JF: We're working to do a better quantification of that.
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It is also a difference capable of easy mathematical quantification.
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But, equally, more granular quantification might risk over-egging the pudding.
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They're beautifully human — a mass of contradictions and unique behaviors that resist quantification.
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So, ['One Square Kilometer'] is about real space and digital space and quantification.
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That said, I signed up for my Huel subscription because I wanted the quantification.
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It's all part of the ongoing trend of hyper-personalized body hacks and self-quantification.
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This practice needs more public scrutiny, quantification and honest conversation in industry and legal circles.
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For students, the grading scale feels at times like a quantification of your self-worth.
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"We think the purely empirical quantification of YouTubes' recommendations is meaningful and useful," Zaitsev wrote.
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But Spree emphasizes the specific pressure of social media's instant feedback loop and hyper-quantification.
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That changes today with the publication of the most thorough quantification of the chytrid scourge yet.
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System Shock 2 has an unstoppable cyborg protagonist and a role-playing game's love of quantification.
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You can quantify whether you're on the diet so it has this interesting self-quantification aspect.
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The quantification of life, from actuarial tables to eugenics, gave numbers the power over life and death.
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And they don't have a quantification of how important the mutations that those drugs target actually are.
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"Urgent action is warranted on the specification and quantification of the foreseen debt relief measures," he said.
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Some in higher education believe additional quantification of teaching and learning is just another new administrative burden.
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These products allow for a degree of self-quantification above and beyond how an individual feels while exercising.
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A problematic self-righteousness surrounds these reports: Through quantification, of course we see the world we already inhabit.
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First, they do a simple quantification of the most famous brands on social medias to identify three newcomers.
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"This quantification of the selection intensity is absolutely essential, I think, to guiding how we treat cancer," Townsend said.
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And for those measurements, we oftentimes draw an incorrect causal link between one anecdotal story and quantification of results.
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There's some truth to the saying "What gets measured gets managed," and quantification has become something of a cultural obsession.
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A marketplace might one day tag a sweatshirt not just with a color and size, but a quantification of its feel.
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I am hesitant to confine all members of a group to such a rigid label as "good" or "evil" without quantification.
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SIPPRA requires that state and local governments that propose PFS projects facilitate analysis, quantification, and in some cases, monetization of federal savings.
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The answer to living longer and better is quantification and data, the hundreds of stalls in the "wellness" corridors of CES proclaim.
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On the knee-high table in front of him is a stack of paper detailing the latest quantification of the challenge he faces.
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They dwell in a virtual world of data, social networks and endless quantification, a world that feeds their appetites for abstraction and disputation.
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The study linked this intensifier use to a crucial trait of her writing, one that might at first seem to resist quantification: irony.
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Proving your worth through quantification can help you get more money, but it won't mean much if you know how to ask for it.
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"The ECB has supervisory powers however the quantification of the price of the transaction does not fall under its direct remit," the statement said.
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Ultimately, Microsoft&aposs teamwork initiative suggests that it might be possible to digitize the more abstract, fuzzy parts of work that seemingly defy quantification.
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"I grew up in a world in which the objective quantification of intelligence and eloquence and erudition was valued above all else," Donnersmarck told me.
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Psychologists could theorize without the immediate need for quantification, although in James's case he did establish one of the first psychological laboratories in the United States.
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It wasn't one I'd have thought he approved of: what had his life been dedicated to, after all, but certainty—equations, formulas, the tools of quantification?
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Quantification can obscure more than it helps, but qualitative evaluations are prone to all kinds of cognitive biases, to subconscious emotions, to instinctive individual political leanings.
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As a practical matter, the goals of EPA regulations — things like averting cancers or protecting ecologically important fish species — are rarely amenable to either quantification or monetization.
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While market reactions are surely neither as rational nor as carefully calibrated as the theory suggests, at least they provide a useful quantification of the conventional wisdom.
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PEN doesn't actually attempt a quantification of free speech incidents on campus, instead preferring to categorize types of free speech crises and discuss particular incidents in depth.
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But it will probably shift course under Mr. Ware, who joined Homeland Security just last year and whose background is primarily in data analytics and risk quantification.
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This is the era of pattern recognition, and our habits, our predilections, the desires that shape our behavior, are ever more susceptible to quantification, prediction and control.
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It characterized the empirical evidence on resource extraction benefits as "inconclusive" and suggested that "important foreign-policy objectives" should necessarily be subject to a quantification requirement before adoption.
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As we increasingly involve our pets in the gamification and quantification of everyday life — assisted by new technologies — we should reflect on the relationship between concern and control.
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Martinez pointed out that we have an extremely accurate technological approach to pain quantification in the form of MRI scanning, but that this is expensive and highly invasive.
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Turning knowledge of the things that are judged relevant into a prediction requires a quantification, even if it's only of the "on a scale of one to ten" variety.
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Because of the inherent difficulty in assigning numeric odds to everything from effects of policy investments to global catastrophic risks, it's moved away from relying too heavily on quantification.
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"The argument that this is a drip-by-drip erosion: the quantification of that, they can't really demonstrate any quantifiable reduction in the overall resiliency of the industry," he said.
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Instagram turning against Like counts could start a larger shift in the social media industry toward prioritizing more qualitative enjoyment of sharing, instead of obsessing over the quantification of validation.
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And not only because each was both a sop and a deliberate provocation, playing to this era's hunger for quantification of all things yet intended to spark dissent and debate.
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The company said: "The liability of the contractor has not been established by any process known to law and the quantification of the purported claim is without any basis and arbitrary".
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"It's not a thing that lends itself easily to quantification," said one of them, David Greenberg, a historian at Rutgers University (and author of books about Richard Nixon and Calvin Coolidge).
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It does this optimization via a notion known as a statistic of proximity (SOP), which is a quantification of how close a given graph node is to a targeted group of nodes.
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Apple boasts that its latest model introduces a functioning electrocardiogram, or EKG, widening the scope of the device's body monitoring well beyond elective physical activities or passive quantification and into active diagnosis.
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Quantification of almost every quotidian thing might become possible as a consequence of always-on AI — and given the ubiquity of the smartphone (aka the 'non-wearable wearable') — but is that actually desirable?
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The ubiquitous computing enabled by the cloud, from smart-phones to Internet of Things devices, has meant vast overflowing oceans of data—endless quantification of the behaviors, environments, and machines of connected humans.
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Meregan believes that some young people are hesitant to share their thoughts on social media, which is mostly picture or video-based, because of the quantification of their self-worth through Like counters.
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But Statcast's current impact pales in comparison to its potential achievements: the quantification of how well fielders play their positions, which baseball watchers have been trying to do without success since the sport's beginning.
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This approach favored theoretical debates, statistical modeling and quantification of different variables rather than qualitative analysis based on regional expertise that necessitates language skills and in-depth cultural and historical knowledge of specific countries.
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Some firms looking to establish ESG protocols are trying to set strict quantification for guidelines and develop indices that rely on them, according to Scott Mather, chief investment officer US core strategies at PIMCO.
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Some of my favorite headphones of this year were produced by MrSpeakers, a company that prides itself on not taking measurements too seriously and trusting human testing — of both sound and comfort — over abstract quantification.
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He was merely underrated until the quantification of pitch framing came around; at that point, he became arguably the best catcher in baseball, a great hitter and one of the best defensive minds behind the dish.
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He used Apple's big stage to ask pointed questions about government intrusion into private lives, the polluting effects of tech manufacturing, and how the future of medicine might be shaped by the quantification of health metrics.
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But today's study, published in Science, is a very comprehensive quantification of how much biodiversity has been lost all over the world, as more and more land is changed by people — turned into pastures, fields, or cities.
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But the quantification enabled by social media — the ability to calibrate the precise degree of attention paid to every post and tweet — seems to have made popularity less subjective, easier to measure if not always to explain.
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Mental health, family size, income, temperament, pain tolerance, and professional, personal, and relationship satisfaction — a vast array of factors that escape quantification still influence the quality of one's life but are not accounted for in current equations.
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"I was thinking very much about the way that capitalism, surplus, and accumulation look to quantify and, through the quantification, bring an abstraction to nature, as a way of enforcing class control," he explained in our walkthrough.
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Gradually, the amount of milk I produced per pumping session became a litmus test of my self-worth, officially replacing my weight or my age or my cup size as a quantification of my value as a woman.
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It would be more interesting if the platform could do some of this content quantification for you and proactively surface highlights — such as showing, for example, how your areas of coverage interest might have shifted and deepened over time.
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This is helpful in the diagnosis and quantification of kidney disorders, but even more important, as a test for the presence of microscopic blood in the urine, which can be found only by chemical means and not by eyesight.
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But what do you think about the movement, the trend toward quantification and ... I was just talking to some doctors this week about apnea, because apnea is a thing that Fitbit has come out and said that it's researching in its labs.
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Professor Crosby's other books include "The Measure of Reality: Quantification and Western Society, 1250-1600" (1997), which he called "an essay on the essential characteristic of civilization: mathematics," and "Children of the Sun: A History of Humanity's Unappeasable Appetite for Energy" (2006).
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Back in 2015, artist Constant Dullaart wrote in Hyperallergic about his project to buy 2.5 million fake followers from Lithuania as a commentary on the value of audience quantification in the art world, which is said to have its own problems with social media bots.
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And if we want kids to appreciate the beauty of their surroundings, the comfort of a meandering conversation, or even the rush of endorphins that can come with a strenuous walk, we need to emphasize the benefits of the activity, rather than the quantification of the actions.
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"As a result of the quantification of statistics as the result of the computer, we generate a huge amount of economic and financial news, and now most economists are trained much more in the analytics of the numbers than the philosophy of economics and finance," Kaufman said.
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"Removing interest rate risk from the near horizon has been enough to coax money back into risky assets, but price increases in gold and the depreciation of the dollar would indicate that quantification of the degree of risk still varies greatly," said Martin King, co-managing director at Tyton Capital Advisors.
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However, the quantification of it through the flooding of my news feed at the hashtag's peak reinforced a more profound truth: every woman lives in a culture in which she can experience harassment and assault and is expected to remain silent on it to preserve the feelings and power of men.
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The proposed legislation would subject CFPB, the Commodity Futures Trading Commission, and other financial regulators to a similar process, requiring a strict quantification of benefits and costs of financial regulations, letting OIRA delay or veto rules that fail, and making it easier for judges to strike down regulations in court.
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They tweak the code served up by Facebook and Twitter to keep the various key metrics out of site, to create "a network society that isn't dependent on quantification" and ultimately "to see what happens when we can no longer judge ourselves and others in metric terms" in the words of Grosser.
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Many of this revolution's tenets will be familiar to anyone who works for a living—the ever-growing digitization and quantification of things never-before measured and tracked, for instance, or the ever-expanding workplace, the blurring distinction between the professional and the personal, and the cult of self-improvement for self-improvement's sake.
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"One of the things that forensic pathology has to do over the next few years is to find other ways to expand its reach, other than the traditional bullet-pulling, quantification-of-injuries whodunit as you see on TV." Later that week, he planned to drive to Benbow and Pechal's lab to deliver the swab samples.
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Sec - sec filing * Concluded that it would need to take certain impairment charges with respect to two of its segments for the quarter ended april 1, 2016 * Nt 10-q because the analysis and quantification of impairment charges caused a delay in completing the form 10-q Source text for Eikon: Further company coverage: (Bengaluru Newsroom: +1-646-646-8780)
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As a fitness tracker, the Samsung Gear Sport will be able to record swimming sessions with the preloaded Speedo On app (it's rated to be waterproof to a depth of 23 meters), and Samsung has partnered with Under Armour to give owners a 12-month, premium-tier membership and access to the latter's suite of self-quantification apps: UA Record, MyFitnessPal, MapMyRun, and Endomondo.
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I desire art that offers a change of factual attitude, a new world outlook, a shift in perspective, over classy, elegant restraint, so I prefer Venet's later maximalist "Saturation" paintings that also can be very elegant, as in "Saturation" (2009) (not in the show) and "Bugatti Painting" (2012) or garish, as with "Gold Round with Quantification" (2012) and "Round Saturation (Gold) with 23 on Top" (2011).
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For the players being drafted into this play-war, a certain amount of breaking down is in order—in the squicky quantification and objectification of the combine, then in the reduction of their selves into units of risk that could deliver Production X if they can be kept from Distraction Y. This is not just about assimilating into a team concept; it's about not upsetting the NFL's signature illusion.
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Ethics of quantification is the study of the ethical issues associated to different forms of visible or invisible forms of quantification.
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This reasoning has been rejected by George Boolos. In recent years second-order logic has made something of a recovery, buoyed by Boolos' interpretation of second-order quantification as plural quantification over the same domain of objects as first-order quantification (Boolos 1984). Boolos furthermore points to the claimed nonfirstorderizability of sentences such as "Some critics admire only each other" and "Some of Fianchetto's men went into the warehouse unaccompanied by anyone else", which he argues can only be expressed by the full force of second-order quantification. However, generalized quantification and partially ordered, or branching, quantification may suffice to express a certain class of purportedly nonfirstorderizable sentences as well and it does not appeal to second-order quantification.
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It is usually denoted by the turned A (∀) logical operator symbol, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called a universal quantifier ("∀x", "∀(x)", or sometimes by alone). Universal quantification is distinct from existential quantification ("there exists"), which only asserts that the property or relation holds for at least one member of the domain. Quantification in general is covered in the article on quantification (logic). Symbols are encoded .
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Label-free quantification is a method in mass spectrometry that aims to determine the relative amount of proteins in two or more biological samples. Unlike other methods for protein quantification, label-free quantification does not use a stable isotope containing compound to chemically bind to and thus label the protein.
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Gene expression and RNA quantification studies have benefited from the increased precision and absolute quantification of dPCR. RNA quantification can be accomplished via RT-PCR, wherein RNA is reverse- transcribed into cDNA in the partitioned reaction itself, and the number of RNA molecules originating from each transcript (or allelic transcript) is quantified via dPCR (ref). One can often achieve greater sensitivity and precision by using dPCR rather than qPCR to quantify RNA molecules in part because it does not require use of a standard curve for quantification. dPCR is also more resilient to PCR inhibitors for the quantification of RNA than qPCR.
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LCModel, a commercial software, has been for most of the field's history the standard software quantification package. However, now there are many freeware packages for quantification: AMARES, AQSES, Gannet, INSPECTOR, jMRUI, TARQUIN, and more. Before linear combination, peak extraction used to be used for data quantification. However, this is no longer popular nor recommended.
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In particular the mathematical laws of quantification apply only when the domains of quantification are finite. [“finite” here is being used in Mayberry’s sense of “definite” or “delimited” – the defining characteristic of arithmoi.
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One approach for relative quantification is to separately analyze samples by MS and compare the spectra to determine peptide abundance in one sample relative to another, as in label- free strategies. It is generally accepted, that while label-free quantification is the least accurate of the quantification paradigms, it is also inexpensive and reliable when put under heavy statistical validation. There are two different methods of quantification in label-free quantitative proteomics: AUC (area under the curve) and spectral counting.
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In mathematical logic, monadic second-order logic (MSO) is the fragment of second-order logic where the second-order quantification is limited to quantification over sets. It is particularly important in the logic of graphs, because of Courcelle's theorem, which provides algorithms for evaluating monadic second-order formulas over graphs of bounded treewidth. Second-order logic allows quantification over predicates. However, MSO is the fragment in which second-order quantification is limited to monadic predicates (predicates having a single argument).
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Extraction and assessment of ucfDNA can be categorized into four stages: urine collection, ucfDNA isolation, quantification, and quality assessment. A wide range of commercial kits have been developed to facilitate ucfDNA extraction and quantification.
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Quantification became a core element of medieval physics.Alistair C. Crombie, "Quantification in medieval physics." Isis (1961): 143-160. in JSTOR Based on Aristotelian physics, Scholastic physics described things as moving according to their essential nature.
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In predicate logic, an existential quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "there exists", "there is at least one", or "for some". It is usually denoted by the logical operator symbol ∃, which, when used together with a predicate variable, is called an existential quantifier ("∃x" or "∃(x)"). Existential quantification is distinct from universal quantification ("for all"), which asserts that the property or relation holds for all members of the domain. Some sources use the term existentialization to refer to existential quantification.
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As with relative quantification using isotopic labels, peptides of equal chemistry co-elute and are analyzed by MS simultaneously. Unlike relative quantification, though, the abundance of the target peptide in the experimental sample is compared to that of the heavy peptide and back-calculated to the initial concentration of the standard using a pre-determined standard curve to yield the absolute quantification of the target peptide. Relative quantification methods include isotope-coded affinity tags (ICAT), isobaric labeling (tandem mass tags (TMT) and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)), label-free quantification metal-coded tags (MeCAT), N-terminal labelling, stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC), and terminal amine isotopic labeling of substrates (TAILS). A mathematically rigorous approach that integrates peptide intensities and peptide-measurement agreement into confidence intervals for protein ratios has emerged.
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A holistic approach to uncertainty quantification with application to supersonic nozzle thrust. International Journal for Uncertainty Quantification 2 (4): 363–81 .Zhang, H., Mullen, R. L., Muhanna, R. L. (2010). Interval Monte Carlo methods for structural reliability.
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The analysis techniques are those of phytochemistry: extraction, isolation, structural elucidation, then quantification.
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Toolkit for Identification and Quantification of Mercury Releases. Retrieved on 2011-04-07.
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S. Walter et al.: Automatic pain quantification using autonomic parameters. In: Psychol. Neurosci. Nol.
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Work flow of the Quantification of the physiological differences in α and β cells in mice using computer prediction (A) and SILAC isotope-label quantification(B). (C) is the candidate list of kinases that indicate physiological differences in α and β cells.
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Flow cytometric quantification of bacterioplankton involves four steps: fixation, staining, data processing and data interpretation.
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There are several variations of protein-based virus quantification assays. In general, these methods quantify either the amount of all protein or the amount of a specific virus protein in the sample rather than the number of infected cells or virus particles. Quantification most commonly relies on fluorescence detection. Some assay variations quantify protein directly in a sample while other variations require host cell infection and incubation to allow virus growth prior to protein quantification.
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In type theory, bounded quantification (also bounded polymorphism or constrained genericity) refers to universal or existential quantifiers which are restricted ("bounded") to range only over the subtypes of a particular type. Bounded quantification is an interaction of parametric polymorphism with subtyping. Bounded quantification has traditionally been studied in the functional setting of System F<:, but is available in modern object-oriented languages supporting parametric polymorphism (generics) such as Java, C# and Scala.
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ITRAQ 8plex kitIsobaric labeling has been successfully used for many biological applications including protein identification and quantification, protein expression profiling of normal vs abnormal states, quantitative analysis of proteins for which no antibodies are available and identification and quantification of post translationally modified proteins.
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Simmons, H. J. 1986. "The quantification of 'happinenss' in utilitarianism" (Ph.D. thesis). Hamilton, ON: McMaster University.
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The process of DNA profiling includes DNA extraction, DNA quantification and the use of PCR technology.
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The notion of multigrade relation/predicate has appeared as early as the 1940s and has been notably used by Quine (cf. Morton 1975). Plural quantification deals with formalizing the quantification over the variable-length arguments of such predicates, e.g. "xx cooperate" where xx is a plural variable.
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The same is true for quantification over several numbers, e.g., "for any numbers x and y, xy = yx." However, statements of the form "for any set S of numbers ..." may not carry over. Logic with this limitation on quantification is referred to as first-order logic.
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A variation of universal quantification might test that a given number of WMEs, drawn from a set of WMEs, meets given criteria. This might be in terms of testing for either an exact number or a minimum number of matches. Quantification is not universally implemented in Rete engines, and, where it is supported, several variations exist. A variant of existential quantification referred to as negation is widely, though not universally, supported, and is described in seminal documents.
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Absolute quantification gives the exact number of target DNA molecules by comparison with DNA standards using a calibration curve. It is therefore essential that the PCR of the sample and the standard have the same amplification efficiency. Relative quantification is based on internal reference genes to determine fold-differences in expression of the target gene. The quantification is expressed as the change in expression levels of mRNA interpreted as complementary DNA (cDNA, generated by reverse transcription of mRNA).
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Beyond the generation of Leaderboards, no continuing work has been done on this method of pitch quantification.
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Some genetic tracing studies utilize cre-lox recombination to bind a promoter to a reporter gene, such as lacZ or GFP gene. This method can be used for long term quantification of cell division and labeling, whereas the previously mentioned procedures are only useful for short-term quantification.
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He developed serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE) as a bioinformatics tool for the quantification of gene expression.
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Hartry Field, or for fictional discourse. Objectual quantification is required for interpretation of identity and other metaphysical categories.
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He is interested in Bayesian inference from large scale models, with applications in uncertainty quantification in statistical learning.
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For bottom-up proteomics, the proteins can be separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis and analyzed by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI) or electrospray ionization mass spectrometry for relative quantification or by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry for absolute quantification. For top-down proteomics, the undigested labeled proteins are analyzed.
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This is a single statement using universal quantification. This statement can be said to be more precise than the original one. While the "etc." informally includes natural numbers, and nothing more, this was not rigorously given. In the universal quantification, on the other hand, the natural numbers are mentioned explicitly.
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Various examples of quantification of colocalization in the field of neuroscience can be found in a review.Zinchuk V & Grossenbacher-Zinchuk O (2009). "Recent advances in quantitative colocalization analysis: Focus on neuroscience". Prog Histochem Cytochem 44:125-172 Detailed protocols on the quantification of colocalization can be found in a book chapter.
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This model is used in the simplest versions of the DEBtox method for the quantification of effects of toxicants.
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Quantifying gene expression by traditional DNA detection methods is unreliable. Detection of mRNA on a northern blot or PCR products on a gel or Southern blot does not allow precise quantification. For example, over the 20–40 cycles of a typical PCR, the amount of DNA product reaches a plateau that is not directly correlated with the amount of target DNA in the initial PCR. Real-time PCR can be used to quantify nucleic acids by two common methods: relative quantification and absolute quantification.
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Much research has been done to solve uncertainty quantification problems, though a majority of them deal with uncertainty propagation. During the past one to two decades, a number of approaches for inverse uncertainty quantification problems have also been developed and have proved to be useful for most small- to medium-scale problems.
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IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 22(6):747-53 See Uncertainty Quantification Methodologies for forward uncertainty propagation for related concepts.
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These models are important for the quantification of post-glacial rebound and late Pleistocene to Holocene variations in sea level.
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The commonly used anticoagulant heparin profoundly inhibits the by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) used for microRNA quantification.
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ISO 14064-3:2006 specifies principles and requirements and provides guidance for those conducting or managing the validation and/or verification of greenhouse gas (GHG) assertions. It can be applied to organizational or GHG project quantification, including GHG quantification, monitoring and reporting carried out in accordance with ISO 14064-1 or ISO 14064-2.
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A method for phenolic content quantification is volumetric titration. An oxidizing agent, permanganate, is used to oxidize known concentrations of a standard solution, producing a standard curve. The content of the unknown phenols is then expressed as equivalents of the appropriate standard. Some methods for quantification of total phenolic content are based on colorimetric measurements.
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Stigler, George Joseph; "The Adoption of Marginal Utility Theory" History of Political Economy (1972). some indeed treated quantification as an essential feature, and those who did not still used an assumption of quantification for expository purposes. In this context, it is not surprising to find many presentations that fail to recognize a more general approach.
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Consequently, culture-based methods are no longer suitable for effective and rapid identification and quantification of bioaerosol, and non- culture based methods, such as immunoassays, molecular biological tests, and optical, and electrical methods, have been developing over the past few decades. Major culture-independent identification/quantification methods adopted in previous bioaerosol studies include polymerase chain reaction (PCR), quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR),An, H.R., G. Mainelis, and L. White, Development and calibration of real-time PCR for quantification of airborne microorganisms in air samples. Atmospheric Environment, 2006. 40(40): p. 7924-7939.
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Using Poisson's law of small numbers, the distribution of target molecule within the sample can be accurately approximated allowing for a quantification of the target strand in the PCR product. This model simply predicts that as the number of samples containing at least one target molecule increases, the probability of the samples containing more than one target molecule increases. In conventional PCR, the number of PCR amplification cycles is proportional to the starting copy number. Different from many peoples's belief that dPCR provides absolute quantification, digital PCR uses statistical power to provide relative quantification.
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A tandem mass tag (TMT) is a chemical label used for mass spectrometry (MS)-based quantification and identification of biological macromolecules such as proteins, peptides and nucleic acids. TMT belongs to a family of reagents referred to as isobaric mass tags. They provide an alternative to gel- or antibody-based quantification but may also be used in combination with these and other methods. In addition to aiding in protein quantification, TMT tags can also increase the detection sensitivity of certain highly hydrophilic analytes, such as phosphopeptides, in RPLC-MS analyses.
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North-Holland: Elsevier Science. Scha, Remko. 1981. "Distributive, collective, and cumulative quantification". In Formal methods in the study of language, ed.
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Otherwise, it has the same shortcomings as the strong form: its sample population is non-random, and quantification methods are elusive.
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With some modifications to handle intensionality and quantification, this approach can be used to cover a wide variety of semantic phenomena.
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Vis versa, the generalisation rule is part of the definition of HM's type system and the implicit all-quantification a consequence.
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Modern methods are relatively new commercially available products and kits that greatly reduce quantification time. This is not meant to be an exhaustive review of all potential methods, but rather a representative cross-section of traditional methods and new, commercially available methods. While other published methods may exist for virus quantification, non-commercial methods are not discussed here.
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There are numerous applications for quantitative polymerase chain reaction in the laboratory. It is commonly used for both diagnostic and basic research. Uses of the technique in industry include the quantification of microbial load in foods or on vegetable matter, the detection of GMOs (Genetically modified organisms) and the quantification and genotyping of human viral pathogens.
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Typical indications include epiphora and dacryocystitis. DSG allows quantification of tear turnover and drainage. Various quantification models have been developed, which must account for the variable drainage of asymptomatic systems. Some drugs administered to the eye via eye drops, such as beta blockers for glaucoma, can be hazardous if quickly drained and absorbed through the nasolacrimal duct.
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The Pierce Protein Assay is a method of protein quantification. It provides quick estimation of the protein amount in a given sample.
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Pelvic organ prolapses are graded either via the Baden–Walker System, Shaw's System, or the Pelvic Organ Prolapse Quantification (POP-Q) System.
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This section presents a simple formulation of plural logic/quantification approximately the same as given by Boolos in Nominalist Platonism (Boolos 1985).
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See the articles on aperture and f-number for the photographic effect and system of quantification of varying the opening in the diaphragm.
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Analysis methods for the determination and quantification of taraxerol include gas chromatography/mass spectroscopy (GC/MS) and high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC).
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Sky Christopherson had previously used Dr. Topol's digital quantification strategies to win a World Record in the 35+ 200m velodrome sprint in 2011.
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Clasper v Lawrence [1990] 3 NZLR 231 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding the quantification of damages for breach of contract.
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The Restatement states that "The remedy granted for breach may be limited as justice requires."—leaving quantification to the discretion of the court.
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Quantification allows us to speak about all objects of a certain class (universal quantification), or to denote explicitly the existence of at least one object of this class (existential quantification). The textual occurrence of a universal or existential quantifier opens its scope that extends to the end of the sentence, or in coordinations to the end of the respective coordinated sentence. To express that all involved customers insert cards we can write :Every customer inserts a card. This sentence means that each customer inserts a card that may, or may not, be the same as the one inserted by another customer.
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Quantitative PCR or Real Time PCR (qPCR, not to be confused with RT-PCR) methods allow the estimation of the amount of a given sequence present in a sample—a technique often applied to quantitatively determine levels of gene expression. Quantitative PCR is an established tool for DNA quantification that measures the accumulation of DNA product after each round of PCR amplification. qPCR allows the quantification and detection of a specific DNA sequence in real time since it measures concentration while the synthesis process is taking place. There are two methods for simultaneous detection and quantification.
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Recurrence quantification analysis has been employed to detect the characteristic of business cycles and economic development. To this end, Orlando et al. developed the so-called recurrence quantification correlation index to test correlations of RQA on a sample signal and then investigated the application to business time series. The said index has been proven to detect hidden changes in time series.
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Alternatively, determination and quantification of taraxerol can also be achieved with good reliability and reproducibility using HPTLC. In this case, linear ascending development is performed (e.g. using hexane and ethyl acetate (8:2 v/v) as mobile phase) in a twin trough glass chamber on TLC aluminum plates. Quantification can be achieved by spectrodensitometric scanning at a wavelength of 420 nm.
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Complexity classes have a variety of closure properties. For example, decision classes may be closed under negation, disjunction, conjunction, or even under all Boolean operations. Moreover, they might also be closed under a variety of quantification schemes. P, for instance, is closed under all Boolean operations, and under quantification over polynomially sized domains (though likely not closed over exponential sized domains).
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Recurrence quantification analysis has been employed to detect the characteristic of business cycles and economic development. To this end, Orlando et al. developed the so-called recurrence quantification correlation index to test correlations of RQA on a sample signal and then investigated the application to business time series. The said index has been proven to detect hidden changes in time series.
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Within Guarded Logic there exists numerous guarded objects. The first being guarded fragment which are first- order logic of modal logic. Guarded fragments generalize modal quantification through finding relative patterns of quantification. The syntax used to denote guarded fragment is GF. Another object is guarded fixed point logic denoted μGF naturally extends guarded fragment from fixed points of least to greatest.
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It is particularly useful in materials research because of its high sensitivity at high mass resolution, which allow for trace element imaging and quantification.
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This is often carried out by relative quantification using a control gene from the treated species that is only present as a single copy.
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Direct analyzation methods based on enzymatic/fluorescent detection (e.g. HRP, fluorescent dye) can be used for on-bead determination or quantification of bound biomolecules.
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Quantification of 2-LTR circles that are episomal forms of nonintegrated HIV DNA containing two copies of the LTR is also a useful tool.
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Cyber risk quantification involves the application of risk quantification techniques to an organization's cybersecurity risk. Cyber risk quantification is the process of evaluating the cyber risks that have been identified and then validating, measuring and analyzing the available cyber data using mathematical modeling techniques to accurately represent the organization's cybersecurity environment in a manner that can be used to make informed cybersecurity infrastructure investment and risk transfer decisions. Cyber risk quantification is a supporting activity to cybersecurity risk management; cybersecurity risk management is a component of enterprise risk management and is especially important in organizations and enterprises that are highly dependent upon their information technology (IT) networks and systems for their business operations. One method of quantifying cyber risk is the value- at-risk (VaR) method that is discussed at the January 2015 World Economic Forum meeting (see external reference below).
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Last but not least, it has been demonstrated that recurrence quantification analysis can detect differences between macroeconomic variables and highlight hidden features of economic dynamics.
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However, using GC- EI-MS allows a simple, sensitive and robust method for the identification, detection and quantification of 128 compounds of DRDs in urine.
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Last but not least, it has been demonstrated that recurrence quantification analysis can detect differences between macroeconomic variables and highlight hidden features of economic dynamics.
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Therefore the research, discussion and quantification of MACs and their impact on a host's microbiota may be critical to determining their impact on human health.
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Quantification of pack- years smoked is important in clinical care, where degree of tobacco exposure is correlated to risk of disease such as lung cancer.
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An inference engine is a computer program that tries to derive answers from a knowledge base. The Cyc inference engine performs general logical deduction (including modus ponens, modus tollens, universal quantification and existential quantification). It also performs inductive reasoning, statistical machine learning and symbolic machine learning, and abductive reasoning (but of course sparingly and using the existing knowledge base as a filter and guide).
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Conditional tests are most commonly used to perform selections and joins on individual tuples. However, by implementing additional beta node types, it is possible for Rete networks to perform quantifications. Existential quantification involves testing for the existence of at least one set of matching WMEs in working memory. Universal quantification involves testing that an entire set of WMEs in working memory meets a given condition.
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However, by the 1980s the first blush of quantification had worn off, as traditional historians counterattacked. Harvey J. Graff says: Meanwhile, quantitative history became well-established in other disciplines, especially economics (where they called it "cliometrics"), as well as in political science. In history, however, quantification remained central to demographic studies, but slipped behind in political and social history as traditional narrative approaches made a comeback.
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These techniques can be highly multiplexed for simultaneous quantification of many targets (panels of up to 38 markers) in single cells. Antibody-DNA quantification: another antibody- based method converts protein levels to DNA levels. The conversion to DNA makes it possible to amplify protein levels and use NGS to quantify proteins. In one such approach, two antibodies are selected for each protein needed to be quantified.
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Different electrode placements were tested. Commonly the recordings were made using the frontal-occipital or the bifrontal leads. Standard EEG amplifiers were used. Quantification and analyses.
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Nature, 480, 359-363, doi:10.1038/nature10651 However, the hydrological conditions in these time scales are usually poorly constrained, impeding a good the quantification of D.
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Using a hierarchical substrate winnowing process that discriminates from background proteolysis products and non-cleaved proteins by a peptide isotope quantification and certain bioinformatic search criteria.
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Zanderigo F et al. 2018. [11C]Harmine Binding to Brain Monoamine Oxidase A: Test-Retest Properties and Noninvasive Quantification. Molecular Imaging and Biology. 20, 667–681.
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Additionally, obtaining samples from a posterior distribution permits uncertainty quantification by means of confidence intervals, a feature which is not possible using traditional stochastic gradient descent.
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An accurate quantification of color vision accuracy is particularly important to designers, photographers and colorists, who all rely on accurate color vision to produce quality content.
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This raises the computational challenge for the processing and integration of these two sources of information and has led to the development of novel promising quantification strategies.
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A second-order propositional logic is a propositional logic extended with quantification over propositions. A special case are the logics that allow second-order Boolean propositions, where quantifiers may range either just over the Boolean truth values, or over the Boolean-valued truth functions. The most widely known formalism is the intuitionistic logic with impredicative quantification, System F. Parigot (1997) showed how this calculus can be extended to admit classical logic.
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In best practice, the quantification will be probabilistic in nature (Monte-Carlo is a common method used for quantification). Typically, the method results in a distribution of possible cost outcomes for the project, product, or other investment. From this distribution, a cost value can be selected that has the desired probability of having a cost underrun or cost overrun. Usually a value is selected with equal chance of over or underrunning.
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Using monochlorobimane, the quantification is done by confocal laser scanning microscopy after application of the dye to living cells. This quantification process relies on measuring the rates of fluorescence changes and is limited to plant cells. CMFDA has also been mistakenly used as a glutathione probe. Unlike monochlorobimane, whose fluorescence increases upon reacting with glutathione, the fluorescence increase of CMFDA is due to the hydrolysis of the acetate groups inside cells.
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The Risk- Informed Safety Margin Characterization Pathway conducts research to develop and deploy approaches to support the management of uncertainty in safety margins quantification to improve decision making for nuclear power plants. This pathway will (1) develop and demonstrate a risk-assessment method tied to safety margins quantification and (2) create advanced tools for safety assessment that enable more accurate representation of a nuclear power plant safety margin.
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The most common isobaric tags are amine-reactive tags. However, tags that react with cysteine residues and carbonyl groups have also been described. These amine- reactive groups go through N-hydroxysuccinimide (NHS) reactions, which are based around three types of functional groups. Isobaric labeling methods include tandem mass tags (TMT), isobaric tags for absolute and relative quantification (iTRAQ), mass differential tags for absolute and relative quantification, and dimethyl labeling.
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In the above presentation of the syntax of dependence logic, conjunction and universal quantification are not treated as primitive operators; rather, they are defined in terms of disjunction and negation and existential quantification respectively, by means of De Morgan's Laws. Therefore, \phi \wedge \psi is taken as a shorthand for \lnot (\lnot \phi \vee \lnot \psi), and \forall x \phi is taken as a shorthand for \lnot(\exists x (\lnot \phi)).
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U.S.A., 100 (12) 6940–6945 (2003). This technique has been adapted to absolute quantification of proteases, deciphering both activity states and total amounts in biological samples. This is thanks to trypsin treatment for mass spectrometry generating peptides specific to inactive zymogen precursors, active proteases, or common to both forms. PSPs is one form of standard peptide for absolute quantification and Standard of the Expressed Protease (STEP) is the other.
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Most of the usual algebraic systems of mathematics are examples of varieties, but not always in an obvious way, since the usual definitions often involve quantification or inequalities.
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A modified method, proposed in 1903 for the quantification of tannins in wine, Feldmann's method, is making use of calcium hypochlorite, instead of potassium permanganate, and indigo sulfate.
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The quantification of 11C-PiB has demonstrated to elicit a profound difference in neuronal cortical binding between individuals recognized with Alzheimer's disease and age- matched cognitively normal controls.
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The test uses the qualitative characteristics of colored compounds to account for performed chemical reactions. This technique has been used to develop new quantification methods using modern technology.
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This is often described as quantification over "sets" because monadic predicates are equivalent in expressive power to sets (the set of elements for which the predicate is true).
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This step gives order to the peptides before quantification using tandem mass-spectroscopy (MS/MS). The major difference between quantification methods is some use labels on the peptides such as tandem mass tags (TMT) or dimethyl labels which are used to identify which cell a certain protein came from (proteins coming from each cell have a different label) while others use not labels (quantify cells individually). The mass spectroscopy data is then analyzed by running data through databases that convert the information about peptides identified to quantification of protein levels. These methods are very similar to those used to quantify the proteome of bulk cells, with modifications to accommodate the very small sample volume.
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For McLuhan, these trends all reverberate with print technology's principle of "segmentation of actions and functions and principle of visual quantification."McLuhan, Marshall. 1962. The Gutenberg Galaxy. p. 154.
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Applied Ergonomics. 27(6) 359-373. [5] Kirwan, B. (1997) The validation of three human reliability quantification techniques - THERP, HEART, JHEDI: Part II - Results of validation exercise. Applied Ergonomics.
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Composite sentences are recursively built from simpler sentences through coordination, subordination, quantification, and negation. Note that ACE composite sentences overlap with what linguists call compound sentences and complex sentences.
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Bounded quantification allows to considers all objects with such a function. An example would be a polymorphic `min` function that considers all objects that are comparable to each other.
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SILAC is an expensive method and may not be a feasible option for most laboratories. The isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) method or iTRAQ-TAILS enables the quantitaion of multiple samples simultaneously.This method has the ability to simultaneously analyze from 4-8 samples in multiplex experiments using four- and eight- plex iTRAQ reagents.This method provides high accuracy identification and quantification of samples and allows for more reproducible analysis of sample replicates.
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These techniques are extremely sensitive however, there are many limitations to these methods. For example, quantification for ELISA and EIA require several hours because the binding has to reach equilibrium. RIA's disadvantage is that you need radioactive particles which are universally known to be carcinogens. The creation of MSIA fulfilled the need to determine the presence of one or more antigens in a specimen as well as the quantification of those said species.
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"High-throughput multiplex microsatellite marker assay for detection and quantification of adulteration in Basmati rice (Oryza sativa)" and Lakshminarayana, V. et al. (2007). "Capillary Electrophoresis Is Essential for Microsatellite Marker Based Detection and Quantification of Adulteration of Basmati Rice ( Oryza sativa)". Based on this protocol, which was developed at the Centre for DNA Fingerprinting and Diagnostics, the Indian company Labindia has released kits to detect basmati adulteration.Basmati Testing - Basmati Verifiler Kit . Labindia.
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Quantification can be used to monitor therapy, confirm a diagnosis of poisoning in people who are hospitalized, provide evidence in an impaired driving arrest, or assist in a death investigation.
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Quantification of potential emissions for permitting purposes is most often accomplished by applying emission equations published in Chapter 7.1 of the U.S. EPA's AP-42: Compilation of Air Emission Factors.
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Other examples include the theories of non-archimedean fields and torsion-free groups. These three theories can be defined without the use of infinite quantification; only infinite junctions are needed.
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Available data does not lend to the quantification of the volume transports associated with this western boundary region, or to the determination of deep convective circulation along the western boundary.
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CD63 is a good marker for flow cytometric quantification of in vitro activated basophils for diagnosis of IgE-mediated allergy. The test is commonly designated as basophil activation test (BAT).
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The Humane Interface: New Directions for Designing Interactive Systems () is a book about user interface design written by Jef Raskin and published in 2000. It covers ergonomics, quantification, evaluation, and navigation.
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Both are influenced by fragmentation and limited preservation, but in different ways.Marshall, F. & Pilgram, T. (1993) NISP vs. MNI in Quantification of Body-Part Representation. American Antiquity, 58(2), 261-269.
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Multifractal analysis has been successfully used in many fields, including physical, information, and biological sciences. For example, the quantification of residual crack patterns on the surface of reinforced concrete shear walls.
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Operating Criteria and Quantification Methodology for Green Natural Gas. ICF International. Retrieved 2012-03-12. Across Canada, Bullfrog's electricity comes exclusively from regionally sourced wind, solar, and low-impact hydro facilities.
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Magn Reson Med. 2003 Jun;49(6):1143–51. .Batchelor PG, Calamante F, Tournier JD, Atkinson D, Hill DL, Connelly A. Quantification of the shape of fiber tracts. Magn Reson Med.
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What is needed is to use the name, or identity of the variable from which the value set is constructed as part of the structure of the value set. This would make value sets distinct, unless they are based on the same variable. In mathematics, quantification is over values, not formulas. To proceed further with the exact definition of value sets, quantification over formulas is needed, in a way that allows the comparison of the identity of formulas.
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2004 The symbol ∀ has the same shape as a capital turned A, sans- serif. It is used to represent universal quantification in predicate logic. It was first used in this way by Gerhard Gentzen in 1935, by analogy with Giuseppe Peano's turned E notation for existential quantification and the later use of Peano's notation by Bertrand Russell. In traffic engineering it is used to represent flow, the number of units (vehicles) passing a point in a unit of time.
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The best known definition of the nature of AOSD is due to Filman and Friedman, which characterized AOSD using the equation aspect orientation = quantification + obliviousness.Filman, R. and D. Friedman. "Aspect-oriented programming is quantification and Obliviousness." Proceedings of the Workshop on Advanced Separation of Concerns, in conjunction with OOPSLA’00 (2000) > AOP can be understood as the desire to make quantified statements about the > behavior of programs, and to have these quantifications hold over programs > written by oblivious programmers.
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Furthermore, aspect-orientation does not necessarily require quantification. Aspects can be used to isolate features whose implementation would otherwise be tangled with other features. Such aspects do not necessarily use quantification over multiple locations in the system. The essential features of Aspect-Oriented Software Development are therefore better characterized in terms of the modularity of the implementation of crosscutting concerns, the abstractions provided by aspect- oriented languages to enable modularization and the expressiveness of the aspect-oriented composition operators.
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John Corcoran, Aristotle's Prior Analytics and Boole's Laws of Thought, History and Philosophy of Logic, vol. 24 (2003), pp. 261–288. Boole's initial involvement in logic was prompted by a current debate on quantification, between Sir William Hamilton who supported the theory of "quantification of the predicate", and Boole's supporter Augustus De Morgan who advanced a version of De Morgan duality, as it is now called. Boole's approach was ultimately much further reaching than either sides' in the controversy.
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Krifka, Manfred (1989). "Nominal reference, temporal constitution and quantification in event semantics". In Renate Bartsch, Johan van Benthem and Peter van Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expressions 75-115. Dordrecht: Foris.
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Pauline Barrieu is a French financial statistician, probability theorist, and expert on financial risk assessment, risk transfer, and uncertainty quantification. She is a professor of statistics in the London School of Economics.
