158 Sentences With "overtopping" | Random Sentence Generator

Channels, breakouts, and a younger flow overtopping an older flow are all visible.

Ordinarily, a storm of this magnitude would not risk overtopping New Orleans' levee system.

The chance of overtopping levees seemed greater farther downstream, where the levee walls are lower.

A second levee has "good potential" of overtopping, Patty Thompson with the Illinois Emergency Management Agency said.

A newscast from WWL-TV in New Orleans shows the water overtopping a levee in Myrtle Grove.

Six hog lagoons had suffered structural damage, another 40 have are at the brim, meaning overtopping is likely.

But the threat of major flooding from the historically high Mississippi River overtopping levees appeared to have passed.

Officials are "confident that there will not be overtopping of the levees in New Orleans," Edwards told CNN Friday.

Perhaps your solar-powered pumps have not yet failed to keep the ocean from overtopping your diked-up cities.

More than 30 people were evacuated from another area on tribal land where high water was close to overtopping berms.

Go deeper: Barry set to push Louisiana rivers to near-record flood stages Why Barry risks overtopping New Orleans' levee system

Go deeper: In photos: Tropical Storm Barry's impact as it crawls across Louisiana Why Barry risks overtopping New Orleans' levee system

Fifty minutes later the tsunami arrived, overtopping the protective wall around the plant and flooding the standby diesel generators in the basement.

Torrential downpours from the storm would only add to the flow, raising the chance of overtopping levee walls, especially downstream where barriers are lower.

But video showed water overtopping a levee in Plaquemines Parish south of New Orleans, where fingers of land extend deep into the Gulf of Mexico.

"Overtopping is not the biggest concern," said Jeff Graschel, a hydrologist with the Lower Mississippi River Forecast Center in Slidell, just east of New Orleans.

Officials in Lafourche Parish also posted a recommended evacuation notice for parts of the parish, due to overtopping of the levee system in Point Aux Chenes.

It also comes a week after Tropical Storm Barry inundated the already-flooded Mississippi river, overtopping three river levees and causing devastating flooding in four states.

Do you build levees that prevent flooding in the short term but move the problem further downstream to other communities, and make inundation worse when overtopping does occur?

That storm surge rode atop a series of high tide cycles over the long term, apparently doing its damage to seawalls and dunes by erosion, not by overtopping them.

A spokesman for the Army Corps of Engineers in New Orleans said the agency is not expecting widespread overtopping of the levees, but there are concerns for areas south of the city.

In Tulsa, additional rain on Tuesday could force officials to release more water from the Keystone Dam or risk water levels overtopping the floodgates, which could be catastrophic, the Tulsa World reports.

John Bell Edwards has declared a state of emergency and warned that there could be "a considerable amount of overtopping" of levees in Plaquemines Parish, a suburban district southeast of New Orleans.

"Right now, we believe that any overtopping of the levees will be relatively short duration of about 12 hours, but that is still a very, very significant hazard," Edwards said Wednesday morning.

The Army Corps of Engineers has increased the release of water into the Arkansas River from the Keystone Dam in Oklahoma to 275,000 cubic feet per second, hoping to keep floodwaters from overtopping the dam's spillway.

At least 2 facilities that store coal ash have reported some type of breach in containment or overtopping, which raises the possibility that this byproduct of burning coal has made it into rivers and, eventually, water supplies.

Major dams in California are five times more likely to flood this century than the last one due to global warming, a new study finds, possibly leading to overtopping and catastrophic failures that threaten costly repairs and evacuations.

But the 2011 quake was so powerful it generated 30 to 60-foot tsunamis, overtopping the island nation's extensive sea walls and shore protections, killing over 15,000, leaving 228,000 homeless, and causing a meltdown at the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear plant.

AghaKouchak, the study author, stressed that they broadly defined failure in the study not only as a catastrophic collapse, but also less severe problems, such as overtopping of dams or damage to foundations and spillways that exceed the limits of their design.

When it's safe, text, iMessage or WhatsApp your videos, photos and stories to CNN: +1 347-219-220 Morgan City, Louisiana (CNN)Tropical Storm Barry moved deeper inland Saturday night, dumping heavy rain and overtopping levees in areas along the Louisiana coastline.

The threat of major flooding from the historically high Mississippi River overtopping levees appeared to have passed, but the storm could still bring dangerous flooding and storm surges to coastal regions southwest of New Orleans and to Baton Rouge and Lafayette due to its "lopsided" nature and slow speed.

Most of the evening he was on the defensive, as the Corps has been throughout the extraordinary spring deluge that has flooded rivers from Oklahoma to Louisiana, overtopping levees and forcing the federal agency into the position of choosing which communities will be inundated with water its dams can no longer hold.

Though these types of floods often produce only a foot or two of standing saltwater, they are straining life in many towns by killing lawns and trees, blocking neighborhood streets and clogging storm drains, polluting supplies of freshwater and sometimes stranding entire island communities for hours by overtopping the roads that tie them to the mainland.

Levee erosion by overtopping in New Orleans during the Katrina Hurricane. Journal of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental Engineering. 134 (5): 618–632. used Erosion Function Apparatus (EFA) test to measure the erodibility of the soils and afterwards by using Chen 3D software, numerical simulations were performed on the levee to find out the velocity vectors in the overtopping water and the generated scour when the overtopping water impinges the levee.

Oscillating water column, 5. Overtopping device, 6. Submerged pressure differential, 7. Floating in-air converters.

Channels can include dikes, canals, streams, drain pipes, and rivers. The basin above a flood detention dam should remain at the lowest water level to prevent overtopping. Overtopping is when the water level behind the dam exceeds the dam crest height. The dam crest is the top edge of the dam.

Overtopping is caused by extreme flooding or severe waves. The severe waves can be a result of high winds, landslides, and earthquakes. The detention dam design must take into account the probability of overtopping occurring and be designed accordingly. Detention dams built to restrict flow rate regulate the amount water released into channels.

No residential or business property was reported as being flooded. The storm brought considerable damage to the Seaview Caravan and Chalet Park in Swalecliffe due to overtopping of the sea defences. There was also damage from overtopping of flood defences at Pegwell Bay, between Ramsgate and Sandwich on the east coast of Kent. Flooding was also reported to the northwest and southeast of Sandwich, Kent.

Overtopping or overflow of an embankment dam beyond its spillway capacity will cause its eventual failure. The erosion of the dam's material by overtopping runoff will remove masses of material whose weight holds the dam in place and against the hydraulic forces acting to move the dam. Even a small sustained overtopping flow can remove thousands of tons of overburden soil from the mass of the dam within hours. The removal of this mass unbalances the forces that stabilize the dam against its reservoir as the mass of water still impounded behind the dam presses against the lightened mass of the embankment, made lighter by surface erosion.

Such a design provides additional protection on the sea side and a quay wall on the inner side of the breakwater, but it can enhance wave overtopping.

Flooding was caused by the floodwater overtopping the banks of the Cadoxton River among others and ordinary watercourses, restrictions to flow in channels and surcharging of drains.

It is common for its specifications to be written such that it can contain at least a one-hundred-year flood. A number of embankment dam overtopping protection systems were developed around the turn of the third millennium. These techniques include the concrete overtopping protection systems, timber cribs, sheet-piles, riprap and gabions, reinforced earth, minimum energy loss weirs, embankment overflow stepped spillways and the precast concrete block protection systems.

