Even market measures of inflation expectations are back on the downslope.
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Then they would pick their way downslope to a river fork.
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Kilauea's lava flows head downslope to the Pacific Ocean on May 19.
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These are all called katabatic winds because they move high-density air downslope.
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Any tilt or slant of the underlying terrain sends the ice moving slowly downslope.
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The following are some ways to circumvent the chairlift before pointing your skis downslope.
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Euro area: high-debt countries must act now to put public debt on downslope.
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Albert's narrative, like a lot of nostalgic car passion, loses traction on this downslope.
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"There's still vigorous lava emissions from [the eighth fissure] and the flows are still moving downslope."
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The route eventually became a gentle downslope through pastureland where curious cows stared at us stoically.
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The star is on the downslope of its 11 year solar cycle, nearing its minimum of activity.
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Lava flows downslope Sunday and enters the ocean, but a laze plume obscures the point of entry.
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Terrain effects can cause strong localized acceleration of the wind through gaps and where winds blow downslope.
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On the downslope of a fading, unpopular coalition is not a great place for Republicans to be.
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The stupas are created in winter, using runoff or spring water that's been piped underground and downslope.
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The I.E.D. had knocked the last Humvee off the road, scattering its armor, roof and doors downslope.
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The ball landed on the green, pin-high, but it caught a downslope and rolled into a bunker.
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Before that house was the ignominy of rented apartments, and after came the downslope of illness and divorce.
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Photos from a helicopter overflight of Kilauea's lower East Rift Zone Saturday shows lava flows emerging and moving downslope.
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At least 700 homes have since been destroyed by the slow-moving lava in communities downslope from the volcano.
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There is some evidence showing that downslope winds may be spreading above average air temperatures across the ice shelf.
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Part of the house seems to rest on the grass, and another part seems to float above a downslope.
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The back portion halted behind a berm about 220 feet high and about 237 yards downslope from the house.
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A landslide — the downslope movement of rock or soil — is a natural geologic process that forms and shapes landscapes.
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The losses among energy producers reflect the unexpectedly sharp downslope after the recent boom in domestic oil and gas extraction.
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From a severe downslope, his pitch raced across the green and led to a par as his opponent made birdie.
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We had the upswing, as the federal support expired, but we don't see any kind of downslope even through 2016.
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These winds can be accelerated over and downslope from elevated terrain, and will be higher in high rise buildings. 2.
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Pure magic, given how famous the NYT has been at times for its ability to catch viral trends on the downslope.
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The unimpeded sunshine combined with additional warming as air descends downslope toward the sea will push temperatures far above normal, forecasters said.
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In Spain and Portugal, the fire danger will climb to dangerous levels as temperatures soar, humidity levels plunge, and downslope winds increase.
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Over the weekend, lava coming out of the fissures started moving faster, flowing downslope, where it crossed a highway and met the ocean.
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Near Mount Everest in Nepal, which is part of the Hindu Kush Himalayan region, deadly flooding from glacial melt already threatens downslope communities.
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Over the weekend, the lava coming out of the fissures started moving faster, flowing downslope, where it crossed a highway and met the ocean.
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Instead, the blocks might have been cleared by sublimating ice evaporating directly from solid to gas or by tumbling themselves clean while inching downslope.
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As the cold air there begins to descend, it's forced downslope toward the Pacific Ocean, causing it to compress and warm as it falls.
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"The eagle was very unexpected," Kim said before conceding her drive landed on a friendly downslope and gained an extra 30 yards or so.
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Regardless of whether human action has a hand in setting off a particular landslide, its effects may be felt by anyone who lives downslope.
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Highway 137, which runs along the eastern coast of the Big Island, was severed when lava flowed downslope from fissure eruptions and entered the ocean.
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The lava from the lower East Rift Zone is still flowing downslope to the ocean, where it is also causing small explosions in the water.
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Sedins lift Canucks past Blackhawks in OT CHICAGO — At 36 years old, twin brothers Daniel and Henrik Sedin are on the downslope of their careers.
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Hawaii's Kilauea volcano that started erupting on May 3 continues to spew red-hot lava into residential neighborhoods as it flows downslope and into the ocean.
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Rain and snow melt have for millennia washed lithium and other metals downslope, percolating into a salty solution that gathers beneath the volcano-rimmed salt flat.
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But in places like Los Lotes and the village of El Rodeo, about eight miles (12 kilometers) downslope from the crater, it was too late for many.
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Top image: Spill-containing booms rest on eelgrass beds at lowtide, just downslope from a contaminated beach, with the sunken Nathan E. Stewart looming in the background.
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Just a week ago, a new channel of lava seemed to be heading downslope in the direction of Kapoho Farm Lots, Kapoho Beach Lots, and Vacationland, sparking evacuations.
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Baird analyst Eric Coldwell said the deal is at a time when PBMs are trying to diversify and are arguably on the downslope and in a price war.
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The Chelsea of the film, played by the adult-movie star Sasha Grey, was a young but experienced New York escort already approaching the downslope of her career.
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There are several types of landslides, but most dangerous are flows, which occur when saturated ground transforms into a liquid-like state and inundates downslope areas within minutes.
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I am not sure if a block has detached from within the mass, and then moved downslope, or if it tumbled onto the mass from above, and then slid.
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It also means that the fire season overlaps with California's Santa Ana winds, which can fuel fast-moving fires as they move downslope from the mountains toward the Pacific.
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"I hit my drive left and then had a shot that flew off a downslope," said the 20-year-old after a 75 gave her a total of 214.
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It's natural that Apple would now be facing a decline, having reached stratospheric heights, but even on the downslope, the company finds ways to sustain mindshare and consumer excitement.
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Curious, I kept going, downslope now, the mud becoming more of a presence in the street while sirens screamed in the distance and helicopters beat out their rhythms overhead.
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Local police, in a statement released Sunday, faulted the truck driver, saying he lost control of his vehicle after continuously braking on a lengthy downslope leading to the toll gates.
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The study in 2012, also part of the Grinnell Resurvey, showed that about as many bird species in each region had moved downslope as upslope during the century's warming climate.
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As Denver froze, the same Arctic air mass extended west to the Sierra Nevada, where it drove the downslope "Diablo" winds that blasted Northern California like a giant hair dryer.
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What followed was a flurry of earthquakes as huge volumes of magma — the term for lava beneath the surface — drained back through deep-underground passages that carried the molten rock far downslope.
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The report said the A-252 may have approached the target area from a direction slightly off axis from what Wrenn directed, resulting in the bombs landing downslope from the intended target.
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Mr. Romero, dripping with sweat and flecked in ash, noted that many firefighters from coastal California were not accustomed to Redding's notoriously intense sun, its parched and radiating grasslands, or its warm downslope winds.
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After a few more minutes contemplating the ill-fated house atop the mound, we make our way downslope to the beach, past hefty black sandbags put in place by the local government to keep the erosion at bay.
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Nathan takes the kind of offense that masters of the universe often take when someone from downslope on the power gradient disagrees with them, but for a moment it's as if the movie itself is also taken aback.
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New York state has picked up the banner, too, putting into law this week a downslope to zero carbon emissions by 2050—the only other state to have a goal like that on the books is (you can guess) California.
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But the reeling homebuilder and auto stocks in there are suggesting those parts of the economy are on the downslope of this cycle — and the carmakers' performance even hints that there might not be a great "next cycle" for them depending how the "mobility industry" develops.
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Traction turns out to be vital even on a dry day at "the National," which I learned the hard way during my get-acquainted walk on Monday afternoon when I wiped out in my loafers on a downslope of pine straw en route to the sixth tee.
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And the final downslope to the finish line is just gorgeous, stretched out before you, a perfectly positioned series of boost pads peppering a ski-jump strip before whoosh, it's into the air, through three boost rings and onto a tight right then left then woo-hoo.
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For the striker – then a 35-year-old on his career's final downslope who had battled injury to make the squad for the tournament, his country's first ever as host nation, by the skin of his teeth – simply getting onto the pitch would have been a success story.
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You shift the gravity of the probe to send it hurtling to the ground, hitting a downslope to build energy before launching into the air—at which point you can switch into a disc form and glide, passing through thunderclouds to gain more energy to continue your airborne passage.
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The police had just come to the door, hats pressed to their chests, to inform me that my 14-year-old daughter, Jenny, had been killed in a car accident on the downslope of U.S. Hill, a favorite local sledding spot between the Mora Valley and our home in Taos.
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The steady collapse of the crater's inner walls, caused by magma draining out of the summit and oozing downslope under the volcano's surface, has also greatly enlarged the mouth of the vent, which has grown in size from about 12 acres (4.9 hectares) to 120 acres (48.5 hectares), Anderson said.
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Nearly a month after lava first erupted from Kilauea volcano's lower East Rift Zone, breaking through the ground in the residential neighborhood of Leilani Estates, it continues to pour out of the ground at fast speeds and is now heading downslope towards the last remaining road into east Puna and another community.
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With his familiar Brooklyn accent and half-moon glasses perched on the downslope of his nose, Mr. Schumer has long been an upbeat, if publicity-hungry, figure in the Capitol, giving rise to the well-worn joke that there is no place in Washington more dangerous than between him and a camera.
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The Double Diamond pot still used by Downslope Distilling. Downslope Distilling is a craft beverage distillery in Centennial, Colorado, United States.
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Chunks of broken rock pillars, the debris from downslope falls, salt the ground.
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Collections of large rock fragments that have traveled downslope by gravity are called colluvial debris or colluvium.
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Submarine landslides are turbidity currents and consist of water-saturated sediments flowing downslope. An example occurred during the 1929 Grand Banks earthquake that struck the continental slope off the coast of Newfoundland. Minutes later, transatlantic telephone cables began breaking sequentially, farther and farther downslope, away from the epicenter. Twelve cables were snapped in a total of 28 places.
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In contrast, solifluction sheet sediments move more or less uniformly downslope, thus being a less selective form of erosion than solifluction lobes.
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Fallen stones were found in line with some of the stone rows, suggesting that further features may lie downslope below the leat.
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Based on how the soil, regolith or rock moves downslope as a whole, mass movements can be broadly classified as creeps and landslides.
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These are very localized, sometimes reaching speeds of and are best known in the settled areas of Kula and Lahaina on Maui. The Kula winds are strong downslope winds on the lower slopes of the west side of Haleakala. These winds tend to be strongest from above mean sea level. The Lahaina winds are also downslope winds, but are somewhat different.
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The klepsydra, or spring catchment, in Mavromati. Messene was downslope. Ithome looms in the background. The walls of Messene against a backdrop of Mount Ithome.
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Its estimated mean depth is , and its highest point is measured at . The exposed bedrock downslope of the glacier's terminus shows the effects of glacial plucking.
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Permeable conglomerates and other rocks allow rainwater to percolate downslope into the Bhabhar and Terai, supporting only scrubby forests upslope. The Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests continue here.
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In New Zealand, they are known as the Nor'west arch, and are accompanied by the cloud formation they are named after that has inspired artwork over the years. In the Great Plains of the United States, these winds are known as a chinook. Downslope winds also occur in the foothills of the Appalachian mountains of the United States, and they can be as strong as other downslope winds and unusual compared to other foehn winds in that the relative humidity typically changes little due to the increased moisture in the source air mass. In California, downslope winds are funneled through mountain passes, which intensify their effect, and examples include the Santa Ana and sundowner winds.
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Minor lateral spreading was also seen along the shores of San Francisco Bay and to the south near Monterey Bay. Other ground effects included downslope movement, slumps, and ground cracks.
