series of theatrical pieces (the expulsion of a loving wife, the worries of a doting father, the discovery of feminine charm by an innocent boy), which are treated in a stylized and humorous fashion. The manuscript states that the theme was taken from an Arabic legend. All four of the complete plays, despite their heterogeneity, explore the conflict between the individual's rage for freedom and society's need for order.

The presence of a lead shot drop area indicates French soldiers at Fort St. Pierre made their own small shot. They may have made musketballs, too, since musketballs and firearms were so valuable to life in the colonies.Lisamarie Malischke, “Heterogeneity of Early French and Native Forts, Settlements, and Villages: A Comparison to Fort St. Pierre (1719 - 1729) in French Colonial Louisiane” (University of Alabama, 2015), 96 In general, lead shot and powder were never scarcities for French colonists. Import of these goods to Louisiane increased from 1.25 tons of lead balls in 1704 to 10 tons in 1733.

Within the LADA patient group, a genetic and phenotypic heterogeneity has been observed with varying degrees of insulin resistance and autoimmunity. With the knowledge we have today, LADA can thus be described as a hybrid form of T1D and T2D, showing phenotypic and genotypic similarities with both, as well as variation within LADA regarding the degree of autoimmunity and insulin resistance. The concept of LADA was first introduced in 1993, though The Expert Committee on the Diagnosis and Classification of Diabetes Mellitus does not recognize the term, instead including it under the standard definition of diabetes mellitus type 1.

Comparable biological emergents are the schooling of fish, and the flocking of birds, which cannot be observed at any systems level below that of the population. The n/2 model is also the most important hypothesis to emanate from the concept of the pathosystem. It can also be argued that the gene-for- gene relationship must function on a basis of heterogeneity in the wild pathosystem because the gross instability of the 'boom and bust' of modern plant breeding would have no evolutionary survival value. A gene-for-gene relationship can evolve only in a discontinuous pathosystem.

In his research on wages, Altonji and Robert Shakotko finds that wages rise modestly with job seniority and that general labour market experience and "job shopping" account for most wage growth over a career, with the strong cross-sectional relationship between tenure and wages being mainly due to heterogeneity bias.Altonji, J.G., Shakotko, R.A. (1987). Do wages rise with job seniority? Review of Economic Studies, 54(3), pp. 437-459. A 2005 reestimation by Altonji and Nicolas Williams yielded an estimate of 10 years of tenure increasing the log wage by 0.11, suggesting that the return to tenure has likely grown over time.

Schema-agnostic databases or vocabulary-independent databases aim at supporting users to be abstracted from the representation of the data, supporting the automatic semantic matching between queries and databases. Schema-agnosticism is the property of a database of mapping a query issued with the user terminology and structure, automatically mapping it to the dataset vocabulary. The increase in the size and in the semantic heterogeneity of database schemas bring new requirements for users querying and searching structured data. At this scale it can become unfeasible for data consumers to be familiar with the representation of the data in order to query it.

Behavioral genetic studies have suggested that many chromosomal regions and candidate genes are related to bipolar disorder susceptibility with each gene exerting a mild to moderate effect. The risk of bipolar disorder is nearly ten-fold higher in first-degree relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population; similarly, the risk of major depressive disorder is three times higher in relatives of those with bipolar disorder than in the general population. Although the first genetic linkage finding for mania was in 1969, linkage studies have been inconsistent. Findings point strongly to heterogeneity, with different genes implicated in different families.

The aggressive phenotype of FLS in RA and the effect these cells have on their microenvironment can be summarized into hallmarks that distinguish them from healthy FLS. These hallmark features of FLS in RA are divided into 7 cell- intrinsic hallmarks and 4 cell-extrinsic hallmarks. The cell-intrinsic hallmarks are: reduced apoptosis, impaired contact inhibition, increased migratory invasive potential, changed epigenetic landscape, temporal and spatial heterogeneity, genomic instability and mutations, and reprogrammed cellular metabolism. The cell-extrinsic hallmarks of FLS in RA are: promotes osteoclastogenesis and bone erosion, contributes to cartilage degradation, induces synovial angiogenesis, and recruits and stimulates immune cells.