In 1989 Hurricane Hugo caused overtopping of the dam, thereby flooding the hydroelectric facility and rendering it inoperable. It stayed closed until 2013, when PRASA elected to renovate the facility.

The central steel section is long, high, and weighs about . No spillway was provided; instead, the dam was designed to withstand overtopping of of water pouring directly over its crest. It holds about of water when full.

56: 244–259 studied the effect of combination of wave overtopping and storm surge overflow on the erosion and scour generation in levees. The study included hydraulic parameters and flow characteristics such as flow thickness, wave intervals, surge level above levee crown in analyzing scour development. According to the laboratory tests, empirical correlations related to average overtopping discharge were derived to analyze the resistance of levee against erosion. These equations could only fit to the situation similar to the experimental tests while they can give a reasonable estimation if applied to other conditions.

Osouli et al. (2014) and Karimpour et al. (2015) conducted lab scale physical modeling of levees to evaluate score characterization of different levees due to floodwall overtopping.> Another approach applied to prevent levee failures is electrical resistivity tomography (ERT).

Predicting soil erosion and scour generation when overtopping happens is important in order to design stable levee and floodwalls. There have been numerous studies to investigate the erodibility of soils. Briaud et al. (2008)Briaud, J., Chen, H., Govindasamy, A., Storesund, R. (2008).

By analyzing the results from EFA test, an erosion chart to categorize erodibility of the soils was developed. Hughes and Nadal in 2009Hughes, S.A., Nadal, N.C. (2009). Laboratory study of combined wave overtopping and storm surge overflow of a levee. Coastal Engineering.

Overtopping by successional coast range vegetation slows Douglas-fir seedlings. J. For. 82:178–180. based on canopy development, and Daniels (1976),Daniels, R.F. 1976. Simple competition indices and their correlation with annual loblolly pine tree growth. For. Sci. 22:454–456.

The analysis indicates that the levee currently has a 5% or greater annual chance of overtopping (20 year level of protection) and there is about a 92% chance that the levee will be over-topped at least once over the next 50 years.

On August 29, 2005, flood walls and levees catastrophically failed throughout the metro area. Many collapsed well below design thresholds (e.g., 17th Street and London Canals). Others (like the Industrial Canal) collapsed after a brief period of overtopping caused “scouring” or erosion of the earthen levee walls.

To increase the reservoir's capacity further, engineers began an emergency effort to add to the height of the spillway gates, avoiding increasing the rate of water releases. Spillway gates at Glen Canyon Dam during 1983 flood. Note the flashboards installed atop to prevent water from overtopping the gates.

Dam crest length: 176 metres. Exceptionally, among the many dams in Tigray, this dam was breached around the year 2000, due to high positioning of the spillway and hence overtopping of the dam. Around 2010 the breach was closed and the dam height increased. The dam is now operational.

However, there were still incidents of overtopping,As illustrated in this: overtopping image and the Copper Range Company (successor to Atlantic Mine Company and owner of the dam) had large holes cut in it in 1979 so that it would not retain water. This lowered the level of the reservoir, revealing the earlier timber dam.The dam in this illustration of the Dam article is actually the earlier timber crib dam replaced by the Redridge Steel Dam Ownership of the dam was transferred to Stanton Township in 1992. Fears that the timber dam might fail and Michigan's Department of Environmental Quality considering the dam a "significant hazard" forced the township to consider renovating the dam in 2001.

Wave Dragon is a floating slack-moored energy converter of the overtopping type, developed by the Danish company Wave Dragon Aps. Wave Dragon is a joint EU research project, including partners from Austria, Denmark, Germany, Ireland, Portugal, Sweden, and the UK. It was the world's first offshore wave energy converter.

Bulletin no. 104, Illinois State Geological Survey, Champaign, Illinois. During the glacial Woodfordian Substage (middle Wisconsin Stage), ice of the Lake Michigan Glacial Lobe advanced rapidly, leaving a terminal moraine parallel to the modern Sangamon River. The ice stagnated and melted behind this moraine, without the meltwater overtopping the terminal moraine.

In the design of a spillway for a dam, a fuse plug is a water retaining structure designed to wash out in a controlled fashion if the main dam is in danger of overtopping due to flood, and if the normal spillway channel is insufficient to control the over topping.

Damages totaled US$35 million (1997 dollars). Watersheds in the Sierra Nevada were already saturated by the time three subtropical storms added more than of rain in late December 1996 and early January 1997. Levee failures due to breaks or overtopping in the Sacramento River Basin resulted in extensive damages.

The Gawler is subject to periodic flood events and the cause of occasional flash flooding (during 1:10 to 1:50 year flood events). Major overtopping in large floods occurs along much of the river length. Significant flooding commences within Gawler township from both the North and South Para Rivers.

Agucadoura Wave Farm in Portugal. The following page lists most power stations that run on wave power. Wave farms are classified into 8 types based on the technology used, such as Surface-following attenuator, Point absorber, Oscillating wave surge converter, Oscillating water column, Overtopping/Terminator, Submerged pressure differential, Bulge wave device, and Rotating mass.

Tallahassee's sewage system also failed. Florida State Hospital in Chattahoochee—Florida's oldest largest psychiatric hospital—was cutoff from the outside world due to power disruptions, forcing aid to be dropped by helicopter. Though localized, acute flooding resulted from Michael's rain swath. Record flooding occurred along Econfina Creek, overtopping a Florida State Road 20 bridge.

Liberation cutting has similar goals to cleaning, namely the allocation of resources to the most promising trees available on a site. What separates liberation cutting from cleaning is that the overtopping competitors are of a distinctly older age class.Smith, D.M., B.C. Larson, M.J. Kelty, P.M.S. Ashton (1997). The Practice of Silviculture: Applied Forest Ecology.

Based on Swanson's description of the length of time it took the wave to reach his boat after overtopping Cenotaph Island near the bay's entrance, the wave may have been traveling . When it reached the open sea, however, it dissipated quickly. This incident was the first direct evidence and eyewitness report of the existence of megatsunamis.

There are also patches of wetlands and lakes, including one known as Acre Pond. A dam known as Acre Pond Dam is situated on Partners Creek. In August 1981, it was classified as being in fair condition. The dam does not have a spillway capable of withstanding a 100 year flood, and thus often experiences overtopping.

Some versions of the model assume overtopping of some species by others. Although the model cannot take account of water or mineral nutrients, it can simulate individual plant growth, variability in growth within plant communities and inter-species competition. This model was written in Matlab. See Benjamin and Park (2007) Weed Research 47, 284–298 for a recent review.

A concrete overflow spillway on the west side prevents overtopping and drains to the San Antonio and Chino Creek channels, which were lined with concrete between 1956 and 1960 to protect against such an event. A project has been underway since 2012 to remediate seepage problems at the toe of the dam during heavy rainstorms. The dam is considered a high hazard structure.

It was constructed of local clay; a masonry overflow weir protects the reservoir from overtopping. Beneath it lay the trapezoidal Longdendale aqueduct that followed the contour to take water from the reservoirs to the Godley reservoir. Until the 1960s, water was treated by passing it through straining frames at Godley. In the 1960s, a more sophisticated system of treatment was employed.

