We are all caught in an inescapable network of mutuality.
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It has a sensuality to it, and a mutuality to it.
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This mutuality of service and profit made twins of politics and crime.
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Bottom line – without agreement or mutuality, the unilateral choices become a major point of contention.
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There's that mutuality of respect between people where you don't see people as percentage points.
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And all of us who minister in the church need mutuality — it is too lonely otherwise.
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" Headquarters: New York City, NY Jobs available paying $503,000+: 1,049 Company mission statement: "Quality. Responsibility. Mutuality. Efficiency. Freedom.
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If the children of privilege get to go to the best schools, there's not going to be much social mutuality.
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Then she learns to see herself as a node in a network of selves and thus learns mutuality and holistic thinking.
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Whether arbitration or litigation the biggest red flag is if there is no mutuality regarding the responsibilities for payment of attorney fees.
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"In the ruling, the judge said 'oneness, togetherness, jointness and mutuality' are not exclusive to heterosexual marriage -- this is important," he says.
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Mothers and daughters who watched them on Oprah saw a mutuality in their regard for one another, and reconciliation in their rapport.
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"For men and couples considering the issue of cuckolding, it's important there be honesty, integrity, communication, mutuality and shared values," advised Ley.
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But the trait that leaps out above all others is "radical mutuality": We are all completely equal, regardless of where society ranks us.
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Despite the fact that the officer got off with a light sentence, there is a sense of mutuality and respect between these two characters.
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Clemens plays Hilary with a kind of controlled fanaticism, showing at every turn the mutuality between her deepest feelings and her most challenging insights.
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"Obviously any relationship is one of mutuality and we will continue to discuss that with our Philippine counterparts," he told reporters before landing in Turkey.
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The worry is that unlike in the Cold War, there is no mutuality; the United States is more dependent on the Internet than its adversaries.
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You wrote a lot about the idea of mutuality in your book, that older and younger people have a natural ability to help each other.
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Mr. Millepied has set himself a tough assignment here: a study in sustained mutuality, proximity and supportive sensitivity for two women without conflict or contrast.
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An alternative to conventional insurance, takaful is based on the concept of mutuality; the takaful company oversees a pool of funds contributed by all policy holders.
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"Obviously any relationship is one of mutuality and we will continue to discuss that with our Philippine counterparts," he told reporters on a flight to Turkey.
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Bottom line – without agreement or mutuality, the unilateral choices become a major point of contention, and that is part of why we are here where we are.
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He fancied himself a suitor in the Grecian style, dispensing a sentimental education to his charges, assistants, protégés, and students—but hungering for mutuality and lasting love.
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When you look at them on video, and you listen to Anderson's heartfelt affection for Brutus, it's hard to believe that there is no emotional mutuality between them.
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Matt, New York Whatever obligations come with the relationship between parent and child, they involve an element of mutuality, at least as long as both are mentally competent.
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The aim was to subsume nationalism to practiced mutuality, with the resulting community of nations making Europe's smaller countries more powerful than they would be on their own.
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Takaful firms, which are based on the concept of mutuality, have been limited in their ability to take on large commercial risks partly because of a lack of scale.
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" Quoting Dr. King, he said El Paso and its Mexican neighbor of Ciudad Juárez were "caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny.
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"There's a mutuality, and there's a recognition of our interdependence, that requires of this moment that we direct a statewide order for people to stay at home," Newsom said.
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There are certainly rivalries between the countries but I believe the mutuality of interest will at the end of the day mean they come to some kind of agreement.
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It is, however, a tragedy — making visible a culture of shame and silence, in which "purity" comes at the expense of mutuality and "forgiveness" comes at the expense of restitution.
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"There are certainly rivalries between the countries, but I believe their mutuality of interest will, at the end of the day, mean they come to some kind of agreement," he said.
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"Whilst oneness, togetherness, jointness and mutuality are hallmarks of a heterosexual marriage relationship, they are not, or no longer, exclusive to such a relationship," said the unanimous ruling from a three-judge panel.
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Parents and young adults alike who have participated in such programs strongly testify to their value in dispelling ignorance and grounding sexual decision-making in a moral perspective of human values and relational mutuality.
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If you take a generational view and take a more holistic view, I mean, we have what we call the Economics of Mutuality, which talks not only about financial capital but human, social, environmental capital.
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But Bonney came of age in the Thatcher era, when neoliberalism seemed (as it still seems) hell-bent on destroying all of the structures of mutuality and individual respect that had been established in postwar Britain.
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"The level of our mutuality is such that we can go to a museum together, separate to wander for an hour and then come together only to find we have taken photos of the same exact pieces," Mates adds.
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Her loving, decades-long relationship with Marty Ginsburg, a talented lawyer who died in 2010, and the equality and mutuality of their marriage, went hand-in-hand with her mission to earn women a measure of respect and autonomy in America.
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Though I'm old enough to remember Eleanor and Franklin D. Roosevelt in the White House — and all the couples and families since — I have never seen such balance and equal parenting, such love, respect, mutuality and pleasure in each other's company.
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These passages made me cringe a little, not for Griswold, but because she had brought me so near the difficulty her book explores, the keen, ubiquitous American awareness of class and the ways it makes unforced expressions of respect and mutuality so difficult.
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"My own view is that China and the U.S. have this unavoidable mutuality where China only wins if the U.S. wins and the U.S. only wins if China wins and the world only wins if China and the U.S. win," Cook said on the earnings call.
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Functioning in this way, the poem is less a "machine made of words," as William Carlos Williams once claimed, than a kind of telepathic device, in terms of which both reader and poet acknowledge, in distanced mutuality, the authenticity of states of consciousness deemed unworthy by mercantile logic.
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" Speakers echoed the unity theme once more from the stage when Milwaukee Sheriff David Clarke eloquently stated, "In 1963, Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. wrote passionately about 'the interrelatedness of all communities and states' and about our 'inescapable network of mutuality, tying us in a single garment of destiny.
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"By and large, narcissists lack the skill set that makes for strong relationships, namely empathy, consistent compassion, consistency in general, compromise, kindness, mutuality, and reciprocity," says Ramani Durvasula, PhD, licensed clinical psychologist and author of Should I Stay Or Should I Go: Surviving A Relationship With A Narcissist.
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Vernacchio, who is the author of the 2014 book "For Goodness Sex: Changing the Way We Talk to Teens About Sexuality, Values, and Health," is one of those rare teenage-sex educators who talks directly to his high school students about sexual pleasure and mutuality, along with the ingredients for healthy relationships.
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"I think my own view is that China and the U.S. have this unavoidable mutuality where China only wins if the U.S. wins and the U.S. only wins if China wins and the world only wins if China and the U.S. win," Cook said in an early May conference call with investors to discuss the company&aposs financial performance.
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After working for the company in Europe, in 1970, he moved to the company's headquarters in McLean, Va. In 1983, Mr. Mars and his siblings, John and Jacqueline, formalized what they called the Five Principles of Mars — quality, mutuality, responsibility, efficiency and freedom — based on an objective their father expressed: to create mutual benefits that make a difference for people and the planet through the company's performance.
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"402 U.S. at 320. The Court then turned to whether Triplett should be overruled. It pointed out that requirement of mutuality of estoppel was a judge-made doctrine. Triplett was decided in 1936, but even then "the mutuality rule had been under fire.
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Extension of mindfulness from internal to include the external; spaciousness; matures to include the relational moment; mutuality.
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The judge, Tudor Evans J held that the claimants were entitled to holiday pay. He rejected "mutuality of obligation" as a criterion. However, in the Court of Appeal, "mutuality of obligation" was accepted as a precondition to a contract, but interpreted in a different way. For the later history, Carmichael v National Power plc [1999] AC 1226, Tony Blair's old pupil master, now the Lord Chancellor Derry Irvine reconfigured "mutuality of obligation" to mean an expressed continuing duty to provide work.
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The Italian Federation of Voluntary Integrated Mutuality (FIMIV) was founded in 1900 and includes 100 mutual assistance companies.
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Traditionally, collateral estoppel applied only where there was mutuality of parties, meaning that both the party seeking to employ collateral estoppel and the party against whom collateral estoppel is sought were parties to the prior action. Most courts in the United States have now abandoned mutuality as a requirement for collateral estoppel in most circumstances. The California Supreme Court case of Bernhard v. Bank of America, authored by justice Roger J. Traynor, began a movement away from the application of mutuality in collateral estoppel.
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Stewardship, 3. Knowledge, 4. Professionalism and 5. Mutuality, and are portrayed as interlocking Value Principles because of their interconnectedness and their permeability.
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Gorman, Albertus. "Shared Natures: The Art of Susan Sensemann and Sheryl Haler," Louisville Visual Arts Association: Exhibition essay, 1998. In the "Impersonations" works, whose titles reference masquerade and the role of surface in mapping identity, she explored her "unbridled urge to merge with unfamiliar and unknown,"Sensemann, Susan. "Mutuality: Itatani/Krantz/Sensemann," Mutuality: Itatani/Krantz/Sensemann, Chicago: Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art, 2012.
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She has exhibited her work at venues including the Art Institute of Chicago, A.I.R., The Living Art Museum (Reykjavík), Indianapolis Art Center, Chicago Cultural Center, and Art Institute of Boston, on four continents.Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art. Mutuality: Itatani/Krantz/Sensemann, Mutuality, Chicago: Ukrainian Institute of Modern Art, 2012. Her work has been widely reviewed and resides in numerous private, university and corporate collections.
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The word is understood to derive from the Ainu , referring to mutuality, and , translated and defined by John Batchelor as "to stroke the head in salutation".
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The difficulty, then, is how to reconcile that originative asymmetry with anything like the forms of reciprocity or mutuality central to a liberal conception of the socius.
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These illustrate the kinds of relationships that maximise an individual's self-enjoyment, pleasure, freedom and individuality as well as ensuring that those involved sacrifice nothing while belonging to them. Such associations are based on mutuality and a free and spontaneous co-operation between equals. As Stirner puts it, "intercourse is mutuality, it is the action, the commercium, of individuals" [p. 218]. Its aim is "pleasure" and "self-enjoyment".
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They are in a mode that is anti-life, and we must convert them into a mode that promotes life, defined by qualities of sustainability, diversity, mutuality, nurturance and interdependence.
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Beyene, T., Anglin, M., Sanchez, W., & Ballou, M. (Spring 2002). Mentoring and relational mutuality: Proteges perspectives. Journal of Humanistic Counseling, 41, 87-102Liang, B., Tracy, A.J., Taylor, C.A., & Williams, L.M. (2002).
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In his System of Economic Contradiction, Proudhon described mutuality as "the synthesis of the notions of private property and collective ownership."Proudhon, Pierre-Joseph. System of Economic Contraditions. I. pp. 410–411.
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One 2013 study argued that the currency was ineffective in reaching the goal of improvement of the community's economy, but that it has been successful in promoting mutuality and solidarity within the community.
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Jean-Jacques Rousseau contends that in a contract of self- enslavement, there is no mutuality. The slave loses all. The contract negates his interests and his rights. It is entirely to his disadvantage.
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Juniors are considered in Confucianism to owe their seniors reverence and seniors have duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors. A focus on mutuality is prevalent in East Asian cultures to this day.
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The term u'uepekere may be a more accurate term to be used. It comes from u (mutuality prefix), ue (thereby), and pekere (bright). Ainu linguist Chiri Mashiho described the term's meaning as "mutually inquiring after news".
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In the Court of Appeal Stephenson LJ in the majority found, first, that whether a contract created a contract of service (and therefore a contract of employment) rather than a contract for services was one of fact, not of law. This has been followed in Carmichael in 1999 by the House of Lords. Stephenson LJ discussed what "mutuality of obligation" meant.[1984] ICR 612, 622–623 It followed that the ladies were under a contract of employment (however compare the definition of "mutuality" given in Carmichael v National Power plc, by Lord Irvine of Lairg).
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The Supreme Court of Oklahoma affirmed the verdict for the plaintiff. McMichael argued that this was an illusory promise because it lacked mutuality of obligation - he contended that the plaintiff could escape all contract liability for simply refusing to sell sand. The court held that the contract did have mutuality of obligation because the contract constrained Price's discretion. Price was required to buy all the sand that he would sell from McMichael, so if he wanted to be in the sand business he was bound to buy from McMichael.
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In March 2014, Saniel declared his intention to relinquish his WDTA membership. In May 2014, he & Linda Groves-Bonder applied privately to register the terms “Waking Down®” and “Waking Down in Mutuality®”, for which they were granted trademarks several months later. For over a year, the WDTA and Saniel & Linda engaged in confidential negotiations to craft an agreement designating the WDTA as Saniel & Linda’s sole licensee authorized to use the terms “Waking Down” and “Waking Down in Mutuality” to brand its teachers’ work and course offerings.
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This new life is superior to the present way of being. A critical mass of such "gnostic individuals" can create the foundation of a new social life and order. This will lead to a greater unity, mutuality, and harmony.