The genetic mechanism of synesthesia has long been debated. Due to the prevalence of synesthesia among the first-degree relatives of synesthetes, there is evidence that synesthesia might have a genetic basis, however the monozygotic twins case studies indicate there is an epigenetic component. Synesthesia might also be an oligogenic condition, with locus heterogeneity, multiple forms of inheritance (including Mendelian in some cases), and continuous variation in gene expression. It has been found that women have a higher chance of developing Synesthesia, and in the UK, females are 8 times more likely to have it than men (reasons are unknown).

CFG represents a fit-to-disease approach, that extracts and prioritizes in a Bayesian fashion biologically-relevant signal even from limited size studies. That signal is predictive and is reproducible in independent studies, as opposed to the fit-to-cohort aspect of classic human genetic studies like Genome-wide association study (GWAS), where the issue of genetic heterogeneity makes the top statistically significant findings from even large size studies less reproducible in independent studies.Niculescu, A.B. & Le-Niculescu, H. The P-value illusion: how to improve (psychiatric) genetic studies. Am J Med Genet B Neuropsychiatr Genet 153B, 847-9.

They described a polymorphic site near the C terminus of the coded region, but neither allele at this locus segregated consistently with the atypical trait. They conclude that the Asp-70 to Gly mutation (acidic to neutral amino acid substitution) accounts for reduced affinity of atypical cholinesterase for choline esters and that Asp-70 must be an important component of the anionic site. Heterogeneity in atypical alleles may exist, but the Asp-70 point mutation may represent an appreciable portion of the atypical gene pool. More recently, Gaffney and Campbell have described a PCR-based method to identify the Kalow allele for butyrylcholinesterase.

Clonal evolution model According to the Clonal Evolution model proposed by Peter Nowell, a mutated cancer cell can accumulate more mutations as it progresses to create sub-clones. These cells divide and mutate further to give rise to other sub-populations. In compliance with the theory of natural selection, some mutations may be advantageous to the cancer cells and thus make the cell immune to previous treatment. Heterogeneity within a single cancer tumour can arise from single nucleotide polymorphism/variation (SNP/SNV) events, microsatellite shifts and instability, loss of heterozygosity (LOH), Copy number variation and karyotypic variations including chromosome structural aberrations and aneuploidy.

Arrhenius plot of fragility of glass formation, including strong and fragile glass formers. This representation of fragility is known as an "Angell Plot". In glass physics, fragility characterizes how rapidly the dynamics of a material slow down as it is cooled toward the glass transition: materials with a higher fragility have a relatively narrow glass transition temperature range, while those with low fragility have a relatively broad glass transition temperature range. Physically, fragility may be related to the presence of dynamical heterogeneity in glasses, as well as to the breakdown of the usual Stokes–Einstein relationship between viscosity and diffusion.

In spite of this heterogeneity, the library aims to collect deeply in specific areas, guided by both resources and historical precedence. Teaching and outreach to Columbia’s faculty and students are priorities, even while the Rare Book & Manuscript Library’s audience is global. (Some three- quarters of the library’s visitors do not have a Columbia affiliation.) The library’s staff go about the work of collecting, describing, preserving, and providing access to the university’s special collections with perspicuity and self-awareness of its role within Columbia University, Harlem, New York City, and the larger world of academic research institutions.

No soil profile has all the major horizons. Some, called entisols, may have only one horizon or are currently considered as having no horizon, in particular incipient soils from unreclaimed mining waste deposits, moraines, volcanic cones sand dunes or alluvial terraces. Upper soil horizons may be lacking in truncated soils following wind or water ablation, with concomitant downslope burying of soil horizons, a natural process aggravated by agricultural practices such as tillage. The growth of trees is another source of disturbance, creating a micro-scale heterogeneity which is still visible in soil horizons once trees have died.

Therefore, the delivery of morphogens to EBs results in increased heterogeneity and decreased efficiency of differentiated cell populations compared to monolayer cultures. One method of addressing transport limitations within EBs has been through polymeric delivery of morphogens from within the EB structure. Additionally, EBs can be cultured as individual microtissues and subsequently assembled into larger structures for tissue engineering applications. Although the complexity resulting from the three- dimensional adhesions and signaling may recapitulate more native tissue structures, it also creates challenges for understanding the relative contributions of mechanical, chemical, and physical signals to the resulting cell phenotypes and morphogenesis.

