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"metrology" Definitions
  1. the scientific study of measurement
"metrology" Synonyms
measurement calibration quantification measure assessment evaluation valuation estimation appraisal computation determination metage calculation mensuration judgement(UK) quantifying judgment(US) survey sizing weighing
"metrology" Antonyms
ignorance thinness unimportance

726 Sentences With "metrology"

How to use metrology in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "metrology" and check conjugation/comparative form for "metrology". Mastering all the usages of "metrology" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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The NPL is Britain's national metrology laboratory, devoted to the science of measurement.
This warning might sound absurd, but Maxwell's anxiety reflects the fundamental importance of metrology.
Camtek will also license its triangulation technology, a metrology solution, to Chroma for non-semiconductor applications.
Image: Maidstone Museum UK/Nikon Metrology UKIts fingers and toes had formed normally, but the skull was in bad shape.
After the closing Priortech will hold 24 percent of Camtek, a maker of metrology and inspection equipment for the semiconductor industry.
Stasis is not an option in metrology, as new types of measurement expand what we can observe and learn about the world.
In 2012 David Wineland, of NIST, the American national metrology facility, received a Nobel prize for working out how to do this.
The four new definitions — for the kilogram, ampere, kelvin and mole — will officially take effect after World Metrology Day, next May 20.
The change — implemented on this World Metrology Day — will occur more silently than when a leap second was added to a year.
The first forecast for the region produced by the National Metrology Center was issued in January, and the second only earlier this April.
This atomic clock, located at the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology in Bern, Switzerland, operates at an uncertainty of one second every 21910 million years.
This atomic clock, located at the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology in Bern, Switzerland, operates at an uncertainty of one second every 30 million years.
Concurrently, China is positioning itself to lead the second quantum revolution, which will enable such transformative technologies as quantum communications, quantum computing, and quantum metrology.
Barry Wood, researcher at the NRC, explained it to me a couple days earlier, at a metrology convention that was being hosted in the city.
A goal of metrology has been to tie all of our units of measurement to a constant, so their basic nature stays the same across the universe.
"The Emirates Authority for Standardization & Metrology (Esma) is working on laws that will have a framework for the UAE for imports, sales and performance of drones," he said.
Photographer Florian Thoss was lying on the couch watching TV a couple years ago when he saw a story about Germany's national metrology institute, the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt.
Renishaw made nearly half of its revenue from the Far East, including Australasia, in 2018, with its metrology business accounting for more than 90 percent of its total sales.
Physicists from the the National Metrology Institute of Germany have developed a new variant of atomic clock boasting up to 100 times the accuracy of today's traditional microwave-based atomic clocks.
For 215 percent of Omega timepieces, that approval is the Master Chronometer certificate provided by the Federal Institute of Metrology, or Metas, an independent Swiss government laboratory that operates on-site.
Nanometrics' automated and integrated metrology systems measure critical dimensions, device structures, topography and various thin film properties, including three-dimensional features and film thickness, as well as optical, electrical and material properties.
"It is the Halley's Comet of metrology," says Stephan Schlamminger, a physicist from the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) who worked on the equipment used for the coming changeover.
The drastic conditions led the Queensland Bureau of Metrology to issue a storm warning of developing thunderstorms coming to northeast Queensland, with strong winds, large hailstones, and heavy rainfall following as a result.
According to Brazil's National Institute of Metrology and Standardization (Inmetro), a federal agency responsible for the certification, the three Mérieux labs and two BRF-run labs lost their ISO 17025 accreditation in January.
But on Monday—World Metrology Day—Le Grand K lost its special status as the international prototype kilogram (IPK) and it will no longer represent this base unit of mass to the world.
Renishaw, which has a market capitalisation of 2.6 billion pounds ($3.29 billion), makes precision measurement equipment used in products ranging from jet engines and smartphones to medical equipment and satellites through its metrology business.
"They mustn't notice, because if they do, we haven't done our jobs right," said Dr. Robinson, of the N.P.L. Le Grand K will join its counterpart, the meter bar, in the archives of metrology.
Renishaw, which has a market capitalisation of 3.03 billion pounds ($3.98 billion), makes precision measurement equipment used in products ranging from jet engines and smartphones to medical equipment and satellites through its metrology business.
Now, they say, the metric system will fulfill the guiding ideology of metrology established in that period: to create units of measurement "Pour les temps, pour les peuples" — for all time and for all people.
"These are fairly complex systems with dozens of lasers that need to be frequency locked at the same time, and they simply break sometimes," Christian Grebing, a scientist with Germany's National Metrology Institute, told CNN.
The new values represent a momentous shift toward a universal metrology, but they won't have a major impact on the average person buying carrots at the grocery store or checking their weight on a scale.
" The seven units of the metric system and their fundamental constants: And for some, even defining units of measurement using natural constants doesn't completely fulfill that guiding mantra of metrology: "For all people, for all time.
Darmstadt-based Isra Vision, which has technologies for surface inspection and 3D vision for robot guidance, quality inspection and metrology, reported a 2018/19 operating profit of around 34 million euros on sales of 154 million.
GAURAV GOLLERKERISan Francisco Your articles on the present and future effects on us all of quantum physics omitted one small point: metrology has joined the quantum world, but not just for atomic clocks (Technology quarterly, March 1960th).
Nanometrics is a leading provider of advanced, high-performance process control metrology and inspection systems used primarily in the fabrication of semiconductors and other solid-state devices, including sensors, optoelectronic devices, high-brightness LEDs, discretes and data storage components.
PATRICK GILL, a director of the new Quantum Metrology Institute at Britain's National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in south-west London and an expert in atomic clocks, points to a large table full of lenses and mirrors, vacuum chambers and electronics.
Image: Maidstone Museum UK/Nikon Metrology UKHigh-resolution micro-CT scanning has shown that an Egyptian mummy thought to be a bird is really a stillborn human baby, a surprising discovery that's providing a rare glimpse into the complex cultural practices that existed some 2,100 years ago.
Project Mosul/Rekrei: Chance Coughenour, founder; Matthew Vincent, founder; Dieter Fritsch, Institute for Photogrammetry, University of Stuttgart, Germany, adviser; Mariano Flores Gutierrez, digitalMED Universidad de Murcia Murcia, Spain, adviser; Victor Manuel Lopez-Menchero Bendicho, digitalMED Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain, adviser; Fabio Remondino, 3D Optical Metrology Unit Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK) Trento, Italy, adviser.
The Federal Institute of Metrology (METAS) is the Swiss national metrology organization. It is part of the Federal Department of Justice and Police.
Zeiss Industrial Metrology specializes in high- accuracy measurement systems, including coordinate-measuring machines (CMMs), computed tomography measurement machines (non-medical), optical measuring equipment, metrology software and measurement sensor systems. The Industrial Metrology subsidiary provides this equipment to a wide range of manufacturing facilities worldwide. Zeiss has manufactured coordinate measuring machines since 1919,Carl Zeiss, Industrial Metrology – 90 Years in Industrial Metrology offering very basic manually operated CMMs. In 1973, Zeiss introduced the UMM 500, using a Zeiss sensor system and Hewlett-Packard computer.
The National Physical Laboratory is involved with new developments in metrology, such as researching metrology for, and standardising, nanotechnology. It is mainly based at the Teddington site, but also has a site in Huddersfield for dimensional metrology and an underwater acoustics facility at Wraysbury Reservoir.
Industrial metrology is important to a country's economic and industrial development, and the condition of a country's industrial-metrology program can indicate its economic status.
The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BCE. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c.
World Metrology Day is an event occurring on 20 May celebrating the International System of Units. The date is the anniversary of the signing of the Metre Convention in 1875. Metrology is the study of measurement. The World Metrology Day project is currently realized jointly by the BIPM and the OIML.
The Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Organization (SASO) is a technical government body in Saudi Arabia was established in 1972 and governs tasks related to standards, metrology, and quality.
China Jiliang University (中国计量大学) is a university in Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province that was founded in 1978. CJLU, formerly the China Institute of Metrology, is the only university qualified to offer bachelor's and master's degrees in Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine in China. CJLU is the only university in the world dedicated to metrology, standardization, quality supervision, inspection and quarantine. Its predecessor is Hangzhou Metrology School established in 1978 with the approval of the State Metrology Bureau of China. It was upgraded as China Institute of Metrology with the approval of the Ministry of Education of China in 1985.
Dame Xiangqian "Jane" Jiang (Chinese:蒋向前；pinyin:jiǎng xiàng qián) (born 1955) is a Professor of Precision Metrology at the Huazhong University Of Science And Technology (HUST) and University of Huddersfield. She is the Director of the EPSRC Future Advanced Metrology HUB and is the Royal Academy Engineering/Renishaw Chair in Precision Metrology.
In 1968, the 2802nd Inertial Guidance and Calibration Group was inactivated and replaced by the Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center (AGMC). The Calibration and Metrology Division was changed to the Directorate of Metrology on 8 November 1968. Newark Air Force Station was renamed Newark Air Force Base in June 1987. During the 1990s privatization took place at Newark AFB.
A scientist stands in front of the Microarcsecond Metrology (MAM) testbed. Metrology is the scientific study of measurement. It establishes a common understanding of units, crucial in linking human activities. Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution's political motivation to standardise units in France, when a length standard taken from a natural source was proposed.
Metrology is defined by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) as "the science of measurement, embracing both experimental and theoretical determinations at any level of uncertainty in any field of science and technology". It establishes a common understanding of units, crucial to human activity. Metrology is a wide reaching field, but can be summarized through three basic activities: the definition of internationally accepted units of measurement, the realisation of these units of measurement in practice, and the application of chains of traceability (linking measurements to reference standards). These concepts apply in different degrees to metrology's three main fields: scientific metrology; applied, technical or industrial metrology, and legal metrology.
In the broad domain of metrology, his main interests include instrumentation, transducers, measurement techniques, and digital data processing, particularly for biomedical and environmental applications. Metrology, quality, and electromagnetic compatibility are also areas of regular activity.
Businesses related to Air Force metrology continue to be important in Heath. Major employers include the following: •American Electric Power, electric power services. •Bayer Material Science, compounded plastics services. •Bionetics, metrology calibration and measurement services.
Harding, K. (Ed.). (2013). Handbook of optical dimensional metrology. CRC Press.
ICONTEC offers calibration of measurement equipment and instruments, in order to support industry development and satisfy the increasing demand in the field of metrology in the areas of dimensional metrology, pressure, mass and scales, temperature, and volumetry.
In 1970, the committee was re-organized and became Azerbaijan SSR Body of Gosstandard of the USSR. After restoration of independence of Azerbaijan, standardization and metrology in the republic was being regulated by the Standardization and Metrology Center of the Cabinet of Ministers of Azerbaijan (AzGOST) established in 1992. On December 27, 2001 President Heydar Aliyev signed a decree No. 623 establishing State Agency on Standardization, Metrology and Patents (AZSTAND). On November 19, 2008 the agency was transformed into the State Committee on Standardization, Metrology and Patents according to Presidential Decree No. 53.
The SAQM has supervision over the Central Institute of Metrology, located at Songsin Dong 1 in Sadong District, Pyongyang. The CIM maintains custody over North Korea's national standards. It also calibrates high-precision reference standards for provincial verification offices and other agencies; performs research on metrology and its application within North Korea; and assists the SAQM with supervision over implementation of North Korean laws related to metrology.
His interests became more focussed, on computation and metrology, and on international contacts.
The first being the definition of units of measurement, second the realisation of these units of measurement in practice, and last traceability, which is linking measurements made in practice to the reference standards. These overlapping activities are used in varying degrees by the three basic sub-fields of Metrology. The sub-fields are scientific or fundamental metrology, which is concerned with the establishment of units of measurement, Applied, technical or industrial metrology, the application of measurement to manufacturing and other processes in society, and Legal metrology, which covers the regulation and statutory requirements for measuring instruments and the methods of measurement. In each country, a national measurement system (NMS) exists as a network of laboratories, calibration facilities and accreditation bodies which implement and maintain its metrology infrastructure.
Zygo Corporation, headquartered at Middlefield, Connecticut, is a company that specializes in optical systems & equipment. ZYGO’s optical metrology products include 3D measuring microscopes using coherence scanning interferometry, laser Fizeau interferometers for testing optical components, laser displacement interferometers and heterodyne optical encoders for stage position metrology. Metrology markets for end-user and OEM applications include semiconductor capital equipment, aerospace/defense, automotive, and research. ZYGO’s Optics business includes both optical assembly and custom optical components for a wide range of end users, including medical instruments and national labs "Current Trends of Optical Metrology" AZO Optics (Oct 23, 2017) .
The MSA is a government agency under the Office of the Prime Minister. The MSA consists of two divisions. The Legal Metrology Division is responsible for inspection and verification. The National Metrology Institute (MSA-NMS) is responsible for maintaining measurement standards for Malta.
The State Committee on Standardization, Metrology and Patents of Azerbaijan Republic () is a governmental agency within the Cabinet of Azerbaijan in charge of Azerbaijani technical regulations, metrology, valuation of technical compliance, accreditation, quality standardsin Azerbaijan Republic. The committee is headed by Ramiz Hasanov.
60 departments. These again are subdivided into more than 200 working groups. PTB's tasks are as follows: the determination of fundamental and natural constants; the realization, maintenance and dissemination of the legal units of the SI; and safety technology. This spectrum of tasks is supplemented by services such as the German Calibration Service (Deutscher Kalibrierdienst, DKD) and by metrology for the area regulated by law, metrology for industry, and metrology for technology transfer.
Later, in 1986 the metrology section was added. In 1988 Department of Weights and Measures of Ministry of Finance was also merged with Nepal Bureau of Standards and was restructured into Nepal Bureau of Standards and Metrology. The Nepal Standard (Certification Mark) Act 2037 formed Nepal Council for Standards (NCS) as the governing body for Quality, Standards, Testing and Metrology (QSTM) activities in Nepal. The NBSM acts as the secretariat to this council.
Roundness measurement Roundness measurement is very important in metrology. It includes measurement of a collection of points.
Some approaches in the branch of historic metrology are highly speculative and can be qualified as pseudoscience.
She secured over £13 million in research funds. She is a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering. In 2017, she became chair of the £30 million EPSRC Future Advanced Metrology hub, which will embed metrology and informatics into the manufacturing value chain. She is a Chartered Engineer.
D. I. Mendeleev Institute for Metrology (Russian: Всероссийский научно- исследовательский институт имени Д. И. Менделеева; VNIIM), previously known as the Main Chamber of Weights and Measures of the Russian Empire, or the Depot of Exemplary Measures and Weights, is one of the leading national metrology institutes of Russia now.
Vosk & Emery, Forensic Metrology: Scientific Measurement and Inference for Lawyers, Judges, and Criminalists (Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2015).
Optoelectronic and Piezoelectric Systems, MEMS & Nano-Systems, Optoelectronic Systems Design, Precision Metrology, Automation Technology, Biochip Systems, Technology Management.
Novacam Technologies Inc. specializes in designing and manufacturing advanced metrology and imaging systems for industrial and bio-medical applications. Novacam's fiber-based optical profilometers and Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) systems are based on low coherence interferometry. The fiber-based nature of Novacam's detector probes is unique in the optical metrology industry.
Editor-in-chief of "Metrology and Measurement Systems" (since 2016, the IF for 2015 is 1,140). Member of the Committee of Metrology and Scientific Instrumentation of the Polish Academy of Sciences (since 2011). Chairman of the IEEE Computer Society Chapter Gdańsk. He reviewed 7 doctoral theses and 3 habilitation procedures.
European Metrology Institutes, in the context of dedicated projects, are developing measurements required to characterise components of QKD systems.
Scientific metrology is concerned with the establishment of units of measurement, the development of new measurement methods, the realisation of measurement standards, and the transfer of traceability from these standards to users in a society. This type of metrology is considered the top level of metrology which strives for the highest degree of accuracy. BIPM maintains a database of the metrological calibration and measurement capabilities of institutes around the world. These institutes, whose activities are peer-reviewed, provide the fundamental reference points for metrological traceability.
Terms and definitions (interstate standard). – Intr. 1999–06–17. – Minsk : Interstate Council on Standardization, Metrology, and Certification, 1999. – 17 р.
The International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML), an intergovernmental organization, was established under a diplomatic treaty signed in Paris on 12 October 1955 to promote the global harmonization of legal metrology procedures that underpin and facilitate international trade. Under French law, its principal body, the International Conference is accorded diplomatic status. The Convention that set up the OIML listed eight objectives behind its establishment. At the 2011 meeting in Prague of the International Committee of Legal Metrology (CIML), the OIML updated its mission to read: At the same meeting, its objectives were then stated as follows: #"To develop, in cooperation with our stakeholders, standards and related documents for use by legal metrology authorities and industry that when implemented will achieve the mission of the OIML".
The State Administration of Quality Management of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea is the North Korean standards organization. It oversees standards and metrology, including application of both the metric system and traditional Korean units, in accordance with the 1993 Law on Metrology. It is located at 1 Inhung-Dong in Moranbong District, Pyongyang.
The Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology (JCGM), is an organization in Sèvres that prepared the "Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement" (GUM) and the "International vocabulary of metrology – basic and general concepts and associated terms" (VIM). The JCGM assumed responsibility for these two documents from the ISO Technical Advisory Group 4 (TAG4).
She joined the National Institute of Standards and Technology in 1995, where she spent thirteen years. She was the Group Leader for the Global Standards and Information Group which provided technical & policy support for standards & metrology to the private sector and to U.S. government agencies. Her group had responsibility for the Standards in Trade Workshop Program, that trained over 2,000 foreign participants in US metrology and standardization. Londoño was the official NIST representative to the International Standardization Organization on Developing Country Matters addressing the metrology and standardization needs of developing countries.
Forensic metrology is metrology, the science of measurement, as it applies to forensic sciences. Forensic laboratories and criminalistic laboratories perform numerous measurements and tests to support both criminal and civil legal actions. Examples of forensic metrology include the measurement of blood or breath alcohol content, the quantification of controlled substances (both net weights and purity), and length measurements of firearm barrels. The results of forensic measurements are used to determine if a person is charged with a crime or may be used to determine a statutory sentencing enhancement.
The Blevin Report, published in 1998, examined the state of worldwide metrology. The report originated from a resolution passed at the 20th CGPM (October 1995) which committed the CIPM to The report identified, amongst other things, a need for closer cooperation between the BIPM and other organisations such as International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML) and International Laboratory Accreditation Cooperation (ILAC) with clearly defined boundaries and interfaces between the organisations. Another major finding was the need for cooperation between accreditation laboratories and the need to involve developing countries in the world of metrology.
A Precision Measurement Equipment Laboratory (PMEL) is a United States Air Force (USAF) facility in which the calibration and repair of test equipment takes place. This practice is also known as metrology: the science of measurement. Metrology is defined as the science of weights & measures, while a PMEL is the place where technicians perform all of the metrology for the U.S. Air Force. Air personnel in this career field are primarily responsible for the repair, calibration, and modification of test, measurement, and diagnostic equipment (TMDE), including precision measurement equipment laboratory standards and automatic test equipment.
If the inspection method and instruments are considered and selected at the design stage, the likelihood that a tolerance feature cannot be inspected or requires a specialised instrument is substantially reduced. High precision features require specialised manufacturing and metrology, these can have limited availability in the supply chain and therefore often have increased cost.Hitchens Carl (2014) Guide to Engineering Metrology The concept of DFI should complement and work in collaboration with DFM and DFA. There are three key areas when considering DFI, datum selection, tolerances and accessibility, plus general metrology considerations.
Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Metrology is a scientific organization in Zheleznodorozhny District of Novosibirsk, Russia. It was created in 1944.
The Rice Lake Weighing Systems corporate headquarters, primary manufacturing facility and NVLAP accredited metrology lab are located in Rice Lake, Wisconsin.
When the computer made its way into the field of metrology, Mitutoyo again shifted its focus to include this technology into its product offering and push measuring accuracies into the sub-micrometre range. Today, Mitutoyo presents its 6,000+ products as integrated, computer-based metrology systems, where they can be interconnected to form closed-loop-measuring networks.
WELMEC was established in 1990 to promote cooperation in the field of legal metrology in the European Union and among European Free Trade Association (EFTA) member states. In the United States legal metrology is under the authority of the Office of Weights and Measures of National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), enforced by the individual states.
Hexagon AB is a global technology group headquartered in Sweden. The operation is focused on precision measuring technologies and is divided into three business areas: Geospatial Measuring (Surveying and GPS), Industrial Metrology (Hexagon Metrology) and Technologies. The company markets its products and services under more than 35 different brands worldwide. The Group employs about 18,000 people in 50 countries.
Other parts of the ASMW were integrated into the BAM. Despite a phase of staff reductions – after the strong expansion following reunification – PTB ranks today among the largest national metrology institutes in the world. As such, it is in charge of the realization and dissemination of the physical units and promotes the worldwide uniformity of metrology.
The Bureau began publishing a scholarly journal, Vremennik Glavnoi Palaty mer i vesov in 1894. Years later, the Research Institute of Metrology and Standardization was established on its basis. In memory of Mendeleev's contribution to the development of metrology, a monument to Mendeleev and his periodic table of elements were placed on the territory of the institute.
The National Institute of Metrology Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO) is the Brazilian federal body responsible for automotive wheel and tyre certification.
Primary form is used in surface metrology to refer to the over-all shape of a surface which can be measured quantitatively.
It arises in any number of fields, including insurance, philosophy, physics, statistics, economics, finance, psychology, sociology, engineering, metrology, meteorology, ecology and information science.
Gosstandart () was the Soviet government agency responsible for standardization, metrology, and quality management. The name is an abbreviation for Gosudarstvennyy standart (‘State Standard’).
Over the years, Zairi has guided and supported several government entities such as Saudi Standards, Metrology and Quality Org and Al Ain Municipality.
Industrial metrology is common in manufacturing quality control systems. The prints and CAD models described above are usually made by a mechanical engineer.
The Kaarls Report published in 2003 examined the role of the BIPM in the evolving needs for metrology in trade, industry and society.
He studied ancient metrology, in particular the weight systems of Egypt, Chaldea, Asia Minor, Greece and Italy, expressing original perspectives about these topics.
Legal metrology has reduced accidental deaths and injuries with measuring devices, such as radar guns and breathalyzers, by improving their efficiency and reliability. Measuring the human body is challenging, with poor repeatability and reproducibility, and advances in metrology help develop new techniques to improve health care and reduce costs. Environmental policy is based on research data, and accurate measurements are important for assessing climate change and environmental regulation. Aside from regulation, metrology is essential in supporting innovation, the ability to measure provides a technical infrastructure and tools that can then be used to pursue further innovation.
Later in life, when his active career as a dancer was over, Lyndon returned to metrology, working at the National Engineering Laboratory in East Kilbride, Scotland for four years, and then for seven years was head of quality control and metrology at PIRA, the Research Association for the Printing, Packaging and Paper Making Industries (formerly PATRA, the Printing Industry Research Association) in Leatherhead, Surrey. In this capacity he lectured in the UK and abroad, and sat on committees of the International Association of Research Organizations in the Printing Industries. Wainwright was chairman of the English Metrology Association from 1967 to 1972.
D. I. Mendeleev Institute for Metrology in St. Petersburg in 2013 The Institute is one of the largest world centers of fundamental and applied metrology, the main center of state primary standards of Russia. There are 54 (out of 165) state primary standards (GGE), corresponding to the eight measurement areas of the International Bureau for Weights and Measures (BIPM). Of the seven core units of the International System of Units SI, four are represented at the institute: meter, kilogram, ampere, and kelvin. VNIIM represents the Russian Federation in international metrology organizations and advisory committees of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
Calibration laboratories are generally responsible for calibrations of industrial instrumentation. Calibration laboratories are accredited and provide calibration services to industry firms, which provides a traceability link back to the national metrology institute. Since the calibration laboratories are accredited, they give companies a traceability link to national metrology standards. Examples of calibration laboratories would be ICL Calibration Laboratories, Testo Industrial Services GmbH, and Transcat.
The ' or BEV (German for Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying) is the body responsible for official surveying, geo-information and weights and measures (metrology) in Austria. It belongs to the ' (Federal Ministry of the Economy, Family and Youth). Its headquarters is in Vienna and it has 67 branches spread across all the Austrian federal states.Über das BEV at www.bev.gv.at.
She became Director of the EPSRC National Centre for Innovative Manufacturing in Advanced Metrology. She was appointed the Royal Academy Engineering /Renishaw Chair in Precision Metrology. The five year post involves research inspired by the demands of industry, focussing on measurement and verification of items in the production process. She spoke at ESOF 2016, Will 2D Materials Change the World?.
Dimensional metrology is the science of calibrating and using physical measurement equipment to quantify the physical size of or distance from any given object.
Pedro Silva Girão Pedro Manuel Brito da Silva Girão, (; born 27 February 1952) is a Portuguese engineer, professor, and researcher whose main interest is metrology.
LED diffusers can be characterized online using scatterometry-based metrology.Walecki, Wojciech, and Peter Walecki. "Robust diffuser and roughness metrology tool for LED manufacturing." SPIE OPTO.
The university has a number of related companies including: Cytrea,cytrea.ie which is involved in pharmaceutical formulations; Firecomms, an ICT company concentrating on optical communications; Alimentary Health a biotech healthcare company; Biosensia who develop integrated micro- system analytical chips; Sensl, part of ON Semiconductor; Luxcel which is involved in the development of probes and sensors; and Optical Metrology Innovations which develops laser metrology systems.
Other committees were established for discipline-specific, special interest or industry groups. Under measurement science and technology, committees range in focus from automatic test and calibration systems to chemical and dimensional metrology; from deadweight pressure gauges to the triple point of argon. Industrial programs features committees for healthcare, airline, automotive, and small business metrology. Documentary standards encompass calibration systems, laboratory facilities, measurement decision risk, and accreditation resources.
Application has been filed to include this data in the SOC update of 2010. The aim is to increase awareness amongst new talent that may be interested in joining the metrological profession. To further the goal of encouraging interest in metrology as a career, NCSL International supports scholarships to institutions and individuals. The general scholarship program awards money to accredited schools that offer metrology education.
Robert Finnigan served on the board of directors of the trade organization American Electronics Association (AEA). He and Dean O. Morton were founders of the AEA's Environmental and Occupational Health activities. Finnigan also co- founded the Organization Internationale Metrology Legale (OIML) for legal metrology. With the support of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) they developed protocols for international regulations in fifty-one nations.
Other examples of forensic metrology includes tests that measure if there is a presence of a substance (e.g., cocaine), latent print examination, questioned documents examination, and DNA analysis. Forensic measurements are all supported by reference standards which are traceable to the International System of Units (SI) maintained by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures, to natural constants, or to reference materials such as those provided by the United States' national metrology institute known as the National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. Examples of instruments and equipment used in forensic metrology include breathalyzers, balances & scales, rulers, calipers, Gas chromotographers, and centrifuges.
The UK Metrology Office weather station identifier for Cambridge is NIAB Additional local weather stations report periodic figures to the internet such as Weather Underground, Inc.
Geneen, Harold; Moscow, Alvin, Managing, Doubleday and Company Inc., 1984. All measurement systems are prone to misinterpretation and error. Together these form the science of metrology.
He made contributions in the fields of Greek epigrammatic poetry, Greek metrology and numismatics, and in his later years, he focused his energies towards ancient Greek epigraphy.
Capacitive displacement sensors are often used in metrology applications. In many cases, sensors are used “to measure shape errors in the part being produced. But they also can measure the errors arising in the equipment used to manufacture the part, a practice known as machine tool metrology”.Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: Engineering Precision into Laboratory Projects, Examples of advances made by LLNL in the field of precision measurement.
The institute was created in 1944 on the basis of evacuated laboratories of the Kharkov, Leningrad and Moscow institutes of metrology. The organization was called the Novosibirsk State Institute of Measures and Measuring Instruments. In 1955, a metrological base was created at the institute, which became the second metrological base of the USSR. In 1968, Novosibirsk State Institute of Measures and Measuring Instruments was renamed Siberian Scientific Research Institute of Metrology.
Ramiz Hasanov Ayvaz oglu (; born August 20, 1961) is an Azerbaijani politician who serves as the Chairman of State Committee on Standardization, Metrology and Patents of Azerbaijan Republic.
Definitions would change with little effect on commercial uses of the units. Advances in metrology allowed definitions to be formulated with a high degree of precision and repeatability.
When the subtraction technique described above is used, fringes are obtained which represent in-plane displacement contours Gasvik K J, Optical Metrology, chapter 6.3, 1987, John Wiley & Sons.
In metrology, such as when performed in support of science, engineering or manufacturing objectives, dynamic range refers to the range of values that can be measured by a sensor or metrology instrument. Often this dynamic range of measurement is limited at one end of the range by saturation of a sensing signal sensor or by physical limits that exist on the motion or other response capability of a mechanical indicator. The other end of the dynamic range of measurement is often limited by one or more sources of random noise or uncertainty in signal levels that may be described as defining the sensitivity of the sensor or metrology device. When digital sensors or sensor signal converters are a component of the sensor or metrology device, the dynamic range of measurement will be also related to the number of binary digits (bits) used in a digital numeric representation in which the measured value is linearly related to the digital number.
In metrology, high-definition metrology is where measurements are made densely across the observable extent of that surface or object and displayed with high-definition. In that sense, high-definition is analogous to high definition television. High-definition measurements are therefore contrasted with "global" or "overall" or "statistical" measurements which provide some single or coarsely sampled measurement values that do not define the surface or object attribute variations in detail. Whereas the latter measurements may provide an indication of some overall characteristic of the item being measured, high-definition metrology is used where it is desired to also know more precisely at what location certain attributes occur, or where their values are outside of some specified range of values.
The TU Braunschweig focuses its research in four main areas: Future City, Metrology, Mobility and Infections and Therapeutics. The university's researchers cooperate closely with other research institutions in Braunschweig.
In all instances and contrary to optical microscopes, rendering software is necessary to produce images. Such software is produced and embedded by instrument manufacturers but also available as an accessory from specialized work groups or companies. The main packages used are freeware: Gwyddion, WSxM (developed by Nanotec) and commercial: SPIP (developed by Image Metrology), FemtoScan Online (developed by Advanced Technologies Center), MountainsMap SPM (developed by Digital Surf), TopoStitch (developed by Image Metrology).
By July 1962, the Metrology function was fully staffed. By the end of 1962, the primary calibration labs and the Air Force Measurement Standards Laboratories were completed, consisting of four levels underground containing 20,000 square feet (1900 m²) of laboratory area. In November 1962, the facility was named Newark Air Force Station. In 1965, the Air Force assigned management of the worldwide Precision Measurement Equipment Laboratories certification program to the Calibration and Metrology Division.
In trade, weights and measures is often a subject of governmental regulation, to ensure fairness and transparency. The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) is tasked with ensuring worldwide uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI). Metrology is the science of developing nationally and internationally accepted units of measurement. In physics and metrology, units are standards for measurement of physical quantities that need clear definitions to be useful.
NMR cryoporometry (external cryoporometry website) is a very useful nano- through meso- to micro-metrology technique (nanometrology, nano- science.co.uk/nano-metrology) that has been used to study many materials, and has particularly been used to study porous rocks (i.e. sandstone, shale and chalk/carbonate rocks), with a view to improving oil extraction, shale gas extraction and water abstraction. Also very useful for studying porous building materials such as wood, cement and concrete.
Evaluation of measurement data – Supplement 1 to the "Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement" – Propagation of distributions using a Monte Carlo method. Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology.
S. Bhagavantham Memorial lecture of Andhra Pradesh Akademi of Sciences in 1994 and the Golden Jubilee Memorial lecture of the Indian Institute of Science on Metrology: New Vistas in 1998.
Optical engineering metrology uses optical methods to measure micro-vibrations with instruments like the laser speckle interferometer or to measure the properties of the various masses with instruments measuring refraction.
Most recently, the largest cable provider in Spain, SOGECABLE, relocated here. The headquarters of both the Real Automóvil Club de España and the Spanish Metrology Centre are located in Tres Cantos.
AFMETCAL (Air Force METrology and CALibration Program Office), located in Heath, Ohio is the primary manager of metrology services for the U.S. Air Force. It retains engineering authority for all calibrations performed in the PMEL labs throughout the Air Force, and oversees the contractor managed and operated Air Force Primary Standards Lab (AFPSL). It currently operates as a direct reporting unit of the Air Force Life Cycle Management Center for Wright-Patterson AFB, Wright-Patterson, OH.
Display Daily , accessed January 18, 2011 Film and Television ForthDD's microdisplays are used in Electronic Viewfinders (EVFs) for HD digital cinema cameras.Display Daily , accessed January 18, 2011 ARRI uses ForthDD's technology in its EVFs.Adlershof – News, accessed June 13, 2011 3D Optical Metrology ForthDD's microdisplays are used for fringe projection and confocal inspection in non-contact surface quality inspection systemsForth Dimension Displays - Applications page, 3D Metrology section (for example, in Sensofar productsSensofar – News page , accessed June 13, 2011).
Waldmann was assigned to the Brunswick Mechanical Engineering Institute.Brunswick Mechanical Engineering Institute—Braunschweigischen Maschinenbauanstalt—BMA Since Waldmann had intended to study aircraft construction after his military service, he was reassigned to the Institute of Aeronautical Metrology and Flight Meteorology at the Braunschweig-Waggum airfield under the leadership of Prof. Dr. Heinrich Koppe.Institute of Aeronautical Metrology and Flight Meteorology—Institut of Luftfahrtmeßtechnik und Flugmeteorologie At the end of March 1940, Waldmann graduated from school with his Abitur (diploma).
The organisation is currently headquartered at Newcastle University. In 1993, the company moved to Staffordshire from Birmingham. Much research has been done in power transmission at the university's National Gear Metrology Laboratory (NGML).Newcastle UniversityGear Metrology Unit, New Scientist, 22 July 1989 The organisation is part of EUROTRANS,EUROTRANS also known as the European Committee of Associations of Manufacturers of Gears and Transmission Parts, the European trade association for gear and transmission manufacturers, and works with Orgalim.
Stecchini's work included many controversial elements, and he complained he was ignored by fellow scholars. His defence of Immanuel Velikovsky in the September 1963 issue of American Behavioral Scientist (republished in 1966 as The Velikovsky Affair) undoubtedly also contributed to this. Most scholars consider his unpublished work on metrology, based on his work on ancient numismatics, as numerology or pseudoscientific metrology. His method consists of starting with an assumption, namely that all ancient measures are by definition related.
Surface metrology is the measurement of small-scale features on surfaces, and is a branch of metrology. Surface primary form, surface fractality and surface roughness are the parameters most commonly associated with the field. It is important to many disciplines and is mostly known for the machining of precision parts and assemblies which contain mating surfaces or which must operate with high internal pressures. Surface finish may be measured in two ways: contact and non-contact methods.
TU Braunschweig's research profile is very interdisciplinary, but with a focus on aeronautics, vehicle engineering including autonomous driving and electric mobility, manufacturing, life sciences, and metrology. Research is conducted in close collaboration with external organizations such as the German Aerospace Center, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, several Fraunhofer Institutes, and Germany's national metrology institute (PTB), among many others. As one of very few research institutions of its type in the world, the university has its own research airport.
The h-parameters were initially called series-parallel parameters. The term hybrid to describe these parameters was coined by D. A. Alsberg in 1953 in "Transistor metrology".56 IRE 28.S2, p.
Airy points (after George Biddell Airy) are used for precision measurement (metrology) to support a length standard in such a way as to minimise bending or droop of a horizontally supported beam.
McPherson specializes in vacuum fabrication, ultraviolet optical systems, spectroscopic technique, and high resolution spectral test and measurement instrumentation. End-user and OEM applications include research, metrology, semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, nanotechnology, aerospace and defense.
The progresses of metrology combined with those of gravimetry through improvement of Kater's pendulum led to a new era of geodesy. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, it could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology. Indeed, how to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs as a function of a single unit, and all the determinations of the force of gravity with the pendulum, if metrology had not created a common unit, adopted and respected by all civilized nations, and if in addition one had not compared, with great precision, to the same unit all the rulers for measuring geodesic bases, and all the pendulum rods that had hitherto been used or would be used in the future? Only when this series of metrological comparisons would be finished with a probable error of a thousandth of a millimeter would geodesy be able to link the works of the different nations with one another, and then proclaim the result of the measurement of the Globe.
This null balance measuring method is still important in electrical metrology and standards work and is also used in other areas of electronics. Measurement potentiometers are divided into four main classes listed below.
Recent attention has been given to forensic metrology and metrological traceability as a result of an international effort to accredit forensic laboratories and criminalistic laboratories to the International Organization for Standardization 17025 requirements.
Jan Gyllenbok (born 12 November 1963) is an expert on historical metrology with an academic background in engineering and computer science. He is known for his encyclopedia on historical systems of measurement units.
Metrology has wide- ranging impacts on a number of sectors, including economics, energy, the environment, health, manufacturing, industry, and consumer confidence. The effects of metrology on trade and the economy are two of its most-apparent societal impacts. To facilitate fair and accurate trade between countries, there must be an agreed-upon system of measurement. Accurate measurement and regulation of water, fuel, food, and electricity are critical for consumer protection and promote the flow of goods and services between trading partners.
An important application of particular note is the detection of gravitational radiation with projects such as LIGO. Here high precision distance measurements must be made of two widely separated masses. However, currently the measurements described by quantum metrology are usually not used as they are very difficult to implement and there are many other sources of noise which prohibit the detection of gravitational waves which must be overcome first. Nevertheless, plans may call for the use of quantum metrology in LIGO.
This also includes a highly sensitive trace survey station for radionuclides which has been measuring radioactive substances in ground-level air for meanwhile more than 50 years. The "Wende" ("political change") in Germany in 1990 also led to a "reunification in metrology". PTB took over parts of the ASMW (Office for Standardization, Metrology and Quality Control of the former German Democratic Republic), among them 400 employees, and the site Berlin- Friedrichshagen as additional field office (this has meanwhile been given up again).
