Nuclear materiality concentrates in Taryn Simon's "Black Square XVII" (2006-ongoing) — a Malevichian square made from vitrified nuclear waste.
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Next, the body is "vitrified," meaning its cells and organs are prepared for the ultra-low temperatures they will soon experience.
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" Once this is done, the temperature is lowered with nitrogen to a "vitrified" state, which means a "stable ice-free state.
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This sudden heat vitrified the man's brains inside his skull, meaning that the squishy organ was instantly shocked into solid rock.
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The researchers believe that the extreme heat ignited the person's body fat, vaporized soft tissue and vitrified the fatty proteins of the brain.
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The entrance hall has a floor of vitrified "clinker bricks" and opens to the dining room, with garden views through a broad bow window.
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These chemicals turn a person's body and brain into a "vitrified" glass-like state, capturing a snapshot of the person at the moment of death.
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First, they put vitrified tissue (specifically, frozen human skin cells, segments of pig heart tissue, and sections of pig arteries) in a solution that contained silica-coated iron oxide nanoparticles.
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This 12-piece Dinnerware set that comes in six different colors This Concentrix 12-Piece Dinnerware Set includes four vitrified ceramic dinner plates, four-round salad plates, and four 12 oz.
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Cryoprotectants allowed scientists to use ultra-low temperatures -- between minus 160 and minus 196 degrees Celsius -- to supercool biological tissues, including animal kidneys, and preserve them in a glassy or vitrified state.
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When the body is lowered to liquid nitrogen temperatures, the gel causes the patient to become "vitrified," which means they've been transformed into a glass-like state, and free of ice crystals.
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Unfortunately, there's a major problem with cryopreservation: No one has been able to figure out how to bring tissues or organs back from the vitrified state without damaging them during reheating, explained Bischof.
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But while historians have typically relied on those who lived through this disaster to tell the story, the dead are starting to add their own chapters, written in vaporized blood and vitrified brain.
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I spent the month of May in Delray Beach, in an antebellum-style mansion with Spanish moss hanging from the trees in the front yard, spiral staircases indoors, and large white vitrified tiles in the dining room.
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"The detection of glassy material from the victim's head, of proteins expressed in the human brain, and of fatty acids found in human hair indicates the thermally induced preservation of vitrified human brain tissue," Petrone's team said in the study.
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EDM celebrity Steve Aoki's Netflix documentary I'll Sleep When I'm Dead only just came out this past Friday, August 19, but he's already throwing the accuracy of its title into question with the recent revelation that he's planning to get his entire body cryogenically vitrified once he dies, with hopes that he'll eventually be revived.
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The only other past instance of this they could find for comparison happened to victims of firestorms during World War II. "Considering the discovery of vitrified brain remains from a victim of the 79 AD Vesuvius eruption, it may be of some interest to the scientific community to open a discussion on the process of vitrification occurring in human remains," the researchers wrote.
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Here are the best dinnerware sets you can buy:Best dinnerware set overall: Gibson Home Casa Stella Dinnerware SetBest all-white dinnerware set: Nevaeh White by Fitz and Floyd Rim DinnerwareBest vitrified ceramic dinnerware set: Fiesta Dinnerware Place SettingBest heavy-duty dinnerware set: Brasserie All-White Dinnerware Place SettingsBest affordable dinnerware set: AmazonBasics Dinnerware SetUpdated on 10/22/2019 by Connie Chen: Updated prices and links.
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Certain artists build the concept of a long gestation period into the work itself: "Black Square XVII," an installation by Taryn Simon at the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art in Moscow, is currently an empty shelf in the museum, reserved for a chunk of vitrified nuclear waste once its radioactive properties have diminished to a level safe for human exposure — about 220,226 years from now, in 2000.
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That's the astonishing conclusion of a new study published on Thursday in The New England Journal of Medicine, led by Pier Paolo Petrone, a forensic anthropologist at the University of Naples Federico II. "The preservation of ancient brain remains is an extremely rare finding, but this is the first ever discovery of ancient human brain remains, vitrified by heat at about 950°F produced by a volcanic eruption," Petrone said in an email.
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Here are the best dinnerware sets you can buy: Best dinnerware set overall: Gibson Home Casa Stella Dinnerware SetBest all-white dinnerware set: Nevaeh White by Fitz and Floyd Rim DinnerwareBest vitrified ceramic dinnerware set: Fiesta Dinnerware Place SettingBest heavy-duty dinnerware set: Brasserie All-White Dinnerware Place SettingsBest affordable dinnerware set: AmazonBasics Dinnerware SetThe best drinking glassesHigh-quality drinking glasses can handle hot and cold liquids, are resistant to breaking when dropped, and don't spill easily.
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Pottery can be made impermeable to water by glazing or by vitrification. Porcelain, bone china and sanitaryware are examples of vitrified pottery, and are impermeable even without glaze. Stoneware may be vitrified or semi- vitrified; the latter type would not be impermeable without glaze.'Body Builders.
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Vitrified porcelain tiles do not need to be re-sealed or glazed.
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It is constructed out of dark red brick with bands of vitrified headers.
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Parian has a more vitrified finish than porcelain due to a higher proportion of feldspar.
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The northern ridge is four kilometres long and has the vitrified fort of Dùn Deardail ("Fort of the Red Eye")"Hamish's Mountain Walk" Page 166 (Gives info on Dùn Deardail vitrified fort). near its terminus just before it joins Glen Nevis. The fort is probably named after Deirdre, the princess of Ulster, it is one in a line of vitrified forts that stretches from Craig Phàdraig outside Inverness to the west coast.The Modern Antiquarian.
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Vitrified cattle dung in the Iron Age of Southern Africa. Journal of Archaeological Science 40: 3553–3560.
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The vitrifaction or vitrified fraction of the instant invention is made conventionally in a smelter or the like.
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Carradale Point Fort is a promontory vitrified fort on Carradale Point near Carradale, Argyll and Bute, Scotland. The fort measures by internally.
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Cochin, Kerala, India Porcelain tiles or ceramic tiles are porcelain or ceramic tiles commonly used to cover floors and walls, with a water absorption rate of less than 0.5 percent. The clay used to build porcelain tiles is generally denser. They can either be glazed or unglazed. Porcelain tiles are one type of vitrified tiles and are sometimes referred to as porcelain vitrified tiles.
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Porcelain tiles can be vitrified to reduce their porosity and increase their strength. Vitrified porcelain tiles are created by combining clay with other elements such as quartz, silica or feldspar under incredibly high temperatures. The vitrification process creates porcelain tiles that contain a glass substrate. The glass substrate gives the tiles a sleek appearance, provides added strength and makes the tiles water and scratch-resistant.
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Anfora is the largest Mexican manufacturer of vitrified ceramics. It is based in the silver mining city of Pachuca, in the state of Hidalgo, in Mexico.
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In 2000, wires on six robotic arms that moved vitrified glass blocks were deliberately cut by staff, putting the vitrification plant out of operation for three days.
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In addition to allowing vitrified biological samples to be imaged, CryoTEM can also be used to image material specimens that are too volatile in vacuum to image using standard, room temperature electron microscopy. For example, vitrified sections of liquid-solid interfaces can be extracted for analysis by CryoTEM, and sulfur, which is prone to sublimation in the vacuum of electron microscopes, can be stabilized and imaged in CryoTEM.
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Cryo-electron microscopy in STEM (Cryo-STEM) allows specimens to be held in the microscope at liquid nitrogen or liquid helium temperatures. This is useful for imaging specimens that would be volatile in high vacuum at room temperature. Cryo-STEM has been used to study vitrified biological samples, vitrified solid-liquid interfaces in material specimens, and specimens containing elemental sulfur, which is prone to sublimation in electron microscopes at room temperature.
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"Effect of the Developmental Stage and Thawing Temperature on the Survival and Development of the Vitrified Embryos". Journal of Taibah University Medical Sciences, Vol. 3(2); pp:83-91.
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In 1984, Dubochet's group demonstrated the power of cryo-EM in structural biology with analysis of vitrified adenovirus type 2, T4 bacteriophage, Semliki Forest virus, Bacteriophage CbK, and Vesicular-Stomatitis-Virus.
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It is not clearly understood why or even how the stone walls were vitrified. Extreme heating has been shown to weaken the structure and an act of destruction seems unlikeley given that the walls to be vitrified would need carefully maintained fires for a lengthy period. Deliberate destruction following capture of the site or some form of ritual destruction by the ruling chief as an act of closure at the end of its useful life are other possibilities.
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Reemtsma cigarette factory in Hamburg by Fritz Höger A piece of vitrified brick Clinker bricks are partially-vitrified bricks used in the construction of buildings. Clinker bricks are produced when wet clay bricks are exposed to excessive heat during the firing process, sintering the surface of the brick and forming a shiny, dark-colored coating. Clinker bricks have a blackened appearance, and they are often misshapen or split. Clinkers are so named for the metallic sound they make when struck together.
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The was a Celtic fort on Mote Hill overlooking the crossing of the River Forth. It was destroyed in a blaze which produced volcanic temperatures which melted the stone leaving only a vitrified fort.
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Institute of Ceramics & Pergamon Press. 1987. is vitrified, ceramic tableware which exhibits high mechanical strength and is produced for use in hotels and restaurants.Dictionary of Ceramics (3rd Edition), ed by: Arthur Dodd, & David Murfin.
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Near the > base is a half-diaper pattern formed of vitrified headers. Red brick plinth > and coping. This wall borders on South Stoneham House and was probably built > about the same time circa 1708.
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The facing stones of the heavily vitrified wall have almost entirely gone. Natural cliffs enhance the defensive nature of the site, and no evidence survives of outer defences. The Doon of May is a scheduled monument.
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Asian Ceramics. November,2009, p.35,37-39 Its high strength allows it to be produced in thinner cross-sections than other types of porcelain. Like stoneware it is vitrified, but is translucent due to differing mineral properties.
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Delavan's Vitrified Brick Street stretches across three blocks of Walworth Avenue in Delavan, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1996. The Delavan Post Office is located on the stretch of road.
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Most often, fired ceramics are either vitrified or semi- vitrified as is the case with earthenware, stoneware, and porcelain. Varying crystallinity and electron composition in the ionic and covalent bonds cause most ceramic materials to be good thermal and electrical insulators (extensively researched in ceramic engineering). With such a large range of possible options for the composition/structure of a ceramic (e.g. nearly all of the elements, nearly all types of bonding, and all levels of crystallinity), the breadth of the subject is vast, and identifiable attributes (e.g.
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Three walls of the structure are decorated above the basement level with a checkerboard pattern using vitrified brick, laid in Flemish bond. The fourth, east wall, displays English bond and the date 1722 in the gable. The 1722 date, centered in the gable above the diamond pattern, is made of vitrified headers and is seven courses high. Originally, the east wall was penetrated by two small windows on the southern side of the elevation, now closed up with brick, one on the second floor and one at the attic level.
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Gorleben transport container storage unit for highly radioactive nuclear waste Anti-nuclear protest near nuclear waste disposal centre at Gorleben in northern Germany, on November 8, 2008. Today in Gorleben there are two interim storage units for radioactive waste. The Gorleben transport container storage unit (Transportbehälterlager Gorleben) is used for short-term storage of spent fuel elements and for vitrified, highly radioactive waste from German nuclear reprocessing plants. The fuel elements and vitrified waste block containers are in dry casks standing in a hall above ground and cooled by the surrounding air.
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Around the base, many iron slags, some with embedded burnt clay, vitrified brick-bats, many terracotta pipes with vitrified mouths and a granite slab, which may have been the anvil, have been recovered. Absence of potsherds and other antiquities has suggested that the smelting place was located outside the boundary of habitation. More furnaces were discovered at the same site with burnt clay pieces with rectangular holes. The pieces were part of the furnace wall, the holes designed to allow a natural draught of air to pass through evenly into the furnace.
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Canmore Kemp Law Dun In one area the wall was found to be vitrified on the external face for half its thickness. A shale pin head was found here in 1963, similar to one found at Traprain Law.
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VCP pipe is made by forming clay then heating it to 2000 degrees Fahrenheit (1100 degrees Celsius). The pipe is then vitrified. In some areas the pipe is then glazed to ensure that it will be water-tight.
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Vitrified tile is made by hydraulic pressing a mixture of clay, quartz, feldspar and silica, which make vitreous surface. Thus creating a single mass making them hard with low porosity. Different clay bodies reach vitrification at different temperatures.
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It is proposed to store 70,000 cubic metres of intermediate-level waste and 10,000 cubic metres of long-lived high-level vitrified waste. The French nuclear energy industry produces around 13,000 cubic metres of toxic radioactive waste every year.
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It eliminates the need for other openings. Except for the wall at the entrance, the main building is painted with a waterproof black colour finish to match with the colour and texture of the vitrified lava inside the cave.
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Many vitrified crucibles were also recovered from this site; one of them notable because it was found in an in situ position.Rajan, pp. 65–66 Evidence of steel making is also found in the crucibles excavated at this site.Rajan, p.
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The thin film method is limited to thin specimens (typically < 500 nm) because the electrons cannot cross thicker samples without multiple scattering events. Thicker specimens can be vitrified by plunge freezing (cryofixation) in ethane (up to tens of μm in thickness) or more commonly by high pressure freezing (up to hundreds of μm). They can then be cut in thin sections (40 to 200 nm thick) with a diamond knife in a cryoultramicrotome at temperatures lower than −135 °C (devitrification temperature). The sections are collected on an electron microscope grid and are imaged in the same manner as specimen vitrified in thin film.
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Loch Riddon (or Loch Ruel), with Eilean Dearg on the left hand side Eilean Dearg is a small island in Loch Ruel (or Loch Riddon) in Argyll, Scotland. The island was once home to a castle, which was destroyed by naval action in Argyll's Rising in 1685. No visible remains of the castle are to be found, but archaeologists excavated the site between 1964 and 1967, finding the castle's hall, chapel, a tower and the foundations of the wall, along with a gate. The excavations also found vitrified rock, possibly indicating the island was once occupied by a vitrified fort.