Seismic to simulation enables the quantitative integration of all field data into an updateable reservoir model built by a team of geologists, geophysicists, and engineers. Key techniques used in the process include integrated petrophysics and rock physics to determine the range of lithotypes and rock properties, geostatistical inversion to determine a set of plausible seismic-derived rock property models at sufficient vertical resolution and heterogeneity for flow simulation, stratigraphic grid transfer to accurately move seismic-derived data to the geologic model, and flow simulation for model validation and ranking to determine the model that best fits all the data.

When network heterogeneity is higher, getting complementary resources and accelerating the speed of knowledge transfer are easier. 3\. network tie-strength: Tie-Strength refers to the nature of a relational contact and includes the degree of intimacy, duration, and frequency; the breadth of topic usually refers to time length, tie depth, emotional intensity, intimacy frequency, and interactive connection. A collaborative innovative network with a high level of tie-strength can provide firms with effective information and knowledge, reduce risk and uncertainty in the innovation process, and achieve successful knowledge transfer. 4\. network centrality: Network centrality refers to an actor's position in a network.

Although the Chinese had established arsenals to produce firearms, and a large number of them had been imported from abroad, 40 per cent of Chinese troops at the outbreak of the war were not issued with rifles or even muskets. Instead they were armed with a variety of swords, spears, pikes, halberds, and bows and arrows. Against well-trained, well- armed, and disciplined Japanese troops, they would have little chance. Those units that did have firearms were equipped with a heterogeneity of weapons, from a variety of modern rifles to old-fashioned muskets; this lack of standardization led to a major problem with the proper supply of ammunition.

Platt was born in Salford, England in 1942 and received his BSc at the University of Nottingham, UK. He received his MA in 1965 from the University of Toronto, Canada for his thesis “Computer analysis of beam handling system for a linear accelerator”. Later in the same year, Platt started work at the Bedford Institute of Oceanography in Dartmouth, Nova Scotia. With the benefit of field and laboratory work conducted by his technical assistant Brian Irwin, who joined the institute in 1966, Platt embarked on studies that led to the fulfillment in 1970 of his PhD thesis (“Some effects of spatial and temporal heterogeneity on phytoplankton productivity”) at Dalhousie University.

Strategic project, on the River Idle, to design river rehabilitation structures to enhance the physical environment and aesthetics of a regulated, channelised lowland river. The project "rehabilitation design was required to tackle these deficiencies through improvements which did not compromise the other obligations of the managing authority." The project focused on the need for hydraulic modelling to clearly identify restoration techniques would not increase flood risk. The main types of restoration introduced into the study site were flow deflectors to increase hydraulic and sediment heterogeneity, these were then measured using BENDFLOW, HMODEL2, FCFA and HEC-RAS to find the optimum positions and impacts on flow.

Heterozygous protein C deficiency occurs in 0.14–0.50% of the general population. Based on an estimated carrier rate of 0.2%, a homozygous or compound heterozygous protein C deficiency incidence of 1 per 4 million births could be predicted, although far fewer living patients have been identified. This low prevalence of patients with severe genetic protein C deficiency may be explained by excessive fetal demise, early postnatal deaths before diagnosis, heterogeneity in the cause of low concentrations of protein C among healthy individuals and under-reporting. The incidence of protein C deficiency in individuals who present with clinical symptoms has been reported to be estimated at 1 in 20,000.

All earlier approaches remained without basis without the assumption of vacant niches, as there is no evidence that niches are generally narrower in the tropics, i.e., an accumulation of species cannot be explained by subdivision of previously utilized niches (see also Rapoport's rule). The hypothesis, in contrast to most other hypotheses attempting to explain latitudinal or other gradients in diversity, does not rely on the assumption that different latitudes or habitats generally have different "ceilings" for species numbers, which are higher in the tropics than in cold environments. Such different ceilings are thought to be, for example, determined by heterogeneity or area of the habitat.