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For exogenous susceptibility sources, the susceptibility value is theoretically linearly proportional to the concentration of the contrast agent. This provides a new way for in vivo quantification of gadolinium or SPIO concentrations.
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An additional advantage of the method in comparison to other multivariate methods is that it gives a quantification of the treatment response of individual species that are present in the different groups.
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Hiscock, P., & Tabrett, A. (2010). Generalization, inference and the quantification of lithic reduction. World Archaeology, 42(4), 545–561. doi:10.1080/00438243.2010.517669 Typically, higher GIUR values indicate more invasive or extensive retouch.
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Ion-exchange chromatography. Scientific analysis equipment of high sensitivity for the identification and quantification of organic substances. X-Ray examination. Nondestructive technique used to view and examine the internal structure of objects.
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GC-MS instruments need around 1,000 times more of the substance to quantify the amount than they need simply to detect it; the limit of quantification is typically in the nanogram () range.
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Tomino created the series as a means of "affirmatively accepting all of the Gundam series", which is reflected in the series title's use of the Turned A, a mathematical symbol representing universal quantification.
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Note that the extracted FAIRE-fragments can be quantified in an alternative method by using quantitative PCR. However, this method does not allow a genome wide / high-throughput quantification of the extracted fragments.
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These arrays offer parallelization of protein levels over traditional western blot. Unfortunately, these assays fail to provide insight on enzymatic function for proteases and suffer similar drawbacks to western blots regarding reliable quantification.
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In 2004, he brought it to the University of Texas at Dallas. A major project involving anticipatory systems is entitled Seneludens, which aims at maintaining anticipatory capabilities in the aging through the creation of virtual interactive environments. antÉ lab-first known quantification of anticipatory characteristics The antÉ Lab pursues the quantification of anticipatory characteristics pertinent to human activity, aging, performance evaluation. In 2012 he founded the Study Group on Anticipation at the Hanse Wissenschaftskolleg/Hanse Institute for Advanced Study (Delmenhorst, Germany).
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But quantification of composition by EDS has improved greatly over time. The WDS system has historically had better sensitivity (ability to detect low amounts of an element) and ability to detect low-atomic weight elements, as well as better quantification of compositions, compared to EDS, but it was slower to use. Again, in recent years, the speed required to perform WDS analysis has improved substantially. Historically, EDS was used with the SEM while WDS was used with the electron microprobe analyzer (EMPA).
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The logic that an inference engine uses is typically represented as IF-THEN rules. The general format of such rules is IF THEN . Prior to the development of expert systems and inference engines, artificial intelligence researchers focused on more powerful theorem prover environments that offered much fuller implementations of first-order logic. For example, general statements that included universal quantification (for all X some statement is true) and existential quantification (there exists some X such that some statement is true).
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The resulting system has since been the subject of intense work. Boolos argued that if one reads the second-order variables in monadic second-order logic plurally, then second-order logic can be interpreted as having no ontological commitment to entities other than those over which the first-order variables range. The result is plural quantification. David Lewis employed plural quantification in his Parts of Classes to derive a system in which Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory and the Peano axioms were all theorems.
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An approach for relative quantification that is more costly and time-consuming, though less sensitive to experimental bias than label-free quantification, entails labeling the samples with stable isotope labels that allow the mass spectrometer to distinguish between identical proteins in separate samples. One type of label, isotopic tags, consist of stable isotopes incorporated into protein crosslinkers that causes a known mass shift of the labeled protein or peptide in the mass spectrum. Differentially labeled samples are combined and analyzed together, and the differences in the peak intensities of the isotope pairs accurately reflect difference in the abundance of the corresponding proteins. Absolute proteomic quantification using isotopic peptides entails spiking known concentrations of synthetic, heavy isotopologues of target peptides into an experimental sample and then performing LC-MS/MS.
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The assay is separated into three main parts: preparation of the Diluted Albumin (BSA) Standards, preparation of the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) working reagent, and quantification of proteins (using either test tube or microplate procedure).
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Selected occupational risk factors. In M. Ezzati, A.D. Lopez, A. Rodgers & C.J.L. Murray (Eds.), Comparative Quantification of Health Risks. Geneva: World Health Organization. Personal protective equipment can help protect against many of these hazards.
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The kallisto software method combines pseudoalignment and quantification into a single step that runs 2 orders of magnitude faster than contemporary methods such as those used by tophat/cufflinks software, with less computational burden.
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J & B Caldwell Ltd v Logan House Retirement Home Ltd [1999] 2 NZLR 99; (1998) 9 TCLR 112 is a cited case in New Zealand regarding the quantification of damages for breach of contract.
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Upon fragmentation in MS/MS mode, sequence information is obtained from fragmentation of the peptide back bone and quantification data are simultaneously obtained from fragmentation of the tags, giving rise to mass reporter ions.
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Further, Orlando et al., over an extensive dataset, shown that recurrence quantification analysis may help in anticipating transitions from laminar (i.e. regular) to turbulent (i.e. chaotic) phases such as USA GDP in 1949, 1953, etc.
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Grant et al. 2005, p. 67 Some archaeologists find it useful to employ a quantification method popular in faunal analysis. Instead of measures of Minimum Number of Individuals, pottery analysis sometimes employs Minimum Vessel Counts.
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His research contributes to the identification and quantification of changes in the coupled system “humans-environment” – with focus on slope processes, hydrogeomorphology, land degradation and soil conservation. Most of his research activities are in Ethiopia.
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Every formula of ith order is equivalent to a formula in prenex normal form, where we first write quantification over variable of ith order and then a formula of order i-1 in normal form.
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Human activities (e.g., deforestation, farming, and urbanization) change the albedo of various areas around the globe. However, quantification of this effect on the global scale is difficult, further study is required to determine anthropogenic effects.
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The gel-based nature of this assay makes quantification less accurate, but it has the advantage of being able to identify later modifications to the protein, for example proteolysis or ubiquitination, from changes in size.
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Consequently, though direct quantification of these processes within the Columbia River watershed have not yet occurred, the ubiquitous changes in land-use by the logging industry have changed the delivery of nutrients into the system.
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Further, Orlando et al. , over an extensive dataset, shown that recurrence quantification analysis may help in anticipating transitions from laminar (i.e. regular) to turbulent (i.e. chaotic) phases such as USA GDP in 1949, 1953, etc.
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Hemagglutination, or haemagglutination, is a specific form of agglutination that involves red blood cells (RBCs). It has two common uses in the laboratory: blood typing and the quantification of virus dilutions in a haemagglutination assay.
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The Qubit 2.0 Fluorometer The Qubit fluorometer is a lab instrument developed and distributed by Invitrogen (now part of Thermo Fisher) that, among other applications, is used for the quantification of DNA, RNA, and protein.
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A solution of aquacyano-corrinoids, such as cobalamin or cobinamide, reacts with free cyanide in an aqueous sample. The binding of cyanide to the corrinoid cobalt center leads to a color change from orange to violet, allowing for semi-quantification by naked-eye. Precise quantification of the cyanide content is feasible by UV-vis spectroscopy. Absorption of the corrinoid on a solid phase, allows detection of cyanide even in colored samples, rendering this method appropriate for the analysis of cyanide in water, wastewater, blood, and food.
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Second-order arithmetic includes, but is significantly stronger than, its first-order counterpart Peano arithmetic. Unlike Peano arithmetic, second-order arithmetic allows quantification over sets of natural numbers as well as numbers themselves. Because real numbers can be represented as (infinite) sets of natural numbers in well-known ways, and because second-order arithmetic allows quantification over such sets, it is possible to formalize the real numbers in second-order arithmetic. For this reason, second-order arithmetic is sometimes called “analysis” (Sieg 2013, p. 291).
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PSPs do not depend on targeting active proteases with tagged compounds but rather on quantitative proteomics using stable isotope labeled standard peptides. Standard peptides synthesized from amino acids labeled with stable isotope atoms serve as internal standards for serial dilutions of a sample. These allow for later absolute quantification of a proteins and post-translational modifications by mass spectrometry.Gerber S.A., Rush J., Stemman O., Kirschner M.W., Gygi S.P. Absolute quantification of proteins and phosphoproteins from cell lysates by tandem MS Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
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Although M. brevicauda causes severe damage to tea, there has been no quantification of the damage caused. The risk posed by M. brevicauda is limited due to its limited distribution and host range (tea and saffron).
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Quantification of perchlorate concentrations in fertilizer components via ion chromatography revealed that in horticultural fertilizer components contained perchlorate ranging between 0.1 and 0.46%. Perchlorate concentration was the highest in Chilean nitrate, ranging from 3.3 to 3.98%.
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Sulforhodamine B or Kiton Red 620 (C27H30N2O7S2) is a fluorescent dye with uses spanning from laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) to the quantification of cellular proteins of cultured cells. This red solid dye is very water-soluble.
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Wertz, B. and Wensley, R. and the "father of modern marketing". Wharton professor Paul Green is considered to be the "father of conjoint analysis" for his discovery of the statistical tool for quantification of market research.
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Quantification and the Nature of Cross-Linguistic Variation.Natural Language Semantics 9:145-189. Matthewson, Lisa 2004. On the Methodology of Semantic Fieldwork. International Journal of American Linguistics 70:369-415. Schaeffer, Jeannette and Lisa Matthewson 2005.
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In the mathematical field of descriptive set theory, a pointclass can be called adequate if it contains all recursive pointsets and is closed under recursive substitution, bounded universal and existential quantification and preimages by recursive functions...
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From such analyses, preventative measures can then be taken to reduce human errors within a system and therefore lead to improvements in the overall level of safety. There exist three primary reasons for conducting a HRA; error identification, error quantification and error reduction. As there exist a number of techniques used for such purposes, they can be split into one of two classifications; first generation techniques and second generation techniques. First generation techniques work on the basis of the simple dichotomy of ‘fits/doesn’t fit’ in the matching of the error situation in context with related error identification and quantification and second generation techniques are more theory based in their assessment and quantification of errors. ‘HRA techniques have been utilised in a range of industries including healthcare, engineering, nuclear, transportation and business sector; each technique has varying uses within different disciplines.
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The diagnosis of HHV-6 infection is performed by both serologic and direct methods. The most prominent technique is the quantification of viral DNA in blood, other body fluids, and organs by means of real-time PCR.
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Image analysis tools are used to derive objective quantification measures from digital slides. Image segmentation and classification algorithms, often implemented using Deep Learning neural networks, are used to identify medically significant regions and objects on digital slides.
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Electrochemical Recognition and Quantification of Cytochrome C Expression in and Aerobe/anaerobe Using ,,','-tetramethyl-- phenylene-diamine (TMPD). Chemical Science 8.11, 7682-7688. Web. Ivanova N V, Zemlak T S, Hanner R H, Hebert P D N. 2007.
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Petrov is best known for his work on measurements of mutational biases, quantification of natural selection using genomic data, and experimental and theoretical work on very rapid evolution in large populations of metazoans, viruses, and somatic cells.
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The extent of reduction, also known as the retouch intensity, is denoted by a measure of the reduction index.Hiscock, P., & Tabrett, A. 2010. Generalization, inference and the quantification of lithic reduction. World Archaeology, 42(4), 545–561.
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Viruses have an estimated abundance of 1030 in the ocean, or between 1 and 100,000x106 per millilitre. Quantification of marine viruses was originally performed using transmission electron microscopy but has been replaced by epifluorescence or flow cytometry.
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This indicates the importance of the domain of discourse, which specifies which values n can take.Further information on using domains of discourse with quantified statements can be found in the Quantification (logic) article. In particular, note that if the domain of discourse is restricted to consist only of those objects that satisfy a certain predicate, then for universal quantification this requires a logical conditional. For example, > For all composite numbers n, 2·n > 2 + n is logically equivalent to > For all natural numbers n, if n is composite, then 2·n > 2 + n.
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In "Continuations and the nature of quantification", Chris Barker introduced the "continuation hypothesis", that > some linguistic expressions (in particular, QNPs [quantificational noun > phrases]) have denotations that manipulate their own continuations.Chris > Barker, Continuations and the nature of quantification, 2002 Natural > Language Semantics 10:211-242. Barker argued that this hypothesis could be used to explain phenomena such as duality of NP meaning (e.g., the fact that the QNP "everyone" behaves very differently from the non-quantificational noun phrase "Bob" in contributing towards the meaning of a sentence like "Alice sees [Bob/everyone]"), scope displacement (e.g.
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Descendants of class `ITERATION_CURSOR` can be created to handle specialized iteration algorithms. The types of objects that can be iterated across (`my_list` in the example) are based on classes that inherit from the library class `ITERABLE`. The iteration form of the Eiffel loop can also be used as a boolean expression when the keyword `loop` is replaced by either `all` (effecting universal quantification) or `some` (effecting existential quantification). This iteration is a boolean expression which is true if all items in `my_list` have counts greater than three: across my_list as ic all ic.item.
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The color reaction between borates and curcumin is used within the spectrophotometrical determination and quantification of boron present in food or materials. Curcumin is a yellow coloring natural pigment found in the root stocks of some Curcuma species, especially Curcuma longa (turmeric), in concentrations up to 3%. In the so-called curcumin method for boron quantification it serves as reaction partner for boric acid. The reaction is very sensitive and so the smallest quantities of boron can be detected. The maximum absorbance at 540 nm for rosocyanine is used in this colorimetric method.
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First generation techniques work on the basis of the simple dichotomy of 'fits/doesn't fit' in the matching of the error situation in context with related error identification and quantification and second generation techniques are more theory based in their assessment and quantification of errors. 'HRA techniques have been utilised in a range of industries including healthcare, engineering, nuclear, transportation and business sector; each technique has varying uses within different disciplines. Absolute probability judgement, which is also known as direct numerical estimation,Humphreys, P., (1995) Human Reliability Assessor's Guide. Human Factors in Reliability Group.
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Despite its major advantages, RT-PCR is not without drawbacks. The exponential growth of the reverse transcribed complementary DNA (cDNA) during the multiple cycles of PCR produces inaccurate end point quantification due to the difficulty in maintaining linearity. In order to provide accurate detection and quantification of RNA content in a sample, qRT-PCR was developed using fluorescence-based modification to monitor the amplification products during each cycle of PCR. The extreme sensitivity of the technique can be a double edged sword since even the slightest DNA contamination can lead to undesirable results.
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Recurrence quantification analysis (RQA) is a method of nonlinear data analysis (cf. chaos theory) for the investigation of dynamical systems. It quantifies the number and duration of recurrences of a dynamical system presented by its phase space trajectory.
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Since the transverse Doppler effect is one of the main novel predictions of the special theory of relativity, the detection and precise quantification of this effect has been an important goal of experiments attempting to validate special relativity.
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The concept of 'Continual Improvement' is core of the British Standards Institute's 2019 publication: BS 8624 Guide to Continual improvement: Methods for quantification. BS 8624 describes requirements for 'Continual Improvement' and provides methods and examples of recognized techniques.
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Adjoint solvers are now becoming available in a range of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) solvers, such as Fluent, OpenFOAM, SU2 and US3D. Originally developed for optimization, adjoint solvers are now finding more and more use in uncertainty quantification.
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For example, in Lκ∞, a single universal or existential quantifier may bind arbitrarily many variables simultaneously. Similarly, the logic Lκλ permits simultaneous quantification over fewer than λ variables, as well as conjunctions and disjunctions of size less than κ.
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ISO 14064-1:2006 specifies principles and requirements at the organization level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and removals. It includes requirements for the design, development, management, reporting and verification of an organization's GHG inventory.
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Quantification of progeny classes in two facultatively apomictic accessions of Hieracium. Hereditas. 138(1): 11–20. that pollination with compatible pollen can be required even in some species where endosperm development is autonomous. Pseudogamous apomixis occurs in many families.
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Verweij, Jaco J, Eric A T Brienen, et al. “Simultaneous detection and quantification of Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus and Oesophagostomum bifurcum in fecal samples using multiplex real- time PCR.” Am. J. Trop. Med. and Hygiene 77.4 (2007): 685-690.
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Razavi M, Leigh Anderson N, Pope ME, Yip R, Pearson TW. High precision quantification of human plasma proteins using the automated SISCAPA Immuno-MS workflow. New Biotechnology. 2016 Jan 6. as well as antibodies immobilized on flow-through columns.
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At present, stereologic cell counting with manual decision for object inclusion according to unbiased stereologic counting rules remains the only adequate method for unbiased cell quantification in histologic tissue sections, thus it's not adequate enough to be fully automated.
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In January 2019 Wernimont's first book was published by MIT Press. Numbered Lives Life and Death in Quantum Media is a feminist media history of quantification. It includes death counts and activity trackers, quotidian media that determine who counts.
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Liquid chromatography/electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry validated method for the simultaneous quantification of sibutramine and its primary and secondary amine metabolites in human plasma and its application to a bioequivalence study. Rapid Comm. Mass Spec. 20: 3509-3521, 2006.
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To maximize therapeutic effects (desired) and minimize side effects (undesired) requires recognition and quantification of the treatment in multiple dimensions. In the specific case of targeted pharmaceutical interventions a combination of therapies is often needed to achieve the desired results.
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Urtzi Etxeberria, Lilia Schurcks (eds), Series: Studies in Generative Grammar 116, Mouton de Gruyter. . 2009\. Quantification, Definiteness, and Nominalization. Giannakidou Anastasia and Monika Rathert (eds), Series Oxford Studies in Theoretical Linguistics, Oxford University Press. 1998\. Polarity Sensitivity as (Non)veridical Dependency.
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Theoria 42 (1–3): pp. 139–160. . (Reprinted in his compilation Essays on the Metaphysics of Modality, Oxford University Press). Another phrasing of the thesis is that the domain of unrestricted quantification ranges over all and only actual existents.Woodward, Richard (2011).
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Vibration based condition monitoring: a review. Structural Health Monitoring 3 (4), 355–377 conclude, “There is no universal agreement as to the optimum method for using measured vibration data for damage detection, location or quantification”. Similarly in 2007, Montalvao et al.
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A more robust quantification of colocalization can be achieved by combining digital object recognition, the calculation of the area overlap and combination with a pixel-intensity correlation value. This led to the concept of an object-corrected Pearson's correlation coefficient.
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The primer used for reverse transcription can contain a random sequence, which can be used to barcode cDNAs. This helps to identify PCR over-amplification effects in the high-throughput sequencing step and therefore improves the quantification of binding events.
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Quantitative mass spectrometry. Quantitative proteomics is an analytical chemistry technique for determining the amount of proteins in a sample. The methods for protein identification are identical to those used in general (i.e. qualitative) proteomics, but include quantification as an additional dimension.
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There is a natural variation in the speed with which young schoolchildren grasp mathematical concepts, and those that have extreme difficulty retaining the foundations of mathematical concepts (such as global quantification or numerosity perception) are considered to have developmental dyscalculia.
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To date, there are two main approaches used by scientists to quantitate, or establish the concentration, of nucleic acids (such as DNA or RNA) in a solution. These are spectrophotometric quantification and UV fluorescence tagging in presence of a DNA dye.
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These behavioral and physiological observations support the need to consider a 12-hour rhythmicity in the quantification of daily variations in physiological function and some kinds of cognitive performance in fatigue modeling efforts such as the Fatigue Avoidance Scheduling Tool.
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Relevant research projects comprise high-precision measurements of atomic spacings down to a few picometres,Press Release: Electron Microscopy Enters the Picometre Scale the identification of novel relaxation mechanisms together with the quantification of individual contributions towards the reduction of elastic stresses in lattice strained heterostructures, the quantification of interdiffusion related parameters in multilayer systems on the atomic scale as well as the measurement of dopant induced electrical fields by means of electron holography techniques. Material classes investigated include nanostructured electroceramics, complex metallic alloys, semiconductor materials and oxide superconductors together with lattice defects by advanced techniques electron microscopy.
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Nephelometry is a technique used in immunology to determine the levels of several blood plasma proteins. For example the total levels of antibodies isotypes or classes: Immunoglobulin M, Immunoglobulin G, and Immunoglobulin A. It is important in quantification of free light chains in diseases such as multiple myeloma. Quantification is important for disease classification and for disease monitoring once a patient has been treated (increased skewing of the ratio between kappa and lambda light chains after a patient has been treated is an indication of disease recurrence). It is performed by measuring the scattered light at an angle from the sample being measured.
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The MeCAT labelling allows relative and absolute quantification of all kind of proteins or other biomolecules like peptides. MeCAT comprises a site-specific biomolecule tagging group with at least a strong chelate group which binds metals. The MeCAT labelled proteins can be accurately quantified by ICP-MS down to low attomol amount of analyte which is at least 2–3 orders of magnitude more sensitive than other mass spectrometry based quantification methods. By introducing several MeCAT labels to a biomolecule and further optimization of LC-ICP-MS detection limits in the zeptomol range are within the realm of possibility.
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For genes encoding proteins, the expression level can be directly assessed by a number of methods with some clear analogies to the techniques for mRNA quantification. The most commonly used method is to perform a Western blot against the protein of interest—this gives information on the size of the protein in addition to its identity. A sample (often cellular lysate) is separated on a polyacrylamide gel, transferred to a membrane and then probed with an antibody to the protein of interest. The antibody can either be conjugated to a fluorophore or to horseradish peroxidase for imaging and/or quantification.
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While Boolos is usually credited with plural quantification, Peter Simons (1982) has argued that the essential idea can be found in the work of Stanislaw Leśniewski. Shortly before his death, Boolos chose 30 of his papers to be published in a book. The result is perhaps his most highly regarded work, his posthumous Logic, Logic, and Logic. This book reprints much of Boolos's work on the rehabilitation of Frege, as well as a number of his papers on set theory, second-order logic and nonfirstorderizability, plural quantification, proof theory, and three short insightful papers on Gödel's Incompleteness Theorem.
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While temporal and spatial variations in venting have been observed at this seep site, the local venting rate has been found to varyi over six orders of magnitude: the controls are still not well understood. New instrumentation at this site, including cabled multibeam sonar systems developed by the University of Bremen, now image the entire seep area of Southern Hydrate Ridge, scanning for plumes every two hours. An overview sonar and quantification sonar at the main study site "Einsteins Grotto", are providing new insights into the temporal, spatial and intensity of the plumes and quantification of methane flux from this highly dynamic environment.
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They are also the interior algebras corresponding to the modal logic S5, and so have also been called S5 algebras. In the relationship between preordered sets and interior algebras they correspond to the case where the preorder is an equivalence relation, reflecting the fact that such preordered sets provide the Kripke semantics for S5. This also reflects the relationship between the monadic logic of quantification (for which monadic Boolean algebras provide an algebraic description) and S5 where the modal operators □ (necessarily) and ◊ (possibly) can be interpreted in the Kripke semantics using monadic universal and existential quantification, respectively, without reference to an accessibility relation.
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Human Cognitive Reliability Correlation (HCR) is a technique used in the field of Human reliability Assessment (HRA), for the purposes of evaluating the probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. From such analyses measures can then be taken to reduce the likelihood of errors occurring within a system and therefore lead to an improvement in the overall levels of safety. There exist three primary reasons for conducting an HRA; error identification, error quantification and error reduction. As there exist a number of techniques used for such purposes, they can be split into one of two classifications; first generation techniques and second generation techniques. First generation techniques work on the basis of the simple dichotomy of ‘fits/doesn’t fit’ in the matching of the error situation in context with related error identification and quantification and second generation techniques are more theory based in their assessment and quantification of errors.
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The zone diameter from the ring is linearly related to the log of protein concentration and is compared to zone diameters for known protein standards for quantification. There are kits and serums commercially available for this assay (e.g. The Binding Site Inc.).
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In its application to the alethic modalities of possibility and necessity, Aristotle observed this case, and in the case of normal modal logic, the relationship of these modal operators to the quantification can be understood by setting up models using Kripke semantics.
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During data acquisition, the scan acquires raw data in the form of spectra. This raw data must be quantified to achieve a meaningful understanding of the spectrum. This quantification is achieved via linear combination. Linear combination is a technique that uses basis sets.
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Today, HPLC with UV-detection is the reference-method (e.g. DIN 10751-3). Classic methods for the quantification of HMF in food use photometry. The method according to White is a differential UV-photometry with and without sodium bisulfite-reduction of HMF.
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Due to its quantitative nature and sensitivity to certain kinds of material, potential QSM applications include standardized quantitative stratification of cerebral microbleeds and neurodegenerative disease, accurate gadolinium quantification in contrast enhanced MRI, and direct monitoring of targeted theranostic drug biodistribution in nanomedicine.
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1885 is the year usually given for this work. Reprinted Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, 3.359–403, Writings of Charles S. Peirce, 5:162–90, The Essential Peirce, 1:225–28, in part. he distinguished between first-order and second-order quantification.
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A detailed discussion about effects affecting quantification of SPECT images can be found in Hwang et al.Hwang AB, et al. Assessment of the sources of error affecting the quantitative accuracy of SPECT imaging in small animals. Phys Med Biol. 2008. 53:2233-2252.
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Although malodorous at high concentrations, it exhibits a sweet strawberry aroma when dilute. It is found in strawberriesUlrich, D. et al. 1995. Analysis of strawberry flavour - Quantification of the volatile components of varieties of cultivated and wild strawberries. Z. Lebensm. UNters. Forsch.
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There is currently no standardized technique to generate single-cell data, all methods must include cell isolation from the population, lysate formation, amplification through reverse transcription and quantification of expression levels. Common techniques for measuring expression are quantitative PCR or RNA-seq.
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Inadequate opening of the aortic valve, often through calcification, results in higher flow velocities through the valve and larger pressure gradients. Diagnosis of aortic stenosis is contingent upon quantification of this gradient. This condition also results in hypertrophy of the left ventricle.
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Identifying the vocalizer on underwater video by localizing with a hydrophone array. Animal Behavior and Cognition. 3(4): 288-298. Herzing has described a method for unbiased quantification of nonhuman intelligence which can be applied to other animals as well as dolphins.
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There is also a significant activity on all kinds of risk quantification, primarily within the energy sector. NR is the host for a Centre for research based innovation, Statistics for Innovation with a funding from the Research Council of Norway in the period 2007–2014.
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Quantifying vasculature parameters such as microvascular density has various complications due to preferential staining or limited representation of tissues by histological sections. Recent research has shown complete 3D reconstruction of tumor vascular structure and quantification of vessel structures in whole tumors in animal models.
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He used optimization for mesh generation, specifically interval assignment, deciding the right number of edges locally so the model can be meshed globally. Since 2011 he contributed sampling algorithms for computer graphics and uncertainty quantification, and algorithms for mesh generation (including duality) and surface reconstruction.
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The system makes it possible to observe left-right asymmetries, open quotient, propagation of mucosal waves, movement of the upper and, in the closing phase, the lower margins of the vocal folds, etc. The technique is suitable for further processing and quantification of recorded vibration.
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Field's approach has been very influential, but is widely rejected. This is in part because of the requirement of strong fragments of second-order logic to carry out his reduction, and because the statement of conservativity seems to require quantification over abstract models or deductions.
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Two assays using lacZ gene targeting PCR primers resulted from this study and were deemed compatible with the two lactic acid bacteria (LAB) species. This allowed for the direct quantification of Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus in cheese produced from unpasteurized cow's milk.
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ELISA Diagram Quantitative PCR utilizes polymerase chain reaction chemistry to amplify viral DNA or RNA to produce high enough concentrations for detection and quantification by fluorescence. In general, quantification by qPCR relies on serial dilutions of standards of known concentration being analyzed in parallel with the unknown samples for calibration and reference. Quantitative detection can be achieved using a wide variety of fluorescence detection strategies, including sequence specific probes or non-specific fluorescent dyes such as SYBR Green. Sequence specific probes, such as TaqMan (developed by Applied Biosystems), Molecular Beacons, or Scorpion, bind only to the DNA of the appropriate sequence produced during the reaction.
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The virus counter was developed in 2001 at University of Colorado in Boulder. The Single Nanometric Particle Enumerator (SNaPE) instrument was based on the principle of fluorescence detection from single stained nucleic acids aggregates by evaluating respiratory viruses. Quantification results from the instrument correlated with expected virus concentration and the values would be significantly higher than those obtained by standard plaque titer methods typically used for virus quantification. The measured concentrations were similar in magnitude to quantitative PCR results, both being substantially higher than plaque titer values. In 2004 the virus counter’s added a second detection channel to the SNaPE instrument which improved data analysis substantially to increase specificity.
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However, for such comparison, expression of the normalizing reference gene needs to be very similar across all the samples. Choosing a reference gene fulfilling this criterion is therefore of high importance, and often challenging, because only very few genes show equal levels of expression across a range of different conditions or tissues. Although cycle threshold analysis is integrated with many commercial software systems, there are more accurate and reliable methods of analysing amplification profile data that should be considered in cases where reproducibility is a concern. Mechanism-based qPCR quantification methods have also been suggested, and have the advantage that they do not require a standard curve for quantification.
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After all, the definition "let T be the tallest man in the room" defines T by means of quantification over a domain (men in the room) of which T is a member. But this is not problematic, they suggest, because the definition doesn't actually create the person, but merely shows how to pick him out of the totality. Similarly, they suggest, definitions don't actually create sets or properties or objects, but rather just give one way of picking out the already existing entity from the collection of which it is a part. Thus, this sort of circularity in terms of quantification can't cause any problems.
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For clarity, formulae are numbered on the left and the formula and rule used at each step is on the right The Skolem term c is a constant (a function of arity 0) because the quantification over x does not occur within the scope of any universal quantifier. If the original formula contained some universal quantifiers such that the quantification over x was within their scope, these quantifiers have evidently been removed by the application of the rule for universal quantifiers. The rule for existential quantifiers introduces new constant symbols. These symbols can be used by the rule for universal quantifiers, so that \forall y .
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Label-free quantification may be based on precursor signal intensity or on spectral counting. The first method is useful when applied to high precision mass spectra, such as those obtained using the new generation of time-of-flight (ToF), fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance (FTICR), or Orbitrap mass analyzers. The high-resolution power facilitates the extraction of peptide signals on the MS1 level and thus uncouples the quantification from the identification process. In contrast, spectral counting simply counts the number of spectra identified for a given peptide in different biological samples and then integrates the results for all measured peptides of the protein(s) that are quantified.
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However, fMRS requires very sophisticated data acquisition, quantification methods and interpretation of results. This is one of the main reasons why in the past it received less attention than other MR techniques, but the availability of stronger magnets and improvements in data acquisition and quantification methods are making fMRS more popular. Main limitations of fMRS are related to signal sensitivity and the fact that many metabolites of potential interest can not be detected with current fMRS techniques. Because of limited spatial and temporal resolution fMRS can not provide information about metabolites in different cell types, for example, whether lactate is used by neurons or by astrocytes during brain activation.
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Given some experimental measurements of a system and some computer simulation results from its mathematical model, inverse uncertainty quantification estimates the discrepancy between the experiment and the mathematical model (which is called bias correction), and estimates the values of unknown parameters in the model if there are any (which is called parameter calibration or simply calibration). Generally this is a much more difficult problem than forward uncertainty propagation; however it is of great importance since it is typically implemented in a model updating process. There are several scenarios in inverse uncertainty quantification: The outcome of bias correction, including an updated model (prediction mean) and prediction confidence interval.
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See in particular section 3.2, Many-Sorted Quantification. When there are only finitely many sorts in a theory, many-sorted first-order logic can be reduced to single-sorted first- order logic. Enderton, H. A Mathematical Introduction to Logic, second edition. Academic Press, 2001, pp.296–299.
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Risk Management Solutions (RMS), which targets the global property and casualty reinsurance industry, producing risk analysis models, services, expertise and data solutions for use in the quantification and management of catastrophic risk, is involved in catastrophe risk modelling, and is a subsidiary of the DMGT group.
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In neuropsychological assessment it is important to be able to accurately estimate premorbid intelligence. Accurate estimation allows the quantification of the impacts of neurological damage or decline, when compared to tests of current intelligence. The magnitude of decline is important for prognosis, rehabilitation planning and financial compensation.
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Another significant challenge for the method is how to quantify fish abundance from molecular data. Although there are some cases in which quantification has been possible there appears to be no consensus on how, or to what extent, molecular data can meet this aim for fish monitoring.
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The most common applications for the PTR-MS technique are environmental researchR. Beale, P. S. Liss, J. L. Dixon, P. D. Nightingale: Quantification of oxygenated volatile organic compounds in seawater by membrane inlet-proton transfer reaction/mass spectrometry. Anal. Chim. Acta (2011)., waste incineration, food scienceF.
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E. Potthoff, D. Ossola, T. Zambelli & J. A. Vorholt. Bacterial adhesion force quantification by fluidic force microscopy. (2015) Nanoscale, 7 (9), 4070 – 4079. Colloidal experiments give the opportunity to measure interaction forces between colloidal particles and surfaces as well as the local elasticity of complex substrates.
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The curiously recurring template pattern (CRTP) is an idiom in C++ in which a class `X` derives from a class template instantiation using `X` itself as template argument. More generally it is known as F-bound polymorphism, and it is a form of F-bounded quantification.
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Kaplan proved that it is nonfirstorderizable (the proof can be found in that article). Hence its paraphrase into a formal language commits us to quantification over (i.e. the existence of) sets. But some find it implausible that a commitment to sets is essential in explaining these sentences.
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"Evolution of the Shang Calendar," in Measuring the World and Beyond: The Archaeology of Early Quantification and Cosmology. Ed. Colin Renfrew and Iain Morley. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2010. "The Mythology of Early China," in Rituels, pantheons et techniques: Histoire de la religion chinoise avant les Tang.
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Pedotransfer functions relate basic soil properties to other more difficult or expensive to measure soil properties by means of regression and various data mining tools. Crucial to the operation of SINFERS are reliable inputs, the ability to link basic soil information, and the quantification of uncertainty.
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Qualitative research consists of a number of methods of inquiry that generally do not involve the quantification of variables. Qualitative methods can range from the content analysis of interviews or written material to written narratives of observations. Common methods include ethnography, case studies, historical methods, and interviews.
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1, Swenson 1944n 1959, 1971 p. 232ff Can we ever know how inspiration happens? Later in Concluding Unscientific Poscript he wrote; "inspiration is indeed an object of faith, is qualitatively dialectical, not attainable by means of quantification."Concluding Unscientific Postscript to Philosophical Fragments, Hong 1992 p.
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This abyssal plain occupies an area of about . Across this basin, slope angles are generally less than 0.01°.Alibés, B., Canals, M., Alonso, B., Lebreiro, S.M. and Weaver, P.P.E., 1996. Quantification of Neogene and Quaternary sediment input to the Madeira Abyssal Plain. Geogaceta, 20(2), pp.
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Influence Diagrams Approach (IDA) is a technique used in the field of Human reliability Assessment (HRA), for the purposes of evaluating the probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. From such analyses measures can then be taken to reduce the likelihood of errors occurring within a system and therefore lead to an improvement in the overall levels of safety. There exist three primary reasons for conducting an HRA; error identification, error quantification and error reduction. As there exist a number of techniques used for such purposes, they can be split into one of two classifications; first generation techniques and second generation techniques. First generation techniques work on the basis of the simple dichotomy of ‘fits/doesn’t fit’ in the matching of the error situation in context with related error identification and quantification and second generation techniques are more theory based in their assessment and quantification of errors. ‘HRA techniques have been utilised in a range of industries including healthcare, engineering, nuclear, transportation and business sector; each technique has varying uses within different disciplines.
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Success Likelihood Index Method (SLIM) is a technique used in the field of Human reliability Assessment (HRA), for the purposes of evaluating the probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. From such analyses measures can then be taken to reduce the likelihood of errors occurring within a system and therefore lead to an improvement in the overall levels of safety. There exist three primary reasons for conducting an HRA; error identification, error quantification and error reduction. As there exist a number of techniques used for such purposes, they can be split into one of two classifications; first generation techniques and second generation techniques. First generation techniques work on the basis of the simple dichotomy of ‘fits/doesn’t fit’ in the matching of the error situation in context with related error identification and quantification and second generation techniques are more theory based in their assessment and quantification of errors. ‘HRA techniques have been utilised in a range of industries including healthcare, engineering, nuclear, transportation and business sector; each technique has varying uses within different disciplines.
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Microfluidic devices allow the quantification of cffDNA segments in maternal plasma with accuracy beyond that of real-time PCR. Point mutations, loss of heterozygosity and aneuploidy can be detected in a single PCR step. Digital PCR can differentiate between maternal blood plasma and fetal DNA in a multiplex fashion.
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Lightstone earned his PhD from the University of Toronto in 1955, under the supervision of Abraham Robinson; his thesis was entitled Contributions To The Theory Of Quantification. He was a professor of mathematics at Carleton University and Queen's University.Queen's University Academic Calendar, Mathematics and Statistics , retrieved 2011-03-31.
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The Department of Chemical Biology focusses on the visualization and manipulation of biological activities in live cells. The in vivo localization and quantification of protein activities, metabolites and other important parameters has become a central quest in biology, but the majority of cellular processes remain invisible, to date.
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Bare nouns, especially bare plurals, have significant implications on the theory of quantification in semantics.Delfitto, D. (2006) Bare Plurals, in The Blackwell Companion to Syntax (eds M. Everaert and H. van Riemsdijk), Blackwell Publishing, Malden, MA, USA. doi: 10.1002/9780470996591.ch8 Consider the following examples: (1) Cats are animals.
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Cross-recurrence quantification (CRQ) is a non-linear method that quantifies how similarly two observed data series unfold over time. CRQ produces measures reflecting coordination, such as how often two data series have similar values or reflect similar system states (called percentage recurrence, or %REC), among other measures.
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The result is reported as quantification of IFN-gamma in international units (IU) per mL. An individual is considered positive for M. tuberculosis infection if the IFN-gamma response to TB antigens is above the test cut-off (after subtracting the background IFN-gamma response in the negative control).
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So some would define > behavioralism as an attempt to apply the methods of natural sciences to > human behavior. Others would define it as an excessive emphasis upon > quantification. Others as individualistic reductionism. From the inside, the > practitioners were of different minds as what it was that constituted > behavioralism.
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As with the theory of conjoint measurement, the significance of polynomial conjoint measurement lies in the quantification of natural attributes in the absence of concatenation operations. Polynomial conjoint measurement differs from the two attribute case discovered by Luce & Tukey (1964) in that more complex composition rules are involved.
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A literature survey reveals very few methods are reported for the determination of metaxalone to date. Nirogi et al. reported a liquid chromatographic method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry for the quantification of metaxalone in human plasma. A stability-indicating HPLC method was introduced by P.K. Sahu et al.
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Advancements in SRM and MRM clinical assays also allow for analyzing proteolytic signature biomarkers in patient samples and can be complemented by PSP quantification. Deciphering these networks will aid drug design in understanding which substrates perform useful roles versus harmful ones to determine which should be targeted by drugs.
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Blood samples following oral administration of levamisole out to 172 hr post-dose did not demonstrate any plasma aminorex levels above that of the limit of quantification (LoQ). Additionally, in cocaine-positive plasma samples, of which 42% contained levamisole, aminorex was never reported at concentrations higher than LoQ.
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After Spanish colonization of the Americas began, cochineals were shipped worldwide as a commercial product. The dried bodies of the female insects are roughly 12 to 16% carminic acid.Reyes-Salas, O., et al. (2011). Titrimetric and polarographic determination of carminic acid and its quantification in cochineal (Dactylopius coccus) extracts.
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Virus quantification involves counting the number of viruses in a specific volume to determine the virus concentration. It is utilized in both research and development (R&D;) in commercial and academic laboratories as well as production situations where the quantity of virus at various steps is an important variable. For example, the production of viral vaccines, recombinant proteins using viral vectors and viral antigens all require virus quantification to continually adapt and monitor the process in order to optimize production yields and respond to ever changing demands and applications. Examples of specific instances where known viruses need to be quantified include clone screening, multiplicity of infection (MOI) optimization and adaptation of methods to cell culture.
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First generation techniques work on the basis of the simple dichotomy of 'fits/doesn't fit' in the matching of the error situation in context with related error identification and quantification and second generation techniques are more theory based in their assessment and quantification of errors. HRA techniques have been utilised in a range of industries including healthcare, engineering, nuclear, transportation and business sector; each technique has varying uses within different disciplines. HEART method is based upon the principle that every time a task is performed there is a possibility of failure and that the probability of this is affected by one or more Error Producing Conditions (EPCs) – for instance: distraction, tiredness, cramped conditions etc. – to varying degrees.
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XPS is widely used to generate an empirical formula because it readily yields excellent quantitative accuracy from homogeneous solid-state materials. Absolute quantification requires the use of certified (or independently verified) standard samples, and is generally more challenging, and less common. Relative quantification involves comparisons between several samples in a set for which one or more analytes are varied while all other components (the sample matrix) are held constant. Quantitative accuracy depends on several parameters such as: signal-to-noise ratio, peak intensity, accuracy of relative sensitivity factors, correction for electron transmission function, surface volume homogeneity, correction for energy dependence of electron mean free path, and degree of sample degradation due to analysis.
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Unlike end point PCR (conventional PCR), real time PCR allows monitoring of the desired product at any point in the amplification process by measuring fluorescence (in real time frame, measurement is made of its level over a given threshold). A commonly employed method of DNA quantification by real- time PCR relies on plotting fluorescence against the number of cycles on a logarithmic scale. A threshold for detection of DNA-based fluorescence is set 3–5 times of the standard deviation of the signal noise above background. The number of cycles at which the fluorescence exceeds the threshold is called the threshold cycle (Ct) or, according to the MIQE guidelines, quantification cycle (Cq).
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Relative quantification is easier to carry out as it does not require a calibration curve as the amount of the studied gene is compared to the amount of a control reference gene. As the units used to express the results of relative quantification are unimportant the results can be compared across a number of different RTqPCR. The reason for using one or more housekeeping genes is to correct non-specific variation, such as the differences in the quantity and quality of RNA used, which can affect the efficiency of reverse transcription and therefore that of the whole PCR process. However, the most crucial aspect of the process is that the reference gene must be stable.
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Challenges for automatic software-based analysis include incompletely separated (overlapping) spots (less-defined and/or separated), weak spots / noise (e.g., "ghost spots"), running differences between gels (e.g., protein migrates to different positions on different gels), unmatched/undetected spots, leading to missing values,What are missing values, and why are they a problem? mismatched spots , errors in quantification (several distinct spots may be erroneously detected as a single spot by the software and/or parts of a spot may be excluded from quantification), and differences in software algorithms and therefore analysis tendencies Generated picking lists can be used for the automated in-gel digestion of protein spots, and subsequent identification of the proteins by mass spectrometry.
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The β function is arithmetically definable in an obvious way, because it uses only arithmetic operations and the remainder function which is arithmetically definable. It is therefore representable in Robinson arithmetic and stronger theories such as Peano arithmetic. By fixing the first two arguments appropriately, one can arrange that the values obtained by varying the final argument from 0 to n run through any specified (n+1)-tuple of natural numbers (the β lemma described in detail below). This allows simulating the quantification over sequences of natural numbers of arbitrary length, which cannot be done directly in the language of arithmetic, by quantification over just two numbers, to be used as the first two arguments of the β function.