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While the TCLP process grinds the glass into fine particles in order to expose them to weak acids to test for leachate, intact CRT glass does not leach (The lead is vitrified, contained inside the glass itself, similar to leaded glass crystalware).
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Some of the micro fossils have ferric or silica filling. Others being completely vitrified. Non-plastic material also makes up for about 2-18% of the volume of tegulae. This includes larger and smaller forms of basalt, quartz, chalk, fossil shells, and terra rosa.
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These wares were distributed via wholesale and retail channels. By 1911, the company had 250 employees and was selling its exports to 27 countries. In 1915, the company began manufacturing vitrified china and a few years later the plant was enlarged to 300,000 square feet.
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The island of Fraoch Eilean itself consists of two rocky eminences connected by a sand and shingle beach. The ruins of a castle occupy much of the eastern eminence. Vitrified stone has been found on the island close to the ruins of the castle.
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The estate contains unique and irreplaceable accoutrements, e.g., Indian/Western scenes by Orry Kelly, an Academy Award- winning designer. Loma Farms is a planned farming complex which includes thirteen buildings constructed of vitrified clay tile, situated about one-half mile from the lodge complex.
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The 16 September 1980 episode of Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World features a segment in which the archaeologist Ian Ralston examines the mystery of the vitrified fort Tap o' Noth and tries to recreate how it might be accomplished by piling stones and setting a massive bonfire, repeating the work of V. Gordon Childe and Wallace Thorneycroft in the 1930s.Clarke, A. C, Welfare, S and Fairley, J. Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World. Collins, 1980, p.61. The experiment produced a few partially vitrified stones, but it was asserted that no answers were gleaned as to how large-scale forts could have been crafted with the approach tried in the programme.
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Loch Ailort has a number of islands. At the entrance to the loch is two islands. Eilean nan Gobhar, or Eilean na Gour at the south of the loch mouth, and the other is Eilean á Chaolis. Eilean nan Gobhar, is famous for two vitrified forts.
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Evidence suggests that a first-floor hall existed. Evidence shows it had several floors. The tower house is built within an older prehistoric vitrified hillfort dating to c250 BC, excavated by Dr Murray Cook of Rampart Scotland. The prehistoric fort and tower house is a scheduled monument.
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The St. Margaret Church was finished at about the same time. Later, 3 more tiers were added in only two months. The roof consists of colored vitrified tiles, and four turrets were built. The tower had a guard, who would sound his bugle whenever an enemy approached.
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Other similarly-sized vitrified forts within the area include Dun Evan, Dun Finlay and Dun Davie. During the 19th century the remains of the Doune were incorporated as features into the designed picturesque landscape of the Relugas estate by the antiquarian and author Thomas Dick Lauder.
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Boron trifluoride was discovered in 1808 by Joseph Louis Gay- Lussac and Louis Jacques Thénard, who were trying to isolate "fluoric acid" (i.e., hydrofluoric acid) by combining calcium fluoride with vitrified boric acid. The resulting vapours failed to etch glass, so they named it fluoboric gas.
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There are five rounded sandstone arches and a later parapet of red bricks. The coping in vitrified brick and stone is dated 1866. The parapet was increased in height in 1893 and the coping reused. The original parapet can be seen from the river on the northern face.
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A substantial step in that direction has already occurred. Twenty-First Century Medicine has vitrified a rabbit kidney to -135 °C with their proprietary vitrification cocktail. Upon rewarming, the kidney was successfully transplanted into a rabbit, with complete functionality and viability, able to sustain the rabbit indefinitely as the sole functioning kidney.
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Dunnideer Castle in December 2019 Dunnideer Castle, now ruined, was a tower house located near Insch, Aberdeenshire, Scotland. It was built c.1260 partially from the remains of an existing vitrified hill fort in the same location. It consisted of a single rectangular tower of 15m by 12.5m with walls 1.9m thick.
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Knock Jargon Fort. A cairn and possible vitrified fort are located at North Hill in the Knockewart Hill (NS 2387 4806). An enclosure (NS 2356 4812) is located near rising ground that has the appearance of having once been cleared of stone and cultivated. No field plots or clearance heaps are identifiable.
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The tuyère is 40% (14.5 cm) slag-wetted and vitrified, and the slag-wetted section is gray in color, suggesting exposure to oxidation. Other physical properties of the tuyère, such as the reduction of clay, also suggest that tuyères had been placed inside Early Iron Age furnaces for the preheating of air blast.
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This artifact was exhibited at the Ayr Mechanics' Museum, still attached to a piece of vitrified stone.Patterson, p.435 By 1863 the fort had been robbed and was just a mound of rubble covered with vegetation. In 1891 Christison recorded the remains of a possible entrance on the east facing side of the fort.
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Due to the frozen permafrost, burial sites are not deep, and are covered with rocks. Sometimes a blue plastic layer can be detected between the rocks. Here and there, a wooden box with a vitrified cover a few fading artificial flowers and other decorations can be seen. Crosses stand askew on the shifting permafrost.
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In the making of firebrick, fireclay is fired in the kiln until it is partly vitrified. For special purposes, the brick may also be glazed. There are two standard sizes of fire brick: and .Also available are firebrick “splits” which are half the thickness and are often used to line wood stoves and fireplace inserts.
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The Delavan Post Office is located in Delavan, Wisconsin. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 2000. It is located on Delavan's Vitrified Brick Street. It is a two-story building which has six brick pilasters with Tuscan capitals dividing its front facade into five bays, overlooking wide granite steps.
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A ceramic is any of the various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion- resistant materials made by shaping and then firing a nonmetallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature. Common examples are earthenware, porcelain, and brick. The crystallinity of ceramic materials ranges from highly oriented to semi-crystalline, vitrified, and often completely amorphous (e.g., glasses).
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South of Kilmahog the remains of an ancient hillfort can be seen at Dunmore overlooking Loch Venachar. The fort is semi-oval in shape and occupies a defensive position on a low hill. It was likely a large defended structure visible from some distance. Excavations have revealed a well in the inner area and signs of vitrified stonework.
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Together with Wallace Thorneycroft, another Fellow of the Society of Antiquaries of Scotland, Childe excavated two vitrified Iron Age forts in Scotland, at Finavon, Angus (1933–34) and at Rahoy, Argyllshire (1936–37). In 1938, he and Walter Grant oversaw excavations at the Neolithic settlement of Rinyo; their investigation ceased during the Second World War, but resumed in 1946.
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The chapel is in the Renaissance Revival style, and features a rotunda capped in red vitrified tile. The dome bears a resemblance to the Ohio Statehouse (then still under construction). The structure rests on a bed of gravel below the surface. The foundations are of concrete and stone, and arches of brick and concrete support the building above.
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The Romanesque Revival style church building measures and was constructed of matt-faced, vitrified brick and stone. The main facade is dominated by the tall, off-set corner tower. It originally had a bell in it, but the bell was destroyed in the 1919 fire and never replaced. The tower contains the main entry into the church.
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SGFT has been replaced in some applications by glazed masonry units, a composite of concrete masonry and a tile-like surface coating. Specialized kinds of structural clay tile were produced with a vitrified or glazed curved surface for use in building farm silos. Other shapes, called "telephone tiles", were used as underground multi- celled conduits for telephone cables.
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However, no data to date has proven this benefit in fetal development and birth of healthy offspring after embryo transfer to surrogate females. However, this protocol could potentially improve the quality of vitrified human oocytes and embryos during IVM. In a research by Wang X et al. (2014), gonadotropins affect oocyte maturation, fertilisation and developmental competence in vitro.
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The library building is a single-story structure built on a raised basement. The exterior is composed of red vitrified tile and rock-faced stone on the basement level. It is capped with a hipped roof that features finials on the ridge and tile flashing. The gabled front entrance projects from the main facade, and pilasters frame the door.
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Right from the entrance there are pathways in various directions of the park along with natural mounds, flower nursery and other areas. It looks like a light spreading in various directions. The total length of these light beam path is 2.7 kilometres and it is made up of vitrified tile along with white sandstone strips in the middle.
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Developed in 1980 by the U.S. Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory (PNNL), the GeoMelt process is deployed in one of two ways: in-situ (in-place) treatment of buried radioactive and hazardous wastes, and In-Container Vitrification (ICV), which is ex-situ treatment where radioactive and hazardous wastes are vitrified in a refractory-lined steel container.
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The site consists of a partly vitrified fort overlaid by a dun. A ruined wall of width about encloses an oval area of about by . Outside this on the east is a wall about long, and on the north are two shorter walls. There is an entrance between the outer of these walls and the wall to the east.
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Eventually, the fort was turned into a medieval homestead. The builders of the homestead used the ancient walls for bolstering defense, adding large rectangular stones to it. Passages leading to the sea, on the north and the south, were also discovered. Postholes provided material that was dated to the 15th and 16th centuries, and vitrified material was also discovered.
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Cheomseongdae observatory The production of hard- fired stoneware ceramics, in which clay is vitrified in kilns at >1000 °C, occurred first in the Korean Peninsula during the Three Kingdoms Period.Barnes, Gina L. 2001 State Formation in Korea: Historical and Archaeological Perspectives. London: Curzon, pp. 100-101. This period is notable for the establishment of industrial-scale production of pottery and roof tiles.
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The Abel and Mary Nicholson House is brick house built in 1722 in Salem, New Jersey, United States. It is an excellent example of a Delaware Valley patterned brick building. The vitrified bricks form geometric designs and highlight the year of construction. The building has not been significantly altered since it was built and has been receiving grants to help preserve it.
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Beside the old (walled) graveyard in a field there is a standing stone engraved with a faint Celtic-style Christian cross. This is associated with a battle between locals and Norsemen/Vikings. There is a rocky hill forming a peninsula into the Kyle of Sutherland called Dun Creich (the "hill of Creich"), which has the ruins of a vitrified fort on its summit.
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Pitched slate roof with clay ridge tiles, overhanging eaves and verges, decorative uPVC fascias, and bargeboards. Vitrified brick chimneystacks to ridges with moulded yellow brick bands of houndstooth detail. Replacement uPVC gutters with cast-iron rainwater downpipes. Smooth rendered walls with raised rendered block-and-start quoins and plinth, coved houndstooth cornice to eaves of bay window, now obscured by fascia.
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In most countries high-level radioactive waste has been incorporated into alkali borosilicate or phosphate vitreous waste forms for many years; vitrification is an established technology.M. I. Ojovan and W.E. Lee. An Introduction to Nuclear Waste Immobilisation, Elsevier, Amsterdam, 315 p. (2005) Vitrification is a particularly attractive immobilization route because of the high chemical durability of the vitrified glass product.
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All bricks in this bond are headers, but for the lap-generating quoin three-quarter bat which offsets each successive courses by half a header. Header bond is often used on curving walls with a small radius of curvature. In Lewes, Sussex, England UK many small buildings are constructed in this bond, using blue coloured bricks and vitrified surfaces.Lloyd, p. 440.
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Dunagoil is a vitrified fort or dun on the Isle of Bute – an Iron Age hill fort whose ramparts have been melted by intense heat. It stands on a volcanic headland and gives its name to the bay that it overlooks. Like other places, such as Donegal, its name is from the Gaelic dún na gall – fort of the foreigners.
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Sculle, Keith A. "," (PDF) National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, 9 January 1984, National Register Information System, National Park Service, pp. 7-15. Retrieved 16 July 2007. Vitrified tile was preferred by builders during the final period of American round barn construction. The Weber Round Barn stands out from other round barns, such as those in Stephenson County, as well.
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The residues there included dark and vitrified unprocessed material and fine, yellowish sands from the washing. The process of securing the entire district was expected to take over 10 years. Between 1886 and 1891 César de Pontgibaud had the old donjon, which had been abandoned since the time of Louis XIII, restored by a disciple of Eugène Viollet-le-Duc. The more recent château was demolished.
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Pipes for sewage are still predominantly made from concrete or vitrified clay. Reinforced concrete can be used for large-diameter concrete pipes. This pipe material can be used in many types of construction, and is often used in the gravity-flow transport of storm water. Usually such pipe will have a receiving bell or a stepped fitting, with various sealing methods applied at installation.
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The northern structure was constructed of yellow refractory bricks with single coarse brick walls spaced at regular intervals. The floor base was vitrified with a thick layer of melted glass covering it. The southern structure appeared to be of a similar construction although was heavily truncated. These structures have been initially interpreted as possible fritting (or melting) floors for the primary production of melted glass.
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The Robert Buckles Barn is a round barn located southeast of Mount Pulaski, Illinois, United States. The barn was built in 1917 on the Buckles family farm. It is one of the only surviving round barns in central Illinois and one of only two known in the state built with vitrified tile. The tile is specially curved to fit the barn's exterior based on its radius.
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22, Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York. Terms such as "porcellaneous" or "near-porcelain" may be used in such cases. One definition of stoneware is from the Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities, a European industry standard. It states: > Stoneware, which, though dense, impermeable and hard enough to resist > scratching by a steel point, differs from porcelain because it is more > opaque, and normally only partially vitrified.
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Settlement around the confluence of the Bogie and Deveron rivers dates back to the Neolithic period. Settlement remains and the remains of an Iron Age hillfort have been excavated on Battlehill on the outskirts of the town. During the first millennium CE the area was dominated by the Pictish culture. A very large Pictish settlement and vitrified hillfort was situated locally at Tap o' Noth in Strathbogie.
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It is possible that an early Christian monastic cell was founded on the island in the 6th or 7th century, dedicated to Donnán of Eigg, an Irish saint who was martyred on Eigg in April 617. No remains of any Christian buildings survive, though fragments of vitrified stone, subjected to very high temperatures, have been discovered indicating the presence of an Iron Age or early medieval fortification.