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Mutuality: The exploration, ever deepening recognition, and claiming of one's nature in relationship with others. Deeply acknowledging the way in which one lives in a world of others even as one recognizes awakened unity with the All of Being .
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ITC Classmate hosted a discussion on the subject titled "Principal, Parents and Children: Building a Relationship of Mutuality". The panelists agreed on the need for greater student involvement in what they are taught, as well as the method of imparting education.
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In fact, a strong, connected therapeutic relationship should be a model for these kinds of relationships. While there a number of specific challenges presented in the therapeutic relationship, RCT practitioners believe that their relationships with their clients can have a reasonably high degree of mutuality. Clinical experiences of mutuality include: the client's movement toward the awareness that she/he matters to the therapist, the therapist that she/he, too, matters to the client, an integrative awareness both have of what it means to feel like one matters, and the worth involved in offering this to another person through the process of connection.
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Thus, ancient Chinese virtues that stresses on the importance of regulating society and human relations such as jing (reverence), li (rules of propriety), and ren (human heartedness, mutuality) as a means to focus on real world issues by creating self-existing moral laws.
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13, pp. 169–191 Grange meetings,Donald B. Marti, Women of the Grange: Mutuality and Sisterhood in Rural America, 1866–1920 (1991) church activities, and school functions. The womenfolk organized shared meals and potluck events, as well as extended visits between families.
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It is an essential aspect for cross-claims, especially when there exits overlapping obligations. Common features of set- off are that they are confined to situations where claim and cross claim are for money or reducible to money and it requires mutuality.
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Redcats set delivery deadlines and gave detailed instructions on how to carry out her duties. The first tribunal held there was only a contract for services (i.e. self-employed) not of service (i.e. not a 'worker') because there was no so called "mutuality of obligation".
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Waking Down in Mutuality (also known as WDM, Waking Down) and Trillium Awakening, are a set of spiritual teachings and a community that seek to support the integration of spiritual awakening into ordinary human life. Waking Down and Waking Down in Mutuality are registered trademarks of Saniel Bonder and Linda Groves-Bonder. The teachings are also offered through the Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle (formerly known as the Waking Down Teachers Association), a non-profit association of autonomous teachers. Waking Down was founded by Saniel Bonder in the early 1990s after (and partially as a reaction to) 20 years of work with his former guru, Adi Da Samraj.
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104-105 Waking Down in Mutuality teachings are offered by the Bonders, through The Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle, and through an educational non-profit for the training of teachers, The Institute of Awakened Mutuality. Trillium Awakening teachers do their work mostly in the form of "sittings" (interactive gatherings), private sessions between teachers and students, and workshops which are taught either by a single teacher or by multiple teachers working together. Bonder describes his teaching on spiritual awakening as similar to Zen and Advaita Vedanta in that it assumes the reality of non-dual consciousness, but also as different from them.Bonder, Saniel (1998), The Conscious Principle pp.
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Starting in 2004 there were a number of attempts, mainly initiated by Bonder himself, to come up with a new way of organizing which distributed power more equitably. At the same time there was a consensus among WDM teachers that the training of new teachers in a standardized fashion was useful and that there was a need for organization to safeguard standards.Awakened Mutuality website In February 2005, teachers CC Leigh, Krishna Gauci, and Ron Ambes formed "the Interim Advisors" and began working together to redesign the organizational structures of Waking Down in Mutuality. This was done at the instigation of Bonder and the other Waking Down teachers.
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In order to maintain mutuality, it is therefore essential that the definition of a contribution within Type II partnerships is extended beyond financial and material resources, and includes knowledge, skills and other relevant strengths which can be incorporated to redress the balance of power within the partnership.
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The Mutual Health Insurance organization (Vzajemna zdravstvena zavarovalnica) was established in 1999 to provide voluntary complementary health insurance (co-pay coverage). It is owned and operated by the insured and operates as a non-profit and mutuality status. Other insurance companies are also able to offer complementary insurance.
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In 1995 Saniel Bonder established a nonprofit organization: "Ma-Tam Temple of Being."Bonder, Saniel (1998), The White Hot Yoga of the Heart p. x The following year Bonder began holding open sittings in his small apartment in Marin County, California.Bonder, Saniel (2000), The Incarnation of Mutuality p.
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On June 16, 2015, a vote was taken, and 33 teachers unanimously chose to rename the organization. The name Trillium Awakening™ was selected to describe the organization’s educational offerings and coaching services on December 10, 2015, and the Waking Down Teachers Association was renamed as the Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle (TATC) on January 10, 2016. It continues as a professional association of awakened, self-actualizing, autonomous teachers, chartered to help raise awareness of Trillium Awakening offerings and provide mutual support for its members. The Trillium Awakening Teachers Circle (TATC) and Institute of Awakened Mutuality (IAM) are non-profit organizations that provide Trillium Awakening™ courses and services, which are based on the teachings of Waking Down in Mutuality.
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There is a complementary system of health insurance offered by the mutualities (extended hospital cover and travel cover), available to all mutuality members, and there is private insurance with commercial insurance companies for extended care (hospital and aftercare) and for travel care. These systems are pure premium based insurance system.
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Social roles: Idealists seek mutuality in their personal relationships. Romantically, they want a soulmate with whom they can share a deep spiritual connection. As parents, they encourage their children to form harmonious relationships and engage in imaginative play. In their professional and social lives, Idealists strive to be catalysts of positive change.
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This concept was developed by sociologist Ronald Burt, and is sometimes referred to as an alternate conception of social capital. Tie Strength: Defined by the linear combination of time, emotional intensity, intimacy and reciprocity (i.e. mutuality). Strong ties are associated with homophily, propinquity and transitivity, while weak ties are associated with bridges.
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Teachers are available and vulnerably revealing of their flawed humanity, helping to create a container for deep love and trust to grow. By interacting with others in mutuality one avoids the tendency to isolate into one's own subjective sense of things, which can be a liability in awakening and personal shadow-work.
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As the founding teacher of Waking Down in Mutuality, Saniel Bonder is held as the original source of the basic teachings and the energetic "transmission"Khalsa, Sat Puran Singh (2008) Journey into Spiritual Maturity: A Thematic Analysis of Transpersonal Development p. 90 that is said to be at the center of the process."Waking Down - Teachers" Part of the teaching of "mutuality" is the understanding that the way that teachings and transmission are "drawn out" or generated from all teachers (including Bonder) is through their personal interactions with students and fellow teachers. Bonder's teachings in the 1990s were defined and refined by him in the midst of his interaction with his group of immediate students and the community around him.
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We are caught in an inescapable network of mutuality, tied in a single garment of destiny. Whatever affects one directly, affects all indirectly. Never again can we afford to live with the narrow, provincial "outside agitator" idea. Anyone who lives inside the United States can never be considered an outsider anywhere within its bounds.
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Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 63. . American individualist anarchist and libertarian socialist Benjamin Tucker defined equal liberty as "the largest amount of liberty compatible with equality and mutuality of respect, on the part of individual's living in society, for their respective spheres of action."Welsh, John F. (2010). Max Stirner's Dialectical Egoism: A New Interpretation (illustrated ed.).
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Much of the early research on attachment in humans was done by John Bowlby and his associates. Bowlby proposed that babies have an inbuilt need from birth to make emotional attachments, i.e. bonds, because this increases the chances of survival by ensuring that they receive the care they need. Bowlby did not describe mutuality in attachment.
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Development communication and policy sciences exhibits mutuality as catalysts of change in this fluid environment. Both are geared towards effecting change in society. Will these two sciences be robustly beneficial if converged in one developmental framework? Allen (as cited in Flor, 1991) postulates that policy is a science of decision-making based on empirical data gathered from observation.
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James v Redcats (Brands) Ltd [2007] IRLR 296 is a legal case in the United Kingdom on the definition of a worker under the National Minimum Wage Act 1998. The Employment Appeal Tribunal held that lack of "mutuality of obligation" does not affect the status of being an employee, and therefore coverage under the 1998 Act.
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Mutual deceit today is considered one of the most cited exception to telling the truth, particularly when the receiver of the information recognizes that the message being communicated is untrue. Mutuality, however, is essential and that if the participants do not know the rules or do not accept them, then it is not considered mutual deceit.
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The Court of Appeal allowed this, overturning the EAT's decision. They recognised that the club did have a significant degree of control, but it was not enough to say there was a contract of employment. For instance, she had a great deal of control over her appearance. The Court of Appeal accepted there was some mutuality of obligation too.
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5 Other reliefs in Cave 15 include the Gangadhara, marriage of Shiva and Parvati, Tripurantika of Shakti tradition, Markendeya, Garuda, aspects of life, Nandi in mandapa, dancing Shiva, Andhakasura, Govardhanadhari, Gajendravarada and others. The panels are arranged in dyads, which states Carmel Berkson, reinforce each other by displaying "cooperative but also antagonistic energy" with a mutuality of power transference.
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1913, poisoner Karl Hopf, arsenic in champagne, FAZ from June 24, 2017 In 1912 he married Dresden native Wally Siewec in London. They insured themselves with 80,000 gold marks "on mutuality". His third wife soon became ill with severe gastrointestinal disease. She was treated at the Deaconess Hospital in Frankfurt, where she began to feel better.
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Aloha Āina, which literally means "love of the land", is a central idea of Native Hawaiian thought, cosmology and culture. Aloha ʻāina brings a perspective that pervades many aspects of life. Its ecological and cultural orientations are founded upon a sense of being connected to all living things. This mutuality between all things exists on many levels: spiritual, social, and the scientific.
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For example, two people who are friends and also work together would have a multiplexity of 2. Multiplexity has been associated with relationship strength and can also comprise overlap of positive and negative network ties. Mutuality/Reciprocity: The extent to which two actors reciprocate each other's friendship or other interaction. Network Closure: A measure of the completeness of relational triads.
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Glasser recalled the "recurrent struggle on the frontier of survival: mutuality and the informal economy"."Cultures of Selling: Perspectives on Consumption and Society Since 1700" ed. John Benson and Laura Ugolini, Ashgate Publishing, 2006, , p. 159. Displaying a precocious intellect, Glasser studied the Theory of Relativity as a boy and attended a lecture by Albert Einstein when he was thirteen.
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15 One of his main views was a "theory of infinite worlds" which for him was developed by pre-socratic philosophers. For him reality is a product of consciousness and each individual consciousness is a world on itself. Another important concept in his philosophy is one he called "non-mutuality" which expresses that which does not permit communication between individuals.Horst Matthai Quelle.
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Irène Pétry began work as a private employee in a company located in Liège. Later, after the war, she joined the Socialist Mutuality in her hometown of Waremme, where she developed a section called "Femmes Prévoyantes Socialistes" (Forward-looking Socialist Women). This group was located at the Joseph Wauters Clinic, also in Waremme. Today it is a medical analysis laboratory.
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In the 1920s, the fascist government disposed of cooperatives and unions and the organization was disbanded.Lappé, Frances Moore An Interpretation of Life YES! Magazine 13 June 2006 After World War II, Legacoop reformed. Article 45 of the Italian Constitution recognized the social role of cooperatives as based on mutuality and non-profit goals, and involved the government in promoting its development.
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In 2005 those members of WDTA who wished to train new Waking Down teachers (and educate through teaching seminars) formed The Institute of Awakened Mutuality (IAM), a 501(c)(3) educational non-profit corporation. This was done with the full and explicit ongoing support of the WDTA. IAM founding members were Hillary Davis, Deborah Boyar, Krishna Gauci, and Ron Ambes."Institute of Awakened Mutuality website" Despite the surface functionality in the relationship between Saniel and the WDTA for many years, undercurrents simmered and erupted from time to time, reflecting the inherent “genetic” differences of a founder in relationship with a collective of teachers. These longstanding tensions called for resolution in January 2014, when the WDTA used its established grievance process to address Saniel’s conduct in light of its longstanding ethics policies regulating teachers’ expression of anger and power.
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Erik Erikson was another psychoanalytic writer who partially adopted Reich's concept without acknowledgement. In his bestselling Childhood and Society, Erikson wrote: "Genitality, then, consists in the unobstructed capacity to develop an orgastic potency so free of pregenital interferences that the genital libido ... is expressed in heterosexual mutuality ... and with a convulsion-like discharge of tension from the whole body."Erikson quoted in : 25.: 23–25.
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At the micro-level, social network research typically begins with an individual, snowballing as social relationships are traced, or may begin with a small group of individuals in a particular social context. Dyadic level: A dyad is a social relationship between two individuals. Network research on dyads may concentrate on structure of the relationship (e.g. multiplexity, strength), social equality, and tendencies toward reciprocity/mutuality.
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The reward theory also helps explain why people are more attracted to people of close proximity, of more attractiveness, more similar, and people who have feelings of mutuality. Proximity is rewarding. It cost less effort to receive friendship's benefits with someone who lives or works closer. People like attractive people because they perceive that attractive people offer other desirable traits, and they benefit from associating with them.