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Some proteins function as receptors and can be detected during purification steps by a ligand binding assay, often using a radioactive ligand. In order to evaluate the process of multistep purification, the amount of the specific protein has to be compared to the amount of total protein. The latter can be determined by the Bradford total protein assay or by absorbance of light at 280 nm, however some reagents used during the purification process may interfere with the quantification. For example, imidazole (commonly used for purification of polyhistidine-tagged recombinant proteins) is an amino acid analogue and at low concentrations will interfere with the bicinchoninic acid (BCA) assay for total protein quantification.
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Predicate logic was introduced to the mathematical community by C. S. Peirce, who coined the term second-order logic and whose notation is most similar to the modern form (Putnam 1982). However, today most students of logic are more familiar with the works of Frege, who published his work several years prior to Peirce but whose works remained less known until Bertrand Russell and Alfred North Whitehead made them famous. Frege used different variables to distinguish quantification over objects from quantification over properties and sets; but he did not see himself as doing two different kinds of logic. After the discovery of Russell's paradox it was realized that something was wrong with his system.
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Recursion theory includes the study of generalized notions of this field such as arithmetic reducibility, hyperarithmetical reducibility and α-recursion theory, as described by Sacks (1990). These generalized notions include reducibilities that cannot be executed by Turing machines but are nevertheless natural generalizations of Turing reducibility. These studies include approaches to investigate the analytical hierarchy which differs from the arithmetical hierarchy by permitting quantification over sets of natural numbers in addition to quantification over individual numbers. These areas are linked to the theories of well-orderings and trees; for example the set of all indices of recursive (nonbinary) trees without infinite branches is complete for level \Pi^1_1 of the analytical hierarchy.
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Infinitary logic allows infinitely long sentences. For example, one may allow a conjunction or disjunction of infinitely many formulas, or quantification over infinitely many variables. Infinitely long sentences arise in areas of mathematics including topology and model theory. Infinitary logic generalizes first-order logic to allow formulas of infinite length.
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BEAMing is often used in cancer research to conduct assessments of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA), also known as a liquid biopsy. It also allows for the quantification of a sample’s mutant fraction, which can be tracked over time using serial plasma measurements. The method has a sensitivity threshold of 0.01%.
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In 2003 with the Quantification Settlement Agreement (QSA), CVWD's quantified right to Colorado River Water is 450,000 acre feet. Colorado River Water is used primarily for agricultural irrigation. Colorado River water can also be used to irrigate golf courses and for percolation into the ground to replenish the aquifer. Recycled Water.
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E. Potthoff, O. Guillaume - Gentil, D. Ossola, J. Polesel - Maris, S. LeibundGut - Landmann, T. Zambelli & J. A. Vorholt. Rapid and Serial Quantification of Adhesion Forces of Yeast and Mammalian Cells. PLoS ONE, 7 (12), e52712. 2013\. P. Dörig, D. Ossola, A. M. Truong, M. Graf, F. Stauffer, J. Vörös & T. Zambelli.
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Exchangeable colloidal AFM probes for the quantification of irreversible and long-term interactions. Biophysical Journal, 105 (2), 463 – 472. The method to perform a single bacteria adhesion experiment is the same as for single cells. It provides information about how bacterial cells interact with their surface and with each other.2015\.
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Kenneth Foote (born August 2, 1948) from the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA was named Fellow of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) in 2015 for contributions to quantification of underwater sound scattering. He also competed in the men's quadruple sculls event at the 1976 Summer Olympics.
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The silver nanoparticles that pass through wastewater treatment plants undergo transformations in the environment through changes in aggregation state, oxidation state, precipitation of secondary phases, or sorption of organic species.Laglera L, Tovar-Sanchez A (2012). Direct recognition and quantification by volammetry of thiol/thioamide mixes in seawater. Talanta, 89: 496-504.
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Willcox became a Member of the New Zealand Order of Merit in 2017. She was elected as a fellow of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics in 2018, "for contributions to model reduction and multifidelity methods, with applications in optimization, control, design, and uncertainty quantification of large-scale systems".
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HCD does not suffer from the low mass cutoff of resonant-excitation (CID) and therefore is useful for isobaric tag–based quantification as reporter ions can be observed. Despite the name, the collision energy of HCD is typically in the regime of low energy collision induced dissociation (less than 100 eV).
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The loss must be reasonably foreseeable and not too remote. Financial losses are usually simple to quantify but in complex cases which involve loss of pension entitlements and future loss projections, the instructing solicitor will usually employ a specialist expert actuary or accountant to assist with the quantification of the loss.
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Gas chromatography laboratory Analytical chemistry studies and uses instruments and methods used to separate, identify, and quantify matter. In practice, separation, identification or quantification may constitute the entire analysis or be combined with another method. Separation isolates analytes. Qualitative analysis identifies analytes, while quantitative analysis determines the numerical amount or concentration.
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As Quine puts it, > the general adoption of class variables of quantification ushers in a theory > whose laws were not in general expressible in the antecedent levels of > logic. The price paid for this increased power is ontological: objects of a > special and abstract kind, viz. classes, are now presupposed.
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A simple method for elimination of false positive results is to include anchors, or tags, to the 5' region of a gene specific primer. Additionally, planning and design of quantification studies can be technically challenging due to the existence of numerous sources of variation including template concentration and amplification efficiency.
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The capture step has been implemented using antibodies bound to magnetic beadsWhiteaker J, Zhao L, Zhang H, Feng L, Piening B, Anderson L, et al. Antibody-based enrichment of peptides on magnetic beads for mass- spectrometry-based quantification of serum biomarkers. Anal Biochem [Internet]. 2007 Mar 1;362(1):44–54.
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Uncertainty Quantification capabilities in pSeven DATADVANCE Ships pSeven v4.0 for Data Analysis, Optimization, TenLinks CAD, CAM and CAE news are based on OpenTURNS library. They are used to improve the quality of the designed products, manage potential risks at the design, manufacturing and operating stages and to guarantee product reliability.
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"Nominal Reference, Temporal Constitution and Quantification in Event Semantics". In R. Bartsch, J. van Benthem, P. von Emde Boas (eds.), Semantics and Contextual Expression, Dordrecht: Foris Publication. Many nouns have both countable and uncountable uses; for example, soda is countable in "give me three sodas", but uncountable in "he likes soda".
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InDevR is a biotechnology company that develops advanced life science instrumentation and assays for analysis of viruses and other microorganisms as well as protein detection and characterization, with product focus on Virus Quantification and pathogen detection/identification. InDevR Inc. is a privately held, woman-owned small business located in Boulder, Colorado, USA.
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Firearm hazard is quite notable, with a significant impact on the health system. In 2001, for quantification purpose, it was estimated that the cost of fatalities and injuries was US$4700 million per year in Canada (US$170 per Canadian) and US$100,000 million per year in the USA (US$300 per American).
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The stress associated with caring for chronically ill family members may result in stress for the caregiver. Home care providers i.e. spouses, children of elderly parents and parents themselves contribute a huge sum in the national economy. In most parts, the economic contribution or quantification of home care providers is not accounted for.
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Salinas’s research focuses on reducing the negative impact of stroke, dementia, and brain aging by harnessing insights gained from integrating epidemiology, social and behavioral sciences, and digital phenotyping (i.e., the moment-by-moment quantification of the individual-level human phenotype in daily life using data from smartphones and other personal digital devices).
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There are many benefits to using a mass spectrometric immunoassay. Most importantly, the assay is extremely fast and the data are reproducible, and automated. They are sensitive, precise and allows for absolute quantification. Analytes can be detected to low detection limits (as low as picomolar) and the assay covers a wide dynamic range.
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In mathematics an existentially quantified variable may represent multiple values, but only one at a time. Existential quantification is the disjunction of many instances of an equation. In each equation is one value for the variable. However, in mathematics, an expression with no free variables must have one and only one value.
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Fetal cell DNA has been directly sequenced using shotgun sequencing technology. This DNA was obtained from the blood plasma of eighteen pregnant women. This was followed by mapping the chromosome using the quantification of fragments. This was done using advanced methods in DNA sequencing resulting in the parallel sequencing of the fetal DNA.
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In di-quaternary ammonium compounds, this process can also result in the formation of fragment ions with higher mass as compared to their precursor ion. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic separation has been reported to demonstrate a successful separation of quaternary ammonium compounds for their quantification in ESI-MS/MS with higher precision.
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Note that an individual instance of the sentence, such as "Alice, Bob and Carol admire only one another", need not involve sets and is equivalent to the conjunction of the following first-order sentences: :∀x(if Alice admires x, then x = Bob or x = Carol) :∀x(if Bob admires x, then x = Alice or x = Carol) :∀x(if Carol admires x, then x = Alice or x = Bob) where x ranges over all critics (it being taken as read that critics cannot admire themselves). But this seems to be an instance of "some people admire only one another", which is nonfirstorderizable. Boolos argued that 2nd-order monadic quantification may be systematically interpreted in terms of plural quantification, and that, therefore, 2nd-order monadic quantification is "ontologically innocent".. Later, Oliver & Smiley (2001), Rayo (2002), Yi (2005) and McKay (2006) argued that sentences such as :They are shipmates :They are meeting together :They lifted a piano :They are surrounding a building :They admire only one another also cannot be interpreted in monadic second-order logic. This is because predicates such as "are shipmates", "are meeting together", "are surrounding a building" are not distributive.
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Cycle of quantification/qualification (Cq) is a parameter used in real-time polymerase chain reaction techniques, indicating the cycle number where a PCR amplification curve meets a predefined mathematical criterion. A Cq may be used for quantification of the target sequence or to determine whether the target sequence is present or not. Two criteria to determine the Cq are used by different thermocyclers: Threshold Cycle (Ct) is the number of cycles required for the fluorescent signal to cross a given value threshold. Usually, the threshold is set above the baseline, about 10 times the standard deviation of the noise of the baseline, to avoid random effects on the Ct. However, the threshold shouldn't be set much higher than that to avoid reduced reproducibility due to uncontrolled factors.
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There are two major types of problems in uncertainty quantification: one is the forward propagation of uncertainty (where the various sources of uncertainty are propagated through the model to predict the overall uncertainty in the system response) and the other is the inverse assessment of model uncertainty and parameter uncertainty (where the model parameters are calibrated simultaneously using test data). There has been a proliferation of research on the former problem and a majority of uncertainty analysis techniques were developed for it. On the other hand, the latter problem is drawing increasing attention in the engineering design community, since uncertainty quantification of a model and the subsequent predictions of the true system response(s) are of great interest in designing robust systems.
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This allows quantification of change in prevalence of a certain phenotype, indicating the type of selection. The third type of data is differences in allelic frequencies across space. This compares selection occurring in different populations and environmental conditions. The fourth type of data is DNA sequences from the genes contributing to observes phenotypic differences.
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WP4000 starts out with hydrological investigations covering the whole Mekong basin including the impacts of climate change. But quantification of water resources is just one side of the IWRM coin: water quality is the other essential aspect. Therefore, WP4000 dedicates approximately half of the work volume to studies investigating water quality issues in the delta.
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In the last decade however, advances in mass spectrometry technology have allowed the detection and quantification of minute, naturally occurring variations in the ratios of the stable isotopes of iron. Much of this work has been driven by the Earth and planetary science communities, although applications to biological and industrial systems are beginning to emerge.
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LT50 is the median Lethal Time (time until death) after exposure of an organism to a toxic substance or stressful condition. LT50 is commonly used in toxicology studies to quantify amount of a stressor necessary to kill an organism. LT50 can be used in conjunction with EC50 (median Exposure Concentration) for even more precise quantification.
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Their work determined that these are likely the largest known marine seeps.Hornafius, J.S., Quigley, D. and Luyendyk, B.P., The World’s Most Spectacular Marine Hydrocarbon Seeps (Coal Oil Point, Santa Barbara Channel, California): Quantification of Emissions, J. Geophys. Res. - Oceans 104: 20,703-20,711, 1999. They discovered a decrease in seepage over the prior two decades.
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Under occupational health and safety laws around the world,Concha- Barrientos, M., Imel, N.D., Driscoll, T., Steenland, N.K., Punnett, L., Fingerhut, M.A., Prüss-Üstün, A., Leigh, J., Tak, S.W., Corvalàn, C. (2004). Selected occupational risk factors. In M. Ezzati, A.D. Lopez, A. Rodgers & C.J.L. Murray (Eds.), Comparative Quantification of Health Risks. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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A number of techniques exist to quantitatively analyze metallographic specimens. These techniques are valuable in the research and production of all metals and alloys and non-metallic or composite materials. Microstructural quantification is performed on a prepared, two-dimensional plane through the three-dimensional part or component. Measurements may involve simple metrology techniques, e.g.
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The matching law is theoretically important for several reasons. First, it offers a simple quantification of behavior that can be applied to a number of situations. Secondly, offers a lawful account of choice. As Herrnstein (1970) expressed it, under an operant analysis, choice is nothing but behavior set into the context of other behavior.
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Though generally pursued outside of the mainstream methods, there are conceptions of utility that do not rely on quantification. For example, the Austrian school generally attributes value to the satisfaction of wants,Menger, Carl; Grundsätze der Volkswirtschaftslehre (Principles of Economics) Chapter 2 §2.Georgescu-Roegen, Nicholas; Utility, International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences (1968).
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Evaluation of changes in body composition is limited by the difficulty in measuring muscle mass and health in a non-invasive and cost-effective way. Imaging with quantification of muscle mass has been investigated including bioelectrical impedance analysis, computed tomography, Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA), and magnetic resonance imaging but are not widely used.
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More recently, a sensitive method has been developed for analysis of cyanuric acid in urine.Panuwet P, Wade EL, Nguyen JV, Montesano MA, Needham LL, Barr DB. Quantification of cyanuric acid residue in human urine using high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010 878(28):2916-2922.
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In accounting, value stream costing (VSC) is a technique of costing which entails identifying and calculating costs for all the process steps required for providing value to the customer. It begins with a mapping and tracking all the process steps that provide the value and then quantification of the value created by each step.
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The "Toolkit for identification and quantification of mercury releases", the "Mercury Toolkit", is intended to assist countries to develop a mercury releases inventory. It provides a standardized methodology and accompanying database enabling the development of consistent national and regional mercury inventories. National inventories will assist countries to identify and address mercury releases.United Nations Environment Programme.
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Quantifiers in Matis are a closed class of words that can be used to modify nouns, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives. The functions of quantifiers differ depending on their syntactic position. Quantifiers placed after a noun always function in quantification. However, when a quantifier is placed after an adverb or adjective, it functions as an intensifier.
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Altintas, Can, and Patton (2007) introduce a systematic approach to language change quantification by studying unconsciously-used language features in time-separated parallel translations. For this purpose, they use objective style markers such as vocabulary richness and lengths of words, word stems and suffixes, and employ statistical methods to measure their changes over time.
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A second approach to DIA data analysis is based on a targeted analysis, also known as SWATH-MS (Sequential Windowed Acquisition of All Theoretical Fragment Ion Mass Spectra). This approach uses targeted extraction of fragment ion traces directly for identification and quantification without an explicit attempt to de-multiplex the DIA fragment ion spectra.
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The non- radiogenic Pb content in many laboratory tests was found to be very low, nearly always less than 1 ppm. The most common error arising from this assumption is contamination with lead during sample preparation.Scherrer, N. C., Engi, M., Gnos, E., Jakob, V., & Liechti, A. (2000). Monazite analysis; from sample preparation to microprobe age dating and REE quantification.
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It is fast, non-invasive, and provides a plethora of data output. Micro-PAT can image the brain with high spatial resolution, detect molecular targeted contrast agents, simultaneously quantify functional parameters such as SO2 and HbT, and provide complementary information from functional and molecular imaging which would be extremely useful in tumor quantification and cell-centered therapeutic analysis.
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Assessment of the Pharmaceutical Human Resources in Tanzania and Strategic Framework , Dar es Salaam, 2010. Accessed 13 July 2011. The main job duties of pharmaceutical technicians include dispensing, stock management, compounding, quantification of pharmaceutical formulations, and laboratory work. In some areas of the country facing acute shortage of physicians and other clinicians, pharmacy technicians have also been found prescribing.
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However, the triple quadrupole has the advantage of being cheaper, easy to operate and highly efficient. Also, when operated in the selected reaction monitoring mode, the TQMS has superior detection sensitivity as well as quantification. The triple quadrupole allows the study of low-energy low- molecule reactions, which is useful when small molecules are being analyzed.
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Maciver DH. A new method for quantification of left ventricular systolic function using a corrected ejection fraction.Eur J Echocardiogr. 2011 Mar;12(3):228-34 This has led to the concept of "pure diastolic heart failure" being discarded. The preferred term is now heart failure with normal ejection fraction (HFNEF) or heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF).
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Global Estimates of Health Consequences due to Violence against Children at note 8, based on estimates by G. Andrews et al., Child sexual abuse, chapter 23 in M. Ezzati et al., (2004) Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and regional burden of disease attributable to selected major risk factors (Geneva, World Health Organization, 2004), volume. 2, pp.
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The considerably small size of protein macromolecules makes identification and quantification of unknown protein samples particularly difficult. Several reliable methods for quantifying protein have been developed to simplify the process. These methods include Warburg-Christian, Lowry Assay, and Bradford Assay (all of which rely on absorbance properties of macromolecules). Bradford assay method uses a dye to bind to protein.
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Dascalescu's interests include transhumanism, life extension, physical fitness and self-quantification. He completed the P90X program and presented his findings at the 2011 Quantified Self conference, contrasting it with the Occam Protocol described by Tim Ferriss in Four Hour Body. He is an open-source contributor, advocates for English to be used as a global language and challenges religion.
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Identification and quantification of potential disease biomarkers can be seen as the driving force for the analysis of exhaled breath. Moreover, future applications for medical diagnosis and therapy control with dynamic assessments of normal physiological function or pharmacodynamics are intended. Exogenous VOCs penetrating the body as a result of environmental exposure can be used to quantify body burden.
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The paradigm shift had its strongest repercussions in the sub-field of economic and urban geography, especially as it pertains to location theory. However, some geographers–such as Ian Burton–expressed their dissatisfaction with quantification\--as cited in Johnston, Ron and Sideway James (2016). Geography and Geographers: Anglo- American Human Geography since 1945 (7th ed). New York: Routledge.
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Transpersonal psychology has been noted for undervaluing quantitative methods as a tool for improving our knowledge of spiritual and transpersonal categories. This is, according to commentators, a consequence of a general orientation within the field that regards spiritual and transpersonal experience to be categories that defy conceptualization and quantification, and thereby not well suited for conventional scientific inquiry.
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Experiments demonstrated that random combinations of pore size and shape result in lower Young's moduli. Theoretical models for the quantification of Young's moduli do not account for random pore size and shape distribution, so experimental measurements must be conducted in the presence of heterogeneous pore size and distribution. This is a limitation of the micro-mechanical models discussed above.
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Vanhee, L.M.E., H.J. Nelis, and T. Coenye, Rapid Detection and Quantification of Aspergillus fumigatus in Environmental Air Samples Using Solid-Phase Cytometry. Environmental Science & Technology, 2009. 43(9): p. 3233-3239. Some other human diseases and symptoms have been proposed to be associated with indoor bioaerosol, but no deterministic conclusions could be drawn due to the insufficiency of evidence.
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Wide-scan or survey spectrum of a somewhat dirty silicon wafer, showing all elements present. A survey spectrum is usually the starting point of most XPS analyses. It allows one to set up subsequent high-resolution XPS spectra acquisition. The inset shows a quantification table indicating the atomic species, their atomic percentages and characteristic binding energies.
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A precursor/product pair is often referred to as a transition. Much work goes into ensuring that transitions are selected that have maximum specificity. Using isotopic labeling with heavy-labeled (e.g., D, 13C, or 15N) peptides to a complex matrix as concentration standards, SRM can be used to construct a calibration curve that can provide the absolute quantification (i.e.
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The goals of a MSA are: # Quantification of measurement uncertainty, including the accuracy, precision including repeatability and reproducibility, the stability and linearity of these quantities over time and across the intended range of use of the measurement process. # Development of improvement plans, when needed. # Decision about whether a measurement process is adequate for a specific engineering/manufacturing application.
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According to McLuhan, the advent of print technology contributed to and made possible most of the salient trends in the Modern period in the Western world: individualism, democracy, Protestantism, capitalism and nationalism. For McLuhan, these trends all reverberate with print technology's principle of "segmentation of actions and functions and principle of visual quantification."Gutenberg Galaxy p. 154.
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Harper, 1961, and Irving Copi's Introduction to Logic, p. 141, Macmillan, 1953. All sources give virtually identical explanations. Copi (1953) and Stebbing (1931) both limit the application to categorical propositions, and in Symbolic Logic, 1979, Copi limits the use of the process, remarking on its "absorption" into the Rules of Replacement in quantification and the axioms of class algebra.
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First-order logic quantifies only variables that range over individuals; second-order logic, in addition, also quantifies over sets; third-order logic also quantifies over sets of sets, and so on. Higher-order logic is the union of first-, second-, third-, …, nth-order logic; i.e., higher-order logic admits quantification over sets that are nested arbitrarily deeply.
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The concentration of purified protein solutions in the laboratory is useful in determining yield and measuring the success of a prep. MDS reports concentration as well as size for each test. Since the detection is not based on inherent fluorescence of tryptophan or tyrosine residues, MDS has been used as an alternative to A280 UV-Vis quantification.
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Cardiac magnetic resonance (CMR) is capable of measuring the thickness of different areas of the heart. This can be used for quantification of the deposits in the heart. CMR also shows the characterization of myocardial tissue through patterns of gadolinium enhancements. However, none of the CMR technique is able to differentiate ATTR-CM and AL-CM definitely.
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Garzanti Editori. Milan. Outside philosophy, Putnam contributed to mathematics and computer science. Together with Martin Davis he developed the Davis–Putnam algorithm for the Boolean satisfiability problemDavis, M. and Putnam, H. "A computing procedure for quantification theory" in Journal of the ACM, 7:201–215, 1960. and he helped demonstrate the unsolvability of Hilbert's tenth problem.
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The difference or distance between two colors is a metric of interest in color science. It allows quantified examination of a notion that formerly could only be described with adjectives. Quantification of these properties is of great importance to those whose work is color-critical. Common definitions make use of the Euclidean distance in a device independent color space.
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FPIA has emerged as a viable technique for quantification of small molecules in mixtures, including: pesticides, mycotoxins in food, pharmaceutical compounds in wastewater, metabolites in urine and serum indicative of drug use (cannabinoids, amphetamines, barbiturates, cocaine, benzodiazepines, methadone, opiates, and PCP), and other small molecule toxins. As well as with the analysis of hormone-receptor interactions.
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Real-time techniques allow for quantification of the virus. The IQ2000TM TSV detection system, a RT-PCR method, is said to have a detection limit of 10 copies per reaction. RNA-based methods are limited by the relative fragility of the viral RNA. Prolonged fixation in Davidsons' fixative might result in RNA degradation due to fixative-induced acid hydrolysis.
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For quantification, see the equation in the article on solubility equilibrium. For highly defective crystals, solubility may increase with the increasing degree of disorder. Both of these effects occur because of the dependence of solubility constant on the Gibbs energy of the crystal. The last two effects, although often difficult to measure, are of practical importance.
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The development of FEHM has been motivated subsurface physics of applications and also by the requirements of model calibration, uncertainty quantification, and error analysis. FEHM possesses unique features and capabilities that are of general interest to the subsurface flow and transport community and it is well suited to hydrology, geothermal, petroleum reservoir applications, and CO2 sequestration.
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There are several hybrid technologies that use antibody-based purification of individual analytes and then perform mass spectrometric analysis for identification and quantification. Examples of these methods are the MSIA (mass spectrometric immunoassay), developed by Randall Nelson in 1995, and the SISCAPA (Stable Isotope Standard Capture with Anti-Peptide Antibodies) method, introduced by Leigh Anderson in 2004.
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Explained previously by (Lee, Choe, Aggarwal, 2017). A key benefit of isobaric labeling over other quantification techniques (e.g. label- free) is the multiplex capabilities and thus increased throughput potential. The ability to combine and analyze several samples simultaneously in one LC-MS run eliminates the need to analyze multiple data sets and eliminates run-to- run variation.
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Reinterpretation of the Abu Hureyra plant remains will continue, both as new archaeobotanical data and theory arises from new excavations, and will be accelerated in the event of further analysis of the Abu Hureyra assemblages. The final publication summarises the results by seed density; it is likely that full quantification and renewed identification efforts will lead to fresh views.
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"Magnetoencephalography-directed surgery in patients with neocortical epilepsy" Journal of Neurosurgery 97, no. 4 (2002): 865-873. Research on in vivo magnetic resonance spectroscopy focuses on brain metabolismKreis, Roland, Thomas Ernst, and Brian D. Ross. "Development of the human brain: in vivo quantification of metabolite and water content with proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy." Magnetic Resonance in Medicine 30, no.
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The classic quantification of a marketing plan appears in the form of budgets. Because these are so rigorously quantified, they are particularly important. They should, thus, represent an unequivocal projection of actions and expected results. What is more, they should be capable of being monitored accurately; and, indeed, performance against budget is the main (regular) management review process.
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Patients in such a dramatically altered state of consciousness present unique problems for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment. Assessment of cognitive functions remaining after a traumatic brain injury is difficult. Voluntary movements may be very small, inconsistent and easily exhausted. Quantification of brain activity differentiates patients who sometimes only differ by a brief and small movement of a finger.
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Undoubtedly, Spaulding's greatest contribution to the field of archaeology was his insistence on using appropriate methods, namely quantification. He asserted that quantitative applications promoted a more accurate methodology— a necessary component of scientific research.Voorhies, Barbara. (1992). This is reflected in his hypotheses of archaeological data, where patterns can be inductively extracted from an attentive analysis of the data itself.
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Whole-body plethysmography is used to measure respiratory parameters in conscious unrestrained subjects, including quantification of bronchoconstriction. The standard plethysmograph sizes are for the study of mice, rats and guinea pigs. On request, larger plethysmographs can also be manufactured for other animals, such as rabbits, dogs, pigs, or primates. The plethysmograph has two chambers, each fitted with a pneumotachograph.
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Our real-life events are influenced by numerous probabilistic events and the effect of all probabilistic events can be predicted by a narrow interval of high coverage probability; most of the situations HM Dipu Kabir, Abbas Khosravi, Saeid Nahavandi, Abdollah Kavousi-Fard, "Partial Adversarial Training for Neural Network-Based Uncertainty Quantification", 'IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computational Intelligence', .
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Quality of Pitch (QOP) is a theoretical pitch quantification statistic combines speed, location and movement into a single numeric value that quantifies the quality of a baseball pitch. QOP was developed by Jarvis Greiner and Jason Wilson of Biola University, California, as a method of objectively evaluating pitches in baseball. QOPBASEBALL is the brand of the QOP statistic.
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Aspect- oriented approaches provide explicit support for localizing concerns into separated modules, called aspects. An aspect is a module that encapsulates a concern. Most aspect-oriented languages support the non-invasive introduction of behavior into a code base and quantification over points in the program where this behavior should be introduced. These points are called join points.
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The next step would be quantification which determines how much DNA is present. The third step is amplification in order to yield multiple copies of DNA. Next is separation, to separate the DNA out to use for identification. Finally, the analyst can now complete analysis and interpretation of the DNA sample and compare to known profiles.
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Synthetic MRI was proposed as early as 1984 Bielke et al. and 1985 by Bobman et al. Although scientifically interesting, the method was cumbersome for clinical use. The acquisition duration was too long for a patient to lie still, and the computations needed for quantification were too demanding for the standard commercial computers of the day.
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This device did however not solve the calculation needs for quantification, nor the long acquisition times. MR Image Expert, a software to create synthetic magnetic resonance images, was introduced in the late 1980s. It was aimed at educational and research purposes, among them contrast agent applications. Since 1989, more than 12,000 licenses of this software have been distributed.
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In 2004 the first rapid acquisition and quantification method for creating parametric maps was invented. This new acquisition method performs 8 acquisitions at 4 different excitation delays, giving 8 values to estimate T1, T2, PD and M0 for each imaged voxel. There are also other methods for creating the parametric maps being researched. Most notable is Magnetic Resonance Fingerprinting.
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Addition of glutathione causes reduction in the tentacle spread in hydra. The feeding response in Hydra is induced by glutathione (specifically in the reduced state as GSH) released from damaged tissue of injured prey. There are several methods conventionally used for quantification of the feeding response. In some, the duration for which the mouth remains open is measured.
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The Quantification Settlement Agreement of 2003 is an agreement between the Imperial Irrigation District, the San Diego County Water Authority, and several other federal, local, and state water agencies. Under the terms of the agreement, the Imperial Irrigation District (IID) agreed to transfer large quantities of irrigation water to the San Diego County Water Authority while providing a pathway for the state of California to restore the Salton Sea. According to the IID, "The Quantification Settlement Agreement and Related Agreements are a set of inter-related contracts that settle certain disputes among the United States, the State of California, IID, Metropolitan Water District, Coachella Valley Water District and the San Diego County Water Authority." The implementation of the agreement has been controversial, as critics have argued that the agreement was passed without proper environmental review.
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According to the Imperial Irrigation District, "As a result of the QSA, California can creatively stretch its limited Colorado River resource by allowing urban areas to fund water conservation efforts in the Imperial Valley in exchange for use of the conserved water." Much attention has been paid to the impact of the Quantification Settlement Agreement on the Salton Sea, and Wired Magazine notes that "Considered to be among the world's most vital avian habitats and-until recently-one of its most productive fisheries, the Salton Sea is in a state of wild flux." At one time a thriving ecosystem formed following an irrigation accident in 1905, the Salton Sea has increasingly faced higher levels of salinity in addition to shrinking water volume. The Quantification Settlement Agreement intended to provide a pathway for restoring this ecosystem.
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The concept of the form of value shows how, with the development of commodity trade, anything with a utility for people can be transformed into an abstract value, objectively expressible as a sum of money; but, also, how this transformation changes the organization of labour to maximize its value-creating capacity, how it changes social interactions and the very way people are aware of their interactions. However, the quantification of objects and the manipulation of quantities ineluctably leads to distortions (reifications) of their qualitative properties. For the sake of obtaining a measure of magnitude, it is frequently assumed that objects are quantifiable, but in the process of quantification, various qualitative aspects are conveniently ignored or abstracted away from.Viktor Mayer- Schönberger and Thomas Ramge, Reinventing capitalism in the age of big data.
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The notion of cylindric algebra, invented by Alfred Tarski, arises naturally in the algebraization of first-order logic with equality. This is comparable to the role Boolean algebras play for propositional logic. Indeed, cylindric algebras are Boolean algebras equipped with additional cylindrification operations that model quantification and equality. They differ from polyadic algebras in that the latter do not model equality.
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These restrictions, delivered in an executive order, "directed the State Water Resources Control Board to impose a 25% reduction on the state's 400 local water supply agencies, which serve 90% of all California residents, over the coming year." It remains to be seen how this will affect the Quantification Settlement Agreement, as well as the environmental future of the Salton Sea.
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Recent work has, for example, demonstrated capillary pumping with a constant flow rate independent from the liquid viscosity and surface energy. Mobile phones have demonstrated to have a strong potential for the quantification in lateral flow assays, not only by using the camera of the device, but also the light sensor or the energy supplied by the mobile phone battery.
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There is one predicate, Fx. There is no need for universal or existential quantification, in the style of Quine in his Methods of Logic. The only possible atomic statements are Fa and Fb. We now introduce new signs but no new elements in the domain. 'c' refers to neither element and 'd' refers to either. Thus, (Fa \lor Fb) \leftrightarrow Fd is true.
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Trust Technology also known as TrustTech is any type of tech that enhances and propagates trust in personal, social, and business settings.Ebony Bowden, It is the creation, facilitation, stabilization, and quantification of trust between people.Michael Ford McLean, TrustTech facilitates dynamic systems of inter-personal relationships. It maintains the balance of community systems, as well as commercial and social relationships between people.
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SYBR Green finds usage in several areas of biochemistry and molecular biology. It is used as a dye for the quantification of double stranded DNA in some methods of quantitative PCR. It is also used to visualise DNA in gel electrophoresis. Higher concentrations of SYBR Green can be used to stain agarose gels in order to visualise the DNA present.
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83, p. 298-301. Today, the determination of the age of the Earth is not a primary scope of geochronometry anymore, and most efforts are rather aimed at obtaining increasingly precise radiometric datings. At the same time, other methods for the measurement of time were developed, so the quantification of geologic time can now be endeavored with a variety of approaches.
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A statement that is true in some world (not necessarily our own) is called a possible truth. Furthermore, the proof uses higher-order (modal) logic because the definition of God employs an explicit quantification over properties.Fitting, 2002, p. 139 First, Gödel axiomatizes the notion of a "positive property":It assumes that it is possible to single out positive properties from among all properties.
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The concept of cooperative segmental mobility comes from the free volume quantification. With the reduction in temperature, the free volume occupied by the polymer segments is reduced. Due to this loss in free volume, cooperative segmental dynamics is significantly slowed near the glass transition temperature and is practically arrested at glass transition temperature. In other words, the molecular rearrangements are frozen.
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Tetramer stains allow for the visualization, quantification, and sorting of these cells by flow cytometry, which is extremely useful in immunology. T-cell populations can be tracked over the duration of a virus or after the application of a vaccine. Tetramer stains can also be paired with functional assays like ELIspot, which detects the number of cytokine secreting cells in a sample.
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In addition, the metabolic profile of an individual at baseline (metabotype) provides information about how individuals respond to treatment and highlights heterogeneity within a disease state. All three approaches require the quantification of metabolites found in bodily fluids and tissue, such as blood or urine, and can be used in the assessment of pharmaceutical treatment options for numerous disease states.
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Each method of extraction works well in the laboratory, but analysts typically selects their preferred method based on factors such as the cost, the time involved, the quantity of DNA yielded, and the quality of DNA yielded. After the DNA is extracted from the sample, it can be analyzed, whether it is by RFLP analysis or quantification and PCR analysis.
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The purpose of the Risk- Informed Safety Margin Characterization Pathway is to develop and deploy approaches to support the management of uncertainty in safety margins quantification to improve decision making for nuclear power plants. Management of uncertainty implies the ability to (a) understand and (b) control risks related to safety. Consequently, the RISMC Pathway is dedicated to improving both aspects of safety management.
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Gilley's 2006 article "The meaning and measure of state legitimacy: results for 72 countries" introduced a novel multidimensional, quantitative measure of the qualitative concept of political legitimacy. His work has since been extended by other scholars, and customized to specific geographical regions such as Latin America and Europe. Gilley himself has since updated his work on quantification of legitimacy with additional empirical data.
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The introduction of APCI and LC-MS had expanded dramatically the role of mass spectrometry in the pharmaceutical industry in the area of drug development. The sensitivity of APCI combined with the sensitivity and specificity of LC/MS and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) makes it the method of choice for the quantification of drugs and drug metabolites.
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Verweij, Jaco J, Eric A T Brienen, et al. “Simultaneous detection and quantification of Ancylostoma duodenale, Necator americanus and Oesophagostomum bifurcum in fecal samples using multiplex real- time PCR. (2007) Am. J. of Trop. Med. Hygiene 77 (4) 685-690 A multiplex PCR method was developed for simultaneously detection of A. dudodenale, N. americanus and O. bifurcum in human fecal samples.
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A number of scales exist to grade the severity of a cystocele. The pelvic organ prolapse quantification (POP-Q) assessment, developed in 1996, quantifies the descent of the cystocele into the vagina. The POP-Q provides reliable description of the support of the anterior, posterior and apical vaginal wall. It uses objective and precise measurements to the reference point, the hymen.
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Minimum solid area models assume that the load bearing area (cross-sectional area normal to the stress) is the logical basis for modeling mechanical behavior. MSA models assume pore interaction results in reduction of stress. Therefore, the minimum solid areas are the carriers of stress. As a result, predicted mechanical properties fluctuate based on the quantification of the solid area of the foam.
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Cultivating methods have several disadvantages. Culture-based methods are known to underestimate environmental microbial diversity, based on the fact that only a small percentage of microbes can be cultivated in the laboratory. This underestimation is likely to be signified for the quantification of bioaerosol, since colony counts of airborne microbes are typically quite different from direct counts.Fierer, N., et al.
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In logic, the scope of a quantifier or a quantification is the range in the formula where the quantifier "engages in". It is put right after the quantifier, often in parentheses. Some authors describe this as including the variable put right after the forall or exists symbol. In the formula , for example, (or ) is the scope of the quantifier (or ).
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It is also commonly used in sports biomechanics to help athletes run more efficiently and to identify posture- related or movement-related problems in people with injuries. The study encompasses quantification (introduction and analysis of measurable parameters of gaits), as well as interpretation, i.e. drawing various conclusions about the animal (health, age, size, weight, speed etc.) from its gait pattern.
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MAK2 assumes constant amplification efficiency during the PCR reaction. However, theoretical analysis of polymerase chain reaction, from which MAK2 was derived, has revealed that amplification efficiency is not constant throughout PCR. While MAK2 quantification provides reliable estimates of target DNA concentration in a sample under normal qPCR conditions, MAK2 does not reliably quantify target concentration for qPCR assays with competimeters.
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IT portfolio management is the application of systematic management to the investments, projects and activities of enterprise Information Technology (IT) departments. Examples of IT portfolios would be planned initiatives, projects, and ongoing IT services (such as application support). The promise of IT portfolio management is the quantification of previously informal IT efforts, enabling measurement and objective evaluation of investment scenarios.
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2005, 3945-3947. Various mechanical properties such as bending, shearing or brittleness have been explained on the basisy of crystal packing. It has also been shown that solids of desired mechanical properties can be designed through the precise control of packing features. More recently, nanoindentation techniques are used in quantification of some of these properties in terms of hardness and elasticity.
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Rather, it is a declarative language based on classical first-order logic, with extensions for modal operators and higher order quantification. CycL is used to represent the knowledge stored in the Cyc Knowledge Base, available from Cycorp. The source code written in CycL released with the OpenCyc system is licensed as open source, to increase its usefulness in supporting the semantic web.
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In vitro muscle testing is a method used to characterize properties of living muscle tissue after having removed the tissue from an organism. This allows more extensive and precise quantification of muscle properties than in vivo testing. In vitro muscle testing has provided the bulk of scientific knowledge on muscle structure and physiology, as well as how both relate to organismal performance.
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All gathered data, including the experimental or environmental conditions, are expected to be documented for scrutiny and made available for peer review, allowing further experiments or studies to be conducted to confirm or falsify results. Statistical quantification of significance, confidence, and error, especially Chapter 6, "Probability", and Chapter 7, "inductive Logic and Statistics" are also important tools for the scientific method.
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82Rb/PET has shown greater uniformity and count density than 99mTc- SPECT when examining the myocardium. This results in higher interpretive confidence and greater accuracy. It allows for quantification of coronary flow reserve and myocardial blood flow. 82Rb also has an advantage in that it has a very short half-life which results in much lower radiation exposure for the patient.
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Screening, library- assisted identification, and validated quantification of 23 benzodiazepines, flumazenil, zaleplone, zolpidem, and zopiclone in plasma by liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry with atmospheric pressure chemical ionization. J. Mass Spec. 39: 856-872, 2004.Gustavsen I, Al-Sammurraie M, Mørland J, Bramness JG. Impairment related to blood drug concentrations of zopiclone and zolpidem compared with alcohol in apprehended drivers. Accid. Anal. Prev.
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Identification and quantification of helminth eggs at UNAM university in Mexico City, Mexico Helminth eggs (or ova) are a good indicator organism to assess the safety of sanitation and wastewater reuse systems for resource recovery because they are the most environmentally resistant pathogens of all pathogens (viruses, bacteria, protozoa and helminths) and can in extreme cases survive for several years in soil.
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PCR has a number of advantages. It is fairly simple to understand and to use, and produces results rapidly. The technique is highly sensitive with the potential to produce millions to billions of copies of a specific product for sequencing, cloning, and analysis. qRT-PCR shares the same advantages as the PCR, with an added advantage of quantification of the synthesized product.
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19, "Al-Kindi, A Precursor Of The Scientific Revolution", Plinio Prioreschi, Journal of the International Society for the History of Islamic Medicine 1, #2 (October 2002), pp. 17–19. In De Gradibus, Al-Kindi attempts to apply mathematics to pharmacology by quantifying the strength of drugs. According to Prioreschi, this was the first attempt at serious quantification in medicine.p. 18, Prioreschi 2002.
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This kind of type constraint can be expressed in Java with a generic interface. The following example demonstrates how to describe types that can be compared to each other and use this as typing information in polymorphic functions. The `Test.min` function uses simple bounded quantification and does not preserve the type of the assigned types, in contrast with the `Test.
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In situ-hybridization of Drosophila embryos at different developmental stages for the mRNA responsible for the expression of hunchback. High intensity of blue color marks places with high hunchback mRNA quantity. Analysis of expression is not limited to quantification; localisation can also be determined. mRNA can be detected with a suitably labelled complementary mRNA strand and protein can be detected via labelled antibodies.
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Polyphenolic content can be quantified separation/isolation by volumetric titration. An oxidizing agent, permanganate, is used to oxidize known concentrations of a standard tannin solution, producing a standard curve. The tannin content of the unknown is then expressed as equivalents of the appropriate hydrolyzable or condensed tannin. Some methods for quantification of total polyphenol content are based on colorimetric measurements.
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The main idea of finitistic mathematics is not accepting the existence of infinite objects such as infinite sets. While all natural numbers are accepted as existing, the set of all natural numbers is not considered to exist as a mathematical object. Therefore quantification over infinite domains is not considered meaningful. The mathematical theory often associated with finitism is Thoralf Skolem's primitive recursive arithmetic.
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TBT often bonds to suspended material and sediments, where it can remain and be released for up to 30 years. Studies have shown that 95% of TBT can be released from the sediments back into the aquatic environment. This absorption process can complicate quantification of TBT in an environment, since its concentration in the water is not representative of its availability.
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The generalisation rule is also worth for closer look. Here, the all-quantification implicit in the premise \Gamma \vdash e : \sigma is simply moved to the right hand side of \vdash_D in the conclusion. This is possible, since \alpha does not occur free in the context. Again, while this makes the generalisation rule plausible, it is not really a consequence.
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However, this method is not the most accurate because the composition of proteins can vary greatly and this method would not be able to quantify proteins that do not contain the aforementioned amino acids. This method is also inaccurate due to the possibility of nucleic acid contamination. Other more accurate spectrophotometric procedures for protein quantification include the Biuret, Lowry, BCA, and Bradford methods.
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Quantification of RT-PCR products can largely be divided into two categories: end-point and real-time. The use of end-point RT-PCR is preferred for measuring gene expression changes in small number of samples, but the real-time RT-PCR has become the gold standard method for validating results obtained from array analyses or gene expression changes on a global scale.
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In comparison to the relative and competitive quantification methods, comparative RT-PCR is considered to be the more convenient method to use since it does not require the investigator to perform a pilot experiment; in relative RT-PCR, the exponential amplification range of the mRNA must be predetermined and in competitive RT-PCR, a synthetic competitor RNA must be synthesized.
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High-Throughput SISCAPA Quantitation of Peptides from Human Plasma Digests by Ultrafast, Liquid Chromatography-Free Mass Spectrometry. J Proteome Res. 2012 Nov 19;:121119143208008–8.Razavi M, Johnson LDS, Lum JJ, Kruppa G, Anderson NL, Pearson TW. Quantification of a Proteotypic Peptide from Protein C Inhibitor by Liquid Chromatography-Free SISCAPA-MALDI Mass Spectrometry: Application to Identification of Recurrence of Prostate Cancer.