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Lawrence F. Feck, j J-I. Freedlander, Bosworth & Holden, and Harold Van Buren....”See also ”Vitrified Clay Curbing Selected for Streets and Roads – Fulton Memorial, Water Gate”, Engineering News, Vol. 63: No. 2, p.44 (January 13, 1910)See also Fourteenth Annual Report of the New York State Commission of Prisons for the Year of 1908: Transmitted to the Legislature February 23, 1909 p.42.
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The brickwork is laid for the most part in English bond with occasional vitrified (over-fired) headers. The south elevation is rendered over obscuring detail but the west side is exposed and the base of this wall includes a low brick plinth with a chamfered masonry cap. The use of brick, laid in English bond and including the masonry embellishment is an expensive one. However, from c.
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Mounted points are small grinding wheels bonded onto a mandrel. Diamond mounted points are tiny diamond rasps for use in a jig grinder doing profiling work in hard material. Resin and vitrified bonded mounted points with conventional grains are used for deburring applications, especially in the foundry industry. Mounted points is a small handle with a general name, used in electric mill, hanging mill, hand drill.
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Federal Building looking northwest from Dearborn and Jackson ca. 1910. The Federal Building was constructed over a steel frame with exterior walls of brick sheathed with of gray granite from Mount Waldo, Maine. The roofs were covered vitrified tile over book tile while the dome was covered with gilt glass tiles. The plan called for the post office to occupy the basement and two lower floors.
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Sekaninaite was first discovered in the Dolni Bory region of the Czech Republic. Its occurrence is in the albite zone of pegmatite in granulites and gneisses (Fleischer, 1977). Sekaninaite is found in pyrometamorphic rocks, extensively rocks formed via process of ancient combustion metamorphism; paralavas, clinkers and buchites. These combustion metamorphic rocks occur in clinker beds and breccias of vitrified sandstone- siltstone clinker fragments cemented by paralava.
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A Hoffmann kiln consists of a main fire passage surrounded on each side by several small rooms. Each room contains a pallet of bricks. In the main fire passage there is a fire wagon, that holds a fire that burns continuously. Each room is fired for a specific time, until the bricks are vitrified properly, and thereafter the fire wagon is rolled to the next room to be fired.
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Ovens could hold up to a million bricks. Masonry bricks were fired between and , klinkers between and . Typically, bricks were baked at low heat for two weeks to remove all remaining moisture from the clay, and then for four weeks at a higher temperature, followed by two weeks of cooling down. Since the klinker was partially vitrified by being fired at a higher temperature it was harder than the standard.
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It was annexed by Kansas City in 1897.History of Westport Today, it is one of Kansas City's main entertainment districts. The high school was across the street from Westport Middle School and it opened in the fall of 1908. It was considered the finest school in Kansas City and among the finest in the county, at a cost of nearly $500,000, and built of stone and vitrified brick.
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According to a 2012 Government Accountability Office report, several technical challenges remained, including how to keep radioactive waste from incurring a criticality accident and exploding before it was vitrified. As of 2017, the project was undergoing "ongoing" reviews by the Government Accounting Office, Office of Inspector General, Defense Nuclear Facilities Safety Board and other agencies, with a re-baselined projected cost of $16.813 billion and completion date in 2023.
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Figgjo was founded by Harald Lima and Sigurd Figved in 1941. In 1946, designer and ceramist Ragnar Grimsrud (1902-1988) became co- owner and general manager of Figgjo. The company took its current form in 1968 following the merger of Stavangerflint AS with Figgjo Fajanse AS. The company has a factory, museum and factory outlet at Figgjo. It specializes in vitrified china for the domestic and professional catering markets.
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With the acquisition of Widenta and Clarflex, the company added different grinding and cutting wheels, vitrified and resin bonded abrasives and flexible abrasive products to its product line. MPF Industry Group produces and distribute several HVAC products. Under the MP Meta brand name, the company manufactures various powertool accessories such as grinding technic, sawing technic, cutting technic, drilling and milling technic products, protective equipment and other machine accessories.
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Pyroprocessing for the SSR uses only one third of the steps of conventional pyroprocessing, which will make it even cheaper. It is potentially competitive with the cost of manufacturing fresh fuel from mined uranium. The waste stream from the SSR will be in the form of solid salt in tubes. This can be vitrified and stored underground for over 100,000 years as is planned today, or it can be reprocessed.
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The bead factory, which performs a very important economic function, possesses a central courtyard and eleven rooms, a store, and a guardhouse. There is a cinder dump, as well as a double-chambered circular kiln, with stoke-holes for fuel supply. Four flues are connected with each other, the upper chamber and the stokehold. The mud plaster of the floors and walls are vitrified owing to intense heat during work.
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Probably of a rectangular plan it may have been a medieval homestead settlement with a moat. Wardlaw Hill fort on the highest of the Clevens Hills lies above the Loans to Dundonald road and Kemp Law Dun is a vitrified fort dating from the Iron Age lying in Dundonald Woods. It was formed from a circular rampart and ditch. A mound in the centre was once an Ordnance Survey triangulation station.
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Main article: Transmission electron cryomicroscopy Cryogenic transmission electron microscopy (Cryo-TEM) uses a TEM with a specimen holder capable of maintaining the specimen at liquid nitrogen or liquid helium temperatures. This allows imaging specimens prepared in vitreous ice, the preferred preparation technique for imaging individual molecules or macromolecular assemblies, imaging of vitrified solid-electrolye interfaces, and imaging of materials that are volatile in high vacuum at room temperature, such as sulfur.
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The ships that brought the tea also carried porcelain teapots. The majority of these teapots were painted in blue and white underglaze. Porcelain, being completely vitrified, will withstand sea water without damage, so the teapots were packed below deck whilst the tea was stowed above deck to ensure that it remained dry.Teapots Paul Tippett Tea drinking in Europe was initially the preserve of the upper classes, due to the expense.
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Flat honing requires an exclusive wheel suitable for the type of material being processed. Flat honing wheels are available with full faced layers of abrasive although grooves of different geometry can be introduced to enhance a better removal of material. These abrasives are fixed onto a steel plate. For vitrified bonded flat honing wheels, round or hexagonal pellets are used and are fixed to the steel plate with a special adhesive.
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Spent fuel is processed at facilities in Trombay near Mumbai, at Tarapur on the west coast north of Mumbai, and at Kalpakkam on the southeast coast of India. Plutonium will be used in a fast breeder reactor (under construction) to produce more fuel, and other waste vitrified at Tarapur and Trombay. Interim storage for 30 years is expected, with eventual disposal in a deep geological repository in crystalline rock near Kalpakkam.
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Maiolica dish, Oriental style, Ferretti factory, 1775, piccolo fuoco In the second half of the 18th century the technique of third fire – piccolo fuoco, also known as overglaze decoration, was introduced, which made it possible to obtain a greater range of more vibrant colours. After two firings at about 950 °C, identical to those of the technique of gran fuoco, the glaze, already vitrified, was painted with colours that would have degraded at higher temperature and a third firing was carried out at about 600-650 °C. The fact that colours were painted on a surface already vitrified meant that errors could be corrected.. One of the new pigments that could be used thanks to the third firing was Purple of Cassius, a red obtained from gold chloride, which made it possible to introduce various shades of red, from pink to purple. The first European factory where the piccolo fuoco technique was developed was that of Paul Hannong in Strasbourg.
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Above Inverfarigaig is the Iron Age fort of Dun Deardail (). It is situated 925 ft (282 m) above sea level and is associated with the legend of Deirdre of the Sorrows. Deirdre and the three sons of Usnach were meant to have lived near the fort for some of the time they stayed in Scotland. The fort was built by the Celts some time around 700BC and has been found to be partly vitrified.
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Harford Road was under construction by 1911 from North Avenue to Taylor Avenue and completed in 1912. From North Avenue to the old city limits near Lake Montebello, Harford Road was reconstructed with a vitrified brick surface. From the city limits to Taylor Avenue, the highway was built with a wide tarred macadam surface. The old turnpike along what is now Harford Road was resurfaced from Taylor Avenue northeast to Little Gunpowder Falls by 1915.
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The Chatsworth Calera kiln was used for burning limestone in the making of lime for concrete, mortar, and whitewash, a step in the construction of bricks and tiles. The monument site now looks like a hole in the ground with walls of vitrified limestone and brick. The pit measures about fifteen feet deep and six and a half feet across. The kiln was in use during early California history (Spanish/Mission and Mexican periods).
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The fire-box is particularly well preserved and has a deep below-ground access. Iron staples are inserted into the base plinth of the smelter at regular intervals and seem to be the support points for the rail reinforcing bars which would have originally bound the smelter. The slag heap is small () and contains large square sand mould slag blocks, each about . West of the smelter is an area of brick rubble and vitrified brick.
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Vainker, 99 Examination of excavated fragments shows the fired clay body is a light grey colour, sometimes compared to the colour of incense ash. Although stoneware by Western criteria (not a category recognised in traditional Chinese thinking),Sun calls them "porcelains"; Sotheby's (2012), the British Museum and others call them stoneware. the wares are fired at a relatively low temperature, and are far from fully vitrified, absorbing water at a "fairly high" rate.
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View of the meeting house from outside the grounds. The Friends meeting house is "a simple 18th-century brick building", similar in appearance to the series of old meeting houses elsewhere in Surrey such as Capel (1724), Guildford (1805), Esher (1793) and Dorking (1846, replacing a building of 1709). The walls are mostly of red brick laid in the Flemish bond pattern, with some vitrified brickwork. Some of the lower courses of brickwork are galleted.
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His proposers were fellow geologists John Horne, Ben Peach, Sir John Smith Flett and L. W. Hinxman. His East Plean mine suffered a major underground explosion in 1922 with many dead and injured. Of the 520 total mining workforce 12 were killed at 59 injured. In 1937 he came to relative fame in Europe by experimenting on recreating conditions to create a vitrified fort, this being in liaison with archaeologist Vere Gordon Childe.
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Dickey was born in Toronto in 1862 and moved to Kansas City in 1885. In 1889, he established the W.S. Dickey Clay Manufacturing Company which started out creating ceramic pipes made of "burnt clay" that were used to drain farmland via tile drainage. As municipalities developed underground sewage infrastructures, the company supplied clay pipes to serve that purpose. By 1915, the company was promoting its "tight as a jug" vitrified salt-glazed clay silos.
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Balnafettack (: Farm of the Plovers) is an area in the north west of Inverness located in the Scottish Highlands. It is named after the farm upon which the present residential housing is built. It sits above Scorguie and was the final area on the West-side of Inverness to be developed due to its proximity to the steep crags of Craig Phadraig. The Vitrified fort at the top of Craig Phadraig is accessed from Balnafettack.
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The summit of the hill is occupied by a vitrified fort; a stone structure affected by fire to produce a glass-like material. The inner wall of the fort defines an area around , and survives to a height of around . Beyond this is an outer wall and part of a third wall or hornwork to the east. Radiocarbon dates obtained in the 1970s suggest that the inner wall was constructed in the 4th century.
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Fulgurite Typical broken fulgurite sections. Fulgurites (from the Latin fulgur, meaning "lightning") are natural tubes, clumps, or masses of sintered, vitrified, and/or fused soil, sand, rock, organic debris and other sediments that sometimes form when lightning discharges into ground. Fulgurites are classified as a variety of the mineraloid lechatelierite. When ordinary negative polarity cloud-ground lightning discharges into a grounding substrate, greater than 100 million volts (100 MV) of potential difference may be bridged.
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During those years she gradually became an identifiable voice. With regard to the use of media: Catharni Stern has done rather less carving but she has made more use of clay. Her approach remains consistent because the works are directly modelled in order to enable them to be fired to partially vitrified terracotta or to stoneware temperatures. She has brought a dignify to the medium that for many years has been largely absent.
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Vitrified forts are the remains of duns that have been set on fire and where stones have been partly melted. Use of duns continued in some parts into the Middle Ages. Duns are similar to brochs, but are smaller and probably would not have been capable of supporting a very tall structure. Good examples of this kind of dun can be found in the Outer Hebrides of Scotland, on artificial islands in small lakes.
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Children born from vitrified blastocysts have significantly higher birthweight than those born from non-frozen blastocysts. For early cleavage embryos, frozen ones appear to have at least as good obstetric outcome, measured as preterm birth and low birthweight for children born after cryopreservation as compared with children born after fresh cycles. Oocyte age, survival proportion, and number of transferred embryos are predictors of pregnancy outcome. Pregnancies have been reported from embryos stored for 16 years.
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On July 8, 2000, FM-2030 died from pancreatic cancer and was placed in cryonic suspension at the Alcor Life Extension Foundation in Scottsdale, Arizona, where his body remains today. He did not yet have remote standby arrangements, so no Alcor team member was present at his death, but FM-2030 was the first person to be vitrified, rather than simply frozen as previous cryonics patients had been. FM-2030 was survived by four sisters and one brother.
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The term originates in Scottish Gaelic as dùn. This style of fort is linked to the Celts from around the 7th century BC. The ramparts of duns were typically made of stone and timber with two walls, an inner and an outer. Vitrified duns are the remains that have been set on fire, resulting in some of the stones' melting and binding together. The word law is derived from the Old English word hlāw, meaning "hill".
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A drawing by John Smith of Kemp Law Dun in 1895. The dun lies in a well defended position on a minor ridge, but the site has been much disturbed and robbed of stone for building drystone dykes, etc. At Smith's time in the 1890s some stones were to be seen lying around and some of these were vitrified. On the northern side of the enclosure Smith identified a mound of stones, some eight feet in height.