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The law does not permit counter-parties to use third party debt to set off against an un-related liability.P Wood Title Finance, Derivatives, Securitisation, Set-off and Netting, (London: Sweet & Maxwell, 1995), 189 All forms of set-off require mutuality between claim and cross claim. This protects property rights both inside insolvency and out, primarily by ensuring that a non-owner cannot benefit from insolvency.
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The authors explained, "rhetorical studies has theorized 'shit' in terms of the communication of transformation, style, and textual relations," particularly in relation to claims of expertise to topics such as "anti-semitism" and "wine-tasting." They conclude that bullshit speech is one- sided discourse that is difficult to penetrate because it contains "ideological barriers to the expectation of mutuality," working to deflect critical responses.
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Joseph Honoré Ricard was born in Le Bouscat, Gironde, on 3 December 1880. He studied at the National Agronomical Institute, where he was a brilliant student. He then became a specialist in the problems of mutuality, insurance and organization of trade unions. Ricard held important positions in the Union of Agricultural Syndicates (union des syndicats agricoles) and the Society of Farmers of France (Société des agriculteurs de France).
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However, since the end of the Cold War era, both sides put in effort in developing their bilateral relations in every field. In contemporary times, relations between India and Turkey have been strained due to Turkey's religious mutuality with Pakistan. Until recently, Turkey was a vocal advocate of Pakistan's position on the Kashmir dispute. Turkey was also one of the few opponents to India's inclusion into the Nuclear Suppliers Group.
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In 1984 he was appointed deputy minister of governorate and police. The modernization of the rural guard began, including a regime of mutuality and protection, and the National Commission for the fight against illegal drug trafficking was organized. Castro has also been deputy minister of the Interior and Police, and President of San José City Council. He has also served as Secretary General of the National Liberation Party.
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A common aspect of recovery is said to be the presence of others who believe in the person's potential to recover and who stand by them. According to Relational Cultural Theory as developed by Jean Baker Miller, recovery requires mutuality and empathy in relationships. The theory states this requires relationships that embody respect, authenticity, and emotional availability. Supportive relationships can also be made safer through predictability and avoiding shaming and violence.
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With Murray A. Straus, Douglas has developed a widely used short form questionnaire to evaluate intimate partner violence. To be used in time limited situation, it is based on the longer Conflict Tactics Scales (CTS2), the most commonly used survey instrument for domestic violence.Straus MA, Douglas EM. A short form of the Revised Conflict Tactics Scales, and typologies for severity and mutuality. Violence and victims. 2004;19(5):507-20.
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The parties may be natural persons ("individuals") or juristic persons ("corporations"). An agreement is formed when an "offer" is accepted. The parties must have an intention to be legally bound; and to be valid, the agreement must have both proper "form" and a lawful object. In England (and in jurisdictions using English contract principles), the parties must also exchange "consideration" to create a "mutuality of obligation," as in Simpkins v Pays.
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The way in which shared governance is realized in Catholic colleges and universities does vary from institution to institution. In Jesuit institutions, when serving the role of a board member an individual of the formal order provides guidance on the philosophy of Jesuit education while facilitating “the mutuality so essential for shared governance before the law and in reality,” respecting Catholic traditions with a democratic spirit of institutional governance.
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She was dismissed after she apparently took sick leave for two months without informing the agency or the council for her reasons. When Mrs James returned, she had been replaced. She claimed that she was unfairly dismissed. The Employment Tribunal held that Mrs James did not have the requisite mutuality of obligation to support a contract existing between her and the local council, and a contract of service could not be implied.
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A condition of sustained alertness, a heightening of awareness and an enormous fund of energy to deploy in pursuit of the limerent aim is developed. The sensation of limerence is felt in the midpoint of the chest, bottom of the throat, guts, or in some cases in the abdominal region. This can be interpreted as ecstasy at times of mutuality, but its presence is most noticeable during despair at times of rejection.
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Ur Taylor, D. (red.) Michel Foucault: Key Concepts (s. 1-9). Acumen Publishing Ltd., Foucault incorporated mutuality into his neologism power-knowledge, the most important part of which is the hyphen that links the two aspects of the integrated concept together (and alludes to their inherent inextricability). In his later works, Foucault suggests that power-knowledge was later replaced in the modern world, with the term governmentality which points to a specific mentality of governance.
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The Religious Institute believes that all religious communities are responsible for addressing sexuality. It defines a sexually healthy faith community as one that is “committed to fostering spiritual, sexual, and emotional health among the congregation and providing a safe environment where sexuality issues are addressed with respect, mutuality, and openness.” Sexuality is integrated with spirituality in liturgies, pastoral care, religious education with both youth and adults, and in community social action programs.
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The Court saw a misallocation of resources in allowing "relitigation of issues where that can be achieved without compromising fairness in particular cases." It is no "longer tenable to afford a litigant more than one full and fair opportunity for judicial resolution of the same issue."402 U.S. at 328–29. The Court then turned from general considerations of the soundness of requiring mutuality of estoppel to the specific context of patent validity determinations.
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Hallstrom countersued Barker for age, weight and medical discrimination, wrongful termination and malicious prosecution (Hallstrom v. Barker). In October 2005, Hallstrom received a multimillion-dollar settlement. The settlement would have possibly been more, but early settlement agreements all contained a "hush clause" that forbade Hallstrom from saying anything disparaging about Barker to the media. However, Barker refused to agree to the mutuality clause of the settlement agreement, thereby retaining the right to speak freely against Hallstrom in the media.
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Interactive writing and gifted children: Communication through literacy. Journal for the Education of the gifted, X (2), 99–106. points out that the learning styles of gifted children (rapid development, open exploration, self-motivated, dislike of rote drills) are uniquely compatible with the dynamic communication that is possible in dialogue journals. Armstrong studied the importance of teachers learning to use a wide variety of language functions to create shared mutuality and engage gifted students in written communication.
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If a patient is on a private scheme, or is uninsured, the fee is payable in full at the time of the appointment. The patient then brings, mails or deposits the receipt to his insurance mutuality which then immediately repays the amount. The majority of dentists in Belgium are private, though there are those who accept part-payment on state insurance. As with general practitioners, patients can arrange to see a specialist of their choice at any hospital.
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The Chinese concept of "religion" draws the divine near to the human world. Because "religion" refers to the bond between the human and the divine, there is always a danger that this bond be broken. However, the term zōngjiào—instead of separation—emphasises communication, correspondence and mutuality between the ancestor and the descendant, the master and the disciple, and between the Way (Tao, the way of the divine in nature) and its ways. Ancestors are the mediators of Heaven.
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Rights, responsibilities and practicing participatory engagement – Restorative leadership is distinct from command and control leadership by emphasizing mutuality and co-creation. It promotes self-organizing capacity, collective well-being, and resilience by facilitating, guiding and empowering. Social capital through engaging networks - With restorative leadership, connecting relationally and seeing connections holistically builds trust and familiarity across social networks. Engaging vertical and horizontal networks lays a foundation of social capital that translates to adaptive capacity in times of disaster or stress.
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"History of Waking Down in Mutuality" Bonder then began naming advanced students as fellow teachers and taught with them alongside his partner (and present wife) Linda Groves. He explicitly recognized fellow Waking Down teachers as colleagues rather than subordinates, stating that this was a further distinction between himself and his former teacher.Bonder Saniel (2002), Sure Fire pp. 170-171 In 1997 WDM teacher Ted Strauss organized a Waking Down Weekend workshop in collaboration with Bonder and other teachers.
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This core environment stands as the child's venue for initially learning about the world. As the child's most intimate learning setting, it offers him or her a reference point for the world. The microsystem may provide the nurturing centerpiece for the child or become a haunting set of memories. The real power in this initial set of interrelations with family for the child is what they experience in terms of developing trust and mutuality with their significant people.
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596B; Also, Ready Mixed Concrete (South East) Ltd v Minister of Pensions and National Insurance (i.e. not "self employed"), but recognised as subordinate labour, economically dependent on the employer. However, Alexander Irvine QC argued that the waiters had no "mutuality of obligation" with the employer: they were not bound to accept work engagements when they were called up, and the employer was under no obligation to call them up. They could leave, or be fired, at will.
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Pierre-Joseph Proudhon Mutualism emerged from early 19th century socialism and is generally considered a market-oriented strand within the libertarian socialist tradition. Originally developed by Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, mutualism typically accepts property rights, but with brief abandonment time periods. In a community in which mutuality property rules were upheld, a landowner would need to make continuous use of the land. If failing to do so, the ownership rights would be extinguished and the land could be homesteaded by someone else.
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The Beauty Myth, a term coined by author Naomi Wolf, is used to describe the theory that beauty itself is a socially constructed value. Wolf discusses how unattainable standards of beauty are used against women when they are unable to conform and achieve these ideal standards. Psychologist Carol Gilligan believes that love depends on being in a relationship (meaning being in sync with another person): connected by a bond of equality and mutuality. "Both love and democracy depend on voice," she believes.
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Triadic level: Add one individual to a dyad, and you have a triad. Research at this level may concentrate on factors such as balance and transitivity, as well as social equality and tendencies toward reciprocity/mutuality. In the balance theory of Fritz Heider the triad is the key to social dynamics. The discord in a rivalrous love triangle is an example of an unbalanced triad, likely to change to a balanced triad by a change in one of the relations.
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He stated that attachment by mother was a pathological inversion and described only behaviors of the infant. Many developmental specialists elaborated Bowlby's ethological observations. However, neither Bowlby's proximity seeking (not possible for human infants prior to walking) nor subsequent descriptions of caregiver–infant mutuality with emotional availability and synchrony with emotional modulation include the enduring motivation of attachment into adult life. The enduring motivation is the desire to control a pleasantly surprising transformation that is the route of belief in effectiveness by humans.
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He or she is mostly the family deity of rich land-owning patrons of the Baṇṭ caste whose position and power they reflect, confirm and renew. The relationship between the būtas, manor heads, and the villagers forms a transactional network which reaffirms the caste hierarchy and power relations in a village. The duty assigned to every category is differential but based on mutuality. The manor head by staging the nēma seeks to symbolically proclaim himself to be the natural leader of the community.
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Supported heavily is the idea of mutuality: disclosure by one leads to disclosure by the other. The modeling hypothesis suggests that the client will model the disclosures of the therapist, thereby learning expression and gaining skills in communication. Some argue for the reinforcement model, saying that the use of self-disclosure by therapists is purely to reinforce self-disclosure in their clients. Lastly, the social exchange hypothesis sees the relationship between client and therapist as an interaction that requires a guide: self-disclosure.
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Early in his administration student representation on the Board of Trustees was initiated, and student membership in the University Senate was increased. As a result, many causes of student discontent were eradicated, and a mutuality of trust and respect between students and administrators developed and grew during the Singletary years. Singletary retired from his post as president of the university on June 30, 1987, having served longer in that position than any of his predecessors, save James Kennedy Patterson and Frank McVey.
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Ma Tam Temple of Being had been organized as a vehicle for Saniel Bonder's work. As more teachers were trained and the movement grew, the limits of an organization structured around a single teacher became apparent to both Bonder and the teachers involved. Many Waking Down teachers wanted to operate autonomously. It was stated by Bonder that the contradiction inherent in an organization of teachers of "mutuality" that was not owned and run by the teachers themselves was also uncomfortable for him.
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Badger serves on the Board of Directors of Mars, Inc, his family business.Island Press: Board of Directors In 2007, he spoke on behalf of Seeds of Change, a retailer of organic food acquired by Mars, Inc. In November 2014, he attended the third annual Global Action Summit in Nashville, Tennessee, where he accepted the Global Shared Value Award on behalf of the company.Stephen Badger of the Mars board presented with the inaugural award in recognition of Mars’ work around Mutuality, Mars.
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They are considered to be the backbone of the black race and give anything that they can to communities, and often what they cannot. Collins also discusses the "mothering the mind" relationships that can develop between black othermothers and other females who effectively become their students. These relationships move toward the mutuality of a shared sisterhood that binds black women as community othermothers. Community othermothers have made dramatic contributions by creating a new type of community in often hostile political and economic situations.
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In the seminal work of applied linguist Ronald Carter, he hypothesized two main creativity types involving words and word patterns: pattern-reforming creativity, and pattern-forming creativity. Pattern-reforming creativity refers to creativity by the breaking of rules, reforming and reshaping patterns of language often through individual innovation, while pattern-forming creativity refers to creativity via conformity to language rules rather than breaking them, creating convergence, symmetry and greater mutuality between interlocutors through their interactions in the form of repetitions.
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A moral economy, in one interpretation, is an economy that is based on goodness, fairness, and justice. Such an economy is generally only stable in small, closely knit communities, where the principles of mutuality—i.e. "I'll scratch your back if you'll scratch mine"—operate to avoid the free rider problem. Where economic transactions arise between strangers who cannot be informally sanctioned by a social network, the free rider problem lacks a solution and a moral economy becomes harder to maintain.