Clinically, his major affinity was to the psychomotor psychoses. His examinations were based on the profound knowledge of his predecessors, and he taught us to meticulously observe the clinical pictures. This resulted in a profound progress towards an etiological differentiation of the catatonic psychoses, which finally demonstrated a confirmed and significant linkage of periodic catatonia to chromosome 15q15, despite considerable genetic heterogeneity. In the light of these findings, the spectrum of psychoses with schizophrenic and schizophrenia-like symptoms did not appear to be a continuum of disorders, but seemed rather to consist of different, clinically sharply distinguished subgroups with different genetic, somatic and psychosocial origins.

In these works, he also invented the q-value, which is a false discovery rate analogue of the p-value. Storey then introduced false discovery rates and q-values as widely applicable measures of statistical significance in genomics, shifting the focus from false positive control to false discovery rate control. With Jeff Leek, Storey discovered that "expression heterogeneity", or unmodeled sources of systematic variation in gene expression data, are very prevalent and need to be modeled and corrected when analyzing genome-wide gene expression data. Leek and Storey introduced "surrogate variable analysis", which is a high-dimensional regression model that includes both known and unknown covariates.

Ethnopluralism has been proposed by Nouvelle Droite thinkers–and by European New Right activists at large–as a mean to facilitate the continuity of independent ethno-cultural societies. This idea tends to utilize cultural assimilation of foreign cultural norms in order to preserve the inherent forms and resemblances of an ethno-culture. The concept emphasizes the separation of varying ethno-cultural groups, in contrast to cultural integration and intra- cultural diversity. It has been part of the ideological foundation of the European New Right, which has used ethnopluralism to show its favoritism towards the cultural identity of individual groups, thus expressing its opposition to cultural heterogeneity within nation states.

In February 2015, IEEE Rebooting Computing Senior Program Director Bichlien Hoang and co-author Sin-Kuen Hawkins received a "Best Presentation Award" for their paper, "How Will Rebooting Computing Help IoT". Presented at the 18th International Conference on Intelligence in Next Generation Networks (ICIN 2015) in Paris, France, the paper described IEEE Rebooting Computing's approach to addressing technical challenges generated by IoT other key computing trends. One of the key features of the future computing environment is its heterogeneous nature, combining different types of processors. In January 2018, the Office of Advanced Scientific Computing Research of the US Department of Energy held a Workshop on Extreme Heterogeneity.

In this review, Hart and Lynch discuss a variety of treatments that have been attempted for both cannabinoid and cocaine addiction. Multiple treatments have been found effective in reducing the symptoms of withdrawal for lab animals with cannabinoid addictions, but cocaine addiction has had notably less success. Hart argues that the varied results across cocaine users needs to serve as a reminder of the heterogeneity of cocaine users ranging from frequency of use and method of administration to habits and purposes for use. This article is one example of his extensive research in drug addictions, and serves as a framework for looking at addiction as a disease rather than a crime.

The Gondwana flora from the south and flora with Asian origin from the west, as a result New Guinea shares major family and genera with Australia and the East Asia, but is rich in local endemic species. The endemicity is a result of mountainous isolation, topographic and soil habitat heterogeneity, high forest disturbance rates and abundant aseasonal rainfall year-round. PNG boasts some 15-21,000 higher plants, 3,000 species of orchids, 800 species of coral, 600 species of fish, 250 species of mammals and 760 species of birds and 8 species of tree-kangaroosNewell G.R., 1999. Australia's tree-kangaroos: current issues in their conservation.

The necessity of managing diversity and multiculturalism goes far beyond human resource management. Organisations can benefit from it with an increased level of innovation, improved employee engagement, better customer relationships and satisfaction, increases in operating profit and market share, and by achieving competitive advantage in the market. Diversity management is defined as, "the strategic alignment of workforce heterogeneity to include and value each employee equally on the basis of their diverse characteristics, and to leverage organisational diversity to enhance organisational justice and achieve better business outcomes." This has a strong focus on policies and programs that allows a company to fit people into an organisation.

The evidence of both spatial structuring and invasion has been shown for this disease. Population genetic analyses indicate a strong regional heterogeneity in levels of recombination, with clear signatures of recombination in the Himalayan and near-Himalayan regions and a predominant clonal population structure in other regions. The existence of a high genotypic diversity, recombinant population structure, high sexual reproduction ability, and the abundance of alternate host (Berberis spp.) in the Himalayan and neighboring regions suggest the region as plausible Pst center of origin or at least the most closer to its centre of origin. However, further exploration may be useful from Central Asia to East Asian regions.