Main functions of the committee are carrying out state policies of standardization, metrology, certification and protection of objects of industrial property; preparing and implementing state programs; conducting research on metrology and standardization; organizing protection of objects of the industrial property; updating documents in the sphere of standardization, metrology, certification to increase the competitiveness and quality of goods and services produced in Azerbaijan; ensuring state control over the compliance of imported and exported goods and services to the requirements of standards, metrological rules and norms, rules of certification and protection of industrial property objects, accreditation of testing centers. Azerbaijani standards are registered by AZSTAND and bear the abbreviation AZS. The regional standards (GOST) adopted by the Interstate Council for Standardization and Certification of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) are also used.
The Russian standardization organization Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology adopted ISO/IEC 26300 as national standard GOST R ISO/IEC 26300-2010 (ГОСТ Р ИСО/МЭК 26300-2010) on December 21, 2010.
The company operated an approved calibration and metrology laboratory for the electronics industry. Marconi Instruments was sold to IFR Systems Inc. in 1998, itself acquired by Aeroflex in 2002.GEC Sells Marconi Instruments, Archive.
In the US, the scales are certified by the National Type Evaluation Program (NTEP), in South Africa by the South African Bureau of Standards and in the UK by the International Organization of Legal Metrology.
To get a good overview of the surface an areal scan (Surface metrology) gives more information that a measurement along a single profile (profileometer). To quantify the surface roughness the ISO 25178 can be used.
Civionic engineering applications include integrating science and technology from both new and traditional disciplines, including civil, structural, and electronics engineering; structural health monitoring, deformation monitoring, data acquisition, signal processing, metrology, telemetry, remote sensing, and other applications.
Married to Inna Alexandrovna Minina. He has two sons (twins), Oleg and Igor. They are both Doctors of Technical Sciences, university professors, corresponding members of Russian Academy of Metrology and The Russian Academy of Natural History.
National Institute of Standards and Technology 2003; Historical context of the SI: Unit of length (meter) The comparison of the new prototypes of the metre with each other and with the Committee metre (French: Mètre des Archives) involved the development of special measuring equipment and the definition of a reproducible temperature scale. The BIPM's thermometry work led to the discovery of special alloys of iron-nickel, in particular invar, for which its director, the Swiss physicist Charles-Edouard Guillaume, was granted the Nobel Prize for physics in 1920. left As Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero stated, the progress of metrology combined with those of gravimetry through improvement of Kater's pendulum led to a new era of geodesy. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, the latter could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology.
The company Otto Rudolph established continued to evolve, making breakthroughs in ellipsometry including the first production-oriented ellipsometer for thin, transparent film measurements. The company continued development of its metrology products, securing new patents along the way.
Atmel also has chips specialized for the smart energy and smart metering markets. These chips combine microprocessors with tamper-proof hardware security and power line communication modems. The parts also integrate analog front-ends for accurate metrology.
His career included working as an assistant to J. J. Thomson at the Cavendish Laboratory, and work for the Metrology Department of the National Physical Laboratory. He was made a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1939.
The Carmelites departed from the nunnery in 1792. It was later used as a metrology office. The Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church recently reconsecrated the church to Christian worship and dedicated it to the Presentation of Our Lord.
From 2017 to 2019, she served as a non-executive board member of the Dube Trade Port Corporation. Hlongwa was a non-executive board member of the National Metrology Institute of South Africa from 2018 until 2019.
The United States Air Force calibration program was initiated in January 1952 to comply with AF Regulation 74-2, which outlined policies and assigned responsibilities for managing the Air Force Metrology and Calibration (AFMETCAL) Program.Fact Sheets : AFMETCAL – History – Why Metrology? The Dayton Air Force Depot, located at Gentile Air Force Station, Dayton, Ohio, developed and implemented a plan to ensure traceability to national standards that would apply to all measurements made on any weapon system in the Air Force. The Dayton Air Force Depot was given the authority to establish a centralized calibration program.
The Laboratoire national de métrologie et d'essais (National Laboratory of Metrology and Testing) is a French reference laboratory responsible for carrying out measurement and testing products of all kinds for their certification for placing them on the market. It also coordinates metrology activities in France. It was previously known as the Laboratoire national d'essais (LNE), and still uses those initials. Originally established in 1901, it is now a state-owned enterprise, and operates as an Établissement public à caractère industriel et commercial, a French type of state-controlled entity of an industrial or commercial nature.
Overview of a national measurement system A national metrology institute's (NMI) role in a country's measurement system is to conduct scientific metrology, realise base units, and maintain primary national standards. An NMI provides traceability to international standards for a country, anchoring its national calibration hierarchy. For a national measurement system to be recognized internationally by the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement, an NMI must participate in international comparisons of its measurement capabilities. BIPM maintains a comparison database and a list of calibration and measurement capabilities (CMCs) of the countries participating in the CIPM MRA.
The firm's profilometers are used for nondestructive testing metrology involving high-speed and high-precision surface inspection, surface imaging, and characterization, thick film and thin film thickness measurement, long profiles, cross-section imaging, and process control. Being fiber-based, they are able to operate in hostile environments and restricted spaces. The firm's profilometers find applications in the semiconductor and electronics industry, micromachining, aerospace industry, casting, optical industry, plastics and glass industry, and fuel cell metrology. In the biomedical field, their Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) detectors are used for micrometre-precision tissue imaging.
The International vocabulary of metrology (VIM) is an attempt to find a common language and terminology in metrology, i.e. the science of measurements, across different fields of science, legislature and commerce. The 3rd edition was developed using the principles of terminology work (ISO 704:2000 Terminology Work—Principles and Methods; ISO 1087-1:2000 Terminology Work—Vocabulary—Part 1:Theory and Application; ISO 10241:1992 International Terminology Standards—Preparation and Layout). The VIM is the most global attempt to standardize terminology across different fields of science, legislature, commerce and trade.
Federal Technical Regulation and Metrology Agency (Rosstandart) () is the Russian federal government agency that serves as a national standardization body of the Russian Federation. Previously known as Gosstandart. It is subordinated to the Ministry of Industry and Trade.
The editor-in-chief is Zhizhan Xu (Chinese Academy of Sciences). Subject coverage includes fiber optics and optical communications, lasers and laser optics, nonlinear optics, integrated optics, materials, quantum optics, ultrafast optics, image processing, instrumentation, measurement and metrology.
There is a wide range of instrumentation to measure these properties, including microscopy and spectroscopy methods as well as particle counters. Metrology standards and reference materials for nanotechnology, while still a new discipline, are available from many organizations.
The department of Automotive Engineering was started in academic year 2009-2010. A separate full-fledged Vehicle Maintenance and Testing laboratory was developed. laboratories like I.C.Engine, Metrology & Quality Control, Vehicle Maintenance Practices, CAD and Emission Control are available.
Vladimir V. Okrepilov (born February 23, 1944, Leningrad, Russian) is an economist and professor. General Director of the Federal budgetary institution State Regional Centre for Standardization, Metrology and Testing in St. Petersburg and Leningrad Region (State Centre "Test-St.Petersburg").
During this time, the first commercial digital holographic microscopy companies were founded. With increased computing power and use of inexpensive high-resolution sensors and lasers, digital holographic microscopy is today finding applications primarily within life science, oceanology and metrology.
JCGM 104:2009. Evaluation of measurement data – An introduction to the "Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement" and related documents. Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. Other considerations apply when the measured values are not obtained independently.
The International Organization of Legal Metrology ( - OIML), is an intergovernmental organization that was created in 1955 to promote the global harmonization of the legal metrology procedures that underpin and facilitate international trade. Such harmonization ensures that certification of measuring devices in one country is compatible with certification in another, thereby facilitating trade in the measuring devices and in products that rely on the measuring devices. Such products include weighing devices, taxi meters, speedometers, agricultural measuring devices such as cereal moisture meters, health related devices such as exhaust measurements and alcohol content of drinks. Since its establishment, the OIML has developed a number of guidelines to assist members, particularly developing nations, to draw up appropriate legislation concerning metrology across all facets of society and guidelines on certification and calibration requirements of new products, particularly where such calibration has a legal impact such as in trade, health care and taxation.
147–70, fig. 11.11. Greaves toured the Catacombs and made drawings of the Pantheon and Pyramid of Cestius. During his stay in Rome he instituted inquiries into the ancient weights and measures that are among the early classics of metrology.
All these important results that led to developments in the on-board metrology or to fundamental implementations in the processing, have appeared only in the form of technical notes, and therefore remain largely unknown outside of the Hipparcos and Gaia groups.
This process essentially is method that achieves higher levels of accuracy than classical optics. It takes advantage of quanta (individual packets of energy) to create units of measurement. By doing this, quantum metrology enhances the limits of accuracy beyond classical attempts.
In 1875, Nystrom proposed a new duodecimal (base 12) system of notation, arithmetic, and metrology called the Duodenal system as an appendix in his book A New Treatise on Elements of Mechanics Establishing Strict Precision in the Meaning of Dynamical Terms.
In addition to music, Mr. Lovchinsky holds a Ph.D. in Physics from Harvard University where his doctoral advisor was Mikhail Lukin. He has published numerous scientific articles in nanoscale metrology, quantum information science and high-energy astrophysics in leading scientific journals.
At IMTS 2018, a team consisting of Airbus, Boeing, DMG MORI, Hyundai WIA, Renishaw, and Mitutoyo demonstrated Digital Twin manufacturing by combining STEP-NC model and process data with MTConnect machine tool status and Quality Information Format (QIF) metrology results.
The ICRU is primarily responsible for the operational dose quantities, based upon the application of ionising radiation metrology, and the ICRP is primarily responsible for the protection quantities, based upon modelling of dose uptake and biological sensitivity of the human body.
As the output of 3D scanning processes, point clouds are used for many purposes, including to create 3D CAD models for manufactured parts, for metrology and quality inspection, and for a multitude of visualization, animation, rendering and mass customization applications.
The 2019 Metrology Day is when the changes to the International System that were decided on in 2018 come into effect, among them the replacement of the international prototype of the kilogram with a redefinition based on the Planck Constant.
He published studies of the weights used in the Greek colonies of Histria, Tomis and Callatis. In all, he wrote some forty works on ancient numismatics and metrology. Suțu donated his collection to the Academy and the Dobruja Regional Museum.
In addition, to sharpen resolution from the standard GPS 100 nanoseconds to the 1 nanosecond range metrology labs achieve, OPERA researchers used Septentrio's precise PolaRx2eTR GPS timing receiver, along with consistency checks across clocks (time calibration procedures) which allowed for common-view time transfer. The PolaRx2eTR allowed measurement of the time offset between an atomic clock and each of the Global Navigation Satellite System satellite clocks. For calibration, the equipment was taken to the Swiss Metrology Institute (METAS). In addition, highly stable cesium clocks were installed both at LNGS and CERN to cross-check GPS timing and to increase its precision.
Dr. Nikoonahad then managed development groups and extended that capability for smaller silicon geometries, using ultraviolet lasers. Subsequent to the AIT, he led numerous development teams for inspection and metrology products used in silicon manufacturing. Laser imaging, metals and dielectric thin film metrology, laser and spectral ellipsometry for dielectric film characterization, photothermal ellipsometry for implant measurement, chemical-mechanical planarization (CMP) end-point detection, optical CD (OCD), overlay characterization, and micro/macro defect inspection are among some the technologies that Dr. Nikoonahad and his teams have developed. He was Vice President of Technology for a new division of KT focused on integrated meteorology.
Together with NIST in the USA and the NPL in Great Britain, PTB ranks among the leading metrology institutes in the world. As the National Metrology Institute of Germany, PTB is Germany's highest and only authority in terms of correct and reliable measurements. The Units and Time Act Bundesgesetzblatt (Federal Law Gazette), volume 2008, part I, No. 28, p. 1185 ff., 11 July 2008] assigns all tasks which are related with the realization and dissemination of the units to PTB. All legally relevant aspects regarding the units as well as PTB’s responsibilities have been combined in this Act.
Grachanen, Christopher L., June 2007, The Metrology Job Description Initiative: NCSLI and ASQ Partnering for the Future, NCSL International Measure Vol.2 NO.2, pg 26 The SOC is the basis for the Occupational Outlook Handbook, a publication of the United States Department of Labor's Bureau of Labor Statistics, accepted as a reference for guidance counselors, job seekers and those planning a career path. In a joint effort between ASQ-MQD and NCSLI a survey was conducted to generate job titles with descriptions within the field of metrology. The titles proposed are, in general order of hierarchy: Calibration Technician, Calibration Engineer, and Metrologist.
To achieve comparability of VOC measurements, reference standards traceable to SI-units are required. For a number of VOCs gaseous reference standards are available from specialty gas suppliers or national metrology institutes, either in the form of cylinders or dynamic generation methods. However, for many VOCs, such as oxygenated VOCs, monoterpenes, or formaldehyde, no standards are available at the appropriate amount of fraction due to the chemical reactivity or adsorption of these molecules. Currently, several national metrology institutes are working on the lacking standard gas mixtures at trace level concentration, minimising adsorption processes, and improving the zero gas.
Gill is a Fellow of the Institute of Physics (FInstP) and was awarded their Young Medal and Prize in 2008 for world-leading contributions to optical frequency metrology. He also received the I. I. Rabi Award in 2007 from the IEEE International Frequency Control Symposium for contributions to time and frequency metrology and the realisation of single ion optical frequency standards. More recently, his group received the Royal Institute of Navigation's Duke of Edinburgh Award in 2014 for long term atomic clock development. Patrick is a visiting professor at Imperial College London and the University of Oxford.
The earliest voltage references or standards were wet- chemical cells such as the Clark cell and Weston cell, which are still used in some laboratory and calibration applications. Laboratory-grade Zener diode secondary solid-state voltage standards used in metrology can be constructed with a drift of about 1 part per million per year.Manfred Kochsiek, Michael Gläser, Handbook of Metrology, Wiley-VCH, 2010 p. 289 The value of the "conventional" volt is now maintained by superconductive integrated circuits using the Josephson Effect to get a voltage to an accuracy of 1 parts per billion or better, the Josephson voltage standard.
Nova Measuring Instruments is a publicly traded company, headquartered in Israel, a provider of metrology devices for advanced process control used in semiconductor manufacturing. Shares of the company are traded on the NASDAQ Global Market and on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange.
NCSL International (NCSLI) (from the founding name "National Conference of Standards Laboratories") is a global, non-profit organization whose membership is open to any organization with an interest in metrology (the science of measurement) and its application in research, development, education, and commerce.
It was founded in 1986 on the basis of the machine-building faculty. 5 departments are part of the faculty: Machine parts and lifting and transporting machines, Metrology and standardization, Theory of mechanisms and machines, Technological complexes and special equipment, Engineering graphics.
That same year he got a Ph. D. in Physics through the University of New Mexico advised by Carlton M. Caves for his thesis on nonlinear quantum metrology. Part of the theory developed on this thesis was later implemented in an optical experiment.
In this case the standing wave is imposed on the beam. . This type of system can be used as a sensor to track changes in frequency or phase of the resonance of the fiber. One application is as a measurement device for dimensional metrology.
In 1950, Cordovano founded The Cordovano Co., a precision tool business and metrology lab. He was an avid golfer and was a member of The Sea Pines Club in Hilton Head, South Carolina where he retired. Cordovano passed away in 1995 in Hilton Head.
Heather Jean Patrick is an American physicist. She is a researcher and project lead at National Institute of Standards and Technology. Patrick's research focuses on applications of scattering and reflectance measurements, advanced light sources, and robotics to the characterization and metrology of optical materials.
Scatterometers are widely used in metrology for roughness of polished and lapped surfaces in semiconductor and precision machining industries.John C. Stover. SPIE Optical Engineering Press, 1995 – Science – 321 pages. They provide a fast and non-contact alternative to traditional stylus methods for topography assessment.
In particular, the International Organization of Legal Metrology offers two options for the countries: "member" and "corresponding member", and the American Association of Physicists in Medicine also has the full and corresponding variants of membership for the specialists.Membershp types in the AAPM (AAPM website).
In 2004–2005, Hasanov served as the Ambassador of Azerbaijan Republic to Georgia. On December 14, 2005 he was appointed the Chairman of State Committee on Standardization, Metrology and Patents. Hasanov is fluent in English, Russian, Turkish and Georgian. He's married and has two children.
The Quantum-Nano centre is the site of a community laboratory for nano-metrology and nano-fabrication. Construction began on 9 June 2008 and is expected to be completed 21 September 2012. The 160 million dollar, facility will be the home to a laboratory.
The frequency and precision for calibrating metrology instruments may vary and it may require hiring the services of a specialized third-party. Also, in some instances, maintaining all instruments existent in the shop calibrated may be a necessary requirement to not fall out of compliance.
In the Laboratory for Emerging Nanometrology, institutes of the TU Braunschweig conduct research together with departments of the Physikalisch- Technische Bundesanstalt. Research topics are nanonormals, method developments as well as ubiquitous sensors and standards. The focus is on the metrology of 3-dimensional Nano systems.
The Mathematical Treatise of Sunzi used decimal fraction metrology. The unit of length was 1 chi, 1 chi = 10 cun, 1 cun = 10 fen, 1 fen = 10 li, 1 li = 10 hao, 10 hao = 1 shi, 1 shi = 10 hu. 1 chi 2 cun 3 fen 4 li 5 hao 6 shi 7 hu is laid out on counting board as ::::8px20px20px20px20px20px where 8px is the unit measurement chi. Southern Song dynasty mathematician Qin Jiushao extended the use of decimal fraction beyond metrology. In his book Mathematical Treatise in Nine Sections, he formally expressed 1.1446154 day as ::::::8px10px20px20px20px10px20px20px ::::::日 He marked the unit with a word “日” (day) underneath it.
Applied, technical or industrial metrology is concerned with the application of measurement to manufacturing and other processes and their use in society, ensuring the suitability of measurement instruments, their calibration and quality control. Producing good measurements is important in industry as it has an impact on the value and quality of the end product, and a 10–15% impact on production costs. Although the emphasis in this area of metrology is on the measurements themselves, traceability of the measuring-device calibration is necessary to ensure confidence in the measurement. Recognition of the metrological competence in industry can be achieved through mutual recognition agreements, accreditation, or peer review.
Legal metrology "concerns activities which result from statutory requirements and concern measurement, units of measurement, measuring instruments and methods of measurement and which are performed by competent bodies". Such statutory requirements may arise from the need for protection of health, public safety, the environment, enabling taxation, protection of consumers and fair trade. The International Organization for Legal Metrology (OIML) was established to assist in harmonising regulations across national boundaries to ensure that legal requirements do not inhibit trade. This harmonisation ensures that certification of measuring devices in one country is compatible with another country's certification process, allowing the trade of the measuring devices and the products that rely on them.
To improve the quality of the calibration and have the results accepted by outside organizations it is desirable for the calibration and subsequent measurements to be "traceable" to the internationally defined measurement units. Establishing traceability is accomplished by a formal comparison to a standard which is directly or indirectly related to national standards (such as NIST in the USA), international standards, or certified reference materials. This may be done by national standards laboratories operated by the government or by private firms offering metrology services. Quality management systems call for an effective metrology system which includes formal, periodic, and documented calibration of all measuring instruments.
For convenience, a standard value of buoyancy relative to stainless steel was developed for metrology work and this results in the term "conventional mass".International Recommendation OIML R33, International Organization of Legal Metrology. Conventional mass is defined as follows: "For a mass at 20 °C, ‘conventional mass’ is the mass of a reference standard of density 8,000 kg/m3 which it balances in air with a density of 1.2 kg/m3." The effect is a small one, 150 ppm for stainless steel mass standards, but the appropriate corrections are made during the manufacture of all precision mass standards so they have the true labeled mass.
The Arab Organization for Standardization and Metrology (, ), also known as Arab Organization for Standardization and Measures, was founded in 1965 as a specialized agency under the Arab League by the Council of Arab Economic Unity. The organization's functions included offering technical advice to Arab states on systems of weights and measures; providing professional training and research on industrial production quality, metrology, test and inspection methods; and seeking standardization of technical terms and product specifications between member nations. Their first general committee was held on March 25, 1968. The organization was merged in the 1990s with other organizations to form the Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization.
There are two distinct applications of this technique. One is the optical clock, where an optical frequency is overlapped with a single tooth of the comb on a photodiode, and a radio frequency is compared to the beat signal, the repetition rate, and the CEO- frequency (carrier–envelope offset). Applications for the frequency-comb technique include optical metrology, frequency-chain generation, optical atomic clocks, high-precision spectroscopy, and more precise GPS technology.Optical frequency comb for dimensional metrology, atomic and molecular spectroscopy, and precise time keeping The other is doing experiments with few-cycle pulses, like above-threshold ionization, attosecond pulses, highly efficient nonlinear optics or high-harmonics generation.
SEMATECH conducts research on the technical challenges and costs associated with developing new materials, processes, and equipment for semiconductor manufacturing. Advanced technology programs focus on EUV lithography including photomask blank and photoresist development, materials and emerging technologies for device structures, metrology, manufacturing, and environment and safety issues.
T. Żyliński Tadeusz Żyliński (4 November 1904 in Vilnius – 11 September 1967 in Łódź) was a Polish technician, textilist and mechanical engineer. He was a professor of Technical University of Łódź, creator of Polish school of textile metrology. Author of Metrologia włókiennicza and Nauka o włóknie.
TigriSat is a CubeSat built in 2014 by a team of Iraqi students at the La Sapienza University of Rome.Paris, C., Parisse, M., & Allawi, W. (2015). Thermovacuum tests on TIGRIsat structure: Validation of the thermal model of a 3U cubesat. 2015 IEEE Metrology For Aerospace (Metroaerospace).
Successors to Sumerian civilization including the Babylonians, Assyrians, and Persians continued to use these groupings. Akkado-Sumerian metrology has been reconstructed by applying statistical methods to compare Sumerian architecture, architectural plans, and issued official standards such as Statue B of Gudea and the bronze cubit of Nippur.
The synoptic scale metrology department deals with areas of remote sensing, using manual and automatic interpretation of satellite and radar data to make forecasts. In the field of numerical models, research focuses on the development of LAM Aladin, as in the new development of nowcasting model INCA.
Jadever was founded in July, 1986. During its first years of existence, the company advanced in technology innovation and developing a business plan. In 1998, the first of their products received approval from the International Organization of Legal Metrology. In 1999, Xiamen Jadever Scale Co., Ltd.
The missions could also corroborate these remote sensing datasets with not only their in situ lander metrology booms, but with higher-altitude temperature and pressure sensors for their descent. Differing in situ values have been reported for the average temperature on Mars, with a common value being .
Custody transfer metering systems must meet requirements set by industry bodies such as AGA, API, or ISO, and national metrology standards such as OIML (International), NIST (U.S.), PTB (Germany), CMC (China), and GOST (Russia), among others. These requirements can be of two types: Legal and Contract.
The Mittagskogel (German) or Kepa (Slovenian) has an elevation of aA,Federal Agency of Metrology and Surveying, Austria, Map 1:50000 and is thus the third highest mountain in the Karawanks range, after Hochstuhl/Stol and the Vertratscha/Vrtača. It is located on the border between Slovenia and Austria.
Starting in the 18th century, modernized, simplified and uniform systems of weights and measures were developed, with the fundamental units defined by ever more precise methods in the science of metrology. The discovery and application of electricity was one factor motivating the development of standardized internationally applicable units.
However second seed Great Britain was too strong in the quarter final, beating Japan with 201-196. Yuki Hayashi is employed in the legal department of HORIBA CO., the Kyoto-based electronics and metrology industrial firm. She is a current (2018-19) member of the Japan National Archery Team.
In addition, Dreist.tv is a student-run university station (IPTV). On the Höxter site, a metrological station Campuswetter is operated, which makes it possible to teach the topic of metrology or process informatics with practical relevance. The data of the station are presented in real time on the Internet.
FOS has the following fields of application: surface metrology, precise probe positioning, automatic surface characterization, automatic surface modification/stimulation, automatic manipulation of nanoobjects, nanotechnological processes of “bottom-up” assembly, coordinated control of analytical and technological probes in multiprobe instruments, control of atomic/molecular assemblers, control of probe nanolithographs, etc.
Jonathan P. Dowling (3 April 1955 – 5 June 2020) was an Irish-American researcher and professor in theoretical physics, known for his work on quantum technology, particularly for exploiting quantum entanglement (in the form of a NOON state) for applications to quantum metrology, quantum sensing, and quantum imaging.
In 1859, Nystrom proposed a hexadecimal (base 16) system of notation, arithmetic, and metrology called the Tonal system. In addition to new weights and measures, his proposal included a new calendar with sixteen months, a new system of coinage, and a hexadecimal clock with sixteen hours in a day.
As the basis for its tasks, PTB conducts fundamental research and development in the field of metrology in close cooperation with universities, other research institutions, and industry. PTB employs approximately 1900 staff members. It has a total budget of approx. 183 million euros at its disposal; in 2012, approx.
On 1 January 1990, the Malaysian Cabinet appointed the National Metrology Laboratory (Sirim) as the official timekeeper of Malaysia. It propagates coordinated universal time plus 8 hours. This timescale is derived from five atomic clocks maintained by Sirim and is always within 0.9 seconds of the legal time.
The raion houses the ministries of Finance and Healthcare, State Committee on Standardization, Metrology and Patents, State Railway Department, State Energy Control Office, State Circus and some other institutions. Nasimi Municipality operates in the district. There are no settlements, villages, and other administrative territorial units in Nasimi district.
The studies of the quantum optics group are focused on experimental verifications of fundamental quantum mechanics predictions. In particular, the Laboratory is especially interested in quantum metrology, quantum information and quantum key distribution studies. Modern quantum information experiments are performed using single optical photons as the so-called qubits.
In 2006, restoration of the gate began. After restoration will be completed, the gate will be used by the Centre of Standardisation and Metrology, a Russian federal government agency. It will accommodate laboratories and a small museum, where weights and other antique measuring instruments will be on display.
Bust of Mendeleev in the city of Mendeleyevsk, Tatarstan A number of places and objects are associated with the name and achievements of the scientist. In Saint Petersburg his name was given to D. I. Mendeleev Institute for Metrology, the National Metrology Institute, dealing with establishing and supporting national and worldwide standards for precise measurements. Next to it there is a monument to him that consists of his sitting statue and a depiction of his periodic table on the wall of the establishment. In the Twelve Collegia building, now being the centre of Saint Petersburg State University and in Mendeleev's time – Head Pedagogical Institute – there is Dmitry Mendeleev's Memorial Museum Apartment with his archives.
In the area of measurement, BIPM has identified nine metrology areas, which are acoustics, electricity and magnetism, length, mass and related quantities, photometry and radiometry, ionizing radiation, time and frequency, thermometry, and chemistry. As of May 2019 no physical objects define the base units.Decision CIPM/105-13 (October 2016) The motivation in the change of the base units is to make the entire system derivable from physical constants, which required the removal of the prototype kilogram as it is the last artefact the unit definitions depend on. Scientific metrology plays an important role in this redefinition of the units as precise measurements of the physical constants is required to have accurate definitions of the base units.
The increasing need for known accuracy and uncertainty and the need to have consistent and comparable standards internationally has led to the establishment of national laboratories. In many countries a National Metrology Institute (NMI) will exist which will maintain primary standards of measurement (the main SI units plus a number of derived units) which will be used to provide traceability to customer's instruments by calibration. The NMI supports the metrological infrastructure in that country (and often others) by establishing an unbroken chain, from the top level of standards to an instrument used for measurement. Examples of National Metrology Institutes are NPL in the UK, NIST in the United States, PTB in Germany and many others.
While Emile Plantamour was carrying out a series of experiments with this device, Adolphe Hirsch found a way to highlight the movements of the pendulum suspension plane by an ingenious optical amplification process. Isaac-Charles Élisée Cellérier, a Genevan mathematician and Charles Sanders Peirce would independently develop a correction formula which would make it possible to use the observations made using this type of gravimeter. "Potsdamer Kartoffel" (Potato of Potsdam) with a 15000 times magnification of the surface's level of the earth, Potsdam (2017) As Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero stated. If precision metrology had needed the help of geodesy, it could not continue to prosper without the help of metrology.
For example, a 12-bit digital sensor or converter can provide a dynamic range in which the ratio of the maximum measured value to the minimum measured value is up to 212 = 4096. Metrology systems and devices may use several basic methods to increase their basic dynamic range. These methods include averaging and other forms of filtering, correction of receivers characteristics, repetition of measurements, nonlinear transformations to avoid saturation, etc. In more advance forms of metrology, such as multiwavelength digital holography, interferometry measurements made at different scales (different wavelengths) can be combined to retain the same low-end resolution while extending the upper end of the dynamic range of measurement by orders of magnitude.
The use of this method is for optical surface metrology and coordinate-measuring machine. This means measuring form, waviness and roughness on samples. With optimized hardware and software components a lateral resolution of 500 nm (limitation of wavelength of light) and a vertical resolution of several nm can be reached.
The Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Lithuania () was established in 1918. Its departments include European Law, prisons, state-guaranteed legal aid services in several major Lithuania cities, a patent bureau, consumer rights protection, the Law Institute, the Metrology Inspectorate, state enterprise and legal information centers, and forensic science.
Vigilo NMS (Network Monitoring System) is a monitoring software capable of handling large-scale heterogeneous systems (network servers, software) thanks to a distributed and modular architecture. Built around Nagios, Vigilo additionally manages metrology, mapping, correlation and reporting. It is released as an open-source software, published under the GNU GPL license.
The Committee consists of one member from each Member State. These members normally have active official functions in legal metrology in their country. The Committee elects a non-salaried President for a six-year term of office from amongst its members. The Committee meets annually under the chairmanship of its President.
The Luftfahrt-Bundesamt (German Aviation Authority; LBA, Federal Office for Aviation) and the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (National Metrology Institute; PTB) granted official approval for EPCARD version 3.34 in December 2003. EPCARD.Net Professional version 5.4.3 was approved for official use for aircrew dose assessment by LBA and PTB in April 2010.
EE Times. Retrieved 22 May 2013. The platform hosts long-term experiments in the fields of real-time testing, soft error characterization and metrology. ASTEP is also permanently equipped with a neutron monitor (referenced as the Plateau de Bure Neutron Monitor, PdBNM) and a muon monitor (Plateau de Bure Muon Monitor, PdBM2).
After OPERA found the superluminal result, the time calibration was rechecked both by a CERN engineer and the German Institute of Metrology (PTB). Time-of- flight was eventually measured to an accuracy of 10 nanoseconds. The final error bound was derived by combining the variance of the error for the individual parts.
The Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB) is the national metrology institute of the Federal Republic of Germany, with scientific and technical service tasks. It is a higher federal authority and a public-law institution directly under federal government control, without legal capacity, under the auspices of the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy.
Accreditation is a critical element in promoting and sustaining economic development as well as environmental and social well-being, as it provides confidence in metrology, standardization, and conformity assessment (which comprises testing, calibration, inspection, and certification). IAF has prepared an informative brochure which provides general information about IAF, its activities, membership and programs.
IMT University has 102 laboratories with modern equipment installed in 9,500 m2 of construction area. It includes laboratories of: Engine Tests, Mechanical Tests, Metrology, Microwaves, Basic Sanitation, Metallography, Machine Construction, Soil Mechanics, Food processing pilot plant, Biology and Microbiology, Biotech and Biochemical Engineering, Control and Automation, Image Processing, Electrical Machines and Thermal Science.
Laser profilometry assessment of the pipe wall corrosion pit shown in the previous image. Main article – surface metrology Laser profilometers project a shape onto the object surface. Technicians configure the laser (both angle of incidence and distance from the object) to ensure the shape is uniform on normal metal. Superficial anomalies (e.g.
Teridian metrology system-on-chip (SOC) solutions provide energy metering, measurement and control for the Smart Grid. Other former Teridian products remain with Maxim Integrated, and included power-line communications, 10/100 Ethernet PHY, MAC+PHY, SFP Modules, VOIP FXO, PSTN soft modems with silicon DAA, smart-card interfaces and secure access controllers.
The scientists of the institute head four of the twelve technical committees of the COOMET regional metrology organization. The Institute is a center for training and retraining of metrologists. There is a council for the defense of dissertations for the degrees of candidate of science and doctor of science, postgraduate study is offered.
It obtained the Chinese government's authorization to offer PhD program in 1981 and the approval to build the post-doctoral research site in 1988. The research of the IOEE covers opto-electronic instruments, precision metrology and measurement, modern optical information processing, the theory and components of binary optics, and the birefringent frequency-splitting lasers. Several famous scientists work in the IOEE, including Professor Guofan Jin, an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, and Professor Kegong zhao, formerly the president of the Chinese National Institute of Metrology. ; The Institute of Instrument Science and Technology The Institute of Instrument Science and Technology is the most important institute in the State Key Laboratory of Precision Measuring Technology and Instrument Science at Tsinghua University.
Parliamentary Term 2012 - 2016 After leaving the position of Minister of Economy of the Slovak Republic he served as the Member of the National Council of the Slovak Republic within the 6th Parliamentary Term, to which position he was elected as the 25th candidate for the SMER-SD in 2012. Parliamentary Term 2016 - 2020 In the elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic in March 2016, he stood as the 32nd candidate for the SMER-SD.[9] He worked in the NR SR Committee for Economic Affairs. Office for Standardization, Metrology and Testing SR 2016–Present On 1 October 2016, the Prime Minister of the Slovak Republic appointed Pavol Pavlis as the President of the Slovak Office of Standards Metrology and Testing.
Quantum metrology involves using quantum mechanics to make precise measurement that cannot be achieved classically. Typically, entanglement of N particles are used to measure a phase with a precision ∆φ = 1/N. called the Heisenberg limit. This exceeds the ∆φ = 1/ precision limit possible with N non-entangled particles, called the standard quantum limit (SQL).
Department of Commerce Industrial Development Bureau Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection Water Resources Agency State-owned Enterprises Commission Taiwan Sugar Corporation Taiwan Power Company CPC Corporation Taiwan Water Corporation The Ministry of Economic Affairs is very important in the management of Taiwan's economy. It manages a number of statutory bodies and state owned enterprises.
Modern metrology has its roots in the French Revolution. With a political motivation to harmonise units throughout France, a length standard based on a natural source was proposed. In March 1791, the metre was defined. This led to the creation of the decimal- based metric system in 1795, establishing standards for other types of measurements.
Mountains is an image analysis and surface metrology software platform published by the company Digital Surf. Its core is micro-topography, the science of studying surface texture and form in 3D at the microscopic scale. The software is dedicated to profilometers, 3D light microscopes ("MountainsMap"), scanning electron microscopes ("MountainsSEM") and scanning probe microscopes ("MountainsSPIP").
A number of techniques exist to quantitatively analyze metallographic specimens. These techniques are valuable in the research and production of all metals and alloys and non-metallic or composite materials. Microstructural quantification is performed on a prepared, two-dimensional plane through the three-dimensional part or component. Measurements may involve simple metrology techniques, e.g.
In 1637 John Greaves, professor of geometry at Gresham College, made his first of several studies in Egypt and Italy, making numerous measurements of buildings and monuments, including the Great Pyramid. These activities fuelled many centuries of interest in metrology of the ancient cultures by the likes of Isaac Newton and the French Academy.
Volume 38. 1976. The United States government has determined that taquitos must contain at least 15% meat. Uniform laws and regulations: in the areas of legal metrology and motor fuel quality as adopted by the 80th National Conference on Weights and Measures, 1995. Joan A. Koenig, National Conference on Weights and Measures, United States.
This journal focuses on original research pertaining to the 30 Gigahertz to 30 Terahertz frequency band of the electromagnetic spectrum. Sources, detectors, and other devices that operate in this frequency range are given topical coverage. Other subjects covered by this journal are systems, spectroscopy, applications, communications, sensing, metrology, and electromagnetic wave and matter interactions.
Rostest is the largest organization of practical metrology and certification on the territory of the Russian Federation. The main goal of Rostest is governmental standards control aimed at ensuring and maintaining uniformity of measurements in industry, health care, communication systems, trading, military defense, and resource counting as well as environmental protection and other economic activities.
One use for Doppler cooling is the optical molasses technique. This process itself forms a part of the magneto-optical trap but it can be used independently. Doppler cooling is also used in spectroscopy and metrology, where cooling allows narrower spectroscopic features. For example, all of the best atomic clock technologies involve Doppler cooling at some point.
In 1908/09, he took part in two successful excavations at Miletus. In 1912, he was instrumental towards the founding of the "Pompeii project", a project that is still continued by the DAI today. In the field of metrology, he conducted research of ancient weights. After retirement in 1933, he continued to give lectures at Greifswald until 1940.
Automatic measurement of hip prosthesis : surface roughness characterization The very short time needed to grab information makes DHM very robust to environmental vibrations. It enables in particular “on-flight” and “on-line” quality controls of parts. Applications have been demonstrated in particular for implants roughness, structure of semiconductor components, solar industry, industrial metrology, and watch parts among other.
IUPAC list of mononuclidics for metrology purposes In nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR), the three most sensitive stable nuclei are hydrogen-1 (1H), fluorine-19 (19F) and phosphorus-31 (31P). Fluorine and phosphorus are monoisotopic, with hydrogen nearly so. 1H NMR, 19F NMR and 31P NMR allow for identification and study of compounds containing these elements.
Single spatial mode diode lasers can be designed so as to operate on a single longitudinal mode. These single frequency diode lasers exhibit a high degree of stability, and are used in spectroscopy and metrology, and as frequency references. Single frequency diode lasers are classed as either distributed feedback (DFB) lasers or distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) lasers.
To redefine the value of a kilogram without an artefact the value of the Planck constant must be known to twenty parts per billion. Scientific metrology, through the development of the Kibble balance and the Avogadro project, has produced a value of Planck constant with low enough uncertainty to allow for a redefinition of the kilogram.
Patrick Kelly (1756–1842) was a British metrologist, best known for his comparative studies of weights and measures collected in his works Universal Cambist (1811) and Oriental Metrology (1832)... Kelly was Master of the Finsbury Square Academy, London. He was also instrumental in the establishment of the Imperial system of measurement through the Weights and Measures Act 1824.
The ancient Sumerians of Mesopotamia developed a complex system of metrology from 3000 BC. From 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period.Duncan J. Melville (2003). Third Millennium Chronology, Third Millennium Mathematics.