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The Interdependence of Faiths. In the course of the discourse, he mentions occasionally a sophisticated view: how the different religions have provided a mutuality of nourishment, having almost unconsciously interpenetrated each other's beliefs. The historically obfuscated result is that neighbouring religions might develop the other's theological insights as their own, as well as employ the other's distinctions to accent, or explain, their own doctrines to themselves. Although Zaehner gives a suggestive commentary at the conjunction of living faiths, he respects that each remains distinct, unique.
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The opposing force to this is constituted of 'thy' four times, 'thou' three times, and a 'thee'. The main body of the sonnet, however, concludes with an expression of former mutuality "our old acquaintance". It is quite typical for a love poem to pivot between 'I' and 'you' (or 'thee'). Shakespeare seems to write knots of 'you' sonnets (as in the 'rival poet' part of the sequence: at 87 a new tonality came in with the dramatic announcement of 'Farewell, thou art too dear for my possessing'.
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FFP opposed pornography. It is defined as the sexualized degrading, dominating, humiliating, objectifying, subjugating, violating, annihilating, exploiting, or violence and is distinguished from erotica, which is based on mutuality of power and pleasure.Questions We Are Asked Often, in The Backlash Times (FFP), Spring 1985, p. [14]. According to FFP founder Page Mellish, pornography provides the training for incest, assault, and rape, results in the objectification of women, affects women's ability to get equal rights and equal pay and encourages men associate sex with violence.
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New relationship energy (or NRE) refers to a state of mind experienced at the beginning of sexual and romantic relationships, typically involving heightened emotional and sexual feelings and excitement. NRE begins with the earliest attractions, may grow into full force when mutuality is established, and can fade over months or years. The term indicates contrast to those feelings aroused in an "old" or ongoing relationship. The term originated in the Usenet postings of Zhahai Stewart in the 1980s and more widely presented in 1993.
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Elias J found in favour of Ms James. She was indeed a worker, and even if there was a lack of mutuality of obligation, this did not matter to the status of a person when work was being done. Even if a person is doing small contractual stints, and there was no overarching contract, there could still be an employment relationship (following McMeechan v Secretary of State for Employment [1997] ICR 549). The case was remitted to the tribunal, on this guidance, to determine the case afresh.
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On November 15, 2017, the Dedham Savings Board of Corporators, on the recommendation of the Bank’s Trustees and Executive Management, voted to approve the formation of 1831Bancorp, MHC. This action received final regulatory approval in February of 2018. Also formed was a mid-tier stock holding company called 1831 Bancorp, Inc. The mutuality of Dedham Savings remains intact but resides inside the Mutual Holding Company, the sole owner of the mid-tier holding company, which is the sole owner of the now stock savings bank.
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The regulation of agency workers is affected by the interpretation by the courts of the word "employee" under s.230 of the Employment Rights Act 1996. If an individual is considered to be an "employee" then all the entitlements (such as a written statement of contract, reasonable notice before dismissal, time off for parenting, etc.) under the Employment Rights Act 1996 apply. But the courts have often held that agency workers fall outside of this definition, because they lack "mutuality of obligation" in their contracts.
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Although designed to incorporate a broader range of social, environmental and economic perspectives into the environmental governance process and to facilitate the inclusion of actors from all levels into decision-making, the extent to which imbalances of power between actors involved in the partnerships affects their implementation has provoked concern among their critics. Brinkerhoff and Brinkerhoff theorised that an effective partnership must fulfil two essential criteria: mutuality- interdependence and equality between partners, and organisational identity- the equal maintenance of each partner’s missions and goals. In the event of a partnership between Northern and Southern actors, for example, the North will inevitably contribute greater financial and material resources to the partnership than the South, creating a power inequality which may enable the North to assume control of the partnership and impairing the mutuality necessary for the partnership to function successfully. This concern was reflected by a number of developing nations who formed a coalition to lobby against the development of Type II partnerships, fearing that the partnerships would award too much authority over sustainable development to the global North, whilst simultaneously reducing the responsibility of industrialised nations to develop and implement legally binding intergovernmental management strategies.
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Ludmilla Assing was the second daughter of author Rosa Maria Varnhagen and David Assur Assing, a Jewish physician from Königsberg. Her elder sister Ottilie Assing was a feminist author and abolitionist activist. David Assing converted to Lutheranism so he could marry Ludmilla's mother, Rosa Maria Assing — although, for the sake of mutuality, the family moved into a Jewish neighbourhood where Assing would feel more comfortable. Ludmilla's parents were liberal intellectuals and held cultural salons attended by authors and thinkers including Heinrich Heine, Friedrich Hebbel, Karl Gutzkow and poets of the Young Germany (Junges Deutschland) movement.
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The lines represent the three elements of Don Bosco's Preventive System of Education, namely: Reason (principle-driven life), Religion (spirituality) and Loving Kindness (connectedness and mutuality). The lines which resemble waves, daluyong in the local language, recall the legendary origin of the community of Mandaluyong. Tradition has it that the name of the city where the school is located originated from the abundance of the waves or "mga daluyong". The half-gear on the left and the laurel leaves on the right that surround the central design are emblematic respectively of technical and academic education.
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"Revolution, Sociolatry, and War", the May Pamphlet fifth essay, was first published in Politics as a libertarian response to Marxist theory typical for the magazine. Goodman approves of Karl Marx's social psychology but disagrees on topics of statism and history. Goodman holds that external institutions and narrow focus on socioeconomic progress are weak substitutes for small sets of individuals working in mutuality to realizing their personal desires, a kind of decentralized syndicalism. Goodman expects routine aggression to be relieved by "natural institutions" such as friendly competition and mutual interdependence.
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He claimed unfair dismissal. C&W; submitted that because the agency paid Mr Muscat, there was insufficient mutuality of obligation between C&W; and Mr Muscat. The Employment Tribunal held Mr Muscat was employed by Exodus at the time of the takeover, and despite the agency contract, he had an implied employment contract with C&W.; Since he had been continuously employed for over a year, and TUPER 1981 applied, he was entitled to bring his claim. Judge Serota QC in the Employment Appeal Tribunal dismissed C&W;’s appeal.
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Employment Tribunal found no employment contract existed with either the prison or the agency. There was no mutuality of obligation, because both sides were entitled to terminate the job at any time. EAT upheld the tribunal. Mr Muschett argued that as a litigant in person, the employment judge should have a duty to help unearth relevant facts, and that the EAT had not properly considered whether a contract could be implied, or the wider definition of ‘employee’ in the Race Relations Act 1976 section 78, and the analogous equality laws.
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Like gratitude, these other ideas have things in common with the norm of reciprocity, but are quite distinct from it. Gratitude, in its ordinary sense, is as much about having warm and benevolent feelings toward one’s benefactors as it is about having obligations to them. Reciprocity, in its ordinary dictionary sense, is broader than that, and broader than all discussions that begin with a sense of mutuality and mutual benevolence. (See the reference below to Becker, Reciprocity, and the bibliographic essays therein.) Reciprocity pointedly covers arm’s-length dealings between egoistic or mutually disinterested people.
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To embark on such a journey during a time of increasing violence speaks to his dedication to see Papunhank again, visiting his village despite language and cultural barriers.Jay David Miller, p. 43. He would write fondly of his time spent in the region, describing feelings of mutuality while engaging in a shared feeling of religious experience that contrasted much of the violence that surrounded them.Jay David Miller, p. 47. In 1763, Papunhank was baptised as a Moravian by a prominent missionary and clergyman David Zeisberger, during his visit to the settlement.
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Kopelman's project told the story of a Palestinian/Israeli Arab who is trying to become recognised in the Israeli culture, and all the ethnic and racial issues that it encompasses. In 2007 he composed, recorded and mixed music for theatre Six Actors in Search of a Pilot. A production that involved Israeli Arabs and Jews that focused on the need for mutuality and not conflict. They performed throughout Israel in the Arab and Jewish communities and played on Broadway in Manhattan, NY. Smulian has also scored for various documentaries and films.
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However, in recognition of the fact that these companies deal with their shareholder-members only. Nidhi means a company which has been incorporated with the object of developing the habit of thrift and reserve funds amongst its members and also receiving deposits and lending to its members only for their mutual benefit. Nidhi companies existed even prior to the existence of companies Act 2013. The basic concept of nidhi is "Principle of Mutuality" These companies are more popular in South India, and 80% of Nidhi companies are located in Tamil Nadu.
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The District of Foix is the administrative district to which the Municipality of Foix belongs within the Department of Ariège. Foix is the main seat of the agglomerated community of Pays Foix-Varilhes. As such, it hosts several administrative bodies, namely Academic Inspection; Departmental Direction of the Territories; Departmental Direction of the Social Cohesion and the Protection of the Populations; Local branch of the French Family Allowance Fund (CAF); Local branch of the Primary Health Insurance Fund (CPAM) and the local branch of the Agricultural Social Mutuality (MSA).
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In contrast, flesh and blood pets provide mutuality, a relatively exclusive and enduring affection, and often some self-enhancing function.” Kritt went on to address the impact of virtual pets on girls and technology. He wrote: “Despite McLuhan’s trenchant insight that the medium is the message, the virtual pet may not be so much a point of entry intro cyberspace for girls as it is a promoter of traditional values.” Kritt argued that this message is amplified when a child's parent, particularly her mother, focuses on helping the daughter keep the virtual pet alive.
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Although Leek United's Board rejected Murray Financial's offer, Murray gained the approval of 100 of the Society's members to call a special general meeting to consider the bid. It was estimated that each of Leek United's 60,000 members could gain an £800 windfall from the sale of the Society. The bid failed, however, when the Society's members rejected the offer by an almost three to one ratio. Leek United remains committed to the principles of mutuality, serving the interests and needs of its members, rather than paying dividends to external shareholders.
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Over the years, UNHCO has been advocating for effective citizen participation in healthcare delivery and sustainable access to affordable and quality healthcare services. This has been based on the mutuality of rights and obligations of both the health service providers and users. In executing her mandate, UNHCO employs an empowerment strategy that focuses on strengthening the capacity of local communities to demand and hold service providers and policy makers accountable. This Rights Based Approach (RBA) enables citizens to appreciate health service delivery as a right and not as a privilege.
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Daniël Termont (born 19 May 1953) is a Belgian politician, member of the Socialist Party and former mayor of Ghent, Belgium. He was the son of shopkeepers who lived in Mariakerke. His mother's family was strongly socialistically engaged. In 1971, Daniel obtained a degree in accounting at the Stedelijk Instituut voor Handel en Secretariaat. He did his military service as from April 1972 until April 1973 and worked later on for ten years as a federal charge of LTA (Mutuality of Young Workers), the youth organization of the Socialist Unions at that time.
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Many employees will have higher notice periods in their contracts, or under the protection of collective agreements established by the workplace union. It is important to note that these minimum periods are reciprocal - there is a "mutuality of obligation" - and so employees are also required to give such reasonable notice. However nothing prevents employers giving pay in lieu of notice if it is expressly provided for in the employee's contract of employment, staff handbook, or other relevant documents. Both parties can also agree within that period to waive their rights.
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In spring of 2005 all involved unanimously approved the restructuring plans and the Waking Down Teachers Association was incorporated.Trillium Awakening - In Depth History All teachers of Waking Down, including founder Saniel Bonder, were equal members of the Waking Down Teachers Association (WDTA). The WDTA was a 501(c)(6) professional association created for the support of its members in their own work as autonomous teachers. All members agreed to abide by the ethics policies and to maintain a relationship with a peer supervision group through mandatory monthly mutuality support groups of 5 or 6 members.
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Recent literary scholarship has noted Lumpkin's ideals of progressive representations of race relations and how she incorporated these into her writings. For example, the characters in To Make My Bread illustrate the importance of alliances between white and black women workers, and how these can be based on mutual understanding and need. Lumpkin shows readers that solidarity across racial and economic lines is essential for members of all groups. Historians during the 1960s and 1970s found particular interest in whether the United States run according to competitive individualism or by cooperation and mutuality.
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In order for the bank to combine accounts there must be mutuality, i.e. it must be the same customer and the same legal entity for the bank.Greenwood Teale v William, William, Brown & Co (1894) 11 TLR 56 However, accounts held at different branches of the same bank may still be combined. Although it has not been finally determined by case law, most commentators accept that accounts in different currencies may be combined, as may accounts in different countries (so long as the governing law in each country permits such combination).
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These disitinctions can be interpreted as Milton's view on the importance of mutuality between husband and wife. When examining the relationship between Adam and Eve, some critics apply either an Adam-centered or Eve-centered view of hierarchy and importance to God. David Mikics argues, by contrast, these positions "overstate the independence of the characters' stances, and therefore miss the way in which Adam and Eve are entwined with each other.". Milton's narrative depicts a relationship where the husband and wife (here, Adam and Eve) depend on each other and, through each other's differences, thrive.