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Panels combining 22,Razavi M, Anderson NL, Yip R, Pope ME, Pearson TW. Multiplexed longitudinal measurement of protein biomarkers in DBS using an automated SISCAPA workflow. Bioanalysis. 2016 Jul 15. 50,Whiteaker JR, Zhao L, Lin C, Yan P, Wang P, Paulovich AG. Sequential Multiplexed Analyte Quantification Using Peptide Immunoaffinity Enrichment Coupled to Mass Spectrometry. 2012 Jun 12;11(6):M111.015347–7.
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Zweite Abteilung: Positive Theorie des Kapitales (1889). Translated as Capital and Interest. II: Positive Theory of Capital with appendices rendered as Further Essays on Capital and Interest. Diminishing marginal utility, given quantification However, if there is a complementarity across uses, then an amount added can bring things past a desired tipping point, or an amount subtracted cause them to fall short.
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If the sample volumes are large enough to use microplates or cuvettes, the dye-loaded samples can also be quantified with a fluorescence photometer. Minimum sample volume starts at 0.3 μl Nucleic Acid Quantification Accuracy and Reproducibility To date there is no fluorescence method to determine protein contamination of a DNA sample that is similar to the 260 nm/280 nm spectrophotometric version.
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Therefore, the grain mass is the most suitable for them due to their diet of grain based products, which can facilitate the appearance of more fungi and pests.Solà, M., Lundgren, J. G., Agustí, N., & Riudavets, J. (2017). Detection and quantification of the insect pest Rhyzopertha dominica (F.)(Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) in rice by qPCR. Journal of Stored Products Research, 71(1): 106-111.
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A pack-year is a clinical quantification of cigarette smoking used to measure a person's exposure to tobacco. This is used to assess their risk of developing lung cancer or other pathologies related to tobacco use. However, it is difficult to rely on the assessment based on the pack-year due to the different nature of the packaging by different companies.
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Furthermore, the shape of the acquired waveform tends to be non-linear due to the non-exact co-ordination of the two respiratory compartments. This further limits quantification of many useful respiratory indices and limits utility to only respiration rates and other basic timing indices. Therefore, to accurately perform volumetric respiratory measurements, a dual band respiratory sensor system must be required.
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Final results indicate mold levels and species located in the suspect area. Surface sampling can by used to identify the source of mold exposure. Molecular analyses, such as qPCR, may also be used for species identification and quantification. Swab and surface sampling can give detailed information about the mold, but cannot measure the actual mold exposure because it is not aerosolized.
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In 1980 Dr. Ian Dunbar founded Sirius Dog Training, the first off- leash training program specifically for puppies.Puppyworks: Fun and Games and Extreme Quantification in Dog Training The program emphasizes the importance of teaching bite inhibition, early socialization, temperament training, and simple solutions for common and predictable behavior problems, as well as basic household manners, to dogs under six months of age.
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Certain diagnostic tests are available for the quantification of the end-products of lipid peroxidation, to be specific, malondialdehyde (MDA). The most commonly used test is called a TBARS Assay (thiobarbituric acid reactive substances assay). Thiobarbituric acid reacts with malondialdehyde to yield a fluorescent product. However, there are other sources of malondialdehyde, so this test is not completely specific for lipid peroxidation.
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The original uses an Old High German symbol in place of Φ cf in As there is no universal set — sets originate by way of Axiom II from elements of (non-set) domain B – "...this disposes of the Russell antinomy so far as we are concerned". in But Zermelo's "definite criterion" is imprecise, and is fixed by Weyl, Fraenkel, Skolem, and von Neumann.cf van Heijenoort's commentary before Zermelo 1908 Investigations in the foundations of set theory I in In fact Skolem in his 1922 referred to this "definite criterion" or "property" as a "definite proposition": :"... a finite expression constructed from elementary propositions of the form a ε b or a = b by means of the five operations [logical conjunction, disjunction, negation, universal quantification, and existential quantification]. in van Heijenoort summarizes: :"A property is definite in Skolem's sense if it is expressed . . .
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The technique for human error-rate prediction (THERP) is a technique used in the field of human reliability assessment (HRA), for the purposes of evaluating the probability of a human error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. From such analyses measures can then be taken to reduce the likelihood of errors occurring within a system and therefore lead to an improvement in the overall levels of safety. There exist three primary reasons for conducting an HRA: error identification, error quantification and error reduction. As there exist a number of techniques used for such purposes, they can be split into one of two classifications: first- generation techniques and second-generation techniques. First-generation techniques work on the basis of the simple dichotomy of ‘fits/doesn’t fit’ in matching an error situation in context with related error identification and quantification.
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Tests performed in a physical examination are usually aimed at detecting a symptom or sign, and in these cases, a test that detects a symptom or sign is designated a positive test, and a test that indicated absence of a symptom or sign is designated a negative test, as further detailed in separate section below. A quantification of a target substance, a cell type or another specific entity is a common output of, for example, most blood tests. This is not only answering if a target entity is present or absent, but also how much is present. In blood tests, the quantification is relatively well specified, such as given in mass concentration, while most other tests may be quantifications as well although less specified, such as a sign of being "very pale" rather than "slightly pale".
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M1dG is the major endogenous DNA adduct in humans. M1dG adducts have been detected in cell DNA in liver, leucocytes, pancreas and breast in concentrations of 1-120 per 108 nucleotides. Detection and quantification of M1dG adducts in the body as measured by free M1G is a tool for detecting DNA damage that may lead to cancer. Free M1G is also biomarker for oxidative stress.
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Foster was able to routinely grow to in height, and could lift approximately ten tons at that height. After regaining his powers during the "Evolutionary War", his level of power increased, and although precise quantification was not provided, he has demonstrated the ability to grow to in height. Bill Foster has a Ph.D. in biochemistry, and is a brilliant biochemist with a gifted intellect.
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Many commercial kits and devices have been developed for ucfDNA isolation, quantification, and quality assessment. Its non-invasive advantage allows routine measurement for patients who require long-term assessment. Different DNA alternations in ucfDNA are associated with cancer development and progression, therapeutic response, and prognosis. The assessment of ucfDNA is not limited to urological cancer only, but also applies to non-urological cancer and diseases.
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Dr. Ughi also made significant contributions to the development of methods for the computer- based, automated analysis of Intracoronary optical coherence tomography (OCT) images, helping the widespread adoption of intracoronary OCT imaging technology. He is recognized for the development of methods for the automatic quantification of stent characteristics on intracoronary optical coherence tomography images. He authored over 40 papers in peer-reviewed scientific international journals.
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Henkin, L. "Some Remarks on Infinitely Long Formulas". Infinitistic Methods: Proceedings of the Symposium on Foundations of Mathematics, Warsaw, 2–9 September 1959, Panstwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe and Pergamon Press, Warsaw, 1961, pp. 167–183. Systems of partially ordered quantification are intermediate in strength between first-order logic and second-order logic. They are being used as a basis for Hintikka's and Gabriel Sandu's independence-friendly logic.
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Second Edition, pp. 1-26. In typical cases, the predictive statement is formulated in terms of probabilities. For example, given a mechanical component and a periodic loading condition, “the probability is (say) 90% that the number of cycles at failure (Nf) will be in the interval N1Szabó B, Actis R and Rusk D. Validation of notch sensitivity factors. Journal of Verification, Validation and Uncertainty Quantification.
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For example, an aspect can alter the behavior of the base code (the non-aspect part of a program) by applying advice (additional behavior) at various join points (points in a program) specified in a quantification or query called a pointcut (that detects whether a given join point matches). An aspect can also make binary-compatible structural changes to other classes, like adding members or parents.
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Spectral purity is a term used in both optics and signal processing. In optics, it refers to the quantification of the monochromaticity of a given light sample. This is a particularly important parameter in areas like laser operation and time measurement. Spectral purity is easier to achieve in devices that generate visible and ultraviolet light, since higher frequency light results in greater spectral purity.
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The NE-tag is a synthetic peptide tag (NE tag) designed as an epitope tag for detection, quantification and purification of recombinant protein. This patented peptide sequence is composed of eighteen hydrophilic amino acids. This short peptide does not adopt any significant homology to any existing proteins found in nature. This synthetic NE peptide adopts random coil conformation and showing strong immunogenicity (computational prediction).
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Lotter, at the time a graduate student in ecology at the University of California, Davis, developed the PEIA methodology while teaching a course on the History of Western Consciousness in the UC Davis Experimental College. He realized that, while individuals in contemporary Western society generally have an enormous environmental impact, there is very little awareness of it and no method for its quantification or assessment.
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Quantifier elimination is a concept of simplification used in mathematical logic, model theory, and theoretical computer science. Informally, a quantified statement "\exists x such that \ldots" can be viewed as a question "When is there an x such that \ldots?", and the statement without quantifiers can be viewed as the answer to that question. One way of classifying formulas is by the amount of quantification.
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Mathematics was for Lambert not only indispensable for this quantification but also the indisputable sign of rigor. He used linear algebra and calculus extensively with a matter-of-fact confidence that was uncommon in optical works of the time.Buchwald, J. Z., The Rise of the Wave Theory of Light, Chicago, 1989, p. 3 On this basis, Photometria is certainly uncharacteristic of mid-18th century works.
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This can be viewed as a sharpening or quantification of the positive energy theorem, which provides the weaker statement that the energy is nonnegative. In the 1990s, Yun Gang Chen, Yoshikazu Giga, and Shun'ichi Goto, and independently Lawrence Evans and Joel Spruck, developed a theory of weak solutions for mean curvature flow by considering level sets of solutions of a certain elliptic partial differential equation.
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British Journal of Guidance and Counseling, 32 (3), 357- 366 Under occupational health and safety laws around the world,Concha-Barrientos, M., Imel, N.D., Driscoll, T., Steenland, N.K., Punnett, L., Fingerhut, M.A., Prüss-Üstün, A., Leigh, J., Tak, S.W., Corvalàn, C. (2004). Selected occupational risk factors. In M. Ezzati, A.D. Lopez, A. Rodgers & C.J.L. Murray (Eds.), Comparative Quantification of Health Risks. Geneva: World Health Organization.
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Diphenhydramine can be quantified in blood, plasma, or serum. Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) can be used with electron ionization on full scan mode as a screening test. GC-MS or GC-NDP can be used for quantification. Rapid urine drug screens using immunoassays based on the principle of competitive binding may show false-positive methadone results for people having ingested diphenhydramine.
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An existential clause is a clause that refers to the existence or presence of something. Examples in English include the sentences "There is a God" and "There are boys in the yard". The use of such clauses can be considered analogous to existential quantification in predicate logic (often expressed with the phrase "There exist(s)..."). Different languages have different ways of forming and using existential clauses.
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Alexander von Humboldt was a staunch advocate of empirical data collection and the necessity of the natural scientist in using experience and quantification to understand nature. He sought to find the unity of nature, and his books Aspects of Nature and Kosmos lauded the aesthetic qualities of the natural world by describing natural science in religious tones. He believed science and beauty could complement one another.
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The method can be used for a single species or for several species for a specific (assessment) area. The method was designed for species in aquatic ecosystems (Olenin et al., 2007) but is currently being tested for terrestrial environments and there is a free on-line service BINPAS. The biopollution level enables quantification of an impact in a robust manner in a standard and repeatable way.
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The Little Ice Age in northern Europe was linked with drought in East Africa, heavy rains in the African lakes, and persistent El Niño–Southern Oscillation conditions in the Pacific. Another application is in the quantification of erosion caused by rivers under differing climatological conditions. Increased erosion rates following deforestation, and pollution resulting from lead-mining activities by the Romans show up in lake sediments.
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No quantification of the amount of protein producing the current was presented, so the results lack comparability with the bacterial Mg2+ transport proteins. The alternative techniques of 28Mg2+ radiotracer analysis and mag-fura 2 to measure Mg2+ uptake have not yet been used with Alr1p. 28Mg2+ is currently not available and the mag-fura 2 system is unlikely to provide simple uptake data in yeast.
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This discipline is primarily related to hydrology but specializing in the measurement of components of the hydrological cycle particularly the bulk quantification of water resources. It encompasses several areas of traditional engineering practices including hydrology, structures, control systems, computer sciences, data management and communications. The International Organization for Standardization formally defines hydrometry as "science of the measurement of water including the methods, techniques and instrumentation used".
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Mathematical psychology represents an approach to psychological research that is based on mathematical modeling of perceptual, cognitive, and motoric processes. Mathematical psychology contributes to the establishment of law-like rules that pertain to quantifiable stimulus characteristics and quantifiable behavior. Because the quantification of behavior is fundamental to mathematical psychology, measurement is a central topic in mathematical psychology. Mathematical psychology is closely related to psychometric theory.
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Unlike many other types of radiation detector, radiochromic film can be used for absolute dosimetry where information about absorbed dose is obtained directly. It is typically scanned, for example using a standard flat bed scanner, to provide accurate quantification of the optical density and therefore degree of exposure. Gafchromic film has been shown to provide measurements accurate to 2% over doses of 0.2-100 Gray (Gy).
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A standard visual perfusion imaging assessment is based on defining regional uptake relative to the maximum uptake in the myocardium. Importantly, 82Rb PET also seems to provide prognostic value in patients who are obese and whose diagnosis remains uncertain after SPECT-MPI. 82Rb myocardial blood flow quantification is expected to improve the detection of multivessel coronary heart disease. 82Rb/PET is a valuable tool in ischemia identification.
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No total abundance estimate currently exists, however a population estimate of 6,345 for the region between Table bay and Lamberts bay, South Africa represents the southernmost populations in the species range. Local population estimates for Walvis bay and Lüderitz are 508 and 494 respectively. High mitochondrial DNA diversity discovered suggests a relatively large population size, however quantification of abundance throughout the range is still required.
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Beckie, Hugh et al (Autumn 2011) GM Canola: The Canadian Experience Farm Policy Journal, Volume 8 Number 8, Autumn Quarter 2011. Retrieved 20 August 2012 In 2005, 87% of the canola grown in the US was genetically modified.Johnson, Stanley R. et al Quantification of the Impacts on US Agriculture of Biotechnology-Derived Crops Planted in 2006 National Center for Food and Agricultural Policy, Washington DC, February 2008.
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All types of chemistry are required, with emphasis on biochemistry, organic chemistry and physical chemistry. Basic classes in biology, including microbiology, molecular biology, molecular genetics, cell biology, and genomics, are focused on. Some instruction in experimental techniques and quantification is also part of most curricula. In the private industries for businesses, it is imperative to possess strong business management skills as well as communication skills.
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Zombies Run! does not have as much quantification of data as other exercise apps do, and Alderman regards their decision not to consult professional help in making the design as a strength, arguing that much of Zombies, Run!'s uniqueness comes from that lack of professional involvement. The team were trained in Objective C for iOS and the player character, Runner 5, was designed to be genderless.
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The elutriation dust value is a usual measure for quantification of dust, generated by testing wherein mechanical forces such as vibration are applied to granules of e.g. a detergent agent. Elutriation is a common method used by biologists to sample meiofauna. The sediment sample is constantly agitated by a flow of filtered water from below, the action of which dislodges interstitial organisms embedded between sediment grains.
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In the NP une boîte de pilules, the preposition DE marks that the paradigmatic choice of N2 pilules is closed, i.e. that paradigmatic contrast between the noun pilules and the other nouns that were eligible candidates is no longer the case. Therefore, at the moment of utterance, quantification (cf. une boîte de « a box of ») operates on the result of that ‘closed paradigmatic choice’.
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The ASCII codes for the word "Wikipedia", given here in binary, provide a way of representing the word in information theory, as well as for information-processing algorithms. Information theory involves the quantification of information. Closely related is coding theory which is used to design efficient and reliable data transmission and storage methods. Information theory also includes continuous topics such as: analog signals, analog coding, analog encryption.
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NAIL-MS can be used to produce stable isotope labeled internal standards (ISTD). Therefore, cells are grown in medium which results in complete labeling of all nucleosides. The purified mix of nucleosides can then be used as ISTD which is needed for accurate absolute quantification of nucleosides by mass spectrometry. This mixture of labeled nucleosides is also referred to as SILIS (stable isotope labeled internal standard).
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King, James J. The Environmental Dictionary (1995) John Wiley & Sons p.745 Comparative quantification of waste may be difficult if the waste material is intentionally diluted in a handling or disposal process (such as diluting sanitary waste with clean water in the process of flushing a toilet.) Dilution may remove a material from a definition of waste by reducing concentrations below a defined toxicity or radioactivity threshold.
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These antibodies are typically detected with chemiluminescent, fluorescent or colorimetric assays. Reference peptides are printed on the slides to allow for protein quantification of the sample lysates. RPAs allow for the determination of the presence of altered proteins or other agents that may be the result of disease. Specifically, post-translational modifications, which are typically altered as a result of disease can be detected using RPAs.
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Her research focuses on econometrics, measures of welfare, environmental economics and behavioral economics. She has published a book on the quantification of happiness with Oxford University Press. Her work has been wildly cited and she counts over 10000 citations in economics and scientific publications such as Nature. Her research was featured in media outlets such as The Economist, and she was interviewed on Catalan national radio.
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Classical 2-DE based on post-electrophoretic dye staining has limitations: at least three technical replicates are required to verify the reproducibility. Difference gel electrophoresis (DIGE) uses fluorescence-based labeling of the proteins prior to separation has increased the precision of quantification as well as the sensitivity in the protein detection. Therefore, DIGE represents the current main approach for the 2-DE based study of proteomes.
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Adding caching to the NFA algorithm is often called the "lazy DFA" algorithm, or just the DFA algorithm without making a distinction. These algorithms are fast, but using them for recalling grouped subexpressions, lazy quantification, and similar features is tricky. Modern implementations include the re1-re2-sregex family based on Cox's code. The third algorithm is to match the pattern against the input string by backtracking.
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Since 1996 his research group got actively involved in the quantification of fluxes between ecosystems and the atmosphere for a better understanding of ecosystem responses to global changes. He was an active participant in various European flux programs, incl. CARBO-EUROPE IP. From 2013-2019 Ceulemans was the Belgian Focal Point of the Integrated Carbon Observation System research infrastructure and coordinated the Belgian network of observation stations.
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The Transport Emissions and Fuel Consumption Modeling Special Interest Group (or simply the Transport Special Interest Group) focuses on the quantification and modelling of air pollutant and greenhouse gas impacts from all forms of transport and their support equipment. The Transport Special Interest Group is intended to be a platform for information sharing, discussion of emerging issues and coordination.The Transport SIG page on the CASANZ website .
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Worker safety research focuses on finding new ways to reduce the risk of injury. Research conducted by the program into ergonomic risk quantification demonstrates the value of technology in addressing this challenge. In an effort to help the industry pursue a scientific base for assessing and controlling injury, researchers have developed an Ergonomic Work Assessment System (EWAS) to measure exposure in the actual processing plant.
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"The relationship between the data and what they describe merely reflects the fact that certain kinds of statistical statements may have truth values which are not invariant under some transformations. Whether or not a transformation is sensible to contemplate depends on the question one is trying to answer" (Hand, 2004, p. 82).Hand, D. J. (2004). Measurement theory and practice: The world through quantification.
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WHO uses indicators, such as MSP, age, mortality, morbidity, geographical location and signs and symptoms of disease. This is done so that change can be measured and so that the effect of indicators can be assessed. Following the initial quantification of the number of MSP, the respondent is again surveyed three and then five years later. In addition to the survey, respondents' sexual histories are obtained.
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"Acrylamide" in IARC Monographs on the evaluation of carcinogen risk to humans, International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France, 1994, 60:389–433. With this reaction, N-terminal valine adducts are also formed.Schettgen, T., Müller, J., Fromme, H., & Angerer, J. (2010). Simultaneous quantification of haemoglobin adducts of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, acrylonitrile, acrylamide and glycidamide in human blood by isotope-dilution GC/NCI-MS/MS.
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Attaching barcodes to the ligated adapters prior to NGS during library preparation make absolute ddcfDNA quantification possible without the need for prior donor genotyping . This has been shown to provide additional clinical benefits if the absolute number of cfDNA copies is considered combined together with the fraction of ddcfDNA over cfDNA from the recipient to determine whether the allograft is being rejected or not.
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The secretin-induced rapid flow of water results in lower and often unreliable enzyme concentrations. CCK also induces gallbladder contraction and the release of bile, which may further dilute enzyme concentrations. As a result, the quantification of total enzyme output (units/min) must be determined through continuous collection of duodenal fluid with or without the use of perfusion markers. Measurement of more than one enzyme (i.e.
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Liquid–liquid extraction or solvent extraction can be used to isolate YTXs from the sample medium. Methanol is normally the solvent of choice, but other solvents can also be used including acetone and chloroform. The drawback of using the solvent extraction method is the levels of analyte recovery can be poor, so any results obtained from the quantification processes may not be representative of the sample.
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In biomedical research, crystal violet can be used to stain the nuclei of adherent cells. In this application, crystal violet works as a intercalating dye and allows the quantification of DNA which is proportional to the number of cells. In forensics, crystal violet was used to develop fingerprints. Crystal violet is also used as a tissue stain in the preparation of light microscopy sections.
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With the majority of biological species remaining undescribed the classification and quantification of geodiversity is not an abstract exercise in geotaxonomy but a necessary part of mature nature conservation efforts, which also requires a geoethical approach.Peppoloni S. and Di Capua G. (2012), "Geoethics and geological culture: awareness, responsibility and challenges". Annals of Geophysics, 55, 3, 335-341. . According to Ponciano et alPonciano L.C.M.O. et al.
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For the process of extracting the DNA/RNA, there are a number of essential guidelines. This includes a description of the extraction process done, a statement on what DNA extraction kit was used and any changes made to the directions, details on whether any DNase or RNase treatment was used, a statement on whether any contamination was assessed, a quantification of the amount of genetic material extracted, a description of the instruments used for the extraction, the methods used to retain RNA integrity, a statement on the RNA integrity number and quality indicator and the quantification cycle (Cq) reached, and lastly what testing was done to determine the presence or absence of inhibitors. Four desired pieces of information are where the reagents used were obtained from, what level of genetic purity was obtained, what yield was obtained, and an electrophoresis gel image for confirmation.
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The resulting extended number system cannot agree with the reals on all properties that can be expressed by quantification over sets, because the goal is to construct a non-Archimedean system, and the Archimedean principle can be expressed by quantification over sets. One can conservatively extend any theory including reals, including set theory, to include infinitesimals, just by adding a countably infinite list of axioms that assert that a number is smaller than 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 and so on. Similarly, the completeness property cannot be expected to carry over, because the reals are the unique complete ordered field up to isomorphism. We can distinguish three levels at which a non-Archimedean number system could have first-order properties compatible with those of the reals: # An ordered field obeys all the usual axioms of the real number system that can be stated in first-order logic.
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Burns J. Redmond A. Ouvrier R. Crosbie J. Quantification of muscle strength and imbalance in neurogenic pes cavus, compared to health controls, using hand-held dynamometry. Foot & Ankle International. 26(7):540-4, 2005. Among the cases of neuromuscular pes cavus, 50% have been attributed to Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease, CMT,Brewerton D, Sandifer P, Sweetnam D. "Idiopathic" pes cavus: An investigation into its aetiology. BMJ 1963; 2: 659-661.
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The hemagglutination assay (HA) is a common non-fluorescence protein quantification assay specific for influenza. It relies on the fact that hemagglutinin, a surface protein of influenza viruses, agglutinates red blood cells (i.e. causes red blood cells to clump together). In this assay, dilutions of an influenza sample are incubated with a 1% erythrocyte solution for one hour and the virus dilution at which agglutination first occurs is visually determined.
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There are many variations, or types of ELISA assays but they can generally be classified as either indirect, competitive, sandwich or reverse. ELISA kits are commercially available from numerous companies and quantification generally occurs via chromogenic reporters or fluorescence (e.g. Invitrogen, Santa Cruz Biotechnology Inc.). This technique is much less labor-intensive than the traditional methods and can take anywhere from 4 to 24 hours based on antibody incubation time.
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Dynamic logic, however, extends Hoare logic in that formulas may contain nested program modalities such as [\alpha], or that quantification over formulas which contain modalities is possible. There is also a dual modality \langle\alpha\rangle which includes termination. This dynamic logic can be seen as a special multi-modal logic (with an infinite number of modalities) where for each Java block \alpha there are modalities [\alpha] and \langle\alpha\rangle.
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Contraceptive use is important to slow population growth as well as a reduction in neonatal mortality, maternal mortality and adverse perinatal outcomes. In Bangladesh, an estimated 60% of married women currently use a method of contraception. Quantification of profound developments regarding the prevalence of contraception can be achieved my looking at the contraceptive prevalence rate (CPR). It takes into account all sources of supply and all contraceptive methods.
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Scheytt has contributed to the development of narratives as a research method in organizational and management research. His research on reputational risks investigates the impact new risk categories on organizational practices. He has conducted longitudinal case studies to investigate how control is influenced and embedded in cultural contexts. Recent research projects cover topics such as governance through quantification in public sector organizations and resistance to management reforms in universities.
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In this case, the propagated WME list and all its extended copies need to be retracted from beta memories further down the network. The second approach described above is often used to support efficient mechanisms for removal of WME lists. When WME lists are removed, any corresponding production instances are de-activated and removed from the agenda. Existential quantification can be performed by combining two negation beta nodes.
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ISO 14064-2:2006 specifies principles and requirements and provides guidance at the project level for quantification, monitoring and reporting of activities intended to cause greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions or removal enhancements. It includes requirements for planning a GHG project, identifying and selecting GHG sources, sinks and reservoirs relevant to the project and baseline scenario, monitoring, quantifying, documenting and reporting GHG project performance and managing data quality.
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Therefore, the quantification of provirus reflects the number of HTLV-1-infected cells. So, an increase in numbers of HTLV-1-infected cells using cell division, by actions of accessory viral genes, especially Tax, may provide an enhancement of infectivity. Tax expression induces proliferation, inhibits the apoptosis of HTLV-1-infected cells and, conversely, evokes the host immune response, including cytotoxic T cells, to kill virus-infected cells. Figure 1.
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The IAEA recommends that 99Mo concentrations exceeding more than 0.15µCi/mCi 99mTc or 0.015% should not be administered for usage in humans. Typically quantification of 99Mo breakthrough is performed for every elution when using a 99Mo/99mTc generator during QA-QC testing of the final product. There are alternative routes for generating 99Mo that do not require a fissionable target, such as high or low enriched uranium (i.e., HEU or LEU).
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By integrating these two fields, systems pharmacology has the potential to improve the understanding of the interaction of the drug with the biological system by mathematical quantification and subsequent prediction to new situations, like new drugs or new organisms or patients. Using these computational methods, the previously mentioned analysis of paracetamol internal exposure in zebrafish larvae showed reasonable correlation between paracetamol clearance in zebrafish with that of higher vertebrates, including humans.
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Second generation techniques are more theory-based in their assessment and quantification of errors. ‘HRA techniques have been utilised for various applications in a range of disciplines and industries including healthcare, engineering, nuclear, transportation and business. THERP models human error probabilities (HEPs) using a fault-tree approach, in a similar way to an engineering risk assessment, but also accounts for performance shaping factors (PSFs) that may influence these probabilities.
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Starting in 2005, Onnela began using cell phone data to study human social behavior. His research focuses on statistical network science and digital phenotyping, defined as the “moment-by-moment quantification of the individual-level human phenotype in situ using data from personal digital devices,” in particular smartphones. He was awarded a U.S. National Institutes of Health (NIH) Director's New Innovator Award in 2013 for his work in digital phenotyping.
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STARR-seq has been used to measure the regulatory activity of DNA fragments that have been enriched for sites occupied by specific transcription factors. Cloning ChIP DNA libraries generated from chromatin immunoprecipitation of the glucocorticoid receptor into STARR-seq enabled genome-scale quantification of glucocorticoid-induced enhancer activity. This approach is useful for measuring the differences in enhancer activity between sites that are bound by the same transcription factor.
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Protein deamidation has been commonly analyzed by reverse-phase liquid chromatography (RPLC) through peptide mapping. Recently reported novel ERLIC-MS/MS method would enhance the separation of deamidated and non-deamidated peptides with increased identification and quantitation quantification. Mass spectrometry is commonly used to characterize deamidation states of proteins, including therapeutic monoclonal antibodies. The technique is especially useful for deamidation analysis due to its high sensitivity, speed, and specificity.
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Such interactions are commonly of Coulomb nature. Depending on the kinetics of the ions, cross section area, and the loss of energy of the ions in the matter, Elastic Recoil Detection Analysis helps determine the quantification of the elemental analysis. It also provides information about the depth profile of the sample. The incident energetic ions can have a wide range of energy from 2 MeV to 200 MeV.
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Norman Cliff (born September 1, 1930) is an American psychologist. He received his Ph.D. from Princeton in psychometrics in 1957. After research positions in the US Public Health Service and at Educational Testing Service he joined the University of Southern California in 1962. He has had a number of research interests, including quantification of cognitive processes, scaling and measurement theory, computer-interactive psychological measurement, multivariate statistics, and ordinal methods.
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The climate is one of the main factors in sabkha development. Rainfall in this arid region usually occurs as thunderstorms and averages 4 cm/year.Lokier, S. and Steuber, T., 2008. Quantification of carbonate-ramp sedimentation and progradation rates for the late Holocene Abu Dhabi shoreline. Journal of Sedimentary Research, 78(7), pp.423-431. Temperatures can range in excess of 50 °C to as low as 0 °C.
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In computer science, alternating-time temporal logic, or ATL, is a branching- time temporal logic that extends Computation tree logic (CTL) to multiple players. ATL naturally describes computations of multi-agent systems and multiplayer video games. Quantification in ATL is over program-paths that are possible outcomes of games. ATL uses alternating-time formulas to construct model-checkers in order to address problems such as receptiveness, realizability, and controllability.
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Schröder's early work on formal algebra and logic was written in ignorance of the British logicians George Boole and Augustus De Morgan. Instead, his sources were texts by Ohm, Hankel, Hermann Grassmann, and Robert Grassmann (Peckhaus 1997: 233-296). In 1873, Schröder learned of Boole's and De Morgan's work on logic. To their work he subsequently added several important concepts due to Charles Sanders Peirce, including subsumption and quantification.
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CO2, temperature and dust from the Vostok ice core over the last 450,000 years. Various archives of past climate are present in rocks, trees and fossils. From these archive, indirect measures of climate, so-called proxies, can be derived. Quantification of climatological variation of precipitation in prior centuries and epochs is less complete but approximated using proxies such as marine sediments, ice cores, cave stalagmites, and tree rings.
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4-Chloromercuribenzoic acid (p-chloromercuribenzoic acid, PCMB) is an organomercury compound that is used as a protease inhibitor, especially in molecular biology applications. PCMB reacts with thiol groups in proteins and is therefore an inhibitor of enzymes that are dependent on thiol reactivity, including cysteine proteases such as papain and acetylcholinesterase. Because of this reactivity with thiols, PCMB is also used in titrimetric quantification of thiol groups in proteins.
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The group has also hosted several conferences and workshops, with participants and speakers from all around the world. In recent years, De has contributed significantly to the understanding of quantum information and communication, in particular the formulation of a computable entanglement measure and a novel density- matrix recursion method. Her work also involves understanding the theory of quantum channels, the security of quantum cryptography and quantification of quantum correlations.
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Another method utilizing capillary microsampling combined with mass spectrometry with ion mobility separation has been demonstrated to enhance the molecular coverage and ion separation for single cell metabolomics. Researchers are trying to develop a technique that can fulfil what current techniques are lacking: high throughput, higher sensitivity for metabolites that have a lower abundance or that have low ionization efficiencies, good replicability and that allow quantification of metabolites.
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Walter Burley, a medieval scholastic philosopher, introduced donkey sentences in the context of the theory of suppositio, the medieval equivalent of reference theory. Peter Geach reintroduced donkey sentences as a counterexample to Richard Montague's proposal for a generalized formal representation of quantification in natural language (see Geach 1962). His example was reused by David Lewis (1975), Gareth Evans (1977) and many others, and is still quoted in recent publications.
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Myocardial Ischemia is an inadequate blood supply to the heart. 82Rb/PET can be used to quantify the myocardial flow reserve in the ventricles which then allows the medical professional to make an accurate diagnosis and prognosis of the patient. Various vasoreactivity studies are made possible through 82Rb/PET imaging due to its quantification of myocardial blood flow. It is possible to quantify stress in patients under the same reasoning.
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In their simplest form, adaptive controllers are expressed in Boolean statements. Adaptive controllers encompass not only the decision-making rules, but also the psychophysiological inference that is implicit in the quantification of those trigger points used to activate the rules. The representation of the player using an adaptive controller can become very complex and often only one-dimensional. The loop used to describe this process is known as the biocybernetic loop.
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In proteomics, there are multiple methods to study proteins. Generally, proteins may be detected by using either antibodies (immunoassays) or mass spectrometry. If a complex biological sample is analyzed, either a very specific antibody needs to be used in quantitative dot blot analysis (QDB), or biochemical separation then needs to be used before the detection step, as there are too many analytes in the sample to perform accurate detection and quantification.
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A number of emerging concepts have the potential to improve current features of proteomics. Obtaining absolute quantification of proteins and monitoring post-translational modifications are the two tasks that impact the understanding of protein function in healthy and diseased cells. For many cellular events, the protein concentrations do not change; rather, their function is modulated by post- translational modifications (PTM). Methods of monitoring PTM are an underdeveloped area in proteomics.
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This sophisticated technique, called RT-qPCR, allows for the quantification of a small quantity of RNA. Through this combined technique, mRNA is converted to cDNA, which is further quantified using qPCR. This technique lowers the possibility of error at the end point of PCR, increasing chances for detection of genes associated with genetic diseases such as cancer. Laboratories use RT-qPCR for the purpose of sensitively measuring gene regulation.
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Documents and standards involving verification and validation of computational modeling and simulation are developed by the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Verification and Validation (V&V;) Committee. ASME V&V; 10 provides guidance in assessing and increasing the credibility of computational solid mechanics models through the processes of verification, validation, and uncertainty quantification.“V&V; 10 – 2006 Guide for Verification and Validation in Computational Solid Mechanics”. Standards. ASME.
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It provides greater sensitivity in quantification, whereas colorimetric detection is primarily used for qualitative assessments. Screen-printed electrodes and electrodes directly printed on filter paper have been used. One example of a paper-based microfluidic device utilizing electrochemical detection has a dumbbell shape to isolate plasma from whole blood. The current from the hydrogen peroxide produced in the aforementioned catalytic cycle is measured and converted into concentration of glucose.
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The probes differentially bind to cytosine and thymine residues, which ultimately allows discrimination between methylated and unmethylated CpG sites, respectively. A calibration curve is produced and compared with the microarray results of the amplified DNA samples. This allows a general quantification of the proportion of methylation present in the region of interest. This microarray technique was developed by Tim Hui-Ming Huang and his laboratory and was officially published in 2002.
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Suspended solids (or SS), is the mass of dry solids retained by a filter of a given porosity related to the volume of the water sample. This includes particles 10 μm and greater. Colloids are particles of a size between 1 nm (0.001 µm) and 1 µm depending on the method of quantification. Because of Brownian motion and electrostatic forces balancing the gravity, they are not likely to settle naturally.
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Andrea Rusnock is a Professor of History at the University of Rhode Island. She has published two books and numerous articles on science and medicine in the Enlightenment, quantification, public health and the environment, and the history of vaccination. Her work has been reviewed in Medical History: An International Journal for the History of Medicine and Related Sciences, EH.net of the Economic History Association, and The American Historical Review.
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Despite the scientific impression of the lumen method equations, there are inaccuracies and assumptions built into the method. Therefore, the lumen method should not typically be used as a standalone, final solution; it should be used as a tool in particularly uniform settings of lighting design if a simple, rough technique of illuminance quantification is desired.Steffy, LC, IES, FIALD, Gary 1963. Architectural Lighting Design, 2nd edition John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
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R. Tuvikene, K. Truus, M. Vaher, T. Kailas, G. Martin and P. Kersen, "Extraction and quantification of hybrid carrageenans from the biomass of the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus," Proceedings of the Estonian Academy of Sciences. Chemistry, pp. 40-53, 2006. The stratum's (average depth 7.5 m) density seems to differ greatly year to year (Table 1), ranging between 100 000 to 200 000 tons by wet weight.
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R. Tuvikene, K. Truus, M. Vaher, T. Kailas, G. Martin and P. Kersen, "Extraction and quantification of hybrid carrageenans from the biomass of the red algae Furcellaria lumbricalis and Coccotylus truncatus," pp. 40-53, 2005 Carrageenans found within certain seaweed species and locations are not universally similar, samples collected from different locations may have variable sulphation degrees. Studies show that total extraction yield is up to 31% (dry weight).
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For proteins, SDS- PAGE is usually the first choice as an assay of purity due to its reliability and ease. The presence of SDS and the denaturing step make proteins separate, approximately based on size, but aberrant migration of some proteins may occur. Different proteins may also stain differently, which interferes with quantification by staining. PAGE may also be used as a preparative technique for the purification of proteins.
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In a theoretical setting, it is desirable to study the interaction of the two features; a common theoretical setting is system F<:. Various calculi that attempt to capture the theoretical properties of object-oriented programming may be derived from system F<:. The concept of subtyping is related to the linguistic notions of hyponymy and holonymy. It is also related to the concept of bounded quantification in mathematical logic.
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NAIL-MS can be used to investigate RNA modification dynamics by changing the labeled nutrients of the corresponding growth medium during the experiment. Furthermore, cell populations can be compared directly with each other without effects of purification bias. Furthermore, it can be used for the production of biosynthetic isotopologues of most nucleosides which are needed for quantification by mass spectrometry and even for the discovery of yet unknown RNA modifications.
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Formally it is > precisely in allowing quantification over class variables α, β, etc., that > we assume a range of values for these variables to refer to. To be assumed > as an entity is to be assumed as a value of a variable. (Methods of Logic, > 1950, p. 228) Another statement about individuals that appears “ontologically innocent” is the well-known Geach–Kaplan sentence: Some critics admire only one another.
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Wolff started his career at Degussa in 1953 as a student apprentice, later moving into research and development of carbon black. In the 1960s Wolff investigated the mechanisms of rubber reinforcement by fillers. He introduced new parameters for characterizing furnace black and silica, enabling improved quantification of the contribution of filler structure and surface area to rubber properties. In addition, Wolff studied vulcanization systems using organosilanes and triazine-based chemicals.
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AUC is a method by which for a given peptide spectrum in an LC-MS run, the area under the spectral peak is calculated. AUC peak measurements are linearly proportional to the concentration of protein in a given analyte mixture. Quantification is achieved with through ion counts, the measurement of the amount of an ion at a specific retention time. Discretion is required for the standardization of the raw data.
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According to Field, there is no reason to treat parts of mathematics that involve reference to or quantification as true. In this discourse, mathematical objects are accorded the same metaphysical status as literary figures such as Macbeth. Also in meta-ethics, there is an equivalent position called moral fictionalism (championed by Richard Joyce). Many modern versions of fictionalism are influenced by the work of Kendall Walton in aesthetics.
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Its scope is limited in the overall quest to seek a pitch quantification statistic because it cannot give any information about a pitch that is not a ball or a strike. Thus, Strike Zone Plus/Minus cannot help quantify any pitch that is actually put into play. Rosales and Spratt see the value of the Strike Zone Plus/Minus system relating to the free agent market values of catchers.
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Gold is extracted by artisanal miners at Nanakanek. Following a dispute with Sudan on additional compensation per barrel as pipe line transit charges, the Government of South Sudan closed down its crude petroleum by the end of January 2012. Gold, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, marble, and various rare earth metals were discovered but quantification was not done. Prospects for diamonds, gold, chromite, copper, uranium, manganese and iron ore are optimistic.
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The closely related concept in set theory (see: projection (set theory)) differs from that of relational algebra in that, in set theory, one projects onto ordered components, not onto attributes. For instance, projecting (3,7) onto the second component yields 7. Projection is relational algebra's counterpart of existential quantification in predicate logic. The attributes not included correspond to existentially quantified variables in the predicate whose extension the operand relation represents.
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Available tests, as of July 2019, at the CFIA were not sensitive enough to detect the prion in specimens from animals younger than a year old. Strategies are being developed to allow for the quantification of prion burden in a tissue, body fluid, or environmental sample. As of 2015, no commercially feasible diagnostic tests could be used on live animals. As early as 2001 an antemortem test was deemed urgent.
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The MHC Dextramers are fluorescent MHC multimer reagents, developed for sensitive, specific and accurate detection of antigen-specific T cells by using Flow cytometry. The MHC Dextramers covers human, mouse, and monkey alleles that all display disease relevant antigenic peptides. The MHC Dextramers can thereby be used for monitoring antigen- specific T cell responses. Virus Dextramer collection 1 - provides reagents for detection, quantification and isolation of virus specific T cells.
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Ebben, W. P., Fauth, M.L., Garceau, L.R., Petrushek, E.J. (2011). Kinetic quantification of plyometric exercise intensity. Journal of strength and conditioning research, 25(12), 3288-3298. Fatigue has been researched in athletes for its effect on vertical jump performance, and found to decrease it in basketball players, tennis players, cyclists, rugby players, and healthy adults of both genders.Montgomery, P. G., Pyne, D.B., Hopkins, W.G., Dorman, J.C., Cook, K., Minahan, C.L. (2008).
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The methodology adopted by the NFS is based on a standardised risk-based approach and is suitable for medium- to large-scale project application. The methodology NFS AM001, does not involve predicting land use changes in specific places at specific times, but applies a risk-based approach to baseline quantification which allows for a programmatic approach to reducing emissions. This allows efficient, valid and comparable results to be produced akin to performance benchmarking, where projects within a given region can use a consistent set of baseline data and accounting methods which provides a standardised approach to quantification of carbon benefits and is based on forest at risk and not a percentage or absolute rate of loss. The methodology allows a combination of remote sensing and ground-based data as monitoring sources for monitoring the emissions from the project areas, with emphasis placed on satellite monitoring, such as PRODES for application in Amazonia.
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Viruses can be present in humans due to direct infection or co-infections which makes diagnosis difficult using classical techniques and can result in an incorrect prognosis and treatment. The use of qPCR allows both the quantification and genotyping (characterization of the strain, carried out using melting curves) of a virus such as the Hepatitis B virus. The degree of infection, quantified as the copies of the viral genome per unit of the patient's tissue, is relevant in many cases; for example, the probability that the type 1 herpes simplex virus reactivates is related to the number of infected neurons in the ganglia. This quantification is carried out either with reverse transcription or without it, as occurs if the virus becomes integrated in the human genome at any point in its cycle, such as happens in the case of HPV (human papillomavirus), where some of its variants are associated with the appearance of cervical cancer.
