Junqueras le ha quitado toda posibilidad de ir al centro; la izquierda de ERC, en ascenso mientras retrocede la derecha, ocupa el espacio que él no puede articular desde Waterloo.
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El marco de fondo es crítico: una vez que un actor tan históricamente poderoso como las fuerzas armadas ocupa un espacio en la política, no retrocede si no ve riesgo de derrota.
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Es muy difícil cuando un estudiante retrocede de forma repentina y alega que no puede realizar actividades que ya dominaba o cuando, por ejemplo, un hijo te dice que ya no sabe lavar ropa y lloriquea diciendo que no puede hacerlo.
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Under Evans, Congress has the power, if it chooses, to authorize the enforcement of all state laws on federal enclaves. It need not "retrocede" or "relinquish" federal jurisdiction. Instead, it can—to use Offutt Housing's language—simply "permit" all state laws to apply to all federal property regardless of "federal enclave" status.See Haines, supra Note 3 at 9, 102–103, 213.
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Residents of Alexandria saw no economic advantage from being in the District. No federal buildings could be built on the south side of the Potomac, nor did they have representation in Congress. Some resistance was expressed immediately. One leading figure in the fight to retrocede through the 1820s was Thomson Francis Mason, who was elected mayor of Alexandria, D.C. four times between 1827 and 1830.
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Upon his return to Virginia, Mason began practicing law in Fairfax County. In 1812, he set up his law practice in Alexandria, which was then located in Alexandria County of the District of Columbia. Mason served as Justice of the Peace in Alexandra three times. Mason played an important role during the 1820s in the fight to retrocede Alexandria County from the District of Columbia to Virginia.
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Hunter favored annexing Texas and compromise on the Oregon question (opposing the Wilmot Proviso), and led efforts to retrocede the City of Alexandria back to Virginia (removing it from the District of Columbia). After losing the 1842 election, Hunter changed parties, becoming a Democrat. In 1845, he again took the oath of office as an elected Congressman, and supported the Tariff of 1846.Appleton's Cyclopedia In 1846 the Virginia General Assembly elected Hunter U.S. Senator.
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Citizens of Alexandria County, like all citizens of the District of Columbia, did not have representation in Congress. George Washington was concerned that choosing the location for the city so close to land he owned might appear unseemly, so he successfully urged Congress to bar the federal government from erecting federal buildings in Alexandria County. Furthermore, Congress frequently declined to spend federal dollars to improve the District of Columbia. Unhappy with these issues, the citizens of Alexandria County, D.C., petitioned the federal government to retrocede their county to the state of Virginia.
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When debate began to be intertwined with calls to move the capital elsewhere, after the burning of the White House and Congress during the War of 1812, calls for retrocession began to subside. In 1822, the citizens of the district again began to desire a different political situation. A committee appointed by Washington City called on Congress to either make the area a territory or to retrocede it to the original states. That same year bills were introduced that would return Georgetown to Maryland and Alexandria to Virginia.
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Subsequent legislation allowed States > to retrocede jurisdiction, which has occurred in some areas. Some PL 280 > reservations have experienced jurisdictional confusion, tribal discontent, > and litigation, compounded by the lack of data on crime rates and law > enforcement response."Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country – > Research Priorities December 2005", accessed 2010-08-12 As of 2012, a high incidence of rape continued to impact Native American women and Alaskan native women. According to the Justice Department 1 in 3 women have suffered rape or attempted rape, more than twice the national rate.
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The 1803 Louisiana Purchase totaled , doubling the size of the United States. By the time Jefferson took office, Americans had settled as far west as the Mississippi River, though vast pockets of American land remained vacant or inhabited only by Native Americans. Jefferson believed that western expansion played an important role in furthering his vision of a republic of yeoman farmers, and he hoped to acquire the Spanish territory of Louisiana, which was located to the west of the Mississippi River. Early in Jefferson's presidency, the administration learned that Spain planned to retrocede the Louisiana to France, raising fears of French encroachment on U.S. territory.
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The proposals received little support from congressional Democrats. Proposals going back to the 1840's would handle retrocession north of the Potomac similarly to how it was done south of it, with jurisdiction over this area returned to Maryland following approval of Congress, the Maryland legislature and local voters; the difference being that it would carve out a small rump district of land immediately surrounding the United States Capitol, the White House and the Supreme Court building which, in a 2008 bill, would become known as the "National Capital Service Area". The idea to retrocede all but the federal lands to Maryland dates back to at least 1848.
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However, when confronted by hot-button political issues such as the death penalty, gun control or gay marriage, members of Congress are often pressured to cast votes consistent with the beliefs of their constituents, regardless of the law's effect on the city. In some instances, congressional intervention in the city's affairs has produced ruinous results. As an early example from the mid-19th century, when Jacksonian Democrats tried to exercise greater authority over the District, the population convened to request retrocession of the District back to the states of Maryland and Virginia.Crew, 146–148 The efforts to return the northern portion of the District failed; however, the citizens of the District's southern territory of Alexandria successfully petitioned to retrocede that area to Virginia in 1846.