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American toilet "sanitary ware" Maddock believed that sanitary ware (non-porous china ware), then only imported in small quantities from England, could be made more favorably in America. He started experimenting with pottery formulas and firing techniques to develop this state-of-the-art technology. Initially his failure rate on batches of 50 pieces was typically 90%. Maddock eventually perfected the techniques to make vitrified glass surface pottery, sanitary ware (also called bathroom/toilet ware or water closet).
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View over Dingwall to 279x279px In the early Middle Ages Dingwall was reputed to have the largest castle north of Stirling.Norman Macrae, Romance of a Royal Burgh: Dingwall's Story of a Thousand Years Publisher: EP Publishing Ltd. King Alexander II created Dingwall a royal burgh in 1226, and James IV renewed its charter. On the top of Knockfarrel (), a hill about three miles (5 km) to the west, stands a large and very complete vitrified fort with ramparts.
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Old brick gravity sewers like this one are typically replaced by reinforced concrete. The Industrial Revolution increased population density in manufacturing districts, and produced pipes useful for drain-waste-vent systems from buildings to sewers. Gravity sewers have been assembled from cast iron pipe, vitrified clay pipe, precast concrete pipe, asbestos-cement pipe, and plastic pipe.Steel&McGhee;(1979)pp.331-347 While some older brickwork sewers remain in use, new sewers of diameters exceeding typically use reinforced concrete.
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The institute provides integrated care to patients; the staff is recognised for their work in treating with infertility. The institute gained attention when they successfully delivered first child in India with vitrified frozen oocyte technology in 2008. From 2008 to 2018, it has opened 4 more branches in India. In 2014, Himanshu Bavishi ( president of Indian Society for Third Party Assisted Reproduction) co-organised surrogacy walk in Delhi that got the place in the 2015 Limca Book of Records.
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There is strong archaeological evidence that people at Leopard's Kopje kept cattle. Vitrified and angular blocks of dung mark the perimeters of ancient cattle byres. These kraals were located at the center of villages, rather than to the edge of a settlement, meaning cattle would have been a central and important part of daily life. Huffman discovered a large white zone in the stratigraphy of the Mambo phase level that is believed to be cattle manure.
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One of the first results of the collaboration between the two was the development of a red stoneware that resembled that of Yixing. A workshop note records that the first specimen of hard, white and vitrified European porcelain was produced in 1708. At the time, the research was still being supervised by Tschirnhaus; however, he died in October of that year. It was left to Böttger to report to Augustus in March 1709 that he could make porcelain.
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In-container vitrification melts are carried out above ground in a container made of heat-resistant metal coated with a protective layer of sand. The sand separates the container walls from the molten mixture and shapes the glass product after it has cooled. Melts are carried out in quick succession; once one melt has cooled, another waste container is loaded with electrodes and the process begins again. The vitrified glass is then sent to a disposal facility.
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Glass-metal seal technology can be based either on metallized glass or vitrified metal and defines the type of collector. Different from evacuated tube collectors, they make use of non-evaporable getter (NEG) pumps to keep the internal pressure stable through time. This getter pump technology has the advantage of providing some regeneration in-situ by exposure to sunlight. Evacuated flat plate solar collectors have been studied for solar air condition and compared to compact solar concentrators.
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Principal item is an inductively heated melting furnace, in which the calcined waste is merged with glass frit (glass beads of 1 to 2 mm in diameter). The melt is placed into waste containers, which are welded shut, their outsides decontaminated and placed in the air- cooled Vitrified Product Store. This storage consists of 800 vertical storage tubes, each capable of storing ten containers. The total storage capacity is 8000 containers, and 6000 containers have been stored to 2016.
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The roof design and construction, by the Haas Brothers, connects it closely with round barns found in Stephenson County, Illinois that feature Haas Brothers construction. The Weber Barn was the last in the Stephenson County area that the Haas Brothers worked on. The Weber Round Barn does differ from the barns in neighboring Stephenson County in its vitrified tile wall. This type of tile wall demonstrates an important period in the evolution of round barn design.
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India adopted a closed fuel cycle, which involves reprocessing and recycling of the spent fuel. The reprocessing results in 2-3% of the spent fuel going to waste while the rest is recycled. The waste fuel, called high level liquid waste, is converted to glass through vitrification. Vitrified waste is then stored for a period of 30-40 years for cooling. Sixteen nuclear reactors produce about 3% of India’s electricity, and seven more are under construction.
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Archaeological evidence indicates that some were reoccupied after their departure.A. Konstam, Strongholds of the Picts: The Fortifications of Dark Age Scotland (Botley: Osprey, 2010), , p. 12. There are also numerous vitrified forts, the walls of which have been subjected to fire, which may date to this period, but an accurate chronology has proven to be evasive.D. Alexander, "The oblong fort at Finavon, Angus" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, In the Shadow of the Brochs (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), , pp. 45–54.
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Sandstones when greatly heated may change into coarse quartzites composed of large clear grains of quartz. These more intense stages of alteration are not so commonly seen in igneous rocks, because their minerals, being formed at high temperatures, are not so easily transformed or recrystallized. In a few cases rocks are fused and in the dark glassy product minute crystals of spinel, sillimanite and cordierite may separate out. Shales are occasionally thus altered by basalt dikes, and feldspathic sandstones may be completely vitrified.
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The Doon of May plantation takes its name from a vitrified Iron Age hill fort on the south-west of the plantation. The fort is some above sea level and provides views of Luce Bay with the coast of Ireland in the distance. The fort, also described as a walled settlement, is roughly elliptical, measuring east to west by north to south. The surrounding wall is up to on the south side, and the entrance was probably from the west.
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This product gas is called synthesis gas, also known as syngas. The inorganic constituents, which are generally lighter than liquid metal, form a slag layer on top of the liquid metal bath and are removed as a vitrified non-leachable slag byproduct. The slag is either recycled or disposed of as an industrial by-product. While some metals and oxides present in the feedstock accumulate in the liquid metal bath, others will exit as vapor and are captured in the gas cleanup process.
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Soft-paste porcelains date back from the early attempts by European potters to replicate Chinese porcelain by using mixtures of clay and frit. Soapstone and lime were known to have been included in these compositions. These wares were not yet actual porcelain wares as they were not hard nor vitrified by firing kaolin clay at high temperatures. As these early formulations suffered from high pyroplastic deformation, or slumping in the kiln at high temperatures, they were uneconomic to produce and of low quality.
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The belt slowly moves the glaze-covered greenware into a tunnel kiln, which has different temperature zones inside it starting at about at the front, increasing towards the middle to over degrees, and exiting at about . During the firing in the kiln, the greenware and glaze are vitrified as one solid finished unit. Transiting the kiln takes glaze- covered greenware around 23–40 hours. After the pieces are removed from the kiln and fully cooled, they are inspected for cracks or other defects.
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The catalogue of an exhibition held by the Pearsons in 1821 was entitled Celebrated Cartoons of Raphael, and Various Other Beautiful Specimens, by Mr. and Mrs. Pearson, Appointed Painters to Her Majesty, on Glass, in Vitrified Colours, at No. 112, Great Russell-Street, Bloomsbury. Although the couple usually worked on separate pieces they occasionally collaborated, as on their stained glass copy after Carlo Maratti's Salutation, shown in 1775. A later joint work was one after Guido Reni’s Aurora, shown in London in 1793.
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It may be solidified in concrete or bitumen or mixed with silica sand and vitrified for disposal. As a general rule, short-lived waste (mainly non-fuel materials from reactors) is buried in shallow repositories, while long-lived waste (from fuel and fuel reprocessing) is deposited in geological repository. Regulations in the United States do not define this category of waste; the term is used in Europe and elsewhere. ILW makes ca 6% of all radioactive waste volume in the UK.
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This was reconstructed by Nebuchadnezzar, as appears by a well-known inscription. Another example is at Mugheir, which was by at the base, and is even now high, and it is clear that both it and the Birs were built with diminishing stages, presenting a series of grand platforms, decreasing in length as they ascended, and leaving a comparatively small one at top for the temple cell. This has been found, it is supposed, at the Birs Nimroud, of vitrified brick made in ancient ovens.
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During the final phase of firing, the aeration openings of the kiln are reopened: oxidising conditions are restored. Those areas of the vessels that were not sealed in phase 2 now reoxidise: black iron oxide FeO turns back into red hematite Fe2O3.The different surface qualities of sintered/vitrified and unsintered surfaces are clearly depicted in electron microscope photographs in Hofmann (1962). After complete oxidation of the red areas, the kiln could be opened, its contents were then permitted to cool down slowly, and eventually removed.
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Appraisal- Built for the Roman Catholic priest of Swanlinbar, this late nineteenth-century presbytery of picturesque form is a significant landmark on the northern outskirts of the town. Despite renovation and the replacement of some of the historic fabric, the house retains noteworthy features including vitrified brick chimneystacks, decorative hood mouldings, and decorative wrought-iron gates. It is an interesting reminder of the high quality accommodation built by the Roman Catholic church for its clergy at the turn of the century. # Stepping-stones over the river.
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Jian ware tea bowl with "hare's fur" glaze, southern Song dynasty, 12th century, Metropolitan Museum of Art (see below) Stoneware is a rather broad term for pottery or other ceramics fired at a relatively high temperature.Clay vitrifying temperatures A modern technical definition is a vitreous or semi- vitreous ceramic made primarily from stoneware clay or non-refractory fire clay.Standard Terminology of Ceramic Whiteware and Related Products: ASTM Standard C242. Whether vitrified or not, it is nonporous (does not soak up liquids);Arthur Dodd & David Murfin.
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Children born from vitrified blastocysts have significantly higher birthweight than those born from non-frozen blastocysts. When transferring a frozen-thawed oocyte, the chance of pregnancy is essentially the same whether it is transferred in a natural cycle or one with ovulation induction. There is probably little or no difference between FET and fresh embryo transfers in terms of live birth rate; however, FET may lower the risk of ovarian hyperstimulation syndrome while at the same time it may increase the risk of pregnancy complications.
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Craiglockhart Castle The name is first recorded in 1278 as "Crag quam Stephanus Loccard miles tenuit", thus "Craig (or rock) of Loccard". The family, whose name was changed to Lockhart, are credited by Historic Scotland with building Craiglockhart Castle in the fifteenth century. The oldest "structure" in the area is the remains of a vitrified fort on the top of Wester Craiglockhart Hill, which is of prehistoric origin. This was somewhat mutilated by the addition of gun-emplacements in World War II, guarding against aerial attack.
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Pipeline video inspection is a form of telepresence used to visually inspect the interiors of pipelines, plumbing systems, and storm drains. A common application is for a plumber to determine the condition of small diameter sewer lines and household connection drain pipes. Older sewer lines of small diameter, typically , are made by the union of a number of short sections. The pipe segments may be made of cast iron, with to sections, but are more often made of vitrified clay pipe (VCP), a ceramic material, in , & sections.
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Cormier's major work is the central building of the Université de Montréal (now known as the Roger Gaudry Building) on the north slope of Mount Royal. This huge example of the Art Deco style was built between World War I and the middle of World War II, and it has been kept in a nearly pristine shape over the decades. It is a composition of simple forms of planes and surfaces in successive relief, emphasizing vertical lines. The light buff vitrified brick has trimmings of Missisquoi marble.
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The brick portion of the street covers a steep hill with a mean slope of approximately 15 degrees. The brick portion originally extended for approximately 740 feet but asphalt paving has already been applied to about 137 feet at the top of the hill, leaving an area, of brick paving 603 feet by 30 feet wide. The hill is paved with vitrified bricks which are laid at angles in a sand base. The angling is not found in any other remaining brick alley street in the city.
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The radio-carbon dates for this settlement range from 7th to late 19th century AD indicating occupation of more than one thousand years. The hill was part of the formation of early states in Southern Africa with cattle keeping as major source of economy. This was supplemented by goats, sheep and foraging as well as hunting of wild animals. The remaining features of Toutswe settlement include house-floors, large heaps of vitrified cow-dung and burials while the outstanding structure is the stone wall.
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Ipf near Bopfingen, Germany Reconstructed pfostenschlitzmauer of the oppidum at Finsterlohr, Creglingen, Germany The composition and design of ramparts varied from the simple mounds of earth and stone, known as dump ramparts, to more complex earth and timber defences (box ramparts and timberlaced ramparts), as well as ramparts with stone revetments. One particular type, common in Central Europe, used earth, stone and timber posts to form a Pfostenschlitzmauer or "post-slot wall". Vitrified ramparts were composed of stone that was subsequently fired, possibly to increase its strength.
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Norstad credits artists Peter Voulkos, Bernard Leach, and his parents as influences, as well as clean, functional Scandinavian design of the 1930s, 1940s and 1950s. The stoneware clay that Norstad Pottery mixed was a combination of Kentucky ball clay, California fire clay, and grog- a sand like material. When fired the pieces vitrified into an extremely hard, dense, non- porous material. The mixture was thrown into an old commercial dough mixer with water and the finished batch turned out into plaster trays to age and lose moisture.
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The barn building has a diameter of and contains a central silo with a diameter of . Both the barn and silo walls are constructed of brown, hollow vitrified tile; each tile measures by 4¾ inches. The Weber Round Barn was designed as a bank barn, its loft is entered on the north side via an earthen ramp that leads to a metal framed door. Livestock entry is made on the west side of the barn through another metal framed door, in addition, all windows are metal framed.
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Clay deposits in the town led to the production of clay products including building brick, paving brick, sewer pipe and drain tile. Four separate companies in the area worked in this industry, including the Vigo Clay Company, the Miller Brick Company, Terre Haute Brick and Pipe Company (also known as the Vitrified Brick Company), and the National Drain Tile Company. Just north of West Terre Haute was a large gravel pit a mile in length at its widest point. The gravel was mainly used in railroad grades.