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The Institute is involved in the following R&D; activities in the area of solid & hazardous waste management: development of rapid composting technologies; waste to energy research; recycled organics utilization; monitoring of green house gas (GHG) emissions from landfills; quantification and characterization of solid waste; designing of secure landfills; eco-toxicological studies on landfill leachates; occupational health risk assessment on municipal solid waste (MSW) workers; transportation system designing for MSW transportation; E-waste management; cleaner technologies and waste minimization; recycling and reuse of MSW; bio- medical waste management; identification of hazardous waste streams; quantification and characterization of hazardous waste; development of treatment systems; and source reduction and recycling. The scientists are trying to develop a cost-effective process for bio-methanation of municipal solid waste with two-phase approach to generate bio-energy from the municipal solid waste. CSIR-NEERI helped Hindustan Unilever Ltd. (HUL) in remediation of its mercury contaminated site at Kodaikanal by providing a suitable technology.
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Because of the World War, the Bolshevik Revolution, and his own subsequent loss of interest, Slutsky's work drew almost no notice, but similar work in 1934 by John Richard Hicks and R. G. D. AllenHicks, John Richard, and Roy George Douglas Allen; "A Reconsideration of the Theory of Value", Economica 54 (1934). derived much the same results and found a significant audience. (Allen subsequently drew attention to Slutsky's earlier accomplishment.) Although some of the third generation of Austrian School economists had by 1911 rejected the quantification of utility while continuing to think in terms of marginal utility, most economists presumed that utility must be a sort of quantity. Indifference curve analysis seemed to represent a way to dispense with presumptions of quantification, albeit that a seemingly arbitrary assumption (admitted by Hicks to be a "rabbit out of a hat"Hicks, Sir John Richard; Value and Capital, Chapter I. 2"Utility and Preference" §8, p.
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In computational complexity theory, SNP (from Strict NP) is a complexity class containing a limited subset of NP based on its logical characterization in terms of graph-theoretical properties. It forms the basis for the definition of the class MaxSNP of optimization problems. It is defined as the class of problems that are properties of relational structures (such as graphs) expressible by a second-order logic formula of the following form: : \exists S_1 \dots \exists S_\ell \, \forall v_1 \dots \forall v_m \,\phi(R_1,\dots,R_k,S_1,\dots,S_\ell,v_1,\dots,v_m), where R_1,\dots,R_k are relations of the structure (such as the adjacency relation, for a graph), S_1,\dots,S_\ell are unknown relations (sets of tuples of vertices), and \phi is a quantifier-free formula: any boolean combination of the relations. That is, only existential second-order quantification (over relations) is allowed and only universal first-order quantification (over vertices) is allowed.
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The MIQE guidelines describe the minimum information necessary for evaluating quantitative PCR experiments that should be required for publication for encouraging better experimental practice and ensuring the relevance, accuracy, correct interpretation, and repeatability of quantitative PCR data. Besides reporting guidelines, the MIQE stresses the need to standardize the nomenclature associated with quantitative PCR to avoid confusion; for example, the abbreviation qPCR should be used for quantitative real-time PCR and RT- qPCR should be used for reverse transcription-qPCR, and genes used for normalisation should be referred to as reference genes instead of housekeeping genes. It also proposes that commercially derived terms like TaqMan probes should not be used but instead referred to as hydrolysis probes. Additionally, it is proposed that quantification cycle (Cq) be used to describe the PCR cycle used for quantification instead of threshold cycle (Ct), crossing point (Cp), and takeoff point (TOP), which refer to the same value but were coined by different manufacturers of real-time instruments.
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A hypothetical model proposed by various authors describes a relationship whereby weak evertor muscles are overpowered by stronger invertor muscles, causing an adducted forefoot and inverted rearfoot. Similarly, weak dorsiflexors are overpowered by stronger plantarflexors, causing a plantarflexed first metatarsal and anterior pes cavus.Burns J. Redmond A. Ouvrier R. Crosbie J. Quantification of muscle strength and imbalance in neurogenic pes cavus, compared to health controls, using hand-held dynamometry. Foot & Ankle International.
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In the product scan, the first quadrupole Q1 is set to select an ion of a known mass, which is fragmented in q2. The third quadrupole Q3 is then set to scan the entire m/z range, giving information on the sizes of the fragments made. The structure of the original ion can be deduced from the ion fragmentation information. This method is commonly performed to identify transitions used for quantification by tandem MS.
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Hicks' research in post- translational modifications typically employs bottom-up proteomics using label-free quantification. Much of this research involves the model organism C. reinhardtii, an important organism in biofuel research due to its tendency to accumulate triacylglycerols. The Hicks Lab has studied the phosphoproteome of C. reinhardtii in order to examine underlying biological processes. Work has also been done to understand cell regulatory pathways, especially the algal analog of the mammalian TOR pathway.
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The core of the challenge is due to the fact that data quality has no intrinsic value. It is an enabler of other processes and the true benefits of effective data management are systematic and intertwined with other processes. This makes it hard to quantify all the downstream implications or upstream improvements. The difficulties associated with quantification of EDM benefits translate into challenges with the positioning of EDM as an organizational priority.
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While propositional logic deals with simple declarative propositions, first-order logic additionally covers predicates and quantification. A predicate takes an entity or entities in the domain of discourse as input while outputs are either True or False. Consider the two sentences "Socrates is a philosopher" and "Plato is a philosopher". In propositional logic, these sentences are viewed as being unrelated, and might be denoted, for example, by variables such as p and q.
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Iris color can provide a large amount of information about a person, and a classification of colors may be useful in documenting pathological changes or determining how a person may respond to ocular pharmaceuticals. Classification systems have ranged from a basic light or dark description to detailed gradings employing photographic standards for comparison. Others have attempted to set objective standards of color comparison.Fan S, Dyer CR, Hubbard L. Quantification and Correction of Iris Color.
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A counterexample hence is a specific instance of the falsity of a universal quantification (a "for all" statement). In mathematics, the term "counterexample" is also used (by a slight abuse) to refer to examples which illustrate the necessity of the full hypothesis of a theorem. This is most often done by considering a case where a part of the hypothesis is not satisfied and the conclusion of the theorem does not hold.
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Microarrays allow for larger-scale exRNA characterization and quantification. Microarrays used for RNA studies first generate different cDNA oligonucleotides (probes) that are attached to the microarray chip. An RNA sample can then be added to the chip, and RNAs with sequence complementarity to the cDNA probe will bind and generate a fluorescent signal that can be quantified. Micro RNA arrays have been used in exRNA studies to generate miRNA profiles of bodily fluids.
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The economic research series from Marmore analyses a number of topical economic themes of the day in terms of the economic currents shaping developments. Marmore's Economic Research encompasses thematic qualitative researches that can encourage informed discussion and further knowledge generation. They usually follow the format of strategic research notes and provide the key breakout thinking on a topic. Topical themes are picked up for discussion and analysis, and for quantification (wherever possible).
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Urine extraction methods vary with the difference in desired ucfDNA sizes and origins. For example, urine collection in the morning increases ucfDNA yield as more cellular debris from the urogenital tract are shed overnight. However, this approach limits the sensitivity of tr-DNA due to the masking effect of a high amount of DNA from the urogenital tract cells. Generally, an increase in urine volume collected enhances the sensitivity and specificity of quantification.
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He studied medicine at Edinburgh University and matriculated around 1771 or 1772. He lived with the well-connected family of Dr John Boswell, living at "the back of the Meadows"Edinburgh Post Office Directory 1773 in south Edinburgh during this period. He studied surgery under Dr Alexander Monro and learnt botany under John Hope. His studies included mathematics and physics, which would make him interested in precise quantification later in life in studies on hemp.
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The BHK interpretation will depend on the view taken about what constitutes a function that converts one proof to another, or that converts an element of a domain to a proof. Different versions of constructivism will diverge on this point. Kleene's realizability theory identifies the functions with the computable functions. It deals with Heyting arithmetic, where the domain of quantification is the natural numbers and the primitive propositions are of the form x=y.
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He became a Fellow of Peterhouse, Cambridge in 1966. His teaching and writing, particularly in analytical archaeology in 1967, transformed European archaeology in the 1970s. It demonstrated the importance of systems theory, quantification, and scientific reasoning in archaeology, and drew ecology, geography, and comparative anthropology firmly within the ambit of the subject. Never really accepted by the Cambridge hierarchy, he was nevertheless loved by his students for his down-to-earth, inclusive attitudes toward them.
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In order to identify and quantify metabolites produced by the body, various detection methods have been employed. Most often, these involve the use of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy or mass spectrometry (MS), providing universal detection, identification and quantification of metabolites in individual patient samples. Although both processes are used in pharmacometabolomic analyses, there are advantages and disadvantages for using either nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy- or mass spectrometry (MS)-based platforms in this application.
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During his tenure at Georgia Tech, he moved the curriculum away from vocational training. Coon emphasized a balance between the shop and the classroom. Coon taught his students more modern quantification methods to solve engineering problems instead of outdated and more costly trial and error methods. He also played a significant role in developing mechanical engineering into a professional degree program, with a focus on ethics, design and testing, analysis and problem solving, and mathematics.
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Bergenin, catechin, gallic acid,Simultaneous quantification of bergenin, catechin, and gallic acid from Bergenia ciliata and Bergenia ligulata by using thin-layer chromatography. K. Dhalwal, V.M. Shinde, Y.S. Biradar and K.R. Mahadik, Journal of Food Composition and Analysis, Volume 21, Issue 6, September 2008, pp. 496-500, gallicin, catechin-7-O-glucoside and β-sitosterol can be found in B. ciliata. It is known for its use in Ayurveda and other medicinal properties.
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Temporal existential and universal quantification are included in TLA+, although without support from the tools. User-defined operators are similar to macros. Operators differ from functions in that their domain need not be a set: for example, the set membership operator has the category of sets as its domain, which is not a valid set in ZFC (since its existence leads to Russell's paradox). Recursive and anonymous user-defined operators were added in TLA+2.
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The fluorescently labeled probe is excited by light and the emission of the excitation is then detected by a photosensor such as a CCD camera equipped with appropriate emission filters which captures a digital image of the western blot and allows further data analysis such as molecular weight analysis and a quantitative western blot analysis. Fluorescence is considered to be one of the best methods for quantification but is less sensitive than chemiluminescence.
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The formal system described above is sometimes called the pure monadic predicate calculus, where "pure" signifies the absence of function letters. Allowing monadic function letters changes the logic only superficially, whereas admitting even a single binary function letter results in an undecidable logic. Monadic second-order logic allows predicates of higher arity in formulas, but restricts second-order quantification to unary predicates, i.e. the only second-order variables allowed are subset variables.
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Geostatistical inversion integrates high resolution well data with low resolution 3-D seismic, and provides a model with high vertical detail near and away from well control. This generates reservoir models with geologically-plausible shapes, and provides a clear quantification of uncertainty to assess risk. Highly detailed petrophysical models are generated, ready for input to reservoir-flow simulation. Geostatistics differs from statistics in that it recognizes that only certain outcomes are geologically plausible.
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In addition to observational studies of animal behavior, and quantification of animal stomach contents, trophic level can be quantified through stable isotope analysis of animal tissues such as muscle, skin, hair, bone collagen. This is because there is a consistent increase in the nitrogen isotopic composition at each trophic level caused by fractionations that occur with the synthesis of biomolecules; the magnitude of this increase in nitrogen isotopic composition is approximately 3–4‰.
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An example of a property using the xeriscaping. This method reduces the need for water which is often in limited supply in arid regions. One major feature distinguishing sustainable gardens, landscapes and sites from other similar enterprises is the quantification of site sustainability by establishing performance benchmarks. Because sustainability is such a broad concept the environmental impacts of sites can be categorised in numerous ways depending on the purpose for which the figures are required.
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Samples may be different individuals, tissues, environments or health conditions. In this example, expression of gene set 1 is high and expression of gene set 2 is low in samples 1, 2, and 3. Quantification of sequence alignments may be performed at the gene, exon, or transcript level. Typical outputs include a table of read counts for each feature supplied to the software; for example, for genes in a general feature format file.
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Identification and quantification of potential disease biomarkers can be seen as the driving force for the analysis of exhaled breath. Moreover, future applications for medical diagnosis and therapy control with dynamic assessments of normal physiological function or pharmacodynamics are intended. Breath analysis is performed using various approaches for sampling and analysis. Breath gas analysis consists of the analysis of volatile organic compounds, for example in blood alcohol testing, and various analytical methods can be applied.
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These techniques can allow more receptor specificity than organ bath preparations, as a single tissue sample can express many different receptor types. The use of organ bath preparations for the measurement of physiological tissue responses to drug concentrations allows the generation of dose response curves. This in turn allows the quantification of a drug's pharmacological profile in the tissue in question, such as the calculation of the drug's EC50, IC50, and Hill coefficient.
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The quantification average of M. smithii for the anorexic group was much greater than the lean and obese group. Thus, higher amounts of M. smithii were found in anorexic patients than lean patients. The development of Methanobrevibacter in anorexia patients may be associated with an adaptive attempt towards optimal exploitation of the low caloric diet of anorexic patients. Hence, an increase in M. smithii leads to the optimization of food transformation in low caloric diets.
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The most probable number method, otherwise known as the method of Poisson zeroes, is a method of getting quantitative data on concentrations of discrete items from positive/negative (incidence) data. There are many discrete entities that are easily detected but difficult to count. Any sort of amplification reaction or catalysis reaction obliterates easy quantification but allows presence to be detected very sensitively. Common examples include microorganism growth, enzyme action, or catalytic chemistry.
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Transactions and Proceedings of the Botanical Society of Edinburgh 35(1): 82–96., using quantitative methods to describe the plant community. These early papers already mark his interest for quantification of natural phenomena. In this morphometric analysis of Ammophila arenaria, for example, Greig-Smith measured in detail the internode length of the plant’s rhizomes and noted the species’ tendency to form tussock-like clumps in older dunes and longer, exploratory rhizomes in unstable, younger dunes.
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Video-EEG (LTVER) specializes in recording of seizures for topographic diagnosis as well as for diagnosis of paroxysmal clinical events. Sleep-deprived EEG monitoring diagnosis specific EEG abnormalities for syndromic classification. Lastly, Ambulatory EEG focuses on monitoring/ quantification of EEG abnormalities. Long-term video-EEG monitoring is typically used in cases of drug-resistant epilepsy to examine symptoms before surgery and is also used to more precisely diagnose a patient when episodes become more frequent.
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A new approach to background subtraction and the acronym iSCAT were introduced in 2009. Since then, a series of important works has been reported by various groups. Notably, further innovations in background and noise suppression have led to the development of new quantification methods such as mass photometry (originally introduced as iSCAMS), in which ultrasensitive and accurate interferometric detection is converted into a quantitative means for measuring the molecular mass of single biomolecules.
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Nitzan is the co-author (with Shimshon Bichler) of Capital as Power: A Study of Order and Creorder, published 2009. Their writings focus of the nature of capital in capitalism and provide an alternative view to that of Marxian and neoclassical economics. In their theory, capital is the quantification of power. According to their power theory of value, in capitalism, power is the governing principle as rooted in the centrality of private ownership.
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In formal semantics, truth-value semantics is an alternative to Tarskian semantics. It has been primarily championed by Ruth Barcan Marcus, H. Leblanc, and M. Dunn and N. Belnap. It is also called the substitution interpretation (of the quantifiers) or substitutional quantification. The idea of these semantics is that universal (existential) quantifier may be read as a conjunction (disjunction) of formulas in which constants replace the variables in the scope of the quantifier. E.g.
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Canela, A., Vera, E., Klatt, P., Blasco, MA. "High-throughput telomere length quantification by FISH and its application to human population studies." PNAS (2007) 104(13):5300-5305. Similarly, other methods like multiplex-FISH and cenM-FISH have been developed which can also be used in conjunction with Q-FISH. Multiplex-FISH uses a variety of probes to visualize the 24 chromosomes in different colours and identify intra- or inter- chromosomal rearrangements.
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The advantage of NMR for end groups is that it allows for not only the identification of the end group units, but also allows for the quantification of the number-average length of the polymer. End-group analysis with NMR requires that the polymer be soluble in organic or aqueous solvents. Additionally, the signal on the end-group must be visible as a distinct spectral frequency, i.e. it must not overlap with other signals.
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It serves as the standard method for quantification of scoliosis deformities. Sagittal plane posture aberrations such as cervical and lumbar lordosis and thoracic kyphosis have yet to be quantified due to considerable inter- individual variability in normal sagittal curvature. The Cobb method was also one of the first techniques used to quantify sagittal deformity. As a 2D measurement technique it has limitations and new techniques are being proposed for measurement of these curvatures.
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The Mars Exploration Ice Mapper is a proposed Mars Orbiter being developed by NASA in collaboration with the Canadian Space Agency. The goal of the orbiter is the quantification of extent and volume of water ice in non-polar regions of Mars. The results are intended to support future Mars missions, especially with respect to the search for habitable environments and accessible ISRU resources. The planned launch date of the mission is 2026.
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Then there exists a point b in r lying between X and Y. This is essentially the Dedekind cut construction, carried out in a way that avoids quantification over sets. ; Lower Dimension : \exists a \, \exists b\, \exists c\, [ eg Babc \land eg Bbca \land eg Bcab]. There exist three noncollinear points. Without this axiom, the theory could be modeled by the one-dimensional real line, a single point, or even the empty set.
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Multiplexing reduces sample processing variability, improves specificity by quantifying the peptides from each condition simultaneously, and reduces turnaround time for multiple samples. Without multiplexing, information can be missed from run-to-run, affecting identification and quantification, as peptides selected for fragmentation on one LC-MS/MS run may not be present or of suitable quantity in subsequent sample runs. The current available isobaric chemical tags facilitate the simultaneous analysis of 2 to 11 experimental samples.
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David Brian Dunson (born 1972) is an American statistician who is Arts and Sciences Distinguished Professor of Statistical Science, Mathematics and Electrical & Computer Engineering at Duke University.Curriculum vitae, retrieved 2015-07-05. His research focuses on developing statistical methods for complex and high-dimensional data. Particular themes of his work include the use of Bayesian hierarchical models, methods for learning latent structure in complex data, and the development of computationally efficient algorithms for uncertainty quantification.
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The structure of prices has little to do with the so-called "material" sphere of production and consumption. The quantification of power in prices is not the consequence of external laws—whether natural or historical—but entirely internal to society. In capitalism, power is the governing principle as rooted in the centrality of private ownership. Private ownership is wholly and only an act of institutionalized exclusion, and institutionalized exclusion is a matter of organized power.
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A general lack of recorded evidence makes it difficult to ascertain the intended purpose of stone-lifting. It has been assumed that the practice was for competition, physical fitness or entertainment purposes (sumo wrestlers have been known to perform such feats between bouts for the entertainment of their audience).Arnd Krüger: On the Limitations of Eighberg's and Mandell's Theory of Sports and the Quantification in View of Chikaraishi. Stadion3(1977), 2, 244 - 252.
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Perceived disadvantages of Northern blotting are that large quantities of RNA are required and that quantification may not be completely accurate, as it involves measuring band strength in an image of a gel. On the other hand, the additional mRNA size information from the Northern blot allows the discrimination of alternately spliced transcripts. Another approach for measuring mRNA abundance is RT-qPCR. In this technique, reverse transcription is followed by quantitative PCR.
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Quantification of protein and mRNA permits a correlation of the two levels. The question of how well protein levels correlate with their corresponding transcript levels is highly debated and depends on multiple factors. Regulation on each step of gene expression can impact the correlation, as shown for regulation of translation or protein stability. Post-translational factors, such as protein transport in highly polar cells, can influence the measured mRNA-protein correlation as well.
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This forms the basis of a second set of modern methods known now as arterial spin labeling, increasingly used when quantification of baseline and changing physiology is required. Kwong's was clearly the first work in this field to apply these methods to human brain mapping. Functional MRI has proven extremely important in clinical and basic sciences. By February 2012 more than 299,000 manuscripts were matched by the term, "fMRI," on the PubMed database.
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Since 2012 she has been an Associate Editor for the journal Linguistics and Philosophy. She was awarded a Fulbright Senior Research Award for 2004- 2005: “South Asian Languages and Semantic Variation: A Cross-Linguistic Study” for research on classifiers in South Asian languages. In 2002-2003, she was awarded a National Science Foundation grant, “Quantification without Quantifiers,” to study the meaning conveyed by nouns without articles in English, Korean, Hebrew, and Hindi.
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However, in its unattached state, it is noted that polysaccharide yields are lower and some consider this to be the result of narrower thallus filaments giving way to a smaller amount of galactan present. Also, phycobiliproteins can be extracted from F. lumbricalis, from which the R-phycoerythrin yield is ~0.1% by dry weight.M. Saluri, M. Kaldmäe and R. Tuvikene, "Extraction and quantification of phycobiliproteins from the red alga," Algal Research, vol. 37, pp.
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While some mandatory emission reduction schemes exclude forest projects, these projects flourish in the voluntary markets. A major criticism concerns the imprecise nature of GHG sequestration quantification methodologies for forestry projects. However, others note the community co- benefits that forestry projects foster. Project types in the voluntary market range from avoided deforestation, afforestation/reforestation, industrial gas sequestration, increased energy efficiency, fuel switching, methane capture from coal plants and livestock, and even renewable energy.
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Oscillation of a sequence (shown in blue) is the difference between the limit superior and limit inferior of the sequence. The mathematics of oscillation deals with the quantification of the amount that a sequence or function tends to move between extremes. There are several related notions: oscillation of a sequence of real numbers, oscillation of a real valued function at a point, and oscillation of a function on an interval (or open set).
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In 1892 he started the first human trials of the diphtheria antitoxin, but they were unsuccessful. Successful treatment started in 1894, after the production and quantification of antitoxin had been optimized. During 1894, Behring was also awarded the Cameron Prize for Therapeutics of the University of Edinburgh. In 1895 he became Professor of Hygienics within the Faculty of Medicine at the University of Marburg, a position he would hold for the rest of his life.
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An adjoint equation is a linear differential equation, usually derived from its primal equation using integration by parts. Gradient values with respect to a particular quantity of interest can be efficiently calculated by solving the adjoint equation. Methods based on solution of adjoint equations are used in wing shape optimization, fluid flow control and uncertainty quantification. For example dX_t = a(X_t)dt + b(X_t)dW this is an Itō stochastic differential equation.
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Gas pipelines can leak, and it is important to be able to detect whether leakage occurs from Carbon Capture and Storage Facilities (CCSFs; e.g. depleted oil wells into which extracted atmospheric carbon is stored). Quantification of the amount of gas leaking is difficult, and although estimates can be made use active and passive sonar, it is important to question their accuracy because of the assumptions inherent in making such estimations from sonar data.
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This summary table provides, by discipline, the representation of Asians as a percentage of BS recipients, PhD recipients, assistant professors, associate professors, full professors, and all professors. Analogous summary tables were created, which provided data for Blacks, Hispanics, Native Americans, women, and White males. Such NDS summary tables enabled the first quantification of women proceeding through the academic STEM “pipeline” from BS to full professor, and they were used by women's groups and organizations widely.
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It is compatible to protein separation by 2D electrophoresis and chromatography in multiplex experiments. Protein identification and relative quantification can be performed by MALDI-MS/MS and ESI-MS/MS. Mass spectrometers have a limited capacity to detect low-abundance peptides in samples with a high dynamic range. The limited duty cycle of mass spectrometers also restricts the collision rate, resulting in an undersampling Sample preparation protocols represent sources of experimental bias.
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Systematic comparison of two methods to measure parasite density from malaria blood smears. Parasitology research. 2006;99(4):500-504 Other parasites residing in the blood of a host could be similarly counted on a blood smear using specific staining methods to better visualize the cells. As technology advances, more modernized methods of parasite quantification are emerging such as hand held automated cell counters, in order to efficiently count parasites such as Plasmodium in blood smears.
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Several methodologies for inverse uncertainty quantification exist under the Bayesian framework. The most complicated direction is to aim at solving problems with both bias correction and parameter calibration. The challenges of such problems include not only the influences from model inadequacy and parameter uncertainty, but also the lack of data from both computer simulations and experiments. A common situation is that the input settings are not the same over experiments and simulations.
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For the "in situ" detection of miRNA, LNA or Morpholino probes can be used. The locked conformation of LNA results in enhanced hybridization properties and increases sensitivity and selectivity, making it ideal for detection of short miRNA. High-throughput quantification of miRNAs is error prone, for the larger variance (compared to mRNAs) that comes with methodological problems. mRNA-expression is therefore often analyzed to check for miRNA-effects in their levels (e.g. in).
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Flow-induced dispersion analysis (FIDA), is a new capillary-based and immobilization-free technology used for characterization and quantification of biomolecular interaction and protein concentration under native conditions. The technique is based on measuring the change in apparent size (hydrodynamic radius) of a selective ligand when interacting with the analyte of interest. A FIDA assay works in complex solutions (e.g. plasma ), and provides information regarding analyte concentration, affinity constants, molecular size and binding kinetics.
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UV/Vis spectroscopy is widely used as a technique in chemistry to analyze chemical structure, the most notable one being conjugated systems. UV radiation is often used to excite a given sample where the fluorescent emission is measured with a spectrofluorometer. In biological research, UV radiation is used for quantification of nucleic acids or proteins. A collection of mineral samples brilliantly fluorescing at various wavelengths as seen while being irradiated by UV light.
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Visual scale for the quantification of hyperidrosis Hyperhidrosis can either be generalized, or localized to specific parts of the body. Hands, feet, armpits, groin, and the facial area are among the most active regions of perspiration due to the high number of sweat glands (eccrine glands in particular) in these areas. When excessive sweating is localized (e.g. palms, soles, face, underarms, scalp) it is referred to as primary hyperhidrosis or focal hyperhidrosis.
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For more details on this topic, see flow cytometry Since the optical identity of each microsphere is known, the quantification of target samples hybridized to the microspheres can be achieved by comparing the relative intensity of target markers in one set of microspheres to target markers in another set of microspheres using flow cytometry. Microspheres can be sorted based using both their unique optical properties and level of hybridization to the target sequence.
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Greek has also been variously grouped with Armenian and Indo-Iranian (Graeco-Armenian; Graeco-Aryan), Ancient Macedonian (Graeco-Macedonian) and, more recently, Messapian. Greek and Ancient Macedonian are often classified under Hellenic; at other times, Hellenic is posited to consist of only Greek dialects. The linguist Václav Blažek states that, in regard to the classification of these languages, "the lexical corpora do not allow any quantification" (see corpus and quantitative comparative linguistics).
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Agglutination-PCR (ADAP) is an ultrasensitive solution-phase method for detecting antibodies. Antibodies bind to and agglutinate synthetic antigen–DNA conjugates, enabling ligation of the DNA strands and subsequent quantification by qPCR. Like other Immuno-PCR (IPCR) detection methods ADAP combines the specificity of antibody-antigen recognition and the sensitivity of PCR. ADAP detects zepto- to attomoles of antibodies in 2 μL of sample with a dynamic range spanning 5–6 orders of magnitude.
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For this reason the limit of quantification (LOQ) is often used instead of the LOD. As a rule of thumb the LOQ is approximately two times the LOD. For substances that are not included in any of the annexes in EU regulations, a default MRL of 0.01 mg/kg normally applies. It follows that adoption of GAP at the farm level must be a priority, and includes the withdrawal of obsolete pesticides.
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The mOTUs2 profiler, which is based on essential housekeeping genes, is demonstrably well-suited for quantification of basal transcriptional activity of microbial community members. Depending on environmental conditions, the number of transcripts per cell varies for most genes. An exception to this are housekeeping genes that are expressed constitutively and with low variability under different conditions. Thus, the abundance of transcripts from such genes strongly correlate with the abundance of active cells in a community.
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It contains de novo sequencing, database search, PTM identification, homology search and quantification in data analysis. Ma et al. described a new model and algorithm for de novo sequencing in PEAKS, and compared the performance with Lutefisk of several tryptic peptides of standard proteins, by the quadrupole time-of-flight(Q-TOF) mass spectrometer. PepNovo is a high throughput de novo peptide sequencing tool and uses a probabilistic network as scoring method.
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As the components of the T.A.X. are measured on an annual basis, so is the index. To calculate the index, the variables need to be constrained to values ranging between zero and one. In cases quantification schemes had to be developed, the measurement of the respective tax factors has already been adjusted to this scale. A country's tax environment is considered as more attractive, the more the value of the index approaches one.
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The technique gives a limit of detection (LOD) of 0.3 μg/ml and a limit of quantification (LOQ)of 0.9 μg/ml. The sensitivity of conventional CEUV can be improved by using micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC). CEMS has the added advantage over CEUV of being able to give molecular weight and/or structural information about the analyte. This enables the user to carry out unequivocal confirmations of the analytes present in the sample.
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Recently chaos expansion received a generalization towards the arbitrary polynomial chaos expansion (aPC),Oladyshkin S. and Nowak W. Data-driven uncertainty quantification using the arbitrary polynomial chaos expansion. Reliability Engineering & System Safety, Elsevier, V. 106, P. 179–190, 2012. DOI: 10.1016/j.ress.2012.05.002. which is a so-called data-driven generalization of the PC. Like all polynomial chaos expansion techniques, aPC approximates the dependence of simulation model output on model parameters by expansion in an orthogonal polynomial basis.
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A viral plaque is a visible structure formed after introducing a viral sample to a cell culture grown on some nutrient medium. The virus will replicate and spread, generating regions of cell destruction known as plaques. For example, Vero cell or other tissue cultures may be used to investigate an influenza virus or coronavirus, while various bacterial cultures would be used for bacteriophages. Counting the number of plaques can be used as a method of virus quantification.
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In the case of respiratory disease, proteomics analyzes several biological samples including serum, blood cells, bronchoalveolar lavage fluids (BAL), nasal lavage fluids (NLF), sputum, among others. The identification and quantification of complete protein expression from these biological samples are conducted by mass spectrometry and advanced analytical techniques. Respiratory proteomics has made significant progress in the development of personalized medicine for supporting health care in recent years. For example, in a study conducted by Lazzari et al.
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The advent of massively parallel sequencing (next-generation sequencing) lead to variations in DNA sequencing that allowed for high-throughput analyses of many genomic properties. Among these DNA sequencing-derived methods is RNA sequencing. The main advantage of RNA sequencing over other methods for exRNA detection and quantification is its high-throughput capabilities. Unlike microarrays, RNA sequencing is not constrained by factors such as oligonucleotide generation, and the number of probes that can be added to a chip.
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Prior to joining the Concordia University, he was a senior scientist and the leader of the Heat Island Group at Environmental Energy Technologies Division of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (LBNL) at the University of California (from 1983 to 2009). In 1985, he founded the Urban Heat Island (UHI) group, where he worked in the areas of heat-island quantification, mitigation and novel techniques in the analysis of energy use in buildings and industry in the United States and abroad.
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Oxygenated and Deoxygenated Hemoglobin fNIRS is based on the absorption of near infrared light by hemoglobin. The light moves, or propagates, through the head and lends information about blood volume, flow and oxygenation. This technique is safe, non-invasive, and can be used with other imaging modalities. To specify, fNIRS is a non-invasive imaging method involving the quantification of chromophore concentration resolved from the measurement of near infrared (NIR) light attenuation or temporal or phasic changes.
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Modern tandem MS instruments combine features of fast duty cycle, exquisite sensitivity, and unprecedented mass accuracy. Tandem mass spectrometry, which is an ideal match for the large-scale protein identification and quantification in complex biological systems. In a shotgun proteomics approach, proteins in a complex mixture are digested by proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin. Subsequently, one or more chromatographic separations are applied to resolve resulting peptides, which are then ionized and analyzed in a mass spectrometer.
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Flow-induced dispersion analysis (FIDA) is an immobilization-free technology used for characterization and quantification of biomolecular interaction and protein concentration under native conditions. In the FIDA assay, the size of a ligand (indicator) with affinity to the target analyte is measured. When the indicator interacts with the analyte the apparent size increases and this change in size can be used to determine the analyte concentration and interaction. Additionally, the hydrodynamic radius of the analyte-indicator complex is obtained.
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The writer and group analyst Farhad Dalal questions the socio-political assumptions behind the introduction of CBT. According to one reviewer, Dalal connects the rise of CBT with "the parallel rise of neoliberalism, with its focus on marketization, efficiency, quantification and managerialism", and he questions the scientific basis of CBT, suggesting that "the 'science' of psychological treatment is often less a scientific than a political contest". In his book, Dalal also questions the ethical basis of CBT.
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The sedimentary strata that make up most of the valley's geology are of similar age to those of the Karoo, but the basement rocks appear to be Precambrian igneous formations. Natural drainage of the soil is poor because of the flat topographical gradient and the soil profiles typical of the area.Ellington, R. G., B. H. Usher, and G. J. van Tonder (2004). "Quantification of the Impact of Irrigation on the Aquifer Under the Vaalharts Irrigation Scheme".
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The economic benefits of trees and various other plants have been understood for a long time. Recently, more of these benefits are becoming quantified. Quantification of the economic benefits of trees helps justify public and private expenditures to maintain them. One of the most obvious examples of economic utility is the example of the deciduous tree planted on the south and west of a building (in the Northern Hemisphere), or north and east (in the Southern Hemisphere).
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Petroleomics is the chemical characterization of petroleum such as this sample of North Sea crude oil. Petroleomics is the identification of the totality of the constituents of naturally occurring petroleum and crude oil using high resolution mass spectrometry. In addition to mass determination, petroleomic analysis sorts the chemical compounds into heteroatom class (nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur), type (degree of unsaturation, and carbon number). The name is a combination of petroleum and -omics (collective chemical characterization and quantification).
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A third alternative is to use a radioactive label rather than an enzyme coupled to the secondary antibody, such as labeling an antibody-binding protein like Staphylococcus Protein A or Streptavidin with a radioactive isotope of iodine. Since other methods are safer, quicker, and cheaper, this method is now rarely used; however, an advantage of this approach is the sensitivity of auto-radiography-based imaging, which enables highly accurate protein quantification when combined with optical software (e.g. Optiquant).
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Allan G. Bogue, "The Quest for Numeracy: Data and Methods in American Political History", Journal of Interdisciplinary History 21#1 (1990), pp. 89–116 in JSTOR The Social Science History Association was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention. The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences, especially political science, sociology and economics. The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification.
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Preclinical SPECT is a quantitative imaging modality. The uptake of SPECT tracers in organs (regions) of interest can be calculated from reconstructed images. The small size of laboratory animals diminishes the photon’s attenuation in the body of the animal (compared to one in human-sized objects). Nevertheless, depending on the energy of γ-photons and the size of the animal that is used for imaging, correction for photon attenuation and scattering might be required to provide good quantification accuracy.
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Bergenin, C-glycoside of 4-O-methyl gallic acid, and its O-demethylated derivative norbergenin, are chemical compounds and drugs of Ayurveda, commonly known as Paashaanbhed. They can be isolated from Bergenia ciliata and Bergenia ligulataSimultaneous quantification of bergenin, catechin, and gallic acid from Bergenia ciliata and Bergenia ligulata by using thin-layer chromatography. Dhalwal K., Shinde V.M., Biradar Y.S. and Mahadik K.R., 2008, and from rhizomes of Bergenia stracheyi. It shows a potent immunomodulatory effect.
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In predicate logic, a universal quantification is a type of quantifier, a logical constant which is interpreted as "given any" or "for all". It expresses that a propositional function can be satisfied by every member of a domain of discourse. In other words, it is the predication of a property or relation to every member of the domain. It asserts that a predicate within the scope of a universal quantifier is true of every value of a predicate variable.
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The diagnosis of dysmenorrhea is usually made simply on a medical history of menstrual pain that interferes with daily activities. However, there is no universally accepted gold standard technique for quantifying the severity of menstrual pains. Yet, there are quantification models, called menstrual symptometrics, that can be used to estimate the severity of menstrual pains as well as correlate them with pain in other parts of the body, menstrual bleeding and degree of interference with daily activities.
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The Moschovakis coding lemma is a lemma from descriptive set theory involving sets of real numbers under the axiom of determinacy (the principle — incompatible with choice — that every two-player integer game is determined). The lemma was developed and named after the mathematician Yiannis N. Moschovakis. The lemma may be expressed generally as follows: :Let be a non- selfdual pointclass closed under real quantification and , and a -well-founded relation on of rank . Let be such that .
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Absolute quantification of gene expression is not possible with most RNA-Seq experiments, which quantify expression relative to all transcripts. It is possible by performing RNA-Seq with spike-ins, samples of RNA at known concentrations. After sequencing, read counts of spike-in sequences are used to determine the relationship between each gene's read counts and absolute quantities of biological fragments. In one example, this technique was used in Xenopus tropicalis embryos to determine transcription kinetics.
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It must be remembered that ancillary activities like hunting, fishing, the exploitation of marshes and woods, were necessary complements to agriculture. Textual sources include significant evidence for the rhythms of farming and herding, but the vocabulary is often obscure and quantification is difficult. The study of archaeological evidence to identify the remains of plants and pollen (archaeobotany and palynology)W. Van Zeist, "Plant Cultivation in Ancient Mesopotamia: the Palynological and Archeological Approach," in and animals (archaeozoology)C.
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In statistics, analysis of rhythmic variance (ANORVA) is a method for detecting rhythms in biological time series, published by Peter Celec (Biol Res. 2004, 37(4 Suppl A):777–82). It is a procedure for detecting cyclic variations in biological time series and quantification of their probability. ANORVA is based on the premise that the variance in groups of data from rhythmic variables is low when a time distance of one period exists between the data entries.
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This system explained disease as the imbalance of excitants and could be quantified. Kant believed that this quantification could be used to explain the cause of disease and lead to medicine to cure or fix this imbalance. On the other hand, an avid follower in Germany, Andreas Röschlaub, perceived Brunonian medicine as an example of natural philosophy and as a changing theory. He saw this practice of medicine as a way to explain relationships between nature and man.
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Doesn't the addition of this corroborating evidence oblige us to raise our probability assessment for the subject proposition? It is generally deemed reasonable to answer this question "yes," and for a good many this "yes" is not only reasonable but incontrovertible. So then just how much should this new data change our probability assessment? Here, consensus melts away, and in its place arises a question about whether we can talk of probability coherently at all without numerical quantification.
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Compared to other surface techniques, such as Auger and Photoelectron spectroscopy, SSIMS offers some unique features isotope sensitivity, hydrogen sensitivity, direct compound detection by molecular secondary ion emission and extremely high sensitivity, very often in the ppm range. However, one problem in static SIMS application may be quantification. This problem can be overcome by using a combination of electron spectroscopic techniques such as Auger electron spectroscopy (AES) and photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS or XPS) with static SIMS.
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Hathaway was often described as pragmatic, a trait that was central to the approach he took to every area he pursued, breaking down larger problems into its component parts. He described himself as a "nuts and bolts" empiricist in everything he undertook. He applied rigorous quantification and empiricism to human and psychological problems. He strongly believed human problems could be "engineered" in much the same way as physical matter could be influenced by electrical and mechanical forces.
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Porter, Theodore. “Quantification and the Accounting Ideal in Science” (1992), Social Studies of Science 22(4): pp. 633–651. In France, The Order of Things established Foucault’s intellectual pre-eminence among the national intelligentsia; in a review of which, the philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre said that Foucault was “the last barricade of the bourgeoisie.” Responding to Sartre, Foucault said, “poor bourgeoisie; if they needed me as a ‘barricade’, then they had already lost power!”Miller, James.
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In mathematical set theory, a set S is said to be ordinal definable if, informally, it can be defined in terms of a finite number of ordinals by a first-order formula. Ordinal definable sets were introduced by . A drawback to this informal definition is that requires quantification over all first-order formulas, which cannot be formalized in the language of set theory. However there is a different way of stating the definition that can be so formalized.
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Joseph Priestley, Richard Kirwan, James Keir, and William Nicholson, among others, argued that quantification of substances did not imply conservation of mass. Rather than reporting factual evidence, opposition claimed Lavoisier was misinterpreting the implications of his research. One of Lavoisier's allies, Jean Baptiste Biot, wrote of Lavoisier's methodology, "one felt the necessity of linking accuracy in experiments to rigor of reasoning." His opposition argued that precision in experimentation did not imply precision in inferences and reasoning.
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Various filtration racks are used for the processing of discrete samples. Fume hood, clean bench, and freezers complement the wet lab. In the next-door half-dry lab, online CO2 isotope analyses and quantification of Ar/O2 as another measure of primary production are carried out. The air lab of the Seibold is equipped with instrumentation for the analysis of atmospheric aerosols, including particle number concentrations and size distributions, as well as soot abundance and its microphysical properties.
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Flow cytometry is also able to provide information regarding size, activity and morphology of cells besides abundance of cells. Flow cytometry can be used to distinguish and quantify both photosynthetic and non- photosynthetic bacterioplankton. Quantification of photosynthetic prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria and picoeukaryotic algae is made possible by the ability of photosynthetic pigments to fluoresce. For instance, the different formation of photosynthetic pigments in the two major photosynthetic prokaryotes, prochlorococcus and synechococcus, enable their very distinction.
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Prochlorococcus contains divynyl-chlorophylls a and b which display solely red fluorescence under excitation by blue or UV light, while synechococcus emits both orange and red fluorescence; orange from phycobilins and red from chlorophyll. Besides fluorescence, prochlorococcus and synechococus are of significantly different sizes and hence deliver different scatter signals upon flow cytometric analysis. This further helps in their differentiation. Quantification of prochlorococcus is considered a major breakthrough as it has almost only been possible through flow cytometry.
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Because of repression in Francoist Spain (1939–75), the development of oral history in Spain was quite limited until the 1970s. It became well-developed in the early 1980s, and often had a focus on the Civil War years (1936–39), especially regarding the losers whose stories had been suppressed. The field was based at the University of Barcelona. Professor Mercedes Vilanova was a leading exponent, and combined it with her interest in quantification and social history.
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The coherence function provides a quantification of deviations from linearity in the system which lies between the input and output measurement sensors. The bicoherence measures the proportion of the signal energy at any bifrequency that is quadratically phase coupled. It is usually normalized in the range similar to correlation coefficient and classical (second order) coherence. It was also used for depth of anasthesia assessment and widely in plasma physics (nonlinear energy transfer) and also for detection of gravitation waves.
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Aberrant promoter hypermethylation of SFRP1 occurs frequently during the pathogenesis of human cancers and has been found to be one of the primary mechanisms in SFRP1 down-regulation. Methylation-specific PCR (MSP) is able to detect this epigenetic change and could be used for cancer detection. Detection and quantification of promoter CpG methylation in body fluid is both feasible and noninvasive. Combined MSP analyses of multiple genes in voided urine could provide a reliable way to improve cancer diagnosis.
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The platform for epigenome-wide DNAm quantification utilizes the high throughput technology Illumina Methylation Assay. In the past, the 27k Illumina array covered on average two CpG sites in the promoter regions of approximately 14,000 genes and represented less than 0.1% of the 28 million CpG sites in the human genome. This falls short of being representative of the entire human epigenome. None of the early EWAS using this array used independent validation to verify the associated probes.
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Attrition was found to be moderate. Abscessing quantification is ambiguous at best as it does not adequately account for areas of antemortem tooth loss. Factors contributing to poor dental health among the Moatflied include: no evidence of dental hygiene; low fluoride content in local soils; high starch (maize) consumption that adheres to teeth. No analysis of other factors including ritual removal of teeth, use of teeth as a tool for activities such as hide work was noted.