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Under Dow's management, Standard Life saw a focus on the regionalisation of the company management structure, and training to support the company acting as a single entity. Much like his predecessors, Dow was deeply invested in the concept of mutuality, regularly describing its benefits to policy-holders. During his time as manager, Dow travelled to overseas offices, including a visit to the Canadian office in 1969, and Jamaica in 1970. In addition, Dow contributed to the company sporting legacy, presenting a challenge cup for an annual golf tournament between Standard Life and Scottish Widows during his tenure.
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The local churches practice mutuality in their meetings based on verses such as 1 Corinthians 14:26 ("Whenever you come together, each one has a psalm, has a teaching, has a revelation, has a tongue, has an interpretation. Let all things be done for building up."). Participants are encouraged to request hymns, offer brief comments, or pray at will. This is particularly evident in "prophesying meetings" in which members speak one after another usually based on what they studied throughout the previous week from the Bible, the books of Watchman Nee and Witness Lee, and the periodical Holy Word for Morning Revival.
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Smith LJ read the judgment for Sir Anthony Clarke MR and Maurice Kay LJ which dismissed the appeal again. In a triangular case, where one works for an end user but is paid by an agency, a judge should consider the whole evidence to find an implied contract, following Dacas. A contract is to be inferred when it is necessary to give business reality to the relationship, and where both mutuality and control by an end user are present. It did not matter whether remuneration was paid by the agency, as long as it was ultimately paid by the end-user.
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" He further agreed that the inherent-relationship test was inconsistent with that language, and that mutuality was not something that could be discarded so casually since it would violate the long-held constitutional and common law principle that a defendant not be required to answer any charges not in the indictment."Schmuck III at 716–718. Martin's argument that the history of the rule favored the elements test also met with Blackmun's agreement. In addition to the examples of use prior to its adoption that Martin had mentioned, Blackmun found that the Court itself had used it back in 1896.
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Curiously the Companies (Winding Up and Miscellaneous Provisions) Ordinance makes no express provision for insolvency set-off within the statute itself, and instead, the relevant provisions are incorporated by reference from the Bankruptcy Ordinance. Any sums which are owed by a creditor to the company are set-off against sums which are owed by the company to that creditor.Bankruptcy Ordinance, s.35 In order for insolvency set-off to operate there must be strict mutuality between the claims (in that the company and creditor must both be beneficially entitled to the relevant debts, not merely claimants as agents or trustees for another party).
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The individual stands simultaneously in several different relationships with different people: as a junior in relation to parents and elders, and as a senior in relation to younger siblings, students, and others. While juniors are considered in Confucianism to owe their seniors reverence, seniors also have duties of benevolence and concern toward juniors. The same is true with the husband and wife relationship where the husband needs to show benevolence towards his wife and the wife needs to respect the husband in return. This theme of mutuality still exists in East Asian cultures even to this day.
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Retail societies and other co-operatives are among the members of the party, which works with the Labour Party to elect those sympathetic to co-operative issues and to promote co-operation and mutuality. The think tank and consultancy Mutuo was originally developed by the party and now operates independently across the wider mutual sector in the United Kingdom. The Woodcraft Folk is an organisation widely considered to be the youth arm of the co-operative movement. Woodcraft Folk groups teach the principles of cooperation to children and is financially supported by the Co- operative Group and many other cooperative societies.
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In February 2006, PSNS changed its name into the Slovak National Coalition – Slovak Mutuality (Slovenská národná koalícia – Slovenská vzájomnosť). However, only the Slovak National Party is currently relevant. In 2008 a €120 million tender for establishing the rules and guidelines and logos for distribution of funds from the European Union, was won by a consortium of firms with close ties to SNS leader Ján Slota. The tender notice had been posted for only five days on a bulletin board in the ministry run by the SNS party behind a locked door, which resulted in a single bid.
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The villagers offer sēva during the nēma in the form of service and prostrations and in doing so also offer their support to the nēma and their recognition of the leader's status. In return, the villagers expect justice and resolution of disputes by the daiva during the nēma. In the nēma, the leading manors offer a part of their farm products to the daiva, which are then redistributed to the villagers. The nēma thereby underlines the mutuality on which feudal relations used to be based and, in a limited way, takes care of the problem of social (distributive) justice.
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Sir John Donaldson MR held the waiters were not "employees" (either of the function hall or the agency) because they did not, technically, have to turn up to work for a shift, and they could be sacked at any time. Sir John Donaldson MR said therefore, that the contract lacked "mutuality" and could not be described as one between an "employee" and "employer". Because they were not "employees" they did not have a right to claim unfair dismissal. And so even though the trade union discrimination legislation protected them, they did not have access to the tribunal to make those rights effective.
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On January 7, 2008, the Quezon City RTC junked ABS-CBN's suit against AGB Nielsen, saying the case was "prematurely filed" before the court. Judge Charito Gonzales's basis is the principle of mutuality of contracts, citing Article 1308 and 1196, New Civil Code of the Philippines. Also, Judge Samuel Gaerlan, QCRTC, Branch 92 issued court summons against ABS-CBN and its 15 personnel, in the P15-million damage suit by GMA Network. On January 17, 2008, Judge Gaerlan recused himself from the case, considering that he has a cousin working in the legal department of ABS-CBN.GMANews.
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Goldberg said the principle of territorial integrity has two important sub-principles, there must be a withdrawal to recognized and secure frontiers for all countries, not necessarily the old armistice lines, and there must be mutuality in adjustments.Foreign Relations of the United States Volume XIX, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967, p. 981, Document 501. The U.S. President's Special Assistant, Walt Rostow, told Israeli ambassador Harmon that he had already stressed to Foreign Minister Eban that the U.S. expected the thrust of the settlement would be toward security and demilitarisation arrangements rather than toward major changes in the armistice lines.
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Briefing on the country's foreign policy in 2004, a Pakistani senator reportedly explained: "Pakistan highlights sovereign equality of states, bilateralism, mutuality of interests, and non-interference in each other's domestic affairs as the cardinal features of its foreign policy." Pakistan is an active member of the United Nations and has a Permanent Representative to represent Pakistan's positions in international politics. Pakistan has lobbied for the concept of "enlightened moderation" in the Muslim world. Pakistan is also a member of Commonwealth of Nations, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), the Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), and the G20 developing nations.
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Here, even if Mrs Carlill did not "win" £100, Carbolic won nothing.See also, Caminada v Hulton 60 LJ MC 116, where the publisher of a book containing information as to horse-races promised to pay a sum of money to any purchaser of the book who correctly prophesied the winning horses in certain future races, it was held that the promise was not a wager, there being no mutuality of gain and loss. Third, using the smokeball could not be an insurance policy, because it was not shaped as an insurance policy.Morgan v Pebrer, 3 Bing.
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But according to Peter O'Brien, Professor Emeritus at Moore Theological College, this would be the only instance of this meaning of submission in the whole New Testament, indeed in any extant comparable Greek texts; by O'Brien's account, the word simply does not connote mutuality. Dallas Theological Seminary professor Daniel Wallace understands it to be an extension of on being filled by the Holy Spirit. In the period leading up to the American Civil War (1861–65), on master-slave relationships was one of the Bible verses used by Confederate slaveholders in support of a slaveholding position.E.N. Elliott, ed.
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In a participating policy (also "par" in the United States, and known as a "with-profits policy" in the Commonwealth), the insurance company shares the excess profits (divisible surplus) with the policyholder in the form of annual dividends. Typically these "refunds" are not taxable because they are considered an overcharge of premium (or "reduction of basis"). In general, the greater the overcharge by the company, the greater the refund/dividend ratio; however, other factors will also have a bearing on the size of the dividend. For a mutual life insurance company, participation also implies a degree of ownership of the mutuality.
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26 He advocated the notion of "mutuality": a perspective that recognizes the need for the functional hierarchy between student and teacher but endeavors to simultaneously keep sight of the equality between them in their interactions.Khalsa, Sat Puran Singh (2008) Journey into Spiritual Maturity: A Thematic Analysis of Transpersonal Development p. 63 Students that attended these sittings spoke about their lives and their own sense of their "awakening process." In turn, Bonder offered counseling and what he termed "spiritual transmission": the communication of what he and his students considered his awakened state through gazing meditation, open conversation, and simply being together.
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Bonder Saniel 2002 pp. 170-171 He advocated community empowerment and a conscious honoring of each teacher's unique way of teaching within this context."Waking Down - Saniel Bonder" It was through this give-and-take between Saniel Bonder and his students that the first Waking Down teachers were trained in an atmosphere in which students openly questioned the teacher and his actions.Bonder, Saniel (2000), The Incarnation of Mutuality pp. 5-25 Bonder records the "community forum" When control of the organization was passed on to the teachers trained by Bonder, this became the philosophy of the group as a whole.
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He advocated and helped arrange a summit meeting between Kennedy and new Japanese prime minister Hayato Ikeda in Washington, D.C. in the summer of 1961. Historian Nick Kapur has argued that this summit was a success, and led to a substantial realignment of the US-Japan alliance in the direction of greater mutuality. Reischauer hoped to return the favor by having Kennedy become the first sitting US president to visit Japan. Kennedy was agreeable, and initial preparations were made, but Kennedy's was assassinated before he could make the visit and Secretary of State Dean Rusk went in his place in early 1964.
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The R-PAS includes new variables not from the Comprehensive System including Complexity, Space Integration, Space Reversal, Oral Dependency Language, the Mutuality of Autonomy scale, the Ego Impairment Index, and Aggressive Content. All of the variables selected for the R-PAS have been used by others in the past, either as part of previous systems for using the Rorschach, or as stand-alone independently coded variables. Prior research on these variables have shown correlation coefficients around approximately 0.9.Meyer, G. J. & Eblin, J. J. (2012), "An overview of the Rorschach performance assessment system (R-PAS)", Psychological Injury and Law, 5, pp.107-121.
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In 1997, when Tony Blair led New Labour to election victory, the approach to employment policy he brought was one of upholding labour market flexibility. The position of agency workers was reaffirmed when Derry Irvine was appointed Lord Chancellor, and he sat in on, and gave the leading judgement in, Carmichael v National Power plc. He reasserted his view of "mutuality of obligation". It is notable that the Constitutional Reform Act 2005 removed the power of the Lord Chancellor to decide on cases in this manner; it now being an incursion on the separation of powers within government.
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The Court approved the decision in Bernhardt for having chosen "to extirpate the mutuality requirement and put it to the torch." Instead, it considered it appropriate that "a party who has had one fair and full opportunity to prove a claim and has failed in that effort, should not be permitted to go to trial on the merits of that claim a second time. Both orderliness and reasonable time saving in judicial administration require that this be so unless some overriding consideration of fairness to a litigant dictates a different result in the circumstances of a particular case."402 U.S. at 324-25.
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Two artbooks featuring illustrations of the series, Code Geass Graphics Zero () and Code Geass Graphics Ashford (), have been published in Japan. Coinciding with the release of the second season of Code Geass was the publication of another artbook, Code Geass – Lelouch of the Rebellion illustrations Rebels (), which featured 134 art pieces of the first season. Another 95 page artbook titled Code Geass: Lelouch of the Rebellion – The Complete Artbook () has also been published. Finally, CLAMP, the well-known manga artist team who did the designs for Code Geass, put out their own artbook, entitled Code Geass x CLAMP: Mutuality.
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Collaborative arrangements occur based on more than just altruism. Mutuality and equitable engagement will not exist if southern partners expect developed countries to simply transfer their technological competitive advantage(Brinkerhoff 2002). A particular concern that arises in both for-profit and academic partnerships has been the failure to reap benefits of collaboration at meso- and macro-levels. While Southern researchers, inventors and managers involved in cross-border collaboration projects have benefited individually, these benefits do not translate to improvements in their organizations and institutions, possibly reflecting a problem of agency in the relationship (Alnuaimiet al. 2012).
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Morphological structure of a Circassian verb includes affixes (prefixes, suffixes) which are specific to the language. Verbs' affixes express meaning of subject, direct or indirect object, adverbial, singular or plural form, negative form, mood, direction, mutuality, compatibility and reflexivity, which, as a result, creates a complex verb, that consists of many morphemes and semantically expresses a sentence. For example: уакъыдэсогъэпсэлъэжы "I am forcing you to talk to them again" consists of the following morphemes: у-а-къы-дэ-со-гъэ-псэлъэ-жы, with the following meanings: "you (у) with them (а) from there (къы) together (дэ) I (со) am forcing (гъэ) to speak (псэлъэн) again (жы)".
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In a March 2010 statement, the group wrote that > As American religious leaders, we share a deep sense of obligation to call > upon our fellow citizens to treat each other with compassion and honesty, > and to foster an ethical commitment to bedrock American values such as > pluralism and religious freedom, mutuality and respect—values also at the > core of our religious traditions. For similar reasons, he was an outspoken critic of the 2005 documentary film "Obsession: Radical Islam's War Against the West," which he described as "a thinly-veiled call for disparagement and distrust of all Muslims."October 2008 statement on the film “Obsession,” retrieved May 1, 2011.