Furthermore, she showed that the heterogeneity of the microenvironment within SCCs with regard to TGF-β signaling resulted in cells rich in TGF-β that were chemotherapy resistant to be cells located close to the perivasculature. She showed the ability of TGF-β to cause upregulation of the glutathione pathway, which allowed the SCCs to counter the radical oxygen species often used in radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Fuchs determined that both the factors internal to the cell and the cell's external surrounding environment have an effect on the stem cells’ niche in both their ability to divide and how they divide.Fuchs E., Tumber T., Guasch G. (2004).

Brenton's research focuses on understanding the molecular complexity of ovarian cancer to improve treatment and patient outcome. His team discovered a ubiquitous TP53 mutation in high grade serous ovarian cancer (HGSOC), the most common form of ovarian cancer, which was adopted as a critical marker for diagnosing HGSOC by the World Health Organisation. Brenton used this TP53 discovery to develop personalised circulating tumour DNA assays to measure treatment response in ovarian cancer. In 2015, his team was the first to measure the tumour heterogeneity in a solid tumour and link this to cancer survival, finding that HGSOC was more deadly if it consisted of a patchwork of different groups of cells.

The World Health Organization has listed pickled vegetables as a possible carcinogen, and the British Journal of Cancer released an online 2009 meta-analysis of research on pickles as increasing the risks of esophageal cancer. The report, citing limited data in a statistical meta analysis, indicates a potential two-fold increased risk of oesophageal cancer associated with Asian pickled vegetable consumption. Results from the research are described as having "high heterogeneity" and the study said that further well-designed prospective studies were warranted. However, their results stated "The majority of subgroup analyses showed a statistically significant association between consuming pickled vegetables and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma".

Aberrations in Black critically discusses the works of Richard Wright, Ralph Ellison, James Baldwin, Toni Morrison, and Karl Marx, and connects American cultural studies to questions from sociology, queer theory, postcolonial studies, and African American studies. Ferguson suggests that intellectual inquiry is not neatly defined within the boundaries of a single discipline, but that it is shaped out of heterogeneity. Aberrations in Black can be understood as a response to the canon and its regulation of sexual difference. Ferguson begins his discussion with a description of a black drag queen prostitute, who serves as a fixture of urban capitalism in Marlon Riggs' Tongues United.

Estimation of the utility function is performed using any of a variety of methods. # multinomial discrete choice analysis, in particular multinomial logit (strictly speaking the conditional logit, although the two terms are now used interchangeably). The multinomial logit (MNL) model is often the first stage in analysis and provides a measure of average utility for the attribute levels or objects (depending on the Case). # In many cases, particularly cases 1 and 2, simple observation and plotting of choice frequencies should actually be the first step, as it is very useful in identifying preference heterogeneity and respondents using decision-rules based on a single attribute.

However, Gause also concluded that a predator–prey community could be self-sustaining if there were refuges for the prey population. Through his experiments, Huffaker attempted to show that refuges were not necessary for maintenance of prey populations. He believed instead that spatial heterogeneity and its differing effects on the species' dispersal ability could create a moving refuge for the prey population. Indeed, by creating a patchy system that facilitated prey dispersal over predator dispersal, Huffaker was able to achieve a predator–prey system which underwent three cycles of population fluctuation.Sharon P. Lawler, “Ecology in a Bottle: Using Microcosms to Test Theory,” in Experimental Ecology, ed.

Uncertainty and forward-looking agents play a crucial role in modern macroeconomics and Wouter den Haan helped in making it feasible to analyze models with these features by developing computer algorithms to solve these models. Together with Albert Marcet he developed the Parameterized Expectations Algorithm (PEA) and the “Denhaan-Marcet statistic” is used to evaluate the accuracy of numerical solutions. His more recent work deals with solving macroeconomic models in which heterogeneity and contracting issues play a key role. The key theme in Wouter den Haan’s research is the idea that to understand macroeconomic fluctuations one has to understand how transactions take place at the micro level.