Prof. Dr. Rajpal Singh Sirohi is an Indian optics physicist, academic administrator, educator, and researcher in optical metrology. He is the former Director of IIT Delhi and Vice Chancellor of several universities. He is the Fellow of INAE, NASI, OSA, SPIE, OSI and ISoI. He has received numerous awards including Gabor Award of SPIE, Galileo Award of ICO.
Tauno Kukkamäki in the early 1960s Tauno Johannes Kukkamäki (11 October 1909 – 1 May 1997) was a Finnish geodesist renowned especially for his research into levelling refraction. He defended his doctoral thesis in University of Turku in 1940 on the metrology of length by means of the Väisälä comparator.Kukkamäki, Tauno Johannes (1909–1997). Kansallisbiografia. (Requires subscription.) 21 March 2005.
The number of millilitres of pure ethanol is the mass of the ethanol divided by its density at 20 °C, which is 0.78924 g/mL (105.3 fl oz/gallon). The ABV standard is used worldwide. The International Organization of Legal Metrology has tables of density of water–ethanol mixtures at different concentrations and temperatures. In some countries, e.g.
OnPulse Plus provides real-time light source parameter monitoring (i.e., energy, wavelength, bandwidth) and lot-level event correlation to avoid excursions and prevent diminished yield. SmartPulse delivers wafer-level light source parameter monitoring and on-board beam metrology to optimize the lithography process. OnPulse Plus is available for all XL-series and ELS 7000 and 6000 series.
Quantum metrology is the use of quantum physics to aid the measurement of quantities that, generally, had meaning in classical physics, such as exploiting quantum effects to increase the precision with which a length can be measured. A celebrated example is the introduction of squeezed light into the LIGO experiment, which increased its sensitivity to gravitational waves.
Myer, G, et al (1988) "Novel Optical Approach to Atomic Force Microscopy", Applied Physics Letters, 53, 1045–1047Baumeister, Theodore, et al. (1967) Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers. McGraw-Hill, LCCN 16-12915 Scatterometers are compatible with vacuum environment, are not sensitive to vibration, and can be readily integrated with surface processing and other metrology tools.John M. Guerra.
5, 2000, doi: 10.1119/1.19459, p. 438; in both cases giving the reference as Claudio Egidi, editor, Giovanni Giorgi and his Contribution to Electrical Metrology: Proceedings of the meeting held in Turin (Italy) on 21 and 22, September 1988, Politecnico di Torino, Turin (IT), 1990, , pp. 53–56 It is equivalent to 1 dyne per maxwell.
A primary standard in metrology is a standard that is sufficiently accurate such that it is not calibrated by or subordinate to other standards. Primary standards are defined via other quantities like length, mass and time. Primary standards are used to calibrate other standards referred to as working standards.Skoog, Douglas A., Donald M. West and F. James Holler.
It also includes high- performance contact metrology systems. For many years Zeiss showed innovations in fields as astronomical telescopes, photographic and cinematic lenses. Early on, Carl Zeiss realised that he needed a competent scientist so as to take the firm beyond just being another optical workshop. In 1866, the service of Dr. Ernst Abbe was enlisted.
Semiconductor International () was a trade publication and web site owned by Reed Business Information serving the information needs of manufacturers of semiconductors and integrated circuits. The editor-in-chief was Pete Singer. Established in 1978, Semiconductor International was published monthly. Regular news and feature articles covered topics including Wafer Processing, Lithography, Yield Management, Metrology, Semiconductor Packaging and Wafer Cleaning.
The mechanical engineering block behind the main building opened to classes in 2004. The Department of Mechanical Engineering holds laboratory facilities like Workshop/Production Engineering Lab, Solid Mechanics/Metallurgy and Materials Lab, Fluid Mechanics/Hydraulic Machinery Lab, Thermal Engineering (Automobile) Lab, Heat Transfer Lab, Metrology and Machine Tools lab, refrigeration & air conditioning lab, and mission tools lab.
Block 3 (Back Side) The Mechanical Engineering Workshop building houses all the Mechanical Engineering Laboratories, viz. Basic and Conventional Manufacturing Lab, Advanced Manufacturing Lab, CAD/CAM Lab, Dynamics Lab, Fluid Mechanics Lab, Heat and Mass Transfer Lab,Instruments and Control Lab, IC Engines Lab, Material Testing Lab, Metrology and Metallographic Lab, Robotics Lab and Polymer Engineering Lab.
The Minister of Industry, Trade and Supply of Jordan is a Cabinet Minister responsible for overseeing internal and external trade. Alongside this position, the Minister also holds the position of Chairman of the Board of Directors of several government institutions including Jordan Civil Service Consumer Corporation, Jordan Standards and Metrology Organization (JISMO) and the Jordan Enterprise Development Corporation (JEDCO).
On 16 November 2018, a new definition was adopted, in terms of a fixed value of the Boltzmann constant. With this change the triple point of water became an empirically determined value of approximately 273.16 kelvin. For legal metrology purposes, the new definition officially came into force on 20 May 2019, the 144th anniversary of the Metre Convention.
Integrated quantum photonics, uses photonic integrated circuits to control photonic quantum states for applications in quantum technologies. As such, integrated quantum photonics provides a promising approach to the miniaturisation and scaling up of optical quantum circuits. The major application of integrated quantum photonics is Quantum technology:, for example quantum computing, quantum communication, quantum simulation, quantum walks and quantum metrology.
Since 1997 - leading research fellow of the Institute. Became Ukrainian State Prize Winner of 1998, which was awarded for the work on "Basic physics, development and creation of high-stable laser systems for metrology, analytical measurements and basic research". (see more on Honours and Awards) In 2001 obtained status of professor.1996–present time - various international visits and collaborations.
It has been claimed that megalithic monuments in England and Scotland, dating from the 3rd millennium BC, incorporate geometric ideas such as circles, ellipses, and Pythagorean triples in their design.Thom, Alexander, and Archie Thom, 1988, "The metrology and geometry of Megalithic Man", pp. 132–51 in C.L.N. Ruggles, ed., Records in Stone: Papers in memory of Alexander Thom.
3 Mar. 2016. Normal approach such as critical dimension- scanning electron microscopy (CD-SEM) to obtain data for pattern quality inspection takes too much time and is also labor-intensive. On the other hand, the optical scatterometer-based metrology is a non-invasive technique and has very high throughput due to its larger spot size. These results in the collection of more statistical data than by using SEM, and that data processing is also automated with the optical technique making it more feasible than traditional CD-SEM.Van Look, L., Rincon Delgadillo, P., Yu-tsung Lee, Pollentier, I., Gronheid, R., Yi Cao, Guanyang Lin, Nealey, P.F. “High Throughput Grating Qualification of Directed Self-Assembly Patterns using Optical Metrology.” Microelectronic Engineering 123 (2014): 175-179. ScienceDirect. Web. 3 Mar. 2016.
Interferometry is a family of techniques in which waves, usually electromagnetic waves, are superimposed, causing the phenomenon of interference, which is used to extract information. Interferometry is an important investigative technique in the fields of astronomy, fiber optics, engineering metrology, optical metrology, oceanography, seismology, spectroscopy (and its applications to chemistry), quantum mechanics, nuclear and particle physics, plasma physics, remote sensing, biomolecular interactions, surface profiling, microfluidics, mechanical stress/strain measurement, velocimetry, optometry, and making holograms. Interferometers are widely used in science and industry for the measurement of small displacements, refractive index changes and surface irregularities. In most interferometers, light from a single source is split into two beams that travel in different optical paths, which are then combined again to produce interference; however, under some circumstances, two incoherent sources can also be made to interfere.
These are known as base quantities in physics and metrology. Temperature is a quantity for which there is an absence of concatenation operations. We cannot pour a volume of water of temperature 40 °C into another bucket of water at 20 °C and expect to have a volume of water with a temperature of 60 °C. Temperature is therefore an intensive quantity.
Biggs' interests include computational learning theory, the history of mathematics and historical metrology. Since 2006, he has been an Emeritus Professor at the London School of Economics. Biggs hobbies consist of writing about the history of weights and scales. He currently holds the position of Chair of the International Society of Antique Scale Collectors (Europe), and a member of the British Numismatic Society.
KRISS was established in 1975 as the Korea Standards Research Institute, and initiated calibration services in 1979. The institute became known as the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science in 1991. In 1999, KRISS was officially designated to serve as the national metrology institute by the Framework Act on National Standards (Article 13). It maintains South Korea's primary measurement standards.
Rudolph Technologies, Inc. is an American semiconductor company. Formed in 1940 and traded as on the New York Stock Exchange, it is a provider of process and process control equipment and software for microelectronic manufacturing industries (primarily semiconductor). The company's product offering includes automated defect inspection and metrology systems, probe card test and analysis systems, and lithography step-and-repeat systems.
A pentaprism. The optical square uses a pentaprism to reflect and refract a beam or sighting 90 degrees, it is used in pairs in surveying and in a singular block in metrology. In optical square A Horizon glass is placed at an angle of 120° with the horizon sight. The Index glass is placed at an angle of 105° with the Index sight.
Through subsequent calibrations between national metrology institutes, calibration laboratories, and industry and testing laboratories the realisation of the unit definition is propagated down through the pyramid. The traceability chain works upwards from the bottom of the pyramid, where measurements done by industry and testing laboratories can be directly related to the unit definition at the top through the traceability chain created by calibration.
Motion can be determined by change in position over time. Linear encoder technologies include optical, magnetic, inductive, capacitive and eddy current. Optical technologies include shadow, self imaging and interferometric. Linear encoders are used in metrology instruments, motion systems, inkjet printers and high precision machining tools ranging from digital calipers and coordinate measuring machines to stages, CNC mills, manufacturing gantry tables and semiconductor steppers.
Swedish Board for Accreditation and Conformity Assessment (, ) is the national accreditation body, assessing the competence of laboratories, certification and inspection bodies in Sweden. It is one of the Government agencies in Sweden that answers to the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs. The agency is located in Borås. It is also responsible for regulations and surveillance in the field of legal metrology.
Creaform manufactures metrology and 3D engineering devices for use in shop-floor environments It is based in Lévis, Quebec, Canada. The company was founded in 2002 by Martin Lamontagne and two co-workers at Modelex. It began with a $200,000 loan from the Business Development Bank of Canada. In 2009, the company sold its 1000th laser scanner, priced from $50 -100,000.
The American Society for Precision Engineering (ASPE) focuses on many areas that are important in the research, design, development, manufacture and measurement of high accuracy components and systems. This collective discipline is known as Precision engineering, and includes precision controls, metrology, interferometry, materials, materials processing, nanotechnology, optical fabrication, precision optics, precision replication, scanning microscopes, semiconductor processing, standards and ultra-precision machining.
Igor V. Minin () (born March 22, 1960 in Novosibirsk Academytown, Russia), a Russian physicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Metrology and a full professor of Physics at the Tomsk Polytechnic University. He became known for contribution to the creation of new directions in science: THz 3D Zone plate, mesoscale photonics, subwavelength structured light, including acoustics and surface plasmon.
Jeremy O'Brien (born 1975, Australia) is a physicist who researches in quantum optics, optical quantum metrology and quantum information science. , he is Professorial Research Fellow in Physics and Electrical Engineering at the University of Bristol, and director of its Centre for Quantum Photonics. His work in optical quantum computing has included the demonstration of the first optical quantum controlled NOT gate.
Chantraine's research focus was the late antiquity, the Roman social history and auxiliary science of history as well as numismatics and metrology. During his active time as professor he published a large number of diverse publications. Since 1988, he was a full member of the Mainzer Akademie der Wissenschaften (Academy of Sciences in Mainz) and member of supervisory board of the Ekkehardstiftung.
Reconstruction of Recorded Sound from an Edison Cylinder Using Three-Dimensional Noncontact Optical Surface Metrology. Journal of the Audio Engineering Society 53 (2005), pp. 485-508. Soon after, Haber and Fadeyev were contacted by the Library of Congress, which began operating its own machine in 2006. In 2013, Haber was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship to continue development of the system.
Jiang's research focuses on the development of mathematical models for metrology as well as new optics to create sensors and hardware. In 1994, she joined City, University of London, working with Professor Ken Grattan. She joined University of Birmingham, working with Professor Kenneth Stout. The group moved to the University of Huddersfield in 1997, where the Centre for Precision Technologies was founded.
The 3-D rotational microscope was introduced in 1992. From 2000 offices and associated companies were set up in Osaka, USA, China, Nagoya, Korea, Europe, and Asia, with distribution agreements with LECO (USA), Leeds Precision Instruments, and Olympus Corporation. By 2014 distribution agreements with LECO (USA), Leeds Precision Instruments, and Olympus Corporation had ended. In 2018, a distribution agreement started with Nikon Metrology.
Figure 2 is a semilog plot that illustrates how typical differences in dc voltage measurements among National Measurement Institutes (NMIs) have decreased over the last 70 years.B. W. Petley: in Quantum Metrology and Fundamental Physical Constants, edited by P.H. Cutler and A. A. Lucas (Plenum, New York) 293 (1983)J. Niemeyer in Handbook of Applied Superconductivity, ed. Bernd Seeber, (Inst.
R. L. Kautz, in Metrology at the Frontiers of Physics and Technology, ed. L. Grovini and T. J. Quinn (Amsterdam: North- Holland) 259 (1992) Microwave power is applied by inserting the finline end of the chip into a slot parallel to the E-field in a WR-12 waveguide. The dc output appears across superconducting pads at the edge of the chip.
David Erik Aspnes (born 1 May 1939 in Madison, Wisconsin) is an American physicist and a member of the National Academy of Sciences (1998). Aspnes developed fundamental theories of the linear and nonlinear optical properties of materials and thin films, and the technology of spectroscopic ellipsometry (SE). SE is a metrology that is indispensable in the manufacture of integrated circuits.
Point clouds are often aligned with 3D models or with other point clouds, a process known as point set registration. For industrial metrology or inspection using industrial computed tomography, the point cloud of a manufactured part can be aligned to an existing model and compared to check for differences. Geometric dimensions and tolerances can also be extracted directly from the point cloud.
For the first time, the standard brings 3D surface metrology methods into the official domain, following 2D profilometric methods that have been subject to standards for over 30 years. The same thing applies to measurement technologies that are not restricted to contact measurement (with a diamond point stylus), but can also be optical, such as chromatic confocal gauges and interferometric microscopes.
The Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Certification of Belarus (also known as Gosstandart) is the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) member body for Belarus. The head of Gosstandart is the chairman, who is appointed by the President of Belarus. Since 1992, the post of chairman has been held by Valery Kareshkou. Gosstandart's head office is located at 93 Starovilensky Tract 220053, Minsk.
She was the first woman to receive a doctorate honoris causa from the Tallinn University of Technology in 2013. She also received the ASME Allan Kraus Thermal Management Medal in 2015 for her contributions to the scientific and academic world of thermal transient testing, in particular, her work on thermal metrology including thermal test, characterization, and analysis of semiconductor devices and packages.
The asteroid 9878 Sostero (1994 FQ) was named after him. He died on 6 December 2012 due to the complications of a heart attack. He was 48 years old. The "Giovanni Sostero Award" was created in 2013 and supported thereafter by Elettra - Sincrotrone Trieste to honor Sostero, formerly in charge of the soft x-ray metrology laboratory at the facility.
Oleg V. Minin () (born March 22, 1960 in Novosibirsk Academytown, Russia), a Russian physicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Metrology and a full professor of Physics at the Tomsk Polytechnic University. He became known for contribution to the creation of new directions in science: THz 3D Zone plate, hypercumulative shaped charge, subwavelength structured light, including acoustics and surface plasmon.
Przegląd Elektrotechniczny (English: Electrotechnical Review) is a monthly scientific journal covering electrical engineering and the oldest Polish journal in this field. It was established in 1919 by Wydawnictwo SIGMA-NOT. Initially it only covered electrical engineering in a narrow sense, but nowadays it also covers related topics, such as electronics, power systems, power electronics, traction, metrology, machines, transformers, and material engineering.
The Bureau was established under the Standards Act Chapter 295 of the substantive Law of Belize revised edition 2000-2003. Its goal is to develop, promote and implement standards associated with goods, services and processes within Belize. Three other units makes up the department; namely, Supplies Control, Consumer Protection and Metrology Units. With these units operating under the department there are additional responsibilities.
Since September 2016 – Vice-Rector for Scientific Research, Gdańsk University of Technology (GUT), Poland. Since 2013 he has been the head of the Department of Metrology and Optoelectronics. Promoter of 4 completed doctorates (all with honors) and tutor of 4 doctoral students. Editor-in-chief of the ‘Science Bulletin’ of the Faculty of Electronics, Telecommunications and Informatics at GUT (2012-2013).
Peeler was formerly president of JDSU's Communications Test and Measurement Division. In 2008, Veeco settled a patent litigation it had brought against Asylum Research Corporation in 2003. In October 2010, Veeco announced the sale of its metrology business to Bruker Corporation in a cash deal for $229.4 million. In May 2012, John Peeler became chairman of the board of Veeco.
Lindegren's publications include more than 90 refereed papers on astrometry, reference frames, data processing, spectroscopy and instrument design. Besides those in space astrometry, a frequently cited paper deals with solar physics and the role of convection on the line profile,The fundamental definition of radial velocity and another considers in a very general way the atmospheric limitations on small-field astrometry.Atmospheric limitations of narrow-field optical astrometry He is a co-author of the canonical paper on the IAU 2000 `Resolutions for Astrometry, Celestial Mechanics, and Metrology in the Relativistic Framework'.The IAU 2000 Resolutions for Astrometry, Celestial Mechanics, and Metrology in the Relativistic Framework: Explanatory Supplement Crucially, the bulk of his contributions to space astrometry has been in the form of a series of unpublished technical notes for Hipparcos and Gaia, amounting to some 200 documents totalling around 3000 pages.
In 1995, the machine vision group produced the MaxVision Toolkit, a software library for image acquisition, object finding, metrology, inspection functions, and camera calibration. More specifically, the Toolkit provided image acquisition (normalized correlation and connectivity), metrology tools (line fitting, arc fitting, and edge locators), inspection tools (golden template, pixel counting, and histogramming), image processing tools (Sobel edge filters, cross-gradient edge filters, threshold operations, morphology, image arithmetic, image copy, X & Y projections, and convolutions), and high accuracy calibration that corrected for perspective distortion. Swami Manickam, Scott Roth, and Tom Bushman of the machine vision group developed a significant tool called the Finder which performed intelligent normalized grayscale correlation that is invariant to rotation, scaling [to a limited extent], and perspective distortion. Swami Manickam, Scott D. Roth, Thomas Bushman, ‘’Intelligent and Optimal Normalized Correlation for High-Speed Pattern Matching‘’, NEPCON WEST 2000.
Despite the importance of the Soviet Union in establishing North Korea, Kim Il-sung continued official use of Korean units until the DPRK's notional metrication under National Standard 4077-75 in 14 April 1975.. It joined the Meter Treaty in 1982. or 1989, although it was removed from the International Bureau for Weights and Measures and related organizations in 2012 for its years of failure to pay the necessary fees. North Korea has long used the metric system in its state-run media and international publications, but continues to use traditional units alongside the metric system in sectors approved by the government. North Korea's standards are administered by the Central Institute of Metrology under the State Administration of Quality Management in accordance with the Law on Metrology ratified by the Supreme People's Assembly on 3 February 1993.
Inspection bodies Inspection mainly operates within the regulatory domain where regulators and citizens need to be confident that inspection bodies, especially those inspecting health and safety issues in accordance with the Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Act, are competent to do so. This also applies to bodies that are required to ensure the protection of consumers, such as the National Regulator for Compulsory Specification (NRCS) and those required under the IPAP, for example, nuclear inspection and measurement and verification agencies. 6\. Verification laboratories Verification laboratories fall under the domain of legal (trade) metrology, whose sole purpose is to protect consumers from unfair trade practices. These laboratories perform verifications on volume, mass and length measuring instruments in accordance with the requirements of the Trade Metrology Act (Act No. 77 of 1973) and other related technical regulations to ensure reliable results. 7\.
Like all scanning techniques, the embedding of spatial information into a time sequence opens the door to uncertainties in metrology, say of lateral spacings and angles, which arise due to time-domain effects like specimen drift, feedback loop oscillation, and mechanical vibration. The maximum image size is generally smaller. Scanning probe microscopy is often not useful for examining buried solid-solid or liquid- liquid interfaces.
According to official surveys by the Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying, the Western Simonyspitze (Westliche Simonyspitze, ) is the higher of the two tops at . The Eastern Simonyspitze (Östliche Simonyspitze, ) to the northeast, reaches 3,442 m. According to other sources both peaks are 3,488 m. To the north, on the Salzburg side, the mountains drop into the glacier of Krimmler Kees above the valley of Krimmler Achental.
Its budget, €190 million in 2019, comes from the Spanish Ministry of Defence and from its own projects with the industry. As of 2017 INTA had a total of 1500 employees, 80% of them are dedicated to R&D; activities. Its two main areas of activity are research and development (for example, in propulsion, materials, remote sensing) and certification and testing (for example, in aircraft, software, metrology).
Replication, in metallography, is the use of thin plastic films to nondestructively duplicate the microstructure of a component. The film is then examined at high magnifications. Replication is a method of copying the topography of a surface by casting or impressing material onto the surface. It is the commonly used technique to duplicate surfaces that are inaccessible in metrology to other forms of nondestructive testing.
Jupally Krishna Rao started his career as a bank employee and gradually succeeded in construction business. He was elected as an MLA from Kollapur constituency in Mahbubnagar district in 1999,2004,2009,2012 By-elections & 2014. He was earlier a Minister for Food,Civil supplies,Legal Metrology, Consumer affairs under Late Sri YS Rajasekhar Reddy's Cabinet. Later in Kiran Kumar Reddy's cabinet, he was given Endowment Ministry in Andhra Pradesh.
The NMS affects how measurements are made in a country and their recognition by the international community, which has a wide-ranging impact in its society (including economics, energy, environment, health, manufacturing, industry and consumer confidence). The effects of metrology on trade and economy are some of the easiest-observed societal impacts. To facilitate fair trade, there must be an agreed-upon system of measurement.
Not all countries have a centralised metrology institute; some have a lead NMI and several decentralised institutes specialising in specific national standards. Some examples of NMI's are the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in the United States, the National Research Council (NRC) in Canada, the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science (KRISS), and the National Physical Laboratory of India (NPL-India).
Since 2005, Patrick works at National Institute of Standards and Technology in Gaithersburg, Maryland. She is the project lead on ROSI (the Robotic Optical Scatter Instrument), a new NIST facility for ultraviolet to shortwave infrared spectral- and angle-resolved reflectance and scattering measurements. Patrick's research focuses on applications of scattering and reflectance measurements, advanced light sources, and robotics to the characterization and metrology of optical materials.
In order to ensure the desired quality the parts are measured between each process step. Additionally, the parts are handled and transported carefully between the processing and metrology steps. #Hotforming of gobs: The precision glass moulding process yields the best results in both quality and cost if it works with precise preforms. These are usually acquired by pressing or hotforming of "gobs" of molten glass.
The kilogram is now defined in terms of the second and the metre, based on fixed fundamental constants of nature. This allows a properly-equipped metrology laboratory to calibrate a mass measurement instrument such as a Kibble balance as the primary standard to determine an exact kilogram mass, although the IPK and other precision kilogram masses remain in use as secondary standards for all ordinary purposes.
Mandal is an only child. His mother was a housewife and his father runs a business supplying engineering parts across India. Born in Howrah, India, Rahul came to the United Kingdom in 2010 on a scholarship to study for his PhD in Optical Metrology at Loughborough University and his thesis was on Calibration and Adjustment of Coherence Scanning Interferometry. He joined the Nuclear AMRC in 2015.
The Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBS) is a government agency responsible for governing and maintaining the standards and practices of metrology in Kenya. It was established by an Act of Parliament of Kenya's National Assembly, The Standard Act, and Chapter 496 of the Laws of Kenya. The Bureau started its operations in July 1974. It has main offices in Nairobi, and regional offices throughout Kenya.
Some of the electron waves created by constructive interference collide with the detector, creating specific diffraction patterns according to the surface features of the sample. Users characterize the crystallography of the sample surface through analysis of the diffraction patterns. Figure 2 shows a RHEED pattern. Video 1 depicts a metrology instrument recording the RHEED intensity oscillations and deposition rate for process control and analysis.
The Charlotte Research Institute was created in 2000. It sits on a 100-acre (0.4 km²) campus, attached to the main UNCC campus, on a tract of land originally named the Millennial Campus. The research-oriented CRI Campus focuses on precision metrology and intelligent manufacturing, optoelectronics and optical communication, and software and information technology. This campus brings together faculty, students, and outside researchers to work together.
She became a Professor and head of the surface metrology group in 2003. In 2006, she was invited to meet Queen Elizabeth II at a celebration of people who had made a significant contribution to national life that year. That year, she was appointed a Royal Society Senior Research Fellow. In 2011, she hosted a two-day Ultra-precision Engineering workshop at the Royal Society.
Li contributed to the Book of Sui and Book of Jin, which cover the history of the Sui and Jin dynasties. He wrote about the discoveries in astrology, metrology, and music. These are the official histories of the periods. The book Massage- Chart Prophecies (Tui bei tu) is generally credited to Li. The book is a collaboration of attempts to predict the future using numerology.
Margaret Crosby (1902 - 1972) was an American archaeologist and historian. Crosby graduated from Bryn Mawr College in 1922, and subsequently became involved in archaeology and ancient history, especially epigraphy and metrology, earning her PhD at Yale University. During World War II, Crosby joined the Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and worked as a cryptographer for the OSS' Greek Desk, deciphering reports and materials for the Allied Forces.
24 105 (1980) soon made possible much larger arrays. In 1987, the design was extended to a chip with 14484 junctions that generated about quantized voltages spanning the range from to . Numerous further refinements were made as 10 V Josephson standards were implemented in many national standards laboratories. By 1989, all of the hardware and software for a complete voltage metrology system was commercially available.
The RP Photonics Encyclopedia (formerly Encyclopedia of Laser Physics and Technology) is an encyclopedia of optics and optoelectronics, laser technology, optical fibers, nonlinear optics, optical communications, imaging science, optical metrology, spectroscopy and ultrashort pulse physics. It is available online as a free resource. An earlier version of the encyclopedia appeared as a two-volume book. , the online version of the encyclopedia contains 938 articles.
Theodor W. Hänsch and John L. Hall shared half of the 2005 Nobel Prize in Physics for contributions to the development of laser- based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency-comb technique. The other half of the prize was awarded to Roy Glauber. Also in 2005, the femtosecond comb technique was extended to the extreme ultraviolet range, enabling frequency metrology in that region of the spectrum.
The phon unit is not an SI unit in metrology. It is used as a unit of loudness level by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). The phon model can be extended with a time-varying transient model which accounts for "turn-on" (initial transient) and long-term listener fatigue effects. This time-varying behavior is the result of psychological and physiological audio processing.
But because SA requires high laser intensity, and the gas molecules usually have widely spread strong absorption spectra only in the mid-IR, while compact widely tunable mid-IR lasers were slow to develop, the SA technique has not been widely used for molecular chemical analysis besides precision metrology, which only been limited to the isolated wavelengths of HeNe and CO2 lasers and limited number of molecules.
After World War II Breu worked as a surveyor and private teacher, before he entered the service of the Federal Office for Metrology and Surveying at Vienna (Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen). From 1959 until 1966 he again taught at a grammar school. Already in 1959 Breu hat started collaborating with the Vienna based Institute for East and Southeast European Studies (Ost- und Südosteuropa-Institut).
Landing on Europa, part 3: Proposed configuration with provisions for radiation shielding and planetary protection. Kim R. Fowler, Stephen A. Dyer. Metrology for AeroSpace (MetroAeroSpace), 2017 IEEE International Workshop on 21-23 June 2017, Italy, At the end of the mission, the lander might self-destruct using an incendiary device. That system can also be triggered, if the spacecraft loses contact with the Earth.
Similarly a cantilever beam can have a standing wave imposed on it by applying a base excitation. In this case the free end moves the greatest distance laterally compared to any location along the beam. Such a device can be used as a sensor to track changes in frequency or phase of the resonance of the fiber. One application is as a measurement device for dimensional metrology.
Confocal or 3D laser scanning are methods to get information about the scanned surface. Another low-power application uses structured light projection systems for solar cell flatness metrology, enabling stress calculation throughout in excess of 2000 wafers per hour. The laser power used for laser scanning equipment in industrial applications is typically less than 1W. The power level is usually on the order of 200 mW or less but sometimes more.
In metrology, measurement uncertainty is the expression of the statistical dispersion of the values attributed to a measured quantity. All measurements are subject to uncertainty and a measurement result is complete only when it is accompanied by a statement of the associated uncertainty, such as the standard deviation. By international agreement, this uncertainty has a probabilistic basis and reflects incomplete knowledge of the quantity value. It is a non-negative parameter.
In 2006, Ivan Pavlov initiated a court case that resulted in a judicial obligation for the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology (Rostechregulirovanie, its brief name was then) to publish texts of national standards online. Before that, the wide public could get access to the standards only for fee. FIF lawyers won their victory in the first court instance in February 2006. The Rostechregulirovanie filed a cassation appeal.
Laser absorption spectrometry has become the foremost used technique for quantitative assessments of atoms and molecules in gas phase. It is also a widely used technique for a variety of other applications, e.g. within the field of optical frequency metrology or in studies of light matter interactions. The most common technique is tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS) which has become commercialized and is used for a variety of applications.
The procedure for this will vary from model to model and it is best performed by somebody that is familiar with radiation metrology gear and its calibration. US state emergency management agencies usually maintain a calibration lab intended to keep the state's own inventory of such devices calibrated and often offer such services to local first responding agencies statewide but generally do not offer them to the public.
Building at Leipziger Straße, Berlin The Reichspostministerium (RPM) in Berlin was the Ministry in charge of the Mail and the Telecommunications of the German Weimar Republic from 1919 until 1933 as well as of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945. Especially during the Nazi rule, it had authority over research and development departments in the areas of television engineering, high- frequency technology, cable (wide-band) transmission, metrology, and acoustics (microphone technology).
Tester- based Parts Average Testing varieties include Parametric Parts Average Testing (P-PAT) and Geographical Parts Average Testing (G-PAT), among others. Inline Parts Average Testing (I-PAT) uses data from production process control inspection and metrology to perform the outlier recognition function. Bond strength measurement is performed in two basic types: pull testing and shear testing. Both can be done destructively, which is more common, or non destructively.
S. National Nanotechnology Initiative: What is nanotechnology? to include a wide range of tiny structures, including those created by large and imprecise tools. However, nano manufacturing is not defined in the NNI's recent report, Instrumentation and Metrology for Nanotechnology. In contrast, another "priority area," nanofabrication, is defined as "the ability to fabricate, by directed or self-assembly methods, functional structures or devices at the atomic or molecular level" (p. 67).
Quantum metrology is the study of making high-resolution and highly sensitive measurements of physical parameters using quantum theory to describe the physical systems, particularly exploiting quantum entanglement and quantum squeezing. This field promises to develop measurement techniques that give better precision than the same measurement performed in a classical framework. Together with quantum hypothesis testing, it represents an important theoretical model at the basis of quantum sensing.
1144–1158 (March 1990). This innovation was important in the control of flexible structures as it resolved modal spillover. In 1987, Lee joined IBM's Almaden Research Center in San Jose, California, as a research staff member and later as a staff to the IBM ARC Laboratory Director. His research work at IBM was primarily on the interdisciplinary areas related to magnetic disk drives, optoelectronic systems, metrology systems and piezoelectric systems.
This exact process is repeated for each of the standards used until transfer standards, certified reference materials and/or natural physical constants, the measurement standards with the least uncertainty in the laboratory, are reached. This establishes the traceability of the calibration. See Metrology for other factors that are considered during calibration process development. After all of this, individual instruments of the specific type discussed above can finally be calibrated.
He was the principal investigator of the MeerKAT High Performance Computing for Radio Astronomy research project at Stellenbosch University, in collaboration with the University of Cape Town, the Centre for High Performance Computing at the CSIR and the MeerKAT office. Davidson's research at Curtin University focuses on radio astronomy and in particular on antenna design, computational electromagnetic simulation and metrology; radio frequency front ends; digital back-ends; instrument calibration; and interferometry.
Lyndon Bentley Wainwright (7 December 1919 – 2 January 2018) was a British metrologist, ballroom dancer and author. He worked at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) during World War II, and was a chairman of the British Engineering Metrology Association. After the war, he was a leading exhibition dancer, and one of a small group of experts who introduced Latin American dance to Britain. Wainwright wrote nine books on ballroom dancing.
The secretariat is based in Saint-Cloud, Hauts-de-Seine, France. In 1999 the CIPM has established the CIPM Arrangement de reconnaissance mutuelle (Mutual Recognition Arrangement, MRA) which serves as the framework for the mutual acceptance of national measurement standards and for recognition of the validity of calibration and measurement certificates issued by national metrology institutes. A recent focus area of the CIPM has been the revision of the SI.
The most straightforward approach would be to apply a steady-state current and measure the change in temperature of adjacent thermistors. A more versatile approach uses an AC signal applied to the electrodes. The third harmonic of the AC signal reveals heating and temperature fluctuations of the material. Laser heating is a non-contact metrology method, which uses picosecond and nanosecond laser pulses to deliver thermal energy to the substrate.
Livio Catullo Stecchini (6 October 1913 - September 1979) was a professor of ancient history at Paterson State Teachers College (now William Paterson University) in New Jersey. He wrote on the history of science, ancient weights and measures (metrology), and the history of cartography in antiquity. He is best known as a defender of the theories of Immanuel Velikovsky and for his numerological theories about the dimensions of the Great Pyramids.
Being a serial technology, SPL is inherently slower than e.g. photolithography or nanoimprint lithography, while parallelization as required for mass-fabrication is considered a large systems engineering effort (see also Millipede memory). As for resolution, SPL methods bypass the optical diffraction limit due to their use of scanning probes compared with photolithographic methods. Some probes have integrated in-situ metrology capabilities, allowing for feedback control during the write process.
NanoFab 200, (also known as CESTM), an earlier part of the campus, was completed in 1997. This , $16.5 million facility includes of cleanroom space, a metrology lab, and office space for programs. NanoFab South, completed March 2004, is a , facility including of 300 mm wafer, class 10,000-capable cleanroom space. Completed December 2005, NanoFab North is a , facility including of cleanroom space with Class 100-capable 300mm wafer production.
This team has focused on topics such as quantum simulation, quantum neural networks and quantum metrology. In 2019 they published a paper showing they had achieved quantum supremacy, completing with a quantum computer in just three minutes a task that would take 10000 years to be done by the world's most powerful classical supercomputer. Boixo played the leading role on the development of the theory backing that experiment.Martinis, John; Boixo, Sergio.
The Oxford English Dictionary defines the word "realise" (also spelt "realize") as "to convert (something imagined, planned, etc.) into real existence or fact." The International vocabulary of metrology identifies three distinct ways in which this is done - the first being the realisation of a measurement unit from its definition, the second the reproduction of measurement standards and the third the process of actually adopting a particular artefact as a standard.
In metrology it is used to define the kilogram in SI units., p. 131 The Planck constant is defined to have the exact value At the end of the 19th century, accurate measurements of the spectrum of black body radiation existed, but predictions of the frequency distribution of the radiation by then-existing theories diverged significantly at higher frequencies. In 1900, Max Planck empirically derived a formula for the observed spectrum.
S. National Nanotechnology Initiative: What is nanotechnology? to include a wide range of tiny structures, including those created by large and imprecise tools. However, nanomanufacturing is not defined in the NNI's recent report, Instrumentation and Metrology for Nanotechnology. In contrast, another "priority area," nanofabrication, is defined as "the ability to fabricate, by directed or self-assembly methods, functional structures or devices at the atomic or molecular level" (p. 67).
The theoretical elements of the DfV methods were published in 2016, together with their testing using industrial case studies of representative complexity. The industrial tests published on ScienceDirect proved that by using the new Design for Verification methods alongside the traditional ‘Design for X’ toolbox, the resultant process achieved improved tolerance analysis and synthesis, optimized large volume metrology and assembly processes and more cost effective tool and jig design.
Active isolation today is used for applications where structures smaller than a micrometer have to be produced or measured. A couple of companies produce active isolation products as OEM for research, metrology, lithography and medical systems. Another important application is the semiconductor industry. In the microchip production, the smallest structures today are below 20 nm, so the machines which produce and check them have to oscillate much less.
The Charlotte Research Institute (CRI) is a partnership between the University of North Carolina at Charlotte and corporations in the region. The goal of CRI is to develop technology-based academic and business partnerships, ranging from consultation to onsite collaborative research. The institute's support of education and research includes its three centers: eBusiness, Optoelectronics and Optical Communications, and Precision Metrology. The CRI is located on UNC Charlotte's Millennial Campus.
He was elected an honorary fellow of the Institute of Physics in recognition of his "major contributions to physics through his pre-eminent research, his influential leadership roles and his service to the Institute of Physics". Knight was Chief Scientific Advisor until his retirement to the National Physical Laboratory and is Chair of NPL's Quantum Metrology Institute. He continues to act as an advisor to the British government.
The national Weights & Measures codes and regulations control the wholesale and retail trade requirements to facilitate fair trade. The regulations and accuracy requirements vary widely between countries and commodities, but they all have one common characteristic - “traceability”. There is always a procedure that defines the validation process where the duty meter is compared to a standard that is traceable to the legal metrology agency of the respective region.
Moiré deflectometry can be a powerful tool for nondestructive optical testing. A major advantage of the technique is that it is less sensitive to mechanical vibration, and it is therefore widely used in the ophthalmic industry for laminar analysis. A similar implementation in wind tunnel application for quantitative measurement is moire schlieren, a variation of schlieren photography.O. Kafri & I Glatt "The Physics of Moiré Metrology" J. Wiley & Sons Inc.
It covers the effective use of data, confidence intervals, effective degree of freedom, likewise introducing the overlapping Allan variance estimator. It is a highly recommended reading for those topics. The IEEE standard 1139 Standard definitions of Physical Quantities for Fundamental Frequency and Time Metrology is beyond that of a standard a comprehensive reference and educational resource. A modern book aimed towards telecommunication is Stefano Bregni "Synchronisation of Digital Telecommunication Networks".