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The edges radiate downslope in a triangular fashion. In about half of the documented examples, a low-lying mound of debris is visible at the downslope end. Originally called "meters-thick avalanche scars," these features were thought to be distinct from slope streaks. However, higher- resolution images from the HiRISE instrument on MRO suggest that meters-thick avalanche scars and slope streaks are related and part of a continuum of active mass wasting features formed by dust avalanches.
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The design of the parallel inner and outer tributaries is meant to avoid the influence of tides from the outer tributary, and causes the flow to abandon the meander and to continue straight downslope.
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"A slide is a downslope movement of soil or rock mass occurring dominantly on the surface of rupture or on relatively thin zones of intense shear strain." (Varnes, 1996) Location: Canada. A rock slide deposit.
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The nature of snow can also affect the nature of the sliding: when snow is dry or powderlike, it may contain a large volume of air, and can reach a high speed when going downslope.
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Maybe this is my next movie?" Following a 2010 announcement about the development of the Lunatic at Large project, plans for the prospective production of two other unrealized Kubrick projects were also announced. As of August 2012, Downslope and God Fearing Man were in development by Philip Hobbs and producer Steve Lanning, in partnership with independent company Entertainment One (eOne). A press release described Downslope as an "epic Civil War drama", while God Fearing Man is the "true story of Canadian minister Herbert Emerson Wilson.
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A broad unnamed glacier known colloquially as Snowking Glacier rests on the north face. Downslope of that glacier are Snowking Lake, Found Lake, and Cyclone Lake. Precipitation runoff from Snowking Mountain drains into tributaries of the Skagit River.
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Erandique Airport is an airstrip serving the town of Erandique in Lempira Department, Honduras. The runway is off the V-787 road, east of town. It has a downslope to the south. There is distant rising terrain west through northeast.
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As with John F. Kennedy, Robert Kennedy's first grave was a temporary one, about upslope from its current location.The Washington Post said the grave was originally about downslope from its permanent location. See: "Kennedy in Arlington." Washington Post. February 9, 1969.
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The trail is wide and good for snowmobiles and horseback riding. This trail can be accessed from the Mountain View Trail at about the 3,050 ft. contour and generally runs downslope before it bisects the east face, and ends at the 2,500 ft.
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The volcano has potential to produce huge debris avalanches that could inundate large areas of the Pacific coastal plain. In areas around the volcanoes and downslope toward the coastal plain, more than 100,000 people are potentially at risk from these and other flowage phenomena.
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Their wings are proportionately small and they do not fly very often, although they will often take long gliding "flights" across valleys or downslope. They spend most of their lives running and jumping among rocks and grasses while hunting arthropods, small lizards, and amphibians.
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One example is Euboea Montes. A terrestrial analogy is the Black Hills of South Dakota. # Mass wasting: several types of mass movement deposits have been observed adjacent to Ionian mountains. Downslope movements of blocks have been noted in at least one place, the Euboea Montes.
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South-easterly winds lifted on the East side of the island are flowing across the plateau and frequently accelerated to high velocities on the steep downslope in stable airmass condition. The weather station at Grand Etang has recorded wind speeds of over on several occasions.
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Lithic blocks are up to thick. The total volume of these pyroclastic flows is about . There is a pronounced morphology characterized by a channel upslope and snout-like toes downslope. Flow surfaces display pronounced fractures with a V profile, which developed a year after the eruption.
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Island wind patterns are very complex. Though the trade winds are fairly constant, their relatively uniform air flow is distorted and disrupted by mountains, hills, and valleys. Usually winds blow upslope by day and downslope by night. Local conditions that produce occasional violent winds are not well understood.
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On August 3, it burned and 85% contained. Crescent Mountain and Gilbert Fires at near Twisp began with lightning on July 29 and grew quickly to over by August 1, driven by evening downslope wind. Four helicopters and other equipment were assigned and smokejumpers sent in to the rough terrain.
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These sub-processes include erosion (if any) or initiation of erosion, weathering, and meltwater flow from beneath the snow patch. Weathered particles are moved downslope by creep, solifluction and rill wash. Over time, this leads to the formation of nivation hollows which, when enlarged, can be the beginnings of a cirque.
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The surface of Ida is covered in a blanket of pulverized rock, called regolith, about thick. This material is produced in impact events and redistributed across Ida's surface by geological processes. Galileo observed evidence of recent downslope regolith movement. Ida's regolith is composed of the silicate minerals olivine and pyroxene.
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Upper Curtis Glacier is in North Cascades National Park in the U.S. state of Washington, on the west slopes of Mount Shuksan. Upper Curtis Glacier is not connected to Lower Curtis Glacier downslope to the southwest, but is to Hanging Glacier to the north and to Sulphide Glacier to the east.
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The lowest facies association in the unit is dominated by trough cross-stratification, deposited by broad, high-energy braided rivers, which formed the outwash plain of an alluvial system. Trace fossils are virtually absent, because the high depositional energy meant burrowing organisms could not survive. The downslope flow was to the north west.
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Asimov contains many gullies. Martian gullies are small, incised networks of narrow channels and their associated downslope sediment deposits, found on the planet of Mars. They are named for their resemblance to terrestrial gullies. First discovered on images from Mars Global Surveyor, they occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters.
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With fruit-crop abundance varying from year to year, pine grosbeak is one of many subarctic- resident bird species that exhibit irruptive behavior. In irruption years, individuals can move long distances in search of suitable food supplies, bringing them farther south and/or downslope than is typical of years with large fruit crops.
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Winds are strongest during the day and mostly blow from the west, except during the rain season when they also come from the east or north-east. The ice cap itself generates its own downslope katabatic wind, which blows over the ice and quickly peters out with distance from the ice margin.
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The homes at the bottom of Huntington Hill, downslope of the landfill, are served by a public water supply line. Most of the area immediately bordering the site is forested. The maximum depth of the landfill is about . The bedrock is shallow, and leachate was visible on all major slopes at the landfill.
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Coarse woody debris, particularly on slopes, stabilizes soils by slowing downslope movement of organic matter and mineral soil. Leaves and other debris collect behind CWD, allowing for decomposition to occur. Infiltration of precipitation is improved as well. During dry weather, CWD slows evaporation of soil moisture and provides damp microhabitats for moisture-sensitive organisms.
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Punta Galera Airport , is an airstrip located west-northwest of La Unión, a city in the Los Ríos Region of Chile. The airstrip is on an isolated point on the Pacific coast. Limited overruns on either end are grass with a downslope to a dropoff into the ocean. Approach and departures are over the water..
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However, there is also basaltic lava at the volcano characterized by a rough or rubbly surface composed of clinker called ʻaʻā. The clinkery surface covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface.
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Two rock-piled "sentry posts" are found at slightly lower elevations near this second bunker/pit complex. They have roughly southern aspects. A total of eight (8) rock-piled "sentry posts" were noted at various points around the summit and third terrace. Two concrete slabs of equal dimensions () lie further south and downslope on the lowest (fourth) terrace.
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Flight 615 was cleared for the straight-in approach into Oakland. This approach clearance was the last radio transmission with the flight. The plane crashed into mountainous terrain southeast of Oakland, careening into Tolman Peak and over its knoll, scattering on the downslope and into Dry Gulch Canyon below in a fiery explosion. All 50 persons on board perished.
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Due to their near lack of a tail to serve as rudder or counterweight, tinamous are notoriously poor at steering. They regularly crash into objects on attempting to take off, sometimes with fatal consequences. They rarely fly more than and typically do so downslope where the terrain allows. They land in an upright position with upstretched neck.
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Slopes that are convex upslope and concave downslope and have no free face were held by King to be a form that became common in the late Tertiary. King argued that this was the result of more slowly acting surface wash caused by carpets of grass which in turn would have resulted in relatively more soil creep.
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Downslope gradient is approximately 4% and cross-slope gradient is approximately 6%.Lumina Technologies (1998). Hydrology and biology studies for Carneros Business Park, prepared for the William A. Saks Company pursuant to requirements of the County of Sonoma. Approximately 2000 bioswales are projected to be installed in New York City to protect the city's combined sewer system.
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Sand dunes lie in the central western part of the basin. In the southern part of the western basin, Red Desert Flat and Red Desert Basin are the major features. These are about northwest of the town of Wamsutter. In the northeast part of the Great Divide Basin is Chain Lakes Flat, southwest and downslope from Bairoil and Lamont.
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179–218, Elsevier Most of the organic flux arrives as an attenuated rain of small particles (typically, only 0.5–2% of net primary production in the euphotic zone), which decreases inversely with water depth. The small particle flux can be augmented by the fall of larger carcasses and downslope transport of organic material near continental margins.
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On the following downslope are the stops of Zweibrücken and Strahlholz. Before the village of Bühler, the line changes to the left side of the street. The line crosses the cantonal road again on the way to Steigbach station. After the Goldibach bridge and a short climb, the line reaches the village of Teufen at the hotel "Linde".
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About one million years ago, snow and ice accumulated, forming glaciers at the higher alpine meadows that moved down the river valleys. Ice thickness in Yosemite Valley may have reached during the early glacial episode. The downslope movement of the ice masses cut and sculpted the U-shaped valley that attracts so many visitors to its scenic vistas today.
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The burial area was extended downslope upon a piece of agricultural land given by George Burness, of the Hall, consecrated in December 1921 and partly planted round its perimeter with cherry-plum saplings.Grays and Tilbury Gazette 17 December 1921, p.11. The churchyard contains the war graves of two British Army soldiers of World War II.
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Greater wave action disperses pollutants and carries nutrients to this area. In addition a common feature on the fore reef is spur and groove formations which transport sediment downslope in the groove. The upper portion of this slope is called the reef crest. The crest has the best balance between sunlight and waves, so coral grows fastest here.
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Another Hawaiian English term derived from the Hawaiian language, a kīpuka denotes an elevated area such as a hill, ridge or old lava dome inside or downslope from an area of active volcanism. New lava flows will cover the surrounding land, isolating the kīpuka so that it appears as a (usually) forested island in a barren lava flow.
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Doors at west provide evidence of location of former wharf. ;Fish pond Concrete pool measuring , featuring more recent concrete sea wall, mesh sunshades and filter units. ;Aboriginal middens # Rockshelter with midden deposits which extend downslope for a distance of at least five metres below the shelter. # Small area of midden down near holding pens on western side of complex.
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Coarse-grained contourites are very rare. They may also form detached or separated versions due to seafloor topography and flow conditions. Detached drifts are isolated and migrate downslope while separated drifts typically are asymmetric in shape, tend to form at the base of a slope and migrate up-slope. Large sediment waves have been observed partially covering some giant elongate drifts.
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Duders Hill (also Takamaiiwaho) was a 20 metre high scoria mound located on the Devonport coast, on the lower south-east slopes of Takarunga / Mount Victoria, in the Auckland volcanic field. It was mostly quarried away in the early 20th century. It is thought to have been a section of Mount Victoria's upper scoria cone which was rafted downslope with lava flows.
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This forms a stable cold and moist layer of air above the snow surface, even if the surrounding air temperature is above freezing point. This cold layer induces downslope winds, which damper the growth of the PBL. This surface winds are also drifting the snowpack, leading to an increase of surface roughness and therefore an increase of wind shear (Forced convection).
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Soil creep is a slow and long term mass movement. The combination of small movements of soil or rock in different directions over time is directed by gravity gradually downslope. The steeper the slope, the faster the creep. The creep makes trees and shrubs curve to maintain their perpendicularity, and they can trigger landslides if they lose their root footing.