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One-step vs Two-step RT-PCR The quantification of mRNA using RT-PCR can be achieved as either a one-step or a two-step reaction. The difference between the two approaches lies in the number of tubes used when performing the procedure. The two-step reaction requires that the reverse transcriptase reaction and PCR amplification be performed in separate tubes. The disadvantage of the two-step approach is susceptibility to contamination due to more frequent sample handling.
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Transformative justice can be seen as a general philosophical strategy for responding to conflicts akin to peacemaking. Transformative justice is concerned with root causes and comprehensive outcomes. It is akin to healing justice more than other alternatives to imprisonment. In contrast to restorative justice, no quantification or assessment of loss or harms or any assignment of the role of victim is made, and no attempt to compare the past (historical) and future (normative or predicted) conditions is made either.
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Dependence logic is a logic of imperfect information, like branching quantifier logic or independence-friendly logic: in other words, its game theoretic semantics can be obtained from that of first-order logic by restricting the availability of information to the players, thus allowing for non-linearly ordered patterns of dependence and independence between variables. However, dependence logic differs from these logics in that it separates the notions of dependence and independence from the notion of quantification.
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O. rubescens is a generalist predator and has been maintained on a wide variety of gastropods, bivalves, crabs and barnacles in the lab. So far, very little quantification of its diet in the wild has been made. The two studies on the subject determined diets in Puget Sound, Washington to be dominated by gastropods, particularly Nucella lamellosa and Olivella baetica, but also composed of clams, scallops and crabs.Anderson, R.C., P.D. Hughes, J.A. Mather & C.W. Steele (1999).
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To complicate matters, neutralization methods employed in other surface analysis techniques, such as secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), are not applicable to AES, as these methods usually involve surface bombardment with either electrons or ions (i.e. flood gun). Several processes have been developed to combat the issue of charging, though none of them is ideal and still make quantification of AES data difficult. One such technique involves depositing conductive pads near the analysis area to minimize regional charging.
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They found positive correlations between their results of cultural distance and distances based on Hofstede's cultural scores. In addition, they correlated their cultural metrics of online social networks with Hofstede's dimensions which resulted in four strong correlations. E.g., countries with higher individualism score have more tendency toward Art-oriented tweets (cc=0.72). The quantification of cultural dimensions enables people to make cross-regional comparisons and form an image of the differences between not just countries but entire regions.
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While the NGS platforms error rate is admissible to some applications such as detection of clonal variants, it is a major limit for applications that require higher accuracy for detection of low frequency variants such as detection of intra-organismal mosaicism, subclonal variants in genetically heterogeneous cancers or circulating tumor DNA.T. E. Druley, F. L. M. Vallania, D. J. Wegner, et al. “Quantification of rare allelic variants from pooled genomic DNA” Nature Methods, vol. 6, no.
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Stratagene California is an American biotechnological company based in La Jolla, California, a maker of life science research and diagnostic products. It was established in 1984 and incorporated in California. It has been involved with the fields of cellular analysis, cloning, cytogenomics, DNA methylation and DNA Sizing and Quantification and food testing. In 2007, Agilent Technologies acquired Stratagene for $250 million, spinning off certain business assets and licensing certain molecular diagnostics technology to a new entity, Decisive Diagnostics.
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Ted Porter at the 2007 History of Science Society meeting Theodore M. Porter (born 1953) is a professor who specializes in the history of science in the Department of History at UCLA. He has authored several books, including The Rise of Statistical Thinking, 1820-1900; and Trust in Numbers: The Pursuit of Objectivity in Science and Public Life. According to E. Popp Berman and D. Hirschman, “The Sociology of Quantification: Where Are We Now?,” Contemp. Sociol.
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Trust in Numbers is a ground breaking work, the closest one can get to a universal reference for a sociology of quantification. His most recent book, published by Princeton University Press in 2004, is Karl Pearson: The Scientific Life in a Statistical Age. Dr. Porter graduated from Stanford University with an A.B. in history in 1976 and earned a Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1981. In 2008, he was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences.
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Codd's Theorem is notable since it establishes the equivalence of two syntactically quite dissimilar languages: relational algebra is a variable-free language, while relational calculus is a logical language with variables and quantification. Relational calculus is essentially equivalent to first-order logic, and indeed, Codd's Theorem had been known to logicians since the late 1940s. Query languages that are equivalent in expressive power to relational algebra were called relationally complete by Codd. By Codd's Theorem, this includes relational calculus.
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Collisions of an animal's foot or paw with the underlying substrate are generally termed ground reaction forces. These collisions are inelastic, as kinetic energy is not conserved. An important research topic in prosthetics is quantifying the forces generated during the foot-ground collisions associated with both disabled and non-disabled gait. This quantification typically requires subjects to walk across a force platform (sometimes called a "force plate") as well as detailed kinematic and dynamic (sometimes termed kinetic) analysis.
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At a foundational level we must use the second style of definition, to describe what a local ring means in a category. This is a logical matter: axioms for a local ring require use of existential quantification, in the form that for any r in the ring, one of r and 1-r is invertible. This allows one to specify what a 'local ring in a category' should be, in the case that the category supports enough structure.
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In addition to the purported environmental benefits, the Quantification Settlement Agreement is of particular importance to the Imperial Valley region due to the economic conditions of the area. In a recent article for the New Yorker, Dana Goodyear noted that "The deal gives Imperial billions of dollars to spend on improving efficiency on its farms and its irrigation infrastructure, which in some parts is primitive." Some potential improvements to this system include the installation of improved pumping systems and more durable canal infrastructure.
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There has been significant discussion about the human impact on water supplies in California, with criticism of the unrestrained population growth particularly in Southern California. The State of California has connected the Quantification Settlement Agreement to the Salton Sea crisis, and has attempted to highlight the planned environmental restoration benefits of the compact. According to the California Department of Water Resources, the major elements of the Salton Sea Restoration Plan include: water management infrastructure, habitat restoration, water quality management, and air quality management.
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The image shows a 3T preclinical MRI multi-modality imaging system with a clip-on PET for sequential imaging. Principle: The PET-MR technology for small animal imaging offers a major breakthrough in high performance functional imaging technology, particularly when combined with a cryogen-free MRI system. A PET-MR system provides superior soft tissue contrast and molecular imaging capability for great visualisation, quantification and translational studies. A PET-MR preclinical system can be used for simultaneous multi-modality imaging.
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DRI is achieving its objective by focusing on five complementary research themes, including quantification, understanding, and better prediction of a particular drought with funding primarily from the Canadian Foundation for Climate and Atmospheric Sciences. Comparisons with other droughts, and implications for society have been funded with additional direct and in-kind support coming from Environment Canada, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Natural Resources Canada, Prairie Farm Rehabilitation Administration, Saskatchewan Watershed Authority, Saskatchewan Research Council, Manitoba Water Stewardship and Manitoba Hydro.
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This pair formation would explain the halving of the flux quantum in a superconducting loop. Together with Len Pismen and Sergio Rica Pismen, L., Pomeau Y., and Rica S., « Core structure and oscillations of spinor vortices », Physica D, 1998. 117 (1/4), pp. 167–80 they have shown that, going back to Onsager's idea explaining the quantification of the circulation in fundamental quantum states, it is not necessary to use the notion of electron pairs to understand this halving of the circulation quantum.
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In 2012, Saket Modi, along with co- founders Vidit Baxi and Rahul Tyagi, started Lucideus as a cybersecurity training venture. In 2013, Lucideus launched its enterprise cyber-security services. The company's clients range across BFSI, manufacturing, consumer goods, consumer internet and other areas. In 2017, Lucideus launched a cyber risk quantification (CRQ) tool called SAFE (Security Assessment Framework for Enterprises), which helps businesses and governments measure and reduce their cyber risks in real time.. The product earned two awards for the company.
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GABA's feature is that it does not fluorescent nor electroactive which is why it is hard to determine the reaction of enzymes because no peroxidase and dehydrogenase was identified. One characteristic of GABA is having low lipophilic which results in the difficulty to cross the blood brain barrier. A lot of researchers have been trying to discover molecules that have a property of high lipophilicity. The quantification of GABA concentration during cell activity needs to have high spatial and temporal resolution.
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The three targeted bacterial species P. aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis, a wide-ranging soil germ that is a cousin of anthrax. The killing rate was 450,000 bacteria per square centimetre per minute over the first three hours of exposure or 810 times the minimum dose needed to infect a person with S. aureus, and 77,400 times that of P. aeruginosa. Although, it was later proven that the quantification protocol of Ivanova's team was not suitable for these kind of antibacterial surfaces.
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Continuous Wave (CW) system uses light sources with constant frequency and amplitude. In fact, to measure absolute changes in HbO concentration with the mBLL, we need to know photon path-length. However, CW-fNIRS does not provide any knowledge of photon path-length, so changes in HbO concentration are relative to an unknown path- length. Many CW-fNIRS commercial systems use estimations of photon path-length derived from computerized Monte-Carlo simulations and physical models, to approximate absolute quantification of hemoglobin concentrations.
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Due to its fully open source hardware and open source software design, the LulzBot Taz 6 has received "Respects Your Freedom" certification from the Free Software Foundation. In addition, the Lulzbot printers are often used in open-source tool chains on open source projects. For example, Superior Enzymes used a LulzBot TAZ in fabricating an open source photometer for nitrate testing.Wittbrodt BT, Squires DA, Walbeck J, Campbell E, Campbell WH, Pearce JM. (2015) Open-Source Photometric System for Enzymatic Nitrate Quantification.
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Continually advancing informatics tools allow for the identification, quantification and classification of metabolites to determine which pathways may influence certain pharmaceutical interventions. One of the earliest studies discussing the principle and applications of pharmacometabolomics was conducted in an animal model to look at the metabolism of paracetamol and liver damage. NMR spectroscopy was used to analyze the urinary metabolic profiles of rats pre- and post-treatment with paracetamol. The analysis revealed a certain metabolic profile associated with increased liver damage following paracetamol treatment.
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The LiDAR technique to create a High Resolution Digital Elevation Model (HRDEM) and Digital Terrain Model (DTM) with vegetation cover is crucial to the quantification of slope, slope aspect, stream power, drainage density and many more parameters for landslide hazard models. Microwave radar can also take part in landslide recognition in synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images and monitoring through the InSAR technique which effectively shows small scale deformation. The hazard risk management could be further discussed using geographical information system (GIS).
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Batcheldor's work includes the quantification of selection effects in the M–σ relation.,Batcheldor, D. (2010), The M-σ Relation Derived from Sphere of Influence Arguments, Astrophysical Journal Letters., 711, 108. the demonstration of low signal-to-noise data in published supermassive black holes mass estimates as well as comparative supermassive black holes mass measurements,Batcheldor, D.; Axon, D.; Valluri, M.; Mandalou, J.; Merritt, D. (2013), O An STIS Atlas of Ca II Triplet Absorption Line Kinematics in Galactic Nuclei, Astronomical Journal.
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Hevein-like protein domains are a possible cause for allergen cross-reactivity between latex and banana or fruits in general. Natural rubber latex contains several conformational epitopes located on several enzymes such as Hev b 1, Hev b 2, Hev b 4, Hev b 5 and Hev b 6.02. FITkit is a latex allergen testing method for quantification of the major natural rubber latex (NRL) specific allergens: Hev b 1, Hev b 3, Hev b 5, and Hev b 6.02.
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Results were received back from Eurofins and Identigen on 11 January 2013. Professor Reilly reported on 5 February that quantitative results from Identigen were received by the FSAI late on the evening of 11 January 2013. Of the ten burger products that tested positive for equine DNA, all but one was at low levels. The quantification of the equine DNA in this one burger product gave an estimated amount of 29% equine DNA relative to the beef DNA content of the burger product.
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Combinatory categorial grammar (CCG) is an efficiently parsable, yet linguistically expressive grammar formalism. It has a transparent interface between surface syntax and underlying semantic representation, including predicate-argument structure, quantification and information structure. The formalism generates constituency-based structures (as opposed to dependency- based ones) and is therefore a type of phrase structure grammar (as opposed to a dependency grammar). CCG relies on combinatory logic, which has the same expressive power as the lambda calculus, but builds its expressions differently.
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Echocardiography uses standard two-dimensional, three- dimensional, and Doppler ultrasound to create images of the heart. Echocardiography has become routinely used in the diagnosis, management, and follow-up of patients with any suspected or known heart diseases. It is one of the most widely used diagnostic tests in cardiology. It can provide a wealth of helpful information, including the size and shape of the heart (internal chamber size quantification), pumping capacity, and the location and extent of any tissue damage.
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A vector inserted to form a molecular processor is described in part. The objective was to promote angiogenesis, blood vessel formation and improve cardiovasculature. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP) cDNA was ligated to either side of an internal ribosomal re-entry site (IRES) to produce inline production of both the VEGF and EGFP proteins. After in vitro insertion and quantification of integrating units (IUs), engineered cells produce a bioluminescent marker and a chemotactic growth factor.
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Crosby, Alfred W. The Columbian Exchange: Biological and Cultural Consequences of 1492, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, 1972 The term has become popular among historians and journalists, such as Charles C. Mann, whose 2011 book 1493: Uncovering the New World Columbus Created expands and updates Crosby's original work. Crosby was also interested in the history of science and technology. He wrote several books on this subject, dealing with the history of quantification, of projectile technology, and the history of the use of energy.
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Adverse health effects/diseases related to indoor bioaerosol exposure can be divided into two categories: those confirmed to be associated with bioaerosol and those suspected but not confirmed to be associated with bioaerosol. Bioaerosols have been revealed to cause certain human diseases, such as tuberculosis, Legionnaires' disease and different forms of bacterial pneumonia, coccidioidomycosis, influenza, measles, and gastrointestinal illness.Peccia, J. and M. Hernandez, Incorporating polymerase chain reaction-based identification, population characterization, and quantification of microorganisms into aerosol science: A review. Atmospheric Environment, 2006.
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Invitations to the exhibition were sent in small sardine cans, with the words "Arman – Le Plein – Iris Clert" printed simply on the pull-away top. Klein himself was supportive of his friend's reversal, declaring "After my own emptiness comes Arman's fullness. The universal memory of art was lacking his conclusive mummification of quantification." Portrait of Iris Clert by Robert Rauschenberg Arman exhibited again in the Iris Clert Gallery in 1961, in an exhibition in which various artists created "portraits" of Iris Clert.
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The elementary reaction responsible for water quantification in the Karl Fischer titration is oxidation of sulfur dioxide with iodine: : H2O + SO2 \+ I2 -> SO3 \+ 2HI This elementary reaction consumes exactly one molar equivalent of water vs. iodine. Iodine is added to the solution until it is present in excess, marking the end point of the titration, which can be detected by potentiometry. The reaction is run in an alcohol solution containing a base, which consume the sulfur trioxide and hydroiodic acid produced.
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It must be noted that LI-ERDA and HI-ERDA both provide similar information. The difference in the name of the technique is only due to the type of ion beam used as a source. The setup and the experimental conditions affect the performances of both of these techniques. Factors such as multiple scattering, and ion beam induced damage must be taken into account before obtaining the data because these processes can affect the data interpretation, quantification and the accuracy of the study.
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Each index has one possible value per dimension of the underlying vector space. The number of indices equals the degree (or order) of the tensor. For compactness and convenience, the notational convention implies summation over indices repeated within a term and universal quantification over free indices. Expressions in the notation of the Ricci calculus may generally be interpreted as a set of simultaneous equations relating the components as functions over a manifold, usually more specifically as functions of the coordinates on the manifold.
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Probabilistic rate allocation fully exploits the available measurement configuration and knowledge about measurement noise characteristics to achieve a more accurate allocation as well as uncertainty quantification. This is particularly beneficial for allocation accuracy when additional per-well measurements are available, such as the fluid rate per well derived from a rod pump dynamometer card, or (manual) measurements of the per-well water fraction. This method combines measurements taken at different times using a probabilistic dynamic model for the production type curve.
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After biotin labelling, primer extension and washing, the Geniom Analyzer undergoes automated processing of the arrays. A Charge-coupled device (CCD) camera assists the biochip readout which displays a pictorial image of the microRNA quantification. This image is supported by the use of biotinylated nucleotides and subsequent staining with a streptavidin- phycoerythrin-conjugate. Due to the use of 8 separate microarrays per biochip, seven replicate intensity readings are made available and the median value is generally applied to the graphical results.
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Jukei-ni's husband was at the time engaged in land surveying and quantification, and it was he who created the Imagawa Kana Mokuroku, a detailed work on the laws governing the Imagawa lands. It was Ujichika who elevated the Imagawa family from their previous position as shugo daimyō into the ranks of the Sengoku daimyō. During the marriage, she had four children, but there is a theory that she had five. Her most famous children were Imagawa Ujiteru, Hikogoro, Yoshimoto and Zukei-ni.
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In mathematics, the curvature of a measure defined on the Euclidean plane R2 is a quantification of how much the measure's "distribution of mass" is "curved". It is related to notions of curvature in geometry. In the form presented below, the concept was introduced in 1995 by the mathematician Mark S. Melnikov; accordingly, it may be referred to as the Melnikov curvature or Menger-Melnikov curvature. Melnikov and Verdera (1995) established a powerful connection between the curvature of measures and the Cauchy kernel.
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Gas chromatography (GC), especially when interfaced with mass spectrometry (GC-MS), is a widely used separation technique for metabolomic analysis. GC offers very high chromatographic resolution, and can be used in conjunction with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) or a mass spectrometer (GC-MS). The method is especially useful for identification and quantification of small and volatile molecules. However, a practical limitation of GC is the requirement of chemical derivatization for many biomolecules as only volatile chemicals can be analysed without derivatization.
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Additionally, these tools match spots between gels of similar samples to show, for example, proteomic differences between early and advanced stages of an illness. Software packages include Delta2D, ImageMaster, Melanie, PDQuest, Progenesis and REDFIN – among others. While this technology is widely utilized, the intelligence has not been perfected. For example, while PDQuest and Progenesis tend to agree on the quantification and analysis of well-defined well-separated protein spots, they deliver different results and analysis tendencies with less-defined less- separated spots.
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In the 1980s, Bailyn turned from political and intellectual history to social and demographic history. His histories of the peopling of colonial North America explored questions of immigration, cultural contact, and settlement that his mentor Handlin had pioneered decades earlier. Bailyn was a major innovator in new research techniques, such as quantification, collective biography, and kinship analysis. Bailyn is representative of those scholars who believe in the concept of American exceptionalism but avoid the terminology, and thereby avoid getting entangled in rhetorical debates.
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Despite its advantages, Q-FISH is quite labor-intensive and is generally not suitable for high throughput analysis. The technique depends on well-prepared metaphase cells and it is vital that the equipment and samples are adjusted/normalized correctly in order for the quantification to be accurate. Also, while only a small quantity of cells are needed, it is difficult to get a sufficient number in metaphase at once. In addition, poor chromosome morphology may result from overexposure to high temperatures during preparation.
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While a professor at the Texas A&M;, Golden attempted to solve this problem by attaching a luciferase gene to the promoters of the cyanobacterial genes of interest and viewing the colonies with a night vision scope. The approach was a success, allowing for quantification of cyanobacterial gene expression in vivo over an extended time period. This technique drew the interest of chronobiologist Dr. Carl H. Johnson, with whom Dr. Golden would go on to collaborate in the discovery of the KaiABC complex .
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One notable sub-field of computational materials science is integrated computational materials engineering (ICME), which seeks to use computational results and methods in conjunction with experiments, with a focus on industrial and commercial application. Major current themes in the field include uncertainty quantification and propagation throughout simulations for eventual decision making, data infrastructure for sharing simulation inputs and results, high-throughput materials design and discovery, and new approaches given significant increases in computing power and the continuing history of supercomputing.
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Even though the developmental process requires a significant period of work and several research animals, the analysis is rapidly performed and interpreted. However, there are several limitations associated with ELISA for HCP analysis. The HCP quantification relies mainly on the quantity and affinity of anti-HCP antibodies for detection of the HCP antigens. Anti-HCP antibody pools cannot cover the entire HCP population and weakly immunogenic proteins are impossible to detect, since equivalent antibodies are not generated in the process.
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Ontologically, science is about mapping different kinds of behaviors that take place in nature at various levels and dimensions of analysis. The second central insight of the ToK System is that it shows how natural science is a particular kind of justification system that emerges out of Culture based on novel methods and specific epistemological commitments and assumptions (i.e., an exterior view point, quantification and experimentation). This epistemology and methodology functions to justify scientific ontology, which in turn maps the ontic reality.
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Quantification of inhibin A is part of the prenatal quad screen that can be administered during pregnancy at a gestational age of 16–18 weeks. An elevated inhibin A (along with an increased beta-hCG, decreased AFP, and a decreased estriol) is suggestive of the presence of a fetus with Down syndrome. As a screening test, abnormal quad screen test results need to be followed up with more definitive tests. It also has been used as a marker for ovarian cancer.
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The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) defines analyte specific reagents (ASRs) in 21 CFR 864.4020 as “antibodies, both polyclonal and monoclonal, specific receptor proteins, ligands, nucleic acid sequences, and similar reagents which, through specific binding or chemical reaction with substances in a specimen, are intended to use in a diagnostic application for identification and quantification of an individual chemical substance or ligand in biological specimens.” In simple terms an analyte specific reagent is the active ingredient of an in-house test.
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Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are used to collect VOCs at low concentrations for analysis. A lower explosion limit (LEL) detector such as a flame ionization detector (FID) may be used to measure the total concentration of VOCs, though it cannot differentiate between or identify the particular species of VOC. Similarly, a photoionization detector (PID) may also be used, though PIDs are less accurate. Direct injection mass spectrometry techniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and accurate quantification of VOCs.
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Collaborative efforts involving survivors themselves are needed to better understand the usefulness and limitations of existing assessment instruments and treatment methods. Some studies exist, such as that by Elsass et al. who interviewed Tibetan Lamas on the quantification of suffering in scales used to evaluate intervention with Tibetan torture survivors. Education of medical and other healthcare personnel needs to address issues concerning treatment of torture survivors, who will be seen in all possible settings but not necessarily recognized or treated adequately.
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The blur induced by a scattering layer (here: frosted glass) increases with the distance between the information (ruler scaling) and the scattering layer. The scattering layer is close to the ruler surface on the left side and the distance increases to the right as does the blur. The distinctness of image decreases with increasing blur. Distinctness of image (DOI) is a quantification of the deviation of the direction of light propagation from the regular direction by scattering during transmission or reflection.
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The western blot may be used for detection and quantification of individual proteins, where in an initial step, a complex protein mixture is separated using SDS- PAGE and then the protein of interest is identified using an antibody. Modified proteins may be studied by developing an antibody specific to that modification. For example, there are antibodies that only recognize certain proteins when they are tyrosine-phosphorylated, they are known as phospho- specific antibodies. Also, there are antibodies specific to other modifications.
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Studies for differential expression of genes from RNA-Seq data, as for RT-qPCR and microarrays, demands comparison of conditions. The goal is to identify genes which have a significant change in abundance between different conditions. Then, experiments are designed appropriately, with replicates for each condition/treatment, randomization and blocking, when necessary. In RNA-Seq, the quantification of expression uses the information of mapped reads that are summarized in some genetic unit, as exons that are part of a gene sequence.
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Since the definition of landscape connectivity has both a physical and a behavioural component, quantifying landscape connectivity is consequently organism-, process- and landscape-specific. According to (Wiens & Milne, 1989), the first step in the quantification process of landscape connectivity is defining the specific habitat or habitat network of the focal species, and in turn, describe the landscape elements from its point of view.Wiens, J. A. and Milne, B. T. 1989. Scaling of ‘landscapes’ in landscape ecology, or, landscape ecology from a beetle’s perspective.
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The purpose of bounded quantification is to allow for polymorphic functions to depend on some specific behaviour of objects instead of type inheritance. It assumes a record-based model for object classes, where every class member is a record element and all class members are named functions. Object attributes are represented as functions that take no argument and return an object. The specific behaviour is then some function name along with the types of the arguments and the return type.
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In extending the real numbers to include infinite and infinitesimal quantities, one typically wishes to be as conservative as possible by not changing any of their elementary properties. This guarantees that as many familiar results as possible are still available. Typically elementary means that there is no quantification over sets, but only over elements. This limitation allows statements of the form "for any number x..." For example, the axiom that states "for any number x, x + 0 = x" would still apply.
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QDMR (Quantitative Differentially Methylated Regions) is a quantitative approach to quantify methylation difference and identify DMRs from genome-wide methylation profiles by adapting Shannon entropy. The platform-free and species-free nature of QDMR makes it potentially applicable to various methylation data. This approach provides an effective tool for the high-throughput identification of the functional regions involved in epigenetic regulation. QDMR can be used as an effective tool for the quantification of methylation difference and identification of DMRs across multiple samples.
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Spectral doppler through pulmonary vein Spectral doppler is presented similarly to M-mode in which the doppler information is plotted as a spectrogram. This can be both "continuous" and "pulse" wave where the former shows the spectrum along a specific line and the latter shows within a small window along that line. Continuous wave is better at showing maximal velocities and pulse wave is better for showing flow through a small volume. Spectral doppler is often used for quantification of flow.
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A lysochrome is a soluble dye used for histochemical staining of lipids, which include triglycerides, fatty acids, and lipoproteins. Lysochromes such as Sudan IV dissolve in the lipid and show up as colored regions. The dye does not stick to any other substrates, so a quantification or qualification of lipid presence can be obtained. The name was coined by John Baker (biologist) in his book "Principles of Biological Microtechnique", published in 1958, from the Greek words lysis (solution) and chroma (colour).
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Frank A. Gotch (August 27, 1926 - February 18, 2017) was an American physician known for his work in renal dialysis adequacy, specifically the development of Kt/V and standardized Kt/V. He was an Associate Professor of Medicine at the University of California, San Francisco. Gotch was a consultant to the Renal Research Institute in New York and was Associate Professor of Medicine at UCSF. Gotch worked in clinical dialysis and dialysis research, particularly quantification of therapy, for over 30 years.
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The most common pain scale for quantification of endometriosis-related pain is the visual analogue scale (VAS); VAS and numerical rating scale (NRS) were the best adapted pain scales for pain measurement in endometriosis. For research purposes, and for more detailed pain measurement in clinical practice, VAS or NRS for each type of typical pain related to endometriosis (dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia and non-menstrual chronic pelvic pain), combined with the clinical global impression (CGI) and a quality of life scale, are used.
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Quantitative proteomics has distinct applications in the medical field. Especially in the fields of drug and biomarker discovery. LC- MS/MS techniques have started to over take more traditional methods like the western blot and ELISA due to the cumbersome nature of labeling different and separating proteins using these methods and the more global analysis of protein quantification. Mass spectrometry methods are more sensitive to difference in protein structure like post-translational modification and thus can quantify differing modifications to proteins.
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Quantification of social costs, for damages or benefits in the future resulting from current production, is a critical problem for the presentation of social costs and when attempting to formulate policy to correct the externality. For example, damages to the environment, socioeconomic or political impacts, and costs or benefits that span long horizons are difficult to predict and quantify and thus, difficult to include in a cost-benefit analysis.Zerbe, R. O. and D.D. Dively. 1994. Benefit-Cost Analysis: In Theory and Practice.
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This algorithm is commonly called NFA, but this terminology can be confusing. Its running time can be exponential, which simple implementations exhibit when matching against expressions like that contain both alternation and unbounded quantification and force the algorithm to consider an exponentially increasing number of sub- cases. This behavior can cause a security problem called Regular expression Denial of Service (ReDoS). Although backtracking implementations only give an exponential guarantee in the worst case, they provide much greater flexibility and expressive power.
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She has developed different types of sensors, including; photonic Biosensors, Mach–Zehnder interferometers, opto-nano-mechanical sensors and magnetoplasmonic sensors. She looks to apply these sensors in clinical settings, for the diagnosis of cancer and other diseases, as well as environmental monitoring. In 2018 she demonstrated an interferometry-based point-of-care device for the fast and sensitive quantification of Escherichia coli. The device contained microarrays printed onto high performance nanoplasmonic substrates, and could even be performed by non-expert personnel.
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In 2006, PITCHf/x cameras were installed in every MLB stadium. These cameras are able to track “velocity, movement, release point, spin, and pitch location” on every pitch thrown. When this data was released to the public, many different attempts at pitch quantification began appearing. In 2010, Nick Steiner explained that pitchers have relatively very little control over their pitches due to the fact that so many other factors affect a pitch, such as the batter, the umpire, the defense, and the environment.
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Limulus amebocyte lysate (LAL) is an aqueous extract of blood cells (amoebocytes) from the Atlantic horseshoe crab Limulus polyphemus. LAL reacts with bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which is a membrane component of gram-negative bacteria. This reaction is the basis of the LAL test, which is widely used for the detection and quantification of bacterial endotoxins. In Asia, a similar Tachypleus amebocyte lysate (TAL) test based on the local horseshoe crabs Tachypleus gigas or Tachypleus tridentatus is occasionally used instead.
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Particular scientific and technical practices shape and inform our understanding of climate change and in doing so define how environmental problems are defined as objects of governance. For example, recent advances in carbon cycle research, remote sensing and carbon accounting techniques have revealed that tropical deforestation accounts for 15% of global carbon dioxide emissions. As a result, it has become a viable concern of climate governance. Previous to its quantification, tropical deforestation had been expressly excluded from the Kyoto Protocol.
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In rats, the s are 500, 800 (oral), and 600 (skin) mg/kg. Excessive exposure can cause nausea, headache, muscle weakness, salivation, shortness of breath and seizures. In humans, it is deactivated by enzymatic hydrolysis to several carboxylic acid metabolites, whose urinary excretion half-lives are in a range of 5–7 hours. Worker exposure to the chemical can be monitored by measurement of the urinary metabolites, while severe overdosage may be confirmed by quantification of cyfluthrin in blood or plasma.
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A primer dimer (PD) is a potential by-product in the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), a common biotechnological method. As its name implies, a PD consists of two primer molecules that have attached (hybridized) to each other because of strings of complementary bases in the primers. As a result, the DNA polymerase amplifies the PD, leading to competition for PCR reagents, thus potentially inhibiting amplification of the DNA sequence targeted for PCR amplification. In quantitative PCR, PDs may interfere with accurate quantification.
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He proposed a rule called Quantifier Raising (QR), which explains that movement operations of wh- movement continue to operate on the level of LF, and each phrase continues to possess the quantifier in its domain. May suggested that QR applies to all quantifier phrases with no exception. The study of Quantification carried on in the 1980s. In contrast to May and Montague, it was suggested that independently motivated phrase structure, such as the relative clause, imposes a limitation on scope options.
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There has been discussion about quantification since the 1970s. In 1974, Richard Montague argued that a grammar for a small fragment of English contains the logicosyntactic and semantic devices to handle practically any scope phenomenon. The tool that he mainly relied on is categorical syntax with functional application; in terms of recent formulations, it can be considered Minimalist syntax with Merge only. However, this approach does not make predictions for some examples with inverse scope (wide scope in object position).
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Finally, a normalized count matrix with gene expression values is obtained. ADT data analysis (based on the developer's guidelines): CITE-seq-Count is a Python package from CITE-Seq developers that can be used to obtain raw counts. Seurat package from Satija lab further allows combining of the protein and RNA counts and performing clustering on both measurements, as well as doing differential expression analysis between cell clusters of interest. ADT quantification needs to take into account the differences between the antibodies.
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There are electronic devices that can detect ppm concentrations despite not being particularly selective. Others can predict with reasonable accuracy the molecular structure of the volatile organic compounds in the environment or enclosed atmospheres and could be used as accurate monitors of the chemical fingerprint and further as health monitoring devices. Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are used to collect VOCs at low concentrations for analysis. Direct injection mass spectrometry techniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and accurate quantification of VOCs.
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The microbeads are then arrayed in a flow cell for sequencing and quantification. The sequence signatures are deciphered by the parallel identification of four bases by hybridization to fluorescently labeled encoders (Figure 5). Each of the encoders has a unique label which is detected after hybridization by taking an image of the microbead array. The next step is to cleave and remove that set of four bases and reveal the next four bases for a new round of hybridization to encoders and image acquisition.
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Chittka has carried out extensive work on the behaviour, cognition and ecology of bumblebees and honeybees, and their interactions with flowers. He developed perceptual models of animal colour vision, allowing the derivation of optimal receiver systems as well as a quantification of the evolutionary pressures shaping flower signals. Chittka also made fundamental contributions to the understanding of animal cognition and its fitness benefits in the economy of nature. He explored phenomena such as numerosity, speed-accuracy trade-offs, false memories and social learning in bees.
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An Essay Concerning Human Understanding IV.5, 1-8. This view, known as psychologism, was taken to the extreme in the nineteenth century, and is generally held by modern logicians to signify a low point in the decline of logic before the twentieth century. Modern semantics is in some ways closer to the medieval view, in rejecting such psychological truth-conditions. However, the introduction of quantification, needed to solve the problem of multiple generality, rendered impossible the kind of subject- predicate analysis that underlies medieval semantics.
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The bicinchoninic acid assay (BCA) is based on a simple colorimetric measurement and is the most common protein quantification assay. BCA is similar to the Lowry or Bradford protein assays and was first made commercially available by Pierce, which is now owned by Thermo Fisher Scientific. In the BCA assay, a protein's peptide bonds quantitatively reduce Cu2+ to Cu1+, which produces a light blue color. BCA chelates Cu1+ at a 2:1 ratio resulting in a more intensely colored species that absorbs at 562 nm.
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Risk assessment and quantification processes are not integrated. Value-at-risk models are used to quantify the market risk and credit default models are used to estimate credit risk. Both specific models could be used independently, still: that it is not the case in the Silo approach. There are different effects that can be caused by this less integrative model: Over-hedging and far too much insurance cover can be a result of not incorporating all the different kinds of risk and their wide diversification.
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This means that the levels of A and X are magnitude differences measured relative to some kind of unit difference. Each level of P is a difference between the levels of A and X. However, it is not clear from the literature as to how a unit could be defined within an additive conjoint context. proposed a scaling method for conjoint structures but he also did not discuss the unit. The theory of conjoint measurement, however, is not restricted to the quantification of differences.
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The existential graphs are a curious offspring of Peirce the logician/mathematician with Peirce the founder of a major strand of semiotics. Peirce's graphical logic is but one of his many accomplishments in logic and mathematics. In a series of papers beginning in 1867, and culminating with his classic paper in the 1885 American Journal of Mathematics, Peirce developed much of the two-element Boolean algebra, propositional calculus, quantification and the predicate calculus, and some rudimentary set theory. Model theorists consider Peirce the first of their kind.
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However, a small fraction is scattered inelastically, being the energy of the laser photons shifted up or down. When the scattering is elastic, the phenomenon is denoted as Rayleigh scattering, while when it is inelastic it is called Raman scattering. Raman spectroscopy combined with electrochemical techniques, makes Raman spectroelectrochemistry a powerful technique in the identification, characterization and quantification of molecules. The main advantage of Raman spectroelectrochemistry is that it is not limited to the selected solvent, and aqueous and organic solutions can be used.
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Dr. Zhai started working on multiple degrees of freedom (DOF) input during his graduate years at the University of Toronto. In his Ph.D. thesis, he systematically examined human performance as a function of design variations of a 6 DOF control device, such as control resistance (isometric, elastic, and isotonic), transfer function (position vs. rate control), muscle groups used, and display format. He investigated people's ability to coordinate multiple degrees of freedom, based on three ways of quantification: simultaneous time-on-target, error correlation, and efficiency.
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Accidental transfer of biological material containing DNA can produce misleading results. This is a particularly important consideration in forensic and crime labs, where mistakes can cause an innocent person to be convicted of a crime. There was no way to detect if a reference sample was mislabeled as evidence or if a forensic sample is contaminated, but a nullomer barcode can be added to reference samples to distinguish them from evidence on analysis. Tagging can be carried out during sample collection without affecting genotype or quantification results.
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Example of a stack of confocal microscope images showing the distribution of actin filaments throughout a cell. Clinically, CLSM is used in the evaluation of various eye diseases, and is particularly useful for imaging, qualitative analysis, and quantification of endothelial cells of the cornea. It is used for localizing and identifying the presence of filamentary fungal elements in the corneal stroma in cases of keratomycosis, enabling rapid diagnosis and thereby early institution of definitive therapy. Research into CLSM techniques for endoscopic procedures (endomicroscopy) is also showing promise.
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Immuno-RCA is an isothermal signal amplification method for high-specificity & high- sensitivity protein detection and quantification. This technique combines two fields: RCA, which allows nucleotide amplification, and immunoassay, which uses antibodies specific to intracellular or free biomarkers. As a result, immuno-RCA gives a specific amplified signal (high signal-to-noise ratio), making it suitable for detecting, quantifying and visualizing low abundance proteic markers in liquid-phase immunoassays and immunohistochemistry. Immuno- RCA follows a typical immuno-absorbent reaction in ELISA or immunohistochemistry tissue staining.
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An ISO 9001:2000-certified manufacturer, 2B Technologies has produced and sold over 2,000 ozone monitors and related instruments. InDevR is an example of the Small Business Innovation Research program sponsored by the federal government. The company received a Phase I grant in 2006 to develop a revolutionary instrument for Virus Quantification from the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), part of the National Institutes of Health. Based on demonstration of feasibility in Phase I, InDevR received a Phase II grant in 2008.
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Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology) The first criticisms of Aristotelian logic were written by Avicenna, who produced independent treatises on logic rather than commentaries. He criticized the logical school of Baghdad for their devotion to Aristotle at the time. He investigated the theory of definition and classification and the quantification of the predicates of categorical propositions, and developed an original theory on "temporal modal" syllogism. Its premises included modifiers such as "at all times", "at most times", and "at some time".
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In mathematical logic, an elementary definition is a definition that can be made using only finitary first-order logic, and in particular without reference to set theory or using extensions such as plural quantification. Elementary definitions are of particular interest because they admit a complete proof apparatus while still being expressive enough to support most everyday mathematics (via the addition of elementarily-expressible axioms such as Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZFC)). Saying that a definition is elementary is a weaker condition than saying it is algebraic.
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Until recently testing for BFR has been cumbersome. Cycle time, cost and level of expertise required for the test engineer has precluded the implementation of any screening of plastic components in a manufacturing or in a product qualification/validation environment. Recently, with the introduction of a new analytical instrument IA-Mass, screening of plastic material alongside a manufacturing line became possible. A five-minute detection cycle and a 20-minute quantification cycle is available to test and to qualify plastic parts as they reach the assembly line.
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Scientific progress in archaeology, as in any other discipline, requires building abstract, generalized and transferable knowledge about the processes that underlie past human actions and their manifestations. Quantification provides the ultimate known way of abstracting and extending our scientific abilities past the limits of intuitive cognition. Quantitative approaches to archaeological information handling and inference constitute a critical body of scientific methods in archaeological research. They provide the tools, algebra, statistics and computer algorithms, to process information too voluminous or complex for purely cognitive, informal inference.
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Boehm's initial quantification of the effects of the Funnel Curve were subjective (Boehm 1981, p. 311). Later work by Boehm and his colleagues at USC applied data from a set of software projects from the U.S. Air Force and other sources to validate the model. The basic model was further validated based on work at NASA's Software Engineering Lab (NASA 1990 p. 3-2). The first time the name "Cone of Uncertainty" was used to describe this concept was in Software Project Survival Guide (McConnell 1997).
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NMR spectroscopy has been utilized for the analysis of biological samples since the 1980s, and can be used as an effective technique for the identification and quantification of both known and unknown metabolites. For details on the principles of this technique, see NMR spectroscopy. In pharmacometabolomics analyses, NMR is advantageous because minimal sample preparation is required. Isolated patient samples typically include blood or urine due to their minimally-invasive acquisition, however, other fluid types and solid tissue samples have also been studied with this approach.
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This technical language, being based on the natural language Sanskrit, inherits a certain natural structure and interpretation, and sensitivity to the context of enquiry. On the other hand, the symbolic formal systems of Western logic, though considerably influenced in their structure (say, in quantification, etc.) by the basic patterns discernible in European languages, are professedly purely symbolic, carrying no interpretation whatsoever−such interpretations are supposed to be supplied separately in the specific context of the particular field of enquiry ‘employing’ the symbolic formal system.
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Using a system that has signal value of 1 and has noise added at 0.1% and 1% levels will simplify quantification of algorithm performance. The R script is used to create pseudo random noise added to signal and analyze the results of filtering using several algorithms. Please refer to "Reduce Inband Noise with the AVT Algorithm" article for details. This graphs show that AVT algorithm provides best results compared with Median and Averaging algorithms while using data sample size of 32, 64 and 128 values.
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In 2011 it was shown by Polson and Scott that the SVM admits a Bayesian interpretation through the technique of data augmentation. In this approach the SVM is viewed as a graphical model (where the parameters are connected via probability distributions). This extended view allows the application of Bayesian techniques to SVMs, such as flexible feature modeling, automatic hyperparameter tuning, and predictive uncertainty quantification. Recently, a scalable version of the Bayesian SVM was developed by Florian Wenzel, enabling the application of Bayesian SVMs to big data.
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Since the beginning of his career, Lockhart's research has been focused on identification of injury mechanisms and quantification of sensorimotor deficits and movement disorders associated with aging and neurological disorders on fall accidents. Much of his work has focused on improving the lives of older adults and their families. In the late 1990s, Lockhart studied the biomechanics of slips and falls, how floor surface and visual field obstruction impact falls and how aging affects the likelihood of falls. His research on these topics continued into early 2000s.
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McMahon’s lab generated transgenic Per1::GFP mice in which a degradable form of recombinant jellyfish GFP reporter is driven by the mouse Per1 gene promoter. mPer1‐driven GFP fluorescence intensity reports light‐induction and circadian rhythmicity in neural structures of the SCN. The Per1::GFP transgenic mouse allows for the simultaneous quantification of molecular clock state and the firing rate of SCN neurons. Thus, this circadian reporter transgene depicts gene expression dynamics of biological clock neurons, providing a novel view of this brain function.
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While often invisible, this lawfulness is clearly objective, not subjective, and not invented by the experimenter (see Goethe's description of a dandelion, or Steiner's copied version). Ernst Lehrs went further in emphasizing how all objective manifestation comes from the movement of physical-material objects as motion comes to rest (Man or Matter, 3rd ed. preferred). Goethean Science stands apart from Cartesian-Newtonian Science in its alternative value system. Regarding quantification, Goethean Science is nonetheless rigorous as to experimental method and the matter of qualities.
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2016 As a result of a European festival cooperation, the theme in 2016 was "We Are Europe" and focused on change processes in Europe. Among the guests were journalist and WikiLeaks activist Sarah Harrison, the philosopher Srećko Horvat, and the French director Hind Meddeb. 2017 The topic the 2017 edition was "Big data, quantification & algorithms - Who will be the decision-makers of the 21st century?". 2018 The role of "Risk/Courage" in the context of societal change will be highlighted during the 2018 festival.
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The 20th century saw the creation of a huge variety of historiographical approaches; one was Marc Bloch's focus on social history rather than traditional political history. The French Annales school radically changed the focus of historical research in France during the 20th century by stressing long-term social history, rather than political or diplomatic themes. The school emphasized the use of quantification and the paying of special attention to geography.See Lucien Febvre, La Terre et l'évolution humaine (1922), translated as A Geographical Introduction to History (London, 1932).