The World Health Organization has listed pickled vegetables as a possible carcinogen, and the British Journal of Cancer released an online 2009 meta-analysis of research on pickles as increasing the risks of esophageal cancer. The report, citing limited data in a statistical meta analysis, indicates a potential two-fold increased risk of oesophageal cancer associated with Asian pickled vegetable consumption. Results from the research are described as having "high heterogeneity" and the study said that further well- designed prospective studies were warranted. However, their results stated "The majority of subgroup analyses showed a statistically significant association between consuming pickled vegetables and Oesophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma".

Today, drama is divided up into numerous subgenres; Dryden, however, worked from Classical critics. There was little dramatic critical theory for him to appeal to, and the new rules brought over from France (particularly those of Corneille and Boileau) did not match English theatrical history or practice. The emphasis on unities and on maintaining only Classically proscribed dramatic forms also came from Thomas Rymer, who condemned the heterogeneity of the stage. Aristotle had only spoken of satire, epic, and tragedy, and Horace also wrote only of comedy, tragedy and satire, and so Dryden was seeking to square actual theatrical practice with an ancient framework for literature.

In the past, medulloblastoma was classified using histology, but recent integrated genomic studies have revealed that medulloblastoma is composed of four distinct molecular and clinical variants termed WNT/β-catenin, Sonic Hedgehog, Group 3, and Group 4. Of these subgroups, WNT patients have an excellent prognosis and group 3 patients have a poor prognosis. Also, a subgroup-specific alternative splicing further confirms the existence of distinct subgroups and highlights the transcriptional heterogeneity between subgroups. Amplification of the Sonic Hedgehog pathway is the best characterized subgroup, with 25% of human tumors having mutations in Patched, Sufu (Suppressor of Fused Homolog), Smoothened, or other genes in this pathway.

M. Approaches deriving from the post-colonialism discourse have attracted greater attention in recent years. Also in contrast to (neo)Marxist concepts of space, British geographer Doreen MasseyMassey, Doreen (1999a), Power-Geometries and the Politics of Space-Time, HeidelbergMassey, Doreen (1999b), »Spaces of Politics«, in: Massey, Doreen/Allen, John/Sarre, Philip (Hg.), Human Geography Today, Cambridge/Oxford/Malden, S. 279–294 and German sociologist Helmuth Berking,Berking, Helmuth (1998), »›Global Flows and Local Cultures‹. Über die Rekonfiguration sozialer Räume im Globalisierungsprozeß«, in: Berliner Journal für Soziologie, 8, 3, S. 381–392 for instance, emphasise the heterogeneity of local contexts and the place-relatedness of our knowledge about the world.

Theories of space that are inspired by the post-colonialism discourse focus on the heterogeneity of spaces. According to Doreen Massey, calling a country in Africa a “developing country” is not appropriate, since this expression implies that spatial difference is temporal difference (Massey 1999b). This logic treats such a country not as different but merely as an early version of countries in the “developed” world, a view she condemns as "Eurocentrism." In this vein, Helmuth Berking criticises theories that postulate the increasing homogenisation of the world through globalisation as “globocentrism.” He confronts this with the distinctiveness and importance of local knowledge resources for the production of (different and specific) places.

Control functions (also known as two-stage residual inclusion) are statistical methods to correct for endogeneity problems by modelling the endogeneity in the error term. The approach thereby differs in important ways from other models that try to account for the same econometric problem. Instrumental variables, for example, attempt to model the endogenous variable X as an often invertible model with respect to a relevant and exogenous instrument Z. Panel analysis uses special data properties to difference out unobserved heterogeneity that is assumed to be fixed over time. Control functions were introduced by Heckman and Robb although the principle can be traced back to earlier papers.

The Lotka-Volterra equation suggested that the relationship between predators and their prey would result in population oscillations over time based on the initial densities of predator and prey. Gause's early experiments to prove the predicted oscillations of this theory failed because the predator–prey interactions were not influenced by immigration. However, once immigration was introduced, the population cycles accurately depicted the oscillations predicted by the Lotka-Volterra equation, with the peaks in prey abundance shifted slightly to the left of the peaks of the predator densities. Huffaker's experiments expanded on those of Gause by examining how both the factors of migration and spatial heterogeneity lead to predator–prey oscillations.