Both natural and man- made levees can fail in a number of ways. Factors that cause levee failure include overtopping, erosion, structural failures, and levee saturation. The most frequent (and dangerous) is a levee breach. Here, a part of the levee actually breaks or is eroded away, leaving a large opening for water to flood land otherwise protected by the levee.

This is a small flowering plant growing to a height of no more than 30 cm, usually perennial, with few short, erect stems. The leaves pinnate, mostly at the base, each with about 5 pairs of rounded leaflets. Flowers very small, white, 3 – 4 mm across with 6 stamens. Fruits generally not overtopping the flowers - a feature distinguishing it from Cardamine hirsuta.

The dam's crest was raised to prevent overtopping during the projected maximum flood condition. A wall, high, was built on top of the dam using interlocking concrete units set apart, with the space between filled with compacted earth, the first example of this technique to be used by the Bureau of Reclamation. The outlet works and spillway were raised at this time.

This is an extremely rare occurrence in the Canadian High Arctic, where most glaciers are cold based, and ice- dammed lakes typically drain slowly by overtopping their dams. It has been suggested that the Heinrich events during the last glaciation could have been caused by gigantic jökulhlaups from a Hudson Bay lake dammed by ice at the mouth of Hudson Strait.

The only soil in the watershed is the Wellsboro-Oquaga-Morris Association. However, the Lackawanna-Arnot-Morris Association occurs near the watershed's southwestern border. Lake Jean is dammed by the earthen Lake Jean Dam, which is high and long. As of 1980, the dam and its eastern and western dikes can handle 73 percent of the probable maximum flood without overtopping.

It fell just short of overtopping the levees protecting the central business district. The March 1974 flood caused two hundred people to be evacuated from the town after floodwater from Tropical Cyclone Zoe inundated the area. In January 2008, Murwillumbah and its surrounding areas were hit by severe flooding, while May 2009 saw more evacuations in the town and surrounds after very heavy rainfall.

In the late 1970s, the dam was judged to be unsafe, but not in critical condition. The reason for this was an inadequate spillway that was only capable of handling 17 percent of the Probable Maximum Flood without overtopping the dam. A failure of the Curtis Dam could cause a failure of the Elmhurst Dam further downstream, which could lead to a loss of life.

In 1985 the dam was post tensioned with cables and the spillway was relocated to the centre of the dam and returned to its original height. In 1995 the seepage potential was reduced under the northern abutment and in 2003 an improved drainage system for the dam's foundations was installed and the left parapet wall was raised to prevent overtopping in a major flood.

Cascades of water flowed over a dam while waterfalls migrated up-river along it. Most lava dams lasted for around 10,000 to 20,000 years. However others have proposed that the lava dams were much more ephemeral and failed catastrophically before overtopping. In this model dams would fail due to fluid flow through fractures in the dams and around dam abutments, through permeable river deposits and alluvium.

Seawalls, like all retaining walls, must relieve the buildup of water pressure. Water pressure buildup is caused when groundwater is not drained from behind the seawall. Groundwater against a seawall can be from the area's natural water-table, rain percolating into the ground behind the wall and waves overtopping the wall. The water- table can also rise during periods of high water (high tide).

In the San Joaquin River Basin, dozens of levees failed throughout the river system and produced widespread flooding. The Sacramento- San Joaquin River Delta also experienced several levee breaks and levee overtopping. 48 counties were declared disaster areas, including all 46 counties in northern California. Over 23,000 homes and businesses, agricultural lands, bridges, roads and flood management infrastructures – valued at about $2 billion – were damaged.

Overtopping devices are long structures that use wave velocity to fill a reservoir to a greater water level than the surrounding ocean. The potential energy in the reservoir height is then captured with low-head turbines. Devices can be either onshore or floating offshore. Floating devices will have environmental concerns about the mooring system affecting benthic organisms, organisms becoming entangled, or electromotive force effects produced from subsea cables.

The river is a titanic presence by now, higher than anyone has known it, and the surge thunders towards the Barrier. Scientists begin to talk of the possibility of overtopping. Can fifty feet high gates be overwhelmed by a wave? Then there is an explosion the size of a small Hiroshima: a supertanker is ablaze in the estuary and most of the Essex petrochemical works are going up with it.

The Mississippi levees also include some of the longest continuous individual levees in the world. One such levee extends southwards from Pine Bluff, Arkansas, for a distance of some . The United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) recommends and supports Cellular Confinement technology (geocells) as a best management practice. Particular attention is given to the matter of surface erosion, overtopping prevention and protection of levee crest and downstream slope.

A girder may be made of concrete or steel. Many shorter bridges, especially in rural areas where they may be exposed to water overtopping and corrosion, utilize concrete box girder . The term "girder" is typically used to refer to a steel beam. In a beam or girder bridge, the beams themselves are the primary support for the deck, and are responsible for transferring the load down to the foundation.

Parts of Interstate 44 in Missouri were closed after the interstate began to flood. Route 141 was closed at Interstate 44 well into the week of May 7-13 due to the floodwaters overtopping the low- lying intersection. This was the second occurrence of this thoroughfare's extended closure since December 2015. Seven levees on the Missouri River were overtopped by water, while another seven levees have been breached altogether.

Archived data from Water Survey Canada Two large dams in Saskatchewan, Rafferty Dam and Alameda Dam were built, in part, to reduce flood peaks on the Souris River. In summer 2011, a historic flood affected much of the Souris River basin, overtopping levees and causing the evacuation of about 11,000 residents in Minot as well as significant damage to farmland and other property along the length of the river.

The waters came within five feet of overtopping the East St. Louis levee. If they had run over, they would have flooded 71,000 acres (290 km²) and destroyed this urban industrial area. More than nine feet of floodwater covered the town of Kaskaskia in 1993 after it overtopped the levee; only the spire of the Catholic church and roof of a nearby shrine rose far above the waters.

Flooding in King's Park, in Retford as a result of the River Idle overtopping its banks, taken on 27 June On 27 June 2007, flash flooding caused extensive damage to the villages of Lambley, Woodborough and Burton Joyce. Major towns were hit including Mansfield and Hucknall but not as severely as Lambley. The same day, flooding occurred at Retford and Worksop after the River Idle and River Ryton respectively overtopped their banks.

Woodhead as the fountainhead would have the most extensive improvements, and with these completed there was no danger at Rhodeswood of overtopping; however, there was weakness in the north spillway. To reduce the pressure, the roadway was consolidated to protect the north spillway from erosion, the embankment was raised by above the road, the wave wall was heightened by and the south spillway tunnel was remodelled. The work took place between 1994 and 1995.

In addition, the limestone layers contained many solution caverns that became only more saturated because of rains in September.M. Dane Picard, Mountains and Minerals, Rivers and Rocks: A geologist's notes from the field, Pub. Chapman & Hall (1993) Prior to the landslide that caused the overtopping flood, the creep of the regolith had been per week. In September, this creep reached per day until finally, the day before the landslide, the creep was measured at .

In Essex, ground- truthing data demonstrate that the radar profiles accurately delineate the subsurface stratigraphy and sedimentary structure of the cheniers. Interpretation of the radar stratigraphy taken from the radar reflection profiles allows various deposits to be identified. These have resulted from overwashing, overtopping, sedimentation across the whole of a seaward dipping beachface or berm ridge welding onto the upper beachface. Each chenier is characterised by a different spatial arrangement of these four basic depositional units.