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He published algorithms in the areas of mesh generation, reconstruction and sampling, for the contexts of computational geometry, simulation, computer graphics and uncertainty quantification. His main contributions have been geometric algorithms with provable correctness and output quality guarantees. His PhD thesis was the first tetrahedral meshing algorithm with guarantees on both the number of elements and their shape. He is also well known for a series of papers on whisker weaving and other algorithms for hexahedral mesh generation using the dual spatial twist continuum.
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CDL formalised its sustainability efforts in 1995 with the adoption of its ethos Conversing as we Construct. In 2003, CDL established its corporate environment, health and safety policy. It then acquired ISO 14001 certification (Environmental Management System) from the local governing authority, Building and Construction Authority (BCA) in the same year. It subsequently acquired certifications in ISO 50001 – Energy Management System in 2014, and ISO 14064-1 – on quantification and reporting greenhouse gas inventory in 2016, ahead of its competitors in the property development industry.
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Scanning Quantum Dot Microscopy Scanning quantum dot microscopy (SQDM) is a scanning probe microscopy (SPM) that is used to image nanoscale electric potential distributions on surfaces. The method quantifies surface potential variations via their influence on the potential of a quantum dot (QD) attached to the apex of the scanned probe. SQDM allows, for example, the quantification of surface dipoles originating from individual adatoms, molecules, or nanostructures. This gives insights into surface and interface mechanisms such as reconstruction or relaxation, mechanical distortion, charge transfer and chemical interaction.
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RNA-Seq experiments generate a large volume of raw sequence reads which have to be processed to yield useful information. Data analysis usually requires a combination of bioinformatics software tools (see also List of RNA-Seq bioinformatics tools) that vary according to the experimental design and goals. The process can be broken down into four stages: quality control, alignment, quantification, and differential expression. Most popular RNA-Seq programs are run from a command-line interface, either in a Unix environment or within the R/Bioconductor statistical environment.
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Gene and exon read counts may be calculated quite easily using HTSeq, for example. Quantitation at the transcript level is more complicated and requires probabilistic methods to estimate transcript isoform abundance from short read information; for example, using cufflinks software. Reads that align equally well to multiple locations must be identified and either removed, aligned to one of the possible locations, or aligned to the most probable location. Some quantification methods can circumvent the need for an exact alignment of a read to a reference sequence altogether.
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Since 2005 he is professor of logic at University of Buenos Aires and researcher at CONICET. He works in philosophy of logic, mainly interested in the notion of truth, especially in semantic paradoxes and the expressive limits of formal languages. He also works on non-classical logic, higher-order logic, and unrestricted quantification. He is also editor-in-chief of the collection "Enciclopedia Lógica", published by EUDEBA, which includes the first Spanish translation of the L. T. F. Gamut's work Logic, Language, and Meaning.
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Annual carbon dioxide emissions in developed countries range from 6 to 23 tons per capita. Accounting systems differ on precisely what constitutes a valid offset for voluntary reduction systems and for mandatory reduction systems. However formal standards for quantification exist based on collaboration between emitters, regulators, environmentalists and project developers. These standards include the Voluntary Carbon Standard, Plan Vivo Foundation, Green-e Climate, Chicago Climate Exchange and the Gold Standard, the latter of which expands upon the requirements for the Clean Development Mechanism of the Kyoto Protocol.
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Linn brochures dwell little on performance specifications, mentioning somewhat vaguely that the frequency response "varies by only a few db from 20 Hz to 20 KHz with the isobaric loading extending usable bass response to below 10 Hz". Linn also claimed "very low distortion" and "high sound pressure levels", without quantification. Recommended amplifier power rating is in the range of 50-500 watts. Hi-Fi for Pleasure noted that the speakers' impedance, although quoted at 3 ohms nominal, dipped considerably at some parts of the audio spectrum.
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Identification and quantification of helminth eggs at UNAM university in Mexico City, Mexico Specific helminths can be identified through microscopic examination of their eggs (ova) found in faecal samples. The number of eggs is measured in units of eggs per gram. However, it does not quantify mixed infections, and in practice, is inaccurate for quantifying the eggs of schistosomes and soil- transmitted helminths. Sophisticated tests such as serological assays, antigen tests, and molecular diagnosis are also available; however, they are time- consuming, expensive and not always reliable.
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RRS can be used because the change in this was linearly correlated to the concentration of ethion (Range: 10.0–900.0 mg/L). Furthermore, it has as advantages over general detection methods that ethion can be measured in just 3 minutes and that no pretreatment of the sample is required before the measurement. From interference tests it became clear that the method has a very good selectivity for ethion. The limit of detection (LOD) was 3.7 mg/L and limit of quantification (LOQ) was 11.0 mg/L.
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Of these isolates, A. aureus was found to produce the highest levels of resveratrol, based on the Liebermann test to detect a free para position in phenolic compounds, the acetic anhydride test to confirm presence a free -OH group, and quantification of resveratrol by HPLC. A. aureus isolates endophytic to Thymelaea lythroides were shown to have anti-cancer properties. Hsp90 chaperone machinery maintains stability of activated protein kinase and transcription factors that contribute to tumorigenesis. Thus, inhibition of Hsp90 leads to cellular degradation of target oncoproteins.
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Argon is often used when analysing gas phase chemistry reactions such as F-T synthesis so that a single carrier gas can be used rather than two separate ones. The sensitivity is reduced, but this is a trade off for simplicity in the gas supply. Gas chromatography is used extensively in forensic science. Disciplines as diverse as solid drug dose (pre-consumption form) identification and quantification, arson investigation, paint chip analysis, and toxicology cases, employ GC to identify and quantify various biological specimens and crime-scene evidence.
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In terms of the diagnosis of hepatitis E, only a laboratory blood test that confirms the presence of HEV RNA or IgM antibodies to HEV can be trusted.subscription needed In the United States no serologic tests for diagnosis of HEV infection have ever been authorized by the Food and Drug Administration. The World Health Organization has developed an international standard strain for detection and quantification of HEV RNA. In acute infection the viremic window for detection of HEV RNA closes 3 weeks after symptoms begin.
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Complete loss-of-function in RAG1/2, the main components responsible for V(D)J recombination activity, produces severe immunodeficiency in humans. Hypomorphic RAG variants can retain partial recombination activity and result in a distinct phenotype of combined immunodeficiency with granuloma and/or autoimmunity (CID-G/A). RAG deficiency can be measured by in vitro quantification of recombination activity. 71 RAG1 and 39 RAG2 variants have been functionally assayed to date (2019) (less than 10% of the potential point mutations that may cause disease).
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He has put forth his knowledge and ideas in some of the highly-rated journals. He has the distinction of getting his paper listed in the most cited paper since 2008 and also of a leading researcher in the field of uncertainty quantification. Singh is a fellow of Indian Society for Technical Education India and an elected fellow of the Institute of Engineers (India). He has been listed among top most cited papers in International Journal of Finite Elements in Analysis and Design in 2014.
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In order to exclude the presence of other materials during the boron quantification using the curcumin method, a variant of the process was developed. In this process, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-hexanediol or 2-ethyl-1,3-hexanediol are added, in addition to curcumin, to a neutral solution of the boron-containing solution. The complex formed between boron and the 1,3-hexanediol derivative is removed from the aqueous solution by extraction in an organic solvent. Acidification of the organic phase yields rubrocyanine, which can be detected by colorimetric methods.
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Correct choice of a model is essential for a disease forecasting system to be useful. Plant disease forecasting models must be thoroughly tested and validated after being developed. Interest has arisen lately in model validation through the quantification of the economic costs of false positives and false negatives, where disease prevention measures may be used when unnecessary or not applied when needed respectively. The costs of these two types of errors need to be weighed carefully before deciding to use a disease forecasting system.
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This is commonly done with measurement of the rotational constant, the energy of the rotational transitions, or a measurement of the dissociation energy. These spectra can either be generated ab initio from a computational chemistry program or, such as with the more stable cyanoacetylene, by direct measurement of the spectra in an experiment. Once the spectra are generated, the telescope can scan within certain frequencies for the desired molecules. Quantification can be accomplished as well to determine the density of the compounds in the cloud.
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Error estimates for non-linear functions are biased on account of using a truncated series expansion. The extent of this bias depends on the nature of the function. For example, the bias on the error calculated for log(1+x) increases as x increases, since the expansion to x is a good approximation only when x is near zero. For highly non-linear functions, there exist five categories of probabilistic approaches for uncertainty propagation; see Uncertainty Quantification#Methodologies for forward uncertainty propagation for details.
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This diagram shows the relationship between electrochemical engineering and other disciplines. Electrochemical engineering combines the study of heterogeneous charge transfer at electrode/electrolyte interphases with the development of practical materials and processes. Fundamental considerations include electrode materials and the kinetics of redox species. The development of the technology involves the study of the electrochemical reactors, their potential and current distribution, mass transport conditions, hydrodynamics, geometry and components as well as the quantification of its overall performance in terms of reaction yield, conversion efficiency, and energy efficiency.
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Hathaway stayed as an associate professor in psychology at the UMN Hospital, with a joint appointment in the department of anatomy. His chief responsibility during this appointment was to establish a division of clinical psychology in the department of psychiatry at the UMN Medical School. The concurrent training of psychologists and psychiatrists was with little conflict as Hathaway's approach incorporated rigorous quantification to mental health based on empirical principles. He believed that psychological qualities could be engineered and influenced in the same was physical matter could be.
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In mathematical logic, Gödel's β function is a function used to permit quantification over finite sequences of natural numbers in formal theories of arithmetic. The β function is used, in particular, in showing that the class of arithmetically definable functions is closed under primitive recursion, and therefore includes all primitive recursive functions. The β function was introduced without the name in the proof of the first of Gödel's incompleteness theorems (Gödel 1931). The β function lemma given below is an essential step of that proof.
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Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology) The first criticisms of Aristotelian logic were written by Avicenna (980–1037), who produced independent treatises on logic rather than commentaries. He criticized the logical school of Baghdad for their devotion to Aristotle at the time. He investigated the theory of definition and classification and the quantification of the predicates of categorical propositions, and developed an original theory on "temporal modal" syllogism. Its premises included modifiers such as "at all times", "at most times", and "at some time".
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Applications range from quantification of drug purity to determination of the composition of high molecular weight synthetic polymers. In a typical run on an organic compound, a 13C NMR may require several hours to record the spectrum of a one-milligram sample, compared to 15–30 minutes for 1H NMR, and that spectrum would be of lower quality. The nuclear dipole is weaker, the difference in energy between alpha and beta states is one-quarter that of proton NMR, and the Boltzmann population difference is correspondingly less.
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Gene Targeting In 2006, he published the first comprehensive in vivo quantification of cellular senescence in aging primates. That year, his lab also discovered how (through the Polycomb pathway) c-Myc contributes to the regulation of chromatin states. His research has found that mice missing one copy of the Myc transcription factor live longer than wild-type mice.Benefits of Missing MYC He is co-Editor-in-Chief of the journal Aging Cell, and is chair of the 2015 Gordon Research Conference on the Biology of Aging.
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Brdiczka, O., Maisonnasse, J., Reignier, P., and Crowley, J. L. Detecting small group activities from multimodal observations. Applied Intelligence 30, 1 (July 2007), 47–57. Challenges which must still be addressed include quantification of the behavior and roles of individuals who join the group, integration of explicit models for role description into inference algorithms, and scalability evaluations for very large groups and crowds. Group activity recognition has applications for crowd management and response in emergency situations, as well as for social networking and Quantified Self applications.
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Eggs can be found in the urine in infections with S. haematobium (recommended time for collection: between noon and 3 PM) and with S. japonicum. Detection will be enhanced by centrifugation and examination of the sediment. Quantification is possible by using filtration through a Nucleopore membrane of a standard volume of urine followed by egg counts on the membrane. Tissue biopsy (rectal biopsy for all species and biopsy of the bladder for S. haematobium) may demonstrate eggs when stool or urine examinations are negative.
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Genomics is an interdisciplinary field of biology focusing on the structure, function, evolution, mapping, and editing of genomes. A genome is an organism's complete set of DNA, including all of its genes. In contrast to genetics, which refers to the study of individual genes and their roles in inheritance, genomics aims at the collective characterization and quantification of all of an organism's genes, their interrelations and influence on the organism. Genes may direct the production of proteins with the assistance of enzymes and messenger molecules.
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Electron equivalent is a concept commonly used in redox chemistry, reactions involving electron transfer, to define a quantity (e.g. energy or moles) relative to one electron. Energies of formation are often given as kilojoules per electron equivalent to enable calculation of specific reaction energies on a "per electron" basis. Reactions containing movement of electrons are often balanced such that reaction quantities are given in relation to the transfer of a single electron, allowing quantification of reactants and products in relation to a single electron transfer.
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While the Neurosphere Assay has been the method of choice for isolation, expansion and even the enumeration of neural stem and progenitor cells, several recent publications have highlighted some of the limitations of the neurosphere culture system as a method for determining neural stem cell frequencies. In collaboration with Reynolds, STEMCELL Technologies has developed a collagen-based assay, called the Neural Colony- Forming Cell (NCFC) Assay, for the quantification of neural stem cells. Importantly, this assay allows discrimination between neural stem and progenitor cells.
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The presence of a particular object, say a 'unicorn' is expressed in the manner of symbolic logic as: ::∃ x; x is a unicorn. Here the 'turned E ' or ∃ is read as "there exists..." and is called the symbol for existential quantification. Relations between objects also can be expressed using quantifiers. For example, in the domain of integers (denoting the quantifier by n, a customary choice for an integer) we can indirectly identify '5' by its relation with the number '25': ::∃ n; n × n = 25.
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IC has been used for the determination of analytes as a part of a dissolution test. For instance, calcium dissolution tests have shown that other ions present in the medium can be well resolved among themselves and also from the calcium ion. Therefore, IC has been employed in drugs in the form of tablets and capsules in order to determine the amount of drug dissolve with time. IC is also widely used for detection and quantification of excipients or inactive ingredients used in pharmaceutical formulations.
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Ancient Islamic (Arabic and Persian) Logic and Ontology) The first criticisms of Aristotelian logic were written by Avicenna (980–1037), who produced independent treatises on logic rather than commentaries. He criticized the logical school of Baghdad for their devotion to Aristotle at the time. He investigated the theory of definition and classification and the quantification of the predicates of categorical propositions, and developed an original theory on "temporal modal" syllogism. Its premises included modifiers such as "at all times", "at most times", and "at some time".
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Thus universal statements, like "All men are mortal," or "Everything is a unicorn," do not presuppose that there are men or that there is anything. These would be symbolized, with the appropriate predicates, as \forall x\,(Mx \rightarrow Lx) and \forall x\, Ux, which in Principia Mathematica entail \exists x\,(Mx \land Lx) and \exists x\,Ux, but not in free logic. The truth of these last statements, when used in a free logic, depend on the domain of quantification, which may be the null set.
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Antibodies against major capsid protein VP1, the major component of the viral capsid, can be used to confirm the presence of viral particles in cell nuclei. Electron microscopy can also be used to detect viral particles. Quantification of viral load can be performed using quantitative PCR, as affected skin demonstrates much higher viral loads compared to unaffected skin or to asymptomatic individuals who test positive for viral DNA. Differential diagnosis includes other visually similar conditions affecting the hair follicles, many of which appear as drug side effects.
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If You See a Little Piketty in This Tax-Haven Book, That's Fine. Bloomberg Businessweek. Zucman is also known for his work on the quantification of the financial scale of base erosion and profit shifting (BEPS) tax avoidance techniques employed by multinationals in corporate tax havens, through which he identified Ireland as the world's largest corporate tax haven in 2018. Zucman showed that the leading corporate tax havens are all OECD–compliant, and that tax disputes between high–tax locations and havens are very rare.
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One of the earliest methods of pitch quantification, Jeremy Greenhouse's “Stuff”, was published in 2009, shortly following the release of the Pitchf/x data to the public in 2008. This attempt at quantifying a pitcher's ability uses the response variable of expected run value and three independent variables: velocity, horizontal movement, and vertical movement. A loess regression is performed on these variables to obtain a numeric value to describe the pitcher's stuff. Some of the Leaderboards Greenhouse generated do not contain many of the expected top pitchers.
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Digital badges can also be used as competency-based signifier of achievement, which is in contrast to traditional educational models that stress time-based quantification of education goals. Digital badges also have the ability to be more nimble than school curriculum that take time to create, change, and evolve. Pearson Education, an early adopter of the Open Badges standard, cites a number of advantages to using badges to represent competencies, including the subjectivity of grades and the lack of transparency and granularity in traditional diplomas.
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The surviving spouse sued for damages as she was unable to pursue her claim. There was no doubt that the loss was caused by the solicitors’ negligence and the only argument related to quantification of her claim. Although it was argued on behalf of the solicitors that the claimant might not have won her case, and may therefore have lost nothing, the court held that she had lost a chance and, as this was a valuable right, she should be compensated for it. Similarly, in Stovold v.
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Blaire Van Valkenburgh is an American paleontologist and holds the Donald R. Dickey Chair in Vertebrate Biology in the Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology at University of California Los Angeles. She has served as chair of the department and as associate dean of academic programs in the life sciences at UCLA. The focus of her research is the paleobiology and paleoecology of Carnivora. Her contributions include quantification of guild structure in fossil carnivore communities and the study of iterative evolution in carnivore feeding adaptations.
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Within the field of molecular biology, a protein-fragment complementation assay, or PCA, is a method for the identification and quantification of protein–protein interactions. In the PCA, the proteins of interest ("bait" and "prey") are each covalently linked to fragments of a third protein (e.g. DHFR, which acts as a "reporter"). Interaction between the bait and the prey proteins brings the fragments of the reporter protein in close proximity to allow them to form a functional reporter protein whose activity can be measured.
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These reagents are therefore important for future drug and vaccine development. Immudex has currently developed a CMV Dextramer assay for exploratory detection and quantification of CD8+ T-cells in blood samples, covering a broad range of epitopes to assist with screening and monitoring CMV progression in future clinical settings.Hadrup SR; Strindhall J; Kollgaard T; et al. "Longitudinal studies of clonally expanded CD8 T cells reveal a repertoire shrinkage predicting mortality and an increased number of dysfunctional cytomegalovirus-specific T cells in the very elderly".
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In cattle and swine tissue, it was found in 2007 that a procedure for the analysis of ractopamine residues in liver or muscle can be performed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with fluorescence detection. The confirmatory method include reversed-phase HPLC/electrospray ionization triple tandem quadrupole mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification of the drug using this LC/MS instrument was shown to be 1 ng/g. In cattle, a 2018 Chinese study promoted the use of hair as an indelible test of feed containing ractopamine.
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The enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique used for the analysis of YTXs is a recently developed method by Briggs et al. This competitive, indirect immunoassay uses polyclonal antibodies against YTX to determine its concentration in the sample. The assay is commercially available, and is a rapid technique for the analysis of YTXs in shellfish, algal cells, and culture samples. ELISA has several advantages: it is very sensitive, has a limit of quantification of 75 μg/kg, is relatively cheap, and is easy to carry out.
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RiboGreen is a proprietary fluorescent dye that is used in the detection and quantification of nucleic acids, including both RNA and DNA. It is synthesized and marketed by Molecular Probes/Invitrogen (a division of Life Technologies, now part of Thermo Fisher Scientific) of Eugene, Oregon, United States. In its free form, RiboGreen exhibits little fluorescence and possesses a negligible absorbance signature. When bound to nucleic acids, the dye fluoresces with an intensity that, according to the manufacturer, is several orders of magnitude greater than the unbound form.
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In addition to the Hp peptides from alpha hemoglobin, a related peptide from beta hemoglobin has been found in mouse brain extracts; this peptide, named VD-Hpβ, is also an agonist at CB1 cannabinoid receptors. Hemopressin is not an endogenous peptide but rather an extraction artefact [Bauer M, Chicca A, Tamborrini M, Eisen D, Lerner R, Lutz B, Poetz O, Pluschke G, Gertsch J. Identification and quantification of a new family of peptide endocannabinoids (Pepcans) showing negative allosteric modulation at CB1 receptors. J Biol Chem. 2012 Oct 26;287(44):36944-67.
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While those conservation numbers are important to the agreement, the total amount of water transferred to the water authorities is set to increase significantly in 2018. The Imperial Irrigation District faced significant criticism in 2012 when it was reported that it was not conserving as much water as stipulated under the Quantification Settlement Agreement. The Imperial Irrigation District is required to deliver its water quota through conservation, rather than delivery from existing sources. Some have noted that this would be difficult for a rural region that depends heavily on water for irrigation purposes.
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As of December 8, 2011, the California Court of Appeal for the Third District has ruled in favor of the major state and federal water authorities, and determined that the Quantification Settlement Agreement does not violate the California Constitution. Opponents also argued that the Agreement violated the state's Clean Air Act, but this claim was rejected as well. In July 2013, the Sacramento Superior Court entered a final judgment upholding the agreement and dismissing all current challenges, but the San Diego County Water Authority still anticipates another round of appeals.
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Most of the support for the Quantification Settlement Agreement has been associated with government agencies, on both the state and federal level. Numerous government agencies produced press releases that touted the benefits of the agreement. Many of these releases noted that this was the largest water transfer agreement in American history. Although residents of the Imperial Valley have been the main opponents of this measure, some observers have embraced the agreement, arguing that it is the most realistic and pragmatic solution to the water crisis in the area.
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In the AAS method, the set of servo systems (focus, tracking, sled, and spindle servos) keeps the laser beam focused on the spiral track, and allows disc rotation and laser head motion during the scanning. The amplification/detection board (DAB) is integrated into the CD/DVD drive unit and incorporates a photosensor and electronic circuitry to amplify the RF signal extracted from the photodiode transducer. The photosensor generates a trigger signal when detecting the trigger mark. Both signals are brought to the USB2.0 data acquisition board(DAQ) for digitization and quantification.
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Furthermore, the image acquisition time is extremely long, spanning into minutes and even hours. This may negatively affect animals that are anesthetized for long periods of time. In addition, micro-MRI typically captures a snapshot of the subject in time, and thus it is unable to study blood flow and other real-time processes well. Even with recent advances in high strength functional micro-MRI, there is still around a 10–15 second lag time to reach peak signal intensity, making important information such as blood flow velocity quantification difficult to access.
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Hence the theory of conjoint measurement can be used to quantify attributes in empirical circumstances where it is not possible to combine the levels of the attributes using a side-by-side operation or concatenation. The quantification of psychological attributes such as attitudes, cognitive abilities and utility is therefore logically plausible. This means that the scientific measurement of psychological attributes is possible. That is, like physical quantities, a magnitude of a psychological quantity may possibly be expressed as the product of a real number and a unit magnitude.
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Picture of an Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion plate, after immunodiffusion has taken place. In this, titre value of an antigen is quantified. The central well has an antibody, and the surrounding wells have decreasing concentration of the corresponding antigen. Ouchterlony patterns showing no identity between upper spots Ouchterlony patterns showing full identity between upper spots Ouchterlony patterns showing partial identity between upper spots Ouchterlony double immunodiffusion (also known as passive double immunodiffusion) is an immunological technique used in the detection, identification and quantification of antibodies and antigens, such as immunoglobulins and extractable nuclear antigens.
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After some contemplation, he abandoned medicine in favor of philosophy, logic, and psychology. Ljubomir Nedić was a student of the world-renowned Wilhelm Wundt, "the father of experimental psychology". Nedić's doctoral thesis, defended in 1884, was on contemporary British logic, primarily that of Sir William Hamilton. In 1885 he was made a doctor of philosophy at the University of Leipzig in recognition of Die Lehre von der Quantification des Pradikats in der neuern englische Logik (The Doctrine Concerning the Quantified Predicate in Recent English Philosophy) his year-long research paper written in London.
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His Die Lehre von der Quantification des Pradikats in der neueren englische Logik (Leipzig, 1885) is perhaps the most accredited modern work of its kind before the start of the 20th century. He made valuable contributions to the study of modern literary criticism, along with Svetozar Marković, Jovan Skerlić, Bogdan Popović, Pavle Popović, Slobodan Jovanović, and Branko Lazarević. His work was quoted in Johann Eduard Erdmann's Logic and Metaphysics (1892) and Wilhelm Wundt's Textbook of Logic (1893) even before the start of the 20th century. He died at Belgrade on 29 July 1902.
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Sagan presents a set of tools for skeptical thinking which he calls the "baloney detection kit". Skeptical thinking consists both of constructing a reasoned argument and recognizing a fallacious or fraudulent one. In order to identify a fallacious argument, Sagan suggests employing such tools as independent confirmation of facts, debate, development of different hypotheses, quantification, the use of Occam's razor, and the possibility of falsification. Sagan's "baloney detection kit" also provides tools for detecting "the most common fallacies of logic and rhetoric", such as argument from authority and statistics of small numbers.
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In somatic cell nuclei, however, actin filaments cannot be observed using this technique. The DNase I inhibition assay, so far the only test which allows the quantification of the polymerized actin directly in biological samples, has revealed that endogenous nuclear actin indeed occurs mainly in a monomeric form. Precisely controlled level of actin in the cell nucleus, lower than in the cytoplasm, prevents the formation of filaments. The polymerization is also reduced by the limited access to actin monomers, which are bound in complexes with ABPs, mainly cofilin.
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Despite his contributions to factor analysis, Thurstone (1959, p. 267) cautioned: "When a problem is so involved that no rational formulation is available, then some quantification is still possible by the coefficients of correlation of contingency and the like. But such statistical procedures constitute an acknowledgement of failure to rationalize the problem and to establish functions that underlie the data. We want to measure the separation between the two opinions on the attitude continuum and we want to test the validity of the assumed continuum by means of its internal consistency".
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Quantification of the heritable basis underlying population epigenomic variation is also important to delineate its cis- and trans- regulatory architecture. In particular, most studies state that inter- individual differences in DNA methylation are mainly determined by cis- regulatory sequence polymorphisms, probably involving mutations in TFBSs (Transcription Factor Binding Sites) with downstream consequences on local chromatin environment. The sparsity of trans-acting polymorphisms in humans suggests that such effects are highly deleterious. Indeed, trans-acting factors are expected to be caused by mutations in chromatin control genes or other highly pleiotropic regulators.
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Urinary cell-free DNA (ucfDNA) refers to DNA fragments in urine released by urogenital and non-urogenital cells. Shed cells on urogenital tract release high- or low-molecular-weight DNA fragments via apoptosis and necrosis, while circulating cell-free DNA (cfDNA) that passes through glomerular pores contributes to low-molecular-weight DNA. Most of the ucfDNA is low-molecular- weight DNA in the size of 150-250 base pairs. The detection of ucfDNA composition allows the quantification of cfDNA, circulating tumour DNA, and cell-free fetal DNA components.
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The most commonly adopted methods are spectrophotometry, the fluorimetric method, and PCR. Spectrophotometry quantifies both double-strand and single-strand DNA fragments, but it is more susceptible to contamination; the fluorimetric method quantifies only single-strand DNA; PCR allows the quantification of amplifiable DNA. DNA aberrations such as DNA integrity, mutation, and microsatellite instability, or the presence of foreign DNA such as viral DNA are frequently analyzed. Owing to the advancement in molecular assays, new methods such as next-generation sequencing, ddPCR and automated microscopy systems have significantly enhanced the sensitivity of ucfDNA detection.
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Research has shown that service quality is ultimately related to customer loyalty and retention and, eventually, to higher profits for the organization. "This skepticism about the value of service quality makes it imperative that research be undertaken to address the quantification of the impact of customer satisfaction on observable financial measures, to place programs to improve customer satisfaction and service quality on an even footing with most other business programs that must justify themselves financially.".Rust, Roland T., & Zahorik, Anthony J. (1993). Customer satisfaction, customer retention, and market share.
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Lowry assay is similar to biuret assays, but it uses Folin reagent which is more accurate for quantification. Folin reagent is stable at only acidic conditions and the method is susceptible to skewing results depending on how much tryptophan and tyrosine is present in the examined protein. The Folin reagent binds to tryptophan and tyrosine which means the concentration of the two amino acids affects the sensitivity of the method. The method is sensitive at concentration ranges similar to the Bradford method, but requires a minuscule amount more of protein.
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Many scientific endeavors are dependent upon accurate quantification of drugs and endogenous substances in biological samples; the focus of bioanalysis in the pharmaceutical industry is to provide a quantitative measure of the active drug and/or its metabolite(s) for the purpose of pharmacokinetics, toxicokinetics, bioequivalence and exposure–response (pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics studies). Bioanalysis also applies to drugs used for illicit purposes, forensic investigations, anti-doping testing in sports, and environmental concerns. Bioanalysis was traditionally thought of in terms of measuring small molecule drugs. However, the past twenty years has seen an increase in biopharmaceuticals (e.g.
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Natural pozzolana (volcanic ash) deposits situated in Southern California in the United States Pozzolans are a broad class of siliceous or siliceous and aluminous materials which, in themselves, possess little or no cementitious value but which will, in finely divided form and in the presence of water, react chemically with calcium hydroxide at ordinary temperature to form compounds possessing cementitious properties. The quantification of the capacity of a pozzolan to react with calcium hydroxide and water is given by measuring its pozzolanic activity. Pozzolana are naturally occurring pozzolans of volcanic origin.
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We define high-order variable, a variable of order i>1 has got an arity k and represent any set of k-tuples of elements of order i-1. They are usually written in upper-case and with a natural number as exponent to indicate the order. High order logic is the set of FO formulae where we add quantification over higher-order variables, hence we will use the terms defined in the FO article without defining them again. HO^i is the set of formulae where variable's order are at most i.
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The comprehensive scale of the good life, the Self-Perceived Quality of Life (SPQL) scale, overcame the limitations of prior approaches by integrating measurements of SWB, QOL, and functionality on an individual level, and by utilizing innovative quantification methods. The scale focused on how individuals evaluate their lives and compare these measurements with the average good life of others. The SPQL scale includes well-being, emotions, and physical and mental health indices. The SPQL scale has implications for evaluating the effectiveness of a wide range of interventions intended to improve mental health and well-being.
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Forensic metrology is metrology, the science of measurement, as it applies to forensic sciences. Forensic laboratories and criminalistic laboratories perform numerous measurements and tests to support both criminal and civil legal actions. Examples of forensic metrology include the measurement of blood or breath alcohol content, the quantification of controlled substances (both net weights and purity), and length measurements of firearm barrels. The results of forensic measurements are used to determine if a person is charged with a crime or may be used to determine a statutory sentencing enhancement.
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Once the excited electron is transferred into this triplet state, electron transition (relaxation) back to the lower singlet state energies is quantum mechanically forbidden, meaning that it happens much more slowly than other transitions. The result is a slow process of radiative transition back to the singlet state, sometimes lasting minutes or hours. This is the basis for "glow in the dark" substances. Photoluminescence is an important technique for measuring the purity and crystalline quality of semiconductors such as GaN and InP and for quantification of the amount of disorder present in a system.
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When 3D DIC techniques are employed, out-of-plane motion can be tracked in addition to in- plane motion. Out-of-plane warpage is especially of interest at the component level of electronics packaging for solder joint reliability quantification. Excessive warpage during reflow can contribute to defective solder joints by lifting the edges of the component away from the board and creating head-in- pillow defects in ball grid arrays (BGA). Warpage can also shorten the fatigue life of adequate joints by adding tensile stresses to edge joints during thermal cycling.
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Thurmon E. Lockhart is an American biomedical engineer, researcher and educator. He is a Professor at Arizona State University, a Guest Professor at Ghent University in Belgium and, serves as a Research Affiliate Faculty at Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science. He is the Editor-in-Chief of Wearable Biomedical Systems of the journal, Sci, and an Associate Editor of Annals of Biomedical Engineering. Lockhart's work has been focused on the identification and quantification of sensorimotor deficits and movement disorders associated with aging and neurological disorders on fall accidents.
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The enclosure ditches around the settlement comprise at least 80 ovoid pits containing the remains of humans and animals, and material goods such as pottery (some rare and high-quality), bone and stone tools, and "rare decorative artifacts". The remains of dogs, often found intact, were also recovered. The human remains were primarily shattered and dispersed within the pits, rarely intact or in anatomical position. Using a quantification process known as "minimum number of individuals" (MNI), researchers concluded that the site contained at least 500 individual humans ranging from newborns to the elderly.
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Scagel, C.F.; Linderman, R.G. 2001. Modification of root IAA concentrations, tree growth, and survival by application of plant growth regulating substances to container-grown conifers. New For. 21:159–186. Some major problems militate against greater use of RGC in forestry, including: unstandardized techniques; unstandardized quantification; uncertain correlation between quantified RGC and field performance; variability within given, nominally identical, kinds of planting stock; and the irrelevance of RGC test values determined on a sub-sample of a parent population that subsequently, before it is planted, undergoes any substantive physiological or physical change.
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Chemiluminescent detection methods depend on incubation of the western blot with a substrate that will luminesce when exposed to the reporter on the secondary antibody. The light is then detected by CCD cameras which capture a digital image of the western blot or photographic film. The use of film for western blot detection is slowly disappearing because of non linearity of the image (non accurate quantification). The image is analysed by densitometry, which evaluates the relative amount of protein staining and quantifies the results in terms of optical density.
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The first chapter is entitled "A Short History of Counting". It describes the progression of numbers from being considered divine in early history to their present-day pragmatism. It opens in 1904 Berlin with the story of a counting horse named Clever Hans, who was, to the relief of all, proved by psychologist Oskar Pfungst to not really be able to count. This fit in with the earlier opinion of Nicholas of Cusa, a cardinal who was a pioneer of quantification, that counting is what separates man from animals.
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Langtangen's research was interdisciplinary and revolved around applied mathematics and scientific computing with an emphasis on continuum mechanical modeling, stochastic methods and scientific software design, with applications to biomedicine and geoscience in particular. His last research is focused on cerebrospinal fluid flow in the brain and spine as well as methods for uncertainty quantification. Langtangen was involved in the newly established Centre for Integrative Neuroplasticity (CINPLA) at the University of Oslo. He was also involved with developing and distributing scientific software to make research results more widely accessible and help accelerate research elsewhere.
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The probabilities for the human reliability analysis event tree (HRAET), which is the primary tool for assessment, are nominally calculated from the database developed by the authors Swain and Guttman; local data e.g. from simulators or accident reports may however be used instead. The resultant tree portrays a step by step account of the stages involved in a task, in a logical order. The technique is known as a total methodology [1] as it simultaneously manages a number of different activities including task analysis, error identification, representation in form of HRAET and HEP quantification.
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Embryo quality is the ability of an embryo to perform successfully in terms of conferring a high pregnancy rate and/or resulting in a healthy person. Embryo profiling is the estimation of embryo quality by qualification and/or quantification of various parameters. Estimations of embryo quality guides the choice in embryo selection in in vitro fertilization. In general, embryo profiling for prediction of pregnancy rates focuses mainly on visual profiles and short-term biomarkers including expression of RNA and proteins, preferably in the surroundings of embryos to avoid any damage to them.
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Maximum entropy methods are at the core of a new view of scientific inference, allowing analysis and interpretation of large and sometimes noisy data. Surprisal analysis extends principles of maximal entropy and of thermodynamics, where both equilibrium thermodynamics and statistical mechanics are assumed to be inferences processes. This enables surprisal analysis to be an effective method of information quantification and compaction and of providing an unbiased characterization of systems. Surprisal analysis is particularly useful to characterize and understand dynamics in small systems, where energy fluxes otherwise negligible in large systems, heavily influence system behavior.
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As it is the case for most analytical instruments, also in PTR-MS there has always been a quest for sensitivity improvement and for lowering the detection limit. However, until 2012 these improvements were limited to optimizations of the conventional setup, i.e. ion source, DC drift tube, transfer lens system, mass spectrometer (compare above). The reason for this conservative approach was that the addition of any RF ion focusing device negatively affects the well-defined PTR-MS ion chemistry, which makes quantification complicated and considerably limits comparability of measurement results obtained with different instruments.
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Hui Zhang () is a professor of pathology at Johns Hopkins University. She specializes in analysis of glycoproteins and other protein modifications on the proteome scale. Her most cited article, Identification and quantification of N-linked glycoproteins using hydrazide chemistry, stable isotope labeling and mass spectrometry, was cited over 1,300 times, which landed her in the field of glycoproteomics and brought her total citations over 16,000 and an h-index of 55. Zhang earned her B.S. (1989) and M.S. (1992) from Peking University, and her Ph.D. from the University of Pennsylvania in 1999.
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Schematic diagram of a flow cytometer, from sheath focusing to data acquisition. Modern flow cytometers are able to analyze many thousands of particles per second, in "real time" and, if configured as cell sorters, can actively separate and isolate particles with specified optical properties at similar rates. A flow cytometer is similar to a microscope, except that, instead of producing an image of the cell, flow cytometry offers high-throughput, automated quantification of specified optical parameters on a cell-by-cell basis. To analyze solid tissues, a single-cell suspension must first be prepared.
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The most common pain scale for quantification of endometriosis-related pain is the visual analogue scale (VAS). A review came to the conclusion that VAS and numerical rating scale (NRS) were the best adapted pain scales for pain measurement in endometriosis. For research purposes, and for more detailed pain measurement in clinical practice, the review suggested use of VAS or NRS for each type of typical pain related to endometriosis (dysmenorrhea, deep dyspareunia and non-menstrual chronic pelvic pain), combined with the clinical global impression (CGI) and a quality of life scale.
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Quantitative PCR can also be applied to the detection and quantification of DNA in samples to determine the presence and abundance of a particular DNA sequence in these samples. This measurement is made after each amplification cycle, and this is the reason why this method is called real time PCR (that is, immediate or simultaneous PCR). In the case of RNA quantitation, the template is complementary DNA (cDNA), which is obtained by reverse transcription of ribonucleic acid (RNA). In this instance the technique used is quantitative RT-PCR or Q-RT-PCR.
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In 1981, federal scientists published data showing that asbestos contributed to causing more cancer cases than any other workplace exposure.Kenneth Bridbord, Pierre Decoufle, Joseph F. Fraumeni, Jr., David G. Hoel, Robert N. Hoover, David P. Rail, Umberto Saffiotti, Marvin A. Schneiderman & Aurthur C. Upton, Estimates of the Fraction of Cancer in the United States Related to Occupational Factors, in BANBURY REPORT 9: QUANTIFICATION OF OCCUPATIONAL CANCER, App. (Richard Peto & Marvin Schneiderman eds.,1981). The Center for Disease Control estimates that over 3,000 Americans still die from asbestos related diseases and cancers every year.
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Following phenotypic selection, genomic DNA is extracted from the selected clones, alongside a control cell population. In the most common protocols for genome-wide knockouts, a 'Next-generation sequencing (NGS) library' is created by a two step polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The first step amplifies the sgRNA region, using primers specific to the lentiviral integration sequence, and the second step adds Illumina i5 and i7 sequences. NGS of the PCR products allows the recovered sgRNAs to be identified, and a quantification step can be used to determine the relative abundance of each sgRNA.
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In the Victorian era many aspects of life were succumbing to quantification. The theory of utility soon began to be applied to moral-philosophy discussions. The essential idea in utilitarianism is to judge people's decisions by looking at their change in utils and measure whether they are better off. The main forerunner of the utilitarian principles since the end of the 18th century was Jeremy Bentham, who believed utility could be measured by some complex introspective examination and that it should guide the design of social policies and laws.
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Quantification with PBA can be achieved by measuring intensity of the red color from phenolphthalein because brighter red emerges when the sample contains higher concentration of target antigens. For instance, if more antigens are bound to the surface antibodies, more eosin-conjugated antibodies will also bind to the bound analytes. Thus, photopolymerization on the surface becomes much faster and forms a thicker hydrogel film in which phenolphthalein molecules are trapped. Since more phenolphthalein molecules can remain in the thicker film after further rinsing, the indicators can give a higher intensity of red.
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If a specimen must be observed at higher magnification, it can be examined with a scanning electron microscope (SEM), or a transmission electron microscope (TEM). When equipped with an energy dispersive spectrometer (EDS), the chemical composition of the microstructural features can be determined. The ability to detect low-atomic number elements, such as carbon, oxygen, and nitrogen, depends upon the nature of the detector used. But, quantification of these elements by EDS is difficult and their minimum detectable limits are higher than when a wavelength-dispersive spectrometer (WDS) is used.
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Following the merger with St Bartholomew's Medical College and Queen Mary University of London, Bustin was promoted to Reader in Molecular Medicine in 2002, followed by the award of a personal chair as Professor of Molecular Science in 2004 at Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry. , Bustin held the position of Professor of Molecular Medicine at Anglia Ruskin University. He is a fellow of the Society of Biology. Bustin also co-founded and edits the journal Biomolecular Detection and Quantification to provide a peer-reviewed outlet for "high-quality quantitative studies".
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The Positivist School was founded by Cesare Lombroso and led by two others: Enrico Ferri and Raffaele Garofalo. In criminology, it has attempted to find scientific objectivity for the measurement and quantification of criminal behavior. Its method was developed by observing the characteristics of criminals to observe what may be the root cause of their behavior or actions. Since the Positivist's school of ideas came around, the research revolved around its ideas has aided in identifying some of the key differences between those who were deemed "criminals" and those who where not.
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Together with his team and clinical collaborators he helped pioneer multiple clinical products, including efficient bone reading,Bone Reading, British Institute of Radiology, 2017 vascular analysis, cardiac function assessment, trans-esophageal 3D heart valve assessment,Patient-Specific Modeling and Quantification of the Aortic and Mitral Valves From 4-D Cardiac CT and TEE, IEEE TMI, 2010 guidance for aortic valve implantation,Siemens Wins 2010 Techno-College Innovation Award, European Association for Cardio-Thoracic Surgery enhanced stent visualization, compressed sensing] for Magnetic Resonance,Compressed Sensing, Imaging Technology News, 2017 and automatic patient positioning for Computed Tomography.
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This algorithm simplified the creation of accurate elevation maps, and made possible many new applications for radar interferometry, including satellite detection and quantification of small changes such as land subsidence, ice flow motion, ocean currents, and geological fault shifts. Subsequent work includes algorithms for mitigating thermal noise in the phase data, yielding dramatic improvements in the quality of measurement and phase data. In the 1990s, Goldstein also worked on applying radar techniques for detecting orbital debris. Previous radar approaches were able to detect orbiting objects as small as 5mm.
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348x348px Building performance simulation (BPS) is the replication of aspects of building performance using a computer-based, mathematical model created on the basis of fundamental physical principles and sound engineering practice. The objective of building performance simulation is the quantification of aspects of building performance which are relevant to the design, construction, operation and control of buildings. Building performance simulation has various sub-domains; most prominent are thermal simulation, lighting simulation, acoustical simulation and air flow simulation. Most building performance simulation is based on the use of bespoke simulation software.
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In fast parallel proteolysis the researcher adds a thermostable protease (thermolysin) and takes out samples in parallel upon heating in a thermal gradient cycler. Optionally, for instance for proteins expressed at low levels, a western blot is then run to determine at what temperature a protein becomes degraded. For pure or highly enriched proteins, direct SDS-PAGE detection is possible facilitating Commassie- fluorescence based direct quantification. FastPP exploits that proteins become increasingly susceptible to proteolysis when unfolded and that thermolysin cleaves at hydrophobic residues which are typically found in the core of proteins.