There is a growing trend among city managers to take biodiversity into account when planning city development, especially in rapidly growing cities. Cities often have surprisingly high plant biodiversity due to their normally high degree of habitat heterogeneity and high numbers of gardens and green spaces cultivated to include a large variety of species. However, these species are often not native, and a large part of the total urban biodiversity is usually made up of exotic species. Because cities are so highly impacted by human activities, restoration to the pristine state is not possible, however there are modifications that can be made to increase habitat without negatively impacting human needs.

However honeybee males also plug the female's reproductive tract to no avail; honeybees mate tens of times on one mating flight. While there may be genetic fitness benefits in colony heterogeneity from a polyandrous mating system, bumblebees are also likely to be monandrous due to social constraints, risks associated with multiple matings, and phylogenetic inertia since the ancestral bees are singly mated. Finding multiple mates might be energetically costly and expose the queen to higher predation risks. Additionally, while queens may prefer multiple matings to ensure more genetic variability and viable offspring, workers are more closely related to full sisters than to paternal half sisters.

The cancer stem cell model asserts that within a population of tumour cells, there is only a small subset of cells that are tumourigenic (able to form tumours). These cells are termed cancer stem cells (CSCs), and are marked by the ability to both self-renew and differentiate into non-tumourigenic progeny. The CSC model posits that the heterogeneity observed between tumour cells is the result of differences in the stem cells from which they originated. Stem cell variability is often caused by epigenetic changes, but can also result from clonal evolution of the CSC population where advantageous genetic mutations can accumulate in CSCs and their progeny (see below).

Although cover crops are normally used to serve one of the above discussed purposes, they often simultaneously improve farm habitat for wildlife. The use of cover crops adds at least one more dimension of plant diversity to a cash crop rotation. Since the cover crop is typically not a crop of value, its management is usually less intensive, providing a window of “soft” human influence on the farm. This relatively “hands-off” management, combined with the increased on-farm heterogeneity created by the establishment of cover crops, increases the likelihood that a more complex trophic structure will develop to support a higher level of wildlife diversity.

Based on a meta-analysis of 60 studies, Hsiang, Burke and Miguel conclude that warmer temperatures and more extreme rainfall could increase interpersonal violence by 4%, and intergroup conflict by 14% (median estimates). However, their results have been disputed by other researchers as being not sufficiently robust to alternative model specifications. Recent studies have been more careful and agree that climate- related disasters (including heatwaves, droughts, storms and floods) modestly increase armed conflict risks, but only in the presence of contextual factors like agricultural dependence, insufficient infrastructure or ethnic heterogeneity. Climate change is therefore rather a "risk multiplier" that amplifies existing risks of conflict.

The advantage of this method is that it is fairly objective and the measurement yields data which is inherently averaged over the wetted length. Although this does not help determine heterogeneity, it does automatically give a more accurate average value. Its disadvantages, aside from being more complicated than the goniometer method, include the fact that sample of an appropriate size must be produced with a uniform cross section in the submersion direction, and the wetted length must be measured with some precision. In addition, this method is only appropriate if both sides of the sample are identical, otherwise the measured data will be a result of two completely different interactions.

Lebbeus Woods (May 31, 1940 – October 30, 2012) was an American architect and artist known for his unconventional and experimental designs. Known for his rich, yet mainly unbuilt work and its nonetheless significant impact on the architectural sphere, Lebbeus Woods and his oeuvre are considered visionary, describing a radically experimental world built on the principles of heterogeneity and multiplicity and bridging thus the gap between numerous fields including architecture, philosophy, and mathematics. Reconfiguring the architectural space in environments of crisis, whether it be natural, social, political, or financial, Woods stated: “I’m not interested in living in a fantasy world. All my work is still meant to evoke real architectural spaces.

Due to the heterogeneity of OCD symptoms, studies differentiating between symptoms have been performed. Symptom specific neuroimaging abnormalities include the hyperactivity of caudate and ACC in checking rituals, while finding increased activity of cortical and cerebellar regions in contamination related symptoms. Neuroimaging differentiating between content of intrusive thoughts have found differences between aggressive as opposed to taboo thoughts, finding increased connectivity of the amygdala, ventral striatum, and ventromedial prefrontal cortex in aggressive symptoms, while observing increased connectivity between the ventral striatum and insula in sexual/religious intrusive thoughts. Another model proposes that affective dysregulation links excessive reliance on habit based action selection with compulsions.