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Soils in central Mexico were considered exhausted by use and inadequate so that the government promoted agricultural development outside the traditional areas of cultivation, particularly in northern Mexico.Wright, Angus. "Downslope and North: How Soil Degradation and Synthetic Pesticides Drove the Trajectory of Mexican Agriculture through the Twentieth Century" in Christopher R. Boyer, ed. A Land Between Waters: Environmental Histories of Modern Mexico.
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Here the soil and loose materials are deposited, leaving a mound of conical shape. While an alluvial fan is formed when flowing water rushes rock and soil down a slope, debris cones come from one of several dry processes known as mass wasting. That is gravity pulling loose materials downslope. Such mounds can reach sizes large enough to obstruct river channels.
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Streams carried rock debris downslope to be deposited in nearby lowlands. Animation of Pangea breaking up This was just the first of a series of mountain building plate collisions that contributed to the formation of the Appalachians. Mountain building continued periodically throughout the next 250 million years (Caledonian, Acadian, Ouachita, Hercynian, and Alleghenian orogenies). The Pangean supercontinent began to take shape.
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One chimney remains upslope of the furnaces, to height. Downslope of the furnaces is a brick paved area, with water tanks and machinery footings stepping down the slope from it. Close to the creek are footings and base-logs that may have been the footings for a water pump. The remains of another furnace is located some to the east.
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Work is done from upslope of the mound area so that the ground downslope of the mound does not get compacted. Tyler tables are used to help determine the mound size. Time dosing is another important aspect of the functioning of the mound system. Short frequent doses of effluent onto sand filters with orifices that are closely spaced helps to improve effluent quality.
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On lateritic soils downslope, the predominant type of vegetation is a mixed forest of jarrah and marri, whilst on the highly exposed and frequently waterlogged summits, an open mossy herbland prevails. Though not nearly as rich biologically as the more northerly Stirling Range, there exist ten endemic species of plant in the Porongurup Range, the best known being the mountain villarsia (Villarsia caltbifolia).
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These winds often precede Santa Ana events by a day or two, but also as tail end of Santa Anas after they weaken, it is normal for high-pressure areas to migrate east, causing the pressure gradients to shift to the northeast.Ryan, G., and L. E. Burch, 1992. An analysis of sundowner winds: A California downslope wind event. Preprints, Sixth Conf.
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In a moderate rainfall, rill flow can carry rock fragments up to 9 cm in diameter downslope. In 1987, scientist J. Poesen conducted an experiment on the Huldenberg field in Belgium which revealed that during a moderate rainfall, rill erosion removed as much as 200 kg (in submerged weight) of rock.Poesen, J. 1987. Transport of Rock Fragments by Rill Flow—A Field Study.
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The original developer of HOVE was the Crawford Oil Company. Later, other subdivisions were put in place downslope of HOVE and the Hawaii Belt Road. In the early 1980s a service station and a hardware store were built. In 1989 the Ocean View Town Center was developed, and the Ocean View Road Maintenance Corporation began an extensive rebuilding program of the roads.
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Oblique view of Diophantus from Apollo 17, at low sun angle, with the smaller Diophantus C at left. High-resolution view of dark streaks in the wall of Diophantus, showing downslope movement of buried subsurface deposits. The craters Delisle (above) and Diophantus (below) from Apollo 15. Mons Delisle is to the left of Delisle, and Rima Diophantus lies between Delisle and Diophantus.
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Präz village from downslope Präz has an area, , of . Of this area, 45.3% is used for agricultural purposes, while 47.9% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 2.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and the remainder (4%) is non-productive (rivers, glaciers or mountains). The municipality is located in the Thusis sub-district, of the Hinterrhein district and is located on the Heinzenberg mountains.
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Microdistillers often experiment with new techniques to produce new flavors. Tony Conigliaro uses a rotavap (i.e. glassware not copper pot) on a small scale to produce distilled spirits which change from day to day in his bar, and Ian Hart uses vacuum equipment to conduct distillation at much reduced temperatures, resulting in less cooked aromatics. A Double Diamond pot still used by Downslope Distilling of Centennial, Colorado.
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A few have vast radar-dark plains units associated with them, suggesting large flow volumes. These channels with large deposits appear to be older than other channel types, as they are crossed by fractures and wrinkle ridges, and are often buried by other volcanic materials. In addition, they appear to run both upslope and downslope, suggesting that the plains were warped by regional tectonism after channel formation.
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Gee M.J.R., Uy H.S., Warren J., Morley C.K. and Lambiase J.J.. (2007) The Brunei slide: A giant submarine landslide on the North West Borneo Margin revealed by 3D seismic data. Marine Geology, 246, 9–23. It was initially thought that submarine landslides in cohesive sediments systematically and sequentially developed downslope from slide to debris flow to turbidity current through slowly increasing disintegration and entrainment of water.
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Coral and calcareous algae provide complex habitats and areas that offer protection, such as cracks and crevices. Invertebrates and epiphytic algae provide much of the food for other organisms. A common feature on this forereef zone is spur and groove formations that serve to transport sediment downslope. The reef flat is the sandy-bottomed flat, which can be behind the main reef, containing chunks of coral.
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However, while avalanching downslope, the rock mass fragmented heavily and incorporated a large amount of pre-existing debris. The landslide finally formed a deposit of more than . The mass covered a distance of more than 2,600 m with a height relief of almost 1,200 m in less than 60 seconds. It was estimated that the landslide hit the village at approximately 250 km/h.
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Cropland management requires tillage (deep ploughing, seed bed preparation) and sometimes large earth movements. All these activities cause a net movement of soil from the upslope side of the field to the downslope side. Soil in the upslope side of the field is lost at rates between 1 and 4 cm yearly. For medieval tilling techniques, the estimated erosion rate would have been around 2 cm/year.
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A panorama of Ball Court 2 Ball Court 2 is the second largest ball court at the site and located downslope from the main ceremonial center. Ball Court 2 has an overall length of 81 meters Ericka S. Blanco (2010). Informe preliminar de la excavación del Juego de pelota 2: Sitio de Guachimontones, Temporada 2007-2010. Report presented to the Director of the Proyecto Arqueológico Teuchitlán.
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Larrabee's northwest ridge connects to American Border Peak. Precipitation runoff on the west side of the mountain drains into Tomyhoi Lake and Tomyhoi Creek, whereas the east side of the mountain drains to Silesia Creek. An unnamed glacier known colloquially as Larrabee Glacier lies below the steep north face. Downslope of that glacier is the Boundary Red Mountain Mine where gold was discovered in the early 1900s.
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Trees bent by the böhm The Bohemian wind or böhm ( or Böhmischer Wind) is a katabatic downslope wind, which occurs in East Bavaria, eastern Upper Franconia, the Vogtland, the Ore Mountains, Upper Lusatia, the Sudetes and the Austrian Granite and Gneiss Highland. It is associated with gusty, dry winds and low temperatures. The böhm carries hazy, often slightly dusty air from the Bohemian Basin.
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Nof HaGalil municipality cares for maintaining the city's green grounds and for the forestry of the city. Located by the city is the "Churchill Forest" (the money for which has been donated by the Jewish community of the United Kingdom in memory of Sir Winston Churchill). The forest, which lies on the downslope between Nazareth and Jezreel Valley, provides observation spots on the valley view.
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There are two distinct local weather phenomenon, marked downslope lee winds caused by the proximity of the Pennines, leading to super geostrophic winds which can reach in excess of 70 mph, most commonly in winter and spring. In the winter, the presence of a subsidence inversion between the Pennines and the North Yorks Moors can allow dense, persistent fog to form that can last for several days.
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Fairwood's climate features cool/mild wet winters and dry summers. The warmest month of the year is July, and the coldest is December. Autumn, winter, and spring are frequently characterized by rain in the Seattle area, while the summers are fairly dry and warm by comparison. Fairwood's location closer to downslope winds from the Cascade Range means it can get fairly hot in the summers.
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Water aids in the downslope movement of surface material by adding weight to the soil and by filling pores which tends to push apart individual grains, decreasing the resistance of the material to movement. While these processes can cause a slide to happen, the speed and potential devastation of a rockslide is often determined by the severity of steepness presented by the failing slope.
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The kiln contains two conical pits that open from the top and taper sharply to ground level at the front (downslope). Each pit is built in front of an artificial embankment that joins the hill contour but drops sharply on both sides.Roasting pits The Battery sits on the valley floor about 20m below the Roasting Pits. It was here that the ore was crushed after roasting.
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Surveys suggest three main periods of activity across the hill. The most recent comprises extensive ridge and furrow cultivation probably associated with a now-abandoned, putatively medieval or later, long house settlement or small hamlet downslope to the north-west. Earlier than this are two curved trackways that seem to provide access to a single long-house dwelling or structure. It is currently unclear whether these are contemporary or successive.
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Talus cones on the north shore of Isfjorden, Svalbard, Norway. Talus cones are accumulations of coarse hillslope debris at the foot of the slopes producing the material. Ferguson Slide is an active landslide in the Merced River canyon on California State Highway 140, a primary access road to Yosemite National Park. Soil, regolith, and rock move downslope under the force of gravity via creep, slides, flows, topples, and falls.
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Palila do not seem to mind the adverse taste or are physically unable to perceive it, given that they go to great lengths to obtain this food during breeding season. The abundance of māmane seeds affects reproduction rates and adult survival. Palila start to eat the seeds at higher elevations and then gradually move downslope. During droughts, when māmane seeds are scarce, most birds do not attempt to breed.
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Their breeding habitat is coniferous or mixed forest areas throughout North America, ranging from subarctic taiga to high-altitude mountain forests in Mexico and Central America south to Panama. Northern birds usually migrate farther south; southern populations are permanent residents or altitudinal migrants, moving only a short distance downslope to avoid severe winter weather in the mountains. These birds forage on the ground. In winter, they often forage in flocks.
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A fluid dynamics lab experiment illustrates flow past a mountain-shaped obstacle. Downstream wave crests radiate upwards with their group velocity pointing about 45° from horizontal. A downslope jet can be seen in the lee of the mountain, an area of lower pressure, enhanced turbulence, and periodic vertical displacement of fluid parcels. Vertical dye lines indicate effects are also felt upstream of the mountain, an area of higher pressure.
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The first mention of the area was about 1460 where it was called "na Cúlchailli" and later in 1540 it was called "Cowlekyll". Cullahill Mountain contains a walking trail. There is population of rare Green-winged Orchid and on the downslope there is an Ash and Hazel woodland. It is situated on the Castlecomer Plateau, along the main N8 road between Durrow in County Laois and Johnstown in County Kilkenny.
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Hawaiian Volcano Observatory geologists board a helicopter as large lava fountains erupt in the background during the 1984 eruption. Helicopters provided access to remote areas of the eruption and were essential for safety. The fast-moving flow (flow E on map) advanced as a relatively narrow, channelized ‘a‘ā lava flow. Its rate of advance slowed as it moved downslope, but by March 29 the flow had moved to an elevation of .
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As initially envisioned by Warnecke, the site would be accessed by a circular granite walkway which led to an elliptical marble plaza.Huxtable, "Design Dilemma: The Kennedy Grave," New York Times, November 29, 1964.Robertson, "First Stones Placed At Permanent Site Of Kennedy Grave," New York Times, April 12, 1966. The downslope side of the elliptical plaza would be enclosed by a low wall inscribed with quotes from Kennedy's speeches.