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Figure 1: The yield stress of an ordered material has a half-root dependency on the number of dislocations present. Increase in the number of dislocations is a quantification of work hardening. Plastic deformation occurs as a consequence of work being done on a material; energy is added to the material. In addition, the energy is almost always applied fast enough and in large enough magnitude to not only move existing dislocations, but also to produce a great number of new dislocations by jarring or working the material sufficiently enough.
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Atomic force microscopy (AFM) is mostly used to measure the force between atoms located at the sharp point of the tip (located on the cantilever) and atoms at the sample surface. The bending of the cantilever as a result of the interaction between the tip and the sample is detected and converted to an electrical signal. The electrostatic force microscopy mode of AFM has been used to detect the surface potential of graphene layers as a function of thickness variation allowing for quantification of potential difference maps showing distinction between graphene layers of different thicknesses.
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In mathematics and logic, plural quantification is the theory that an individual variable x may take on plural, as well as singular, values. As well as substituting individual objects such as Alice, the number 1, the tallest building in London etc. for x, we may substitute both Alice and Bob, or all the numbers between 0 and 10, or all the buildings in London over 20 stories. The point of the theory is to give first-order logic the power of set theory, but without any "existential commitment" to such objects as sets.
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The output of CAGE is a set of short nucleotide sequences (often called tags) with their observed counts. Using a reference genome, a researcher can usually determine, with some confidence, the original mRNA (and therefore which gene) the tag was extracted from. Copy numbers of CAGE tags provide an easy way of digital quantification of the RNA transcript abundances in biological samples. Unlike a similar technique serial analysis of gene expression (SAGE, superSAGE) in which tags come from other parts of transcripts, CAGE is primarily used to locate exact transcription start sites in the genome.
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Regular Nationalist soldiers engaged in similar patterns of rape, torture and murder in places like Maials, Callus and Cantalpino. Moroccan Foreign Legionaries were used to commit rape against women to instil terror among local populaces, using rape as a weapon of war. Women in prison were also raped, often facing death if they refused to have sex with their captors. The exact extent of the problem will likely never be known as there was less record keeping around women, and quantification attempts have largely resulted in the erasure of women's history.
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Large tracts of the lowland reaches of the Murray-Darling system are now devoid of the snags that native fish like Murray cod require for shelter and breeding. The damage such wholesale snag removal has caused is enormous but difficult to quantify, however some quantification attempts have been made. Most snags in these systems are river red gum snags. As the dense wood of river red gum is almost impervious to rot it is thought that some of the river red gum snags removed in past decades may have been several thousand years old.
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Schröder's influence on the early development of the predicate calculus, mainly by popularising C. S. Peirce's work on quantification, is at least as great as that of Frege or Peano. For an example of the influence of Schröder's work on English-speaking logicians of the early 20th century, see Clarence Irving Lewis (1918). The relational concepts that pervade Principia Mathematica are very much owed to the Vorlesungen, cited in Principia's Preface and in Bertrand Russell's Principles of Mathematics. Frege (1960) dismissed Schröder's work, and admiration for Frege's pioneering role has dominated subsequent historical discussion.
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A common technique is to use an Immobilized pH gradient (IPG) in the first dimension. This technique is referred to as IPG-DALT. The sample is first separated onto IPG gel (which is commercially available) then the gel is cut into slices for each sample which is then equilibrated in SDS-mercaptoethanol and applied to an SDS-PAGE gel for resolution in the second dimension. Typically IPG-DALT is not used for quantification of proteins due to the loss of low molecular weight components during the transfer to the SDS-PAGE gel.
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TM-align, for instance, is particularly robust in quantifying comparisons between sets of proteins with great disparities in sequence lengths, but it only indirectly captures hydrogen bonding or secondary structure order conservation which might be better metrics for alignment of evolutionarily related proteins. Thus recent developments have focused on optimizing particular attributes such as speed, quantification of scores, correlation to alternative gold standards, or tolerance of imperfection in structural data or ab initio structural models. An alternative methodology that is gaining popularity is to use the consensus of various methods to ascertain proteins structural similarities.
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Regular Nationalists soldiers engaged in similar patterns of rape, torture and murder in places like Maials, Callus and Cantalpino. Moroccan Foreign Legionaries were used to commit rape against women to create terror among local populaces. Women in prison were not safe either; they were also raped, often facing death if they failed to have sex with their captors. The exact extent of the problem will likely never be known as there was less record keeping around women, and quantification attempts have largely resulted in the erasure of women's history.
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QSTEM analysis can be achieved using commonplace software and programming languages, such as MatLab or Python, with the help of toolboxes and plug-ins that serve to expedite the process. This is analysis that can be performed virtually anywhere. Consequently, the largest roadblock is acquiring a high-resolution, aberration-corrected scanning transmission electron microscope that can provide the images necessary to provide accurate quantification of structural properties at the atomic level. Most university research groups, for example, require permission to use such high-end electron microscopes at national lab facilities, which requires excessive time commitment.
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While not included as a SI Unit in the International System of Quantities, several ratio measures are included by the International Committee for Weights and Measures (CIPM) as acceptable in the "non-SI unit" category. The level of a quantity is a logarithmic quantification of the ratio of the quantity with a stated reference value of that quantity. It is differently defined for a root-power quantity (also known by the deprecated term field quantity) and for a power quantity. It is not defined for ratios of quantities of other kinds.
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Library of Congress Catalog Record: Social Science History The journal's articles that are most-accessed and cited through JSTOR are about social and political movements and associated narratives.Social Science History: Most accessed at JSTORSocial Science History: Most cited at JSTOR The "Social Science History Association" was formed in 1976 as an interdisciplinary group with a journal Social Science History and an annual convention. The goal was to incorporate in historical studies perspectives from all the social sciences, especially political science, sociology and economics. The pioneers shared a commitment to quantification.
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As a researcher of the Urban Ecology Laboratory at UNED (Costa Rica), Monge-Nájera has studied air pollution, long term vegetation change in cities, urban corridors and landscape quantification. Using tree trunk lichens as bioindicators, he reported that air pollution decreased after lead was eliminated from gasoline, explaining how topography and wind patterns disperse pollution in predictable routesMonge-Nájera, J. E. Neurohr Bustamante, VH. Méndez-Estrada. Use of a Geographic Information System and lichens to map air pollution in a tropical city: San José, Costa Rica 2013. Revista de Biología Tropical 61 (2), 557-563.
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He also actively focuses on uncertainty quantification across the field of materials modelling. He previously served as the Deputy Director of the NNSA Center for the Prediction of Reliability, Integrity and Survivability of Microsystems (PRISM). He is currently co-principal investigator for the Network for Computational Nanotechnology (NCN) and nanoHUB (with principal investigator Gerhard Klimeck) and co-leads the Center for Predictive Material and Devices (c-PRIMED), also with Klimeck. Strachan is also active in education, particularly through nanoHUB, including the fully open and online course "From Atoms to Materials: Predictive Theories and Simulations".
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L1 activity has been observed in numerous types of cancers, with particularly extensive insertions found in colorectal and lung cancers. It is currently unclear if these insertions are causal or secondary effects of cancer progression. However, at least two cases have found somatic L1 insertions causative of cancer by disrupting the coding sequences of genes APC and PTEN in colon and endometrial cancer, respectively. Quantification of L1 copy number by qPCR or L1 methylation levels with bisulfite sequencing are used as diagnostic biomarkers in some types of cancers.
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It involves the identification and quantification of the thousands of cellular lipid molecular species and their interactions with other lipids, proteins, and other moieties in vivo. Investigators in lipidomics examine the structures, functions, interactions, and dynamics of cellular lipids and the dynamic changes that occur during pathophysiologic perturbations. Lipidomic studies play an essential role in defining the biochemical mechanisms of lipid-related disease processes through identifying alterations in cellular lipid metabolism, trafficking and homeostasis. The two major platforms currently used for lipidomic analyses are HPLC-MS and shotgun lipidomics.
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Maria Damanaki () is a Greek politician, including former president of the Synaspismos party of the left and former state member of the Hellenic Parliament within the Panhellenic Socialist Movement (PASOK). She currently serves as the Global Managing Director for Oceans at The Nature Conservancy. In this capacity leads a global team focused on how the world manages its oceans, including sustainable fisheries management, large-scale protection and restoration of coral reefs and other ecosystems, coastal resilience, and mapping and quantification of the full value of the world's oceans to people.
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The emphasis is on social history, and very long-term trends, often using quantification and paying special attention to geographySee Lucien Febvre, La Terre et l'évolution humaine (1922), translated as A Geographical Introduction to History (London, 1932). and to the intellectual world view of common people, or "mentality" (mentalité). Little attention is paid to political, diplomatic, or military history, or to biographies of famous men. Instead the Annales focused attention on the synthesizing of historical patterns identified from social, economic, and cultural history, statistics, medical reports, family studies, and even psychoanalysis.
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For example, the second-order sentence \forall P\,\forall x (Px \lor eg Px) says that for every formula P, and every individual x, either Px is true or not(Px) is true (this is the principle of bivalence). Second-order logic also includes quantification over sets, functions, and other variables as explained in the section Syntax and fragments. Both first-order and second-order logic use the idea of a domain of discourse (often called simply the "domain" or the "universe"). The domain is a set over which individual elements may be quantified.
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The computational framework of label free approach includes detecting peptides, matching the corresponding peptides across multiple LC-MS data, selecting discriminatory peptides. Intact protein expression spectrometry (IPEx) is a label-free quantification approach in mass spectrometry under development by the analytical chemistry group at the United States Food and Drug Administration Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition and elsewhere. Intact proteins are analyzed by an LCMS instrument, usually a quadrupole time-of-flight in profile mode, and the full protein profile is determined and quantified using data reduction software. Early results are very encouraging.
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Label-free quantification may be based on precursor signal intensity and has problems due to isolation interference: in high-throughput studies, the identity of the peptide precursor ion being measured could easily be a completely different peptide with a similar m/z ratio and which elutes in a time frame overlapping with that of the former peptide. Spectral counting has problems due to the fact that the peptides are identified, thus making it necessary to run an additional MS/MS scan which takes time and therefore reduces the resolution of the experiment.
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PCR can be used on a biopsy of the tissue or cerebrospinal fluid to amplify the polyomavirus DNA. This allows not only the detection of polyomavirus but also which sub type it is. There are three main diagnostic techniques used for the diagnosis of the reactivation of polyomavirus in polyomavirus nephropathy (PVN): urine cytology, quantification of the viral load in both urine and blood, and a renal biopsy. The reactivation of polyomavirus in the kidneys and urinary tract causes the shedding of infected cells, virions, and/or viral proteins in the urine.
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Job seekers and employers answer questions on form outlining skills, abilities and knowledge needed to perform the job. Responses are calculated and a composite job requirement statement is produced. In a study of the comparative of 4 job analysis methods, PAQ method is structured to allow for easy quantification. The study also indicated it was closest and compatible to receive important information about an applicant The format of this method include in both data collection and computer analysis and can yield results much faster than the other methods.
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Proponents of EVM note a number of issues with implementing it, and further limitations may be inherent to the concept itself. Because EVM requires quantification of a project plan, it is often perceived to be inapplicable to discovery-driven or Agile software development projects. For example, it may be impossible to plan certain research projects far in advance, because research itself uncovers some opportunities (research paths) and actively eliminates others. However, another school of thought holds that all work can be planned, even if in weekly timeboxes or other short increments.
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OpenMS is an open-source project for data analysis and processing in protein mass spectrometry and is released under the 3-clause BSD licence. It supports most common operating systems including Microsoft Windows, OS X and Linux. OpenMS has tools for many common data analysis pipelines used in proteomics, providing algorithms for signal processing, feature finding (including de- isotoping), visualization in 1D (spectra or chromatogram level), 2D and 3D, map mapping and peptide identification. It supports label-free and isotopic- label based quantification (such as iTRAQ and TMT and SILAC).
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Among others, it provides algorithms for signal processing, feature finding (including de-isotoping), visualization, map mapping and peptide identification. It supports label-free and isotopic-label based quantification (such as iTRAQ and TMT and SILAC). TOPPView is a viewer software that allows visualization of mass spectrometric data on MS1 and MS2 level as well as in 3D; additionally it also displays chromatographic data from SRM experiments (in version 1.10). TOPPAS is a graphic integrated workflow manager that allows chaining the TOPP tools into a reusable and reproducible workflow.
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The quantification of Tumor M2-PK in plasma and stool is a tool for early detection of tumors and follow-up studies during therapy. The dimerization of PKM2 in tumor cells is induced by direct interaction of PKM2 with different oncoproteins (pp60v-src, HPV-16 E7, and A-Raf). The physiological function of the interaction between PKM2 and HERC1 as well as between PKM2 and PKCdelta is unknown). Due to the essential role of PKM2 in aerobic glycolysis (The Warburg effect) which is a dominant metabolic pathway used by cancer cells.
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What researchers discovered is that the power of these theorem-proving environments was also their drawback. Back in 1965, it was far too easy to create logical expressions that could take an indeterminate or even infinite time to terminate. For example, it is common in universal quantification to make statements over an infinite set such as the set of all natural numbers. Such statements are perfectly reasonable and even required in mathematical proofs but when included in an automated theorem prover executing on a computer may cause the computer to fall into an infinite loop.
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QMU can lead to longer development schedules and increased development costs relative to traditional simulation projects due to the additional rigor being applied. Proponents of QMU state that the level of uncertainty quantification required is driven by certification requirements for the intended application of the simulation. Simulations used for capability planning or system trade analyses must generally model the overall performance trends of the systems and components being analyzed. However, for safety-critical systems where experimental test data is lacking, simulation results provide a critical input to the decision-making process.
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They also immunized goats and horses in the same way and showed that an "antitoxin" made from serum of immunized animals could cure the disease in non-immunized animals. Behring used this antitoxin (now known to consist of antibodies that neutralize the toxin produced by C. diphtheriae) for human trials in 1891, but they were unsuccessful. Successful treatment of human patients with horse-derived antitoxin began in 1894, after production and quantification of antitoxin had been optimized. Von Behring won the first Nobel Prize in medicine in 1901 for his work on diphtheria.
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The single crystal, the specimen, and the detector are mounted precisely on a goniometer with the distance between the specimen and the crystal equal to the distance between the crystal and the detector. It is usually operated under vacuum to reduce the absorption of soft radiation (low-energy photons) by the air and thus increase the sensitivity for the detection and quantification of light elements (between boron and oxygen). The technique generates a spectrum with peaks corresponding to x-ray lines. This is compared with reference spectra to determine the elemental composition of the sample.
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At the University of Washington in the 1990s, Hood, Alan Blanchard, and others developed ink-jet DNA synthesis technology for creating DNA microarrays. By 2004, their ink-jet DNA synthesizer supported high-throughput identification and quantification of nucleic acids through the creation of one of the first DNA array chips, with expression levels numbering tens of thousands of genes. Array analysis has become a standard technique for molecular biologists who wish to monitor gene expression. DNA ink-jet printer technology has had a significant impact on genomics, biology, and medicine.
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DNA methylation is typically quantified on a scale of 0–1, as the methylation array measures the proportion of DNA molecules that are methylated at a particular CpG site. The initial analyses performed are univariate tests of association to identify sites where DNA methylation varies with exposure and/or phenotype. This is followed by multiple testing corrections and utilizing an analytical strategy to reduce batch effects and other technical confounding effects in the quantification of DNA methylation. The potential confounding effects arising from alterations in tissue composition is also taken into account.
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Metal-coded tags (MeCAT) method is based on chemical labeling, but rather than using stable isotopes, different lanthanide ions in macrocyclic complexes are used. The quantitative information comes from inductively coupled plasma MS measurements of the labeled peptides. MeCAT can be used in combination with elemental mass spectrometry ICP-MS allowing first-time absolute quantification of the metal bound by MeCAT reagent to a protein or biomolecule. Thus it is possible to determine the absolute amount of protein down to attomol range using external calibration by metal standard solution.
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Protein quantitation is accomplished by comparing the intensities of the reporter ions in the MS/MS spectra. Three types of tandem mass tags are available with different reactivity: (1) reactive NHS ester which provides high-efficiency, amine-specific labeling (TMTduplex, TMTsixplex, TMT10plex and TMT11plex), (2) reactive iodacetyl function group which labels sulfhydryl-(-SH) groups (iodoTMT) and (3) reactive alkoxyamine functional group which provides covalent labeling of carbonyl-containing compounds (aminoxyTMT). A key benefit of isobaric labeling over other quantification techniques (e.g. SILAC, ICAT, Label-free) is the increased multiplex capabilities and thus increased throughput potential.
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Quantitative proteomics has the largest applications in the protein target identification, protein target validation, and toxicity profiling of drug discovery. Drug discovery has been used to investigate protein-protein interaction and, more recently, drug-small molecule interactions. Thus, it has shown great promise in monitoring side- effects of small drug-like molecules and understanding the efficacy and therapeutic effect of one drug target over another. One of the more typical methodologies for absolute protein quantification in drug discovery is the use of LC-MS/MS with multiple reaction monitoring (MRM).
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The protein is a synaptic vesicle glycoprotein with four transmembrane domains weighing 38kDa. It is present in neuroendocrine cells and in virtually all neurons in the brain and spinal cord that participate in synaptic transmission. It acts as a marker for neuroendocrine tumors, and its ubiquity at the synapse has led to the use of synaptophysin immunostaining for quantification of synapses. The exact function of the protein is unknown: it interacts with the essential synaptic vesicle protein synaptobrevin, but when the synaptophysin gene is experimentally inactivated in animals, they still develop and function normally.
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In this the principle of the quantification of the predicate was first explicitly stated. This Stanley Jevons declared to be undoubtedly the most fruitful discovery made in abstract logical science since the time of Aristotle. Before sixty copies had been sold the publisher became bankrupt and the stock went for wastepaper. The book passed into oblivion, and it was not till 1873 that Bentham's claims to priority were finally vindicated against those of Sir William Hamilton by Herbert Spencer. In 1836 he published his Labiatarum genera et species.
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An example of a source of this uncertainty would be the drag in an experiment designed to measure the acceleration of gravity near the earth's surface. The commonly used gravitational acceleration of 9.8 m/s^2 ignores the effects of air resistance, but the air resistance for the object could be measured and incorporated into the experiment to reduce the resulting uncertainty in the calculation of the gravitational acceleration. In real life applications, both kinds of uncertainties are present. Uncertainty quantification intends to explicitly express both types of uncertainty separately.
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The theories and methodologies for uncertainty propagation are much better established, compared with inverse uncertainty quantification. For the latter, several difficulties remain unsolved: # Dimensionality issue: The computational cost increases dramatically with the dimensionality of the problem, i.e. the number of input variables and/or the number of unknown parameters. # Identifiability issue: Paul D. Arendt, Daniel W. Apley, Wei Chen, David Lamb and David Gorsich , "Improving Identifiability in Model Calibration Using Multiple Responses", Journal of Mechanical Design, 134(10), 100909 (2012); Multiple combinations of unknown parameters and discrepancy function can yield the same experimental prediction.
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Various typed lambda calculi have been studied. The simply typed lambda calculus has only one type constructor, the arrow \to, and its only types are basic types and function types \sigma\to\tau. System T extends the simply typed lambda calculus with a type of natural numbers and higher order primitive recursion; in this system all functions provably recursive in Peano arithmetic are definable. System F allows polymorphism by using universal quantification over all types; from a logical perspective it can describe all functions that are provably total in second-order logic.
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RT-PCR Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) is a laboratory technique combining reverse transcription of RNA into DNA (in this context called complementary DNA or cDNA) and amplification of specific DNA targets using polymerase chain reaction (PCR). It is primarily used to measure the amount of a specific RNA. This is achieved by monitoring the amplification reaction using fluorescence, a technique called real-time PCR or quantitative PCR (qPCR). Combined RT-PCR and qPCR are routinely used for analysis of gene expression and quantification of viral RNA in research and clinical settings.
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However, since the dye does not discriminate the double-stranded DNA from the PCR products and those from the primer-dimers, overestimation of the target concentration is a common problem. Where accurate quantification is an absolute necessity, further assay for the validation of results must be performed. Nevertheless, among the real-time RT- PCR product detection methods, SYBR Green is the most economical and easiest to use. Taqman probes ; TaqMan probes: TaqMan probes are oligonucleotides that have a fluorescent probe attached to the 5' end and a quencher to the 3' end.
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The marginal utility of a good or service is the utility of its marginal use. Under the assumption of economic rationality, it is the utility of its least urgent possible use from the best feasible combination of actions in which its use is included. In 20th century mainstream economics, the term "utility" has come to be formally defined as a quantification capturing preferences by assigning greater quantities to states, goods, services, or applications that are of higher priority. But marginalism and the concept of marginal utility predate the establishment of this convention within economics.
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Phillippa and Tim Swartz sought to introduce a pitch quantification statistic that is batter-independent. They recognized that some good pitches result in home runs and some bad pitches result in outs. Therefore, they developed a statistic to measure pitch quality based on various underlying conditions, rather than run scoring. They chose to base their statistic on the following pitch variables: C = pitch count D = pitch descriptor The pitch descriptor (D) is determined by a number of select covariates: pitch location, speed, type, handedness of the pitcher, etc.
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MCP 9, 894–911 (2010). Formaldehyde or isobaric tags including Isotope-coded Affinity Tags (ICAT), 4 to 8 plex Isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ), or 10plex Tandem mass tags (TMT) block primary amines prior to trypsin digestion of proteome samples. The main step of the process is the negative selection of newly generated trypsin peptides using a specialized polymer. The polymer ignores the unreactive primary amines blocked by their tags, allowing them to be separated from trypsin generated peptides by ultrafiltration for Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) analysis.
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The isotope 89Zr has been applied to the tracking and quantification of molecular antibodies with positron emission tomography (PET) cameras (a method called "immuno-PET"). Immuno-PET has reached a maturity of technical development and is now entering the phase of wide-scale clinical applications. Until recently, radiolabeling with 89Zr was a complicated procedure requiring multiple steps. In 2001–2003 an improved multistep procedure was developed using a succinylated derivative of desferrioxamine B (N-sucDf) as a bifunctional chelate, and a better way of binding 89Zr to mAbs was reported in 2009.
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Membrane proteins may be identified by a shift in mobility induced by a charged detergent. Nucleic acids or nucleic acid fragments may be characterized by their affinity to other molecules. The methods have been used for estimation of binding constants, as for instance in lectin affinity electrophoresis or characterization of molecules with specific features like glycan content or ligand binding. For enzymes and other ligand- binding proteins, one-dimensional electrophoresis similar to counter electrophoresis or to "rocket immunoelectrophoresis", affinity electrophoresis may be used as an alternative quantification of the protein.
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His work focuses on "translating quotidian data into meaningful objects and experiences". His most famous art project is the Feltron Project (personal annual reports starting in 2005 until 2014), where he registers the minutiae of his life, including data regarding the places he visited, the music he listened to, and his everyday activities in general (gathered from his own memory, calendar, photos, and Last.fm data) and transforms it into a series of artistic charts. His purpose is not only analytical but also aesthetic, playing between the realms of self-quantification, design and art.
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In the 2019–20 season, the team was ranked preseason No. 1 by d3hoops.com. Swarthmore began the season 26-0 before losing to eighth-ranked Johns Hopkins in the Centennial Conference championship game. The team's leading scorer and rebounder was Zac O’Dell, who published an article in the journal Environmental Science & Technology entitled “In Situ Quantification of Silver Nanoparticle Dissolution Kinetics in Simulated Sweat Using Linear Sweep Stripping Voltammetry.” The team finished the season 28-1 after the remainder of the NCAA Tournament was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic.
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Analysis assists those conducting the study to verify and help define the term MSP. For the indicator MSP, WHO has defined a summary of what it measures, rationale for the indicator, numerator, denominator and calculation, recommended measurement tools, measurement, frequency, and the strengths and weaknesses of the indicator. WHO's definition of MSP has some strengths and weaknesses The quantification is an indicator and a picture of the levels of higher-risk sex in a locale. If those surveyed changed their activity to one sexual partner, the change will be quantified by changes in the indicator.
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Yariv phenylglycosides are widely used as cytochemical reagents to perturb the molecular functions of AGPs as well as for the detection, quantification, purification, and staining of AGPs. Recently, it was reported that interaction with Yariv was not detected for β-1,6-galacto-oligosaccharides of any length. Yariv phenylglycosides were concluded to be specific binding reagents for β-1,3-galactan chains longer than five residues. Seven residues and longer are sufficient for cross-linking, leading to precipitation of the glycans with the Yariv phenylglycosides, which are observed with classical AGPs binding to β-Yariv dyes.
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The example below illustrates this point. Because of the correspondence with existential quantification, some authorities prefer to define projection in terms of the excluded attributes. In a computer language it is of course possible to provide notations for both, and that was done in ISBL and several languages that have taken their cue from ISBL. A nearly identical concept occurs in the category of monoids, called a string projection, which consists of removing all of the letters in the string that do not belong to a given alphabet.
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Quantification of alprazolam in blood and plasma samples may be necessary to confirm a diagnosis of intoxication in hospitalized patients, or to provide evidence in the case of crimes e.g., impaired driving arrest, or to assist in a thorough forensic investigation, e.g., in a medicolegal death investigation. Blood or plasma alprazolam concentrations are usually in a range of 10–100 μg/L in persons receiving the drug therapeutically, 100–300 μg/L in those arrested for impaired driving, and 300–2000 μg/L in victims of acute overdosage.
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This work is designed to support parliamentary committees in the successive stages of the policy cycle - including the identification, quantification and justification of parliamentary initiatives, and on the implementation and effectiveness of EU law and policies in practice. It therefore contributes to the Parliament's influence on policy development, as well as to improving the overall quality of the law-making process. The Directorate is organised in six units: European Added Value, Ex-Ante and Ex-Post Impact Assessment Units, European Council Oversight, Scientific Foresight (STOA) and Global Trends Unit.Wolfs, Wouter (2016).
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The synthetic images are similar in appearance to those normally acquired with an MRI scanner. The parametric maps can be computed from a particular MRI acquisition designed to measure the tissue parameters, known as quantification. Using the maps, which contains the measured parameters for each voxel, virtual scanner settings that correspond to those used in conventional scan are given. These settings can be echo time (TE) and repetition time (TR) for a spin-echo (SE) sequence or TE, TR and inversion time (TI) for an inversion recovery (IR, FLAIR, STIR, PSIR, FSE-IR, TIRM) sequence.
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The following propositions all imply one another: "Every object is either black or not a raven", "Every raven is black", and "Every non-black object is a non-raven." They are therefore, by definition, logically equivalent. However, the three propositions have different domains: the first proposition says something about "every object", while the second says something about "every raven". The first proposition is the only one whose domain of quantification is unrestricted ("all objects"), so this is the only one that can be expressed in first-order logic.
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Highly acclaimed results include blind and active multi- class meta-learning with categorical information from unequally reliable learners with possibly correlated and sequential data; random feature-based online multi-kernel learning in environments with unknown dynamics; and a Bayesian approach via ensemble (non)Gaussian processes for online learning with scalability, robustness, and uncertainty quantification through regret analyses. Additional major advances include (deep) reinforcement learning as applied to adaptive caching in hierarchical content delivery networks. The novel caching schemes account for space-time content popularity in future- generation communication networks, and also dynamic storage pricing.
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SYBR Green dye binds to all double-stranded DNA produced during the reaction. While SYBR Green is easy to use, its lack of specificity and lower sensitivity lead most labs to use probe-based qPCR detection schemes. There are many variations of qPCR including the comparative threshold method, which allows relative quantification through comparison of Ct values (PCR cycles that show statistically significant increases in the product) from multiple samples that include an internal standard. PCR amplifies all target nucleic acid, including ones originating from intact infectious viral particles, from defective viral particles as well as free nucleic acid in solution.
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Apart from its use in chemotherapy, floxuridine is also used in aging research employing a C. elegans model, namely to stop growth and to prevent reproduction. The latter is brought about by treatment of larvae close to maturity with low doses of floxuridin that, even though allowing normal maturation, causes reproducing individuals to lay eggs that are unable to hatch. This limits the population to a single generation allowing quantification of aging processes and measurement of longevity. It has, however, been indicated that floxuridin exposure by itself increases life expectancy potentially leading to flawed data in respective studies.
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Brain morphometry is a subfield of both morphometry and the brain sciences, concerned with the measurement of brain structures and changes thereof during development, aging, learning, disease and evolution. Since autopsy-like dissection is generally impossible on living brains, brain morphometry starts with noninvasive neuroimaging data, typically obtained from magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These data are born digital, which allows researchers to analyze the brain images further by using advanced mathematical and statistical methods such as shape quantification or multivariate analysis. This allows researchers to quantify anatomical features of the brain in terms of shape, mass, volume (e.g.
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Impossibility theorems are usually expressible as negative existential propositions, or universal propositions in logic (see universal quantification for more). Perhaps one of the oldest proofs of impossibility is that of the irrationality of square root of 2, which shows that it is impossible to express the square root of 2 as a ratio of integers. Another famous proof of impossibility was the 1882 proof of Ferdinand von Lindemann, showing that the ancient problem of squaring the circle cannot be solved, because the number is transcendental (i.e., non-algebraic) and only a subset of the algebraic numbers can be constructed by compass and straightedge.
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The proof is that, assuming the antecedent true, we must understand the quantifiers to make no claims about the elements of the domain but only about the signs. He thus suggests that we abandon the interpretation of existential quantification as "there exists an x" and replace it with "for some (sign) x" (parenthesis not Lejewski's). He also suggests that the inference corresponding to existential generalization be termed "particular generalization". Where it is correct to apply the predicate Fx to every sign in the domain, it is correct to apply the predicate to a given sign in the domain.
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Proper investigation of nitrite concentration changes and effects requires accurate quantification of nitrite levels The Weighted Regressions on Time, Discharge, and Season (WRTDS) method is used to estimate the concentration. The following equation provides the estimate: \ln(c)=\beta_0+\beta_1t+\beta_2ln(Q)+\beta_3sin(2\pi t)+\beta_4cos(2\pi t)+\varepsilon (1) where c is the nitrate concentration, \beta_0, \beta_1.\beta_2, \beta_3, and \beta_4 are fitted coefficients, t is time, Q is mean daily streamflow, and \varepsilon is the unexpected variability from other sources. This calibration curve is generated every day and compared to the one for the previous day.
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Whether this result was caused by the EPOC effect has not been established, and the caloric content of the participants' diet was not controlled during this particular study period. In a 1992 Purdue study, results showed that high intensity, anaerobic type exercise resulted in a significantly greater magnitude of EPOC than aerobic exercise of equal work output. Most researchers use a measure of EPOC as a natural part of the quantification or measurement of exercise and recovery energy expenditure; to others this is not deemed necessary. After a single bout or set of weight lifting, Scott et al.
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At the advent of laser cooling techniques, Maxwell's theory of electromagnetism had already led to the quantification of electromagnetic radiation exerting a force (radiation pressure), however it wasn't until the turn of the twentieth century when studies by Lebedev (1901), Nichols (1901), and Hull (1903) experimentally demonstrated that force. Following that period, in 1933, Frisch exemplified the pressure exerted on atoms by light. Starting in the early 1970s, lasers were then utilized to further explore atom manipulation. The introduction of lasers in atomic manipulation experiments acted as the advent of laser cooling proposals in the mid 1970s.
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Henry Raper (1799 - 6 January 1859) was a British Royal Naval lieutenant who became a nineteenth-century authority on navigation. Amongst his achievements was his quantification of the unreliability of a key longitudinal measurement, lunar distance, when taken at different times. One early beneficiary of Raper's research was Robert FitzRoy, whose second expedition was made famous by the work of his travelling companion, Charles Darwin. Raper is primarily remembered, however, for his seminal work The Practice of Navigation and Nautical Astronomy, for which he was awarded the Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society in 1841.
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Estimated local field maps using Left) high-pass filtering method, Right) Projection onto Dipole Fields (PDF) method. In human brain quantitative susceptibility mapping, only the local susceptibility sources inside the brain are of interest. However, the magnetic field induced by the local sources is inevitably contaminated by the field induced by other sources such as main field inhomogeneity (imperfect shimming) and the air- tissue interface, whose susceptibility difference is orders of magnitudes stronger than that of the local sources. Therefore, the non-biological background field needs to be removed for clear visualization on phase images and precise quantification on QSM.
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Thus, MHC tetramers that are bioengineered to present a specific peptide can be used to find T-cells with receptors that match that peptide. The tetramers are labeled with a fluorophore, allowing tetramer-bound T-cells to be analyzed with flow cytometry. Quantification and sorting of T-cells by flow cytometry enables researchers to investigate immune response to viral infection and vaccine administration as well as functionality of antigen-specific T-cells. Generally, if a person's immune system has encountered a pathogen, the individual will possess T cells with specificity toward some peptide on that pathogen.
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Once other investigations have indicated Wilson's disease, the ideal test is the removal of a small amount of liver tissue through a liver biopsy. This is assessed microscopically for the degree of steatosis and cirrhosis, and histochemistry and quantification of copper are used to measure the severity of the copper accumulation. A level of 250 μg of copper per gram of dried liver tissue confirms Wilson's disease. Occasionally, lower levels of copper are found; in that case, the combination of the biopsy findings with all other tests could still lead to a formal diagnosis of Wilson's.
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Each data set contains a veritable gallery of pictures because any peak in each spectrum can be spatially mapped. Despite the fact that MSI has been generally considered a qualitative method, the signal generated by this technique is proportional to the relative abundance of the analyte. Therefore, quantification is possible, when its challenges are overcome. Although widely used traditional methodologies like radiochemistry and immunohistochemistry achieve the same goal as MSI, they are limited in their abilities to analyze multiple samples at once, and can prove to be lacking if researchers do not have prior knowledge of the samples being studied.
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It is common to include in a Hilbert-style deduction system only axioms for implication and negation. Given these axioms, it is possible to form conservative extensions of the deduction theorem that permit the use of additional connectives. These extensions are called conservative because if a formula φ involving new connectives is rewritten as a logically equivalent formula θ involving only negation, implication, and universal quantification, then φ is derivable in the extended system if and only if θ is derivable in the original system. When fully extended, a Hilbert-style system will resemble more closely a system of natural deduction.
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Her current research interests include the quantification and spatial analysis of textual data in the form of (a) political deliberation, particularly in monetary policy making settings (e.g., the United States Congress, the Federal Open Market Committee); (b) speeches of leading politicians (President Bush and John Kerry), and Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and President Ronald Reagan; and (c) legislative debates. By measuring the words, arguments and debates of politicians and policy makers, she aims to gauge the extent to which ideas, interests and institutions shape political behaviour. She was elected a fellow of the British Academy in 2015.
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He credited Eibl-Eibesfeldt with basing his views on "extensive and intensive field work all over the world, even in distant and isolated areas" and with discussing "all important ethological subjects" as well as "the genesis, nature, typology, interpretation, theories, and consequences of human behavior." He also praised the book's bibliography and illustrations. Archer criticized Eibl-Eibesfeldt for relying on "qualitative observations" and avoiding quantification in his studies of human behavior. He argued against this approach on the grounds "that we would end up being mere collectors of examples" of behavior and that it was impossible to "avoid making deductions about" behavior.
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The original Study Groups with Industry started in Oxford in 1968. The format provided a method for initiating interaction between universities and private industry which often led to further collaboration, student projects and new fields of research (many advances in the field of free or moving boundary problems are attributed to the industrial case studies of the 1970s.). Study groups were later adopted in other countries, starting in Europe and then spreading throughout the world. The subject areas have also diversified, for example the Mathematics in Medicine Study Groups, Mathematics in the Plant Sciences Study Groups, the environment, uncertainty quantification and agriculture.
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Analysis entails analyzing several different aspects of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to identify characteristics linked to WM and BNS. Quantification of leukocytes and their differentiation, as well as a morphological analysis of any detected malignant lymphomas found in the CSF are some parameters assed by CSF analysis.Flow cytometry, used to identify cell biomarkers, is an auxiliary tool used in CSF analysis. With respect to diagnosing BNS, flow cytometry analyzes CSF contents for B-cells expressing the pan antigens CD19 and CD20, commonly found in WM; not all cases of BNS show conclusive findings in CSF analysis.
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In 2016, Gregory V. Jones was named Honorary Confrade with the Rank of Infanção (Nobleman) by the Confraria do Vinho do Porto for his work with the Portuguese wine industry. Jones was included as one of Wine Business Monthly's Top 50 Wine Industry Leaders for 2016 and 2017. In 1998 and 2004 Jones was awarded a Prix Local by the Vineyard Data Quantification Society, an international organization of economists in service to vine and wine. Jones contributed to the 4th IPCC Assessment Report for the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, which shared a 2007 Nobel Peace Prize with Al Gore.
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His most significant specific work includes the determination of feasible and optimal conditions in thermal processing, innovative methods for cooling electronic systems, growth and spread of building fires, basic understanding of transition to turbulence and effects of stratification and conjugate transport, multiscale modeling and quantification of mixing processes in extrusion. He has contributed over 500 articles, including over 210 in peer- reviewed archival journal articles, authored or co-authored 9 books, and edited or co-edited 10 books. All these books have had a major impact on the field due to innovative and pioneering approaches in research, engineering and education presented by them.
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First, IRIS integrated a fluorescence imaging capability into the interferometric imaging instrument as a potential way to address fluorescence protein microarray variability. Briefly, the variation in fluorescence microarrays mainly derives from inconsistent protein immobilization on surfaces and may cause misdiagnoses in allergy microarrays. To correct from any variation in protein immobilization, data acquired in the fluorescence modality is then normalized by the data acquired in the label-free modality. IRIS has also been adapted to perform single nanoparticle counting by simply switching the low magnification objective used for label-free biomass quantification to a higher objective magnification.
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Although this technique is still used to assess gene expression, it requires relatively large amounts of RNA and provides only qualitative or semi quantitative information of mRNA levels.Michael W. Pfaff, Ales Tichopad, Christian Prgomet and Tanja P. Neuvians (2005). Determination of stable housekeeping genes, differentially regulated target genes and sample integrity: BestKeeper – Excel-based tool using pair-wise correlations Biotechnology Letters 26:509–515 Estimation errors arising from variations in the quantification method can be the result of DNA integrity, enzyme efficiency and many other factors. For this reason a number of standardization systems (often called normalization methods) have been developed.
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This problem is overcome by RPMAs as sample need not be labeled directly. Another strength of RPMAs over forward phase protein microarrays and western blotting is the uniformity of results, as all samples on the chip are probed with the same primary and secondary antibody and the same concentration of amplification reagents for the same length of time. This allows for the quantification of differences in protein levels across all samples. Furthermore, printing each sample, on the chip in serial dilution (colorimetric) provides an internal control to ensure analysis is performed only in the linear dynamic range of the assay.
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The present music notational system is based on twelve-tone equal temperament, corresponding to semitones, meaning that not all frequencies and pitches may be captured. Expanding the present system to a 24-tone or even 48-tone tempered tuning, corresponding to a resolution of a quarter tone and an eighthtone respectively, will lead to a larger choice of pitches, yet still entails approximation of frequencies into a notational grid (quantification). Hirs composes her music in a continuum of frequencies. She thus uses the calculated frequencies and other musical parameters to generate electronic sounds as well as the instrumental score performed live.
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The main modification was substituting the substrate previously used (casein) by -casein labeled with the fluorochrome fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC) to yield the fluorescein thiocarbamoyl (FTC) derivative. This variation allows quantification of the -casein molecules degraded in a more precise and specific way, detecting only those enzymes able to degrade such molecules. The method described by Twining (1984), however, was designed to detect the proteolytic activity of a considerably large variety of enzymes. FTC-κ-casein allows the detection of different types of proteases at levels when no milk clotting is yet apparent, unveiling its higher sensitivity over currently used assay procedures.
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Propelargonidins are a type of condensed tannins formed from epiafzelechin. They yield pelargonidin when depolymerized under oxidative conditions. Propelargonidins can be found in the rhizomes of the fern Drynaria fortunei,Proliferative effects of flavan-3-ols and propelargonidins from rhizomes of Drynaria fortunei on MCF-7 and osteoblastic cells. Eun Ju Chang, Won Jung Lee, Sung Hee Cho and Sang Won Choi, Archives of Pharmacal Research, August 2003, Volume 26, Issue 8, pages 620–630, in buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum),Identification of galloylated propelargonidins and procyanidins in buckwheat grain and quantification of rutin and flavanols from homostylous hybrids originating from F. esculentum × F. homotropicum.
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This definition is blocked, because it defines "natural number" in terms of the totality of all hereditary properties, but "natural number" itself would be such a hereditary property, so the definition is circular in this sense. Most modern mathematicians and philosophers of mathematics think that this particular definition is not circular in any problematic sense, and thus they reject the vicious circle principle. But it was endorsed by many early 20th-century researchers, including Bertrand Russell and Henri Poincaré. On the other hand, Frank P. Ramsey and Rudolf Carnap accepted the ban on explicit circularity, but argued against the ban on circular quantification.
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Enzymes are used to indicate the extent of hybridization but are not used to manipulate the nucleic acids. Thus, small amounts of a nucleic acid can be detected and quantified without a reverse transcription step (in the case of RNA) and/or PCR. The assay can be run as a high throughput assay, unlike quantitative Northern-blotting or the RNAse-protection assay, which are labor-intensive and thus difficult to perform on a large number of samples. The other major high throughput technique employed in the quantification of specific RNA molecules is quantitative PCR, after reverse transcription of the RNA to cDNA.
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The UK Renewable Transport Fuel Obligation (RTFO) program requires fuel suppliers to report direct impacts, and asked the Renewable Fuels Agency (RFA) to report potential indirect impacts, including ILUC and commodity price changes. The RFA's July 2008 "Gallager Review", mentioned several risks regarding biofuels and required feedstock production to avoid agricultural land that would otherwise be used for food production, despite concluding that "quantification of GHG emissions from indirect land-use change requires subjective assumptions and contains considerable uncertainty". Some environmental groups argued that emissions from ILUC were not being taken into account and could be creating more emissions.
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The lifetime of tryptophan fluorescence differs between folded and unfolded protein. Quantification of UV-excited fluorescence lifetimes at various temperature intervals yields a measurement of Tm. A prominent advantage of this technique is that no reporter dyes need be added as tryptophan is an intrinsic part of the protein. This can also be a disadvantage as not all proteins contain tryptophan. Intrinsic fluorescence lifetime works with membrane proteins and detergent micelles but a powerful UV fluorescer in the buffer could drown out the signal and few articles are published using the technique for thermal shift assays.
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Based on his dissertation, he developed together with Jacques van Rossum, a method for quantification of pharmacological effects as a result of ligand-receptor interactions. The thesis developed the concepts of receptor affinity and intrinsic activity. With the help of these terms he could describe the behavior of agonists and antagonists as well as the dual agonist / antagonist behavior of partial agonists. An important accomplishment of Ariëns was the establishment of experiments on isolated organs instead of the living animal (ex vivo), which quickly and reproducibly delivered data on the affinity and intrinsic activity of test substances.
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His final article published in Science in 1979 was based on excavations of early microblade assemblages at Namu in 1977. From 1948 to 1957, Borden excavated material and undertook salvage archaeology projects in the 1950s and 1960s at the Marpole Midden, also known as Great Marpole Midden. Borden "was the first to draw links between contemporary Musqueam peoples and excavated remains." At the time of his death, however in 1978, in spite of his best intentions, all of the Marpole material was in storage and still required "full description, quantification and publication of the original data" on which they were based.
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