The highway crosses Victoria River near Timber Creek, and this crossing is particularly flood-prone in the wet season. Water overtopping the bridge can cut the main Western Australia - Northern Territory link for days or even weeks during the November - April rainy period. It is not unheard of for the bridge surface to at times be submerged below 10 metres of floodwaters. Ultimately, in May 2008 a project was done to replace the old bridge with a new one.

In the year 2005, there was a breach in the embankment which resulted in floods to almost the entire East Coast of Demerara. This was caused by the excess water in the EDWC. The EDWC NRC (Hope Canal) project was designed in response to the 2005 floods. This canal serves as a medium to release excess water from the EDWC directly to the Atlantic Ocean, during periods of extended rainfall in order to prevent overtopping of conservancy embankment.

At maximum water levels the spillway capacity is approximately . To prevent flash floods from overtopping the dam, the gates are left open during the rainy season from November 1 to April 1. The dam's primary purpose is to store water for diversion through the Dulzura Conduit, a long concrete aqueduct which transfers water from the Cottonwood Creek basin to Lower Otay Reservoir. Water is released into the Dulzura Conduit via an outlet tower and a diameter pipe with a capacity of .

Breakwaters are subject to damage and overtopping in severe storms. The dissipation of energy and relative calm water created in the lee of the breakwaters often encourage accretion of sediment (as per the design of the breakwater scheme). However, this can lead to excessive salient build up, resulting in tombolo formation, which reduces longshore drift shoreward of the breakwaters. This trapping of sediment can cause adverse effects down-drift of the breakwaters, leading to beach sediment starvation and increased coastal erosion.

Completion of the floodwall would have likely caused the brick walls of the old pump station to fail unless they had been significantly reinforced. The presence of this spillway (gap) was a sore spot on the record of the Orleans Levee Board and the New Orleans Sewerage & Water Board. Had the canal walls of the 17th Street Canal and the London Avenue Canal not been breached, this spillway could have allowed overtopping for several hours resulting in significant flooding, although not catastrophic flooding.

In places the flood plain can be several kilometres wide. The flood plain, like others around the world is generally quite fertile, albeit quite clayey. However, the high frequency of flooding limits its use mainly to pastures for cattle grazing and dairying enterprises. Between of rain fell on 30 March 2017, brought about as a result of the aftermath of Cyclone Debbie, causing the Wilsons River to flood with a peak of at Lismore the following day, overtopping the -high levee.

Some of the recent tsunami and hurricanes, such as Tohoku tsunami in Japan (2011) and Hurricane Katrina in the United States (2005), caused significant damage to the decks of coastal bridges and structures. Interaction of surface waves with coastal bridges is a complex problem, involving fluid-structure interaction, multi-phase fluids, wave breaking, and overtopping. These are of course in addition to the difficulties associated to the structural analysis. Ertekin and his students studied bridge failure mechanisms and possible mitigating solutions.

In 1974 drainage structures were built to maintain the level eight metres below the height of the damming moraine in order to protect against overtopping in the event of an avalanche or ice fall into the lake. But an adjacent glacier to the lake has receded since the incident increasing the size of the lake. Also because of climate changing melting the glacier the lake's water input has also increased dramatically since the disaster. By 2009 its volume was about 17 million cubic metres.

The Glenmaggie Dam wall, which creates the Glenmaggie Lake, is a mass concrete overfall dam with irrigation outlets on both sides of the river serving irrigation channels. The central portion is an overfall spillway. The dam wall was raised in 1958 by the addition of gates; stabilised using ground anchors in 1989; and upgraded in 2003 to enable it to withstand overtopping. In 1994, a hydro-electric power station with two Francis turbine-generators was commissioned, with a capacity of and generating per annum.

Auxiliary Isabella Dam, with Lake Isabella at its base. Isabella Dam, with Lake Isabella beyond. With more than 300,000 people living and working below the dams, primarily in the town of Lake Isabella and the city of Bakersfield, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) began a dam safety modification study (DSMS) in 2006 to address seismic, hydrologic (potential overtopping during an extreme flood event) and seepage issues at the dams. On April 28, 2006, a seepage problem was found in the Isabella Auxiliary Dam.

Early bridges over the Deerfield River in Greenfield, Mass., circa 1915 The hydroelectric development of the Deerfield River began in 1910 when the New England Power Company was formed to acquire water rights on the Deerfield and construct dams. The largest dam, Harriman, was built in the early 1920s and has an unusual overflow structure known as the "Glory Hole." This structure is a funnel-like concrete tube that leads to a tunnel under the earthen dam and prevents high flows from overtopping the dam.

Following heavy rains in the Kodaikanal range during 1978 in Western Ghats, flooding happened due to overtopping by flood waters. The waters which flowed over the downstream slopes of the embankment and breached the dam along various reaches. In addition, there was an Earthquake registered during the period of failure although the foundation was strong. Tough shutters were promptly operated during flood, the staff could only partially lift the shutters, due to power failure the additional stand-by generator commissioned did not help either.

The new overflow arrangement built as part of repair works in 2012 Following an inspection in 2006 and further investigations in the years that followed, it was decided that maintenance works were needed to the eastern dam. The threats to the dam included internal erosion and overtopping of the dam during a storm event. Lichfield District Council appointed Galliford Try as principal contractor for works to start in December 2010. In May 2011 ownership of the reservoir passed to Staffordshire County Council to ensure successful completion of the works.

Cuchillo Dam saw water inflows of . The water releases from these dams raised a state of alert in Tamaulipas, which was slated to receive the discharged water. In Coahuila, the rainfall caused La Frakcjhuto release of water into the Rio Grande, and Amistad Dam to reach 119% of normal operating capacity. In the case of the latter dam, the excess storage in Amistad Lake sparked fears of flooding in downstream municipalities, although the possibility of overtopping of the dam was discarded by the Mexican section of the International Boundary and Water Commission.

Grocery store shelves in the Houston area were empty for weeks in the aftermath of the storm. Flood waters begin to rise in a neighbourhood of Bayou Vista, Texas. In Galveston, by 4 pm CDT (2100 UTC) on September 12, the rising storm surge began overtopping the 17-ft (5.2 m) Galveston Seawall, which faces the Gulf of Mexico; waves had been crashing along the seawall earlier, from 9 am CDT. Although Seawall Boulevard is elevated above the shoreline, many areas of town slope down behind the seawall to the lower elevation of Galveston Island.

An arching steel bridge crosses in front of the dam. In 1963 Glen Canyon Dam and other dams farther upstream started to regulate the flow of the Colorado River through Grand Canyon. Pre-dam but still historic flows of the Colorado through Grand Canyon ranged from per second with at least one late 19th century flood of per second. Discharge from Glen Canyon Dam exceeds per second only when there is danger of overtopping the dam or when the level of Lake Powell otherwise needs to be lowered.

In Georgetown in Washington, D.C., the floods reached within of overtopping the lock, thus preventing significant flooding in the nation's capital, although floodwaters reached deep in portions of the neighborhood. Levels along the Potomac in Washington were the third highest on record. Officials closed the Washington Monument, Lincoln Memorial, and Jefferson Memorial for two days due to fears of flooding. The floods left $9 million worth of damage to the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal between Georgetown and Cumberland, Maryland, which was closed for the first time in its 157-year history.