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Bagworth's Church of England chapel of the Holy Rood was a dependent chapelry of the parish church of Saint Peter, Thornton. In 1848 Holy Rood was described as having a Saxon door and that its walls bore the date 1637. In 1873 the entire church except for the tower was rebuilt in granite with limestone dressings, with buttresses banded with red brick and blue vitrified brick. In the 20th century the Victorian church and medieval tower suffered subsidence so in 1968 they were demolished.
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The fort was enlarged: there is a bank, formerly the south-west end, traceable across the interior, and further defences were built to the south-west, notably a large rock-cut ditch and a rampart built with the stone from the ditch. The sites of about 25 round huts, diameter , have been detected, mostly in the later part of the enclosure. There are some burnt stones in the south-west corner, but this is not thought to be evidence of a connection with the vitrified forts of Scotland.
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Kemp Law Dun is a vitrified fort dating from the Iron Age situated near the town of Dundonald in South Ayrshire, Scotland. The remains of the Iron Age fort or dun lie on the old Auchans Estate in the Dundonald Woods near the site of the old Hallyards Farm and the quarry of that name. The footpath route known as the Smugglers' Trail through the Clavin Hills from Troon to Dundonald runs passed the ruins of the dun. Kemps Law is in the order of two thousand years old.
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At humanity's present level of scientific knowledge, only cells, tissues, and some small organs can be reversibly cryopreserved. Large vitrified organs tend to develop fractures during cooling, a problem worsened by the large tissue masses and very low temperatures of cryonics. Actual cryonics organizations use vitrification without a chemical fixation step, sacrificing some structural preservation quality for less damage at the molecular level. Some scientists, like Joao Pedro Magalhaes, have questioned whether using a deadly chemical for fixation eliminates the possibility of biological revival, making chemical fixation unsuitable for cryonics.
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The piers, which are primarily built from brick and concrete, are enclosed by a wrought iron caisson up to the low-water mark, above which a brick exterior is used, which cannot be infiltrated by water. The submerged portions are cased with blue vitrified brick. Above the high-water mark, each pair of piers have a connecting masonry section, terminating at the superstructure's base. Due to the high proportion of masonry on the piers, they were extremely heavy, which meant that Messrs Barlow worked to minimise the structure's weight without the piers being weakening.
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After the traditional two firings at 950 °C, the vitrified glaze was painted with colours that would have degraded at such high temperatures, and was fired a third time at a lower temperature, about 600-650 °C. New vibrant colours were thus introduced, in particular red and various shades of pink obtained from gold chloride. It is believed that one of the first to introduce this technique in Italy was Ferretti in Lodi, in northern Italy. Lodi maiolica had already reached high quality in the second quarter of the 18th century.
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Christopher Riggs, a carpenter, then owned and operated the only remaining slate mine, which produced only powdered slate (used as a fertilizer base, a purple dye for paint, or in vitrified bricks). The town shrunk considerably with the end of its mining industry; the 1880 census listed only 71 residents. With the end of mining, Ijamsville transitioned into an agricultural town. At the time, land cost $35–50 an acre. Farmers could produce 15-30 bushels of wheat, 30-50 barrels of corn, ½ ton tobacco, and/or two tons of hay an acre, per season.
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Dundonald Castle from the Old Bank woods The village is mostly known for Dundonald Castle, which was built in the 14th century by King Robert II, on the ruins of a castle built earlier (in 1260) by his grandfather, Alexander Comyn. It served the Scottish kings for 150 years. The ruins of Old Auchans Castle lies nearby, the previous residence of Susanna Montgomery, Lady Eglinton. In Dundonald Woods near the old Hallyards Farm are the ruins of Kemp Law Dun, an Iron Age vitrified hillfort, close to the site of St Mary's Chapel.
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An artificial loch was situated within the policies, well stocked with fish. The Old Bank is the name given to the tree-covered hillside to the west, bordering the old deer park.Stewart, Page 9 An area known as Kemp Law is associated with the site of a vitrified fort and the Badger Brae that lies nearby. The mid-19th century OS maps show a complex of out-buildings and a dwelling called Old Auchans, situated above the castle and with Parkthorn farm nearby; it had views of what is now the quarry.
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The Upper Bailey is focused on the rocky mound at the south-west corner of the castle. The highest part of the headland, this mound is the site of the earliest defences at Urquhart. Vitrified material, characteristic of early medieval fortification, was discovered on the slopes of the mound, indicating the site of the early medieval fortification identified by Professor Alcock. In the 13th century, the mound became the motte of the original castle built by the Durwards, and the surviving walls represent a "shell keep" (a hollow enclosure) of this date.
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Modifications were made around 43 AD to improve the defences, probably in response to the threat from the Roman invaders. Excavations on part of the hillfort in 1970 demonstrated that Castle Hill had at some stage suffered from a severe episode of burning. Vitrified forts such as Castle Hill are rarely found in England, and are more usual in Scotland. The banks and ditches that remain are more likely to be the result of recutting and other alterations carried out during the Middle Ages, and modified by centuries of erosion.
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John Jamieson, writing in the early 19th century, stated that this account of the construction of Dun Creich should not be taken seriously. Jamieson proposed that this tradition may be the earliest one to attempt to explain its construction, and that the hard mortar supposedly used by Paul, was an attempt to explain a vitrified fort. Jamieson proposed that the memory of Paul in the area, may have led the locals to connect him to the fortress, and attempt to explain its unfinished state.Jamieson 1834: pp. 227-251.
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A neolithic settlement situated south of the river was excavated in 2001 finding evidence of a timber building in length along with neolithic pottery. The Auchenlaich Cairn, a neolithic chambered cairn which at in length is the longest in Britain, is situated near Keltie Bridge just east of Callander. The remains of an ancient hillfort can be seen at Dunmore overlooking Loch Venachar, near Kilmahog. This fort was likely a large defended structure visible from some distance and excavations have revealed a well and signs of vitrified stonework.
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The Old Church of Banagher, County of Londonderry online at libraryireland.com (accessed 4 March 2008) There were also ruins of ancient churches at Straid and Templemoile, and the parish had a vitrified fort, on which by tradition fires were lit at Midsummer. Near the parish church is a large man-made cave. At the time of the Plantation of Ulster in the seventeenth century, some townships of Banagher, including Ballyhanedin, were granted by the Crown to the Worshipful Company of Fishmongers of the City of London, and others to the Worshipful Company of Skinners.
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More recently, in 2007, a topographic survey was carried out for the Heather and Hillforts Project. The survey identified 15 roundhouse platforms within the enclosure, along with possible evidence that the inner rampart was faced with stone at some time during the site's occupation. The survey also found evidence of a major period of burning, with fragments of burnt stone in several places and also a block of vitrified material. In 2008 a geophysical survey was carried out as part of an "Archaeology Uncovered" event, with members of the public carrying out the field work.
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The Xing kilns were fired with wood rather than coal. Saggars were used to protect the wares during firing. The pieces were fired at a temperature high enough to approach that required for the production of porcelain, although Xing wares are often not quite vitrified enough to produce the glassy or translucent appearance of true porcelain and may be considered stoneware by Western definition, but some pieces may be considered true porcelain. This distinction between stoneware and porcelain however is not made in China and it is therefore considered porcelain in Chinese terms.
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The most common applications are in the making of pottery, glass, and some types of food, but there are many others, such as the vitrification of an antifreeze-like liquid in cryopreservation. In a different sense of the word, the embedding of material inside a glassy matrix is also called vitrification. An important application is the vitrification of radioactive waste to obtain a substance that is hopefully safer and more stable for disposal. During the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 C.E. a victim's brain was vitrified by the extreme heat of the volcanic ash.
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The hill was part of the formation of early states in Southern Africa with cattle keeping as major source of economy. Toutswe settlement include house-floors, large heaps of vitrified cow-dog and burials while the outstanding structure is the stone wall. There are large tracts of centaurs ciliaris, a type of grass which has come to be associated with cattle-keeping settlements in South, Central Africa.Around 700 A.D., the Toutswe people moved westward into Botswana and began an agricultural and pastoral land tenure system based on sorghum and millet, and domesticated stock, respectively.
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The principal relics of antiquity - mainly stone circles, cairns and forts - appear in the eastern district. A vitrified fort crowns the hill of Knockfarrel in the parish of Fodderty, and there is a circular dun near the village of Lochcarron. Some fine examples of sculptured stones occur, especially those that, according to tradition, mark the burial- place of the three sons of a Danish king who were shipwrecked off the coast of Nigg. The largest and handsomest of these three crosses - the Clach a' Charraidh, or Stone of Lamentation - stands at Shandwick.
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In 1888, Huston was elected to be vice- president and director and, when his father died in 1901, Huston became president of the company. Huston later founded the St. Joseph Artesian Ice and Cold Storage Company, the Standard Vitrified Brick Company, and the Blue Valley Creamery Company. He also managed a real estate company and was director of St. Joseph and Grand Island Railway, the Leavenworth Terminal Railway and Bridge, and utility concerns. Wyeth's ice company was targeted during "ice trust" monopoly investigations that swept the U.S. during the early 1900s.
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SPV melts do not require much capital investment, because the only construction necessary is the cavern that must be dug and the retrieval of the vitrified mass after the melt. SPV melts cost roughly $355–461 per ton of processed waste. When compared to the disposal cost of $555 per kilogram (or $500,000 per ton) of nuclear waste, SPV is very cost-effective. There is also very little risk of worker injury on the job because the melting process happens underground and away from the workers at the site.
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Recent archaeological excavations at Trusty's Hill, a vitrified fort near Gatehouse of Fleet, and the analysis of its artefacts in the context of other sites and their artefacts have led to claims that the kingdom was centred on Galloway early in the 7th century.Toolis, R; Bowles, C (2016). The Lost Dark Age Kingdom of Rheged: The Discovery of a Royal Stronghold at Trusty's Hill, Galloway, Oxbow Books Limited. More problematic interpretations suggest that it could also have reached as far south as Rochdale in Greater Manchester, recorded in the Domesday Book as Recedham.
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The Salon of Mosaics. The north side of the passenger building extends parallel to the waterfront, as a long panoramic enclosed bridge crossing the group of tracks leading to the ferry berths. The hall, or salon, from which the ferries' docking and boarding operations can be seen, is decorated with a magnificent mosaic in vitrified tiles depicting historical, social and environmental themes borrowed from the Sicilian tradition. From openings in the salon at intervals corresponding to the individual berths, long covered gangways extend downwards to give access to passenger ferries.
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It is convenient to add the glass transition curve to the phase diagram, although it is no real equilibrium. The intersection of the glass transition curve with the cloud point curve is called Berghmans point.V. Aseyev, H. Tenhu, F. M. Winnik, Non- ionic Thermoresponsive Polymers in Water, Advances Polymer Science, 2010, Volume 242,pp 29-89. In the case of UCST polymers, above the Berghmans point the phases separate into two liquid phases, below this point into a liquid polymer-poor phase and a vitrified polymer-rich phase.
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Construction of the ramparts continued throughout the era with pieces of recycled Roman tile and mortared masonry included in the fabric. The fort's walls were vitrified at some point suggesting that the site had once been destroyed by fire. A date cannot be ascribed to either the burning of the fort nor its abandonment. The presence of a paved hearth on the summit of the fort indicated a residence of high status while the discovery of clay moulds for the casting of pennanular brooches showed that elite craftsmen worked within the fort.
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The interior is much diversified, and comprises both a large aggregate of flat arable land, and a considerable extent of hilly ground, partly more than 300 ft high. The chief residence is Skaill House,Irvine, James M. The Breckness Estate (Ashtead, 2009) Published by James M. Irvine and chief antiquities include numerous tumuli, a vitrified cairn, a remarkable cromlech, a remnant of a very large stone circle, five Norse forts, and the ruins of Sunsgar castle. Notably, Skara Brae and Yesnaby are in this parish. Sandwick is the biggest parish in Orkney.
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Being of volcanic origin, the walls of the interior are composed of vitrified layers of magma and basalt. The roof of the cave is about 10 metres high at the highest point, and the tunnels are around 15m broad at their greatest width. The floor is covered in a perpetual sheeting of ice and fallen fragments of solidified lava, and large ice speleothems are common within the cave. The height of the roof is highly variable throughout the cave, and at the latter extremities is only 2–4 m.
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249x249px The Robert Weber Round Barn is a round barn located east of Durand, Illinois, United States along Illinois Route 75 in Harrison Township. The Weber barn was constructed in 1917 and features a roof designed and built by the Haas Brothers, who worked on other area round barns. The barn is in diameter and features a diameter central silo. The design of the Weber Round Barn stands out from other area round barns in its vitrified tile walls, a development used in later period American round barns.
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They were introduced into Scotland during the Bronze Age from around 1000 BCE. The largest group are from the Iron Age, with over 1,000 hillforts, mostly below the Clyde-Forth line, most of which were abandoned during the period of Roman occupation of Britain. There are also large numbers of vitrified forts, which have been subjected to fire, many of which may date to this period and are found across Scotland. After Roman occupation in the early Middle Ages some hillforts were reoccupied and petty kingdoms were often ruled from smaller nucleated forts using defensible natural features, as at Edinburgh and Dunbarton.
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Restored bottle kilns, Stoke-on-Trent Colorado Bouillons Regina and teapots, vitrified tableware by Dudson Brothers Ltd. Porcelain teapot by Henry and Richard Daniel, 1830 Since the 17th century, the area has been almost exclusively known for its industrial-scale pottery manufacturing. Companies such as Royal Doulton, Dudson Ltd, Spode (founded by Josiah Spode), Wedgwood (founded by Josiah Wedgwood), Minton (founded by Thomas Minton) and Baker & Co. (founded by William Baker) were established and based there. The local abundance of coal and clay suitable for earthenware production led to the early (initially limited) development of the local pottery industry.