Sierra Leone switched to selling fuel by the litre in May 2011. In October 2011, the Antigua and Barbuda government announced the re-launch of the Metrication Programme in accordance with the Metrology Act 2007, which established the International System of Units as the legal system of units. The Antigua and Barbuda government has committed to a full conversion from the imperial system by the first quarter of 2015.
He authored a massive work entitled History of the Hungarian Currency 1000–1325, in which he systematized the Hungarian currency during the Middle Ages' chronology, metrology and history. His other key solo publication was The Finance, Affairs and Economic Policy of the Kingdom of Hungary During the Reign of Charles Robert. He published many essays and books together with fellow scholar Gyula Szekfű. Their most prominent work was a well-regarded Hungarian History.
In 1966 he became superintendent of the Laboratory's quantum metrology division. In 1969 he became professor of geophysics at Edinburgh University, founding that university's geophysics department. Three years later, he was appointed Jacksonian Professor of Natural Philosophy at the Cavendish Laboratory, University of Cambridge, where he set up the laboratory astrophysics group. His work there included experiments in microwave spectroscopy and tests of the inverse square law of gravitation at short distances.
This technique has found applications in many different fields, from semiconductor physics to microelectronics and biology, from basic research to industrial applications. Ellipsometry is a very sensitive measurement technique and provides unequaled capabilities for thin film metrology. As an optical technique, spectroscopic ellipsometry is non- destructive and contactless. Because the incident radiation can be focused, small sample sizes can be imaged and desired characteristics can be mapped over a larger area (m2).
Not all calibration is an affair for metrology labs. A micrometer can be calibrated on-site anytime, at least in the most basic and important way (if not comprehensively), by measuring a high-grade gauge block and adjusting to match. Even gauges that are calibrated annually and within their expiration timeframe should be checked this way every month or two, if they are used daily. They usually will check out OK as needing no adjustment.
The feasibility study of the project was done by Lahmeyer International GmbH from Germany in 1980. In 1983, the Department of Hydrology and Metrology revised the study. In 2004, the Irrigation Development Programme under the European Union concluded that the project is feasible which led the government to start the project by its own resources. The initial project cost in 2005-06 was NPR 12.8 billion and estimated to be completed by 2014-15.
There are strong links between quantum metrology and quantum information science. It has been shown that quantum entanglement is needed to outperform classical interferometry in magnetrometry with a fully polarized ensemble of spins. It has been proved that a similar relation is generally valid for any linear interferometer, independent of the details of the scheme. Moreover, higher and higher levels of multipartite entanglement is needed to achieve a better and better accuracy in parameter estimation.
At the turn of 1979/1980 there was a total of 20 building plots with 12.073 m² and 19 gardens with 8.481 m², 1989/1990 there were 29 buildings plots. At the turn of 1999/2000, the number of buildings plots had increased to 79 and at the turn of 2009/2010 there were 34 buildings on 64 building plots.Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying: Regionalinformation at www.bev.gv.at, Vienna, 31 December 2018.
SQUIDs, or superconducting quantum interference devices, are very sensitive magnetometers that operate via the Josephson effect. They are widely used in science and engineering. In precision metrology, the Josephson effect provides an exactly reproducible conversion between frequency and voltage. Since the frequency is already defined precisely and practically by the caesium standard, the Josephson effect is used, for most practical purposes, to give the standard representation of a volt, the Josephson voltage standard.
This ratio was probably first formalized in Handbook 52 that accompanied MIL-STD-45662A, an early US Department of Defense metrology program specification. It was 10:1 from its inception in the 1950s until the 1970s, when advancing technology made 10:1 impossible for most electronic measurements. Maintaining a 4:1 accuracy ratio with modern equipment is difficult. The test equipment being calibrated can be just as accurate as the working standard.
British bronze yard of 1855. The yard is defined by the distance between two lines scribed on the bottom surface of holes at each ends of the bar, on the neutral plane. The property of remaining a constant length under load has been made use of in length metrology. When metal bars were developed as physical standards for length measures, they were calibrated as marks made on a length measured along the neutral plane.
Prof. Dr. Hansjörg Dittus is a German physicist, affiliated with the German Aerospace Center as director of the Institute of Space Systems and Executive Board Member for Space Research and Technology. His fields of expertise are gravitational physics, metrology, inertial sensors. He is involved in many space-based experiments aimed at testing foundational issues of gravitational interaction. He collaborates with the Center of Applied Space Technology and Microgravity (ZARM) at the University of Bremen.
He first worked at Trondhjem Technical School from 1891 to 1893, then at the Norwegian Naval Academy from 1893. He directed the Norwegian Metrology Service from 1914 to 1929. He was a member of the Norwegian Academy of Science and Letters. He wrote textbooks like Lærebog i fysik for realgymnasiet og tekniske skoler (first time in 1903, from 1909 together with Gabriel Gabrielsen Holtsmark), and popular science books like Elektriciteten: en populær fremstilling from 1897.
Since its founding, IOR has produced military (including scopes, binoculars, range finders) and civilian grade optics (microscopes, medical lenses, glass lenses) and associated equipment (still cameras and camera lenses, cinema projectors, dental units). Since the 1980s, the company engaged in optical electronics, lasers, metrology, and thermal vision. The company is SR EN ISO 9001 certified. IOR optics are currently imported into the US by Valdada Optics and are marketed as "IOR Valdada".
The Dr. Allen V. Astin Award is presented to the overall best paper. Two annual events are hosted by NCSL International. The first is a Technical Exchange, were tutorials had given on various Metrology Topics. The second is an annual Workshop & Symposium that includes an exhibit hall with over one hundred companies showcasing a variety of goods and services including calibration hardware and software, management tools, education and training organizations, calibration labs and accreditation services.
During the 19th and early 20th centuries, this theory played a significant role in the debates over whether Britain and the United States should adopt the metric system.E. M. Reisenauer, "The Battle of the Standards": Great Pyramid Metrology and British Identity, 1859-1890, The Historian 65, no. 4 (Summer 2003): 931–978; E. F. Cox, "The International Institute: First organized opposition to the metric system" Ohio History v. 68: PP. 54–83 .
S. Kopeikin's workshop on spacetime metrology, clocks and relativistic geodesy is held in the International Space Science Institute (Bern, Switzerland). Kopeikin was born in Kashin, a small town near Moscow in what was then the USSR. He graduated with excellence from Department of Astrophysics of Moscow State University in 1983 where he studied general relativity under Leonid Grishchuk. In 1986, he obtained a Ph.D. in relativistic astrophysics from the Space Research Institute in Moscow.
The science of metrology has progressed vastly since 1875. In particular the treaty was amended in 1921 with the result that many other international organizations have a forum within the CIPM to ensure harmonization of measurement standards across many disciplines. In addition, what were originally conceived as standards for the purposes of trade have now been extended to cover a large number of aspects of human activity including medicine, science, engineering and technology.
The National Standards of the Republic of China (CNS, ) is the national standard of Taiwan, officially the Republic of China. These standards were established in 1946, and administered by the Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection ("BSMI") of the Ministry of Economic Affairs of Taiwan. These standards are divided into 26 numbered categories. Applying the National Standards is voluntary unless authorities in charge cite any parts of the standards as laws and regulations.
Metrology standards for nanotechnology are available from both private organizations and government agencies. These include the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), ASTM International, the IEEE Standards Association (IEEE), the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the U.S. National Cancer Institute's Nanotechnology Characterization Laboratory, and the European Committee for Standardization. The American National Standards Institute maintains a database of nanotechnology standards.
A consortium of several companies started to work in 2008 on a free implementation of 3D surface texture parameters. The consortium, called OpenGPS later focused its efforts on an XML file format (X3P) that was published under the ISO standard ISO 25178-72. Several commercial packages provide part or all of the parameters defined in ISO 25178, such as MountainsMap from Digital Surf, SPIP from Image Metrology as well as the open source Gwyddion.
Renishaw specialises in industrial metrology and spectroscopy and sells its products in the major markets around the world. The company's strategy has been to grow organically sustained by patented innovations. The company's product portfolio has since expanded into touch probes for CNC machine tools, calibration systems that optimise the performance of CNC machinery, linear encoder systems, rotary encoder systems, additive manufacturing machines, dental CAD/CAM systems, Raman spectroscopy and medical devices for functional neurosurgery applications.
However, the average mass of the worldwide ensemble of prototypes and the mass of the IPK have likely diverged another μg since the third periodic verification years ago.Assuming the past trend continues, whereby the mean change in mass of the first batch of replicas relative to the IPK over one hundred years was +23.5σ30μg. Further, the world's national metrology laboratories must wait for the fourth periodic verification to confirm whether the historical trendspersisted.
At the turn of 1979/1980 there was a total of 95 building plots with 32.143 m² and 48 gardens with 8.753 m², 1989/1990 there were 120 buildings plots. At the turn of 1999/2000, the number of buildings plots had increased to 341 and at the turn of 2009/2010 there were 148 buildings on 327 building plots.Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying: Regionalinformation at www.bev.gv.at, Vienna, 31 December 2018.
At the turn of 1979/1980 there was a total of 68 building plots with 30,333 m² and 38 gardens with 22,373 m², 1989/1990 there were 104 buildings plots. At the turn of 1999/2000, the number of buildings plots had increased to 251 and at the turn of 2009/2010 there were 113 buildings on 240 building plots.Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying: Regionalinformation at www.bev.gv.at, Vienna, 31 December 2018.
W. Chism et al., "Photoreflectance characterization of ultrashallow junction activation in millisecond annealing," J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B 28, C1C15-C1C20 (2010). doi:10.1116/1.3253327 This probe beam wavelength also provided excellent sensitivity to strain in strained silicon processes.W. Chism et al., "Photo-Reflectance Characterization of Nanometer Scale active Layers in Si," in AIP Conference Proceedings, Vol. 931 ("Frontiers of Characterization and Metrology for Nanoelectronics: 2007"), edited by D.G. Seiler et al., pp.
In 1864 he was awarded the Crown Prince's gold medal (Kronprinsens gullmedalje) for the dissertation regarding the use of electricity in medicine (Om Electricitetens Anvendelse i Medicinen). He was a professor of physics teacher at the Norwegian Military Academy from 1873 until 1903. He became the first director of the Norwegian Metrology Service, serving from 1875 to 1914. From 1900 to 1914 he also represented Norway in the International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
JCGM has two Working Groups. Working Group 1, "Expression of uncertainty in measurement", has the task to promote the use of the GUM and to prepare Supplements and other documents for its broad application. Working Group 2, "Working Group on International vocabulary of basic and general terms in metrology (VIM)", has the task to revise and promote the use of the VIM. For further information on the activity of the JCGM, see www.bipm.org.
Their base of operations was officially named Metrology and Astronomy Observatory on June 14 of the same year. It’s currently located in office blocks surrounding the Public Security Bureau of Qingdao, and initially served only to observe temperature, humidity, rainfall, wind force, etc. The institute conducts meteorological observations 3 times per day and reports daily weather maps and forecasts (including storm warnings). In 1904, Qingdao Observatory extended its operations to astronomy and timekeeping functions.
This standardisation correlated with the introduction of major railway building, and legal reform, making it part of a wider imperial, ideological programme. Kupfer's successor was V. S. Glukhov. It was originally located in the building of the Peter and Paul Fortress in St. Petersburg.Michael D. Gordin, 'Measure of all the Russias: Metrology and Governance in the Russian Empire', Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, New Series, 4.4 (Fall 2003), 783–815 (pp. 793–800).
Located in the institute's old building, the museum possesses unique monuments of the history of metrology: Russian and foreign reference measures, balances, measuring instruments, rare archive documents and photos, books of the 18–20th centuries. The first collections of the museum were formed in 1830 when the system of measures was being developed on a scientific basis in Russia. Now a significant part of the museum exhibits is related to the activities of Mendeleev.
While at the institute, Stone established the Construction Metrology and Automation Group. He led the group for seven years before stepping down to focus on projects at Stone Aerospace. In 1998–1999, Stone directed an international group of explorers consisting of over 100 volunteers to participate in the Wakulla 2 Project. Upon securing a permit from the State of Florida the expedition began mapping the cave of Wakulla Springs, near Tallahassee, Florida.
Test equipment tends to drift out of calibration over time, and the specified accuracy cannot be relied upon indefinitely. For more expensive equipment, manufacturers and third parties provide calibration services so that older equipment may be recalibrated and recertified. The cost of such services is disproportionate for inexpensive equipment; however extreme accuracy is not required for most routine testing. Multimeters used for critical measurements may be part of a metrology program to assure calibration.
Interferogram for N = 3 slits with diffraction pattern superimposed on the right outer wing. This particular interferogram corresponds to the interferometric character "b". The diffraction pattern over the interferogram shown above, corresponding to N = 3 slits, was generated using a single spider silk fiber with a diameter of about 25 μm. These interferometers, originally introduced for applications in imaging, are also useful in optical metrology and have been proposed for secure optical communications in free space, between spacecraft.
Beta is a time signal service in the VLF range in Russia, operated by the Russian Navy.C3 Systems of the CIS Navy It is controlled by All-Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology.. Official signal specification. There are 6 transmitter stations, which take turns transmitting time signals and other communications. Each transmitter has 1 or 2 scheduled sessions per day lasting 31–41 minutes, depending on transmitter, total 8 sessions in 24 hours.
Set up in 1976, the Escorts Knowledge Management Centre (KMC) is spread over 100,000 sq.m. area in Faridabad. This centre designs the entire tractor – engine, transmission plus hydraulic systems and vehicle design consisting of sheet metal (including styling), controls and accessories. The KMC has facilities such as an engine laboratory featuring computerised test beds with online control, data acquisition and analysis, advanced vehicle testing laboratory, noise vibration and harshness lab, metrology lab, and materials engineering lab.
As a scholar of the Renaissance he was committed to a universal approach towards learning and research and published over 40 complete scholarly works during his professional life on a wide range of subjects and disciplines, such as pedagogy, medicine, metrology, mercantilism, pharmacy, philosophy, geology, history and many more. His innovative and comprehensive scholarly work, based on new and precise methods of production and control is remarkable and has earned him international admiration to this day.
Canadian Reference Materials (CRM) are certified reference materials of high- quality and reliability produced by the National Metrology Institute of Canada – the National Research Council Canada. The NRC Certified Reference Materials program is operated by the Measurement Science and Standards portfolio and provides CRMs for environmental, biotoxin, food, nutritional supplement, and stable isotope analysis. The program was established in 1976 to produce CRMs for inorganic and organic marine environmental analysis and remains internationally recognized producer of CRMs.
Optical tomography is a form of computed tomography that creates a digital volumetric model of an object by reconstructing images made from light transmitted and scattered through an object. Optical tomography is used mostly in medical imaging research. Optical tomography in industry is used as a sensor of thickness and internal structure of semiconductors.^ Wojtek J. Walecki and Fanny Szondy, "Integrated quantum efficiency, reflectance, topography and stress metrology for solar cell manufacturing", Sunrise Optical LLC, Proc.
In 2013, Alabuga received a certificate of compliance with the requirements of GOST 9001-2011 (ISO 9001: 2008). In 2014, the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology issued to the management company of the SEZ a certificate of compliance of the environmental management system and a certificate of compliance of the health and safety management. The activity of JSC “SEZ IPT «Alabuga»” is controlled by the Board of Director; the General Director performs operational management.
During his military career, Lotito served six years of active duty in both World War II and the Korean War. In 1943 he was retained at UCLA as a metrology instructor. In 1945, Lotito was sent to Florida for a series of top secret war cabinet meetings with other senior ranking U.S. Military officials. It was there that the Allied Forces planned the weather conditions and coordination for the dropping of the atomic bomb (Little Boy) on Hiroshima.
National Standard Time is now managed by the Bureau of Standards, Metrology and Inspection (BSMI) under the Ministry of Economic Affairs. The time is released according to the caesium atomic clocks aggregated by National Standard Time and Frequency Laboratory under Chunghwa Telecom after consulting the data provided by International Bureau of Weights and Measures. National Standard Time used in Taiwan is also the same as China, Hong Kong, Macau, Philippines, Malaysia, Singapore, Western Australia, Brunei and Central Indonesia.
Directed assembly or more specifically directed self-assembly, can produce a high pattern resolution (~10 nm) with high efficiency and compatibility. However, when using DSA in high volume manufacturing, one must have a way to quantify the degree of order of line/space patterns formed by DSA in order to reduce defect.Dixit, Dhairya J. “Optical Metrology for Directed Self-assembly Patterning Using Mueller Matrix Spectroscopic Ellipsometry Based Scatterometry.” ProQuest Dissertations and Theses Global (2015): 3718824. ProQuest. Web.
Quantum lithography is a type of photolithography, which exploits non- classical properties of the photons, such as quantum entanglement, in order to achieve superior performance over ordinary classical lithography. Quantum lithography is closely related to the fields of quantum imaging, quantum metrology, and quantum sensing. The effect exploits the quantum mechanical state of light called the NOON state. Quantum lithography was invented at Jonathan P. Dowling's group at JPL, and has been studied by a number of groups.
Anglo-French survey 1784-1790 Cesar-François Cassini de Thury completed the Cassini map, which was published by his son Cassini IV in 1790. Moreover, the Paris meridian was linked with international collaboration in geodesy and metrology. Cesar-François Cassini de Thury (1714-1784) expressed the project to extend the French geodetic network all around the world and to connect the Paris and Greenwich observatories. In 1783 the French Academy of Science presented his proposal to King George III.
The Department of Statistics was established in 1996. It includes a statistical computing laboratory, a metrology laboratory with sophisticated instruments, and a Center of Population Studies that conducts demographic research. The Department has close academic interactions with the University of Waterloo, Dalhousie University, Canada, the Indian Statistical Institute, Calcutta, the University of Dresden, Germany and the University of Warwick, United Kingdom. The department offers postgraduate programmes leading to the degrees of MSc (Statistics), MTech (Engineering Statistics), and PhD.
Duddilla Sridhar Babu is an Indian politician from Indian National Congress and is a member of the Telangana Assembly.He was a member of the Andhra Pradesh Legislative Assembly, representing the Indian National Congress. He was the Minister for Civil Supplies, Consumer Affairs, Legal Metrology and Legislative Affairs in the Government of Andhra Pradesh prior to that state being divided. He is now the MLA from Manthani Constituency, which he won in the 2018 Assembly Elections in Telangana.
The General Conference on Weights and Measures fixed the value of standard gravity at precisely 9.80665 m/s2 so that disciplines such as metrology would have a standard value for converting units of defined mass into defined forces and pressures. Thus the kilogram-force is defined as precisely 9.80665 newtons. In reality, gravitational acceleration (symbol: g) varies slightly with latitude, elevation and subsurface density; these variations are typically only a few tenths of a percent. See also Gravimetry.
Industrial CT scanning (industrial computed tomography) is a process which utilizes X-ray equipment to produce 3D representations of components both externally and internally. Industrial CT scanning has been utilized in many areas of industry for internal inspection of components. Some of the key uses for CT scanning have been flaw detection, failure analysis, metrology, assembly analysis, image-based finite element methods and reverse engineering applications. CT scanning is also employed in the imaging and conservation of museum artifacts.
Nepal Bureau of Standards & Metrology (NBSM) is a department under the Ministry of Industry, Nepal . The department was established in 1976 based on the Industrial policy (1974) with an aim to regulate and improve the quality of industrial production. The initial name of the department was Nepal Institute of Standards (NIS). In 1981, with the promulgation of the Nepal Standards (Certification Mark) Act 2037 and Rules 2040 were, it was renamed into Nepal Bureau of Standards (NBS).
A set of Imperial gauge blocks. The standards followed, the industry served, quality control, and mainly the type of practices in the machine shop, will denote the utilization of precision inspection instruments, and the accuracy of metrology employed. This means that not all machine shops implement a periodic interval for calibrating measuring devices. Not all machine shops have the same type of measuring instruments, though it is common to find micrometers, Vernier calipers, granite surface plates, among others.
A fill line on a Czech beer glass. The fill line is accompanied by the manufacturer (Sahm), the volume (0.3 litres), a CE marking, year (2014), and a code indicating the supervising body (1383). Each of the European Union member states had a variety of weights and measures acts regarding legal metrology for all measuring devices used in commerce, including drinkware. As part of the EU's 2004 Measuring Instruments Directive (2004/22/EC), these were harmonised.
CLARREO (Climate Absolute Radiance and Refractivity Observatory) is a high- priority NASA decadal survey mission, originally selected as such by the National Research Council in 2007.National Research Council, Earth Science and Applications from Space: National Imperatives for the Next Decade and Beyond. National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 426pp, 2007. The CLARREO mission is intended to provide a metrology laboratory in orbit to accurately quantify and attribute Earth's climate change (see List of climate research satellites).
Since the beginning of his career he has been associated with Gdańsk University of Technology: research assistant (1989-1996), Assistant Professor (1996-2012), Associate Professor (2012-2014), Full Professor (since 2014), Head of Department of Metrology and Electronics (since 2015), Vice-Rector for Scientific Research (since 2016) at GUT. He did scientific internships in Texas A&M; University (2003, NATO Advanced Fellowship), Uppsala University (2006, 2008, STINT Foundation Fellowship), Massachusetts Institute of Technology (2011, 2013 Inter Ph.D. scholarships).
These experiences in toolmaking, metrology, and manufacturing steeped him in the 19th-century zeitgeist of interchangeability. He applied this expertise to the nascent motor industry as early as 1870 as a principal in the machine shop Leland & Faulconer, and later was a supplier of engines to Ransom E. Olds's Olds Motor Vehicle Company, later to be known as Oldsmobile. He also invented the electric barber clippers, and for a short time produced a unique toy train, the Leland-Detroit Monorail.
The Gefrorene-Wand-Spitzen are two summits on the Tux Crest (Tuxer Kamm), a mountain chain in the Zillertal Alps, one of the ranges of the central Eastern Alps in the Austrian state of Tyrol. The north summit (Nordgipfel) is recorded as 3,286 metres high in the literature, but is 3,288 metres high according to the Federal Office for Metrology and Survey. The south summit (Südgipfel), by contrast, is only 3,270 metres high. The two peaks are about 300 metres apart.
BIPM seal The International Bureau of Weights and Measures (, or BIPM) is an organisation based in Sèvres, France which has custody of the international prototype of the kilogram, provides metrology services for the CGPM and CIPM, houses the secretariat for the organisations and hosts their meetings. Over the years, prototypes of the metre and of the kilogram have been returned to BIPM headquarters for recalibration. The BIPM director is an ex officio member of the CIPM and a member of all consultative committees.
The National Institute of Metrology, Standardization and Industrial Quality (INMETRO) is a Brazilian federal autarchy, linked to MDIC, the Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade. In Brazil, certification bodies must be accredited by INMETRO. Electrical and electronic products that meet Brazilian requirements and that are certified by an INMETRO accredited organization must carry the mandatory INMETRO mark along with the mark of the certification organization, such as UCIEE (União Certificadora para o Controle da Conformidade de Produtos, Processos ou Serviços).
Such a technique extends the powerful protocol of quantum illumination to its more natural spectral domain, namely microwave wavelengths. In 2019, a three-dimensional enhancement quantum radar protocol was proposed. It could be understood as a quantum metrology protocol for the localization of a non-cooperative point-like target in three-dimensional space. It employed quantum entanglement to achieve an uncertainty in localization that is quadratically smaller for each spatial direction than what could be achieved by using independent, unentangled photons.
Wounded German soldiers watching television in the military hospital 1942. In 1920 the Telegraphentechnische Reichsamt department for telegraphy was established, re- arranged as the Reichspostzentralamt research centre for telegraphy, telephony and radio electronics in 1928. On 1 January 1937, Department VIII of the former Reichspostzentralamt formed the core of the Forschungsanstalt der Deutschen Reichspost. From that date, the RPM subsumed all research and development departments in the areas of television engineering, high-frequency technology, cable (wide-band) transmission, metrology, and acoustics (microphone technology).
This property makes the material suitable for use in applications that demand very high dimensional stability, such as metrology instruments, and for products that need to withstand high thermal- shock loads. Vycor also has ultraviolet transmission to about 250nm and is used in some germicidal lamps. Immersing the porous glass in certain chemical solutions before the final consolidation step produces a colored glass that can withstand high temperatures without degrading. This is used for colored glass filters for various applications.
In November 1996, Applied Materials acquired two Israeli companies for an aggregate amount of $285 million. Opal Technologies and Orbot Instruments for $175 million and $110 million in cash, respectively. Orbot produces systems for inspecting patterned silicon wafers for yield enhancement during the semiconductor manufacturing process, as well as systems for inspecting masks used during the patterning process. Opal develops and manufactures high-speed metrology systems used by semiconductor manufacturers to verify critical dimensions during the production of integrated circuits.
LIDAX also owns a specialized laboratory called SMARTLAB for testing space mechanisms and subsystems. In the Smartlab, the performance of mechanisms can be measured under different environmental conditions, thus, measurement tests with optical metrology can be carried out under vacuum, cryogenic and high temperature environments. The company is headquartered in Paracuellos de Jarama, near Madrid-Barajas Airport, Spain. It operates next to the Spain's Space Agency Instituto Nacional de Técnica Aeroespacial (INTA, ) and other known space industries such as EADS CASA Espacio.
The results were published as an appendix to the second edition of Kelly's Universal Cambist (1831), and later as a separate book entitled Oriental Metrology (1832). It will be seen from Kelly's results below that Prinsep's generalizations are only partially correct. The Gujarat maund is more closely related to the Central Indian maund than to the standardized Bombay maund, except in the town of Anjar, except that it is divided into 40 seers instead of 20 as was found in Malwa.
Allen Astin is the father of actor John Astin and educator Dr. Alexander Astin, and the grandfather of actors Mackenzie Astin and Sean Astin. The Allen V. Astin Measurement Science Award, first issued in 1984, is presented by the United States Department of Commerce for achievement in metrology. The American National Standards Institute issues the Astin-Polk International Standards Medal for distinguished service in standardization, measurement or certification. NCSL International issues the Allen V. Astin award for best overall conference paper.
Prisma is a satellite project led by the Swedish Space Corporation (SSC) which consist of two satellites that fly in formation. Prisma is operated in collaboration with CNES, the French space agency, which provides the radiofrequency metrology system that enables the satellites to fly in close formation while autonomously avoiding collisions. It was launched, along with the PICARD spacecraft, on 15 June 2010 on a Dnepr launcher from Dombarovskiy Cosmodrome, near Yasny, Russia. Its primary objective is to test autonomous formation flying.
The company, Nippon Kogaku KK ('Japan Optics'), was formed in 1917 with the merger of three Japanese optical manufacturers to produce precision optical glass. In 1925, the brand expanded to produce the first microscope with a revolving nosepiece and interchangeable objectives – the Joico microscope. Over the next few decades the microscopy division introduced new polarising and stereomicroscopes, and metrology products for measuring and inspection. Nikon launched the Optiphot and Labophot microscopes in the 1970s and established the CF Optical system.
These can be in the form of hand monitors, clothing frisk probes, or whole body monitors. These monitor the surface of the workers body and clothing to check if any radioactive contamination has been deposited. These generally measure alpha or beta or gamma, or combinations of these. The UK National Physical Laboratory publishes a good practice guide through its Ionising Radiation Metrology Forum concerning the provision of such equipment and the methodology of calculating the alarm levels to be used.
The IEEE Instrumentation and Measurement Society is a professional society of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE).IEEE Instrumentation & Measurement Society The society's fields of interest, according to its website, include metrology, analog and digital electronic instruments, systems and standards for measuring and recording electrical quantities (in both the frequency and time domains), instrumentation and transducers for measurement of non-electrical variables, calibration and uncertainty, instruments with automated control and analysis functions, safety instrumentation, and new technology applications.
NCSL International is organized in regions and sections around the world and each region/section is guided and directed by a volunteer coordinator. Meetings are held periodically as a way for professionals in the local metrology community to assemble, network and learn from each other. A typical meeting involves a tour of the host facility, speakers and presentations, exhibitors and updates from the region/section coordinator. A total of seventy-four national and international sections/regions were active in 2006.
NCSLI Measure, The Journal of Measurement Science (ISSN 19315775) is a scientific and technical journal published quarterly by NSCL International. Measure is written primarily for metrology professionals in calibrations laboratories, such as lab managers, engineers and technicians. Issues are composed of peer-reviewed technical articles and up-to-date information on calibration techniques, uncertainty analysis, measurement standards, quality processes and laboratory accreditation. NCSL International also publishes Metrologist, NCSLI Worldwide News () to provide news and information about the organization and its members.
The budget for the first year of operation was $40,000. The Bureau took custody of the copies of the kilogram and meter bars that were the standards for US measures, and set up a program to provide metrology services for United States scientific and commercial users. A laboratory site was constructed in Washington, DC, and instruments were acquired from the national physical laboratories of Europe. In addition to weights and measures, the Bureau developed instruments for electrical units and for measurement of light.
Set up of a Kite Square: Bars, Balls and the Probe The square-ness of two working axes A kite square is a device used to measure the "out-of-squareness" of a machining center or coordinate measuring machine. “Square-ness” or “Out- of-Square” is one of the critical measurement in machine tool metrology. For rectangular measurements, it refers to angular deviation of working axes between one carriages to another. The value of Monarch VMC was previously found as 4 arc sec.
This is an actual reading obtained from such as an ambient dose gamma monitor, or a personal dosimeter. Such instruments are calibrated using radiation metrology techniques which will trace them to a national radiation standard, and thereby relate them to an operational quantity. The readings of instruments and dosimeters are used to prevent the uptake of excessive dose and to provide records of dose uptake to satisfy radiation safety legislation; such as in the UK, the Ionising Radiations Regulations 1999.
UKCA marking became part of UK law on "exit day", 31 January 2020, with the coming into force of The Product Safety and Metrology etc. (Amendment etc.) (EU Exit) Regulations 2019. Initial guidance regarding UKCA marking was originally published by the UK Government in 2019 ahead of a potential no-deal Brexit but subsequently withdrawn. UKCA marking is set to become mandatory following the end of the Brexit transition period although details remain unclear and concerns have been raised by product manufacturers.
Isotope dilution is almost exclusively employed with mass spectrometry in applications where high-accuracy is demanded. For example, all National Metrology Institutes rely significantly on isotope dilution when producing certified reference materials. In addition to high-precision analysis, isotope dilution is applied when low recovery of the analyte is encountered. In addition to the use of stable isotopes, radioactive isotopes can be employed in isotope dilution which is often encountered in biomedical applications, for example, in estimating the volume of blood.
In 1994 the NAMI got the status of the State scientific centre of the Russian Federation. In 2003 Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology certified NAMI as a Testing centre of automotive industry products (). In 2014 the NAMI purchased the Yo-Mobile project for 1 Euro.Прохоров продал права на «Ё-мобиль» за 1 евро In May 2018, NAMI unveiled for the first time in public the first generation of the "Kortezh" presidential state car for the fourth presidential inauguration of Vladimir Putin.
The Supplies Control Unit is responsible for managing both import and export licenses and price controlled regulated goods. Under the Metrology Units, the department is responsible for the verification of weighing and measuring instruments use for trade within Belize. Lastly, the department has the responsibility of ensuring the health, safety and life of the Belizean population under the Consumer Protection Unit. This unit is currently operating without establish legislated framework hence enforcement is a challenge in carrying out this mandate.
The Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement (GUM)JCGM 100:2008. Evaluation of measurement data - Guide to the expression of uncertainty in measurement, Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. is a document published by the JCGM that establishes general rules for evaluating and expressing uncertainty in measurement.Kent J. Gregory, Giovani Bibbo, and John E. Pattison (2005), A Standard Approach to Measurement Uncertainties for Scientists and Engineers in Medicine, Australasian Physical and Engineering Sciences in Medicine 28(2):131-139.
The Kelvin-Varley voltage divider, named after its inventors William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin and Cromwell Fleetwood Varley, is an electronic circuit used to generate an output voltage as a precision ratio of an input voltage, with several decades of resolution. In effect, the Kelvin–Varley divider is an electromechanical precision digital-to-analog converter. The circuit is used for precision voltage measurements in calibration and metrology laboratories. It can achieve resolution, accuracy and linearity of 0.1 ppm (1 in 10 million).
A wavefront sensor is a device which measures the wavefront aberration in a coherent signal to describe the optical quality or lack thereof in an optical system. A very common method is to use a Shack–Hartmann lenslet array. There are many applications that include adaptive optics, optical metrology and even the measurement of the aberrations in the eye itself. In this approach, a weak laser source is directed into the eye and the reflection off the retina is sampled and processed.
Written in Cuneiform script, tablets were inscribed whilst the clay was moist, and baked hard in an oven or by the heat of the sun. Some of these appear to be graded homework. The earliest evidence of written mathematics dates back to the ancient Sumerians, who built the earliest civilization in Mesopotamia. They developed a complex system of metrology from 3000 BC. From around 2500 BC onward, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems.
In his new position, he is establishing a new research lab in Digital Design & Manufacturing and a graduate program in Product Design Engineering. Prior to his academic career he worked in industry for 6 years, designing mechanical equipment and chemical machinery. His research areas include: CAD/FEA, Structural design, Design theory, design education, DfM/DfA, Design Informatics, CMM metrology and GD&T;/Precision Engineering. He is the co-author of 2 US patents, 2 books, and 250+ peer reviewed technical papers in professional journals and conferences.
A synthetic instrument is a term in metrology (test and measurement science). A Synthetic Instrument is software that runs on a Synthetic Measurement System to perform a specific synthesis, analysis, or measurement function. A Synthetic Measurement System (SMS) is a common, general purpose, physical hardware platform that is intended to perform many kinds of synthesis, analysis, or measurement functions using Synthetic Instruments. Typically the generic SMS hardware is dual cascade of three subsystems: digital processing and control, A/D or D/A conversion (codec), and signal conditioning.
In 1999, Aljumaily co edited a book by the name of Optical Metrology. He began work as the Iraqi Ambassador to Japan in October 2004 where he served as the first Iraqi Ambassador to Japan since the early 1990s. He was appointed by the Council of Representatives of Iraq from amongst a list of the first 40 Ambassadors of Iraq after Saddam Hussein's regime. Al-Jumaily is currently an engineering professor at the College of Engineering, Technology, and Aeronautics at Southern New Hampshire University.
NKT Photonics is working with a series of technologically sophisticated products and solutions within the optical fiber technology. The main focus of the subsidiary is Imaging & Metrology, Sensing & Energy and Material Processing. NKT Photonics is headquartered in Birkerød, Denmark and is a spin-off of current and former NKT subsidiaries and a result of NKT involvement in optical communications starting in the 1980s. Today, NKT Photonics sell R&D; to the industrial market collaboration with for example Leica and Horiba Scientific on fiber laser technology.
Winnie Kwai-Wah Wong-Ng () is a Chinese-American physical chemist. She is a research chemist at the ceramics division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. Her research includes energy applications, crystallography, thermoelectric standards, metrology, and data, sorbent materials for sustainability, and high throughput combinatorial approach for novel materials discovery and property optimization for energy conversion applications. She is a fellow of the International Centre for Diffraction Data, American Ceramic Society, American Crystallographic Association, and the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Digital holography refers to the acquisition and processing of holograms with a digital sensor array , typically a CCD camera or a similar device. Image rendering, or reconstruction of object data is performed numerically from digitized interferograms. Digital holography offers a means of measuring optical phase data and typically delivers three-dimensional surface or optical thickness images. Several recording and processing schemes have been developed to assess optical wave characteristics such as amplitude, phase, and polarization state, which make digital holography a very powerful method for metrology applications .
The site is home to over 80 organisations, including Envision Virgin Racing, David Brown Automotive, Delta Motorsport, Ducati UK Ltd, National College for Motorsport, Danecca Limited and Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence. It also features the UK's only dedicated sub-contract inspection metrology facility, managed by Hexagon Manufacturing Intelligence, a technical partner to Red Bull Formula 1. In the Middle Ages, the village trade was primarily in timber from the surrounding Whittlewood forest through the use of coppicing. Linnell Brothers still operate a woodyard to this day.
This was the subject of the doctoral dissertation.Ivanov (1972). It resulted in widened definitions of information accuracy and precision,Overriding by means of these two basic concepts other unmeasurable analogues or derivatives like validity, reliability, dependability, correctness, timeliness, exactness, usefulness, consistency, authenticity, completeness, degree of detail, recency, controllability, goodness, trueness, relevance, pertinence, acceptability, refinement, approximation, currency, rightness, coverage, etc. that are grounded in the philosophy of science, especially theory of measurement or metrology,As summarized by Churchman, in The design of inquiring systems, op.cit.
ISAT (Innovative Space-based radar Antenna Technology) is a spacecraft developed by the U.S. Air Force Research Laboratory's Space Vehicles Directorate to test technology for intelligence, surveillance, and reconnaissance spacecraft. The ISAT program is developing technologies that enable the deployment of extremely large electronically scanning antennas in space, and the metrology and calibration technologies necessary for coherent beamforming from such large antennas. These huge antennas enable the revolutionary performance required to conduct tactical sensing from space, including missions like continuous reliable tracking of surface targets.
Shapiro's research focuses on utilizing quantum mechanical effects to develop metrology tools and applications, whose performance greatly exceeds what can be realized with conventional, classical-physics systems. In particular, his group investigated the quantum limits on optical communications, such as remote viewing, and derived the capacity of quantum channels. His group also demonstrated high-performance entanglement sources and took advantage of these sources to implement quantum key distribution systems. Shapiro's group pioneered in developing quantum illumination, which enables use of entanglement in lossy and noisy environments.
After leaving the military, Ivanov returned to Leningrad, where he enrolled in Saint Petersburg Electrotechnical University, which he graduated from in 1966 with a PhD in Engineering. In 1967 he became a lab director at "Elektroavtomatika" design bureau, and in 1969 a lab director at D.I. Mendeleyev Institute for Metrology (VNIIM). In 1980 he received his habilitation, and 1984 he was promoted to the rank of professor at ITMO University. Despite his failure to commercialize his MRI invention, Ivanov continued his career as a prolific inventor.