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Morphological structure of a Circassian verb includes affixes (prefixes, suffixes) which are specific to the language. Verbs' affixes express meaning of subject, direct or indirect object, adverbial, singular or plural form, negative form, mood, direction, mutuality, compatibility and reflexivity, which, as a result, creates a complex verb, that consists of many morphemes and semantically expresses a sentence. For example: уакъыдэсэгъэгущыӏэжьы "I am forcing you to talk to them again" consists of the following morphemes: у-а-къы-дэ-сэ-гъэ-гущыӏэ-жьы, with the following meanings: "you (у) with them (а) from there (къы) together (дэ) I (сэ) am forcing (гъэ) to speak (гущыӏэн) again (жьы)".
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Flaum scoffed at the majority's insistence on the mutuality provision, which Wilkey had seen as inimical to the fair administration of justice: Applying the inherent-relationship test to Schmuck's case, Flaum found that the odometer tampering was indeed a lesser charge to the mail fraud. "[T]he mailings that were the subject of the charges against the defendant were not separate from the fraudulent acts of which he was accused, but followed those acts both logically and chronologically," he wrote. "As the government proved this case, it had to prove odometer tampering because tampering led to sale, which led to mailing."Schmuck II, 393.
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The term "due process" is unique to common law legal systems, and is not generally found in the text of international human rights and humanitarian law treaties. Due process is a powerful concept at common law, so it was important for the Lexington Principles to be phrased in those terms. All of the transnational norms discovered during the lengthy research phase of the Lexington Principles Project needed to be translated into aspects of due process. This was accomplished by distilling all points of mutuality in the law governing detainee treatment under both international law and domestic U.S. law down to one central right: the right to physical liberty.
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O'Kelly v Trusthouse Forte plc [1983] ICR 728 was a UK labour law case, in which a bare majority held that a requirement for a contract is "mutuality of obligation" between the parties, which was thought to mean an ongoing duty to offer and accept work. It has been consistently doubted,e.g. Lee Ting Sang v Chung Chi-Keung [1990] UKPC 9 and its outcome reversed by legislation,e.g. Trade Union and Labour Relations (Consolidation) Act 1992 s 146 and its reasoning superseded by Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher,[2011] UKSC 41 which states that the only "mutual" obligations that are required is the consideration of work for a quid pro quo.
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Under MPJ, each debate team ranks the judging pool according to their preferences and judges are selected such that both teams prefer the chosen judge equally (if possible). Under earlier systems, debaters ranked judges into categories; for the last decade, an ordinal system has been adopted in which each judge is ranked from most to least preferred. Algorithms have been developed that create judge assignments that maximize preference and mutuality, optimizing assignment first for teams with three losses, then teams with two losses, then teams with one loss, then undefeated teams, and finally teams with more than three losses (and who therefore are ineligible for elimination rounds).
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Other elements of religious practice may be shared, especially when communities of different faiths are living in close proximity (for example, the use of Om and Krishna within the Indian Christian community) but usage of the names themselves mostly remains within the domain of a particular religion, or even may help define one's religious belief according to practice, as in the case of the recitation of names of God (such as the japa).Jerald D. Gort On sharing religious experience: possibilities of interfaith mutuality p.146 Encounter of Religions Research Group Rodopi, 1992 Guru Gobind Singh's Jaap Sahib, which contains 950 names of God.
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During the early 1920s, criticizing Freud's "classical" method of neutral interpretation, Ferenczi collaborated with Otto Rank to create a "here-and-now" psychotherapy that, through Rank's personal influence, led the American Carl Rogers to conceptualize person-centered therapy (Kramer 1995). Ferenczi has found some favour in modern times among the followers of Jacques Lacan as well as among relational psychoanalysts in the United States. Relational analysts read Ferenczi as anticipating their own clinical emphasis on mutuality (intimacy), intersubjectivity, and the importance of the analyst's countertransference. Ferenczi's work has strongly influenced theory and praxis of the interpersonal-relational theory of American psychoanalysis, as typified by psychoanalysts at the William Alanson White Institute.
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A mutual, mutual organization, or mutual society is an organization (which is often, but not always, a company or business) based on the principle of mutuality and governed by private law. Unlike a true cooperative, members usually do not contribute to the capital of the company by direct investment, but derive their right to profits and votes through their customer relationship. A mutual organization or society is often simply referred to as a mutual. A mutual exists with the purpose of raising funds from its membership or customers (collectively called its members), which can then be used to provide common services to all members of the organization or society.
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The London Metropolitan University academic Maurice Glasman launched Blue Labour in April 2009 at a meeting in Conway Hall, Bloomsbury. In that meeting, he called for a "new politics of reciprocity, mutuality and solidarity" as an alternative to the post-1945 centralising approach of the Labour Party. The movement grew through a series of seminars held in University College, Oxford, and at London Metropolitan University in the aftermath of Labour's defeat in the 2010 general election. Glasman criticised the New Labour administration of Tony Blair for having an uncritical view of the market economy and that of Gordon Brown for being uncritical of both the market and the state.
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Grampian was slower than most other ITV stations to begin colour broadcasting which, after the company invested £180,000 () in new equipment, promptly started in September 1971—an occasion timed to mark their 10th anniversary on air. The launch of the colour service led to a strike over Christmas 1971. A new film editor had signed a mutuality-binding three-month contract, and Grampian's decision to offer him permanent employment was not exercised.New move to end television dispute, The Glasgow Herald, 25 December 1971 For the Christmas period, Grampian had hired colour studio cameras especially for the Hogmanay programmes and the filming of a networked documentary.
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In 2004, 10 years after the success of Teaching to Transgress, bell hooks published Teaching Community: A Pedagogy of Hope. In this book, hooks offers advice about how to continue to make the classroom a place that is life- sustaining and mind expanding, a place of liberating mutuality where teacher and student together work in partnership. She writes that education as a practice of freedom enable us to confront feelings of loss and restore our sense of connections and consequently teaches us how to create community. She locates hope in places of struggle where she witnessed individuals positively transforming their lives and the world around them.
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Waking: The exploring, ever deepening recognition, and claiming of one's nature as Consciousness. An experiential change in lived reality where the sense of identity shifts from exclusive identification with the separate finite, human body/mind to an expanded identity as both undefinable Consciousness and the limited human self, now with a distinct sense of being non-separate from all that is perceived. WDM is a path of spiritual awakening that does not imply or require a state of perfection or extensive purification."About the Waking Down in Mutuality Process" Down: The exploring, ever deepening recognition, and claiming of one's own unique bodily human life.
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The General Society of Mechanics and Tradesmen of the City of New York, was founded on November 17, 1785, by 22 men who gathered in Walter Heyer's public- house on Pine Street in Lower Manhattan. The aims of the General Society were to provide cultural, educational and social services to families of skilled craftsmen. The General Society during this early period celebrated the mutuality and centrality of the craft community. Besides its charitable activities, the society played a prominent part in the festivities that marked patriotic holidays, carrying banners emblazoned with its slogan 'By hammer and hand all arts do stand', echoing the motto of the Worshipful Company of Blacksmiths.
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Judge Gonzales' basis is the principle of mutuality of contracts, citing Article 1308 and 1196, New Civil Code of the Philippines. Also, Judge Samuel Gaerlan, Quezon City Regional Trial Court Branch 92 issued court summons against ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation and 15 of its personnel on January 3, 2008. On January 17, 2008, Judge Gaerlan recused himself from the case, considering that he has a cousin working in the legal department of ABS-CBN Broadcasting Corporation. The case was later re-raffled on January 28, 2008, and the case was eventually assigned to Judge Henri Inting of Branch 95 of the Quezon City Regional Trial Court.
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Morphological structure of a Circassian verb includes affixes (prefixes, suffixes) which are specific to the language. Verbs' affixes express meaning of subject, direct or indirect object, adverbial, singular or plural form, negative form, mood, direction, mutuality, compatibility and reflexivity, which, as a result, creates a complex verb, that consists of many morphemes and semantically expresses a sentence. For example: уакъыдэсэгъэгущыӏэжьы "I am forcing you to talk to them again" consists of the following morphemes: у-а-къы-дэ-сэ-гъэ-гущыӏэ-жьы, with the following meanings: "you (у) with them (а) from there (къы) together (дэ) I (сэ) am forcing (гъэ) to speak (гущыӏэн) again (жьы)".
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Gardiner [1984] ICR 612 home-working ladies stitching flaps onto trousers were held to be employees within the meaning of the Act. The leading judge, Stephenson LJ, held that "mutuality of obligation" was nothing to do with the promise of future work, but simply the exchange of work for a wage, and control over one's job by the employer in the employment contract. Before the case reached the Court of Appeal, a young Tony Blair had been arguing the exact opposite in the Employment Appeals Tribunal, that O'Kelly's case should be followed. Agency workers were presumed to fall outside the scope of protective employment legislation.
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Lowell, ("Neither reason nor authority support the contention that an adjudication adverse to any or all the claims of a patent precludes another suit upon the same claims against a different defendant. While the earlier decision may, by comity, be given great weight in a later litigation, and thus persuade the court to render a like decree, it is not res adjudicata, and may not be pleaded as a defense.") which had required mutuality of estoppel to bar such preclusion, and held that the better view was to prevent relitigating if the plaintiff had had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in question.
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James Ojo and Kizito Okeke, who were among the pioneer class of that young minor seminary in 1982, and also its first graduates. In December 1995, he ordained more graduates of the St. Kizito Seminary, who incidentally were also the first set of Idah diocesan seminarians to train outside Nigeria in the archdiocesan seminary of Fulda, Germany, in a program of mutual support by that German archdiocese, in fidelity to mutuality of ecclesial affinity. It is notable to note that both diocese equally share St. Boniface as their patron saints- as their cathedral churches are named after that famed saints. These are the Fr. Innocent Oyibo and the late Godwin Ekwujo Sixtus Onuh.
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Features of many indigenous teachings include life as a continual act of prayer and thanksgiving, knowledge and symbiotic relationship with an animate nature, and being aware of one's actions on future generations. Such understanding necessarily implies a mutuality and reciprocity between people, earth and the cosmos. The above historical trajectory is located predominantly in a Judeo-Christian European context, for it is within this context that humanity experienced the loss of the sacred nature of creation, with its devastating consequences. For example, with colonization, indigenous spiritual ecology was historically replaced by an imposed Western belief that land and the environment are commodities to be used and exploited, with exploitation of natural resources in the name of socio-economic evolution.
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As an analyst and framer of gay linguistics in the first post-Stonewall decade when gay journalists were inventing new words for the emerging gay culture, Fritscher coined the gay-identity word homomasculinity, as well as redefining S&M; as "Sensuality and Mutuality" (1974). Documenting on page and on screen the dawn of the "Daddy" and "Bear" movements, Fritscher was the first writer and editor to feature "older men" (Drummer 24, September 1978) in the gay press. Fritscher's eyewitness recollections and interviews of Drummer history was published in 2007 as GAY PIONEERS How _Drummer_ Magazine Shaped Gay Popular Culture 1965-1999. A selection of Fritscher's writing in Drummer was published in 2008 as Gay San Francisco: Eyewitness Drummer.
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Schor has sometimes been criticized for taking an essentialist position in terms of feminism and many of her writings take on this debate. In her writings on paintings in essays such as "Figure/Ground," 2001, Schor is seen as making a case for the relevance of painting in a post-medium visual culture and for arguing for the compatibility and mutuality of painterly and theoretical practices. In 2003, Schor produced a video documentary on her parents’ work, The Tale of the Goldsmith’s Floor, originally created for the 2003 Brown University and differences conference, "The Lure of the Detail""The Tale of The Goldsmith’s Floor," an illustrated video script, appears in differences, Vol.
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Likewise, the General Secretariat of Justice was abolished and the Judicial Studies Center and the Judicial General Mutuality were assigned to the Secretariat of State for Justice. The structure of the department was not touched again until 2001, when the Directorate- General for the Modernization of the Administration of Justice was created in its midst. Except for certain changes between its directorates-general, its structure was not modified until 2008, in which the General Secretariat for Modernization and Relations with the Administration of Justice (current SGAJ) was created as an intermediate body between the Secretary of State and some of its addresses general. In 2010, it underwent its most relevant modification and is still preserved today.
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"Jon Serl: The Mutuality of Being." San Jose: Natalile and James Thompson Art Gallery, 2013 was produced in conjunction with the exhibition of the same title that took place at San Jose State University in the spring of 2013. It includes an introduction by Jo Farb Hernandez, Gallery Director and Exhibition Curator, as well as essays by Cara Zimmerman, co- editor of the 2013 book "Great and Mighty Things:" Outsider Art from the Jill and Sheldon Bonovitz Collection, and Randall Morris of the Cavin-Morris Gallery in New York, and Serl's long-time gallerist and friend. A full bio and bibliography are included, along with 71 full color images of Serl's work and four archival photographs.