Moreover, the two loci are linked to the HLA, or the human analog of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on the short arm of chromosome 6, whereas previously they were believed to have been expressed by two codominant alleles at a single locus. In gel electrophoresis studies, O’Neill et al. have identified two genetic variants: F, signifying the presence (F+) or absence (f0/ f0) of four fast moving bands, and S, signifying the presence (S+) or absence (s0/ s0) of four slow moving bands. The homogeneity or heterogeneity of the two loci, with the addition of these null (f0, s0) genes, allow for duplication/non-duplication of the C4 loci.

50px Text was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. developed and studied a similar realistic heterogeneous spatial modular model using percolation theory in order to better understand the effect of heterogeneity on such networks. The model assumes that inside a city there are many lines connecting different locations, while long lines between the cities are sparse and usually directly connecting only a few nearest neighbors cities in a two dimensional plane, see Fig. 4. It is found that this heterogeneous model experiences two distinct percolation transitions, one when the cities disconnect from each other and the second when each city breaks apart.

However, both ridings reverted to the Tories at the 2019 election. Meanwhile, the stronger government, university, greater ethnic heterogeneity and labour class presence in Edmonton has helped to keep the city on the political left by Albertan standards. In federal politics, Edmonton remained friendly to the Liberals in early decades, although in recent decades Edmonton's federal ridings have tended to follow the trend set by the rest of Alberta, usually electing Social Credit, PC, Reform, Alliance and finally Conservative MPs—though usually by much reduced pluralities than those found in Calgary. However, the federal New Democratic Party of Canada (NDP) won Edmonton East in 1988 for one term.

L. crispatus was first isolated in 1953 by Brygoo and Aladame, who proposed it as a new species of the genus Eubacterium. In the 1970s the type strain VPI 3199 (ATCC 33820) of L. crispatus (at the time still designated “Eubacterium crispatum”) was deposited in the collection of the Anaerobe Laboratory, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI), where it was identified as a Lactobacillus and characterized by Moore and Holdeman. Addressing the problem of genetic heterogeneity among a vast number of strains identified as L. acidophilus based on phenotypic similarity, Johnson et al. performed DNA homology experiments on 89 previously proposed L. acidophilus strains and delineated six distinct homology groups.

Hindko (, ALA-LC: , ) is a cover term for a diverse group of Lahnda (Western Punjabi) dialects spoken by several million people of various ethnic backgrounds in several discontinuous areas in northwestern Pakistan, primarily in the provinces of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Punjab.For the heterogeneity of the dialects, see ; ; . For the ethnic diversity, see There is a nascent language movement, and in recent decades Hindko-speaking intellectuals have started promoting the view of Hindko as a separate language. There is a literary tradition based on Peshawari, the urban variety of Peshawar in the northwest, and another one based on the language of Abbottabad in the northeast.

Thunder Basin National National Grassland is found along the ecotone, or transition zone, between the Great Plains to the east and the sagebrush steppe to the west, and occurs across a gradient of temperature, precipitation, and elevation. As with grasslands in the Great Plains, the Thunder Basin evolved with disturbance from drought, grazing, fire and burrowing mammals. Burrowing mammals play a functional role in the grasslands here, as they do around the world. For example, prairie dogs increase habitat heterogeneity and biodiversity at multiple scales across the landscape by creating burrows and areas of open grassland habitat that differ from the surrounding areas and serve as habitat for other species.

This Pekař's conception is no longer to be considered "positivism", exceeding it by going beyond historical facts, which were obtained from historical sources. Therefore, historical events are interpreted consistently in the contemporary context. He - as a conscientious historian - emphasized the heterogeneity of ideas of different eras ("The events must always be viewed through the eyes of then people") Pekař was a conservative patriot, rejecting almost mythological deification of some historical events, which in his opinion had rather negative consequencies (Hussite wars, etc.). He was convinced about substantial negative impact of religious conflicts on Czech history and many times urged Czech patriotism to get rid of them.