Gravimeters are used for petroleum and mineral prospecting, seismology, geodesy, geophysical surveys and other geophysical research, and for metrology. Their fundamental purpose is to map the gravity field in space and time. Most current work is earth-based, with a few satellites around earth, but gravimeters are also applicable to the moon, sun, planets, asteroids, stars, galaxies and other bodies. Gravitational wave experiments monitor the changes with time in the gravitational potential itself, rather than the gradient of the potential which the gravimeter is tracking.
The basic working mechanism typically relies on using optical states of light which have squeezing or two- mode entanglement. These states are particularly sensitive to record physical transformations that are finally detected by interferometric measurements. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency has recently launched a research program in optical quantum sensors that seeks to exploit ideas from quantum metrology and quantum imaging, such as quantum lithography and the NOON state, in order to achieve these goals with optical sensor systems such as lidar.DARPA Quantum Sensor Program.
In chemistry, the terms reproducibility and repeatability are used with a specific quantitative meaning: In inter-laboratory experiments, a concentration or other quantity of a chemical substance is measured repeatedly in different laboratories to assess the variability of the measurements. Then, the standard deviation of the difference between two values obtained within the same laboratory is called repeatability. The standard deviation for the difference between two measurement from different laboratories is called reproducibility. These measures are related to the more general concept of variance components in metrology.
Capacitive displacement sensors "are non-contact devices capable of high- resolution measurement of the position and/or change of position of any conductive target".Lion Precision Capacitive Sensor Overview, An overview of capacitive sensing technology from Lion Precision. They are also able to measure the thickness or density of non-conductive materials. Capacitive displacement sensors are used in a wide variety of applications including semiconductor processing, assembly of precision equipment such as disk drives, precision thickness measurements, machine tool metrology and assembly line testing.
Jared Cole is an Australian theoretical physicist specialising in quantum physics and decoherence theory and its application to solid-state systems. He specialises in using mathematical and computational models to describe the design and operation of quantum computing and quantum electronic devices. Cole is a Professor at RMIT University where he leads study of theoretical condensed-matter physics, superconducting devices, charge transport in nanoscale devices, quantum metrology and decoherence theory. He is the Group Leader of RMIT's Theoretical Chemical and Quantum Physics Research Group.
3-D Non-Contact Measurement Group (Optimet) Optical Metrology Ltd., an Ophir subsidiary, has developed new non-contact 3-dimensional measurement systems using its patented conoscopic holography technology. Optimet sensors provide extremely precise 3-D measurements for applications in the motor, dentistry, electronics, steelworks, mechanics and aviation, quality control, in-process inspection and reverse engineering industries. In July 2008, the FIMI fund invested $23.5 million in Ophir in exchange for five million shares of the company and 1.75 million warrants, exercisable within five years at $5.75 each.
Fokus Bank, was drawn by Kristin Jarmund Kristin Jarmund (born 26 September 1954) is a Norwegian architect.Kristin Jarmund in Store norske leksikon She was educated at the Norwegian Institute of Technology and the Architectural Association School of Architecture. Since 1985, she has run her own company, Kristin Jarmund Arkitekter. Among the buildings designed by her are Nydalen Station, the head office of the Norwegian Metrology Service, Råholt Lower Secondary School, the Norwegian Embassy in Kathmandu and the Faculty of Odontology at the University of Bergen.
Erik Rshtuni was Chairman of the State Committee for Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision of Abkhazia in the Government of President Khajimba from 2014 until 2016. Rshtuni was first appointed on 23 October 2014, after Raul Khajimba's election, who created the State Committee out of the State Administration for Standards, Metrology and Certification. Rshtuni served in the cabinets of Prime Ministers Beslan Butba and Artur Mikvabia, but he was replaced by Akhra Pachkoria on 1 November 2016, following the appointment of Beslan Bartsits as Prime Minister.
Boeing's Central Ohio Aerospace and Technology Center in Heath is a venture amongst five of the top 10 U.S. defense contractors, including Atlantic Inertial Systems, Honeywell, Kearfott, Northrop-Grumman, L3 Communications, and Raytheon, which is also the headquarters of the Air Force Metrology and Calibration Program Office. RTI International Metals's location in Niles produces titanium used in every France-based Airbus aircraft. RTI was originally headquartered in Niles before moving to Pittsburgh in the 21st century, while Airbus has invested $4.3 billion in the state.
The Schlieferspitze is a mountain, ,Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying Austria: Austrian Map online (Austrian 1:50,000 map series). on the ridge known as the Krimmler Kamm in the Venediger Group of the Alps. The ridge lies in the northwest of the High Tauern, part of the Austrian Central Alps in the Austrian federal state of Salzburg. The summit is the highest on the Krimmler Kamm and is described in the sources as one of the most attractive peaks in the Venediger Group.
There are two approaches to experimentally determine the thermal conductivity of thin films. The goal of experimental metrology of thermal conductivity of thin films is to attain an accurate thermal measurement without disturbing the properties of the thin- film. Electrical heating is used for thin films which have a lower thermal conductivity than the substrate; it is fairly accurate in measuring out-of- plane conductivity. Often, a resistive heater and thermistor is fabricated on the sample film using a highly conductive metal, such as aluminium.
In 1905 a meeting was called that would be the first "National Conference on Weights and Measures". Initially conceived as purely a metrology agency, the Bureau of Standards was directed by Herbert Hoover to set up divisions to develop commercial standards for materials and products.page 133 Some of these standards were for products intended for government use, but product standards also affected private-sector consumption. Quality standards were developed for products including some types of clothing, automobile brake systems and headlamps, antifreeze, and electrical safety.
BASF Performance Products (Ciba Specialty Chemicals until 2008, then Allied Colloids before 1997) is in Low Moor; it makes many chemicals including thickening agents. Bowers Metrology Group, on the B6381 near the junction with A6177 at Bradford Moor, are a leading measuring instruments company, and part of Spear & Jackson. Equifax is off the A650 in central Bradford, opposite the Leisure Exchange; next door NatWest Group have a call centre. Federal-Mogul, off the A650 in east Bradford, makes automotive parts (gudgeon pins and pistons).
In 2003, after 59 years of broadcasting the exact time, XEQK's format was completely changed and made way for a new radio project, Radio Ciudadana ("Citizen Radio"). Two years later, however, that format was moved to XEDTL-AM 660, with 1350 returning to its time format. From August 15, 2005 to 2008, the exact time was sent to the station via modem and now from the National Metrology Center (CENAM). In 2008, the tropical music format was added to the station, which continues today.
The Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light (MPL) performs basic research in optical metrology, optical communication, new optical materials, plasmonics and nanophotonics and optical applications in biology and medicine. It is part of the Max Planck Society and was founded on January 1, 2009 in Erlangen near Nuremberg. The institute is based on the Max Planck Research Group "Optics, Information and Photonics", which was founded in 2004 at the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, as a precursor. The institute currently comprises four divisions.
The MIT-SSL constructed two EMFF testbed vehicles for demonstrating control of 2-D formations on a large flat floor. Vehicles are suspended on a frictionless air carriage and are completely self-contained using RF communications, microprocessors, and a metrology system. Liquid Nitrogen maintains cryogenic temperatures and batteries provide the power to the high-temperature superconductive (HTS) coils. The testbed has demonstrated control of the relative degrees of freedom (DOF) in open loop and closed loop control using linearized controllers and a nonlinear sliding mode controller.
By mid-1924, he had opened an exhibition space at the archives, which became a permanent museum of the institution's rare holdings in 1926. As director, he published over 570 studies, including 42 in history, 93 in archaeology, 160 in numismatics, 41 on medals, 22 on seals, 4 in metrology and 15 in didactics, as well as works on heraldry.Seni and Seni, p. 48 In August 1948, following a purge of the old members by the new Communist regime, he became a titular member of the Academy.
The representation of aberrations was originally based on the theory developed by Ludwig Seidel in the middle of the nineteenth century. Seidel's representation was based on power series expansions and did not allow a clear separation between various types and orders of aberrations. Zernike's orthogonal circle polynomials provided a solution to the long-standing problem of the optimum 'balancing' of the various aberrations of an optical instrument. Since the 1960s, Zernike's circle polynomials are widely used in optical design, optical metrology and image analysis.
The international prototype of the kilogram (IPK) is an artefact or prototype that was defined to have a mass of exactly one kilogram. In metrology (the science of measurement), a standard (or etalon) is an object, system, or experiment that bears a defined relationship to a unit of measurement of a physical quantity.Phillip Ostwald,Jairo Muñoz, Manufacturing Processes and Systems (9th Edition)John Wiley & Sons, 1997 p. 616 Standards are the fundamental reference for a system of weights and measures, against which all other measuring devices are compared.
Historically, units of measure were generally defined with reference to unique artifacts which were the legal basis of units of measure. A continuing trend in metrology is to eliminate as many as possible of the artifact standards and instead define practical units of measure in terms of fundamental physical constants, as demonstrated by standardized technique. One advantage of elimination of artifact standards is that inter-comparison of artifacts is no longer required. Another advantage would be that the loss or damage of the artifact standards would not disrupt the system of measures.
Light emitted from lighting equipment such as luminaires and lamps may vary in strength as function of time, either intentionally or unintentionally. Intentional light variations are applied amongst others for warning, signalling (e.g. traffic-light signalling, flashing aviation light signals), entertainment (like stage lighting), metrology (strobe light for measurement of rotation speed), navigation (like optical beacons, lighthouses) or for communication (Li-FiOptical communication in general, including visible light communication, signal lamps and alike.). Generally, the light output of lighting equipment may also have unintentional light level modulations due to the lighting equipment itself.
At the end of the original weak value paper the authors suggested weak values could be used in quantum metrology: This suggestion was followed by Hosten and Kwiat and later by Dixon et al. It appears to be an interesting line of research that could result in improved quantum sensing technology. Additionally in 2011, weak measurements of many photons prepared in the same pure state, followed by strong measurements of a complementary variable, were used to perform quantum tomography (i.e. reconstruct the state in which the photons were prepared).
Founded in 1998 as Micropix and known later as CRL Opto and CRLO Displays, ForthDD makes high resolution microdisplays and spatial light modulators (SLM). The microdisplays are used in near-to-eye (NTE) applications for the military training and simulation, medical imagery, virtual reality and high definition image processing industries. The SLMs are used for structured light projection in 3D optical metrology and 3D super resolution microscopy.Forth Dimension Displays - Company page Headquartered in Dalgety Bay, Scotland, ForthDD also operates sales offices in the United States, Germany and Japan, and a customer support office in Germany.
HD Radio and DRM trials in Brazil started in the mid 2000s. No regular HD Radio or DRM transmissions are allowed in Brazil as the digital radio standard in that country is not yet defined. One or two year experimental licenses were given to some Broadcasters. A joint study by the government (Ministry of Communications and ANATEL) and the National Metrology Institute (Inmetro) was done and the Digital Radio Consultative Council concluded that HD Radio and DRM do not meet the same analog transmission coverage with 20db less power.
Spherical Tungsten Carbide under Scanning Electron Microscope, magnification x950, Material Laboratory Tungsten carbide is widely used to make the rotating ball in the tips of ballpoint pens that disperse ink during writing. Tungsten carbide is a common material used in the manufacture of gauge blocks, used as a system for producing precision lengths in dimensional metrology. English guitarist Martin Simpson is known to use a custom-made tungsten carbide guitar slide. The hardness, weight, and density of the slide give it superior sustain and volume compared to standard glass, steel, ceramic, or brass slides.
Since 1988, Wong-Ng works as a research chemist in the ceramics division at the National Institute of Standards and Technology. She served as president the Association of NIST Asian Pacific Americans from 2000 to 2003. Wong-Ng's research interest includes materials for energy applications, thermoelectric standards, metrology, and data, sorbent materials for sustainability, and high throughput combinatorial approach for novel materials discovery and property optimization for energy conversion applications. She also researches crystallography, phase equilibria, and crystal chemistry of energy materials to understand their structure and property relationships.
Kaloyeros has authored and co-authored over 200 scientific articles in technical journals and contributed to 8 books on topics pertaining to the science and technology of nanotechnology, nanoelectronics, nano- optoelectronics, nano-medicine, and green energy. His technical focus was in ultrathin film materials and structures, atomic layer vapor phase deposition processes, and nanoscale x-ray, electron, and photon-based characterization and metrology. He advised more than 36 Ph.D. and over 100 Masters students. His work has been referenced in over 4,700 citations by his peers in scientific and technical publications.
The village has changed a lot over the years, and is now part of Dublin city. It is now populated by a mix of young families, senior citizens and students attending Dublin City University. As well as the amenities of the National Botanic Gardens (Ireland) and local parks, the national meteorological office Met Éireann, the Fisheries Board, the National Standards Authority of Ireland, Sustainable Energy Ireland, the National Metrology Laboratory (NML), the Department of Defence and the national enterprise and trade board Enterprise Ireland are all located in the area.
Friedrich Hopfner (28 October 1881 - 5 September 1949) was an Austrian geodesist, geophysicist and planetary scientist. As an officer of the Austro- Hungarian Empire he began his scientific work at the Bureau of Meteorology. In 1921 he became Chief Astronomer at the new Geodetic Survey of Austria (Federal Office for Metrology and Survey or Bundesamt für Eich- und Vermessungswesen). From 1936 to 1942 and from 1945 to 1949 he was a Professor at the Vienna University of Technology (TU Wien) and over the 1948-9 term he was the university's rector.
IGN FI is the subsidiary of the National institute for geographic and forest information (IGN) and is involved in geographic information engineering. Created in 1986, its services are mainly offered to foreign decision-makers (Technical ministries, communities...). The company works alone or within a consortium, depending on the circumstances. Its core business - NSDI, geodesy, metrology, cartography, databases, GIS and web portals – targets the following fields: land administration (cadastre, land assessment), environment, agriculture, security, energy... Its shareholders are made up of IGN, GEOFIT Group, GEOFIT Expert, Esri (llc and France), Imao and Altereo.
This led to the creation of the decimal-based metric system in 1795, establishing a set of standards for other types of measurements. Several other countries adopted the metric system between 1795 and 1875; to ensure conformity between the countries, the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (BIPM) was established by the Metre Convention. This has evolved into the International System of Units (SI) as a result of a resolution at the 11th Conference Generale des Poids et Mesures (CGPM) in 1960. Metrology is divided into three basic overlapping activities.
Computer-generated image realising the international prototype of the kilogram (IPK), made from an alloy of 90-percent platinum and 10-percent iridium by weight The realisation of a unit of measure is its conversion into reality. Three possible methods of realisation are defined by the international vocabulary of metrology (VIM): a physical realisation of the unit from its definition, a highly-reproducible measurement as a reproduction of the definition (such as the quantum Hall effect for the ohm), and the use of a material object as the measurement standard.
A standard (or etalon) is an object, system, or experiment with a defined relationship to a unit of measurement of a physical quantity.Phillip Ostwald,Jairo Muñoz, Manufacturing Processes and Systems (9th Edition)John Wiley & Sons, 1997 page 616 Standards are the fundamental reference for a system of weights and measures by realising, preserving, or reproducing a unit against which measuring devices can be compared. There are three levels of standards in the hierarchy of metrology: primary, secondary, and working standards. Primary standards (the highest quality) do not reference any other standards.
A national measurement system (NMS) is a network of laboratories, calibration facilities and accreditation bodies which implement and maintain a country's measurement infrastructure. The NMS sets measurement standards, ensuring the accuracy, consistency, comparability, and reliability of measurements made in the country. The measurements of member countries of the CIPM Mutual Recognition Arrangement (CIPM MRA), an agreement of national metrology institutes, are recognized by other member countries. As of March 2018, there are 102 signatories of the CIPM MRA, consisting of 58 member states, 40 associate states, and 4 international organizations.
Also, she is a member of two VAMAS committees, TWA 41 and 42, where several international round robin studies are underway to validate measurement protocols. Hight Walker leads a team composed of experts from the National Metrology Institutes concerned with enabling SI-traceable, Raman measurements. Hight Walker is involved with the American Physical Society, having held leadership roles throughout the Topical Group on Measurement and Instrumentation. She co- organized the APS 2014 Women in Physics conference which was jointly sponsored by the University of Maryland and NIST and will do so again in January 2020.
The "Guide to the Expression of Uncertainty in Measurement" (commonly known as the GUM) is the definitive document on this subject. The GUM has been adopted by all major National Measurement Institutes (NMIs) and by international laboratory accreditation standards such as ISO/IEC 17025 General requirements for the competence of testing and calibration laboratories, which is required for international laboratory accreditation; and is employed in most modern national and international documentary standards on measurement methods and technology. See Joint Committee for Guides in Metrology. Measurement uncertainty has important economic consequences for calibration and measurement activities.
In 2004, Gosstandart of Russia was folded into the Russian Federation Ministry of Industry and Energy and became known as the Federal Agency for Technical Regulation and Metrology, or Rostekhregulirovaniye ('). From June 2010 the short name became Rosstandart ('). The new name reflects a new role the agency is supposed to play in the Russian government's effort to reduce barriers to trade and get the Russian economy more closely aligned with the global marketplace. Rosstandart continues its sponsorship and funding of the development of GOST R standards, the national standards of the Russian Federation.
A basic task of quantum metrology is estimating the parameter \theta of the unitary dynamics \varrho(\theta)=\exp(-iH\theta)\varrho_0, where \varrho_0 is the initial state of the system and H is the Hamiltonian of the system. \theta is estimated based on measurements on \varrho(\theta). Typically, the system is composed of many particles, and the Hamiltonian is a sum of single-particle terms H=\sum_k H_k, where H_k acts on the kth particle. In this case, there is no interaction between the particles, and we talk about linear interferometers.
The Instrumentation and Service Center for Physical Sciences (ISCPS) is composed of Core Shared Facilities for Chemistry and Core Shared Facilities for Physics. Each host state-of-the-art instrumentations that meet routine instrumental needs and help faculty and students develop new instrumental technologies and methods to address problems emerging from dynamic, cutting-edge research. In the future Yungu campus, ISCPS will be expanded to an area of about 7,000 m2. The Center will be accredited by China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment (CNAS) and China Metrology Accreditation (CMA).
Gelb's work in Assyriology focused on publishing editions of Akkadian texts and a grammar and dictionary of Old Akkadian. He became editor of the Chicago Assyrian Dictionary in 1947 and continued work on the project until his death. His other important works include works on Mesopotamian land tenure and sales, metrology, and other aspects of economic and social history. Gelb, supported by Assyriologist Aage Westenholz, differentiated three stages of Old Akkadian: that of the pre-Sargonic era, that of the Akkadian empire, and that of the "Neo-Sumerian Renaissance" that followed it.
His main research interests include software-defined radio front-ends, wireless power transmission, nonlinear distortion analysis in microwave/wireless circuits and systems, and measurement of nonlinear phenomena. He has recently been involved in the design of dedicated radios and systems for newly emerging wireless technologies. Carvalho is the chair of the IEEE MTT-20 Technical Committee and the past-chair of the IEEE Portuguese Section and MTT-11 and also belong to the technical committees, MTT-24 and MTT-26. He is also the vice-chair of the URSI Commission A (Metrology Group).
Martin Buehler is an electrical engineer working at Decagon Devices. He was named a Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for his contributions to metrology through development of semiconductor process control test structures, gas sensors, and radiation detectors. Buehler is also known for the co-development of Roomba and was a lead developer of Big Dog at Boston Dynamics. In 2018, he joined Alex Vardakostas to develop a robot named "Creator" which whose function would be to flip burgers at various fast food restaurants such as Chick-fil-A.
Another of the milestones involved combining the new "rulers" and "shock absorbers" to prove that the Space Interferometry Mission craft could detect the tiny wobbles in stars caused by Earth-sized planets. The fifth of the technology milestones required the demonstration of the Microarcsecond [Metrology Testbed at a performance of 3,200 picometers over its wide angle field of view. The wide angle measurements were to be used to determine the fixed positions of stars each time they were measured. This level of performance demonstrated SIM Lite's ability to calculate the astrometric grid.
Halverson, Peter G., et al. "Progress towards picometer accuracy laser metrology for the Space Interferometry Mission ", NASA, PlanetQuest, Jet Propulsion Laboratory; paper originally released 17 October 2000 and presented at the International Conference of Space Optics, ICSO 2000, 5–7 December 2000, Toulouse, France. Retrieved 25 April 2007. Between 2004 and 2006, contractor Northrop Grumman, the company designing and developing SIM, listed a launch date of 2011 on their website. With the release of the FY 2007 NASA budget, predictions changed again, this time to a date no earlier than 2015 or 2016.
Sumerian Metrology Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement originated in the loosely organized city-states of Early Dynastic Sumer. Each city, kingdom and trade guild had its own standards until the formation of the Akkadian Empire when Sargon of Akkad issued a common standard. This standard was improved by Naram-Sin, but fell into disuse after the Akkadian Empire dissolved. The standard of Naram-Sin was readopted in the Ur III period by the Nanše Hymn which reduced a plethora of multiple standards to a few agreed upon common groupings.
As fluid flows through a Venturi, the expansion and compression of the fluids cause the pressure inside the Venturi to change. This principle can be used in metrology for gauges calibrated for differential pressures. This type of pressure measurement may be more convenient, for example, to measure fuel or combustion pressures in jet or rocket engines. The first large-scale Venturi meters to measure liquid flows were developed by Clemens Herschel who used them to measure small and large flows of water and wastewater beginning at the end of the 19th century.
Multiplexed Accurate Genome Editing with Short, Trackable, Integrated Cellular barcodes (MAGESTIC) is a platform that builds on the CRISPR/Cas technique. It further improves CRISPR/Cas by making the gene-editing process more precise. It also increases cell survival during the editing process up to sevenfold.From Clipping Scissors to Word ProcessorMultiplexed precision genome editing with trackable genomic barcodes in yeast The platform was made by the Joint Initiative for Metrology in Biology (JIMB)JIMB website which is a coalition of Stanford University and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
In the United States of America the United States Department of Commerce, the Technology Administration, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) have defined the use of mass and weight in the exchange of goods under the Uniform Laws and Regulations in the areas of legal metrology and engine fuel quality in NIST Handbook 130. NIST Handbook 130 states: > :V. "Mass" and "Weight." [NOTE 1, See page 6] :The mass of an object is a > measure of the object’s inertial property, or the amount of matter it > contains.
The candy (खंडी, khaṇḍī) is also recorded as a unit of area in Marathi, equal to 120 bighas. It is impossible to accurately convert this to modern units given the huge variability in the different values of the bigha in different locations. In particular, Kelly's 1821 study of South Asian metrology is completely silent on land measures in the Bombay Presidency. Molesworth defines the Marathi bigha (बिघा, bighā) as equal to twenty pandas (पांड, pāṇḍa) or to 400 square (काठी, kāṭhī), but also notes that it varies in different districts.
The European Union (EU) follows recommendations of the International Organization of Legal Metrology (OIML). OIML's International Recommendation No. 22 (1973) provides standards for measuring alcohol strength by volume and by mass. A preference for one method over the other is not stated in the document, but if alcohol strength by volume is used, it must be expressed as a percentage (%) of total volume, and the water/alcohol mixture must have a temperature of 20 °C (68 °F) when measurement is done. The document does not address alcohol proof or the labeling of bottles.
After World War II, Newark Air Force Base was established here, and it operated for 35 years as the seat of United States Air Force Aerospace Guidance and Metrology Center. This function is now served by AFMETCAL and the contractor-operated Air Force Primary Standards Lab. Heath was incorporated as a village in 1952, with Richard Hoback being elected as the first mayor. Over the next decade Heath grew quickly, going from a population of 2,426 in 1960 to 6,066 in 1965, when it was chartered as the 196th city in Ohio.
The Secretariat of the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (Bureau international des poids et mesures or BIPM) is based at Saint-Cloud, France. It has custody of the now historical international prototype of the kilogram and provides metrology services for the CGPM and CIPM, and hosts their formal meetings. It also has custody of the former international prototype of the metre which was retired in 1960. Over the years the various prototypes of the metre and of the kilogram were returned to BIPM headquarters for recalibration services.
Babylonian clay tablet YBC 7289 with annotations. The diagonal displays an approximation of the square root of 2 in four sexagesimal figures, 1 24 51 10, which is good to about six decimal digits. 1 + 24/60 + 51/602 \+ 10/603 = 1.41421296... The tablet also gives an example where one side of the square is 30, and the resulting diagonal is 42 25 35 or 42.4263888... The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology as early as 3000 BCE. From 2600 BCE onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables, division problems, and geometry on clay tablets.
A 216-character inscription records the process of the casting and shows where each of the five measurements can be found. Wang Mang's jialiang is now in the National Palace Museum, Taipei.Bronze Jia Liang at the Carnegie Mellon University Libraries LUNA commons collection The continuing availability of Wang Mang's device has ensured it an important place in researching historical Chinese metrology for millennia. Investigations on the jialiang were undertaken by such scholars as Liu Hui of the Three Kingdoms period and Zu Chongzhi and Li Chunfeng of the Tang dynasty.
The space is subdivided into classrooms, a conference room, a computer laboratory designed for CAD/CAM training, offices and training areas for manual, welding training, and CNC and EDM machine tool and precision grinding training. The facility also includes two classrooms seating 24 and 12 students, respectively, as well as five offices, a metrology lab, and a computer lab. There are five additional rooms available on the basement floor for offices, storage, a small production setup area, along with a test facility with a garage entrance and access to a 1-ton overhead crane.
Dudley's research has included topics in ultrafast optics, supercontinuum generation and the science of rogue waves. His research has been supported from diverse sources including the French National Research Agency and the European Research Council. In the field of optical physics, he is particularly recognized for his contributions in ultrafast optical pulse metrology, nonlinear fiber optics, the study of nonlinear localized soliton structures, and especially broadband fiber supercontinuum generation. Dudley has published extensively in peer-reviewed journals with his work receiving over 20000 Google Scholar citations and a Google Scholar (Hirsch) h-index of 70.
Two researchers at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Drs. Vitaliy Fadeyev and Carl Haber have been experimenting with an audio restoration method that involves taking a very high definition digital photographic image of the vintage recording medium. They use a precision optical metrology system (designed to scan silicon detectors) to form an image of the groove on a 78 rpm record. After processing the digital file, they have an audio stream that represents the variations in the groove walls, allowing them to 'play' the record virtually without using a phonograph stylus.
The proximity of its work to the field of metrology has led it to preside on several occasions, on behalf of the French Academy of Sciences, over the meetings of the General Conference on Weights and Measures, the executive organ of the Metre Convention. He is a founding member of the French Academy of Technologies and Chevalier of the Légion d'honneur. He is the grandson of engineer and aeronaut Paul-Alphonse-Barthélémy Bordé, inventor of a compass system for airships patented in 1911 and founder of the company of the same name.
The German national metrology institute, known as the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB): Working group 1.24, Ion Accumulation Follow-on experiments using bismuth ions and a current of 30mA were expected to accumulate a mass of 30g in six days and to have a relative uncertainty of better than 1 ppm.General Conference on Weights and Measures, 22nd Meeting, October 2003 (3.2MB ZIP file). Ultimately, ionaccumulation approaches proved to be unsuitable. Measurements required months and the data proved too erratic for the technique to be considered a viable future replacement to the IPK.
The history of science and technology in the Indian subcontinent dates back to the earliest civilizations of the world. The Indus Valley civilization yields evidence of mathematics, hydrography, metrology, metallurgy, astronomy, medicine, surgery, civil engineering and sewage collection and disposal being practiced by its inhabitants. The Indus Valley Civilization, situated in a resource-rich area (in modern Pakistan and northwestern India), is notable for its early application of city planning, sanitation technologies, and plumbing. Cities in the Indus Valley offer some of the first examples of closed gutters, public baths, and communal granaries.
In a summit in Kuwait in 1966 the Arab League decided to establish an organization to improve and develop the industry in general. The decision was approved by the Council of Arab Economic Unity in 1968 and Arab Standardization and Metrology Organization was formed and the headquarters was established in Cairo. In 1975, the Arab Ministries of Industries freed the organization from the Arab League influence and it became an independent organization, under Arab Industrial Development and Mining Organization. The organization's headquarters was moved from Cairo to Tunis temporarily from 1979 to 1980.
The main functions of the Uganda National Bureau of Standards are (a) to formulate and promote the use of national standards and (b) to develop quality control and quality assurance systems. The objective is to provide consumer protection, safeguard public safety and health, enhance commercial and industrial development and promote international trade. UNBS is under mandate to develop and promote standardisation, quality assurance, laboratory testing and metrology. UNBS, in collaboration with other government agencies have launched a campaign to attempt to eliminate sub-standard products from the Ugandan market.
Farey was a prolific writer, and Professor Hugh Torrens (see references below) has traced around 270 papers by him, quadrupling the number given by the Royal Society's Catalogue of Scientific Papers. He wrote on all manner of subjects, ranging from horticulture, geology, meteorology, metrology, currency decimalisation, music and mathematics to pacifism. He was an important contributor to Rees's Cyclopædia with articles on canals, mineralogy, surveying and a number of the scientific and mathematical basis of sound. His Canals article is the largest in the work, baing some 210,000 words.
Additionally, the dot pitch or pixel pitch of such displays can be as low as 6 μm giving a very high resolution display in a small area. To produce color and grey-scale, time multiplexing is used, exploiting the sub-millisecond switching time of the ferroelectric liquid crystal. These microdisplays find applications in 3D head mounted displays (HMD), image insertion in surgical microscopes and electronic viewfinders where direct-view LCDs fail to provide more than 600 ppi resolution. Ferroelectric LCoS also finds commercial uses in Structured illumination for 3D-Metrology and Super-resolution microscopy.
These results are reported to BIPM. Additionally, a reference hydrogen maser is also reported to BIPM as a frequency standard for TAI (international atomic time). The measurement of time is overseen by BIPM (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures), located in Sèvres, France, which ensures uniformity of measurements and their traceability to the International System of Units (SI) worldwide. BIPM operates under authority of the Metre Convention, a diplomatic treaty between fifty-one nations, the Member States of the Convention, through a series of Consultative Committees, whose members are the respective national metrology laboratories.
Quantum photonics is the science of generating, manipulating and detecting light in regimes where it is possible to coherently control individual quanta of the light field (photons). Historically, quantum photonics has been fundamental to exploring quantum phenomena, for example with the EPR paradox and Bell test experiments,. Quantum photonics is also expected to play a central role in advancing future technologies, such as Quantum computing, Quantum key distribution and Quantum metrology. Photons are particularly attractive carriers of quantum information due to their low decoherence properties, light-speed transmission and ease of manipulation.
Jannick Rolland is the Brian J. Thompson Professor of Optical Engineering at the Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester. She is also the co- founder and CTO of LighTopTech, a women-owner business founded in 2013 to create medical imaging technologies with biomimetic noninvasive imaging technology . At the University of Rochester, she is the Director of the NSF I/UCRC Center for Freeform Optics (CeFO) . She is also the Director of the R.E. Hopkins Center for Optical Design and Engineering that engages undergraduates in optical design, fabrication, and metrology .
To address these new process control requirements, in 2007, Xitronix Corporation introduced a photo-reflectance system to the semiconductor process control market. Like the Therma-Probe, the Xitronix metrology system utilized a fixed wavelength probe beam generated by a laser. However, the probe beam of the Xitronix system had a wavelength of approximately 375 nanometers, near the first major interband transition in silicon. At this wavelength the electro- modulation signal is dominant, which enabled the Xitronix system to precisely measure active doping concentration in diffusion-less annealing processes.
Timeline of Indian Innovation encompasses key events in the history of technology in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state. The entries in this timeline fall into the following categories: architecture, astronomy, cartography, metallurgy, logic, mathematics, metrology, mineralogy, automobile engineering, information technology, communications, space and polar technology. This timeline examines scientific and medical discoveries, products and technologies introduced by various peoples of India. Inventions are regarded as technological firsts developed in India, and as such does not include foreign technologies which India acquired through contact.
The candidates for lead academic partner were the Universities of Edinburgh, Southampton, Strathclyde and Surrey with an alliance of the Universities of Strathclyde and Surrey chosen as preferred partners. In January 2013 funding for a new £25m Advanced Metrology Laboratory was announced that will be built on the footprint of an existing unused building. The operation of the laboratory transferred back to the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (now the Department for Business, Energy and Industrial Strategy) ownership on 1 January 2015.Future operation of the National Physical Laboratory (NPL).
Quantum technology is an emerging field of physics and engineering, which relies on the principles of quantum physics. Quantum computing, quantum sensors, quantum cryptography, quantum simulation, quantum metrology and quantum imaging are all examples of quantum technologies, where properties of quantum mechanics, especially quantum entanglement, quantum superposition and quantum tunnelling, are important. According to John von Neumann, quantum technology is different from the deterministic classical mechanics, which holds that the state is determined by values of two variables. He stated that quantum technology is determined by probabilities and this explanation has been used to justify the technology's superiority.
In physics and metrology, the standard definition of measurement is the estimation of the ratio between a magnitude of a continuous quantity and a unit magnitude of the same kind (de Boer, 1994/95; Emerson, 2008). For example, the statement "Peter's hallway is 4 m long" expresses a measurement of an hitherto unknown length magnitude (the hallway's length) as the ratio of the unit (the metre in this case) to the length of the hallway. The number 4 is a real number in the strict mathematical sense of this term. For some other quantities, invariant are ratios between attribute differences.
RTZ is the callsign of the time signal transmitted on 50 kHz with 10 kW from a large transmission centre near Irkutsk, Russia. It is controlled by All- Russian Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology, operated by Russian Television and Radio Broadcasting Network, and situated at . The transmitter is active 23 hours per day, from 22:00 to 21:00 UTC, except for the 3rd and 4th Monday of each month between 00:00 and 08:00 UTC, when it is switched off for maintenance. The station sends time signal similar to RBU.
The award is an honor to Dennis Gabor and aims at identifying researchers with a likewise successful early career path as Dennis Gabor himself. Because of the high prestige of this award and the broad research area covered, selection of the awardee is extremely competitive, even more so for the non-Hungarian nominees. The award ceremony takes place at the Hungarian Parliament. A different Dennis Gabor Award is presented each year by SPIE, the international society for optics and photonics, in recognition of outstanding accomplishments in diffractive wavefront technologies, especially those which further the development of holography and metrology applications.
Mononuclidic elements are of scientific importance because their atomic weights can be measured to high accuracy, since there is minimal uncertainty associated with the isotopic abundances present in a given sample. Another way of stating this, is that, for these elements, the standard atomic weight and atomic mass are the same.N. E. Holden, "Standard Atomic Weight Values for the Mononuclidic Elements - 2001," BNL-NCS-68362, Brookhaven National Laboratory (2001) In practice, only 11 of the mononuclidic elements are used in standard atomic weight metrology. These are aluminium, bismuth, caesium, cobalt, gold, manganese, phosphorus, scandium, sodium, terbium, and thorium.
Mitutoyo America Corporation was formed in 1963 and is headquartered in Aurora, Illinois (just outside Chicago). Mitutoyo America offers the full product line of precision measuring tools, instruments and equipment with a distribution network, training and education classes, software development, and service support to provide a comprehensive metrology organization. The company name is usually spelled in the Kunrei-shiki/Nihon- shiki manner "Mitutoyo". Because most publications for foreigners as of 2000 require the usage of Hepburn romanization, as of 2000 in the Tokyo Anglophone yellow pages the company name is rendered in the Hepburn style "Mitsutoyo".
Established in 1925 as a committee for standardization within the USSR Council of Labor and Defence, Gosstandart was at first put in charge of inspecting measuring instruments used in industrial and agricultural production and later was tasked with developing, updating, and disseminating GOST standards. Over the course of its existence, the agency was reformed a number of times, receiving a new name with each transformation: the National Committee for Standardization; the Committee for Standards, Metrology, and Measuring Instruments; the State Committee for Standards; the State Committee for Standards and Product Quality Management. The agency received its nickname, Gosstandart, in 1970.
Yrjö Väisälä (6 September 1891 inThe birth date is a Gregorian calendar date. Although Grand Duchy of Finland was part of the Russian Empire at the time and Russia used the Julian calendar until 1918, the Gregorian calendar continued in official use in Finland because Finland had been part of Sweden when Sweden had converted to the Gregorian calendar in 1753. Utra, Kontiolahti, Grand Duchy of Finland - 21 July 1971 in Rymättylä, Finland) was a Finnish astronomer and physicist. His main contributions were in the field of optics, but he was also very active in geodetics, astronomy and optical metrology.
The university has about 10,000 students, 117 classrooms, 28 teaching laboratories located in 55 specially equipped classrooms, and five educational and computer centers. It has 638 teachers, including 420 with academic degrees and titles, one member of Russian Academy of Architecture and Construction Sciences (RAACS), as well as five corresponding members and seven councilors of the Academy. There are seven faculties and 48 departments. Along with the pre-existing ones (construction, architecture, operation of vehicles), in recent years it has expanded to new areas of training (combined heat and power, metrology, standardization and certification, management, urban planning, land management and inventories, and others).
Hatcher received her Bachelor's degree in 1989 and PhD from the University of Western Australia in 1995 in Animal Science. She then took a position with the Woolmark Company as their Wool Grower Communications Officer, before leaving in 1997 to work with New South Wales Agriculture. She conducts applied research into the genetic, economic and industry constraints on wool production around Australia, including work on wool metrology and fibre identification. Speaking to the Australian Broadcasting Corporation, she said: > The key is to use genetics, to make genetic change over time, because every > time you make a change it becomes additive.
On 26 April 1913 a train was almost destroyed in Teddington after an arson attack by suffragettes. Great change took place around the turn of the 20th century in Teddington. Many new establishments were springing up, including Sims opticians and Dowsett's newsagents, which still exist today. In 1902 the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), the national measurement standards laboratory for the United Kingdom, and the largest applied physics organisation in the UK, started in Bushy House (primarily working in industry and metrology and where the first accurate atomic clock was built) and the Teddington Carnegie Library was built in 1906.