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In its youthful stage the river causes erosion in the water-course, deepening the valley. Hydraulic action loosens and dislodges the rock which further erodes the banks and the river bed. Over time, this deepens the river bed and creates steeper sides which are then weathered. The steepened nature of the banks causes the sides of the valley to move downslope causing the valley to become V-shaped.
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Honokaa's economy was based primarily on the sugar production of the Hāmākua Sugar Company from 1873 to 1994. With the closing of the Honokaa sugar production and the most recent staggered tourism, the local economy has been in decline. It has become increasingly a bedroom community for Hilo. As the gateway to the Hāmākua Coast, Honokaa provides the first unobstructed view of the Pacific Ocean traveling downslope from Waimea.
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Next to the Walled Garden to the east is the Azalea Wood and the Garden of Remembrance. To the east of the car park is a wooded area, containing a children's play area and "Go Ape". Downslope from this is the Main Lawn, running down to Tilgate Lake and the Watersports Centre. A path runs across the dam and down the east side of the lake to Silt Lake.
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The headwaters of the Cowton Burn rise in a coniferous forest area of the Durris Forest. The stream flows downslope on an easterly course as it makes its way to discharge to the Cowie Water. The stream generally has lush vegetation growing all the way to its margins throughout most of its course. The July flow rate is roughly six cubic feet per second in the headwaters reach.
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Only 20.35% of the catchment of the lake is covered by forest. Demographic growth and lack of employment are some of the factors that have promoted conversion of forested areas into subsistence agriculture, especially following the coffee price crisis. The loss of forest cover is particularly critical on steep terrain, which are most susceptible to overland flow and erosion. Soil loss results in siltation farther downslope, was well as in streams and in the lake.
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Downslope Distilling, Inc. was incorporated on May 12, 2008 in the state of Colorado for the purpose of Producing and selling beverage spirits including vodka, rum, and whiskey. The Company received its state manufacturers license on February 24, 2009 and Federal Basic Permit to engage in the business of producing distilled spirits on March 4, 2009. The first products sold were a vodka made from sugar cane and a white rum in August 2009.
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Stratified slope deposits or grèzes litées (original French name) are accumulations of debris that are traditionally associated with periglaciation but that can also form in other settings. The deposits have a weak sorting and a coarse bedding. Stratified slope deposits are usually found at the lower slopes of valleys where thicknesses vary but may exceed 10 meters. Periglacial stratified slope deposits are thought to be the result of rock fragmented by frost being accumulated downslope.
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This stream drains into an affluent of the Umaj-Ajé River which drains into the Autana. The edge consists of nutrient-poor sandy soils originating from the erosion of the surrounding sandstone. Its eroded cliffs contain vegetation typical of transition areas with low shrubs in the upper part and shrubs, palms and large herbs downslope. The base of the cliffs consists of an accumulation of quartzite blocks covered by mosses and algae.
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Northrepps Aerodrome opened in October 2007 following the closure of Northrepps International Airport, which was located just north-east of the current aerodrome. Northrepps International Airport had just one runway (18/36) with a pronounced downslope on the southerly runway, which meant that aircraft generally took off on runway 18 and landed on runway 36 regardless of wind direction. That unusual arrangement had been the cause of some accidents, with aircraft occasionally overshooting the runway.
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Gelifluction, very similar to solifluction, is the seasonal freeze-thaw action upon waterlogging topsoils which induces downslope movement. Gelifluction is prominent in periglacial regions where snow falls during six to eight months of the year. In spring, the snow and ice melt, and the landscape is effectively inundated with half a year's worth of rainfall in the space of a couple of days. The top soil becomes waterlogged, and flows like a liquid.
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Traction is the geologic process whereby a current transports larger, heavier rocks by rolling or sliding them along the bottom. Thus, the grains and clasts interact with the substratum during transport. By contrast, saltation, a related sediment transport process, moves grains across the bottom by bouncing or hopping. The actual current carries the sediment load in traction and saltation flows, whereas downslope movement under the force of gravity carries the sediment in gravity flows.
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Thrust faulting uplifted and warped older sedimentary rock laid down on the passive margin. As the mountains rose, erosion began to wear them down over time. Streams carried rock debris downslope to be deposited in nearby lowlands. The Taconic Orogeny was just the first of a series of mountain building plate collisions that contributed to the formation of the Appalachians, culminating in the collision of North America and Africa (see Alleghanian orogeny).
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Condensation and poor quality indoor air problems can be solved by using earth tubes, or what is known as a geothermal heat pump—a concept different from earth sheltering. With modification, the idea of earth tubes can be used for underground buildings: instead of looping the earth tubes, leave one end open downslope to draw in fresh air using the chimney effect by having exhaust vents placed high in the underground building.
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The application of both pesticides and fertilizers were applied regularly. Pemex, Mexican national oil company, and Fertimex, the national company for the production of pesticides, particularly DDT, were integral in promoting large-scale, agribusiness dependent on these synthetic inputs. In order to be competitive, Green Revolution crops had to be cultivated and harvested by machinery, which meant that it was economically viable only with large-scale farms.Wright, "Downslope and North," pp. 37-39.
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Because the soil biomantle is the main zone of bioturbation, it is invariably permeable and of low density. It thus plays several essential hydropedological roles in the environment. For example, it promotes the downward percolation of rainwater and snowmelt through often-abundant biochannels and interconnected biopores. The biomantle also promotes downslope soil-water (throughflow, interflow) movements if it is formed above a clay-enriched Bt (argillic) horizon, or above some other dense subsoil horizon (e.g.
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1850 barn is set downslope, to the east of the house, with most of the outbuildings further up the slope behind the house. The farm was established in the 1790s by William Fox, who moved here from Tinmouth. Fox's heirs sold the farm in the 1820s, now with a house standing on the property, to Lincoln Andrews. It was acquired by the Cooks in 1913, and operated as a dairy farm into the 1940s.
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Water can percolate through the basalt and saturate the Eagle Creek formation. In places where the formation is relatively close to the surface and inclined downslope, such as near Greenleaf Peak and Table Mountain, water saturation can cause the formation's material to slide away, carrying the overlying basalt with it. Between Greenleaf Peak and Table Mountain, and above the Red Bluffs, lies Greenleaf Basin. The basin averages in elevation and is covered with forested wetlands.
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Some of the most dramatic scenery along the route occurs in this area as the train clings precariously to the mountainsides – particularly Groundhog Mountain and Mount Cheadle. Although railway slide fences protect the route, the train creeps along at a cautious pace – usually . On the downslope side of the train lies the North Thompson River; in the distance are often-snow-covered mountains. The icefields of the Albreda Glacier should be visible for several miles.
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At Specimen Ridge, these sediments consist of volcanic material eroded from and accumulated downslope of an adjacent Eocene stratovolcano, known the 'Washburn Volcano', in an intermountaine basin. The Lamar River Formation is part of the Washburn Group.Fritz, WJ (1980a) Depositional Environment of the Eocene Lamar River Formation in Yellowstone National Park. Doctoral Dissertation, The University of Montana, Missoula, Montana.Fritz, WJ (1980b) Stratigraphic framework of the Lamar River formation in Yellowstone National Park.
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Gap is in eastern Lancaster County, in the southern part of Salisbury Township. A small portion of the community extends south into Sadsbury Township. The gap for which the community is named is at an elevation of above sea level, between Mine Ridge to the west and Gap Hill to the east, both ridges rising to about above sea level. The community occupies the center of the gap and extends northward downslope into Salisbury Township.
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In 1981, they purchased a 20-acre parcel that included these two acres, creating their Abetina vineyard (named for the fir trees on the property). The same year they purchased 10 acres downslope from Abetina, which became the Madrona vineyard. Eight acres on the Madrona site were planted with Pinot noir in 1985. Ponzi was among the first to plant Pinot gris commercially in Oregon in 1978, releasing the first bottling in 1984.
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Image of Slumgullion Earthflow An earthflow (earth flow) is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under the pull of gravity. It is an intermediate type of mass wasting that is between downhill creep and mudflow. The types of materials that are susceptible to earthflows are clay, fine sand and silt, and fine-grained pyroclastic material.Easterbrook, D: “Surface Processes and Landforms”, page 78-79.
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Additional fires were discovered, increasing the total to 35. By the morning of August 20, the fires had burned and were advancing downslope to the east. In Glenn County, evacuation orders were issued for parts of Elk Creek, Chrome, Burrows Gap, and Red Mountain, and an evacuation warning for Grindstone Rancheria. In the afternoon, the complex had grown to . All of Glenn County west of County Road 306 was placed under an evacuation order.
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A brine spring or salt spring is a saltwater spring. Brine springs are not necessarily associated with halite deposits in the immediate vicinity. They may occur at valley bottoms made of clay and gravel which became soggy with brine seeped downslope from the valley sides. Historically, brine springs have been early sources of U.S. salt production, as in the case of the salterns in Syracuse, New York and at the Illinois Salines.
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Rafter and tie-beam joints (Carpentry and Joinery, 1925) Coyau or sprocket. Labeled A A rafter is one of a series of sloped structural members such as wooden beams that extend from the ridge or hip to the wall plate, downslope perimeter or eave, and that are designed to support the roof deck and its associated loads. A pair of rafters is called a couple. In home construction, rafters are normally made of wood.
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Lake-enhanced snowfall occurs frequently during the winter, and cool downslope mountain breezes occur on most summer evenings. Under the Köppen climate classification, Farmington experiences what may be classified as a hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Csa), despite not being on the west coast of an ocean like most Mediterranean climates. It may also be classified as humid continental (Dsa), if the boundary between continental and subtropical climate is an average January temperature of rather than .
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The clinkery surface actually covers a massive dense core, which is the most active part of the flow. As pasty lava in the core travels downslope, the clinkers are carried along at the surface. At the leading edge of an aā flow, however, these cooled fragments tumble down the steep front and are buried by the advancing flow. This produces a layer of lava fragments both at the bottom and top of an aā flow.
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In mountainous parts of the world subjected to relatively consistent winds (for example, the trade winds), a more moist climate usually prevails on the windward side of a mountain than on the leeward or downwind side. Moisture is removed by orographic lift, leaving drier air on the descending and generally warming, leeward side where a rain shadow is observed. Winds that flow over mountains down into lower elevations are known as downslope winds. These winds are warm and dry.
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These haul-back or lateral movement methods generally consist of an initial cut with the spoil deposited downslope or at some other site and spoil from the second cut refilling the first. A ridge of undisturbed natural material wide is often intentionally left at the outer edge of the mined area. This barrier adds stability to the reclaimed slope by preventing spoil from slumping or sliding downhill. The limitations of contour strip mining are both economic and technical.
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Medial moraines are formed when two different glaciers merge and the lateral moraines of each coalesce to form a moraine in the middle of the combined glacier. Less apparent are ground moraines, also called glacial drift, which often blankets the surface underneath the glacier downslope from the equilibrium line. The term moraine is of French origin. It was coined by peasants to describe alluvial embankments and rims found near the margins of glaciers in the French Alps.
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The Santa Ana winds sweep down from the deserts and across coastal Southern California, pushing dust and smoke from wildfires far out over the Pacific Ocean. Los Angeles is in the upper left of this image, while San Diego is near the center. The Santa Ana winds are strong, extremely dry downslope winds that originate inland and affect coastal Southern California and northern Baja California. They originate from cool, dry high-pressure air masses in the Great Basin.