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The presence of uranium isotopes and other impurities in the transmutation target could generate further radiotoxic transuranic isotopes by neutron capture, instead of more stable nuclides. Most of the radiotoxic nuclides could be transmuted by thermal neutrons in conventional reactors, but the process would take a lot of time due to the low transmutation efficiency. Recent research is focusing on innovative nuclear transmuters such as Gen IV fast reactors and hybrid reactors (Accelerator-driven Systems). The final product left by the P&T; process will be a dense vitrified waste to be disposed of for a smaller period of time.
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Fulgurite sample (photograph from Mario Hendriks (2006)), illustrating its characteristic glassy, tube-like structure Fulgurites (from the Latin fulgur, meaning "lightning") are natural tubes, clumps, or masses of sintered, vitrified, and/or fused soil, sand, rock, organic debris and other sediments that sometimes form when lightning discharges into ground. Fulgurites are classified as a variety of the mineraloid lechatelierite. Fulgurites have no fixed composition because their chemical composition is determined by the physical and chemical properties of material struck by lightning. When lightning strikes a grounding substrate, upwards of 100 million volts (100 MV) are rapidly discharged into the ground.
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What is China? As with stoneware, the body becomes vitrified; which means the body fuses, becomes nonabsorbent, and very strong. Unlike stoneware, china becomes very white and translucent. In the mid-18th century, English potters had not succeeded in making hard-paste porcelain (as made in East Asia and Meissen porcelain) but found bone ash a useful addition to their soft-paste porcelain mixtures, giving strength. This became standard at the Bow porcelain factory in London (operating from around 1747), and spread to some other English factories. The modern product was developed by the Staffordshire potter Josiah Spode in the early 1790s.
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By this time, economic efficiency had forced the company to drop customization in favor of mass production of a limited catalog of designs. In 1956, the company changed its name from Buffalo Pottery to Buffalo China, Inc. Harold M. Esty, Jr. (1914–1986), John D. Larkin's grandson, served as the company's president from 1964 until 1970, overseeing the production of a wider range of designs and the installation of state-of-the-art direct screening, offset printing, and glaze equipment. By 1965, the company was producing a quarter of a million pieces of vitrified china per week in more than 50 patterns.
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The name Urquhart derives from the 7th-century form Airdchartdan, itself a mix of Gaelic aird (point or promontory) and Old Welsh cardden (thicket or wood). Pieces of vitrified stone, subjected to intense heat and characteristic of early medieval fortification, had been discovered at Urquhart from the early 20th century. Speculation that Urquhart may have been the fortress of Bridei son of Maelchon, king of the northern Picts, led Professor Leslie Alcock to undertake excavations in 1983. Adomnán's Life of Columba records that St. Columba visited Bridei some time between 562 and 586, though little geographical detail is given.
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This vitrified fort lies on top of a headland which commands extensive views of the Moray Firth. Originally believed to be Ptolemy's Castra Alata, later 'Ptoroton' and the 'Torffness' of the Orkneyinga Saga, it is now known to be of Pictish origin and is thought to be the oldest Pictish fort. It encloses 3 hectares and is three times as large as any other fort of the same period in Scotland. It was defended on the landward side by three banks and ditches which were destroyed during the creation of the harbour and modern village; their age is therefore uncertain.
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Chatsworth Reservoir Kiln Site The CNP contains Los Angeles Historic-Cultural Monument #141,Office of Historic Resources – Historic- Cultural Monument (HCM) List thus designated on April 2, 1975 by the Los Angeles Cultural Heritage Commission. Also known as the Chatsworth Calera, monument #141 is a centuries-old kiln used for burning limestone in the making of lime for concrete, mortar, and whitewash, a step in the construction of bricks and tiles. The monument now looks like a hole in the ground with walls of vitrified limestone and brick. It measures about fifteen feet deep and six and a half feet across.
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Energy efficient lighting and heating/cooling systems were also installed in the venue. The roof's drainage system consists over 2000m of high-density polyethylene pipes, in addition to nearly 3000m of cast iron and copper pipes used in the venue's plumbing system, and 1000m of vitrified clay pipes that make up the Super Dome's surrounding stormwater drainage system. The Super Dome was also one of many venues built at Sydney Olympic Park that made use of recycled timber, used to construct the exterior balconies of the venue. The timber was sourced from Kempsey, and Oberon, along with local sources in Sydney.
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Yixing teapot, Qing dynasty, c. 1800–1835, stoneware Pottery classified as stoneware in the West is usually regarded as porcelain in Chinese terms, where a stoneware group is not recognised, and so the definition of porcelain is rather different, covering all vitrified high- fired wares. Terms such as "" and "near-porcelain" are often used to reflect this, and cover wares that in Western terms lie on the border of stoneware and porcelain. High-fired stonewares were numerous from very early on, and included many high-prestige wares, including those for imperial use, as well as great quantities of everyday utilitarian pots.
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Knockfarrel () is a village, 1 mile east of Strathpeffer, in Dingwall in Ross- shire, Scottish Highlands and is in the Scottish council area of Highland. Knockfarrel or Knock Farrel, or indeed Knock Farril (stone fort) is a vitrified pictish Iron Age fort which lies on the knockfarrel hill, immediately to the north of the village, and which it gave its name to the village. The walk up to the fort is a popular tourist attraction. The village once had a large enough population to have its own shinty club which then amalgamated with Strathpeffer's to create Caberfeidh in 1886.
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In the parish of Ardchattan, on the north shore, stands the beautiful ruin of St. Modan's Priory, founded in the 13th century for Cistercian monks of the Valliscaulian Order. It is said that Robert Bruce held within its walls the last parliament in which the Gaelic language was used. On the coast of Loch Nell, or Ardmucknish Bay, is the vitrified fort of Beregonium, not to be confounded with Rerigonium (sometimes miscalled Berigonium) on Loch Ryan in Wigtownshire town of the ancient Novantae tribe, identified with Innermessan. The confusion has arisen through a textual error in an early edition of Ptolemy's Geography.
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In 1958, the Logan Clay Products Company of Logan, Ohio, purchased the Graff Kittanning Clay Products Company, and from that date on it was known as the Graff-Kittanning Division of the Logan Clay Products Company. R. M. Graff was president of Graff-Kittanning from the time of its incorporation until it was purchased by the Logan Clay Products Company. He was also General Manager of the operations from 1924 until his death in 1963. The following products are manufactured at the Craigsville plant: vitrified clay sewer pipe, clay flue liners, wall coping, and factory made joints.
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Unfired clay is a common example of a green body. A green body is an object whose main constituent is weakly bound clay material, usually in the form of bonded powder or plates before it has been sintered or fired. In ceramic engineering, the most common method for producing ceramic components is to form a green body comprising a mixture of the ceramic material and various organic or inorganic additives, and then to fire it in a kiln to produce a strong, vitrified object. Additives can serve as solvents, dispersants (deflocculants), binders, plasticizers, lubricants, or wetting agents.
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There is, however, also a dark postern which gives access to a rocky inlet from the sea, and it seems probable that it was through this that Sir Alexander Ramsay and his followers entered with a supply of provisions to the besieged in 1338. It was long said the castle was invulnerable, possibly because of the many sieges it sustained. The castle was built with a red stone similar to that found in the quarries near Garvald. Large masses of walls, which have fallen beneath the weight of time, appear to be vitrified or run together.
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Traces of interment were noticeable. William Douglas Simpson tried to convey the atmosphere of the place in 1922, writing: > Standing on this very ancient and sacred site, is it not strange to think of > it as the scene of a busy little Culdee community, where manuscripts were > read and copied, and where schools were established to spread religion and > civilization among the rude inhabitants of Kildrummy and Auchindoir, at a > period when the adjoining earth houses may still have been inhabited, and > when beacons blazed often on the vitrified fort at Tap o' Noth to give > warning of approaching war.
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Dun Skeig viewed from the south Dun Skeig is an oval Iron Age dun (fort) complex which is perched atop a rocky outcropping about above sea level overlooking West Loch Tarbert in Kintyre, Argyll and Bute, Scotland, about northwest of the village of Clachan. The dun site includes a collection of prehistoric buildings and evidence of human habitation. Most notable of the buildings on the site are a rocky Iron Age fort and a vitrified fort that has been grown over with ground vegetation. The Iron Age fort measures about in diameter with an outer wall of thick and has a single entrance.
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Glass of antimony, vitrum antimonii, is a yellow to red, translucent glass created from a preparation of antimony, though historically used as an emetic, the glass was a subject of much interest from alchemists due to its unusual properties. It was created using crude antimony, ground and calcined by a vehement fire, in an earthen crucible, until it no longer fumed, indicating that its sulfur was evaporated. The remaining substance (antimony trioxide) was then vitrified in a wind furnace, and stirred with an iron rod, upon which it became translucent and displayed a ruddy and shining yellow-red color. It has been considered the strongest emetic of any preparation of antimony.
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Miket, Roger "The souterrains of Skye" in Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 77–110. "A gloomy journey amongst uninhabited islands" Scotland also has numerous vitrified forts but again an accurate chronology has proven to be evasive. Extensive studies of such a fort at Finavon Hill near Forfar in Angus, using a variety of techniques, suggest dates for the destruction of the site in either the last two centuries or the mid-1st millennium. The lack of Roman artifacts (common in local souterrain sites) suggests that many sites were abandoned before the arrival of the legions.Alexander, Derek "The oblong fort at Finavon, Angus" in Smith and Banks (2002) pp. 45–54.
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Site of Wincobank fort. Wincobank () is an Iron Age hill fort in the district of Sheffield, England of the same name. The fort stands on the summit of a steep hill above the River Don, it is oval in shape and covers about 10,000 square metres (108,000 ft²), surrounded by a ditch that was originally 1.5-2 m deep and a bank consisting of a rubble core with stone facings held together with timbers. The bank is vitrified, indicating that it was subjected to intense heat at some time in the past--whether this was done purposely by the builders or through accident or attack is unknown.
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These two rocky outcrops were, for thousands of years, the lowest crossing point of the Forth. Mote Hill is also known as Heiding Hill or Murdoch's Knowe or Hurlie Haw and is the location of the Beheading Stone, the traditional execution block of medieval Stirling. The stone itself is now on a concrete mount and under an iron cage, but you can still see the axe marks from the executions. Mote Hill is also the site of a vitrified fort, destroyed by fire in the first half of the first millennium AD. This date was confirmed by excavation by Murray Cook, Stirling Council's archaeologist.
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A wooden rampart was also constructed; there is evidence that Hunsbury hill fort's inner ramparts were burned down and vitrified; this is rare in England.Northampton Archaeological Society: Hunsbury Hillfort . 2004. Retrieved 17 August 2009 Ironstone extraction began at the hill fort in about 1883, after an attempt to have the site protected under the Ancient Monuments Act of 1882 failed due to the cost of compensating the landowner. Many of the fort's internal features were destroyed, but the work revealed up to 300 pits which, according to the curator of Northampton Museum in 1887, contained "numerous artefacts that now comprise one of the finest collections... of Prehistoric antiquities in England".
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Owen Park officially opened on June 8, 1910. Also in 1910, the city sold of the park land to the nearby Tulsa Vitrified Brick Company, located at the southeast edge of the park. Owen attempted to prohibit the sale. He contended that the brick company would “excavate large quantities of earth which will make a dangerous hole for the accumulation of water and the production of sickness...” and would be a “detriment to the health and comfort of the citizens.” He lost an appeal to the State Supreme Court, who held that the deed did not specify that the land would be used for park purposes only.
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Small, stable specimens such as carbon nanotubes, diatom frustules and small mineral crystals (asbestos fibres, for example) require no special treatment before being examined in the electron microscope. Samples of hydrated materials, including almost all biological specimens have to be prepared in various ways to stabilize them, reduce their thickness (ultrathin sectioning) and increase their electron optical contrast (staining). These processes may result in artifacts, but these can usually be identified by comparing the results obtained by using radically different specimen preparation methods. Since the 1980s, analysis of cryofixed, vitrified specimens has also become increasingly used by scientists, further confirming the validity of this technique.
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Gorleben pilot conditioning plant Near the exploratory mine and the interim storage hall, there is still a "pilot conditioning plant". Here, tests are to be made of conditioning the fuel elements in order to store them in a deep repository, and also to reload the containers for the vitrified waste blocks into containers suited to long- term storage. The dry cask storage containers themselves are not suitable for long-term storage and can not be placed in the salt dome for technical reasons. However, at present the plant may only be used for repairing damaged containers, according to an agreement signed by the German government.
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In 1934, Cunningham introduced a council resolution that would outlaw the use of concrete pipes in sanitary (street) sewers in favor of vitrified clay pipe, noting that the concrete piping disintegrated rapidly from the effects of sewer gas."War Brews Over Piping," Los Angeles Times, July 27, 1934, page A-18 Cunningham had one time made repeated efforts to rid Westwood Village, just south of the UCLA campus, of bookmakers who were doing business with university students. He told the City Council in 1936: > I reported the matter to the Police Commission. The police went out there, > but could find only a punchboard operating, for which an arrest was made.
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This show is concerned with technology from history that was either ahead of its time and subsequently forgotten, or artefacts which are mysteries in themselves. This includes the Baghdad Battery, where German scientist Arne Eggebrecht is shown electroplating a small silver statue with a gold cyanide solution and a replica of the battery using grape juice. There are also segments on the Antikythera Mechanism (including an interview with Derek J. de Solla Price), the Stone Balls of Costa Rica and the so-called 'Skull of Doom' which dominates the opening credits of the series. Also included are the vitrified stone forts of Scotland including Tap o' Noth near Aberdeen.
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This was a circular Ionic structure, also known as Pope's Temple in the past.The Mirror of Literature, Amusement and Instruction, 14.382, 1829 On the bridge itself (a later work by Thomas Pitt) were lines by Catullus recalling the Classical Vale of Tempe overhung by woods (Tempe quae sylvae cingunt superimpendentes).Carmen LXIV, 286 Ascending the left bank, one reached a grotto of "grotesque stone alcoves and seats shaded with laurels" above a cascade decorated with glittering vitrified slag from the old glass industry in the area. Beyond that was the first memorial to an English poet in the circuit, a tall stone urn dedicated to William Shenstone.