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Persian influence in Indian calligraphy gave rise to a unique and influential blend in Indian calligraphy, although a number of different calligraphic traditions existed in India already, and Indic scripts were fundamentally different from scripts used in Arabic and Persian traditions. The notable achievements of the Mughals included some of their fine manuscripts, which were usually autobiographies and chronicles of the noble class. They were initially written in flowing Persian script, which was one of the main forms of communication during this time, and which showed a multi-directionality and mutuality of influence on Indic calligraphers. From the 16th century onwards Sikhism played a key role in the history of Indian calligraphy.
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Fox's research has introduced and established ways in which the participation and performance of women and men reflect and are affected by social and organizational features of science and academia. She has addressed these complex processes in a range of research encompassing education and educational programs, collaborative practices, salary rewards, publication productivity, social attributions and expectations, and academic careers—appearing in over 50 different journals, books, and collections. Her well-known and highly cited articles include "Publication Productivity Among Scientists" (1983), "Research, Teaching, and Publication Productivity: Mutuality versus Competition" (1992), "Scientific Careers: Universalism and Particularism," with J. S. Long (1995), "Women, Science, and Academia: Graduate Education and Careers" (2001), and "Gender, Family Characteristics, and Publication Productivity" (2005).
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Louis Tapardjuk (born January 30, 1953 in an igloo northwest of Igloolik, Nunavut, Canada) was the Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) for the electoral district of Amittuq from 2004 to 2013, having won the seat in the 2004 Nunavut election. He served in the Executive Council of Nunavut the Minister of Finance and Minister of Culture, Language, Elders and Youth (CLEY). Prior to becoming an MLA in the Legislative Assembly of Nunavut Tapardjuk was mayor of Igloolik and served as a Board Member of the Tunngavik Federation of Nunavut. In January 2009, Taparadjuk was demoted as Minister of Justice due to comments that he made concerning the mutuality of domestic violence between men and women.
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The William Alanson White Institute emphasizes psychoanalytic activism in relation to issues of importance in culture and society, and addresses problems of living which are considered to be beyond the scope of classical psychoanalysis. WAWI is strongly influenced by the work of Sándor Ferenczi, a member of Freud's inner circle who pioneered the analyst's authentic use of himself in the consulting room, emphasizing the mutuality of the relationship between therapist and client. In 2001, the American Psychoanalytic Association presented its first Psychoanalytic Community Clinic of the Year Award to the Clinical Service of the William Alanson White Institute. WAWI offers training programs, continuing education and clinical services, including hosting conferences, lecture series, and symposia.
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According to Lyons et al (1998), some of the long-term investments of communal coping may result in rewards such as food and money. Moreover, in the event of a common disaster such as earthquakes and wars, communal coping allows the people involved to experience a sense of ‘solidarity’ or a feeling of ‘I am not the only victim’. This realization promotes mutual disclosure among all the affected individuals, a behavior found to buffer stress as well as ameliorate negative feelings and concerns (Pennebaker & Haber, 1993). In their study on how the process of communal coping unfolds after social support resources have diminished, Richardson and Maninger (2016) discovered that a sense of mutuality and shared problem increased.
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Since Bernhard had a full and fair opportunity to litigate the issue in her first suit, the court did not allow her to retry the same issue by merely switching defendants. The precedent of Bernhard holds that collateral estoppel may be used as defense against any party who has fully and fairly litigated an issue in a previous action. In the absence of mutuality, courts are more hesitant to apply collateral estoppel in an offensive setting than in a defensive one. In other words, courts are more hesitant to apply collateral estoppel to a defendant from a previous action if the defendant is sued by a new plaintiff for the same issue.
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Over the entire period, Epprecht found the balance of black and white defendants proportional to that in the population. He notes, however, only what came to the attention of the courts—most consensual relations in private did not necessarily provoke notice. Some cases were brought by partners who had been dropped or who had not received promised compensation from their former sexual partner. And although the norm was for the younger male to lie supine and not show any enjoyment, let alone expect any sexual mutuality, Epprecht found a case in which a pair of black males had stopped their sexual relationship out of fear of pregnancy, but one wanted to resume taking turns penetrating each other.
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In France, a pool of insurers and reinsurers was set up on 1 January 2002 under the name Gestion de l'Assurance et de la RÉassurance des risques attentats et Actes de Terrorisme (GAREAT). GAREAT is constituted upon the principle of mutuality between its Members, all of whom are jointly liable, and relies on the support given to GAREAT by international reinsurers as well as by the French State which provides unlimited coverage to the GAREAT programme via unlimited treaties reinsured 100% by Caisse Centrale de Réassurance (CCR). As a non-profit-making Economic Interest Grouping mandated by its Members, GAREAT returns to the latter that part of the premiums which are not used to finance the reinsurance coverage at the close of each year.
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That test, Fairchild wrote, required that the court dispense with the mutuality provision under which a request for a lesser included charge can be granted only if the other side would also be able to make the same request. A defense could request a lesser- charge instruction later in the trial as the facts became clearer, yet a prosecution making the same motion could well fail on the grounds that the defendant had not received sufficient prior notice such as is usually given in the indictment. Yet, the judge observed, there was no language in Rule 31(c) that would support such different treatment. Further, Fairchild argued, the test was less likely to lead to "certainty and predictability" in the application of the rule.
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Sellers J held that the grandmother was required to give one-third of the winnings to the lodger. The judge, applying the objective test, said that the informal agreement between the parties was binding and that the facts showed a "mutuality" between the parties, adding:This reasoning is an example of the application of Wambaugh's Inversion Test. > If my conclusion that there was an arrangement to share any prize money is > not correct, the alternative position to that of these three persons > competing together as a "syndicate", as counsel for the plaintiff put it, > would mean that the plaintiff, despite her propensity for having a gamble, > suddenly abandoned all her interest in the competition in the Sunday Empire > News. I think that that is most improbable ... .
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The various kingdoms of Cyprus became allies of Alexander following his victorious campaigns at Granicus (334 BC), Issus (333 BCE) and on the coast of Asia Minor, Syria and Phoenicia, where Persian naval bases were situated. The Cypriot kings, learning of the victory of Alexander at Issus, and knowing that sooner or later, Alexander would be the new ruler of the island, since the occupation of Cyprus was necessary (along with that of Phoenicia) to open lines of communication to Egypt and Asia, rose up against their Persian overlords and made available to the fleet of Alexander the ships formerly in the service of Persia. There was a mutuality of interests: Alexander the Great increased the capacity of his fleet, and the Cypriot kings achieved political independence.
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Goldberg said the US was committed to the principle of political independence and territorial integrity and was ready to reaffirm it bilaterally and publicly in the Security Council resolution. Goldberg said the US believes in territorial integrity, withdrawal, and recognition of secure boundaries. Goldberg said the principle of territorial integrity has two important sub-principles: there must be a withdrawal to recognized and secure frontiers for all countries, not necessarily the old armistice lines, and there must be mutuality in adjustments.Foreign Relations of the United States Volume XIX, Arab-Israeli Crisis and War, 1967, Page 981, Document 501 Walt Rostow advised President Johnson that Secretary Rusk had explained to Mr. Eban that US support for secure permanent frontiers does not mean the US supports territorial changes.
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Thus > they were found, on average, to have a less coherent and positive self- > concept and to manifest more pathological symptomatology than did > nonadoptees. ... It has been suggested (Sorosky et al., 1975; Verrier, 1987) > that the difficulties in resolving a sense of coherent and positive self- > identity is tied to four fundamental psychological issues: ... (4) confusion > and uncertainty regarding genealogical continuity, tied to the lack of > knowledge about one’s ancestors. Accordingly, the lack of ‘‘biological > mutuality’’ among adoptive family members, such as shared biologically based > characteristics regarding appearance, intellectual skills, personality > traits, and so forth, impedes the adoptee’s ability to identify with > adoptive parents. Moreover, the lack of information about one’s biological > background is likely to create a ‘‘hereditary ghost’’ which may contribute > to a confused, unstable, and distorted sense of self.
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Pierre-Joseph Proudhon, the first self- called anarchist and the primary proponent of mutualism which influenced many individualist and social anarchist thinkers By 1846, Proudhon was speaking of "mutuality" (mutualité) in his writings and he used the term "mutualism" (mutuellisme) at least as early as 1848 in his Programme Révolutionnaire. In 1850, Greene used the term mutualism to describe a mutual credit system similar to that of Proudhon. In 1850, the American newspaper The Spirit of the Age, edited by William Henry Channing, published proposals for a mutualist township by Joshua King IngallsJoshua King Ingalls, "A Practical Movement for Transition," Spirit of the Age, II, 13 (March 30, 1850), pp. 202–04. and Albert Brisbane,Albert Brisbane, "The Mutualist Township," The Spirit of the Age, II, 12 (March 23, 1850), 179–83.
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" McGuire argued that his contract with Brooklyn was invalid on the ground that the "reserve clause" was a violation of the Sherman Anti-Trust Act. After hearing the evidence, Judge George M. Dallas ruled in favor of McGuire, holding that the Brooklyn contract was unenforceable due to a lack of mutuality, and because Brooklyn had failed to prove that McGuire's services were unique and irreplaceable. Judge Dallas' opinion, in part, stated: > "The contract upon which this suit is founded provides that the party of the > first part (the plaintiff) may end and determine all its liabilities and > obligations thereunder upon giving the party of the second part (the > defendant) ten days' notice of its option and intention to do so, and in > Marble Company vs. Itipley, 10 Wall.
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The Portuguese were certainly not the only colonizing power to stress a "civilizing mission" (missão civilizadora) as the central tenet of colonial expansion; the Portuguese elite, alongside many in power in most of the colonizer countries, believed that their country's "presence was a means to advance 'primitive peoples', to bring them knowledge and some kind of protection and welfare".Keese (2006), p. 46. However, the additional notion of assimilation adds a specific element to the motivations of Portugal's colonizing government. The notion of lusotropicalism, which posited a "multicultural image (lustropicalismo), with its emphasis on the mutuality and intermingling of African, Afro-Portuguese (creole), and Portuguese institutions" was introduced as New State propaganda displaying the ideal Portuguese colonialism, but the reality of Portugal's colonial institutions lay far from that ideal.
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Nethermere (St Neots) Ltd v Gardiner And Another [1984] ICR 612 is a UK labour law case in the Court of Appeal in the field of home work and vulnerable workers. Many labour and employment rights, such as unfair dismissal,s 94 of the Employment Rights Act 1996 in Britain depend on one's status as an "employee" rather than being "self-employed", or some other "worker". This case stands for the proposition that where "mutuality of obligation" between employers and casual or temporary workers exists to offer work and accept it, the court will find that the applicant has a "contract of employment" and is therefore an employee.E McGaughey, A Casebook on Labour Law (Hart 2019) ch 3, 116 This case is also notable in that it was one of former UK Prime Minister Tony Blair's last cases as a young barrister.
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They publicly maintain that the camps have two main purposes: to teach Mandarin, Chinese laws, and vocational skills, and to prevent citizens from becoming influenced by extremist ideas. During the summer of 2019, a support letter was sent to the United Nations Human Rights Council from 37 African, Asian, and Latin American countries who have come to China's defense praising Beijing's achievements in the field of human rights. In the letter, of which Sudan is a signatory, states claim that China has faced grave challenges of terrorism and extremism in which it has taken a series of counter-measures to bring back peace, security, and stability to the region. This illustrates Sudan's willingness to reciprocate the support it received from China during its period of internal turmoils and represents the mutuality of their relationship showcasing how it extends beyond merely economic significance.
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For Habermas, the goal of coming to an understanding is "intersubjective mutuality ... shared knowledge, mutual trust, and accord with one another". In other words, the underlying goal of coming to an understanding would help to foster the enlightenment, consensus, and good will necessary for establishing socially beneficial norms. Habermas' goal is not primarily for subjective feeling alone, but for development of shared (intersubjective) norms which in turn establish the social coordination needed for practical action in pursuit of shared and individual objectives (a form of action termed "communicative action"). As an interdisciplinary subject, universal pragmatics draws upon material from a large number of fields, from pragmatics, semantics, semiotics, informal logic, and the philosophy of language, through social philosophy, sociology, and symbolic interactionism, to ethics, especially discourse ethics, and on to epistemology and the philosophy of mind.
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From the Middle Ages, certain professional organizations provided limited assistance to their members. However, the abolition of corporations by the Allarde decree, in 1791, put an end to this early system of private professional collective security. It was nevertheless replaced by the sociétés de secours mutuels, or societies for mutual support, recognized and strictly regulated by the 1835 Humann law. These sociétés would thereafter be free from administrative control, and were encouraged by the law of 1 April 1898, referred to as the Charte de la mutualité, or Charter of mutuality. The 1898 law establishes the principles of mutualisme, as they are found today in French law; mutuelles—organizations for collective social insurance—were permitted to offer loans to any French person, even if at the beginning, interest rates were too high for the average person.