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Most of the petrified wood and buried tree trunks occur within the conglomerates. Almost all of the fossil leaves, needles, pollen, and cones are found in the tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones. These tuffaceous sandstones and siltstones accumulated either along the banks of either braided or meandering rivers or within their abandoned channels. In the Amethyst Mountain area, the sediments comprising the Lamar River Formation consist of volcanic material eroded from and deposited downslope of surrounding stratovolcanoes.
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In addition, the glaciers in Tibet created meltwater lakes in the Qaidam Basin, the Tarim Basin, and the Gobi Desert, despite the strong evaporation caused by the low latitude. Silt and clay from the glaciers accumulated in these lakes; when the lakes dried at the end of the ice age, the silt and clay were blown by the downslope wind off the Plateau. These airborne fine grains produced the enormous amount of loess in the Chinese lowlands.
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Channel patterns are found in rivers, streams, and other bodies of water that transport water from one place to another. Systems of branching river channels dissect most of the sub-aerial landscape, each in a valley proportioned to its size. Whether formed by chance or necessity, by headward erosion or downslope convergence, whether inherited or newly formed. Depending on different geological factors such as weathering, erosion, depositional environment, and sediment type, different types of channel patterns can form.
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Bill Prater is credited with making the first ascents of nearby Argonaut Peak and Sherpa Peak in 1955, as well as Mount Kennedy in Yukon, Canada, in 1965. In December 1960, a party consisting of Bill Prater, his younger brother Gene, and two others were making a winter ascent of this peak. As they neared the summit an avalanche struck, sweeping the Prater brothers downslope. Bill was most severely injured and required a rescue team to evacuate him.
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In order to effectively slow water velocity to reduce erosion and to protect the channel between dams in a larger system, the spacing must be designed properly. The check dams should be spaced such that the toe of the upstream check dam is equal to the elevation of the downstream check dam's crest. By doing so, the water can pond between check dams and thus slow the flow's velocity down substantially as the water progresses downslope.
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An example of a deltaic lobe is the bird's-foot delta of the Mississippi River, pictured at right with its sediment plumes. As the deltaic lobe advances, the slope of the river channel becomes lower, as the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation. As the slope of the river channel decreases, it becomes unstable for two reasons. First, water under the force of gravity will tend to flow in the most direct course downslope.
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Cullahill Mountain is listed as Special Area of Conservation under the European Union Habitats Directive. The site has a large population of Green-winged Orchid which is a rare species that is legally protected under the Irish governments Flora Protection Order (1987). The orchid flora of the grassland is notably rich, with Twayblade, Frog Orchid, Bee Orchid, Early-purple Orchid and Green-winged Orchid. The west side of site extends downslope to an Ash and Hazel woodland.
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This turbidite from the Devonian Becke-Oese Sandstone of Germany is an example of a deposit from a sediment gravity flow. Note the complete Bouma sequence. A sediment gravity flow is one of several types of sediment transport mechanisms, of which most geologists recognize four principal processes. These flows are differentiated by their dominant sediment support mechanisms, which can be difficult to distinguish as flows can be in transition from one type to the next as they evolve downslope.
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Adult female There are sedentary populations in the Pacific states of California, Oregon, and Washington. The great grey owl in this region is found in disjunct areas of appropriate habitat. In winter these birds do not move far but may go downslope to escape deep snow as they must capture their prey on the ground. In Oregon, the great grey owl breeding range is scattered from the Siskiyou Mountains in the southwest to the Blue Mountains in the northeast.
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Fire can accelerate in narrow canyons and it can be slowed down or stopped by barriers such as creeks and roads. These factors act in combination. Rain or snow increases the fuel moisture, high relative humidity slows the drying of the fuel, while winds can make fuel dry faster. Wind can change the fire-accelerating effect of slopes to effects such as downslope windstorms (called Santa Anas, foehn winds, East winds, depending on the geographic location).
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A mamanteo or amuna is a pre-Columbian water harvesting system used in mountainous parts of Peru. It works by 'delaying' rainy-season runoff in the mountains so it can be used in lowlands settlements during the dry season. Using canals, the system targets floods to permeable sections of soil or rock. The water is filtered by the ground layers and emerges in downslope springs weeks or months later, where it can be used to mitigate drought.
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Science operations also continued including microscopic imaging of select rocks, APXS operation, and atmospheric argon gas measurements. Throughout 2017, Opportunity worked its way south along the Western rim as it moved towards the gully, which the team named Perseverance Valley in April 2017. Some other names considered for this feature were Perseverance Gulch, Perseverance Ravine, and Perseverance Gorge. It is a valley network that runs downslope in the Cape Bryon section of Western rim of Endeavour crater.
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Surface runoff arriving at these plants will thus likely to become run-on, and infiltrate into the soil. By contrast, the areas between these larger plants contain a greater portion of bare ground and herbaceous plants. Both bare soil, with its smoother surface and soil crusts, and herbaceous plants, with fewer macropores, inhibit infiltration. This causes much of the rainfall that falls in the inter-canopy areas to flow downslope, and infiltrate beneath the larger plants.
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The Aussensiedlung () was located downslope, immediately to the west and northwest of the citadel. It was probably occupied from the 7th century (Hallstatt period) to the 5th century BC. It appears to have existed as a separate fortified settlement. The Aussensiedlung covered up to 100 hectares, many times the area of the citadel proper. It appears to have consisted of separate fenced or palisaded lots, each containing a main dwelling, storage areas and much terrain for fields.
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This is more likely to occur on bare soil, with low infiltration capacity. As runoff flows downslope, it may run-on to ground with higher infiltration capacity (such as beneath vegetation) and then infiltrate. Run-on is an important process in the hydrological and ecohydrological behaviour of semi-arid ecosystems. Tiger bush is an example of a vegetation community that develops a patterned structure in response to, in part, the generation of runoff and run-on.
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The Costa della Gaveta earthflow in Potenza, Italy. Even though it moves a rate of just a few millimeters a year, and is hardly visible, this landslide causes progressive damage to the national road, the national highway, a flyover, and several houses that were built on it. A rock slide in Guerrero, Mexico An earthflow is the downslope movement of mostly fine-grained material. Earthflows can move at speeds within a very wide range, from as low as to .
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More violent eruptions are possible only in unique circumstances, such as an eruption into a lake. Any future eruption is most likely to affect only a limited area downslope from the volcano. Poisonous substances, such as volcanic gas, includes a variety of substances. These include gases trapped in cavities (vesicles) in volcanic rocks, dissolved or dissoclated gases in magma and lava, or gases emanating directly from lava or indirectly through ground water heated by volcanic action.
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In the prior 24 hours, 13 volcanic earthquakes were recorded. Steam emission was at moderate level, creeping downslope toward the southwest. PHIVOLCS maintained the Alert Status at Level 2, but later warned that with the approach of tropical cyclone international codename Mirinae, the danger of lahars and possible crater wall collapse would greatly increase and all specified precautions should be taken. At 1:58 am on November 11, 2009, a minor ash explosion occurred at the summit crater lasting for about three minutes.
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A retaining wall is a structure that holds back earth. Retaining walls stabilize soil and rock from downslope movement or erosion and provide support for vertical or near-vertical grade changes. Cofferdams and bulkheads, structures to hold back water, are sometimes also considered retaining walls. The primary geotechnical concern in design and installation of retaining walls is that the weight of the retained material is creates lateral earth pressure behind the wall, which can cause the wall to deform or fail.
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Clark T. L., Hall W. D., Kerr R. M., Middleton D., Radke L., Ralph F. M., Neiman P. J., Levinson D. Origins of aircraft-damaging clear- air turbulence during the 9 December 1992 Colorado downslope windstorm : Numerical simulations and comparison with observations. Retrieved on 8 May 2008. Clear-air turbulence can cause aircraft to plunge and so present a passenger safety hazard that has caused fatal accidents, such as the death of one passenger on United Airlines Flight 826.National Transportation Safety Board.
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Rainwater that would ordinarily seep right through the ground gets trapped in the dike "reservoirs," located well above sea level. The groundwater is confined to a flow along the dike until it finds a means to escape. In Kohala, the numerous dikes near the summit inhibit groundwater from seeping downslope to the northeast, where it naturally wants to go. Rather, the Kohala dike complex guides it northwest or southeast, down the axis of the rift zones, just like the surface water.
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With a maximum discharge of 350 m³/s water one of the biggest karst springs, the Sopot spring near Risan, is a remarkable indicator of this seasonality. Most of the time it is inactive but after heavy rain a remarkable waterfall appears 20 m above the Bay of Kotor. Two wind systems are noteworthy for their ecological significance: bora and jugo. Strong cold downslope winds of Bura type appear in winter and are most severe in the Bay of Risan.
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Keyhole Falls, the largest waterfall along the Lillooet River. The solid-looking rock cliffs formed when a lava flow front repeatedly collapsed and collected downslope from the vent associated with the eruption of Plinth Peak 2,350 years ago. The largest threat from volcanoes in the Garibaldi chain would likely be due to tephra released during explosive eruptions. Mount Meager massif in particular poses a major long-distance threat to communities throughout southern British Columbia and Alberta because of its explosive history.
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All of these together were seen as a 'package of practices' to supersede 'traditional' technology and to be adopted as a whole. Both the Ford Foundation and the Rockefeller Foundation were heavily involved in its initial development in Mexico.Wright, Angus, "Downslope and North: How Soil Degradation and Synthetic Pesticides Drove the Trajectory of Mexican Agriculture through the Twentieth Century" in Christopher R. Boyer, A Land Between Waters: Environmental Histories of Modern Mexico. Tucson: University of Arizona Press 2012, pp. 22-49.
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At the same time, the ground was prepared for the emplacement of the granite blocks which would form the low memorial wall on the downslope side of the elliptical plaza. Jacqueline Kennedy, with assistance of Kennedy speechwriter Ted Sorensen, selected the inscriptions for the wall by November 1965, all of which came from Kennedy's inaugural 1961 address (although some were shortened for artistic reasons). John E. Benson inscribed the quotations onto the seven granite blocks. The lettering is in Roman majuscule.
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Wind gusts may cause poorly designed suspension bridges to sway. When wind gusts harmonize with the frequency of the swaying bridge, the bridge may fail as occurred with the Tacoma Narrows Bridge in 1940. Hurricane-force winds, caused by individual thunderstorms, thunderstorm complexes, derechos, tornadoes, extratropical cyclones, or tropical cyclones can destroy mobile homes and structurally damage buildings with foundations. Winds of this strength due to downslope winds off terrain have been known to shatter windows and sandblast paint from cars.
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Over time, this single channel builds a deltaic lobe (such as the bird's-foot of the Mississippi or Ural river deltas), pushing its mouth into the standing water. As the deltaic lobe advances, the gradient of the river channel becomes lower because the river channel is longer but has the same change in elevation (see slope). As the slope of the river channel decreases, it becomes unstable for two reasons. First, gravity makes the water flow in the most direct course downslope.
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The ridges on the northwestern mountain are often seen on Ionian mountains and are thought to be formed as surface material slides downslope due to gravity. Mesa on Io. This example is Tvashtar Mesa. It has a very flat top and a sharp boundary. Mass wasting and layered plain on Io. The shape of Euboea Montes, especially the northern flank's thick, ridged deposit, is interpreted by Schenk and Bulmer as evidence of slope failure along the entire face of the northern flank.