In 1974 Battjes obtained his Doctor title in technical sciences at Delft University under Johan Schönfeld, with a thesis titled Computation of Set-up, Longshore Currents, Run-up and Overtopping due to Wind-generated Waves. Battjes retired in 2004. In October 2005 Battjes was hired to help analyse the causes of the 2005 levee failures in Greater New Orleans that were caused by Hurricane Katrina. Battjes was member of the External Review Panel, charged with checking the work of the taskforce investigating the functioning of levees in Greater New Orleans.

Heavy rains led to overtopping of the Grand Western Canal near to Halberton, Devon forcing homes to be evacuated as the canal wall breached, spilling the canal contents on lower land. The Environment Agency and Police via the media stressed that motorists should take great care when driving through flood waters after a series of fatalities involving motorists during the flooding of 2012. In Welney, Norfolk a man who posted a video of driving a 4x4 vehicle through deep floodwaters along the closed A1101 road online, was branded as irresponsible and dangerous by Norfolk Police.

Seepage from the Tailings Storage Facility at the mine have been detected in the nearby Surprise Creek. Monitoring in 2005, 2007 and 2010 shows that soluble sulfate, zinc and, potentially, lead and cadmium are seeping into Surprise Creek. Dust from operations at the run of mine pad and crushing plant is contaminating stream sediments in both Barney Creek and Surprise Creek, affecting macroinvertebrate species. An extreme risk of embankment failure, or "overtopping", of the spillway in the Tailings Storage Facility due to water volumes has also been identified, requiring immediate action.

Extremely heavy rains hit the Arkansas River upstream of Keystone Dam during late May and early June of 2019. So much water poured into the Keystone Reservoir in a short time, that it quickly became evident that a major release of water would be needed to prevent overtopping the dam, causing devastating floods downstream. Even so, water rushed downstream toward MKARNS at such a high rate that officials at the Corps of Engineers halted barge traffic to avoid calamities such as collisions or hitting trees and debris afloat in the river.Morgan, Rhett (October 11, 2019).

The flow from the sluice channel cut into the dam increased dramatically on June 10, 2008, going from 300 cubic metres/second to 7000 cubic metres/second in the span of four hours. The muddy waters flowed rapidly downstream causing flooding in the evacuated town of Beichuan and overtopping of dams. In 2013 broken banks from a severe flood caused the lake's water to fall to 503 metres above sea level, 40 metres below its peak and 9 metres below its 2010 level. As water receded, the Xuanping town in the Beichuan Qiang Autonomous County was revealed.

M. albus has typical weedy attributes such as prolific seed production, persistence and presence along roadsides and railways, and as a result can negatively impact ecosystem services, wildlife habitats, and agriculture. White sweetclover degrades natural grassland communities by overtopping and shading native species. In the US, many studies have shown that M. albus adversely affects native grass and forb recruitment and growth, as well as restricting the establishment and growth of woody plant species. M. albus is a particular threat to prairies because it easily invades open areas and may compete for resources with native species.

Wave power devices are generally categorized by the method used to capture or harness the energy of the waves, by location and by the power take-off system. Locations are shoreline, nearshore and offshore. Types of power take-off include: hydraulic ram, elastomeric hose pump, pump-to-shore, hydroelectric turbine, air turbine,Embedded Shoreline Devices and Uses as Power Generation Sources Kimball, Kelly, November 2003 and linear electrical generator. When evaluating wave energy as a technology type, it is important to distinguish between the four most common approaches: point absorber buoys, surface attenuators, oscillating water columns, and overtopping devices.

The city's sewage treatment plant was also flooded, leaving residents without sewer services. Property owners that live near the lake pay special taxes to have the Lake Delhi Recreation Association (LDRA) maintain it, and replacement of the dam is uncertain, as the LDRA is in debt from previous lake-dredging costs. In December 2010, an independent panel of engineers published a study that determined the cause of the failure "was internal erosion in the embankment coupled with overtopping flow". The study believes that a malfunctioning spillway gate and increase reservoir size may have exacerbated an existing problem with the dam's design.

Office with generator building in foreground, circa 2000 Hurricane Rita made landfall between Sabine Pass, Texas, and Johnson Bayou, Louisiana, at 02:38 CDT (07:38 UTC) on September 24, 2005 as a category 3 Hurricane with winds at 115 mph. Winds in Eastern Vermilion Parish were at strong tropical force/ weak hurricane force causing minimal wind damage to Schooner Bayou Control Structure. But the resulting storm surge later that morning rose to a level of 10.5 feet above Mean Low Gulf (MLG), overtopping the concrete structure by 4.5 feet. Saltwater damage to the structure machinery and electrical system occurred, requiring extensive repairs.

It passed to British Waterways in 1962. The capacity of the reservoir in 1959 was , but after a safety inspection, the water level was lowered by reducing the capacity to . With the growth of leisure traffic on the canal and the disuse of the water-saving side ponds on the locks, this capacity was proving inadequate by 1984, and a program of raising the dam to prevent overtopping and erosion by wave action was started. When a new concrete overflow was completed in 1987, it allowed the level to be raised again by , increasing the capacity to .

The $14 billion system includes the construction or improvement of 133 miles of perimeter risk reduction features, such as levees, floodwalls, floodgates and pump stations. HSDRRS was designed for a 50-year project life and the design accounted for sea level rise, subsidence and increased storm frequency throughout that time frame. Construction of the system also included resiliency features, such as the armoring of the backside of levees and floodwalls to prevent scour in the event of wave overtopping. The Corps also supports the multiple lines of defense strategy for reducing risk, which includes the restoration of Louisiana's coastal areas.

The Environment Agency restocked the canal with 3,000 fish in January 2013 and by May the Environment Agency said they were flourishing. Devon County Council agreed to pay for repairs to the canal, in time for its 200th anniversary and on 7 July 2013, a £3 million project to repair the breach, began with an official turf cutting. The repairs included rebuilding the failed embankment and raising the level to reduce the risk of overtopping in the future, and further improvements to water management. The canal was lined with an impermeable material along the length of the embankment.

A gated spillway protects the dam from overtopping. Each wet season, the run-off is stored for later release via water turbines to generate power and irrigate crops. Agno River is the third largest river in the Philippines with a total length of 221 kilometers and a drainage basin at the Project site of 1,225 square kilometers. The river originates in the Cordillera Mountains, initially flows from north to south, divides into several channels in the flat central plain of Luzon and meanders westerly through the provinces of Pangasinan and Tarlac before emptying into the Lingayen Gulf.

The North Pine Dam was designed with little flood mitigation capacity in mind, being designed only for water storage. As such, during flood seasons the location of the dam spillway causes the flooding and closure of Youngs Crossing Road. Flood conditions last affected the dam catchment in October 2010, and prior to that 1991, 1989 and 2000 & 2009\. The dam wall is also one of the few in Queensland to be located upstream of a large urban area, and in the event of overtopping or dam failure, Geoscience Australia suggests that the downstream urban population would be flooded within three hours.

The Times Picayune, October 17, 2007. According to a study by the National Academy of Engineering and the National Research Council, levees and floodwalls surrounding New Orleans—no matter how large or sturdy—cannot provide absolute protection against overtopping or failure in extreme events. Levees and floodwalls should be viewed as a way to reduce risks from hurricanes and storm surges, not as measures that completely eliminate risk. For structures in hazardous areas and residents who do not relocate, the committee recommended major floodproofing measures—such as elevating the first floor of buildings to at least the 100-year flood level.