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These rivalries came to their first armed conflict during the Sino-Japanese War of 1894–1895, which resulted in Japan's resounding victory over the Qing Dynasty, a contest that involved a battle over the port of Lushun (later called Port Arthur) near what would become Dalian or Dalniy. The engagements on the Liaodong peninsula between Japanese and Chinese troops confirmed to the Japanese the strategic importance of the region, and in particular the strategic positioning of the region around Dalian. Though Japan seized control over the peninsula and was awarded it in the subsequent Treaty of Shimonoseki (1895), it was forced to retrocede it to Qing China following the diplomatic pressure of Russia, Germany, and France, the so-called Triple Intervention of 1895.
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Originally the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, Etruria had been ceded to the Bourbons in 1801 in the person of Charles IV's eldest daughter and her Italian consort. Outside the Treaty of Aranjuez, Spain also secretly agreed to retrocede the Louisiana territory (over 2 million square kilometers) back to France in order to secure the Kingdom of Etruria as a client state for Spain; Louisiana was first ceded by France to Spain in 1763 at the end of the Seven Years' War. Louisiana was duly transferred to France on 15 October 1802, after the signing of the Treaty of Aranjuez. Napoleon subsequently sold Louisiana in the Louisiana Purchase on December 20, 1803, in order to pay for his French armies during the War of the Third Coalition.
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"MEMORANDUM FOR UNITED STATES ATTORNEYS WITH DISTRICTS CONTAINING INDIAN COUNTRY" Memorandum by David W. Ogden Deputy Attorney General, Monday, 11 January 2010, Accessed 12 August 2010 > Passed in 1953, Public Law 280 (PL 280) gave jurisdiction over criminal > offenses involving Indians in Indian Country to certain States and allowed > other States to assume jurisdiction. Subsequent legislation allowed States > to retrocede jurisdiction, which has occurred in some areas. Some PL 280 > reservations have experienced jurisdictional confusion, tribal discontent, > and litigation, compounded by the lack of data on crime rates and law > enforcement response."Public Law 280 and Law Enforcement in Indian Country – > Research Priorities December 2005", accessed August 12, 2010 As of 2012, a high incidence of rape continued to impact Native American women.
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The Diocese of Louisiana and the Two Floridas was erected on April 25, 1793; it encompassed the area claimed by Spain as Luisiana, which was all the land draining into the Mississippi River from the west, as well as Spanish territory to the east of the river in modern-day Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida. In April 1803, the United States purchased Louisiana from France, which had in 1800 forced Spain to retrocede the territory in the Third Treaty of San Ildefonso. The United States took formal possession of New Orleans on December 20, 1803, and of Upper Louisiana on March 10, 1804. The then-Bishop John Carroll of Baltimore served as apostolic administrator of the diocese from 1805 to 1812; during this period, the diocese became a suffragan of Baltimore.
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Japan's rapacity had aroused concern in Europe, and in a diplomatic demarche known as the Triple Intervention, Russia, France and Germany put pressure on the Japanese government in late April 1895 to restore the peninsula to China. On 5 May the Japanese agreed to retrocede the Liaotung Peninsula to China in return for an increased indemnity, but it took until December 1895 to negotiate the necessary treaty amendments, and while the negotiations were in progress Japanese troops remained in place. During this period the empress dowager and her officials were anxious not to offend Japan, and the Qing court therefore formally disavowed the Republican resistance movement in Taiwan. Shortly before the proclamation of the Republic of Formosa, the Qing court ordered Li Ching-fang (), the nephew and adopted son of China's elder statesman Li Hongzhang, to proceed to Taiwan and transfer sovereignty over the island from China to Japan.
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50–52 > France, in giving up Louisiana to the United States, transferred to them all > the rights over that territory which she had acquired from Spain. She could > not nor did she wish to cede any other; and that no room might be left for > doubt in this respect, she repeated in her treaty of 30th of April, 1803, > the literal expression of the treaty of St. Ildefonso, by which she had > acquired that colony two years before.Under the terms of the treaty, Spain > was to retrocede the colony of Louisiana to France six months after France > fulfilled one of the conditions of the treaty. Nor was it stipulated in her > treaty of the year 1801Article 6 of the Treaty of Aranjuez of March 21, > 1801, stated that both parties would abide by the terms of the October 1, > 1800 Treaty of St. Ildefonso ceding Louisiana to France.
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On 5 May the Japanese agreed to retrocede the Liaotung Peninsula to China in return for an increased indemnity, but it took until December 1895 to negotiate the necessary treaty amendments, and while the negotiations were in progress Japanese troops remained in place. During this period the empress dowager and her officials had excellent reasons not to offend Japan, and the Qing court was horrified when it heard the news in mid-May that several officials in Taiwan intended to resist the Japanese occupation and that there was talk of setting up a Republic that recognised Qing suzerainty. Shortly before the proclamation of the Republic of Formosa, the Qing court ordered Li Ching-fang, the nephew and adopted son of China's elder statesman Li Hung-chang, to proceed to Taiwan and formally transfer sovereignty over the island from China to Japan. It also cabled an imperial edict to Taipei on 20 May, directing Tang Jingsong to order all Qing civil officials and all officers and soldiers to leave Taiwan.
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