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Martian gullies are small, incised networks of narrow channels and their associated downslope sediment deposits, found on the planet of Mars. They are named for their resemblance to terrestrial gullies. First discovered on images from Mars Global Surveyor, they occur on steep slopes, especially on the walls of craters. Usually, each gully has a dendritic alcove at its head, a fan-shaped apron at its base, and a single thread of incised channel linking the two, giving the whole gully an hourglass shape.
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The ovens have been subject to vandalism such as removal of bricks to form fireplaces and graffiti is evident. The rubble used to fill between the ovens is visible in some sections and consists of a combination of bricks and various sized rocks. On the downslope side, towards Mihi Creek, a brick wall of approximately in length and between in height, marks a drop from the mound containing the ovens down to a levelled area. The wall has been subjected to heavy graffiti.
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These deposits formed chiefly from the weathering of the sandstone walls and roof of the cave, and materials washed in by rainfall. Deposits of burnt bone, charcoal, lithic fragments, fat- derived char, and ashes indicate that Rose Cottage has rich anthropogenic contributions to the formation of the site. Slow continuous downslope creep has produced an accumulation of loose, unconsolidated sediment deposits at the base of the cave. The buildup of these remains, combined with animal and plant disturbances, has homogenized much of the sediment deposits.
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The similar winds in the Santa Barbara and Goleta coast area occur most frequently in the late spring to early summer, and are strongest at sunset, or "sundown"; hence their name: sundowner. Because high pressure areas usually migrate east, changing the pressure gradient in southern California to the northeast, it is common for "sundowner" wind events to precede Santa Ana events by a day or two.Ryan, G., and L. E. Burch, 1992: An analysis of sundowner winds: A California downslope wind event. Preprints, Sixth Conf.
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In hydrology, throughflow, a subtype of interflow (percolation), is the lateral unsaturated flow of water in the soil zone, typically through a highly permeable geologic unit overlying a less permeable one. Water thus returns to the surface, as return flow, before or on entering a stream or groundwater. Once water infiltrates into the soil, it is still affected by gravity and infiltrates to the water table or if permeabliity varies laterally travels downslope. Throughflow usually occurs during peak hydrologic events (such as high precipitation).
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The walling techniques included drystone walling, the murus gallicus (a typical Celtic technique of wood and stone) and perhaps also mudbrick. The small hilltop pond would not have sufficed to ensure water supply for the population of so large a settlement. For this reason, an annex was added to the north, with two walls running downslope, enclosing an additional triangular area of 300 x 300 m, including a spring. The point of that annex contained a huge water reservoir, measuring 150 by 60 m.
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Rock glacier with multiple flow lobes, Chugach Mountains, Alaska. Rock glaciers are distinctive geomorphological landforms, consisting either of angular rock debris frozen in interstitial ice, former "true" glaciers overlain by a layer of talus, or something in-between. Rock glaciers may extend outward and downslope from talus cones, glaciers or terminal moraines of glaciers. There are two types of rock glaciers: periglacial glaciers (or talus-derived glaciers), and glacial rock glaciers, such as the Timpanogos Glacier in Utah, which are often found where glaciers once existed.
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Oceanic crust is formed at an oceanic ridge, while the lithosphere is subducted back into the asthenosphere at trenches. Oceanic lithosphere is formed at an oceanic ridge, while the lithosphere is subducted back into the asthenosphere at ocean trenches. Two processes, ridge- push and slab pull, are thought to be responsible for spreading at mid-ocean ridges. Ridge push refers to the gravitation sliding of the ocean plate that is raised above the hotter asthenosphere, thus creating a body force causing sliding of the plate downslope.
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Mud flows (lahars) are remobilized hydrated ash deposits from pyroclastic flows and ash fall deposits, moving downslope even at very shallow angles at high speed. Because of their high density they are capable of moving large objects such as loaded logging trucks, houses, bridges, and boulders. Their deposits usually form a second ring of debris fans around volcanic edifices, the inner fan being primary ash deposits. Downstream of the deposition of their finest load, lahars can still pose a sheet flood hazard from the residual water.
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In the late spring and early summer the mountains and areas below to the south are subject to occasional intense sundowner winds, a type of foehn wind in which the air is heated adiabatically and dried as it moves downslope. In dry years these winds pose an extreme fire hazard. Occasionally extremely destructive fires originate in the Santa Ynez Mountains. In June 1990, a fire which began near Painted Cave burned south into the city of Santa Barbara, driven by sundowner winds, destroying over 500 homes.
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256x256px Plants and animals utilize soil for food and shelter, disturbing the upper soil layers and transporting chemically weathered rock called saprolite from the lower soil depths to the surface. Terrestrial bioturbation is important in soil production, burial, organic matter content, and downslope transport. Tree roots are sources of soil organic matter, with root growth and stump decay also contributing to soil transport and mixing. Death and decay of tree roots first delivers organic matter to the soil and then creates voids, decreasing soil density.
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The climate of Kilimanjaro is influenced by the height of the mountain, which allows the simultaneous influence of the equatorial trade winds and the high altitude anti-trades; and by the isolated position of the mountain. Kilimanjaro has daily upslope and nightly downslope winds, a regimen stronger on the southern than the northern side of the mountain. The flatter southern flanks are more extended and affect the atmosphere more strongly. Kilimanjaro has two distinct rainy seasons, one from March to May and another around November.
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The researchers suggested these marks were consistent with salty water (brines) flowing downslope and then evaporating, possibly leaving some sort of residue. The CRISM spectroscopic instrument has since made direct observations of hydrous salts appearing at the same time that these recurrent slope lineae form, confirming in 2015 that these lineae are produced by the flow of liquid brines through shallow soils. The lineae contain hydrated chlorate and perchlorate salts (−), which contain liquid water molecules. The lineae flow downhill in Martian summer, when the temperature is above .
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However, experts contest this account. UCSB Professor Joel Michaelsen, for instance, said: > I have never found any outside source to validate Tompkins' story, and I am > highly skeptical of its veracity. I don't doubt that strong hot, dry > downslope winds could kick up lots of dust and produce very high > temperatures – but in the 110 F – 115 F range at most. The 133 F just isn't > physically reasonable, as it would require the creation of an extremely hot > air mass somewhere to the northeast.
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Because the Sierran subalpine is situated in such harsh conditions, i.e. nearly at the limit of tree growth, the ecosystem is particularly sensitive to changes in climate. The long-lived nature of subalpine species plus their relative isolation from civilization make subalpine ecosystems a particularly good study system to examine climate change. Whitebark pine and foxtail pines at Lone Pine Lake The precise elevation of tree line within a given subalpine region has likely fluctuated up- and downslope throughout the history of the Sierra.
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The Whitney Farm property is located in eastern Appleton and western Searsmont, a rural inland area of Mid Coast Maine. The farmstead is located in Appleton, about downslope on the north side of Appleton Ridge. The farm property consists of a series of fields and woodlots, and is partly divided by Whitney Bog, which straddles the town line. The farmstead is a closely grouped collection of buildings at the northeastern end of Whitneyville Road, the access road to the property from Appleton Ridge Road.
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Fear of rockslides from Chaos Crags prompted the closure of the Visitor Center at nearby Manzanita Lake Additional volcano hazards at Lassen are rockfalls and landslides not directly related to eruptions. Recently erupted volcanic domes are unstable and can collapse, generating small to large rockfalls. Approximately 350 years ago, collapse of one of the Chaos Crags domes generated huge rockfalls, creating an area now called the Chaos Jumbles. The first and largest of these traveled downslope and was able to climb up the side of Table Mountain.
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Across a small ridge to the west, on which sits Torriglia, and slightly further downslope is the source of the Scrivia river. Over a ridge to the northeast is the Brugneto reservoir, water supply for Genoa. The reservoir was created in 1959 by damming Brugneto stream, which formerly joined its waters to the Trebbia, but now only does so when the reservoir is full. A ridge running north from Prelà connects to Monte Druso, then to Monte Cremado, and finally to Monte Antola at .
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The jet was strongest from to above the surface. It also showed diurnal variations, with air traveling downslope towards the Gulf of California in the mornings and upslope in the evenings. During the field campaign, the jet was found to be a consistent feature during widely varying synoptic conditions; with it being present at Yuma 75% of the days studied. Further, the launch of the GOES 9 instrument in 1995 has enabled scientists to detect the amount of water vapor in a column of the atmosphere.
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The Washoe Zephyr is a seasonal diurnal wind which occurs across western Nevada just east of the Sierra Nevada mountains. It blows primarily in the summer from mid afternoon until late in the evening from the west to southwest, becoming quite gusty. As the terrain is generally arid, the Washoe Zephyr typically lifts a considerable quantity of dust into the atmosphere. The Washoe Zephyr runs contrary to the usual pattern of diurnal mountain slope winds (upslope daytime, downslope nighttime) and thus its exact mechanism is still being studied.
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Common planar surfaces of failure include joints or bedding planes, especially where a permeable layer overrides an impermeable surface. Block slumps are a type of translational slump in which one or more related block units move downslope as a relatively coherent mass. A rotational slump occurs when a slump block, composed of sediment or rock, slides along a concave- upward slip surface with rotation about an axis parallel to the slope. Rotational movement causes the original surface of the block to become less steep, and the top of the slump is rotated backward.
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The contour mining method consists of removing overburden from the seam in a pattern following the contours along a ridge or around the hillside. This method is most commonly used in areas with rolling to steep terrain. It was once common to deposit the spoil on the downslope side of the bench thus created, but this method of spoil disposal consumed much additional land and created severe landslide and erosion problems. To alleviate these problems, a variety of methods were devised to use freshly cut overburden to refill mined- out areas.
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Example of the folded cumulative distribution for a normal distribution function with an expected value of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. While the plot of a cumulative distribution often has an S-like shape, an alternative illustration is the folded cumulative distribution or mountain plot, which folds the top half of the graph over, thus using two scales, one for the upslope and another for the downslope. This form of illustration emphasises the median and dispersion (specifically, the mean absolute deviation from the median) of the distribution or of the empirical results.
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Some erratics (like those from the Yanert Valley) are located away from their original location. Ruth Glacier and medial moraine - the dark stripe of debris down the middle Large amounts of rock debris are carried on, in, and beneath the ice as the glaciers move downslope. Lateral moraines are created as debris accumulates as low ridges of till that ride along the edge of the moving glaciers. When lateral moraines adjacent to each other join, they create medial moraines, which are also carried down on the surface of the moving ice.
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The blocks preserve mineral assemblages characteristic of greenschist facies, blueschist facies, amphibolite facies, and eclogite facies metamorphism. The lower slopes are underlain by greywacke sandstones and shales of prehnite-pumpellyite metamorphic grade, , but the contact between the sandstones and the serpentinite-matrix melange is not exposed. Landslides and their deposits are abundant on Ring Mountain, for example at Triangle Marsh, and they carry serpentinite and metamorphic blocks far downslope from their in situ positions. Blueschist block embedded in serpentinite matrix melange on the west side of Ring Mountain.
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The highlands of Kerala experience several types of landslides, of which debris flows are the most common. They are called 'Urul Pottall' in the local vernacular. The characteristic pattern of this phenomenon is the swift and sudden downslope movement of highly water saturated overburden containing a varied assemblage of debris material ranging in size from soil particles to boulders, destroying and carrying with it every thing that is lying in its path. The west facing Western Ghats scarps that runs the entire extent of the mountain system is the most prone physiographic unit for landslides.