Various and unique methods have been used for field measurements in the swash zone. For wave run-up measurements, for example, Guza and Thornton (1981, 1982) used an 80m long dual-resistance wire stretched across the beach profile and held about 3 cm above the sand by non-conducting supports. Holman and Sallenger (1985) conducted run-up investigation by taking videos of the swash to digitise the positions of the waterline over time. Many of the studies involved engineering structures, including seawalls, jetties and breakwaters, to establish design criteria that protect the structures from overtopping by extreme run-ups.

On 2 November the M4 Motorway was closed between Margam and Pyle due to the weather, and a roof canopy at the Princess of Wales Hospital Bridgend was damaged. The old Severn Bridge on the M48 motorway was closed, with speed restrictions in place on the Second Severn Crossing. The M4 at Briton Ferry – where the motorway crosses the Neath – also saw speed restrictions and the Britannia Bridge to Anglesey and the Cleddau Bridge in Pembrokeshire also saw speed restrictions enacted. Natural Resources Wales warned of localised flooding with sea spray and overtopping of sea defences along the Pembrokeshire, Ceredigion and Newport coasts.

Levee failures, also known as breaches, can be caused by overtopping or structural failure. One of the most recent examples of levee failure in the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta occurred in June 2004 when a levee breach caused more than of water to flood the entire island of Jones Tract. But, the significant improvements made to the Delta levee system since 1982 have reduced the incidence of failures to this one major failure in 30 years. The most up-to-date description and discussion of the Delta levee system can be found in the Economic Sustainability Plan of the Delta Protection Commission.

Further parameters as foreshore slope, crest configuration, construction equipment, etc. can have an important effect on the recommended unit size. Guidelines For detailed design, in particular for non standard situations, physical model tests are essential and normally carried out to confirm overall stability and functional performance of a breakwater (wave overtopping and/ or wave penetration). The effect of interlocking is apparent when comparing a rock revetment with a modern single layer unit for average boundary conditions while taking into account the lower specific density of concrete compared to most natural rock commonly used in breakwater construction.

Finally, a $20 million study, funded by the Department of Defense/United States Army Corps of Engineers, blamed the Industrial Canal levee failures on overtopping of the floodwalls by the storm surge and resulting scour and undermining of the foundation and not the barge. There is also speculation that the barge may have caused the other nearby breaches in the Industrial Canal by striking the floodwalls on the other side before bouncing back and going all the way through the levee near the end of Prieur Street, although all the scientists and engineers who investigated the failures regard such speculation as dubious and without any evidentiary basis.

As a result of rainfall during the 2010–2011 Queensland floods the dam filled to 100% capacity, just 25 days after the wall was plugged to hold water, but before its completion. By 10 January during the flood period, the dam held , 80.7 per cent of its capacity. Parts of the dam were still under construction, but its wall was plugged to hold water on 17 December 2010. On 11 January the dam filled and began to overtop at 9:27am, Following the overtopping, in the first 24 hours over of water flowed over the primary spillway and entered the Logan River at Cedar Grove.

The flood of January 1928 was the last major flood in the city centre, although the North Sea flood of 1953 came within millimetres of overtopping the Embankment, and did flood Bermondsey and some other low-lying parts of the city. Another flood affected the lower Thames in 1959. In response to the threat of such floods happening again, plans were made in the mid-1960s to build a flood barrier on the Thames to guard against the threat of storm surges. By then, much of London's shipping had moved to Tilbury Docks further downriver, greatly reducing the navigational difficulties that a barrier would present.

There has been significant concern that despite the spillway construction, the debris blockage that created Castle Lake could erode suddenly, and create a flood posing significant risks to the communities of Castle Rock, Kelso, Longview, and Toutle. In a study conducted by United States Army Corps of Engineers given to the United States Forest Service, the probability of such a breach was considered very low. However, the conditions which created the dam are unprecedented, and therefore little to no historical data exists to support any conclusion regarding stability. The blockage appears to be stable regarding overtopping erosion, but the susceptibility to earthquake or hydrologic events remains undetermined.

He quickly assembled a group of men to save the face of the dam by trying to unclog the spillway; it was blocked by the broken fish trap and debris caused by the swollen waterline. Other men tried digging a ditch at the other end of the dam, on the western abutment which was lower than the dam crest. The idea was to let more water out of the lake to try to prevent overtopping of the crest, but without success. Most remained on top of the dam, some plowing earth to raise it, while others tried to pile mud and rock on the face to save the eroding wall.

Returning to the cost objective function, it cannot violate any of the operational constraints. Generally this cost is dominated by the energy cost for pumping. “The operational constraints include the standards of customer service, such us: the minimum delivered pressure, in addition to the physical constraints such us the maximum and the minimum water levels in storage tanks to prevent overtopping and emptying respectively.” In order to optimize the operational performance of the water supply network, at the same time as minimizing the energy costs, it is necessary to predict the consequences of different pump and valve settings on the behavior of the network.

Spring rains in 1957 first filled the lake to its normal conservation pool elevation of 694 NGVD (National Geodetic Vertical Datum or feet above sea level) for the first time. Lake waters rose some from April 1 through May 12 of that year, and by May 26 had risen another sixteen feet, overtopping the spillway elevation for the first time. Releases through the spillway continued for almost a month, until June 21. The peak elevation was on June 5 as the waters were flowing through the in a stream three feet deep, before falling back to the normal 694 elevation on the July 4.

The landfill is regulated by the San Mateo County Division of Environmental Health, the San Francisco Regional Water Quality Control Board, and the Bay Area Air Quality Management District. On Dec. 9, 2015, Bruce H. Wolfe, Executive Officer of the San Francisco Bay Regional Water Quality Control Board sent the City of South San Francisco an enforcement letter regarding recurrent flooding overtopping the landfill cap. In October 2019, online payment processing company Stripe signed a lease for 421,000 square foot of office space in the redeveloped Oyster Point - thus becoming South San Francisco's largest tenant - and announced it would be moving its headquarters from neighboring San Francisco there in 2021.

The Battle for Walham was the fight by emergency services and the Environment Agency to save the National Grid 400 kV substation at Walham. When the River Severn burst its banks during the Gloucestershire floods of 2007, the fire brigade, Army, Royal Navy, Royal Air Force and the Environment Agency joined forces to save the threatened substation. The water came within two inches of overtopping (flooding) the substation controls before receding. The Environment Agency's Rivers and Coastal Group committee were unanimous in their decision to award the Chairman's Award prize jointly to the Environment Agency and Gloucestershire Fire and Rescue teams for their work to save Walham.

The land on both sides of the Morganza Control Structure is above normal river water levels, and usually dry. In order for water to reach the spillway, the Mississippi must first rise well above its flood stage, overtopping its banks. The Corps of Engineers considers opening the Morganza Spillway when the flow of the Mississippi at Red River Landing, Louisiana, is greater than and rising. A diagram that depicts river flows flow through the Morganza Spillway to the Red and Atchafalaya Rivers associated with a project design flood, which is the hypothetical "maximum probable" flood of the Mississippi River, as estimated by the Corps of Engineers.