The Ring of Brodgar BurlBurl 1976, p. 99 notes that the diameter of the bank at Brodgar is almost exactly the same as the inner banks of the Avebury and Newgrange monuments in England and Ireland respectively, 125 so-called "megalithic yards" (MY), at per MY. This is a controversial unit originally proposed by Alexander Thom.Thom 1955 Thom's thesis, based on a statistical analysis of Neolithic monuments in the United Kingdom, is that the builders of these sites employed a common unit of measurement, although it has not been demonstrated how this information could have been shared:Burl 1976, p. 71 see Pseudoscientific metrology.
The mainspring which made portable clocks possible, often attributed to him,, p.440 actually appeared in the early 15th century, almost a century before his work. Although he did not invent the mainspring, the production of his portable watches was made possible primarily by a previously unseen scale of miniaturization of the torsion pendulum and coil spring mechanism, placed in a technical unit by Peter Henlein, a technological innovation and novelty of the time, operating in all positions; which makes him to the inventor of the watch.Alex Hebra: The Physics of Metrology, Springer Science+Business Media, 2010, p. 57. .
Levels 4 to 24 are used for academic purposes mainly lectures. Level 25 onwards are the administration levels, which house the Deans’ Offices, Institute for Research & Postgraduate Studies, Centre for Preparatory Studies, Centre for Teaching & Learning, Centre for Quality Assurance, Centre for Student Entrepreneurship, Administration, Finance, Human Resource, Corporate Affairs and Entrepreneur Development and Innovation Divisions. The president's office is on the 31st floor. The 31 laboratories include Multimedia Lab, JAVA/Ms.NET Lab, Rational Lab, Networking Lab, CAD-CAM Lab, CNC Simulators Lab, CAD & Design Lab, CCM & Metrology Lab, Mechanical & Materials Lab, Mechatronics Lab, Graduates’ Project Lab, Analog Lab and Language Lab.
Katz (2007), 308–309. Victor J. Katz asserts that Shen's method of "dividing by 9, increase by 1; dividing by 8, increase by 2," was a direct forerunner to the rhyme scheme method of repeated addition "9, 1, bottom add 1; 9, 2, bottom add 2".Katz (2007), 309. Shen wrote extensively about what he had learned while working for the state treasury, including mathematical problems posed by computing land tax, estimating requirements, currency issues, metrology, and so forth.Sivin (1995), III, 12, 14. Shen once computed the amount of terrain space required for battle formations in military strategy,Sivin (1995), III, 14.
There are currently several limitations of CMP that appear during the polishing process requiring optimization of a new technology. In particular, an improvement in wafer metrology is required. In addition, it was discovered that the CMP process has several potential defects including stress cracking, delaminating at weak interfaces, and corrosive attacks from slurry chemicals. The oxide polishing process, which is the oldest and most used in today's industry, has one problem: a lack of end points requires blind polishing, making it hard to determine when the desired amount of material has been removed or the desired degree of planarization has been obtained.
He won the Samuel Wesley Stratton Award in 2006 and Jacob Rabinow applied research award in 2017 from NIST. In 2011 he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences, and also named a Frew Fellow from the Australian Academy of Science. In 2015, President Obama selected Jun Ye to receive a Presidential Rank Award for “sustained extraordinary accomplishment”, citing his work advancing "the frontier of light-matter interaction and focusing on precision measurement, quantum physics and ultracold matter, optical frequency metrology, and ultrafast science." In 2017, Ye was elected as a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences.
In manufacturing and mechanical engineering, flatness is an important geometric condition for workpieces and tools. In the manufacture of precision parts and assemblies, especially where parts will be required to be connected across a surface area in an air-tight or liquid-tight manner, flatness is a critical quality of the manufactured surfaces. Such surfaces are usually machined or ground to achieve the required degree of flatness. High-definition metrology, such as digital holographic interferometry, of such a surface to confirm and ensure that the required degree of flatness has been achieved is a key step in such manufacturing processes.
He initiated the field known now as Optical Biopsy He recently calculated he has brought in $62 million worth of funding to CUNY during his career, averaging $1.7 million per year. He states that he has accomplished this feat by "hitting the pavement"; he developed a habit of aggressively reaching out to funding partners and getting them interested in his work. Alfano has made discoveries that have furthered biomedical optics, in addition to fields such as optical communications, solid-state physics, and metrology. Alfano has an outstanding track record for achievements regarding the development of biomedical instruments.
The 2nd "Benefits for Industry" Meeting of the EU FP7 Project PHOSFOS will take place on Sunday 22 May 2011 in Munich (Germany). The meeting is co-located with the Industry Meets Academia Workshop organized by SPIE SPIE as part of the Optical Metrology Conference. It will be followed by the World of Photonics Congress and the Laser World of Photonics Trade Fair in Munich, in the week from 23 to 26 May 2011. This Meeting is the second in its kind gathering all companies that have expressed their possible interest in the technology developed by the EU FP7 project PHOSFOS.
In this case, practice of Mauritius and Singapore was studied. The Customs Committee formed a commission to realize the new system. Ministry of Agriculture, Ministry of Healthcare, Ministry of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Taxes, Ministry of Transportation, Central Bank, State Road Police, State Committee for Standardization, Metrology and Patents, State Maritime Administration were selected as important agencies to implement single window system along with the State Customs Committee. The government supported Customs Committee in preparing its staff to deal with the new system by improving recruitment of local customs offices, providing with software and hardware upgrades for the system.
Metje leads a work package for the University of Birmingham led Quantum Technologies (QT) Hub for Sensors and Metrology, which is part of the UK National Quantum Technologies Programme (UKNQTP) . The work package focuses on the application of QT gravity sensors for civil engineering problems such as buried pipes, capped mine shafts and sinkholes. She also works with industry on five Innovate UK funded projects to accelerate the development of QT gravity gradiometers. Metje has over 40 published journal papers, and 40 refereed conference papers in the field of coastal engineering, geotechnical engineering, infrastructure monitoring and sensor development.
Herouni's scientific discoveries and theories include his theory and calculations on the Method of the Large Double Mirror Antennas with Fixed Spherical Main Mirror, his theory and equations of electromagnetic field diffraction on the apertures of different configurations. He also developed radio holography—methods of field determination in space by measurements of complex fields near (NF) emitting or scattering objects. In addition, he created methods of Near-to-Far (NF - FF) measurements of antennas and scattering objects parameters. He created the Theory of Field Diffraction in antenna edges when illuminating the part of the main aperture and Antenna Metrology direction.
Renishaw was first listed on the London Stock Exchange in November 1984. In 2006 the Company bought 'itp', a German manufacturer of precision styli.UK metrology firm buys precision styli maker Manufacturing Talk, 19 June 2006 In early 2009 the global recession reached Renishaw, resulting in a large proportion of the workforce being placed "at risk".Engineering firm Renishaw cuts 500 jobs Guardian, 11 March 2009 Since 2009, Renishaw has seen a turnaround in business, with orders doubling within a year,Gloucestershire engineering firm Renishaw recruiting BBC News, 23 June 2010 and the company stating that it had "recovered strongly since the worldwide recession".
To fabricate a microdevice, many processes must be performed, one after the other, many times repeatedly. These processes typically include depositing a film, patterning the film with the desired micro features, and removing (or etching) portions of the film. Thin film metrology is used typically during each of these individual process steps, to ensure the film structure has the desired characteristics in terms of thickness (t), refractive index (n) and extinction coefficient (k), for suitable device behavior. For example, in memory chip fabrication there are some 30 lithography steps, 10 oxidation steps, 20 etching steps, 10 doping steps, and many others are performed.
The best graduates on the bastion of the Peter and Paul Fortress, 2014 The university has a multi-level system of higher education: bachelor – 4 years, specialist – 5 years, master – 2 years, post- graduate – 3–4 years. Since 2013/14 ITMO is partnering with universities in Germany, the Netherlands, Poland, Finland, France, among others, to participate in “double degree” international educational programs. ITMO graduates of these programs receive a second degree from a partner university. The university collaborates with large St. Petersburg companies, including Elektropribor, LOMO, Mendeleev Institute for Metrology, where students can get internships and seek future employment.
It was then decided that RNAS Kingsnorth would be used as a flying training station. Students who had completed the free ballooning courses and ground instruction at RNAS Wormwood Scrubs, would then be passed on to RNAS Kingsnorth for instruction at an operational airship station. Intensive training was given to the pupils, and due to the operational requirements for qualified pilots, the initial stage was omitted and student aircrew found themselves on the immediate instruction course on an operational airship. Training was given in both theory and practice, with students completing courses in aeronautics, navigation, metrology, engineering, and practical flying.
Marseille Observatory use the GRAPE, a gravity simulation software to simulate planetary formation In 2000, Marseille Observatory merged with the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique Spatiale to become the Laboratoire d'Astrophysique de Marseille (LAM) within the broader Observatoire Astronomique Marseille Provence which also included the Haute-Provence Observatory. In 2008, LAM was relocated to a new 10,000 square meter facility in the Technopôle Chateau-Gombert in Marseille. The facility includes two major technology platforms for qualification of space instruments and for fabrication and metrology of optical mirrors. LAM astronomers specialize in cosmology and galaxy evolution, exoplanets and Solar System, and R&D; in optics and instrumentation.
On 20 May 2019, the kelvin was redefined so that its value is now determined by the definition of the Boltzmann constant rather than being defined by the triple point of VSMOW. This means that the triple point is now a measured value, not a defined value. The newly-defined exact value of the Boltzmann constant was selected so that the measured value of the VSMOW triple point is exactly the same as the older defined value to within the limits of accuracy of contemporary metrology. The degree Celsius remains exactly equal to the kelvin, and 0 K remains exactly −273.15 °C.
ASMO 708 was devised by the now defunct Arab Standardization and Metrology OrganizationLe codage informatique de l’écriture arabe : d’ASMO 449 à Unicode et ISO/CEI 10646 in 1986 to be the 8-bit standard to be used in Arabic-speaking countries. The design of this character set was inspired by the previous 7-bit standard — ASMO 449 — but it is not simply the 7-bit character set moved to the upper part; there are some differences. ASMO 708 is a bidirectional character set. The lower part of the character set differs from standard ISO 646 in the digits and in some punctuation.
IQC currently has offices and laboratories in both Research Advancement Centre I and II, located in the University of Waterloo’s David Johnston Research & Technology Park. On 9 June 2008, Mike and Ophelia Lazaridis, together with Ontario Premier Dalton McGuinty, University of Waterloo President David Johnston, and other guests officially broke ground on the project which will consist of three areas: one to house IQC, one for the Waterloo Institute for Nanotechnology, and a clean fabrication and metrology suite to be shared between the two institutes. It will house offices, laboratory space, and areas for collaboration among researchers. The QNC opened September 21, 2012.
Another basic premise of the GUM approach is that it is not possible to state how well the true value of the measurand is known, but only how well it is believed to be known. Measurement uncertainty can therefore be described as a measure of how well one believes one knows the true value of the measurand. This uncertainty reflects the incomplete knowledge of the measurand. The notion of "belief" is an important one, since it moves metrology into a realm where results of measurement need to be considered and quantified in terms of probabilities that express degrees of belief.
Liu Hui (c. 263), How to measure the height of a sea island. Illustration from an edition of 1726 Gemma Frisius's 1533 proposal to use triangulation for mapmaking Nineteenth-century triangulation network for the triangulation of Rhineland- Hesse Triangulation today is used for many purposes, including surveying, navigation, metrology, astrometry, binocular vision, model rocketry and gun direction of weapons. In the field, triangulation methods were apparently not used by the Roman specialist land surveyors, the agromensores; but were introduced into medieval Spain through Arabic treatises on the astrolabe, such as that by Ibn al-Saffar (d. 1035).
The object is illuminated by two beams derived from the same laser which are incident on the object from the same side but at different angles. When the object is displaced or deformed within its own plane, the relative phases of the two beams change in proportion to the gradient Gasvik K J, Optical Metrology, chapter 6.3, 1987, John Wiley & Sons of the in-plane displacement. Again, subtraction of the two images is used to display the fringes. Holographic interferometry has no equivalent to in-plane measuringKreis T, Handbook of Holographic Interferometry, 2004, Wiley-VCH ESPI.
A scanning electron microscopy image of carbon nanotubes bundles Nanomaterials describe, in principle, materials of which a single unit is sized (in at least one dimension) between 1 and 1000 nanometers (10−9 meter) but is usually 1–100 nm. Nanomaterials research takes a materials science-based approach to nanotechnology, using advances in materials metrology and synthesis which have been developed in support of microfabrication research. Materials with structure at the nanoscale often have unique optical, electronic, or mechanical properties. The field of nanomaterials is loosely organized, like the traditional field of chemistry, into organic (carbon-based) nanomaterials such as fullerenes, and inorganic nanomaterials based on other elements, such as silicon.
The ultrashort pulses generated by Ti:sapphire lasers in the time domain corresponds to mode-locked optical frequency combs in the spectral domain. Both the temporal and spectral properties of these lasers make them highly desirable for frequency metrology, spectroscopy, or for pumping nonlinear optical processes. One half of the Nobel prize for physics in 2005 was awarded to the development of the optical frequency comb technique, which heavily relied on the Ti:sapphire laser and its self-modelocking properties. The continuous wave versions of these lasers can be designed to have nearly quantum limited performance, resulting in a low noise and a narrow linewidth, making them attractive for quantum optics experiments.
Triangulation today is used for many purposes, including surveying, navigation, metrology, astrometry, binocular vision, model rocketry and, in the military, the gun direction, the trajectory and distribution of fire power of weapons. The use of triangles to estimate distances dates to antiquity. In the 6th century BC, about 250 years prior to the establishment of the Ptolemaic dynasty, the Greek philosopher Thales is recorded as using similar triangles to estimate the height of the pyramids of ancient Egypt. He measured the length of the pyramids' shadows and that of his own at the same moment, and compared the ratios to his height (intercept theorem).
The Legal Metrology (Packaged Commodities) Rules, 2011 states that "every package containing the genetically modified food shall bear at the top of its principal display panel the letters 'GM.'" The rules apply to 19 products including biscuits, breads, cereals and pulses, and a few others. The law faced criticism from consumer rights activists as well as from the packaged-food industry; both sides had major concerns that no logistical framework or regulations had been established to guide the law's implementation and enforcement. On March 21, 2014, the Indian government revalidated 10 GM-based food crops and allowed field trials of GM food crops, including wheat, rice and maize.
Within the scope of competences attributed by Portuguese government strategies and policies for economic and social development, INETI takes up the role of an interface between the results generated by research and development programmes and their technological integration into the private sector (including companies, and other organizations). Its participation in a range of international projects positions it both as a key partner for internationalisation and a source of specialist information across its respective fields. INETI, as a Portuguese Ministry of Economy and Innovation entity, further serves as consultant for public policies in a diverse range of fields including: energy, the environment, sustainability, metrology, norms and certification.
Petr Hájek, writing about the foundations of fuzzy logic, sharply distinguished between "fuzziness" and "uncertainty": In metrology (the science of measurement), it is acknowledged that for any measure we care to make, there exists an amount of uncertainty about its accuracy, but this degree of uncertainty is conventionally expressed with a magnitude of likelihood, and not as a degree of truth. In 1975, Lotfi A. Zadeh introduced a distinction between "Type 1 fuzzy sets" without uncertainty and "Type 2 fuzzy sets" with uncertainty, which has been widely accepted.Lotfi A. Zadeh, "The Concept of a Linguistic Variable and Its Application to Approximate Reasoning–1", Information Sciences, Vol. 8, pp. 199–249, 1975.
In 1988, A Total Quality Management Division (TQMD) was set up on Ishikawa's recommendation. The TQMD evolved into the CII Institute of Quality, which lead a quality movement that aimed to transform Indian businesses by offering them Total Quality Management skills such as Total Productive Maintenance, Lean Management, Six Sigma, Industrial and Legal Metrology, and Conformity Assessment & Standards. The CII Institute of quality has since tied up with several international organisations to bring their best practices to India. It has helped several organisations improve their Total Quality Management Systems as well as aiding them in their pursuit to win accolades such as the Deming Prize and the Japan Quality Medal.
'''' Measurement is the assignment of a number to a characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects or events. The scope and application of measurement are dependent on the context and discipline. In the natural sciences and engineering, measurements do not apply to nominal properties of objects or events, which is consistent with the guidelines of the International vocabulary of metrology published by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures. However, in other fields such as statistics as well as the social and behavioural sciences, measurements can have multiple levels, which would include nominal, ordinal, interval and ratio scales.
Hydrogen fuel dispensersSAE International publishes new standard, SAE J2601, to establish worldwide basis for H2 fueling of fuel cell electric vehicles in use on hydrogen stations dispense by the kilogram.LA gas station gets hydrogen fuel pump In the US, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) specifies in Handbook 44 that the tolerance of the measurements is to be 2.0%.Fill er up- NIST develops prototype meter test for hydrogen refueling stations Worldwide regulations are discussed under OIML R 139 (compressed hydrogen).Report on the activities of the OIML and regional legal metrology organizations Hydrogen fuel dispensers may be regulated under terms drawn from an industry technical standard, SAE J2601.
Supercontinuum sources driven by ultrashort pump pulses (on the order of tens of femtoseconds in duration or less) are generally much more stable than those pumped by longer pulses. Even though such supercontinuum sources may make use of anomalous or zero dispersion, the propagation lengths are usually short enough that noise-seeded modulation instability has a less significant impact. The broadband nature of the input radiation makes it such that octave-spanning supercontinua can be achieved with relatively modest broadening factors. Even so, the noise dynamics of such sources can still be nontrivial, though they are generally stable and can be suitable for precision time-resolved measurements and frequency metrology.
An example of a suitable material is titanium-doped, artificially grown sapphire (Ti:sapphire) which has a very wide gain bandwidth and can thus produce pulses of only a few femtoseconds duration. Such mode-locked lasers are a most versatile tool for researching processes occurring on extremely short time scales (known as femtosecond physics, femtosecond chemistry and ultrafast science), for maximizing the effect of nonlinearity in optical materials (e.g. in second-harmonic generation, parametric down-conversion, optical parametric oscillators and the like). Due to the large peak power and the ability to generate phase-stabilized trains of ultrafast laser pulses, mode-locking ultrafast lasers underpin precision metrology and spectroscopy applications.
Ukraine will also ensure that its relevant national bodies participate fully in the European and international organisations for standardisation, legal and fundamental metrology, and conformity assessment including accreditation in accordance with its area of activity and the membership status available to it. Ukraine will also progressively transpose the corpus of European standards (EN) as national standards, including the harmonised European standards. Simultaneously with such transposition, Ukraine will withdraw conflicting national standards, including its application of interstate standards (GOST/ГОСТ), developed before 1992. In addition, Ukraine will progressively fulfill the other conditions for membership, in line with the requirements applicable to full members of the European Standardisation Organisations.
Despite the name, the inspected article may not necessarily be the 'first' produced, but an item or random sample of parts from the first lot. First article inspection is typically called for in a purchase order contract between the producer and buyer of a manufactured article. Depending on the inspection capability, the type of product and the governing specification, a first article inspection may be conducted by an approved 2nd party supplier that is a dimensional metrology laboratory using a variety of calibrated tools such as coordinate-measuring machines (CMM), cmm/vision systems and programmable 3-axis measurement systems. First article inspections are commonplace for military subcontractors.
Electronics Research Department, National Metrology Institute and Research Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology grew enough in terms of staff and business volume so that they were reorganized as separate institutes directly reporting to TUBITAK headquarters in Ankara. In July 2006, the Research Institute for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology was subordinated back to the Marmara Research Center. In the beginning of 2009, the Chemical and Environmental Institute was split in two institutes, namely Chemical Institute and Environment Institute. And finally in 2010, the Information Technologies Institute was transferred into Turkish National Research Institute of Electronics and Cryptology (UEKAE), an institute of TÜBİTAK Informatics and Information Security Research Center (BİLGEM).
The National Graphene Institute under construction in August 2014 The five-story glass-fronted building provides of research space. This includes 1,500 square metres (16,000 sq ft) of class 100 and class 1000 clean rooms, one of which occupies the entire lower ground floor (in order to minimise vibrations) plus laser, optical, metrology and chemical laboratories, along with offices, a seminar room and accommodation. The top floor also includes a roof terrace, which has 21 different grasses and wildflowers designed to attract urban bees and other species of pollinators. The outside of the building consists of a composite cladding, with an external stainless steel 'veil'.
GOST R 5172556 is a Russian government norm which fix the rules for the catalogization of products for federal states needs and for QLF, telecommunications and data bases, requirements of information security. Generally GOST (Russian: ГОСТ) refers to a set of technical standards maintained by the Euro-Asian Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification (EASC), a regional standards organization operating under the auspices of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS). According to Russian Law, more than 60% of all products to be sold and/or used in the country require mandatory certification/licensing, i.e. they should be approved by relevant Russian authorities in terms of compliance to national standards.
Taguspark is a science and technology park located in the municipality of Oeiras, Greater Lisbon subregion, Portugal. The Park covers an area of approximately 150 acres, and accommodates several research and development labs, innovative startups and business incubators in a range of fields such as information technologies (e.g. Portugal Telecom), telecommunications, electronics, materials, metrology, production, energy, environment, technical inspections and consultancy (ISQ), biotechnologies and fine chemistry. It also has partnerships with leading university institutions like the Universidade Técnica de Lisboa (recently merged with the Universidade de Lisboa, keeping the name Universidade de Lisboa) and its engineering faculty - the Instituto Superior Técnico (IST) which has facilities in the park.
The left height gauge has the vernier scale, while the right one is an electronic height gauge with a digital readout. A height gauge is a measuring device used for determining the height of objects, and for marking of items to be worked on. These measuring tools are used in metalworking or metrology to either set or measure vertical distances; the pointer is sharpened to allow it to act as a scriber and assist in marking out work pieces. Devices similar in concept, with lower resolutions, are used in health care settings (health clinics, surgeries) to find the height of people, in which context they are called stadiometers.
In 1994, he joined the faculty of National Taiwan University’s Institute of Applied Mechanics where he co- founded the Nano-Bio-MEMS research group. He is a well-recognized expert in the areas of flexible structure control, shock sensing, and sensor development due to his research work on distributed piezoelectric sensors and actuators. He has directed many research projects in the areas of ultra-high performance laser Doppler interferometers, laser encoders, sphere ellipsometry analyzers, curved distributed piezoelectric sensors/actuators, dot matrix writers, diffractive optical elements/systems, and laser writers. His specialty lies in systems integration which combines mechanics, optics, electronics, semiconductors, mechanisms, metrology, and interface systems to create new innovative systems.
Byzantine metrology entails the study of Byzantine weights and measures. A great number of measures of length were used, including modified forms of the Greek and Roman units of the finger, pace, fathom, schoenus (field measurement), plethron, mile, allage, and an average day's journey.Ancient Greek Units of Length Measure of volume included: litra, tagarion, pinakion, modios, and those of surface area modios, megalos modios and zeugarion.The Economic History of Byzantium: From the Seventh through the Fifteenth Century Angeliki E. Laiou, Editor-in-Chief Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection Washington, D.C. © 2002 Dumbarton Oaks Trustees for Harvard University Washington, D.C. Measures for water and wine were called and .
Shuckburgh also contributed to metrology. He performed a series of observations on the change in the boiling point of water at different pressures, and pointed out the need for controlling for this effect when calibrating thermometers. The Shuckburgh scale was a standard brass yard constructed for him by Edward Troughton, whose company later made the Victorian standard yard of 1855; the Shuckburgh scale was used by George Biddell Airy in his measurements of the earth's shape, and in setting standards for many years by the British government.. In statistics, Shuckburgh was a pioneer in the collation of price indexes. He became a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1774.
In the science and practice of metrology, a prototype is a human-made object that is used as the standard of measurement of some physical quantity to base all measurement of that physical quantity against. Sometimes this standard object is called an artifact. In the International System of Units (SI), there remains no prototype standard since May 20, 2019. Before that date, the last prototype used was the international prototype of the kilogram, a solid platinum-iridium cylinder kept at the Bureau International des Poids et Mesures (International Bureau of Weights and Measures) in Sèvres France (a suburb of Paris) that by definition was the mass of exactly one kilogram.
Unlike visible light telescopes – which employ mirrors or lenses working with normal incidence – NuSTAR has to employ grazing incidence optics to be able to focus X-rays. For this two conical approximation Wolter telescope design optics with focal length are held at the end of a long deployable mast. A laser metrology system is used to determine the exact relative positions of the optics and the focal plane at all times, so that each detected photon can be mapped back to the correct point on the sky even if the optics and the focal plane move relative to one another during an exposure. Each focusing optic consists of 133 concentric shells.
Like the early atomic clocks, the early Kibble balances were one-of-a-kind experimental devices and were large, expensive, and delicate. As of 2019, work is underway to produce standardized devices at prices that permit use in any metrology laboratory that requires high-precision measurement of mass. As well as large Kibble balances, microfabricated or MEMS watt balances (now called Kibble balances) have been demonstrated since around 2003. These are fabricated on single silicon dies similar to those used in microelectronics and accelerometers, and are capable of measuring small forces in the nanonewton to micronewton range traceably to the SI-defined physical constants via electrical and optical measurements.
Mediso is unique amongst clinical diagnostic imaging manufacturers in offering a modular three-modality combined SPECT/PET/CT imaging system. This system was selected by the UK's metrology institute, the NPL, as the basis for its work in quantification of nuclear medicine. The company is active in preclinical imaging, marketing a range of hybrid imaging systems in many combinations including PET-MR and SPECT-MR. Preclinical products were initially developed in collaboration with Bioscan, an American company, with Mediso as OEM, however following a dispute over payment and contract terms Bioscan was dissolved in 2013 and ongoing support for the products developed under the partnership fell to Mediso.
There are varying grades used to describe the accuracy of some metrology equipment such as: AA, A, B, and Workshop grade. While workshop grade is the least accurate, the plates are often held to a high degree of flatness. Surface plates must be calibrated regularly to ensure that chipping, warping, or wear has not occurred. A common problem is wear to particular areas, such as that caused by the frequent use of a tool in one place (such as a height gauge), that causes an uneven surface and reduces overall accuracy of the plate, this may be greatly accelerated if abrasive dust is present.
These include incomplete seating during the press-fitting step, distortion of the nominally circular valve seat surfaces such that they deviate unacceptably from perfect roundness or waviness, tilt of the machined surfaces relative to the valve guide hole axis, deviation of the valve seat surfaces from concentricity with the valve guide holes, and deviation of the machined conical section of the valve seat from the cone angle that is required to match the valve surface. Automated quality control of inserted and machined valve seats was historically very difficult to achieve until the advent of digital holography, which has enabled high-definition metrology for measuring all of these listed deviations.
Margania had previously been Deputy Chairman, leading the Border Guard, and Tania had been appointed acting Head of the Presidential Administration following Ankvab's resignation. On 15 October, Khajimba approved the structure of the new cabinet. The decree scrapped one Vice Premier, one Ministry — Taxes and Duties, henceforth the State Tax Service — and two State Committees — Resorts and Tourism, merged into the Ministry of Economy, and Youth and Sport, merged into the Ministry of Education. It also created one new Ministry — Energy, Transport and Communications, created from the State Administration for Transport — and one new State Committee — Standards, Consumer and Technical Supervision, created from the State Administration for Standards, Metrology and Certification.
Sergei Kopeikin (born April 10, 1956) is a USSR-born theoretical physicist presently living and working in the United States, where he holds the position of Professor of Physics at the University of Missouri in Columbia, Missouri. He specializes in the theoretical and experimental study of gravity and general relativity. He is also an expert in the field of the astronomical reference frames and time metrology. His general relativistic theory of the Post-Newtonian reference frames which he had worked out along with Victor A. Brumberg, was adopted in 2000 by the resolutions of the International Astronomical Union as a standard for reduction of ground-based astronomical observation.
During 2010, Runningland Metrology & Testing (Shanghai) Company has been accredited with ISO/IEC 17025:2005 "General Requirements for Competence of Testing and Calibration Laboratories", (CNAS-CL01"Testing and Calibration Laboratory Competence Accreditation Criteria"). Runningland was accredited by CNAS (China National Accreditation Service for Conformity Assessment) with registration No. CNAS L5287.News In order to demonstrate competence in carrying out specified testing, measurement and calibration, CNAS (China National Accreditation Committee) is the Standardization Administration of China. To ensure participation and meet international standards, 44 national bodies including the former China National Accreditation committee for Laboratories (now replaced by CNAS), signed a Memorandum of Understanding on September 1996.
Gill's research is concerned with laser frequency stabilisation techniques for very high resolution spectroscopy, and the development of leading-edge optical atomic clocks that look to form the basis of a future redefinition of the SI base unit second. These include optical clocks based on laser-cooled single ions confined in radiofrequency traps and neutral atoms held in optical lattices, and which now reach uncertainties below that of the caesium fountain primary frequency standard. Additionally, he has developed a range of stable lasers and optical metrology instrumentation with application to high technology sectors such as precision engineering and manufacture, space science, satellite navigation, Earth observation, defence and security and optical telecommunications.
Advances after the year 2000 include the generation of picosecond acoustic solitons by the use of millimeter propagation distances and the generation of picosecond shear waves by the use of anisotropic materials or small (~1 μm) optical spot sizes. Acoustic frequencies up to the terahertz range in solids and up to ~ 10 GHz in liquids have been reported. Apart from thermal expansion, generation through the deformation potential or through piezoelectricity is possible. Picosecond ultrasonics is currently used as a thin film metrology technique for probing films of sub-micrometer thicknesses with nanometer resolution in depth, that sees widespread use in the semiconductor processing industry.
He also coordinated the introduction of information technologies to the Ministry such as technical regulation, standardization, metrology and ensuring the uniformity of measurements; preparation of technical regulations; formation of a system that confirmed the quality of Russian products; foreign economic relations regarding technical regulations and standards; ecology and environmental protection; and technology that monitored the labor and employment markets. Nikitin promoted the principles of Open Government within the Ministry of Industry and Trade. He took part in the development of the domestic composite industry and in the issue of import substitution in Russia. Under his initiative, methods of project management that enhance the efficiency of industrial enterprises were developed.
In quantum metrology, and especially interferometry, the Heisenberg limit is the optimal rate at which the accuracy of a measurement can scale with the energy used in the measurement. Typically, this is the measurement of a phase (applied to one arm of a beam-splitter) and the energy is given by the number of photons used in an interferometer. Although some claim to have broken the Heisenberg limit, this reflects disagreement on the definition of the scaling resource.; arXiv Suitably defined, the Heisenberg limit is a consequence of the basic principles of quantum mechanics and cannot be beaten, although the weak Heisenberg limit can be beaten.
Each of these formal definitions left the numerical values of the Celsius scale identical to the prior definition to within the limits of accuracy of the metrology of the time. When the melting and boiling points of water ceased being part of the definition, they became measured quantities instead. This is also true of the triple point. In 1948 when the 9th General Conference on Weights and Measures (CGPM) in Resolution 3 first considered using the triple point of water as a defining point, the triple point was so close to being 0.01 °C greater than water's known melting point, it was simply defined as precisely 0.01 °C.
Generally a number of measurements will be made on certain areas of the wafer and compared with expected values. As long as the measured values are within a certain range, the wafers are passed for continued processing. (This is known as statistical process control.) Other photo- modulated reflectance systems marketed for process control of implant processes are the "TWIN" metrology system marketed by PVA TePla AG, and the "PMR-3000" marketed by Semilab Co. Ltd (originally Boxer-Cross, Inc.). However, by the mid 2000s, new manufacturing processes were requiring new process control capabilities, for example the need for control of new "diffusion-less" annealing processes and advanced strained silicon processes.
The role of inspection in the manufacturing process is to ensure that the manufacturing process is producing components that meet the specification requirements. Inspection does not assure the quality of the product, only a robust and repeatable manufacturing process can achieve this. Therefore, inspection is often considered as an overhead although an extremely important one. Similar to Design for Manufacture (DFM) and Design for Assembly (DFA) (which seek to avoid designs which are difficult to make), the concept of DFI considers measurement capabilities at an early stage in the product development life cycle and uses knowledge of the fundamental principles of metrology to achieve cost reduction.
Vietnam Standards, abbreviated TCVN for the Vietnamese Tiêu chuẩn Việt Nam, are the national standards of Vietnam issued by the Vietnam Standard and Quality Institute, part of the Directorate for Standards, Metrology And Quality (STAMEQ). These standards are identified by the prefix "TCVN" followed by a number, a colon, and the year issued. For instance, "TCVN 4980:2006" refers to the national standard numbered 4980, issued in 2006. Thousands of TCVNs have been issued for terminology, technology, experimentation and sampling procedures, labeling, packaging, transportation, and maintenance in areas such as mechanics, metallurgy, communication and transportation, construction, chemicals, petroleum, minerals, agriculture, food, consumer products, environment, safety, electricity, electronics, and informatics.
Among other functions, the Makerspace offers equipment and devices for 3D printing, additive manufacturing, material cutting and shaping, metrology, visualization, computing, emulation, and simulation. During the COVID-19 pandemic, the NJIT Makerspace was converted to a production facility, manufacturing reusable and washable face shields for medical personnel and first responders,. Kam developed the plans for NJIT's School of Applied Engineering and Technology, which was inaugurated in 2018. As part of the 2019 celebrations of the Centennial of the Newark College of Engineering (NCE, established 1919), Kam initiated the "NCE 100" Hall of Fame, whose inductees include, among others, Pierre Ramond, Ellen M. Pawlikowski and Gerard J. Foschini.
The cryogenic current comparator (CCC) is used in the electrical precision measurements to compare electric currents with highest accuracy. This device exceeds the accuracy of other current comparators around several orders of magnitude and is used in electrical metrology for highly precise comparative measurements of electric resistances or for the amplification and measurement of extremely small electric currents. The CCC principle goes back on Harvey and is based substantially on the properties of superconductors. CCCs make use of macroscopic quantum effects that occur in superconducting materials or circuits underneath their critical temperature of typically a few kelvins. The term “Cryogenic Current Comparator” stems from κρυος (Gr.
The mercury column method of realizing a physical standard ohm turned out to be difficult to reproduce, owing to the effects of non-constant cross section of the glass tubing. Various resistance coils were constructed by the British Association and others, to serve as physical artifact standards for the unit of resistance. The long-term stability and reproducibility of these artifacts was an ongoing field of research, as the effects of temperature, air pressure, humidity, and time on the standards were detected and analyzed. Artifact standards are still used, but metrology experiments relating accurately-dimensioned inductors and capacitors provided a more fundamental basis for the definition of the ohm.
These are typically produced by homogenization of a naturally occurring material followed by measurement of each analyte. Due to the difficulty in production and value assignment, these are usually produced by national or transnational metrology institutes like NIST (USA), BAM (Germany), KRISS (Korea) and EC JRC ( European Commission Joint Research Centre). For natural materials, homogenization is often critical; natural materials are rarely homogeneous on the scale of grams so production of a solid natural matrix reference material typically involves processing to a fine powder or paste. Homogenization can have adverse effects, for example on proteins, so producers must take care not to over-process materials.
According to ISO 5725-1, Accuracy consists of trueness (proximity of measurement results to the true value) and precision (repeatability or reproducibility of the measurement) A shift in the meaning of these terms appeared with the publication of the ISO 5725 series of standards in 1994, which is also reflected in the 2008 issue of the "BIPM International Vocabulary of Metrology" (VIM), items 2.13 and 2.14. According to ISO 5725-1,BS ISO 5725-1: "Accuracy (trueness and precision) of measurement methods and results - Part 1: General principles and definitions.", p.1 (1994) the general term "accuracy" is used to describe the closeness of a measurement to the true value.
In 2018, Technical committee "Cyber-physical systems" created on the base of RVC together with the market players initiated more than 30 national standards in the field of "cross platform technologies" including projects to the benefit of NTI Energynet, Technet and Safenet. An important committee work area is promotion of the Russian documents on the international level. In October 2018, ISO/IEC experts approved Russian project of the industrial internet of things standard, development of a number of multi-language standards is initiated. In 2018, order of Federal Agency on Technical Regulating and Metrology extended powers of the committee in the field of legal and technical regulation for the account of artificial intelligence and smart power energy areas.
The government of Kerala sanctioned a Family Court and a Pocso Court for Punalur, may open soon. Punalur has a Divisional Forest Office, it's headed by DFO. Timber Sales Divisional Forest Office (DFO- Timber Sales) and Forest Flying Squad Office also functions at Punalur. Other important Government offices functioning in Punalur includes Sub-Regional Transport Office, Excise Circle and Range Offices, Fire & Rescue Office, District Educational Office, District Tribal Office, KSEB divisional Office, Telecom divisional Office, KWA Sub-divisional office, NH Sub-divisional Office, PWD Sub-division Office, Sub-Treasury, Sub-Registrar Office, Employment Exchange, LIC Regional Office, Rubber Board Regional Office, Taluk Supply Office, Taluk Statistical Office, Legal Metrology Office, SC/ST Addl.
Under his leadership fundamental scientific research and practical calculations of economic benefits gained from various activity in the fields of standardization and metrology were carried out for the first time; and a unique national quality management system based on application of the MBO planning methods aimed at increasing the pace of the national economy modernization was developed, the system having no direct analogues in the world. Has made a decisive scientific and organizational contribution to the development of the unique scientifically-based multilevel system of continuous personnel training in Economics of Quality. The scientific school «Economics and Quality Management» led by him is entered into the Register of the Leading Scientific and Pedagogical Schools of St. Petersburg.
The names of the two summits are, however, not absolutely clear. This article adopts the names used by the Federal Office of Metrology and Survey. According to the inhabitants of the Defereggen valley, however, their names are reversed: they view the Rote Spitze as the higher, eastern summit. (For further details of the naming issue surrounding the Weiße Spitze and Rote Spitze see the Highest summit section of the article on the Villgraten Mountains.) The Weiße Spitze (2,962 m, the easternmost of the two aforementioned peaks) may be climbed on a signed route only from the upper Villgratental valley (climbing grade II-), a totally separate route from that to the summit of the Rote Spitze.