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The local geology of the Swainswick valley around Sopers Wood, in the south Cotswolds, has been investigated because of the presence of landslides since the work of William Smith in 1799. These are caused by the over-steepened topography downslope of the cap rock formed by the Great Oolite where water egresses around the plateau at the junction between the Great Oolite and the Fuller’s Earth formation and through the more permeable limestone bands within the Fuller’s Earth. Known locally as the Woolley Valley, there has been a dispute about development of green belt land.
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Looking into the Haleakalā crater Volcanic rocks protrude on a Maui beach The older, western volcano has been eroded considerably and is cut by numerous drainages, forming the peaks of the West Maui Mountains (in Hawaiian, Mauna Kahalawai). Puu Kukui is the highest of the peaks at . The larger, younger volcano to the east, Haleakalā, rises to more than above sea level, and measures from seafloor to summit. The eastern flanks of both volcanoes are cut by deeply incised valleys and steep-sided ravines that run downslope to the rocky, windswept shoreline.
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As the rows were tilled from the top down, the soil tended to slide downslope, and to upkeep the vineyards properly, the soil collected at the bottom had to be returned to the top. With vertically planted vineyards on less steep slopes, this work is no longer as necessary as it once was, but on most sites grass is allowed to grow between the rows to minimize erosion. White wines dominate the area. Laski Rizling is the most frequently planted grape, which is mainly used to produce medium dry, slightly syrupy, wine.
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They appear not to have progressed beyond trials.Adams, John: Mines of the Lake District Fells: Dalesman (1995) Looking north-west from the summit to the Coledale Fells. The mysterious Hackney Holes are now interpreted as the source of the largest 'rock slope failure' in the Lake District (1.3 sq. km.), where most of the Buttermere-Gatesgarthdale trough wall has deformed and bulged downslope, leaving open trenches (the Holes) or, across the Little Dale col, a chevron pattern of short steep scarps; midslope, there are bold antiscarps (uphill-facing scarplets), a classic indicator.
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No differences in brightness or colour were visible in the craters and there was no appearance of layering, so the asteroid's interior must be very homogeneous. There are indications of material movement along the downslope direction. The density measured by NEAR Shoemaker, 1,300 kg/m³, is less than half that of a typical carbonaceous chondrite; this may indicate that the asteroid is very loosely packed rubble pile. The same is true of several C-type asteroids studied by ground-based telescopes equipped with adaptive optics systems (45 Eugenia, 90 Antiope, 87 Sylvia and 121 Hermione).
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Dating of the volcano indicates that it becomes younger with higher altitude, a pattern that may be explained either by a shift in the magmatic system or a progressive downslope sliding of the volcano during its history at a speed of . This interpretation is supported by the drainage patterns of the volcano, with channels bending outwards and curving towards the west. These channels possibly formed over faults of the slipping volcano. Valleys (') were excavated less than one million years ago during the glacial stages in Tumisa's northern flank.
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Frost boils often occur in groups, and may form terraces if a series of them occur on a slope. On slopes, frost boils are sometimes protected from erosion by a thin layer of mosses and lichens which retains moisture through surface tension as sediments flow downslope to form a lobe. These landforms eventually settle like a caterpillar track. Common characteristics of landforms created by frost boils include a bowl-shaped boil, an elevated center, a formation of an organic layer on the outer edge, and resistance of the soil surface to vegetation colonization.
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Ground fractures that were deemed to be tectonic in nature were documented on about of the White Mountain Fault Zone from Silver Creek to Piute Creek. The cracks trended 350° and a maximum right-lateral slip of about was measured, though other vertical (downslope) or extensional movement was also seen, especially on the -thick surface of the Bishop Tuff in the Volcanic Tableland. There, the largest displacements were seen in the vicinity of Casa Diablo Mountain. The cracks were found primarily in loose sand, which made measurements difficult.
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The technology was seen as a valuable way to feed the poor, and would relieve some pressure of the land redistribution process. In general, success of "Green Revolution" depended; on the use of machinery for cultivation and harvest, on large-scale agricultural enterprises with access to credit (often from foreign investors), government-supported infrastructure projects, and access to low- wage agricultural workers.Wright, "Downslope and North", p. 38. Mexico was the recipient of knowledge and technology of Green Revolution, and it was an active participant with financial supports from the government for agriculture and Mexican agronomists.
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The triangular block bound by Broadway, West End Avenue, 106th Street and 107th Street, although generally known as Straus Park (named for Isidor Straus and his wife Ida), was officially designated Bloomingdale Square in 1907. The neighborhood also includes the Bloomingdale School of Music and Bloomingdale neighborhood branch of the New York Public Library. Adjacent to the Bloomingdale neighborhood is a more diverse and less affluent subsection of the Upper West Side called Manhattan Valley, focused on the downslope of Columbus Avenue and Manhattan Avenue from about 96th Street up to 110th Street.
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Wu, You & Li considered the Barremian origin for grasses to be probable. The relationships among the three subfamilies Bambusoideae, Oryzoideae and Pooideae in the BOP clade have been resolved: Bambusoideae and Pooideae are more closely related to each other than to Oryzoideae. This separation occurred within the relatively short time span of about 4 million years. According to Lester Charles King the spread of grasses in the Late Cenozoic would have changed patterns of hillslope evolution favouring slopes that are convex upslope and concave downslope and lacking a free face were common.
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Pocket gophers form above-ground mounds, which moves soil from the lower soil horizons to the surface, exposing minimally weathered rock to surface erosion processes, speeding soil formation. Pocket gophers are thought to play an important role in the downslope transport of soil, as the soil that forms their mounds is more susceptible to erosion and subsequent transport. Similar to tree root effects, the construction of burrows-even when backfilled- decreases soil density. The formation of surface mounds also buries surface vegetation, creating nutrient hotspots when the vegetation decomposes, increasing soil organic matter.
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Downslope winds occur on the leeward side of mountain barriers when a stable air mass is carried over the mountain by strong winds that increase in strength with height. Moisture is removed and latent heat released as the air mass is orographically lifted. As the air mass descends, it is compression heated. The warm foehn wind, locally known as the Chinook wind, Bergwind or Diablo wind or Nor'wester depending on the region, provide examples of this type of wind, and are driven in part by latent heat released by orographic-lifting-induced precipitation.
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At the base of the power house, the concrete lined penstock transitions into a bifurcation and steel lined horizontal penstock, long. These now paired penstocks deliver the high pressure water to the two diameter spherical turbine inlet shutoff valves (Dominion Engineering Works) that feed into Wreck Cove's two vertical 101 MW francis turbine (Mitsubishi Motors) generator units (Canadian General Electric). The water then is carried to the tailrace,Dictionary definition of "tailrace" which is another tunnel approximately wide. The slope of the tailrace is very low, about in (a 0.028% downslope).
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These are placed as a revetment over gravel or rock.Allen, Richard Thomas Lingen, Concrete in Coastal Structures, page 47 During strong storms, surging sea water loses energy as it travels down the holes and through the underlayer. The water returns to the sea by upward flow through holes at levels below the transient phreatic surface in the underlayer, causing the downslope disturbing drag force to be reduced. Water that does not go through the holes is redirected by the concrete wall back into the path of oncoming waves, creating more turbulence.
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The three-dimensional lateral confinement of CCS along with anchoring techniques ensures the long-term stability of slopes using vegetated topsoil, aggregate or concrete surfacing (if exposed to severe mechanical and hydraulic pressures). The enhanced drainage, frictional forces and cell-soil- plant interaction of CCS prevents downslope movement and limits the impact of raindrops, channeling and hydraulic shear stresses. The perforations in the 3D cells allow the passage of water, nutrients and soil organisms. This encourages plant growth and root interlock, which further stabilizes the slope and soil mass, and facilitates landscape rehabilitation.
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The dry gullies are deep grooves etched into the slopes that persist year-round. There are many other features on Mars, and some of them change seasonally. In August 2011, NASA announced the discovery by undergraduate student Lujendra Ojha of current seasonal changes on steep slopes below rocky outcrops near crater rims in the Southern hemisphere. These dark streaks, now called recurrent slope lineae (RSL), were seen to grow downslope during the warmest part of the Martian Summer, then to gradually fade through the rest of the year, recurring cyclically between years.
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White Mountain in California Some mountain ranges in the Great Basin desert are high enough to have an alpine community; a community of low growing plants above the treeline. Treeline is generally found above in the Great Basin desert, moving downslope with higher latitudes. The plants that grow above treeline are separated from other such areas by miles of foothills and valleys. This “island” phenomenon produces many endemic species - species that have evolved while isolated on a particular mountain peak or range and are found only in that one place.
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Recent landslides in 1923, 1941, and 1995 have temporarily dammed the Virgin River. Prior to the initial Sand Bench landslide, the Virgin River flowed 70 ft (21 m) lower in elevation than it does today. The area is periodically rocked by mild to moderate earthquakes, which often trigger landslides. For example, on September 2, 1992 a Richter Magnitude 5.8 earthquake caused 14 million cubic meters (18 million cubic yards) of mostly Moenave Formation to slide downslope atop the weak claystone of the Petrified Forest member of the Chinle Formation.
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Following the 82nd Syrian Paratroop Battalion's complete takeover of the Israeli Hermon outpost on October 7, the 82nd Syrian Paratroop Battalion, under the command of Lieutenant Ahmad Rifai al-Joju, spent the morning clearing the site. He oversaw the burial of the Israeli bodies and the transportation of the Israeli prisoners out of the area. In the afternoon, he was ordered to prepare a blocking position downslope of the outpost.Asher and Hammel (1987), p. 188 The battalion deployed between the upper ski lift and the Israeli outpost, getting ready for an Israeli counterattack.
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The fire was first reported shortly before 4:00pm on Wednesday June 15, 2016 in the Los Padres National Forest in an area that includes private inholdings. In a matter of hours the fire had grown to over . According to the United States Forest Service, the fire was propelled by downslope sundowner winds which sent the fire down canyons in the Santa Ynez Mountains with gusts of over . These contrasted with the typical onshore flow so the fire alternated directions between day and night as it continued to spread.
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By 1976, the Cabot Cinema seemed on the downslope of its career, offering last-run movies for pocket change. A corporation called White Horse Productions was formed to buy and renovate it. Spearheading the project was the man now known as Marco the Magi, aided by business and artistic friends. The Cabot was kept open as a movie house, renamed the Cabot Street Cinema Theatre with a revamped film program. Meanwhile, the troupe undertook a concentrated effort to restore her full stage, which lay thick with the dust of fifty years’ disuse.
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Calculation of sinuosity for an oscillating curve. Laces on mountain road with high sinuosity at Luz Ardiden Rio Cauto at Guamo Embarcadero, Cuba, is not taking the shortest path downslope. Therefore, its sinuosity index is > 1. Two ski tracks with different degrees of sinuosity on the same slope Sinuosity, sinuosity index, or sinuosity coefficient of a continuously differentiable curve having at least one inflection point is the ratio of the curvilinear length (along the curve) and the Euclidean distance (straight line) between the end points of the curve.
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Mass wasting in coastal Alaska Colluvium (also colluvial material or colluvial soil) is a general name for loose, unconsolidated sediments that have been deposited at the base of hillslopes by either rainwash, sheetwash, slow continuous downslope creep, or a variable combination of these processes. Colluvium is typically composed of a heterogeneous range of rock types and sediments ranging from silt to rock fragments of various sizes. This term is also used to specifically refer to sediment deposited at the base of a hillslope by unconcentrated surface runoff or sheet erosion.