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The original color of the gilded saint above the external dome has been restored and a vitrified panel of mosaic made in Italy has been found. The church is known for the traditional event of the Blessing of Felix of Cantalice which took place close to the Basilica while the restoration lasted. Unlike the Baroque style used in most of Recife's churches, the Basilica da Penha is of Renaissance Revival architecture and an architectural work of vast artistic merit both inside and outside. Unfortunately, most of the works do not have documentation indicating authorship, leaving a gap in the historical survey of the building.
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The site at Emu Field was unsafe for further testing due to contamination by nuclear radiation, and the search for another location led to the survey of Maralinga, where a further series of atomic tests was conducted in 1956. There are now stone monuments at the ground-zero points, which can be visited by tourists (with the written approval of the RAAF Woomera Test Range who now control access to the area), though the location is still extremely remote (see Anne Beadell Highway). Evidence of the explosions may still be seen at ground-zero in the form of vitrified sand and concentric blast rings.
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Some badly effaced half-bricks on the surface of the mound bore the inscription of Amar-Sin, of the Third Dynasty of Ur. Pieces of vitrified brick scattered over the surface of the large mound bore witness to the city's destruction by fire.Crawford 1960:198. Possession of the city passed between Larsa, whose king Sin-Iddinam claims to have built the great wall of Bad-tibira, and Isin, whose king Lipit-Ishtar, "the shepherd of Nippur", claimed to have built the "House of Righteousness" there.Ferris J. Stephens, "A Newly Discovered Inscription of Libit-Ishtar" Journal of the American Oriental Society 52.2 (June 1932):182-185) p. 183.
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In an interview with Kate Fowle of the Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Simon described the first sculptural iteration of the project, Black Square XVII: > The goal was to construct a black square made from vitrified nuclear waste > that would hold within it a letter that I had written to the future. The > process of vitrification converts radioactive waste from a volatile liquid > to a stable, solid mass resembling polished black glass. It is considered to > be one of the safest and most effective methods for the long-term storage > and neutralization of radioactive waste. The waste is stored in a steel container reinforced with concrete, at a radon nuclear waste disposal plant outside of Moscow.
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The Pennsylvania Railroad through Wilkinsburg in 1913 before being elevated. The Pennsylvania Railroad Station-Wilkinsburg is located in Wilkinsburg, Pennsylvania, on Hay Street at the foot of Ross Avenue. The building was completed in 1916 when the railroad embankment through town was elevated above street level to eliminate hazardous grade crossings. The two previous stations had been located three blocks southeast along Wood Street between Franklin and Rebecca Avenues. The 1916 station was built of brick and stone in the current Beaux-Arts architecture style with a vitrified tile waiting room and monumental wooden benches. It served three 12-car-length island platforms with enclosed seating areas situated between three pairs of tracks (main and yard leads).
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This second course then resumes its paired run of stretcher and header, until the final pair is reached, whereupon a second and final queen closer is inserted as the penultimate brick, mirroring the arrangement at the beginning of the course, and duly closing the bond. Some examples of Flemish bond incorporate stretchers of one colour and headers of another. This effect is commonly a product of treating the header face of the heading bricks while the bricks are being baked as part of the manufacturing process. Some of the header faces are exposed to wood smoke, generating a grey-blue colour, while other simply vitrified until they reach a deeper blue colour.
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Hall, Martin (1990), Farmers, Kings, and Traders: The People of Southern Africa, 200-1860, University of Chicago Press. . The site was situated in the center of a broader cultural area in Eastern Botswana and shares many commonalities with other archaeological sites of this region, in both ceramic production styles and also timeframes inhabited. Large structures were observed that contained vitrified remains of animal dung, leading to the theory that these were animal enclosures and that Toutswemogala Hill was thus a major center of animal husbandry in the region. However, agriculture also played a vital role in the longevity of Toutswemogala Hill's extended occupation, as many grain storage structures have also been found on the site.
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There are also numerous vitrified forts, whose walls have been subjected to fire, which may date to this period, but an accurate chronology has not been created. Extensive studies of this type of fort at Finavon Hill near Forfar in Angus, suggest dates for the destruction of the site in either the last two centuries BCE, or the mid-first millennium CE.D. Alexander, "The oblong fort at Finavon, Angus" in B. B. Smith and I. Banks, eds, In the Shadow of the Brochs (Stroud: Tempus, 2002), , pp. 45–54. Many of these forts would be reoccupied after the Roman departure.A. Konstam, Strongholds of the Picts: The Fortifications of Dark Age Scotland (Botley: Osprey, 2010), , p. 12.
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Numerous stones incised with cup and ring marks have also been found in the surrounding area. Approximately to the north of Monifieth lies Laws hill, on which lies the Iron Age ruins of a broch and vitrified fort. These ruins are much reduced as the stone from their walls has been used on the estate for construction of dykes and drains, well into the 19th century, and while very little remains of the structure today, tradition recorded in 1842 attests to the walls being tall at the beginning of the 19th century. Artefacts found at and around the site include a quantity of gold coins, iron spear heads and a stone lamp.
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Around 700 A.D., the Toutswe people moved westward into Botswana and began an agricultural and pastoral land tenure system based on sorghum and millet, and domesticated stock, respectively.Hall, Martin (1990), Farmers, Kings, and Traders: The People of Southern Africa, 200-1860, University of Chicago Press. . The site was situated in the center of a broader cultural area in Eastern Botswana and shares many commonalities with other archaeological sites of this region, in both ceramic production styles and also timeframes inhabited. Large structures were observed that contained vitrified remains of animal dung, leading to the theory that these were animal enclosures and that Toutswemogala Hill was thus a major center of animal husbandry in the region.
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Human oocyte cryopreservation is a new technology in which a woman's eggs (oocytes) are extracted, frozen and stored. Later, when she is ready to become pregnant, the eggs can be thawed, fertilized, and transferred to the uterus as embryos. Since 1999, when the birth of the first baby from an embryo derived from vitrified-warmed woman's eggs was reported by Kuleshova and co-workers in the journal of Human Reproduction, this concept has been recognized and widespread. This break- through in achieving vitrification of woman's oocytes made an important advance in our knowledge and practice of the IVF process, as clinical pregnancy rate is four times higher after oocyte vitrification than after slow freezing.
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However, these results were not reproducible and amendments were published in Nature just two years later informing that the beam resistance was less significant than initially anticipated. The protection gained at 4 K was closer to "tenfold for standard samples of L-valine," than what was previously stated. In 1981, Alasdair McDowall and Jacques Dubochet, scientists at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, reported the first successful implementation of cryo-EM. McDowall and Dubochet vitrified pure water in a thin film by spraying it onto a hydrophilic carbon film that was rapidly plunged into cryogen (liquid propane or liquid ethane cooled to 100 K). The thin layer of amorphous ice was less than 1 µm thick and an electron diffraction pattern confirmed the presence of amorphous/vitreous ice.
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Chinese scientists of the Tang period employed complex chemical formulas for an array of different purposes, often found through experiments of alchemy. These included a waterproof and dust-repelling cream or varnish for clothes and weapons, fireproof cement for glass and porcelain wares, a waterproof cream applied to silk clothes of underwater divers, a cream designated for polishing bronze mirrors, and many other useful formulas. The vitrified, translucent ceramic known as porcelain was invented in China during the Tang, although many types of glazed ceramics preceded it. Ever since the Han dynasty (202 BC – 220 AD), the Chinese had drilled deep boreholes to transport natural gas from bamboo pipelines to stoves where cast iron evaporation pans boiled brine to extract salt.
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Responding to a December 1998 request from The Federation of Electric Power Companies, JNFL has been conducting technological studies regarding MOX fuel fabrication technology. According to the current plan, Japanese electric power companies will be implementing Plutonium-Thermal utilization (MOX) with 16 to 18 of the nuclear reactors operating in Japan. In late October 2010, work formally got under way on a 130 tonne/year J-MOX fuel fabrication plant, which is located on the same site as the Rokkasho Reprocessing Plant. JNFL also operates low and high level nuclear waste long-term storage facilities which will accommodate 2,880 canisters of vitrified high level waste and the ultimate capacity of the Low- Level Radioactive Waste Disposal Center now under construction will be 600,000 m3.
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Avon Hudson's life was the subject of a public exhibition in February 2015, as part of the Adelaide Fringe Festival in Balaklava, South Australia. The exhibition Portrait of a Whistle-blower presented artifacts and images which trace his journey from childhood through his RAAF service and his subsequent life as a nuclear whistle-blower. The exhibition was curated by photo-media artist Jessie Boylan, who also contributed images to the exhibition including reproductions of artifacts and portraiture of Hudson. The artifacts on display included photographs from Hudson's own collection, a piece of vitrified earth from Maralinga, a red umbrella Hudson once used to evade an undercover government agent who was following him, and two cathode-ray tube televisions displaying TV news broadcasts and documentary film footage.
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The charcoal preserved details of three layers of wood used to form the board of the shield and also a black, vitrified, vesicular material that was thought to be the remains of a leather outer covering. The shield was photographed in situ with a gamma camera in an attempt to discern the arrangement of any metal fittings on the front face. This was largely unsuccessful as the bronze fittings were too corroded to show up on the photograph and the iron fittings, which passed right through the shield, had already been mapped from the back (top) face. The shield was considered too delicate to recover by hand excavation so was lifted in a single block, encased in plaster and weighing .
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Embedding the samples in ice below the sublimation temperature was a possibility that was contemplated early on, but water tends to arrange into a crystalline lattice of lower density upon freezing and this can destroy the structure of anything that is embedded in it. In the early 1980s, several groups studying solid state physics were attempting to produce vitreous ice by different means, such as high pressure freezing or flash freezing. In a seminal paper in 1984, the group led by Jacques Dubochet at the European Molecular Biology Laboratory showed images of adenovirus embedded in a vitrified layer of water. This paper is generally considered to mark the origin of Cryo-EM, and the technique has been developed to the point of becoming routine at numerous laboratories throughout the world.
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The place-name 'Kemp' is found elsewhere in the south of Scotland, such as at 'Kemp's Castle' on the Lugar Water near Auchinleck Castle and at Kemps Castle near Sanquhar in Dumfries and Galloway.Kemp's Castle Vitrified Fort, Euchan Glen, Sanquhar A Vision of Britain Through Time The antiquarian John Smith in 1895 visited Kemp Law and gives the place-name as meaning as 'battle hill' or 'warrior's grave'. He quotes a local as telling him "That's whaur th' brunt th' folk lang sine" and he speculates that after the dun was abandoned as a fortification it was used for cremations and over the centuries this would have resulted in the observed vitrification.Smith, page 120 He dismisses the suggestion that the site was used as some sort of beacon due to its low lying position.
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An archaeological surface survey of the former Pacific Island Hospital site (Lot 5 M371033 and Lot 2 RP880020 only) was undertaken in May 2017. The site was found to be heavily disturbed but some structural and artefactual traces of the former complex were identified. These were concentrated in the northwest corner of Lot 5 and included three concrete slabs that correspond with the configuration of chimney bases for the hospital building and detached kitchen, as indicated in the 1892 plan, as well as small isolated fragments and scatters of ceramic, glass, butchered bone, brick and clay pipe. The type and range of ceramics were limited but generally consistent with domestic activities, including possible high-status vitrified ceramics in the vicinity of the doctor's residence, although some of the heavy earthenware could relate to medical purposes.
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GrandPa's or GrandPa Pidgeon's was a discount store founded in 1954 by Tom and Mildred Pidgeon, spreading across the midwest from its Bridgeton, Missouri (located in St. Louis County) origins, which remained truly "discount", when most others like Venture, Kmart and Target gradually raised prices in order to finance a more attractive layout and broader range of merchandise. Tom Pidgeon, born in Sebring, Ohio in 1902, was in the low price china business from the early 1930s to the early 1950s. He sold his company, Pidgeon Vitrified China in 1953 when he foresaw the impact plastic was having on the lower end dinnerware market. The first Grandpa Pidgeon's was opened in February 1954 and managed by his son-in-law, John (Jack) Holley, born in 1924 in Galena, Kansas.
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The potteries flourished and became known for their drinking mugs produced, and the Thursfield family from Stoke-on-Trent ("the Potteries") arrived in 1713 to set up a pottery here. Their Jackfield Ware (a highly vitrified black earthenware decorated with gold flowers and figures) became famous around the mid-18th century.Raven, Michael (2005) A Guide to Shropshire (third revised edition) page 100 Manufacture of pottery continued throughout the 19th and 20th centuries, with specialism moving on to the production of tiles, including high quality encaustic tiles, and this manufacture continues today albeit on a small scale (in part to replace Jackfield-made tiles in conservation work, including on the London Underground and the Houses of Parliament). Jackfield Tile Museum is one of the ten museums of the Ironbridge Gorge Museum Trust.
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Texts listing offerings to Egyptian temples would start with gold and silver, followed by precious stones (lapis lazuli) and then bronze, copper and other not so precious stones with glass mentioned together with the lapis lazuli. In this period it was rare and precious and its use largely restricted to the elite. Shortland 2007 The oldest glass ingot was discovered in the 1300 B.C. Egyptian Uluburun shipwreck off the coast of Turkey Production of raw glass occurred at primary workshops of which only 3 are known, all in Egypt: Amarna, Pi-Ramesses and Malkata.Walton et al 2009 At the first two sites cylindrical ceramic vessels with vitrified remains have been identified as glass cruciblesRehren & Push 1997Nicholson et al 1997 where the raw materials (quartz pebbles and plant ash) would be melted together with a colourant.