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It is a re-granting initiative that enhances the work and capacity of CSOs and groups involved in the promotion of human rights in Uganda through providing them with financial and skills support. Member CSOs of the National Coalition of Human Rights Defenders- Uganda (NCHRDs-U) have benefited greatly from this program. #Monitoring, Documentation and Reporting Under Regional & International Mechanisms (RIM): Under this program area, HURINET aims to equip civil society organizations in Uganda with skills on how to hold the state accountable to international instruments Uganda has ratified. #Institutional Strengthening and Development: This area of focus involves: strengthening the operational and policy base of HURINET with the view of enhancing effectiveness; and enhancing mutuality of understanding between HURINET and her relevant publics - as well as projecting her image as the leading human rights network in Uganda.
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Recovery of a durable sense of self (if it had been lost or taken away) has been proposed as an important element. A research review suggested that people sometimes achieve this by "positive withdrawal"—regulating social involvement and negotiating public space in order to only move towards others in a way that feels safe yet meaningful; and nurturing personal psychological space that allows room for developing understanding and a broad sense of self, interests, spirituality, etc. It was suggested that the process is usually greatly facilitated by experiences of interpersonal acceptance, mutuality, and a sense of social belonging; and is often challenging in the face of the typical barrage of overt and covert negative messages that come from the broader social context. Being able to move on can mean having to cope with feelings of loss, which may include despair and anger.
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With social agreements, there is no presumption, and the case being decided solely on its merits. Although many sources consider "social and domestic agreements" to be a single class, it is better to regard "family agreements" as a class separate from "social agreements", as the latter invokes no presumption, and only the objective test applies. In Simpkins v Pays,Simpkins v Pays [1955] 1 WLR 975 an informal agreement between a grandmother, granddaughter and a lodger to share competition winnings was binding. Sellers J held, applying the objective test, that the facts showed a "mutuality" between the parties, adding: In Coward v MIB,Coward v M.I.B. [1962] 1 All ER 531 CA the Court of Appeal held that when a motorcyclist regularly gave a friend a pillion lift in return for some remuneration in cash or in-kind, there was no contract.
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In addition, Jordan has written, lectured and conducted workshops nationally and internationally on the subjects of relational-cultural theory, women's psychological development, empathy, mutuality, mutual empathy,Comstock, D.K., Hammer, T.R., Strentzsch, J., Cannon, K., Parsons, J., & Salazar II, G. (2008). Relational-cultural theory: A framework for bridging relational, multicultural, and social justice competencies. Journal of Counseling and Development, 86 (Summer), 279-287 courage, shame, relational resilience, psychotherapy with women, a relational model of self, relational psychotherapy, gender issues in psychotherapy, relationships between women and men, the mother-daughter and mother-son relationships, special treatment programs for women and treating post-traumatic stress. In 1997 Jordan shared the Massachusetts Psychological Association's "Career Contribution Award" with Irene Pierce Stiver and Janet Surray, and in 2010 she received the American Psychological Association Division 29's "Distinguished Psychologist Award for Contributions to Psychology and Psychotherapy".
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Justice Byron White Justice Byron White delivered the opinion of a unanimous Court that Triplett should be overruled and that patent owners should be entitled to only one bite at the apple, because the doctrine requiring mutuality of estoppel—that both parties must be bound by the prior judgment or neither party is bound—was contrary to public policy, at least in patent cases. White began by noting that the doctrine allowing multiple litigation on a patent held invalid had been criticized, yet both parties' patent lawyers in this case were unwilling to ask for Triplett to be overruled. White quoted Blonder-Tongue's counsel as saying, "Though petitioners stand to gain by any such result, we cannot urge the destruction of a long-accepted safeguard for patentees merely for the expediency of victory."402 U.S. at 319.
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Among the Foundation's political studies, you can find for instance studies dealing with the recomposition of the French political landscape., voters’ turnout and abstention,antinuclear and anti-GMO movements, the “zadiste” movement, extreme right movements, or populism.Quelle recomposition du paysage politique ?, le Monde, May 2, 2017« Partout, s’exprime une défiance croissante à l’égard des institutions de la démocratie », le Monde, November 2, 2017Des casseurs aux zadistes en passant par Nuit Debout, l'extrême-gauche est partout dans les médias mais combien de divisions réelles dans les urnes ?, Altantico, July 6, 2016En Autriche, l’extrême-droite est devenue «convenable», l'Opinion, December 17, 2017 In December 2016, in view of the presidential election, Fondapol participated in the launch of the participative site "Place de la santé", in partnership with the National Federation of French Mutuality and two other think tanks (the Jean Jaurès Foundation and Terra Nova).
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Gloria Steinem in 1975 Some anti- pornography feminists, such as Gloria Steinem and Page Mellish, distinguish between "pornography" and "erotica", as different classes of sexual media, the former emphasizing dominance and the latter emphasizing mutuality. Her 1978 essay "Erotica and Pornography: A Clear and Present Difference" was one of the first attempts to make this distinction on etymological grounds, and in her 1983 book Outrageous Acts and Everyday Rebellions, Steinem argues that, "These two sorts of images are as different as love is from rape, as dignity is from humiliation, as partnership is from slavery, as pleasure is from pain." Feminists who subscribe to this view hold that erotica promotes positive and pro-woman sexual values and does not carry the harmful effects of pornography. Other anti-pornography feminists are more skeptical about this distinction, holding that all sexual materials produced in a patriarchal system are expressions of male dominance.
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The Commonwealth introduced its own income tax in 1915, and to help fund Australia's war effort in the First World War. By the end of the war, the Commonwealth revenue was three times that of the combined revenue of the States. Having found that the imposition of income tax by the States was an attempted interference with the sovereign powers of the Commonwealth, the mutuality of immunity established in the Railway Servants' case, meant that the Commonwealth had no power to levy an income tax on the salaries of State officers. In 1920, following changes in the composition of the High Court, Railway Servants' case, was overturned in the Engineers' case, Despite the policy of the Australian Labor Party from 1908 that appeals to the Privy Council should be abolished, it took no legislative action to implement that policy, (1959) 33 Australian Law Journal 196.
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For example, Anna Freud writes that the clinging attitudes at the toddler stage (phase 4) are the result of pre-oedipal ambivalence, not of maternal spoiling as was thought. Further, in the pre-oedipal period (end of phase 4) parents cannot expect a mutuality in object relations as this belongs to the next phase and similarly, no child can be fully integrated in school before libido has been transferred from the parents to the community (phase 6). Developmental lines can also be useful in making predictions as to when particular events will have the greatest impact. For example, she lists the later part of phase 6 as one in which reactions to adoption would be particularly severe. This being because with the normal disillusionment with the parents, all children feel as if adopted and feelings about the reality of the adoption merge with the occurrence of “the family romance”.
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In February, 1937, during a time when the activities of the FBI had achieved nationwide popularity in the wake of its successful campaign against gangsters such as John Dillinger, Baby Face Nelson, the Ma Barker Gang, and others from the Public enemy era, a group of retired Special Agents met in New York City's Lincoln Hotel to discuss the creation of an organization to preserve the "mutuality of interests of the agents, the memories of pleasures enjoyed and adversities shared."."The Society of Former Special Agents of the Federal Bureau of Investigation," page 23, Turner Publishing Company, 2002 By the end of that year, the SFSAFBI had one hundred and eighteen members. In July, 1938, the Society began publication of its Grapevine magazine. In conjunction with historical entities including the National Law Enforcement Museum, the Society's History Committee researches, records and preserves historical data regarding both the FBI and the Society itself.
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Some cases were brought by partners who had been dropped or who had not received promised compensation from their former sexual partner. And although the norm was for the younger male to lie supine and not show any enjoyment, let alone expect any sexual mutuality, Epprecht found a case in which a pair of black males had stopped their sexual relationship out of fear of pregnancy, but one wanted to resume taking turns penetrating each other. Writing in the 19th century about the area of today's southwestern Zimbabwe, David Livingstone asserted that the monopolization of women by elderly chiefs was essentially responsible for the "immorality" practised by younger men.David Livingstone, The Last Journals of David Livingstone, in Central Africa, From 1865 to His Death, 1866-1873 Continued by a Narrative of His Last Moments and Sufferings Edwin W. Smith and A. Murray Dale mentioned one Ila- speaking man who dressed as a woman, did women's work, lived and slept among, but not with, women.
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"Producer Information" Citizens Co- op. Link Text Citizens Co-op aimed to provide a solution to food safety, environmental, industrial, and economical issues by promoting health and nutrition, increasing local jobs, providing naturally raised meats, allowing shoppers to support local economy, preserving seeds, maintaining low tillage and crop rotation, promoting biodiversity of species, and providing affordable organic food. Citizens Co-op supported local food from naturally grown, small- scale and family-farms and other local businesses to create a strong economic base in the community in order to move toward regional self-sufficiency. Citizen Co-op's model for business was based upon respect, mutuality, and cooperation; intentions of reaching out to the community in its entirety include offering financial options for lower income households, providing home delivery services for working families and elderly patrons, working with local non-profit organizations, schools, and other groups for productive social and environmental change, creating a distribution network for local farms to supply buyers with the freshest produce, and supplying a venue for any member to sell their goods in a supported marketplace.
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" He also told the Commission that a contributing factor to the patterns of sexual abuse was the culture of clericalism that isolates the assignment of clergy from all influence by the laity along with the Church's marginalisation of women. He said titles and forms of address given priests and such popular practices as kissing a bishop's ring needed to change: "I’m not very comfortable with those sorts of practices because they encourage a certain infantilisation of the laity and that creation of the power distance between the ordained and the non- ordained". His testimony was repeatedly applauded by survivors of abuse and their advocates. Addressing the National Council of priests on 30 August 2017, Long said church culture had contributed to the sex abuse crisis, that the Church needed "a new wine in new wineskins, not a merely cosmetic change or worse, a retreat into restorationism" and explained that "The new wine of God's unconditional love, boundless mercy, radical inclusivity and equality needs to be poured into new wineskins of humility, mutuality, compassion and powerlessness.
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The Agreement was signed in 2004 and came into effect on 1 January 2006, with the desire of the member states of the SAARC (Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India, the Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka) to promote and sustain mutual trade and economic cooperation within the SAARC region through the exchange of concessions. The establishment of an Inter- Governmental Group (IGG) to formulate an agreement to establish a SAPTA by 1997 was approved in the Sixth Summit of the SAARC held in Colombo in December 1991. The basic principles underlying the SAFTA are as follows: # overall reciprocity and mutuality of advantages so as to benefit equitably all Contracting States, taking into account their respective level of economic and industrial development, the pattern of their external trade, and trade and tariff policies and systems; # negotiation of tariff reform step by step, improved and extended in successive stages through periodic reviews; # recognition of the special needs of the Least Developed Contracting States and agreement on concrete preferential measures in their favour; # inclusion of all products, manufactures and commodities in their raw, semi-processed and processed forms. In 2011, Afghanistan joined the SAFTA.
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It is possible to draw axes through many facets of contractual relations, indicating the likely features of such facets in relations falling at different points along the spectrum. What is particularly distinctive about his approach is his postulation of a number of "norms in a positivist sense", of which 10 common contract norms apply to all contracts: (i) role integrity; (ii) reciprocity (or 'mutuality'); (iii) implementation of planning; (iv) effectuation of consent; (v) flexibility; (vi) contractual solidarity; (vii) the 'linking norms' (restitution, reliance and expectation interests); (viii) the power norm (creation and restraint of power); (ix) propriety of means; and (x) harmonisation with the social matrix. By "norms in a positivist sense" Macneil means that they are norms-in-fact, that is to say that they are observable in operation, to distinguish them from norms in the sense of normative as opposed to positive economics. The extent to which a particular exchange relation is in harmony with the norms is likely to influence the success of the relation in terms of its longevity (where appropriate) and the ability of the parties to gain the full range of benefits that the exchange can potentially offer.
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Montreal v Montreal Locomotive Works [1947] 1 DLR 161, 169, per Lord Wright But in the late 1970s and 1980s, some courts introduced a new test of "mutuality of obligation". The dominant view of this, now approved by the UK Supreme Court,Autoclenz Ltd v Belcher [2011] UKSC 41, [19] approving Nethermere and [37], quoting para [38] of Foxwell J, referring to "mutual obligations, namely the provision of work in return for money ..." was merely that employees only needed to exchange work for a wage: this was the "irreducible core" of an employment contract.Nethermere (St Neots) Ltd v Gardiner [1984] IRLR 240, Dacas v Brook Street Bureau (UK) Ltd [2004] EWCA Civ 217 But a rival view stated that the employment relationship had to be one where there was an ongoing obligation to offer and accept work.O’Kelly v Trusthouse Forte plc [1983] ICR 730, [1983] IRLR 369 and James v Greenwich LBC. This appeared to misinterpret M Freedland, The Contract of Employment (1976) 21–22, first in Airfix Footwear Ltd v Cope [1978] ICR 1210 This led to cases where employers, who hired people on a casual basis, low wages, and with little bargaining power, argued they owed no duties to their staff, because they had neither side had assumed any such obligation.
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