An operating restriction is currently in place, limiting the lake's normal storage capacity, to reduce the risk of the seepage and seismic concerns while a permanent solution is investigated. USACE has implemented increased surveillance and monitoring; stockpiling of emergency materials; warning sirens in the town of Lake Isabella; installation of additional instrumentation for monitoring; and continued public outreach with Kern County and the local public. In September 2017, The Corp awarded a $204 million contract to Flatiron/Dragados/Sukut Joint Venture of Benicia to construct modifications to the Isabella Lake Dam in Lake Isabella. The contract includes addressing the identified overtopping, seismic, and seepage concerns.

The LSU report subsequently found that overtopping did not occur, rather, design failures precipited the levee failures. By late 2007, several investigations were completed that included analysis of the question of whether the barge had a causative role in one or more of the failures in the floodwalls atop the Industrial Canal levees, or whether it came into the city from an already-existing breach. The investigators funded by the National Science Foundation—from the University of California at Berkeley—concluded that the barge went through an already-existing breach caused by foundation failure of the floodwall. Another group of investigators, funded by the State of Louisiana, came to the same conclusion.

Near field area, were the concern is based on the characteristics of the tsunami wave such as amplitude and wavelength which are crucial for predictive purposes. Far field area, the process is influenced mainly by dispersion characteristics and is not often used when investigating tsunamis in lakes, as most lake tsunamis are related only to near field processes.Walder J.S, et al; 2003 A modern example of a landslide into a reservoir lake, overtopping a dam, occurred in Italy with the Vajont Dam disaster in 1963. Evidence exists in paleoseismological evidence and other sedimentary core sample proxies of catastrophic rock failures of landslide- triggered lake tsunamis worldwide, including in Lake Geneva during AD 563.

Battlefield marshland Katrina flooded the entire parish of St. Bernard with 2' to 22' of water due to overtopping and levee breaches of the Mississippi River-Gulf Outlet (MRGO) in St. Bernard Parish and Industrial Canal in the lower 9th Ward of Orleans Parish. This resulted in the complete ruin of the park’s visitor center and substantial damage to other structures including the historic Malus-Beauregard House, the Chalmette Monument, and Chalmette National Cemetery. The nearby Mississippi River levee was not overtopped or breached at any time during or after Katrina. MRGO has been dammed and the levees strengthened, however, all the land is sinking due to soil subsidence, saltwater intrusion, and levees blocking silt deposition.

The rise of the Escondido River forced the evacuation of 1,000 families in Villa de Fuente, as the river rose to carry through the town. The rainfall also caused Venustiano Carranza Dam in Coahuila to fill completely; the large water pressure in the dam forced the dam's gates shut, and cranes were employed to open them. The rest of the gates were unable to be opened due to lack of electrical power, sparking fears of a potential dam overtopping or rupture. The municipality of Anáhuac in Nuevo León was evacuated after reports early on July 6 that the dam had overtopped; Anáhuac's municipal president stated that the flood could cause the "total destruction" of the city.

Because the carrying capacity of a river depends in part on its depth, the sediment in the water which is over the flooded banks of the channel is no longer capable of keeping the same amount of fine sediments in suspension as the main thalweg. The extra fine sediments thus settle out quickly on the parts of the floodplain nearest to the channel. Over a significant number of floods, this will eventually result in the building up of ridges in these positions, and reducing the likelihood of further floods and episodes of levee building. If aggradation continues to occur in the main channel, this will make levee overtopping more likely again, and the levees can continue to build up.

The Empire (newspaper) newspaper described the new school-hall in enthusiastic terms as "a handsome brick building, in the plain Gothic style, with doorways, window sills and quoins of polished stone. It has four double windows and projecting buttresses on each side, with a porch in front, a high pitched roof, and a belfry, in appearance, overtopping it, the latter being intended exclusively, however, for ventilation, as the school bell is to be hung on one of the adjoining trees. The building is fifty feet by twenty-five in the clear, and is capable of accommodating not fewer than three hundred pupils". From 1866 until St David's Church was completed in 1869 church services were held in the hall.

At this point, the danger of the core pool overtopping or bursting the shell became greater because the beaches became narrower. For this reason, an extensive alarm system was implemented along the narrower upstream shell. This alarm system could immediately shut off the dredge pumps if a shell breach was detected. Part of this alarm system involved monitoring the elevations of the core pool and the pipelines carrying the dredged fill. On the morning of September 22, 1938, an inspection by the engineer in charge of construction revealed that the elevation of the pipeline relative to the core pool near station 15+10 (see attached overhead photo) was only when it should have been .

From the summit plateau of Helvellyn a rough slope drops to the start of Swirral Edge, and this narrow ridge curves gracefully down and then back up over half a mile, terminating at Catstye Cam. Taking on the classic mountain shape of a pyramid, Catstye Cam draws the eye in any view where the overtopping bulk of Helvellyn is hidden behind. As Wainwright said "If Catstycam stood alone, remote from its fellows, it would be one of the finest peaks in Lakeland. It has nearly, but not quite, the perfect mountain form with true simplicity in its soaring lines, and a small pointed top, a real summit that falls away on all sides".

A clause to formalise this arrangement was removed by Parliament from a subsequent Act in 1868, but the practice of free passage through the gates but not the lock continued. The lock was rebuilt in 1900, when its length was reduced to , and a second lock of the same size was built next to it in 1931. Extreme high tides continued to flow over the top of the lock, inundating the Limehouse Cut until 2000, when a flood wall and a second set of gates were installed, enabling to lock to be used at all states of the tide and preventing overtopping. Funding for the project was provided by the London Waterway Partnership.

On Lake Okeechobee, concerns about disastrous flooding were heightened by memories of the 1928 Okeechobee hurricane on the south shore and of the 1926 Miami hurricane at Moore Haven. As of September 16, one day before the hurricane struck South Florida, the lake level was reported to be —already above government-mandated safe levels. At 1800 UTC on September 17, the water level between Clewiston and Lake Harbor rose within of overtopping the 31-ft- tall (9.5-m) Herbert Hoover Dike. During the storm, tides peaked at on the north shore of the lake and on the south shore at Clewiston and Moore Haven, nearly overrunning the Herbert Hoover Dike that surrounded the lake.

NPPD later said that workers had attempted to open the dam's manually operated gates to release floodwater, but some were frozen shut by the cold weather and may have contributed to water overtopping the earthen embankment a short while later. In addition "truck- sized ice chunks" were reported to have hit the dam and also caused the destruction of the bridges downstream. During an inspection in April 2018 the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources had warned that "deficiencies [in the dam] exist which could lead to dam failure during rare, extreme storm events." Because the 2015 sale of the dam had been delayed until after its destruction, the damsite will no longer be sold to the state of Nebraska as originally planned.

In wet periods, this resulted in high water levels above that point, and to reduce the risk of flooding, a flood relief channel was constructed in 1986, running from the junction to the lake, and parallel with the natural course. Subsidence continued to affect the lake, and in 1988, the inspecting engineer decided that the lowering of the dam crest, particularly near the mill, required a wall to be built to protect the building from water overtopping the dam. Later that same year, the freeboard of the dam had become sufficiently small that the water level was reduced until a more permanent solution could be implemented. British Coal asked the engineering consultants Binnie and Partners to study the problem and advise on solutions in October 1989.