Whilst the majority of the Alpine literature,e.g. the official mapsÖK50 and the inhabitants of the southern Villgraten valleys call the higher, eastern summit the Weiße Spitze, and its lower, western, neighbour the Rote Spitze, it is referred to in the Defreggental, north of the mountains, and in one of the hiking books Gebietsführer "Defereggental"; Führer für Wanderer and Bergsteiger, von Martin Gasser, 184 Seiten, erschienen in the Selbstverlag, vgl. dort Seite 34 unten the other way around, thus naming the highest point as the Rote Spitze. Because the sources do not agree on the naming of these peaks, the designation used by the Austrian Federal Office of Metrology and Surveying is generally preferred.
The facility also provides state-of- the-art nanoimaging capabilities with vibration damped imaging and metrology suites sitting atop a slab of concrete underground. Other notable campus facilities include a pressurized wind tunnel for testing aerodynamic research, a towing tank for testing ship and ocean structure designs, and previously Alcator C-Mod, which was the largest fusion device operated by any university. MIT's campus-wide wireless network was completed in the fall of 2005 and consists of nearly 3,000 access points covering of campus. In 2001, the Environmental Protection Agency sued MIT for violating the Clean Water Act and the Clean Air Act with regard to its hazardous waste storage and disposal procedures.
The SI standards, which were MKS-based rather than CGS-based were published in 1960 and have since then have been adopted by many authorities around the globe including academic publishers and legal authorities. The SI explicitly states that unit symbols are not abbreviations and are to be written using a very specific set of rules. M. Danloux-Dumesnils provides the following justification for this distinction: SI, and hence the use of (or or ) has now been adopted around the world in many areas related to health and safety and in metrology in addition to the SI unit metres per second (, or ). SI is also the preferred system of measure in academia and in education.
Louis de l'Isle de la Croyere On the suggestion of the astronomer Joseph Nicolas Delisle (1688–1768), who had been hired by Peter the Great to work in St. Petersburg, the Academy of Science entrusted the job of astronomical and geographic metrology to Delisle's younger brother, Louis De l'Isle de la Croyère (1690–1741). Louis had been working at the Academy as an adjunct for astronomy. In 1727 he was promoted to professor and was sent on a three-year exploration survey of Arkhangelsk and the Kola peninsula, giving him some experience in exploration expeditions. Croyère's participation in the academic portion of the expedition later became controversial when his competence was questioned by Gmelin and Müller.
Peirce was a working scientist for 30 years, and arguably was a professional philosopher only during the five years he lectured at Johns Hopkins. He learned philosophy mainly by reading, each day, a few pages of Immanuel Kant's Critique of Pure Reason, in the original German, while a Harvard undergraduate. His writings bear on a wide array of disciplines, including mathematics, logic, philosophy, statistics, astronomy, metrology, geodesy, experimental psychology, economics, linguistics, and the history and philosophy of science. This work has enjoyed renewed interest and approval, a revival inspired not only by his anticipations of recent scientific developments but also by his demonstration of how philosophy can be applied effectively to human problems.
The Ministry of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade (, abbreviated MDIC) was a cabinet-level federal ministry in Brazil. The last Minister of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade is Marcos Jorge de Lima. Currently the ministry is part of the Ministry of the Economy The ministry used to oversee the Brazilian National Bank for Economic and Social Development (BNDES), the National Institute of Industrial Property (INPI), the National Institute of Metrology, Quality and Technology (INMETRO) and the Superintendence of the Manaus Free Trade Zone (SUFRAMA). The minister of Development, Industry and Foreign Trade also chairs the Chamber of Foreign Trade (CAMEX), a 7-ministers of State board linked to the Presidency of the Republic.
External dose quantities used in radiation protection and dosimetry based on ICRU 57, jointly developed with the ICRP The commission has been responsible for defining and introducing many of the following units of measure. The number of different units for various quantities is indicative of changes of thinking in world metrology, especially the movement from cgs to SI units. The following table shows radiation quantities in SI and non-SI units. Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units curie, rad, and rem alongside SI units, the European Union European units of measurement directives required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be phased out by 31 December 1985.
According to the website of the company, in 2011 its business was in two different markets: scientific instruments dedicated to research activities; and metrology for the semiconductor industry. The latter market addresses semiconductor fabrication cleanrooms with a dedicated version of the Castaing electron probe based on the LEXES technique (low energy electron induced X-ray emission spectrometry) developed at the beginning of the 21st century. CAMECA instruments are well known in academic communities, including the fields of geochemistry and planetary science, and CAMECA has been cited dozens of times in scientific journals such as Nature and Science. In 2010, Ametek purchased the Wisconsin start-up Imago Scientific Instruments and attached it to CAMECA.
The timber buildings from the 1910–1920 period, such as the Dining Rooms and Chief Mechanical Engineer's Office are of the simple Federation Bungalow type. The Timekeeper's Office at the entry to the Workshops is a two-storey timber structure with outsized roof ventilators, which makes a self- conscious architectural statement. The Tool and Gauge Shop and Metrology Laboratory built in the 1930s and 40s are severely geometric structures of the Functionalist style of architecture, with plain facebrick walls, metal framed and louvre windows set in walls with horizontal parapets devoid of decoration. A number of major extensions were made to the original buildings fronting the Traverser, between the years 1910 and 1950.
Overlay control has always played an important role in semiconductor manufacturing, helping to monitor layer-to-layer alignment on multi-layer device structures. Misalignment of any kind can cause short circuits and connection failures, which in turn impact fab yield and profit margins. Overlay control has become even more critical now because the combination of increasing pattern density and innovative techniques such as double patterning and 193 nm immersion lithography creates a novel set of pattern-based yield challenges at the 45 nm technology node and below. This combination causes error budgets to shrink below 30 percent of design rules, where existing overlay metrology solutions cannot meet total measurement uncertainty (TMU) requirements.
The Vickers hardness of pure platinum is 56 HV while platinum with 50% of iridium can reach over 500 HV. This improved hardness has also been considered as beneficial for use in platinum jewellery, particularly watch cases. Owing to their high cost, these alloys are rarely used. They have been used for spinnerets in the manufacture of synthetic fibres. Their well-known use is in metrology, where they are used to make the international prototypes used by international standards bodies for mass standards such as the international prototype of the kilogram and the international prototype of the metre, although both have been superseded during the 2019 redefinition of the SI base units.
The formal definition of calibration by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) is the following: "Operation that, under specified conditions, in a first step, establishes a relation between the quantity values with measurement uncertainties provided by measurement standards and corresponding indications with associated measurement uncertainties (of the calibrated instrument or secondary standard) and, in a second step, uses this information to establish a relation for obtaining a measurement result from an indication."JCGM 200:2008 International vocabulary of metrology — Basic and general concepts and associated terms (VIM) This definition states that the calibration process is purely a comparison, but introduces the concept of measurement uncertainty in relating the accuracies of the device under test and the standard.
Computers which are connected with the Internet can obtain the time also via the three public NTP time servers of PTB.NTP time servers of PTB In Berlin-Adlershof, PTB operates the MLS (Metrology Light Source) electron storage ring for calibrations in the field from the infrared (THz) to the extreme ultraviolet (EUV). Department Q.5 ""Technical Cooperation"" realizes projects of the German and international development cooperation in the field of quality infrastructure. These activities promote competitiveness as well as environmental protection and consumer protection in developing countries and in countries in transition.Technical Cooperation One of the tasks of PTB’s "Metrological Information Technology" Department – in accordance with the German Gambling Ordinance ( § 11 ff.
In 1953, the West Berlin PTR was integrated into this institute as ꞋꞋBerlin InstituteꞋꞋ while respecting the four-power status of Berlin. In the German Democratic Republic (GDR), the Deutsches Amt für Maß und Gewicht (DAMG) had established itself with its principle seat in Berlin. After several renamings, this institute was designated Amt für Standardisierung, Meßwesen und Warenprüfung (Office for Standardization, Metrology and Quality Control – ASMW) during the last GDR years; the name already indicates that this office of the GDR had more extensive tasks than PTB in the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG), namely additional tasks in the field of standardization and quality assurance and in the area of activity of the Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM).
This character set was devised by the now extinctLe codage informatique de l'écriture arabe : d'ASMO 449 à Unicode et ISO/CEI 10646 Arab Standardization and Metrology Organization in 1982 to be the 7-bit standard to be used in Arabic-speaking countries. The design of this character set is derived from the 7-bit ISO 646 (version of 1973) but with modifications suited for the Arabic language. In code points ranging from 0x41 to 0x72 (hexadecimal), Latin letters were replaced with Arabic letters. Punctuation marks which were identical in the Latin and Arabic scripts remained the same, but where they differed (comma, semicolon, question mark), the Latin ones were replaced by Arabic ones.
The Manufacturing Assistance Center (MAC), located in Building A-11 of U-PARC, is a working factory opened in November 1994 as an initiative of the University of Pittsburgh's Swanson School of Engineering's Department of Industrial Engineering that offers technical assistance and educational resources to the academic and industrial community of Western Pennsylvania. It also serves as an incubator for manufacturing innovation and as a center for technology transfer. The MAC provides access to advanced manufacturing technology, encourages its adoption, and assists in training and educating students in its use. The center comprises a synergistic network of laboratories encompassing machine tooling, computer-aided design and manufacturing, metrology, materials tracking, and human issues.
But propagation of such short duration pulses will suffer acoustic attenuation if the temperature is not very low (Ref B). Thus, this method is most efficient with the utilization of surface acoustic waves, and studies on investigation of this method toward lateral structures are being conducted. To sense the piezo-optic effect of the reflected waves, fast monitoring is required due to the travel time of the acoustic wave and heat flow. Acoustic waves travel a few nanometers in a picosecond, where heat flows about a hundred nanometers in a second.G. Andrew Antonelli, Bernard Perrin, Brian C. Daly, and David G. Cahill, "Characterization of mechanical and thermal properties using ultrafast optical metrology", MRS Bulletin, August 2006.
This gives the universal machine a very strong advantage over other measuring methods when profiling radii, contours, and holes, as the detail of the feature can be of any arbitrary resolution. The analog record generated by the machine can be fed directly into a compensator on computer numerical control (CNC) machine tools, correcting the machine on a per-job basis. In practice, the universal measuring machine is a very slow machine that requires a highly skilled and patient operator to use, and the accuracy built into these machines far outstripped the needs of most industries. As a result, the universal measuring machine today is only found as a special-purpose machine in metrology laboratories.
In addition, his group has been carrying out investigations on single Cooper pair devices for fields such as quantum computation and metrology, and studying amplification, information, and noise in mesoscopic systems. His work in association with well-known experimentalists in the field such as Rob Schoelkopf, Steven Girvin and Irfan Siddiqi has brought about valuable insights in quantum computing and in developing a new paradigm of circuit QED using superconducting electrical circuits. His recent work, in association with a colleague, A. Marblestone, has shown an exponential quantum enhancement in communication channels as a result of entanglement (see Quantum pseudo- telepathy).A. Marblestone and M. Devoret, "Exponential Quantum Enhancement for Distributed Addition with Local Nonlinearity", Quantum Information Processing, Vol.
External dose quantities used in radiation protection and dosimetry based on ICRU 57, jointly developed with the ICRP In collaboration with the ICRU, the commission has assisted in defining the use of many of the dose quantities in the accompanying diagram. The table below shows the number of different units for various quantities and is indicative of changes of thinking in world metrology, especially the movement from cgs to SI units. Although the United States Nuclear Regulatory Commission permits the use of the units curie, rad, and rem alongside SI units, the European Union European units of measurement directives required that their use for "public health ... purposes" be phased out by 31 December 1985.
To date NPOI has produced the highest resolution optical images of any astronomical instrument, though this may change when the CHARA array and Magdalena Ridge Observatory Interferometer begin optical-band operations. The first astronomical object imaged (resolved) by NPOI was Mizar, and since, a significant amount of astrometry, reference tie frame, rapid rotator star, and Be stellar disk study has been performed. NPOI is capable of determining positions of celestial objects to a few milli- arcsecond, in part due to the optical anchoring of its components using a complex metrology array of lasers that connect main optical elements to each other and to bedrock. Many specialized lasers are also used to align the long train of optics.
Among them, the 2018 Hangzhou High School Model United Nations Conference has more than 150 representatives from 16 high schools and 3 universities——Haining High School, Jinhua No. 1 Middle School, Jiashan High School, Jinyun Middle School, Shaoxing No. 1 Middle School, Ningbo No. 3 Middle School; Outside Zhejiang province includes Jiangsu Qianhuang Senior High School, Shanghai Maple Leaf International School, China Metrology University, etc. The development of Hanggao Model United Nations Conference has moved from the initial school-level conference to the municipal level, and then to the regional conferences out of Hangzhou City, out of Zhejiang Province, and to the world. After the closing of each Hanggao Model United Nations Conference, it would be highly praised by every representative.
Tracking packages with bar code reader in a warehouse sorting operation Package tracking or package logging is the process of localizing shipping containers, mail and parcel post at different points of time during sorting, warehousing, and package delivery to verify their provenance and to predict and aid delivery. Package tracking developed historically because it provided customers information about the route of a package and the anticipated date and time of delivery.Mark Esser Industry Developed Temperature Tracking Device for Packages May Have Climate Metrology Applications NIST Beat, June 7, 2011 This was important because mail delivery often included multiple carriers in varying environmental circumstances, which made it possible for a mail to get lost.Herbert Joyce The History of the Post Office from Its Establishment Down to 1836.
Many of the world's biggest cruise ships, including MS Freedom of the Seas and the Oasis of the Seas have been built in Finnish shipyards. The "forest industry" includes forestry, timber, pulp and paper, and is often considered a logical development based on Finland's extensive forest resources, as 73% of the area is covered by forest. In the pulp and paper industry, many major companies are based in Finland; Ahlstrom-Munksjö, Metsä Board, and UPM are all Finnish forest-based companies with revenues exceeding €1 billion. However, in recent decades, the Finnish economy has diversified, with companies expanding into fields such as electronics (Nokia), metrology (Vaisala), petroleum (Neste), and video games (Rovio Entertainment), and is no longer dominated by the two sectors of metal and forest industry.
Salak Tinggi is the home to KFC Hatchery, a latex glove factory owned by Wembley Rubber Products (WRP), the workshop complex of the Engineering Division of the Fire and Rescue Department, the Veterinary Public Health Laboratory of the Department of Veterinary Services Malaysia as well as the National Metrology Institute of Malaysia-Standards and Research Institute of Malaysia (NMIM-SIRIM) (). Government agencies such as Pos Malaysia, National Registration Department, and SYABAS are located at the town heart of Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi and Kosmopleks. As Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi is the nearest housing estate to Kuala Lumpur International Airport (KLIA), its residents are mainly airport ground staff and airline crew. Kota Warisan is a relatively new township located in the suburb of Bandar Baru Salak Tinggi.
A surveyor using a total station A student using a Theodolite in field Surveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, art, and science of determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional positions of points and the distances and angles between them. A land surveying professional is called a land surveyor. These points are usually on the surface of the Earth, and they are often used to establish maps and boundaries for ownership, locations, such as the designed positions of structural components for construction or the surface location of subsurface features, or other purposes required by government or civil law, such as property sales. Surveyors work with elements of geometry, trigonometry, regression analysis, physics, engineering, metrology, programming languages, and the law.
Metrology traceability pyramid Metrological traceability is defined as the "property of a measurement result whereby the result can be related to a reference through a documented unbroken chain of calibrations, each contributing to the measurement uncertainty". It permits the comparison of measurements, whether the result is compared to the previous result in the same laboratory, a measurement result a year ago, or to the result of a measurement performed anywhere else in the world. The chain of traceability allows any measurement to be referenced to higher levels of measurements back to the original definition of the unit. Traceability is most often obtained by calibration, establishing the relationship between an indication on a measuring instrument (or secondary standard) and the value of the standard.
A calibration is an operation that establishes a relation between a measurement standard with a known measurement uncertainty and the device that is being evaluated. The process will determine the measurement value and uncertainty of the device that is being calibrated and create a traceability link to the measurement standard. The four primary reasons for calibrations are to provide traceability, to ensure that the instrument (or standard) is consistent with other measurements, to determine accuracy, and to establish reliability. Traceability works as a pyramid, at the top level there is the international standards, at the next level national metrology institutes calibrate the primary standards through realisation of the units creating the traceability link from the primary standard and the unit definition.
The two workshop buildings were connected by a covered way at their east ends. In September 1958 estimates were provided for partitioning workshop No.2 for a car electrics lab, battery room, store, diesel fuel lab, fitting shop, tool room, metrology lab, and vehicle workspace and general workshop area. A hydraulic hoist was also fitted.DPW Plan A/4A/9/3, "Bundaberg Tech College, New workshop No.2", December 1955DNRM Aerial photograph QAP634-113, 9 June 1956DPW Plan A4A-9/1, "Bundaberg Tech College, new workshop No.2", February 1958Queensland State Archives Item 127955, "Bundaberg State High School and Technical College", 1928-1969. Financial approval for workshop No.2 was given in February 1958, and it was under construction by July 1958.
Hancock struck iron ore in the Pilbara region, in north-west WA On 16 November 1952, Hancock claimed he discovered the world's largest deposit of iron ore in the Pilbara region of Western Australia. Hancock said he was flying from Nunyerry to Perth with his wife, Hope, when they were forced by bad weather to fly low, through the gorges of the Turner River. In Hancock's own words, The story is widely accepted in modern descriptions of the discovery, but one biographer, Neill Phillipson, disputes Hancock's account. In Man of Iron he argues that there was no rain in the area of the Turner River on 16 November 1952 or indeed on any day in November 1952, a fact the Australian Bureau of Metrology confirms.
He has been involved with the organization of science workshops such as Emerging Trends in Physical and Mathematical Sciences in connection with the IISc centenary conference of 2008 as well as National Workshop of preserving our scientific heritage organized by the Indian Institute of Astrophysics in January 2008. The international conferences he has been associated with as an advisory board member included CSIR-CEERI International Conference on Advanced Electronic Systems (ICAES-2013), International Conference on Sustainable Energy Technologies (ICSET 20414) organized by a consortium which comprised University of Exeter, University of Oslo, Research Council of Norway, Western Norway University of Applied Sciences and The Michelsen Center, Biennial international conference on cryogenic engineering (ICEC 26 – ICMC 2016), 9th International Conference on Advances in Metrology – 2016.
This list of Indian inventions and discoveries details the inventions, scientific discoveries and contributions of India, including the ancient, classical and post-classical nations in the subcontinent historically referred to as India and the modern Indian state. It draws from the whole cultural and technological history of India, during which architecture, astronomy, cartography, metallurgy, logic, mathematics, metrology and mineralogy were among the branches of study pursued by its scholars. During recent times science and technology in the Republic of India has also focused on automobile engineering, information technology, communications as well as research into space and polar technology. For the purposes of this list, inventions are regarded as technological firsts developed in India, and as such does not include foreign technologies which India acquired through contact.
Another area of his research was the Chandrasekhar limit and the critical mass of boson systems, and he collaborated with Andre Martin to propose a proof for the relativistic collapse of Mcr critical mass. Dhar- Grover-Roy super-Zeno algorithm, for use in suppressing the transitions of a quantum mechanical system, Roy-Braunstein's quantum metrology, a precision measurement protocol, and his elucidation of Pomeranchuk's theorem and its violations are some of his other major contributions. His studies have been documented by way of a number of articles and ResearchGate, an online repository of scientific articles, has listed 105 of them. Besides, he has published a book, Advances in High Energy Physics, along with Virendra Singh, and his work has drawn citations from other scientists.
The institute provides several sophisticated instruments/facilities for researchers such as Nuclear Magnetic resonance spectrometer, CAD Tools for Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Design, Single crystal X-ray diffractometer, Time- correlated single photon counting (TCSPC), Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy, Dual ion beam sputtering deposition (DIBSD) system, Spin Coater, Optical Surface Metrology System Profiler, The Sophisticated Instrumentation Center (SIC) is a national facility hosted at IIT Indore's School of Basic Science. The SIC at IIT Indore is equipped with Single Crystal X-ray Diffraction, Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Mass Spectrometry, Elemental Analysis and Single Molecule Imaging and Spectroscopy all together under one section to provide the very highest quality of data analysis to academics and students in both research and teaching.
Matter's mass strongly influences many familiar kinetic properties. Mass is (among other properties) an inertial property; that is, the tendency of an object to remain at constant velocity unless acted upon by an outside force. Under Sir Isaac Newton's -year-old laws of motion and an important formula that sprang from his work, an object with a mass, m, of one kilogram accelerates, a, at one meter per second per second (about one-tenth the acceleration due to earth's gravity)In professional metrology (the science of measurement), the acceleration of Earth’s gravity is taken as standard gravity (symbol: gn), which is defined as precisely metersper square second (m/s2). The expression means that for every second that elapses, velocity changes an additional 1 meter per second.
Laszlo Bela Kish (né: László Béla Kiss) is a physicist and professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Texas A&M; University. His activitiesPublication list of Laszlo Kish include a wide range of issues surrounding the physics and technical applications of stochastic fluctuations (noises) in physical, biological and technological systems, including nanotechnology. His earlier long-term positions include the Department of Experimental Physics, University of Szeged, Hungary (JATE, 1982–1997), and Angstrom Laboratory, Uppsala University, Sweden (1997–2001). During the same periods he had also conducted scientific research in short-term positions, such as at the Eindhoven University of Technology (Netherlands, 1986, 1997), University of Cologne (Germany, 1989, 1990), National Research Laboratory of Metrology (Japan, 1991), University of Birmingham (United Kingdom, 1993), and others.
Spain notably supported France for this outcome and the first president of the International Committee for Weights and Measures, the Spanish geodesist, Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero received the Grand Officer medal of the Légion d'Honneur for his diplomatic role on this issue and was awarded the Poncelet Prize for his scientific contribution to metrology. Indeed, as Carlos Ibáñez e Ibáñez de Ibero was collaborating with the French on the Paris meridian arc (West Europe-Africa Meridian-arc) remeasurement since 1853, and was president of both the Permanent Committee of the International Metre Commission since 1872 and the Permanent Commission of the International Association of Geodesy since 1874, he was to play a pivotal role in reconciling French and German interests.
In industrial production, spillage is the loss of production output due to production of a series of defective or unacceptable products which must be rejected. Spillage is an often costly event which occurs in manufacturing when a process degradation or failure occurs that is not immediately detected and corrected, and in which defective or reject product therefore continues to be produced for some extended period of time. Spillage results in costs due to lost production volume, excessive scrap, delayed delivery of product, and wastage of human and capital equipment resources. Minimization of the occurrence and duration of manufacturing spillage requires that closed-loop control and associated process monitoring and metrology functions be integrated into critical steps of the overall manufacturing process.
According to Millenniata, the U.S. Naval Air Warfare Center Weapons Division of the U.S. Department of Defense found that M-DISC DVDs are much more durable than conventional DVDs. "The discs were subject to the following test conditions in the environmental chamber: 85 °C, 85% relative humidity (conditions specified in ECMA-379) and full spectrum light"."75 page breakdown of the D.O.D.'s findings""2 page summary of DOD's findings" . According to an accelerated aging test of the French National Laboratory of Metrology and Testing at 90 °C and 85% humidity, the DVD+Rs with inorganic recording layer like M-DISCs were still readable after 250 hours, however with an error rate above threshold, and were rated "less than 250 hours" equivalent to competing offers.
Mendeleyevo () is an urban locality (a work settlement) in Solnechnogorsky District of Moscow Oblast, Russia, which stands on the Klyazma River, about from its source, near the city of Zelenograd, and opposite of the ancient Russian village of Lyalovo. Population: It was founded in 1957 as a closed town attached to the All-Union (now All-Russian) Scientific Research Institute for Physical-Engineering and Radiotechnical Metrology (VNIIFTRI), and is named after the famous Russian chemist Dmitry Mendeleyev who was an eminent metrologist as well. While not now officially in the list of Russian naukograds, it is still close to this category, as the VNIIFTRI scientific institute remains one of the most important local employers. Aeroflot Flight 411 crashed near the town on July 1982.
The function principle of a SQUID is based on macroscopic quantum interferences of electric currents, arising in superconducting circuits (loops) with tunnel junctions. Resistance bridges based on CCCs are used for the comparison of electrical resistances, in particular if highest-precision measurements are required, as there is the traceability of the resistance unit to the quantum Hall effect (QHE). In this way, measurements connecting standard resistors ranging within 1 ohm up to 10 kΩ to a QHE resistor of 12.9 kΩ are performed at several national institutes of metrology as, for instance, the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, USA) or the Physikalisch-Technische Bundesanstalt (PTB, D). Here, electrical resistance comparisons using CCCs are accomplished with relative measurement uncertainties of only about 10−9.
A new sealed cesium-137 radiation source as it appears in its final state A radioactive source is a known quantity of a radionuclide which emits ionizing radiation; typically one or more of the radiation types gamma rays, alpha particles, beta particles, and neutron radiation. Sources can be used for irradiation, where the radiation performs a significant ionising function on a target material, or as a radiation metrology source, which is used for the calibration of radiometric process and radiation protection instrumentation. They are also used for industrial process measurements, such as thickness gauging in the paper and steel industries. Sources can be sealed in a container (highly penetrating radiation) or deposited on a surface (weakly penetrating radiation), or they can be in a fluid.
Atomic Clock Ensemble in Space (ACES) is a project led by the European Space Agency which will place ultra-stable atomic clocks on the International Space Station. Operation in the microgravity environment of the ISS will provide a stable and accurate time base for different areas of research, including general relativity and string theory tests, time and frequency metrology, and very long baseline interferometry. The payload actually contains two clocks: a caesium laser cooled atomic clock (PHARAO) developed by CNES, France for long- term stability and an active hydrogen maser (SHM) developed by Spectratime, Switzerland for short-term stability. The onboard frequency comparison between PHARAO and SHM will be a key element for the evaluation of the accuracy and the short/medium-term stability of the PHARAO clock.
This article adopts the names used by the Federal Office of Metrology and Survey. According to the inhabitants of the Defereggen valley, however, their names are reversed: they view the Rote Spitze as the higher, eastern summit. (For further details of the naming issue surrounding the Weiße Spitze and Rote Spitze see the Highest summit section of the article on the Villgraten Mountains.) The Rote Spitze (2,956 m, the westernmost summit of the two aforementioned peaks) may be climbed both from the Defereggen valley - via Brugger Alm (1,818 m), Ragötzlalm (2,115 m) and Gschrittlenke (2,738 m) -, as well as from the Villgratental valley - via the Oberstalleralm (1,883 m) and Gschrittlenke. The final 150 metres of height below the summit are of climbing grade I+. Individual places are secured here by steel cable.
ForthDD's microdisplays are typically used in the following application areas: Training and Virtual Environments, Medical Systems and Electronic Viewfinders (EVFs). Later system developments have allowed ForthDD to enter markets such as 3D Optical Metrology and, using phase modulation, Super- resolution microscopy.Forth Dimension Displays - Applications pageCompute Scotland, accessed January 17, 2011 NVIS nVISOR SX60 Training and Virtual Environments ForthDD's microdisplays can be found in various training and simulation applications across military and civilian environments within devices such as virtual binoculars, monocular viewers and most commonly, immersive HMDsForth Dimension Displays - Applications page, Training and Virtual Environments section (for example, in NVIS HMDs). By using HMDs to immerse the user in the virtual 3D environment, different scenarios, which may be too dangerous or expensive to replicate in the real world, can be explored.
A Class II laboratory scale (accuracy 1 part in 22,000) with a calibrator's and CE stickers fixed to its side. During the 1990s, a series of statutory instruments relating to weighing devices and to the sale of pre-packaged goods were issued to ensure that United Kingdom law on metrology was harmonised with that of its EEC partners. In line with EEC practice, the meaning of weights displayed on pre-packaged goods was changed in 1980 to show the average weight of each item in the batch rather than the guaranteed minimum weight of each individual item. The EU Measuring Instruments Directive (Directive 2004/22/EU) which intends to create a common market for measuring instruments across the countries of the EU came into force on 30 October 2006 with a ten-year transition period.
By contrast, the metric system has remained unchanged (for most practical purposes) since it was first defined. Even though the metre was initially defined to equal one ten-millionth of the length of the meridian through Paris from pole to the equator, the first prototype metre bar was subsequently found to be short by 0.2 millimetres (because researchers miscalculated the flattening of the Earth). Nevertheless, this original reference metre was retained, leaving the exact distance from equator to pole slightly more than ten million metres. The need for a more practical and reproducible definition of the metre and advances in metrology have led to increased precision in the definition, so that it is now defined as the length travelled by light in a vacuum during the time interval of of a second.
The Imaging Science Journal, formerly The Journal of Photographic Science, is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering both fundamental and applied aspects of imaging, including conventional, analogue chemical, electronic, digital and hybrid imaging systems. It is an official journal of the Royal Photographic Society and published by Taylor & Francis, previously published by Maney Publishing. The journal was established in 1953. Main subject areas include aerospace imaging, applications and display, colour reproduction, consumer imaging, detectors and sensors, digitisation and storage, displays, forensic imaging, hard copy output, high speed imaging, holography and 3-D imaging, image acquisition, imaging: mechanisms, modelling and properties, image processing, image quality, image security, input/output devices, instrumentation, machine vision, media life expectancy, medical imaging, metrology and metrics, multispectral imaging, psychometric scaling methods, and vision and imaging.
Brown & Sharpe were inspired by several earlier devices, one of them being Palmer's design. In 1888, Edward W. Morley added to the precision of micrometric measurements and proved their accuracy in a complex series of experiments. The culture of toolroom accuracy and precision, which started with interchangeability pioneers including Gribeauval, Tousard, North, Hall, Whitney, and Colt, and continued through leaders such as Maudslay, Palmer, Whitworth, Brown, Sharpe, Pratt, Whitney, Leland, and others, grew during the Machine Age to become an important part of combining applied science with technology. Beginning in the early 20th century, one could no longer truly master tool and die making, machine tool building, or engineering without some knowledge of the science of metrology, as well as the sciences of chemistry and physics (for metallurgy, kinematics/dynamics, and quality).
In January 2003 SEMATECH and the University at Albany – State University of New York – established a major partnership to commercialize advanced semiconductor, nanotechnology and other emerging technologies. Through its government-university-industry partnership with the State of New York and the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) of the University at Albany, SEMATECH is conducting programs in lithography and metrology at CNSE’s Albany NanoTech Complex. In 2010, SEMATECH expanded its cooperation with CNSE with the announcement that the ISMI would relocate its headquarters and operations to CNSE's Albany NanoTech Complex beginning in January 2011. With over $6.5 billion in high-tech investments, CNSE's Albany NanoTech Complex features the only fully integrated, 300 mm wafer, computer chip pilot prototyping and demonstration line within of Class 1 capable cleanrooms.
On September 28, 1913, was signed the Minutes of the foundation stone of the new National Observatory on the Colina de São Januário (Hill of São Januário), in Rio de Janeiro. In 1915, we implemented the Magnetic Observatory Brooms in Rio de Janeiro, today integrated into the structure of ON. In 1921, Directorate of Meteorology had separated the two areas that composed it, giving rise to two institutes: one devoted to meteorology, called Directorate of Meteorology, and another to astronomy, geophysics and metrology, which retained the name National Observatory. That year, he received a visit from Albert Einstein, during his stay in Brazil. In 1922, the NB was transferred from Castle Hill, current Esplanada do Castelo, to the Hill of São Januário, in Saint Kitts, where he currently is still installed.
State-of-the-art systems for Quality Control and Metrology support the above manufacturing facilities. KELTEC can also undertake design and development of aerospace components, development of special processes like vacuum brazing of aluminium components, design and realisation of tools and fixtures required for production. KELTEC manufactures a number of major systems for the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV), including Inertial Control Systems; Control System Components; High Pressure Titanium Gas Bottles; Fuel / Oxidizer Tankages & Feed Line Systems, Liquid Propulsion Engine, Convergent Divergent Nozzles; and Launch Vehicle Solid Rocket Motor Cases. The Vikas engine is a Liquid Propellant Rocket engine which is used in the second stage of the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the second stage and strap-on stages of the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV).
The "second quantum revolution", or "quantum 2.0" is a term that is often used to describe quantum technologies based on superposition and entanglement. Originally described in a 1997 book by Gerard J. Milburn, which was then followed by a 2003 article by Jonathan P. Dowling and Gerard J. Milburn, as well as a 2003 article by David Deutsch. These technologies use equipment such as highly stabilised laser systems, magneto-optical traps, cryogenic cooled solid state devices, ion traps and vacuum systems to create, manipulate and then use quantum effects for a number of different purposes. These include: quantum information processing, such as quantum computing, quantum simulation, quantum secure communications, quantum sensing and metrology and quantum imaging, and are widely believed to offer capabilities that will out-perform existing and future classical technologies.
Since 1976, the 229Th nucleus has been known to possess a low energy excited state, which was constrained to be of below 10 eV excitation energy in 1990 and for which an energy value of 3.5±1.0 eV was determined in 1994. As early as 1996 it was proposed to use the nuclear excitation as a highly stable source of light for metrology by E.V. Tkalya. At the time of the nuclear clock proposal in 2003 the parameters of 229mTh, in particular its energy, were not known to sufficient precision to allow for nuclear laser spectroscopy of individual thorium ions and thus the development of a nuclear clock. This fact triggered a multitude of experimental efforts to pin down the excited state's parameters like energy and half-life.
In 1914, the PTR President Emil Warburg discontinued the subdivision into a physical and a technical division and re-structured the PTR into divisions for optics, electricity and heat, with sub-divisions of a purely scientific and technical nature. Under Warburg's successor Walther Nernst, the Reichsanstalt für Maß und Gewicht (Imperial Institute for Weights and Measures – RMG) was, in addition, integrated into the PTR. A newly established division took over from the RMG extensive tasks with regard to the verification system as well as the measurements of length, weight and volume associated with the verification system. The profile of tasks was thus similar to that of PTB today: Through its own research and development, and through services building on this, the PTR was to ensure the uniformity of metrology and its continuous further development.
In common usage, the mass of an object is often referred to as its weight, though these are in fact different concepts and quantities. In scientific contexts, mass is the amount of "matter" in an object (though "matter" may be difficult to define), whereas weight is the force exerted on an object by gravity.de Silva, G.M.S. (2002), Basic Metrology for ISO 9000 Certification, Butterworth-Heinemann In other words, an object with a mass of 1.0 kilogram weighs approximately 9.81 newtons on the surface of the Earth, which is its mass multiplied by the gravitational field strength. The object's weight is less on Mars, where gravity is weaker, and more on Saturn, and very small in space when far from any significant source of gravity, but it always has the same mass.
This experimental device is being developed at government metrology laboratories worldwide with the goal of providing a more accurate definition of the kilogram, the world's standard of mass. In this application, the Kibble balance will function in the reverse sense to the Ampere balance: it will be used to weigh the International Prototype of the Kilogram, defining the kilogram in terms of an electric current and a voltage. Since voltage and current themselves are already defined in terms of fundamental physical constants like Planck's constant and the speed of light, this will create a new definition of the kilogram in terms of these fundamental constants. This may be a more stable definition than the current one, which is based on the physical prototype kilogram which is vulnerable to damage and deterioration over the years.
In 1962, Brian Josephson, a graduate student at Cambridge University, derived equations for the current and voltage across a junction consisting of a thin insulating barrier separating two superconductors – now generally known as a Josephson junction. His equations predicted that if a junction is driven at frequency f , then its current–voltage (I–V) curve will develop regions of constant voltage at the values nhf/2e , where n is an integer and h/e is the ratio of the Planck constant h to the elementary charge e . This prediction was verified experimentally by Shapiro in 1963 and has become known as the (inverse) AC Josephson effect. This effect found immediate application in metrology because it relates the volt to the second through a proportionality involving only fundamental constants.
The goals of TCAD start from the physical description of integrated circuit devices, considering both the physical configuration and related device properties, and build the links between the broad range of physics and electrical behavior models that support circuit design. Physics-based modeling of devices, in distributed and lumped forms, is an essential part of the IC process development. It seeks to quantify the underlying understanding of the technology and abstract that knowledge to the device design level, including extraction of the key parameters that support circuit design and statistical metrology. Although the emphasis here is on Metal Oxide Semiconductor (MOS) transistors — the workhorse of the IC industry — it is useful to briefly overview the development history of the modeling tools and methodology that has set the stage for the present state-of-the-art.
Because the machine can make comparative length measurements without moving linear axes, it is a valuable tool in comparing master gauges and length standards. While universal measuring machines were never a mass-produced item, they are no longer available on a production basis, and are produced on a to-order basis tailored to the needs of the metrology lab purchasing it. Manufacturers that perform work that must be measured on such a machine will frequently opt to subcontract the measurement to a laboratory which specializes in such. Universal measuring machines placed under corrected interferometric control and using non-contact gauge heads can measure features to millionths of an inch across the entire machine's envelope, where other types of machine are limited either in number of axes or accuracy of the measurement.
Since 2019, the numerical value of the Planck constant has been fixed, with finite significant figures. Under the present definition of the kilogram, which states that "The kilogram [...] is defined by taking the fixed numerical value of to be when expressed in the unit J⋅s, which is equal to kg⋅m2⋅s−1, where the metre and the second are defined in terms of speed of light and duration of hyperfine transition of the ground state of an unperturbed cesium-133 atom ." This implies that mass metrology is now aimed to find the value of one kilogram, and thus it is kilogram which is compensating. Every experiment aiming to measure the kilogram (such as the Kibble balance and the X-ray crystal density method), will essentially refine the value of a kilogram.
Before joining the Institute of Optics at the University of Rochester in 2009 she was a Professor of Optics, CREOL, the College of Optics and Photonics, University of Central Florida (UCF). In 2016, Jannick collaborated with the OSA Foundation to honor her late-husband, Dr. Kevin P. Thompson (Group Director, Research and Development/Optics at Synopsys, Inc.) by endowing the Kevin P. Thompson Optical Design Innovator Award. This award is given annually to inspire the next generation of innovators by recognizing significant contributions in lens design, optical engineering, or metrology by an individual researcher at an early stage of their career. Professor Rolland served on the editorial board of the Journal Presence (MIT Press) (1996-2006), associate editor of Optical Engineering (1999-2004), and is currently associate editor of Optics Letters.