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Clarke looks at ball lightning (including one sighting by Roger Jennison in the cabin of an aircraft), the Loch Ness Monster, Remy Van Lierde's encounter with a gigantic snake, a sighting of a sea serpent off the coast of England, the stone spheres of Costa Rica, the Baghdad Battery, the vitrified forts of Scotland, Stonehenge, and the Cerne Abbas Giant. The ruined ancient palace of Sigiriya in Sri Lanka, which Clarke mentions at the beginning of the episode, could also be included in this category. #Mysteries of the Third Kind — phenomena for which we have no rational explanation. Clarke mentions psychic phenomena as something that would be included in this category, and the extremely strange phenomena of raining animals and seeds and nuts "raining" from the sky might also be included.
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The super Carabao buffaloes at the milking and breeding station In 2007, the development of Southeast Asia's first cloned water buffalo was announced in the Philippines. The Department of Agriculture's Philippine Carabao Center implemented cloning through somatic cell nuclear transfer as a tool for genetic improvement in water buffaloes to produce "super buffalo calves" by multiplying existing germplasms, but without modifying or altering genetic material. In January 2008, the Philippine Carabao Center in Nueva Ecija, per Filipino scientists, initiated a study to breed a super water buffalo that could produce 4 to 18 litres of milk per day, using gene-based technology. Also, the first in vitro river buffalo was born there in 2004 from an in vitro-produced, vitrified embryo, named "Glory" after President Gloria Macapagal-Arroyo.
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Cucuteni-Trypillian settlements were completely burned every 75–80 years, leaving behind successive layers consisting mostly of large amounts of rubble from the collapsed wattle-and- daub walls. This rubble was mostly ceramic material that had been created as the raw clay used in the daub of the walls became vitrified from the intense heat that would have turned it a bright orange color during the conflagration that destroyed the buildings, much the same way that raw clay objects are turned into ceramic products during the firing process in a kiln. Moreover, the sheer amount of fired-clay rubble found within every house of a settlement indicates that a fire of enormous intensity would have raged through the entire community to have created the volume of material found.
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A critic in the Morning Chronicle admired the way in which "the lead and iron are intirely concealed, so as not to interrupt the outline either of the figures or drapery, by which the whole appears as one entire plate of glass, without joining or division". His patrons included Horace Walpole, for whom he executed a window of a cobbler whistling to a bird in a cage for the refectory at Strawberry Hill, and William Beckford, for whom he made a portrait of Thomas Becket for Fonthill. The catalogue of an exhibition held by the Pearsons in 1821 was entitled Celebrated Cartoons of Raphael, and Various Other Beautiful Specimens, by Mr. and Mrs. Pearson, Appointed Painters to Her Majesty, on Glass, in Vitrified Colours, at No. 112, Great Russell-Street, Bloomsbury.
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Three other efficient methods can be used involving continuous operation of mechanical equipment: chemical reactant like calcium nitrate can be continuously added in the sewerage water to impair the H2S formation, an active ventilation through odor treatment units to remove H2S, or an injection of compressed air in pressurized mains to avoid the anaerobic condition to develop. In sewerage areas where biogenic sulfide corrosion is expected, acid resistant materials like calcium aluminate cements, PVC or vitrified clay pipe may be substituted to ordinary concrete or steel sewers. Existing structures that have extensive exposure to biogenic corrosion such as sewer manholes and pump station wet wells can be rehabilitated. Rehabilitation can be done with materials such as a structural epoxy coating, this epoxy is designed to be both acid resistant and strengthen the compromised concrete structure.
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Great Britain has 19 operating reactors, producing about 20% of its electricity. It processes much of its spent fuel at Sellafield on the northwest coast across from Ireland, where nuclear waste is vitrified and sealed in stainless steel canisters for dry storage above ground for at least 50 years before eventual deep geologic disposal. Sellafield has a history of environmental and safety problems, including a fire in a nuclear plant in Windscale, and a significant incident in 2005 at the main reprocessing plant (THORP). In 1982 the Nuclear Industry Radioactive Waste Management Executive (NIREX) was established with responsibility for disposing of long-lived nuclear waste and in 2006 a Committee on Radioactive Waste Management (CoRWM) of the Department of Environment, Food and Rural Affairs recommended geologic disposal underground.
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Initially the figures were painted as opaque silhouettes and allowed to dry. Then the layer of dried slip was scratched with a needle in order to create details (facial features, hair, musculature). At the same time the artists highlighted elements in red or white. Finally the vase was fired in three phases: # 900 °C with the air vents open: the bare clay turns red or brown # 950 °C with the air vents closed: the oven was made smoky by burning green wood and as the carbon oxydised, the vases turned black and the clay slip was vitrified and transformed into "black varnish" # Lower temperature with the air vents open again: Oxygen circulates, penetrating the surface of the unvarnished parts of the vase which then regain a red or brown colour (depending on the amount of oxygen in the oven).
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The first cryoprotectant solutions able to vitrify at very slow cooling rates while still being compatible with whole organ survival were developed in the late 1990s by cryobiologists Gregory Fahy and Brian Wowk for the purpose of banking transplantable organs. This has allowed animal brains to be vitrified, warmed back up, and examined for ice damage using light and electron microscopy. No ice crystal damage was found; cellular damage was due to dehydration and toxicity of the cryoprotectant solutions. Costs can include payment for medical personnel to be on call for death, vitrification, transportation in dry ice to a preservation facility, and payment into a trust fund intended to cover indefinite storage in liquid nitrogen and future revival costs. As of 2011, U.S. cryopreservation costs can range from $28,000 to $200,000, and are often financed via life insurance.
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The Texas and Pacific Coal Company created a subsidiary company, Texas Pacific Mercantile and Manufacturing Company, to operate its mercantile operation, with company-run retail outlets like the grocery, dry goods, hardware, and drug stores, as well as saloons and other establishments. The company that owned the town, the Texas and Pacific Coal Company, also produced vitrified paving bricks that were used throughout Texas and the southern half of the United States. By 1920, conversion of locomotives from coal to oil reduced demand and lowered prices and miners left the area through the 1920s. The Texas and Pacific Coal company was instrumental in discovering oil in the Ranger, Texas, area, as part of the Texas Oil Boom; the company re-branded itself the Texas Pacific Coal and Oil Company, and, eventually, the Texas Pacific Oil Company.
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Asphalt shingles on a home in Avalon, New Jersey Two types of base materials are used to make asphalt shingles, organic and fiberglass. Both are made in a similar manner, with an asphalt-saturated base covered on one or both sides with asphalt or modified-asphalt, the exposed surface impregnated with slate, schist, quartz, vitrified brick, stone, or ceramic granules, and the under-side treated with sand, talc or mica to prevent shingles from sticking to one-another before use. The top surface granules block ultra-violet light, which causes the shingles to deteriorate, provides some physical protection of the asphalt core, and provides color - lighter shades preferred for their heat reflectivity in sunny climates, darker in cooler ones for their absorption. Some shingles have copper or other biocides added to the surface to help prevent algae growth.
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In the summer of 2005, where he was a keynote speaker at the annual Society for Cryobiology meeting, Fahy announced that Twenty-First Century Medicine had successfully cryopreserved a rabbit kidney at -130 °C by vitrification and transplanted it into a rabbit after rewarming, with subsequent long-term life support by the vitrified-rewarmed kidney as the sole kidney. This research breakthrough was later published in the peer-reviewed journal Organogenesis. Fahy is also a well-known biogerontologist and is the originator and Editor- in-Chief of The Future of Aging: Pathways to Human Life Extension, a multi- authored book on the future of biogerontology. He currently serves on the editorial boards of Rejuvenation Research and the Open Geriatric Medicine Journal and served for 16 years as a Director of the American Aging Association and for 6 years as the editor of AGE News, the organization's newsletter.
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There is also a mockup in 1/3-scale of the actual ancient building consisting of the Archaic Panionium Sanctuary and the Ionian League's Meeting Hall. ;Kadıkalesi (Anaia) Section: A small bronze Hittite statue is exhibited in a special showcase as an important find in addition to the terracotta pots and pans, stone axes and loom weights, all found during the excavations in a tumulus at Kadıkalesi in Kuşadası, Aydın. Furthermore, vitrified ornamental ceramics, jewellery, hilts, belt buckle, figures and reliefs of saints made of ivory dating back to 12th and 13th century as well as collection of lead seal prints from the Byzantine Era. ;Alabanda Hall: Hellenistic period golden belt (top) and Ancient Roman period golden headband-shaped diadem (bottom) In this hall, earthenware objects, oil lamps, glassware, golden crowns, diadems and various jewellery are on display, which were obtained from excavations at Alabanda near Doğanyurt, Çine in Aydın Province.
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On September 18, 1870 members of the Washburn-Langford- Doane Expedition entered the Upper Geyser Basin where in a day and a half of exploration, they named seven geysers of which Grotto was one. Nathaniel P. Langford described the Grotto in his 1871 Scribner's account: > "The Grotto" was so named from its singular crater of vitrified sinter, full > of large, sinuous apertures. Through one of these, on our first visit, one > of our company crawled to the discharging orifice; and when, a few hours > afterwards, he saw a volume of boiling water, four feet in diameter, > shooting through, it to the height of sixty feet, and a scalding stream of > two hundred inches flowing from the aperture he had entered a short time > before, he concluded he had narrowly escaped being summarily cooked. The > discharge of this geyser continued for nearly half an hour.
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Soft- paste porcelain swan tureen, 1752–1756, Chelsea porcelain Flower centrepiece, 18th century, Spain Porcelain has been described as being "completely vitrified, hard, impermeable (even before glazing), white or artificially coloured, translucent (except when of considerable thickness), and resonant".Harmonized commodity description and coding system: explanatory notes, Volume 3, 1986, Customs Co-operation Council, U.S. Customs Service, U.S. Department of the Treasury However, the term "porcelain" lacks a universal definition and has "been applied in an unsystematic fashion to substances of diverse kinds which have only certain surface-qualities in common".Definition in The Combined Nomenclature of the European Communities defines, Burton, 1906 Traditionally, East Asia only classifies pottery into low-fired wares (earthenware) and high-fired wares (often translated as porcelain), the latter also including what Europeans call stoneware, which is high-fired but not generally white or translucent. Terms such as "proto- porcelain", "porcellaneous" or "near-porcelain" may be used in cases where the ceramic body approaches whiteness and translucency.
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Within the mound they found a pile of articles which consisted of human bones which had been affected by heat, fragments of whalebone which were decorated with a design of concentric circles, charcoal, lumps of iron, among which were Viking boat rivets, bronze pieces, two pieces of vitrified stone and a bronze coin, identified as a styca of Wigmund, the Archbishop of York between 831 and 854 C.E. When a ferry was set up between the town of Saltcoats in Ayrshire and Arran in 1790 this led to the merging of the five settlements into the village of Whiting Bay. The steamers from Glasgow and elsewhere in the Clyde Estuary began to call in at Whiting Bay in the 1830s. When the inland crofting areas of Arran underwent clearances from the 1830s this led to an increased demand for accommodation on the coast. Of all of the villages on Arran, Whiting Bay appears to have been attractive to a more well-heeled clientele.
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Nativity, National Gallery of Art Della Robbia's earliest surviving freestanding sculpture is the white tin-glazed terracotta Visitation in the church of San Giovanni Fuoricivitas of Pistoia, dating to 1445. Although the date of della Robbia's first work in colored glazed terra-cotta is not known, his demonstrated control of this medium secured him two major commissions for the duomo of Florence: the large reliefs of the Resurrection (also from 1445) and the Ascension of Christ (1446). The pliant medium of baked clay covered with a "slip" of vitrified lead and refined minerals permitted a lustrous, polished surface capable of reflecting light and color that was beautifully appropriate for architectural sculpture.Britannica.com, Luca della Robbia, glaze on terra-cotta sculptures, accessed August 27, 2012 Whether animating the vast, somber space of the Cathedral or in the series Twelve Apostles gracing the pristine surfaces of the small Pazzi Chapel (1443–1450) in Florence, della Robbia's reliefs in this medium achieved a high level of mastery.
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Inverness at the end of the 17th century Inverness was one of the chief strongholds of the Picts, and in AD 569 was visited by St Columba with the intention of converting the Pictish king Brude, who is supposed to have resided in the vitrified fort on Craig Phadrig, on the western edge of the city. A 93 oz (2.9 kg) silver chain dating to 500–800 was found just to the south of Torvean in 1983.. Silver chain was found at when digging the Caledonian Canal in 1809. A church or a monk's cell is thought to have been established by early Celtic monks on St Michael's Mount, a mound close to the river, now the site of the Old High Church and graveyard. Inverness Castle is said to have been built by Máel Coluim III (Malcolm III) of Scotland, after he had razed to the ground the castle in which Mac Bethad mac Findláich (Macbeth) had, according to much later tradition, murdered Máel Coluim's father Donnchad (Duncan I), and which stood on a hill around 1 km to the north-east.
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The first ever pregnancy derived from a frozen human embryo was reported by Alan Trounson & Linda Mohr in 1983 (although the fetus aborted spontaneously at ten weeks of gestation). The first babies (twins) derived from a frozen embryos were born at 26 of December 1983 in NetherlandsZeilmaker G.H., Alberda A.T., van Gent I., Rifkmans C.M.P.M., Drogendijk A.C. Two pregnancies following transfer of intact frozen-thawed embryos // Fertil. Steril. 1984. V.42, P. 293-296.. Since then and up to 2008 it is estimated that between 350,000 and half a million IVF babies have been born from embryos frozen at a controlled rate and then stored in liquid nitrogen; additionally a few hundred births have been born from vitrified oocytes but firm figures are hard to come by. It may be noted that Subash Mukhopadyay from Kolkata, India reported the successful cryopreservation of an eight cell embryo, storing it for 53 days, thawing and replacing it into the mother’s womb, resulting in a successful and live birth as early as 1978- a full five years before Trounson and Mohr had done so.
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