The carousel was moved and is still in operation on the National Mall in Washington, D.C. A popular footbridge in the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal National Historical Park which led across a branch of the Potomac River to an overlook of Great Falls was washed away and not rebuilt until 1996. As a result of Agnes' rains, Conowingo Dam, astride the Susquehanna River just north of the Chesapeake Bay, recorded its all-time highest flow rate and stream heights. Before the river crested, the water came within feet of overtopping the dam. As the dam's normal flood control devices seemed unable to cope, engineers had placed charges to blow out a section of the dam to prevent a catastrophic failure.

The floodway, long and wide, includes a stilling basin, an approach channel, an outlet channel, and two guide levees. From there, diverted water enters the Atchafalaya River Basin Floodway near Krotz Springs, Louisiana, and continues to the Gulf of Mexico. In an extreme flood event, a major release of water from the Morganza Spillway into the Morganza Floodway and Atchafalaya Basin inundates not only the floodways themselves (between their levees), but extensive additional areas of southern Louisiana throughout the Atchafalaya Basin. In such an event, the water level of the Mississippi, high enough to overtop the Spillway, would already be flooding some areas in the Basin downstream of the spillway, due to increased flow through the ORCS and the ORCAS, as well as possible overtopping of levees near the spillway.

Stava Valley disaster, in Tesero (Italy); the text translates as: "The survivors of the Stava Valley comemorate with bitterness and emotion the victims of the collapse of the Harmony tailing dam, which on 22nd February 1994 crushed the quarter of Merriespruit in the city of Virginia in South Africa, and they renew the admonishment that never again the works of the man become cause of death and destruction" Separate investigations were carried out by the owner, operator, and the State. A joint inquest/inquiry was run, with a judge appointed by the Minister of Justice. The State conducted investigations including looking at eyewitness accounts, weather and hydrological data, laboratory and in situ tailings testing, satellite imagery, and overtopping studies using a scale model. The mine and the contractor managing the tailings were found responsible for the disaster.

After an exchange of > shots, the horse of the enemy were driven back and pursued into Belturbet, > and the Enniskillen horse surrounding the church and churchyard, kept them > there till the foot came forward and secured possession of the adjoining > buildings. Having taken up their position in the houses overtopping the > churchyard, they so galled the garrison with their shot that at the end of > two hours it consented to surrender. The conditions were that all the > prisoners should have their lives, and that the officers, in addition, > should be allowed to retain their clothes and money. The result was that > nearly three hundred prisoners and a great booty fell to the victors, > consisting of two barrels of powder, seven hundred muskets, fifty-three > dragoon horses, and as many red coats as served for two companies.

The primary failure mode for Glen Canyon dam will likely be an overtopping one spring caused by insufficient storage capacity (either a huge inflow, bigger than 1983, or insufficient storage capacity because the lake was too full of either water or sediment). Colorado River Delta today, showing inflows mostly from the Hardy River and other Mexican tributaries An example of the fast deposition rate of Colorado River sediment is found in Lake Mead itself, where, before the completion of Glen Canyon Dam, ten percent of its storage was already compromised by sediment. When Lake Powell levels drop, sediments deposited in its upper reaches are carried into the receding water by the Colorado and its tributaries. One large flash flood caused by heavy rainfall could move all or most of these sediments into Lake Powell, creating a sudden loss of storage capacity.

Regatta wharf opened on 4 July 2003, with the Regatta Hotel contributing $1 million and the Brisbane City Council $500,000 to its construction."Historic day for river cat" The Courier Mail 7 April 2003 page 2 The wharf sustained damage during the January 2011 Brisbane floods.List: CityCat, CityFerry terminal damage Brisbane Times 20 January 2011 Initially repair work was expected to take up to 18 months, but a survey by engineers showed that the timber access boardwalk, concrete waiting area and steel roof were intact, along with the mooring piles. The floating pontoon was full of water (due to overtopping into the access hatches on the deck), but was still connected to the mooring piles down on the river bed, and was recovered and refloated. A new aluminium gangway was fabricated, and the wharf reopened on 18 April 2011, three months after the flood event.

As well as the Wawne Drain and Foredyke Stream drain at the southern boundary, which are closely paralleled by the John Newton way/Bude Road on the eastern half, there are several large scale man made features at the edges of the estate: the easternmost end of the A1033, named Raich Carter Way, connects to west Hull and Beverley via the Ennerdale Link Bridges; in the south-western corner, just outside the retail park area is a large water storage area, and a former sewage works, now the site of Bransholme Surface Water Pumping Station. Most of the area is under above sea level, though to the east the land rises to up to or over . The Kingswood area is vulnerable to floods under certain conditions: overtopping of the River Hull; flooding from water from the Holderness Drain or other local land drains; or flooding from local surface water. In the long term the area may be affected by sea level rise.

Pontchartrain Park was developed after World War II. It was one of the first suburban-style subdivisions developed by and for middle class African Americans during the Jim Crow era of racial segregation in Louisiana. It has been home to such prominent New Orleanians as mayors Dutch Morial and Marc Morial, political activist Philip M. Baptiste and district attorney Eddie Jordan; as well as nationally known figures such as Lisa P. Jackson, EPA Administrator under President Barack Obama, actor Wendell Pierce, and jazz musician Terrence Blanchard. In the 1970s, urban renewal projects were undertaken with funding from the federal New Town Program. Pontchartrain Park flooded badly in the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina in 2005, taking on water first from the overtopping of a section of floodwall of the Industrial Canal caused by storm surge channeled into the city from the MRGO Canal, then from major breaches sustained by floodwalls along the London Avenue Canal.

Flowing across the current Grand Coulee-Dry Falls region, the ice-age Columbia then entered the Quincy Basin near Quincy, Washington & joined Crab Creek at Moses Lake, following Crab Creek's course southward past the Frenchman Hills and turning west to run along the north face of the Saddle Mountains, there to rejoin the previous and modern course of the Columbia River just above the main water gap in the Saddle Mountains, Sentinel Gap. During this period the Missoula Floods periodically discharged large volumes of water, some of which reached Upper Crab Creek by overtopping the divide between the Columbia drainage and the Crab Creek drainage, and some diverted into the Columbia River to enter Crab Creek at Moses Lake. As a result, substantial coulees and scablands were created in the Upper Crab Creek drainage, and the drainage below the Potholes Reservoir is overlarge (i.e., the channel sizes could contain a substantially larger river than currently flows there).

Ocean side of Funafuti atoll showing the storm dunes, the highest point on the atoll. Because of the low elevation, the islands that make up this nation are vulnerable to the effects of tropical cyclones and by the threat of current and future sea level rise. A warning system, which uses the Iridium satellite network, was introduced in 2016 in order to allow outlying islands to be better prepared for natural disasters. The highest elevation is above sea level on Niulakita, Tuvalu thus has the second-lowest maximum elevation of any country (after the Maldives). The highest elevations are typically in narrow storm dunes on the ocean side of the islands which are prone to overtopping in tropical cyclones, as occurred with Cyclone Bebe, which was a very early- season storm that passed through the Tuvaluan atolls in October 1972.Bureau of Meteorology (1975) Tropical Cyclones in the Northern Australian Regions 1971–1972 Australian Government Publishing Service Cyclone Bebe submerged Funafuti, eliminating 90% of structures on the island.