The unit name honours James Clerk Maxwell, "as late as 1936 a subcommittee of the IEC [International Electrotechnical Commission] proposed the names 'maxwell', 'gauss' and 'oersted' for the cgs electromagnetic units of flux, induction and magnetic field strength, respectively." -- Roche, John James; The Mathematics of Measurement: A Critical History, The Athlone Press, London, 1998, , page 184 and Roche, John James; "B and H, the intensity vectors of magnetism: A new approach to resolving a century-old controversy", American Journal of Physics, vol. 68, no. 5, 2000, doi: 10.1119/1.19459, p. 438; in both cases giving the reference as Egidi, Claudio; editor; Giovanni Giorgi and his Contribution to Electrical Metrology: Proceedings of the meeting held in Turin (Italy) on 21 and 22, September 1988, Politecnico di Torino, Turin (IT), 1990, , pp.
Dr. Nikoonahad was involved with a number of start-up, private, and public companies at the executive level, all in the high technology arena. He was formerly Vice President of Technology for Strategic Business Development at KLA-Tencor (KT) Corporation focusing on merger and acquisitions (M&A;) and investment activity in the areas of equipment for microelectromechanical systems(MEMS), optical communication devices, magnetic media inspection and metrology, and for semiconductor manufacturing. He joined Tencor Instruments in Mountain View, California in 1992 when he proposed and helped develop a platform for a high-speed, laser-based, wafer inspection system, which, then for the first time, addressed the inspection needs for 0.25 micrometre semiconductor device fabrication technology during high volume production. That platform was subsequently named Advanced Inspection Technology (AIT) and during its peak times generated over $1 billion in revenue.
During the first Empire, several attempts had been made aiming to the standardization of measurement units used in Brazil, but only in 26 of June 1862, emperor Dom Pedro II promulgated the Imperial Law nº 1157 and with it officialized, in all the domestic territory, the French decimal metric system. Brazil was one of the first nations to adopt the new system, that would be later used in the whole world. With the following century industrial growth, it became necessary to create more efficient instruments of control in the country, so as to stimulate and to protect producers and consumers. Thus, in 1961, the INPM - Instituto Nacional de Pesos e Medidas (National Institute of Weights and Measurements) was created, implanting the Brazilian network of legal metrology and quality control, establishing the International System of Units (SI) in the Brazilian territory.
The Mesozoic and the Cenozoic accretionary wedge is truncated on the western side by the right lateral fault, the Zendan Fault – Oman Line. West of the transform are the Zagros Mountains of southern Iran, the Musandam peninsula and the Oman Mountains, and the Arabian platform and the Dibba Fault. The Dibba Fault separates the ophiolites in the Oman Mountains from the Mesozoic carbonates in the Musandam Peninsula.The tectonic and climatic evolution of the Arabian Sea Region, by Peter D. Clift, Geological Society of London, D. Kroon, C. Gaedicke, J. Craig On 31 March 2009, Gulfnews reported that the UAE's National Centre of Metrology and Seismology (NCMS) recorded two earth tremors, measuring magnitudes of 2.9 and 3.5 on the Richter scale, which shook the Gulf of Aden and the north of Dibba at 6.21 am and 9.35 am.
As the height of the Pierres du Niton had been inaccurately measured in 1845 as being 376.86 meters, height information relating to this old horizon (for example in the Siegfried Map and the Dufour Map, both of them widely used) is 3.26 m higher than today's official values. At the border between Switzerland and Austria, the Swiss heights are 6 to 75 mm higher than the Austrian heights above the Adriatic.Map with height differences published by the Austrian Federal Office for Metrology and Survey As gravitational potential cannot be neglected for applications with high accuracy requirements, the Swiss national height network 1995 (LHN95) created a new orthometric height vertical reference point, fixed to the geoid. The height of the new reference point, Zimmerwald Observatory, was chosen so that the Pierres du Niton reference point maintained its then current level.
ISO/TS 11937 is a metrology standard for measuring several characteristics of dry titanium dioxide powder relevant for nanotechnology: crystal structure and anatase–rutile ratio can be measured using X-ray diffraction, average particle and crystallite sizes using X-ray diffraction or transmission electron microscopy, and specific surface area using the Brunauer–Emmet–Teller gas adsorption method. For workplace exposure assessment, NIOSH Method 0600 for mass concentration measurements of fine particles can be used for nanoparticles using an appropriate particle size-selective sampler, and if the size distribution is known then the surface area can be inferred from the mass measurement. NIOSH Method 7300 allows TiO2 to be distinguished from other aerosols by elemental analysis using inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy. Electron microscopy methods equipped with energy- dispersive X-ray spectroscopy can also identify the composition and size of particles.
This step was first performed in 1990. The Kibble balance originating from the National Physical Laboratory was transferred to the National Research Council of Canada (NRC) in 2009, where scientists from the two labs continued to refine the instrument. In 2014, NRC researchers published the most accurate measurement of the Planck constant at that time, with a relative uncertainty of 1.8. A final paper by NRC researchers was published in May 2017, presenting a measurement of Planck's constant with an uncertainty of only 9.1 parts per billion, the measurement with the least uncertainty to that date. Other Kibble balance experiments are conducted in the US National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), the Swiss Federal Office of Metrology (METAS) in Berne, the International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) near Paris and Laboratoire national de métrologie et d’essais (LNE) in Trappes, France.
As the ISCO (ellipse) relaxes to that around a slowly rotating, nearly Schwarzschild black hole, the late-time frequency of gravitational radiation provides accurate metrology of the black hole mass. Transparency of matter to gravitational waves offers a new probe to the inner- most workings of supernovae and GRBs. The gravitational-wave observatories LIGO and Virgo are designed to probe stellar mass transients in a frequency range of tens to about fifteen hundred Hz. The above-mentioned gravitational- wave emissions fall well within the LIGO-Virgo bandwidth of sensitivity; for long GRBs powered by "naked inner engines" produced in the binary merger of a neutron star with another neutron star or companion black hole, the above- mentioned magnetic disk winds dissipate into long-duration radio-bursts, that may be observed by the novel Low Frequency Array (LOFAR).
SPHERES aboard ISS The Synchronized Position Hold Engage and Reorient Experimental Satellite (SPHERES) are a series of miniaturized satellites developed by MIT's Space Systems Laboratory for NASA and US Military, to be used as a low-risk, extensible test bed for the development of metrology, formation flight, rendezvous, docking and autonomy algorithms that are critical for future space missions that use distributed spacecraft architecture, such as Terrestrial Planet Finder and Orbital Express. Each SPHERES satellite is an 18-sided polyhedron, with a mass of about 4.1 kg and a diameter of about 21 cm. They can be used in the International Space Station as well as in ground-based laboratories, but not in the vacuum of space. The battery-powered, self-contained units can operate semi-autonomously, using CO2-based cold-gas thrusters for movement and a series of ultrasonic beacons for orientation.
Construction of a modular coil for NCSX With the design largely complete, the PPPL began the process of building such a machine, the NCSX, which would test all of these concepts. The design used eighteen complicated hand-wound magnets, which then had to be assembled into a machine where the maximum variation from the perfect placement was no more than across the entire device.NCSX Modular Coil Fabrication", PPPL, Twenty-Second Symposium on Fusion Engineering, 2007 The vacuum vessel surrounding all of this was likewise very complex, with the added complication of carrying all of the wiring to feed power to the magnets."NCSX Vacuum Vessel External Flux Loops Design and Installation, PPPL, Twenty-Second Symposium on Fusion Engineering, 2007 The assembly tolerances were very tight and required state of the art use of metrology systems including Laser Tracker and photogrammetry equipment.
At age 19 experimenting in his father's Antoine Becquerel laboratory he created the world's first photovoltaic cell. In this experiment silver chloride was placed in an acidic solution & illuminated while connected to platinum electrodes, generating voltage & current. The pioneers of science prior to this time had largely been involved with advances in astronomy which JPVM's father, Hans Frandsen Madsen had shown an interest in when he delivered a paper to the Royal Society of NSW in 1886 on the hand polishing & silvering of 18 inch glass specula. In 1937, in no small measure due to the concern of the expansion of Japan in Korea & China, a report of a Secondary Industries Testing Committee of which JPVM was a member led to the setting up of a National Standards Laboratory within CSIR consisting of sections of Metrology, Physics & Electrotechnology.
The association aims to improve and promote the assessment of measurement uncertainty and data quality as fit for purpose through proficiency testing and the development and use of geochemical reference materials. The IAG organises meetings, conferences, workshops and short courses, is associated with journal publishing, and operates two proficiency testing schemes: GeoPT, initiated in 1996, intended for analytical chemistry laboratories dealing with whole-rock geochemical analyses and G-Probe for microprobe and laser ablation ICP-MS geochemical laboratories. The IAG also carries out the certification of geological and environmental reference materials in accordance with its own Certification Protocol, and holds liaison membership of ISO-REMCO to represent the views of the geochemical research community particularly in matters of metrology. The IAG has a legal-commercial arm, IAGeo Limited,IAGeo Limited which distributes, markets and develops reference materials for scientific research.
Scientist- economist, founder of the new field of economic science – Economics of Quality, basing on the use of tools of quality management, standardization and metrology in ensuring socioeconomic progress and the quality of life improvement; the leader of the scientific school on the Economics of Quality. The author of works on in-creasing the efficiency of the regional development based on the implementation of the quality management models at the meso- and macro-levels. Under the leadership of V.V. Okrepilov for the first time in Russia the Comprehensive Scientific and Technical Development Program of the Northwest Russia for a period of up to 2030 was developed. V.V. Okrepilov is one of the authors of the "Strategy on Social and Economic Development of St. Petersburg for the period of up to 2030" approved by the Decree of St. Petersburg Government of May 13, 2014, No. 355.
Created in 1986, IGN FI is the private subsidiary of the French IGN and works essentially abroad.la filiale export de l'IGN Its goal is to promote the savoir-faire of the French IGN around the world.Rapport d'activité d'IGN A company specialising in geographic information, IGN FI intervenes in numerous fields, both in its core business of cartography as well as in the fields of environment, agriculture, urban planning, civil security and land management. IGN FI is involved in all levels of project preparation: Geodesy - Metrology - Cartography - Databases Acquisition: aerial photography, satellite images, field surveys, geodetic networks... Data processing: Orthophotographs, DTM (digital terrain models), DEM (digital elevation models), photogrammetric restitution, 3D models... Modelling: structuring of information depending on the intended applications Installation of geographic information systems (GIS) and thematic portals IGN FI also offers project management assistance, project management, technical assistance, training or complete or partial technology and knowledge transfers.
The International Committee for Weights and Measures (, or CIPM) is made up of eighteen (originally fourteen)Convention of the Metre (1875), Appendix 1 (Regulation), Article 8 individuals from a member state of high scientific standing, nominated by the CGPM to advise the CGPM on administrative and technical matters. It is responsible for ten consultative committees (CCs), each of which investigates a different aspect of metrology; one CC discusses the measurement of temperature, another the measurement of mass, and so forth. The CIPM meets annually in Sèvres to discuss reports from the CCs, to submit an annual report to the governments of member states concerning the administration and finances of the BIPM and to advise the CGPM on technical matters as needed. Each member of the CIPM is from a different member state, with France (in recognition of its role in establishing the convention) always having one seat.
Through this effort improvements were made in the field of nanopositioning research, a key enabling technology for investigating and engineering matter at the nanometer scale, for a variety of applications that include not only data storage, but also molecular biology, metrology, nano lithography and scanning probe microscopy. Eleftheriou co- developed the progressive edge growth (PEG) algorithm, a general method for constructing regular and irregular Tanner graphs having a large girth. This algorithm is of great importance in graph theory as well as for constructing powerful short-block-length LDPC codes, a methodology used extensively f in recording and transmission systems Since 2007, he and his team have increasingly focused on phase-change memory (PCM) as a storage-class memory bridging the gap between memory and storage. They have investigated how to store more than one bit per cell or so-called MLC (multi-level cell) PCM.
Since Kerr-lens modelocking is an effect that directly reacts on the electric field, the response time is fast enough to produce light pulses in the visible and near infrared with lengths of less than 5 femtoseconds. Due to the high electrical field strength focused ultrashort laser beams can overcome the threshold of 1014 W cm−2, which surpasses the field strength of the electron-ion bond in atoms. These short pulses open the new field of ultrafast optics, which is a field of nonlinear optics that gives access to a completely new class of phenomena like measurement of electron movements in an atom (attosecond phenomena), coherent broadband light generation (ultrabroad lasers) and thereby gives rise to many new applications in optical sensing (e.g. coherent laser radar, ultrahigh resolution optical coherence tomography), material processing and other fields like metrology (extremely exact frequency and time measurements).
Flowserve UK (former Worthington-Simpson, then Ingersoll-Dresser) in Balderton are the largest manufacturer of industrial pumps in the UK. Miflex, off the B582 in Lubbesthorpe between Enderby and Kirby Muxloe, make air hoses for diving regulators. Hako Machines UK, a Schleswig-Holstein supplier of industrial sweepers and road cleaners are in Crick. Bostik, which from 1930 until 1990, was owned by British United Shoe Machinery of Leicester, still has a main factory and research site (its construction division) in Belgrave; until 1962 it was made by BB Chemical, with its other main brand being the water-resistant Prestik for making sealing strips. Taylor Hobson (an international metrology company) is north of the A563 in former Thurmaston (inside Leicester), bought by Ametek in 2004; with a former division of the company, Cooke Optics, a camera lens manufacturer, further north in Thurmaston on the west side of the railway.
The introduction of thou as a base unit for machining work required the dissemination of vernier calipers and screw micrometers throughout the trade, as the unit is too small to be measured with practical repeatability using rules alone. (Most rule markings were far too wide to mark a single mil, and even if such dividing is accomplished, it is illegible to the naked eye, being discernible but not useful for measuring.) During the following half century, such measuring instruments went from expensive rarities to widespread, everyday tools among machinists. Bringing more metrology into machining increased the separation of concerns to make possible, for example, designing an assembly to the point of an engineering drawing, then having the mating parts made at different firms who did not have any contact with (or even awareness of) each other—yet still knowing with certainty that their products would have the desired fit.
Public school known as "CIEP" in Duque de Caxias According to Foundation Center for Science and Higher Education, Distance from the state of Rio de Janeiro, the Fundação CECIERJ / Consortium CEDERJ, Duque de Caxias city has 100 schools, 2 schools, federal, 102 state schools and 128 private schools. As the literacy rate of people living in the city with 10 years of age or older around 92.40% of the population. Some higher education institutions operating in the city: The Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, with a campus in Xerém, offers graduate programs in nanotechnology, metrology, bioinformatics, forensic science and biotechnology from the second half of 2008. The Faculty of Education of Baixada Fluminense is a state institution located in St. Louis suburb of Town and is a campus of the State University of Rio de Janeiro in the region, therefore, is subject to the university.
It was organized in an office and four departments, namely the Aerodynamic Department, Strength of Materials Department, Metrology Department and the Operation Department. The FFA was disbanded on 31 December 2000, when it together with the National Defence Research Institute (FOA) on 1 January 2001 formed the Defence Research Agency (FOI). Later cutbacks in the Swedish defense research subsequently led to the reduction within the FOI and several parts of the former FFA activities, which after a few years ceased to be operated as a separate department. Operations in experimental aerodynamics, primarily based on wind tunnel testing, which formed a large part of FFA activities both before and immediately after the incorporation of the FOI, was taken over 1 July 2008 by the consulting firm Sjöland & Thyselius AB. A new company, Sjöland & Thyselius Aerodynamic Research Centre AB (STARCS), was formed to continue this business.
Increased competition in the aerospace market has placed additional demands on aerospace manufacturers to reduce costs, increase product flexibility and improve manufacturing efficiency. There is a knowledge gap within the sphere of digital to physical dimensional verification and on how to successfully achieve dimensional specifications within real-world assembly factories that are subject to varying environmental conditions. The DfV framework is an engineering principle to be used within low rate and high value and complexity manufacturing industries to aid in achieving high productivity in assembly via the effective dimensional verification of large volume structures, during final assembly. The DfV framework has been developed to enable engineers to design and plan the effective dimensional verification of large volume, complex structures in order to reduce failure rates and end-product costs, improve process integrity and efficiency, optimise metrology processes, decrease tooling redundancy and increase product quality and conformance to specification.
The main building is Boelter Hall (Engineering II and III), named after Llewellyn M. K. Boelter, a Mechanical Engineering professor at UC Berkeley who became the first Dean of the school. He "often took an active role in the lives of the school's students, and his approach to engineering impacted many of their careers," according to the school.Remembering Dean Boelter, UCLA Engineer, Fall 1999 He retired in 1965 and was succeeded by Chauncey Starr, a pioneer in nuclear power development. HSSEAS is housed in two other buildings: Engineering IV, and Engineering V, which houses the Department of Bioengineering and the Department of Materials Science and Engineering. Engineering I was demolished in August 2011, to be replaced by Engineering VI, which will house the Western Institute of Nanotechnology on Green Engineering and Metrology (WIN-GEM) in 2014. The ground breaking ceremony for Engineering VI building was held October 26, 2012 with Congressman Henry A. Waxman and Henry Samueli.
Caves has also made contributions to the theory of continuous measurements in quantum mechanics, participated in initial work on what is now called Quantum Bayesianism, worked on a proposal for doing two- qubit quantum gates on neutral atoms trapped in an optical lattice, helped to clarify the role of quantum entanglement in Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) simulations of quantum computation, and explored the role of nonclassical correlations outside of quantum entanglement as the resource that powers quantum computation. The infamous quote "Hilbert space is a big place!" is attributed to Caves in a paper on quantum information. Caves is the author of over 140 scientific papers on these and other topics. His present research is concentrated on quantum metrology, quantum control, and quantum information science. Caves has also made critical comments on J. Richard Gott’s use of a temporal Copernican principle to predict the future duration of a phenomenon based only knowing the phenomenon’s present age.
On September 14, 2014, Law No. 20 of 2014 concerning Standardization and Conformity Assessment was stipulated. With the existence of this Law, the government will further strengthen the existence and role of BSN in the development process in Indonesia both in the context of physical development, efficient management of natural resources, and the development of highly competitive Indonesian people. Welcoming the era of globalization which demands high competitiveness, as well as the implementation of Law No. 20 of 2014, the BSN successfully reorganized itself to include a new structure namely the Deputy for the National Standard Measuring Unit (SNSU) in 2018. With the Deputy, BSN was more able to optimally implement the quality infrastructure (Standardization, Conformity Assessment, Metrology) in order to actualize a system that allows products to meet the quality and requirements of Safety, Security, Health, and Environmental Sustainability (K3L); life can be more comfortable, safe and orderly; the dignity of the nation will be lifted because Indonesia can compete more internationally.
Any practical electrical unit could be chosen as the new fundamental unit, independent from the meter, kilogram, and second. Likely candidates for the fourth independed unit included the coulomb, the ampere, the volt, and the ohm, but eventually the ampere proved to be the most convenient as far as metrology. Moreover, the freedom gained by making an electric unit independent from the mechanical units could be used to rationalize Maxwell's equations. The idea that one should give up on having a purely ‘absolute’ system (i.e. one where only length, mass, and time are the base dimensions) was a departure from a viewpoint that seemed to underlie the early breakthroughs by Gauss and Weber (especially their famous ‘absolute measurements' of Earth's magnetic field), and it took some time for the scientific community to accept it—not least because many scientists clung to the notion that the dimensions of a quantity in terms of length, mass, and time somehow specify its ‘fundamental physical nature’.
There are many metrology standards and reference materials available for carbon nanotubes. For single-wall carbon nanotubes, ISO/TS 10868 describes a measurement method for the diameter, purity, and fraction of metallic nanotubes through optical absorption spectroscopy, while ISO/TS 10797 and ISO/TS 10798 establish methods to characterize the morphology and elemental composition of single-wall carbon nanotubes, using transmission electron microscopy and scanning electron microscopy respectively, coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry analysis. NIST SRM 2483 is a soot of single-wall carbon nanotubes used as a reference material for elemental analysis, and was characterized using thermogravimetric analysis, prompt gamma activation analysis, induced neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy, resonant Raman scattering, UV-visible-near infrared fluorescence spectroscopy and absorption spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. The Canadian National Research Council also offers a certified reference material SWCNT-1 for elemental analysis using neutron activation analysis and inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy.
In June 2015, the European National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Teddington, UK; the French department of Time-Space Reference Systems at the Paris Observatory (LNE-SYRTE); the German German National Metrology Institute (PTB) in Braunschweig; and Italy's Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRiM) in Turin labs have started tests to improve the accuracy of current state-of-the-art satellite comparisons by a factor 10, but it will still be limited to one part in . These 4 European labs are developing and host a variety of experimental optical clocks that harness different elements in different experimental set-ups and want to compare their optical clocks against each other and check whether they agree. In a next phase these labs strive to transmit comparison signals in the visible spectrum through fibre-optic cables. This will allow their experimental optical clocks to be compared with an accuracy similar to the expected accuracies of the optical clocks themselves.
The lab frame in some experiments is an inertial frame, but it is not required to be (for example the laboratory on the surface of the Earth in many physics experiments is not inertial). In particle physics experiments, it is often useful to transform energies and momenta of particles from the lab frame where they are measured, to the center of momentum frame "COM frame" in which calculations are sometimes simplified, since potentially all kinetic energy still present in the COM frame may be used for making new particles. In this connection it may be noted that the clocks and rods often used to describe observers' measurement equipment in thought, in practice are replaced by a much more complicated and indirect metrology that is connected to the nature of the vacuum, and uses atomic clocks that operate according to the standard model and that must be corrected for gravitational time dilation. (See second, meter and kilogram).
Raja Gopal, a National Lecturer of the University Grants Commission of India during 1974–75, has been awarded honoris causa doctorates by two Indian institutions, by the Burdwan University in 1999 and by the Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur in 2017. All the three major Indian science academies elected him as a fellow, starting with Indian Academy of Sciences in 1974 followed by Indian National Science Academy and National Academy of Sciences, India in 1981 and 1992 respectively. He is also an elected fellow of the Institute of Physics, Indian Cryogenics Council, Metrology Society of India, Ultrasonics Society of India and the Instrument Society of India The award orations delivered by him include the Lord Rippon Memorial lecture of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in 1987, P. A. Pandya Lecture of the Indian Physics Association in 1990, Golden Jubilee lecture of the Indian Science Congress Association in 1992, B. N. Singh Memorial lecture of the University of Delhi in 1992, Prof.
The changes to the fiscal law in Bulgaria, based on fiscal device from 2006, have been done in September 2018. They brought with them new regulations to the fiscal devices that previously did not exist: # The data exchange with the TA (NRA) and certain problematic situations that may occur and in which the FD has to automatically perform certain actions # USN that has to be supported not only by the POS SW but also the FD # QR codes that have to be printed on all fiscal receipts so the fiscal device must support printing of QR codes All devices have to comply to the new regulation and therefore go through a new Homologation process. Bulgarian Metrology Institute is the place where the producers and distributors submit their devices in order to get approval for devices that will be present on the Bulgarian market. Initially the deadline for introducing new FD was planned for the 01.04.2019.
For the most precise work in mass metrology, g is measured using dropping-mass absolute gravimeters that contain an iodine-stabilised helium–neon laser interferometer. The fringe-signal, frequency-sweep output from the interferometer is measured with a rubidium atomic clock. Since this type of dropping-mass gravimeter derives its accuracy and stability from the constancy of the speed of light as well as the innate properties of helium, neon, and rubidium atoms, the 'gravity' term in the delineation of an all-electronic kilogram is also measured in terms of invariants of nature—and with very high precision. For instance, in the basement of the NIST's Gaithersburg facility in 2009, when measuring the gravity acting upon Pt10Ir test masses (which are denser, smaller, and have a slightly lower center of gravity inside the Kibble balance than stainless steel masses), the measured value was typically within 8 ppb of .R. Steiner, Watts in the watt balance, NIST, Oct 16, 2009.
For metrology the matter of expansibility was fundamental; as a matter of fact the temperature measuring error related to the length measurement in proportion to the expansibility of the standard and the constantly renewed efforts of metrologists to protect their measuring instruments against the interfering influence of temperature revealed clearly the importance they attached to the expansion-induced errors. It was common knowledge, for instance, that effective measurements were possible only inside a building, the rooms of which were well protected against the changes in outside temperature, and the very presence of the observer created an interference against which it was often necessary to take strict precautions. Thus, the Contracting States also received a collection of thermometers whose accuracy made it possible to ensure that of length measurements. The international prototype would also be a "line standard"; that is, the metre was defined as the distance between two lines marked on the bar, so avoiding the wear problems of end standards.
The pao is an obsolete unit of dry measure (mass) which was used in South Asia. The name may come from the Punjabi ਪਾਓ páo, which was a traditional charge of one quarter of a seer per every maund of grain that was weighed, converted into a tax by Sawan Mal.. Turner also cites a Sindhi word pāu () meaning a quarter of a seer... The pao was recorded in the Bengal Presidency in 1850, but was not considered to be an integral part of the local system of weights. It was equal to four chitaks, and hence a quarter of a seer: the equivalent Imperial weight at the time was given as 7 oz. 10 dwt. Troy (233.3 grams).. The use of a quarter-seer weight in Ahmedabad had also been noted in a British East India Company survey of South Asian metrology carried out in 1821: the name of the unit was not recorded, but it would have been equivalent to 4 oz.
Mendeleev's monument State regulation of weights and measures in Russia was patchy and piecemeal until 29 April 1797, when Tsar Paul I issued a standardization edict aimed primarily at reducing fraud. Institutions for implementing this law followed, with a division overseeing standardisation being added to St Petersburg's Department of City Management, for example, on 19 September 1798. On 11 January 1798, a further law stipulated that State Councillor Gaskonii would supervise the production of official weights at the Aleksandrovskii factory, and these would be the only official measures in the realm. In practice, however, application of these laws was inconsistent.Michael D. Gordin, 'Measure of all the Russias: Metrology and Governance in the Russian Empire', Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History, New Series, 4.4 (Fall 2003), 783–815 (pp. 788–93). In 1835 (around the same time as the UK's Weights and Measures Act of 1824 and France's 1837 consolidation of its switch to metric), Tsar Nicholas I enacted a new push to standardise weights and measures.
JILA is a research institute managed jointly by CU-Boulder and NIST. Hall shared half of the Nobel prize with Theodor W. Hänsch for their pioneering work on laser-based precision spectroscopy and the optical frequency comb technique. The other half of the prize was awarded to Roy J. Glauber. Hall has received many other honors for his pioneering work, including the Optical Society of America's Max Born Award "for pioneering the field of stable lasers, including their applications in fundamental physics and, most recently, in the stabilization of femtosecond lasers to provide dramatic advances in optical frequency metrology". Hall is one of the 20 American recipients of the Nobel Prize in Physics to sign a letter addressed to President George W. Bush in May of 2008, urging him to "reverse the damage done to basic science research in the Fiscal Year 2008 Omnibus Appropriations Bill" by requesting additional emergency funding for the Department of Energy’s Office of Science, the National Science Foundation, and the National Institute of Standards and Technology.
There are numerous laboratories, namely for Metallurgy, Hydraulics, Acoustics, Infomatics, Thermodynamics, Physics, Microelectronics, Chemistry and Microbiology, Electric machines, Electric material and Meteorology. the college's undated website listed the following 23 laboratory names: Acoustics and Electro acoustics Laboratory, Standards Testing Laboratory, Laboratorio de ensayos, investigación y desarrollos eléctricos (LEIDE), Structures Laboratory, Extension Laboratory – School of Electrical Engineering, Laboratory of Extension and Research on Electrical Materials, Rosario Laboratory of Physics, Hydraulics Laboratory, two Computing Science laboratories, Electric Machines Laboratory, Materials Laboratory, Electrical Measurements Laboratory, Metallurgy Laboratory, Legal and Mechanical Metrology Laboratory, Microelectronics Laboratory, Water Chemistry and Microbiology Laboratory, Dynamical Systems and Information Processing Laboratory, Soil Laboratory, Materials Technology Laboratory, Educational Technology Laboratory, Applied Thermodynamics Laboratory, and Road Materials Laboratory. The university also has a nuclear reactor laboratory not listed with the above. The nuclear reactor, a Siemens SUR 100 for teaching/training purposes with a permanent power of 1000 milliwatt, was donated by the then Federal Republic of Germany in November 1969, and delivered by a German cargo ship with nuclear propulsion named 'Otto Hahn' in July 1971.
Seal of the BIPM The International Committee for Weights and Measures (Comité international des poids et mesures or CIPM) is made up of eighteen (originally fourteen)Convention of the Metre (1875), Appendix 1 (Regulation), Article 8 individuals from a member state of high scientific standing, nominated by the CGPM to advise the CGPM on administrative and technical matters. It is responsible for the running of ten consultative committees (CCs), each of which investigates different aspects of metrology – one CC discusses the measurement of temperature, another the measurement of mass and so on. The CIPM meets annually at Saint-Cloud to discuss annual reports from the various CCs, to submit an annual report to the governments of member states in respect of the administration and finances of the BIPM and to advise the CGPM on technical matters as and when necessary. Each member of the CIPM is from a different member state – with France, in recognition of its work in setting up the Convention, always having one seat on the CIPM.
In metrology and the fields that it serves (such as manufacturing, machining, and engineering), total indicator reading (TIR), also known by the newer name full indicator movement (FIM), is the difference between the maximum and minimum measurements, that is, readings of an indicator, on the planar, cylindrical, or contoured surface of a part, showing its amount of deviation from flatness, roundness (circularity), cylindricity, concentricity with other cylindrical features, or similar conditions. The indicator traditionally would be a dial indicator; today dial-type and digital indicators coexist. The earliest expansion of "TIR" was total indicated run-out and concerned cylindrical or tapered (conical) parts, where "run-out" (noun) refers to any imperfection of form that causes a rotating part such as a shaft to "run out" (verb), that is, to not rotate with perfect smoothness. These conditions include being out-of-round (that is, lacking sufficient roundness); eccentricity (that is, lacking sufficient concentricity); or being bent axially (regardless of whether the surfaces are perfectly round and concentric at every cross-sectional point).
Having signed an association agreement with the EU as long ago as 1964, Turkey has been an Associated Country of the European Research Area and the EU's framework programmes for research and innovation for many years. It is also a member of COST and participates in Eureka. Ukraine and the EU signed an agreement in 2010 which determined key thematic areas for co-operation: environmental and climate research, including observation of the Earth's surface; biomedical research; agriculture, forestry and fisheries; industrial technologies; materials science and metrology; non- nuclear power engineering; transport; information society technologies; social research; science and technology policy studies and training and the exchange of specialists. In March 2015, Ukraine signed an agreement with the EU for associate membership of Horizon 2020 with significantly more advantageous conditions on the table than previously, notably the possibility for Ukraine to participate in scientific co-operation at a fraction of the original cost. The EU's association agreements signed with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine in mid-2014 envisage enhancing these countries’ participation in Horizon 2020.
Two soft X-ray telescopes (SXT-S, SXT-I), with focal lengths of , focus light onto a soft X-ray Spectrometer (SXS), provided by NASA, with an energy range of 0.4-12 keV for high- resolution X-ray spectroscopy, and a soft X-ray imager (SXI), with an energy range of 0.3-12 keV. Two hard X-ray telescopes (HXT), with a focus length of , focus light onto two hard X-ray imagers (HXI), with energy range 5-80 keV, which are mounted on a plate placed at the end of the extendable optical bench (EOB) that is deployed once the satellite is in orbit. The Canadian Space Agency (CSA) provided the Canadian ASTRO-H Metrology System (CAMS), which is a laser alignment system that will be used to measure the distortions in the extendible optical bench. Two soft Gamma-ray detectors (SGD), each containing three units, were mounted on two sides of the satellite, using non-focusing detectors to observe soft gamma-ray emission with energies from 60 to 600 KeV.
He is Supernumerary Fellow of Pembroke College Oxford. He has been JSPS Fellow at Institute of Industrial Science, Tokyo University (Japan), honorary professor of the University of Sydney, adjunct professor of the University of Western Australia, visiting professor of MIT, Invited Professor at EPFL (Switzerland), Guest Professor at TU-Delft (Netherlands), Carl Zeiss Visiting Professor at University of Jena (Germany), Visiting Professor at Warsaw University of Technology (Poland) and Lyle Fellow at University of Melbourne (Australia). He has received several awards for his research including an Alexander von Humboldt Research Award (at the Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light, Erlangen (Germany)), the Institute of Physics Optics and Photonics Division Prize, National Physical Laboratory Metrology Award, British Technology Group Academic Enterprise Award, Institution of Electrical Engineers Gyr and Landis Prize, and a commendation in the Prince of Wales Award for Industrial Innovation & Production. He has served as vice-president of the International Commission for Optics (ICO), President of the International Society for Optics Within Life Sciences (OWLS), Editor-in-Chief of Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, and Editor of Advances in Optical & Electron Microscopy (Academic Press).
At the very beginning, like many of the current ministries, the Ministry of Science responsibilities were integrated in the Ministry of Development when it was created in 1832. The first attempt of separating the responsibilities on education and science from the Development Ministry happened in 1886. This year, in order to give more autonomy to the education matters it was passed the Royal Decree of May 7, 1886, which divided the mentioned ministry into two ministries: Ministry of Public Instruction and Sciences, Letters and Fine Arts —with competencies on public and private education, education staff, inspection and promotion of knowledge, promotion of sciences, promotion of writing and fine arts, archives, libraries and museums, the economic and infrastructure issues on these matters, astronomy, statistics, meteorology and metrology, astronomical observatories, population movements and censuses— and the Ministry of Public Works, Agriculture, Industry and Trade —with competences over public investments in infrastructure and transport, agriculture, fishing, food, industry and commerce—. However, this royal decree that divided the Development Ministry into two ministries did not come to pass, as the necessary credits were not approved by the Cortes.
Taylor influenced the Astronomer Royal of Scotland Charles Piazzi Smyth, F.R.S.E., F.R.A.S., who made numerous numerological calculations on the pyramid and published them in a 664-page book Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid (1864) followed by Life, and Work in the Great Pyramid (1867). These two works fused pyramidology with British Israelism and Smyth first linked the hypothetical pyramid inch to the British Imperial Unit system.M. Reisenauer, "The battle of the standards" : Great Pyramid metrology and British identity, 1859-1890, The Historian, v. 65 no. 4 (Summer 2003) p. 931–978; E. F. Cox, The International Institute: First organized opposition to the metric system, Ohio History, v. 68, 54–83 This diagram from Charles Piazzi Smyth's Our Inheritance in the Great Pyramid (1864) shows some of his measurements and chronological determinations made from them Smyth's theories were later expanded upon by early 20th century British Israelites such as Colonel Garnier (Great Pyramid: Its Builder & Its Prophecy, 1905), who began to theorise that chambers within the Great Pyramid contain prophetic dates which concern the future of the British, Celtic, or Anglo-Saxon peoples. However this idea originated with Robert Menzies, an earlier correspondent of Smyth's.
The Academy has eight faculties – Geology and Exploration Faculty, Gas, Petroleum and Mining Faculty, Chemical Technologies Faculty, Petro-mechanics Faculty, Energetics Faculty, Automatization of Production Processes Faculty, Engineering Economics, International Economic Relationships and Management Faculty and the Institute for Specialization and Re-education of Workforce for Industrial Organizations. Since the breakup of the Soviet Union, ASOA has worked with a dozen Western universities to Westernize and modernize its programs, in particular with Georgia State University to develop a modern Master of Business Administration program.Gary McKillips, "Teach a Man to Fish ", The State of Business (Georgia State University), Fall 2001, accessed on April 14, 2006 ASOA trains students in more than 50 fields: geological engineering, computer sciences, metallurgical engineering, hydrogeology engineering, geophysics engineering, mountain-mining engineering, petroleum and gas constructions engineering, heating energetics engineering, equipment production engineering, technology machinery and apparatus engineering, electrical engineering, electronics, communication and radiotechnics engineering, mechatronics and robotechnology engineering, mechanical engineering, information technology and systems engineering, re-manufacturing and repair engineering, metrology, standardization and certification engineering, chemical engineering, petroleum and gas engineering, automatization engineering, management, engineering economics, marketing and so on.
Indeed, how to express all the measurements of terrestrial arcs as a function of a single unit, and all the determinations of the force of gravity with the pendulum, if metrology had not created a common unit, adopted and respected by all civilized nations, and if in addition one had not compared, with great precision, to the same unit all the rulers for measuring geodesic bases, and all the pendulum rods that had hitherto been used or would be used in the future? Only when this series of metrological comparisons would be finished with a probable error of a thousandth of a millimeter would geodesy be able to link the works of the different nations with one another, and then proclaim the result of the measurement of the Globe. Alexander Ross Clarke and Henry James published the first results of the standards' comparisons in 1867. The same year Russia, Spain and Portugal joined the Europäische Gradmessung and the General Conference of the association proposed the metre as a uniform length standard for the Arc Measurement and recommended the establishment of an International Bureau of Weights and Measures.
Assumptions primary variables: An altitude of 194 meters above mean sea level (the worldwide median altitude of human habitation), an indoor temperature of 23 °C, a dewpoint of 9 °C, and sea level–corrected barometric pressure. However, in metrology (the science of measurement), the precision mass standards for calibrating laboratory scales and balances are manufactured with such accuracy that air density is accounted for to compensate for buoyancy effects. Given the extremely high cost of platinum-iridium mass standards like the international prototype of the kilogram (the mass standard in France that defined the magnitude of the kilogram), high-quality "working" standards are made of special stainless steel alloysFor example, for the recalibration of the US National Prototype Kilogram in 1985, two austenitic stainless steel artifacts were used for comparison. One, named D2, is similar to 18-8 (type 304) stainless (ie 18% Chromium, 8% Nickel); the other, named CH-1, is a more complex alloy that could be roughly designated as CrNiMo30-25-2 (chemical composition is 29.9% Cr, 25.1% Ni, 2.2% Mo, 1.45% Mn, 0.53 Si, 0.2% Cu, 0.07% C, 0.0019% P). with densities of about 8,000 kg/m3, which occupy greater volume than those made of platinum-iridium, which have a density of about 21,550 kg/m3.

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