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A kīpuka surrounded by lava flows at Kīlauea volcano, Hawai`i Iwate volcano, Japan A kīpuka is an area of land surrounded by one or more younger lava flows. A kīpuka forms when lava flows on either side of a hill, ridge, or older lava dome as it moves downslope or spreads from its source. Older and more weathered than their surroundings, kīpukas often appear to be like islands within a sea of lava flows. They are often covered with soil and late ecological successional vegetation that provide visual contrast as well as habitat for animals in an otherwise inhospitable environment.
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Vineyard sign in La Romanée La Romanée is an Appellation d'origine contrôlée (AOC) and Grand Cru vineyard for red wine in the Côte de Nuits subregion of Burgundy, with Pinot noir as the main grape variety.K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pg 191-195 Workman Publishing 2001 It is situated within the commune of Vosne-Romanée and is a monopole of the winery Comte Liger-Belair. La Romanée borders on Romanée-Conti downslope in the east, AuxReignots upslope in the west, La Grande Rue in the south, and Richebourg in the north. The AOC was created in 1936.
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A popular geological feature employed by Antarctic meteorite hunters is an area where a natural downsloped plain meets an uprising ridge, such as where the East Antarctic Ice Sheet, creeping to the sea at about three metres (10 feet) per year, meets the Transantarctic Mountains. The downslope-mountain ridge combination allows the creeping gravity-driven icesheet to start rising sharply upwards. As it does so, the exposed snow and ice are removed by fierce winds and sublimation, effectively harvesting the embedded meteorites and leaving them to lie on the surface along the length of the mountain ridge.Mary Roach.
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In hydrology, interflow is the lateral movement of water in the unsaturated zone, or vadose zone, that first returns to the surface or enters a stream prior to becoming groundwater. Interflow is sometimes used interchangeably with throughflow; however, throughflow is specifically the subcomponent of interflow that returns to the surface, as overland flow, prior to entering a stream or becoming groundwater. Interflow occurs when water infiltrates (see infiltration (hydrology)) into the subsurface, hydraulic conductivity decreases with depth, and lateral flow proceeds downslope. As water accumulates in the subsurface, saturation may occur, and interflow may exfiltrate as return flows, becoming overland flow.
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The summit has panoramic views, from which hills in at least twenty counties can be seen. On the summit is the remains of a probable megalithic tomb, known as 'St Patrick's Bed', which was once surrounded by a ring ditch. Downslope to the east is a small lake known as Loch Lugh or Loch Lugborta, and on a rise east of this is a burial mound known as Carn Lughdach, which was also once surrounded by a ring ditch. South of these are two holy wells, one of which is known as Tobernaslath and sits beside a circular enclosure and standing stone.
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Winds blowing off the elevated glaciated plateaus of Greenland and Antarctica experience the most extreme form of katabatic wind, of which the Santa Ana is a type, for the most part. The winds start at a high elevation and flow outward and downslope, attaining hurricane gusts in valleys, along the shore, and even out to sea. Like the Santa Ana, these winds also heat up by compression and lose humidity, but because they start out so extraordinarily cold and dry and blow over snow and ice all the way to the sea, the perceived similarity is negligible.
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Sediment entrained in the tsunami wave that is not deposited onshore may either settle out in the shallow water or become involved in debris flows, possibly becoming turbidity currents as velocities increase downslope. Shallow water sediments may also be influenced by major storm events, which like a tsunami, will rework sediment from around the shoreline and redeposit them within the shelf environment. Debris flows and turbidites may be formed by slope failures, which may themselves be directly triggered by the earthquake. There are as yet no unequivocal criteria available for identifying the trigger for such uncommon depositional events.
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In the fall, afternoon or evening downslope winds, locally called "Sundowners", can raise temperatures into the high 90s and drop humidities into the single digits, increasing the chance due to downed powerlines etc. and severity of wildfires in the foothills north of the city. Annual rainfall totals are highly variable and in exceptional years like 1940–1941 and 1997–1998 over of rain have fallen in a year, but in dry seasons less than is not unheard of. Snow sometimes covers higher elevations of the Santa Ynez Mountains but is extremely rare in the city itself.
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A track that is mostly sloping, with little flat at the end, can allow cars with minimal mass in their wheels to shine. However, a track with a steep slope and then a long flat section can penalize such cars due to the quick loss of energy they experience once they have reached the bottom, when all potential energy has been transferred to kinetic and rotational energy. Such cars will take a lead on the downslope, but may be passed by cars with more energy "stored" away as rotational energy on the flat. A proper lubricant, typically graphite powder, is essential.
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In the south-west corner, the log appears to extend into the creek bank and is covered by sediments, indicating a continuation of the fording. Combined with the presence of sandy loam sediments extending approx further south up the embankment, the apparent extension of the log may indicate the fording extends further into the southern bank than what is currently exposed. From the crossing, the southern section of the old stock route extends approximately to the Yeppoon-Byfield Road. There is a large sandy deposit extending up the bank from the creek, which appears to have been washed downslope from loose deposits.
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The high level of precipitation, which saturates the ground and adds water to the slope content, increases the pore- water pressure and reduces the shearing strength of the material. As the slope becomes wet, the earthflow may start as a creep downslope due to the clay or silt having less friction. As the material is increasingly more saturated, the slope will fail, which depends on slope stability. In earthflows, the slope does not fail along a clear shear plane and is instead more fluid as the material begins to move under the force of gravity as friction and slope stability is reduced.
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The Sherpa Fire was a wildfire that burned in the Santa Ynez Mountains along the Gaviota Coast in the southwestern part of Santa Barbara County, California in June 2016. In a matter of hours the fire spread to over as the fire was propelled by downslope sundowner winds. This offshore northerly wind contrasts with the more typical onshore flow and sent the fire down the canyons towards the ocean with gusts of over . The wildfire resulted in evacuations at two state beach campgrounds and some residences together with intermittent interruption of traffic on a state transportation route.
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Large-diameter, rot-resistant trunks of fallen redwood trees may resist erosion more effectively than the friable upper Cretaceous marine sedimentary and metasedimentary bedrock of the drainage basin.Strand, Rudolph G. Geologic Map of California:Redding Sheet (1962) State of California Resources Agency Founders Grove on the Bull Creek flood plain was within purchased in 1931 by the Save the Redwoods League. Timber on land upslope of Founders Grove was harvested in 1947. Heavy rains in December 1955 washed soil, rocks, and debris from the deforested slopes; and this debris flood felled three hundred trees with trunks more than in diameter within the downslope grove.
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The evaporite layer present within the basin is responsible for many topographic features that developed since its deposition as salt movement deforms the surrounding bedrock. The driving force behind salt tectonics is thought to be extension governed by gravity. As gravity spreading acts upon the salt layers it causes upslope extension and downslope contraction, which also explains many of the folds and features of the basin. Seismic profiles taken from offshore Angola show many different salt structures such as diapirs, clines, turtle features, and salt walls that show several deformation phases as the salt squeezes upwards when it is deposited upon.
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The breeding biology of this bird is unknown, although juveniles have been seen in June, suggesting a March to May breeding season. The ōū’s call is an ascending or descending whistle that may break into a sweet and distinct canary-like song. Its unique bill was apparently adapted for feeding on the fruits of the ieie (Freycinetia arborea) vine, although when the fruiting season ended the ōū readily moved both up the slope and downslope in search of other foods, both native and introduced. In addition to fruits, it feeds on insects, and buds and blossoms of the ōhia lehua (Metrosideros polymorpha).
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The region drops from the summits of the Southern Black Forest in the north to the High Rhine in the south and is characterised by sunny plateaux and high valleys. The rivers in the Hotzenwald generally form high valleys in their upper reaches and cut deeply into the basement of the Black Forest rocks in their lower reaches. They follow the downslope of the Southern Black Forest from north to south before emptying into the Rhine as right-hand tributaries. The main rivers in the Hotzenwald region, from west to east, are the Wiese, Wehra, Murg, Alb and Schlücht.
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Downslope is the tierra caliente (the warm country), the canyon expanses of poorer soil covered with shrubs and grasses. Aside from linguistic similarity and some sharing of a type of communal organization, the Northern and Southern Tepehuan now differ remarkably in sociocultural attributes. This separation of two groups bearing the same name and sharing a parallel and arguably liminal position in the threshold between the Mesoamerican and the Southwestern cultural areas has propagated a mystique that has yet to be cleared up by definitive research. As of this writing, these groups, whose homeland is rugged and remote, remain little known and studied.
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In particular, forklift dynamic braking has been developed to take advantage of combining this type of braking with controllers specialized to quickly reverse vehicle direction. Dynamic and regenerative braking, when used on electric or diesel-electric railroad locomotives, means that the electric motors which usually are used to drive the road wheels are instead use as generators being driven by the wheels on a downslope. In regenerative braking, the electric current created is typically fed back into the power supply (i.e. overhead catenary, third rail), and can be used by other locomotives or stored for later use.
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The 1990 Painted Cave Fire (named for the intersection of 154 and Painted Cave Road, where the arson was committed, not the community) primarily moved downslope and did not directly threaten the community, though it did burn outliers. The Gap Fire and Jesusita Fire of 2009 burned close to the area, but the comparative encirclement of Painted Cave by roads (which pull double duty as supply lines and firebreaks) makes it a comparatively easy place to defend. Painted Cave, by this virtue, is often used as a command center and helitack staging area for Santa Barbara wildfires.
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Oak Hill Cemetery is located southwest of the main village of Bellows Falls, on a terrace of the eponymous hill, which rises higher to its west. Saxtons River Road (Vermont Route 121) is downslope, separated by a wide band of forest, and the main entrance is on Pleasant Street, at its northern end. The chapel is located at the western edge of the cemetery near its northern edge, which there abuts Birch Street. The chapel is a modest 1-1/2 story wood frame structure, about in size, with a gabled roof, vertical board-and-batten siding, and a 20th-century brick foundation.
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Talus cones produced by mass wasting, north shore of Isfjord, Svalbard, Norway. Mass wasting is the geomorphic process by which surface material move downslope typically as a mass, largely under the force of gravity As rivers flow down steeply sloping mountains, deep channel incision occurs as the river's flow wears away the underlying rock. Large channel incision progressively decreases the amount of gravitational force needed for a slope failure event to occur, eventually resulting in mass wasting. Removal of large amounts of surface mass in this fashion will induce an isostatic response resulting in uplift until equilibrium is reached.
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There may be a repeat of the poisonous gas disaster that happened to the Nisga'a people during the last eruption. If the lava flows are voluminous enough, they could spark forest fires and dam local rivers, crippling the local ecosystem. This would have disastrous short-term consequences for the important salmon fisheries found along the Nass River system. Further study and monitoring of the volcano is necessary in order to predict when the Tseax Cone might erupt, perhaps giving those living downslope and downwind the opportunity to evacuate, much like that which preceded the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens.
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No soil profile has all the major horizons. Some, called entisols, may have only one horizon or are currently considered as having no horizon, in particular incipient soils from unreclaimed mining waste deposits, moraines, volcanic cones sand dunes or alluvial terraces. Upper soil horizons may be lacking in truncated soils following wind or water ablation, with concomitant downslope burying of soil horizons, a natural process aggravated by agricultural practices such as tillage. The growth of trees is another source of disturbance, creating a micro-scale heterogeneity which is still visible in soil horizons once trees have died.
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Professor Edward Forbes FRS, FGS (12 February 1815 – 18 November 1854) was a Manx naturalist. In 1846, he proposed that the distributions of montane plants and animals had been compressed downslope, and some oceanic islands connected to the mainland, during the recent ice age. This mechanism, which was the first natural explanation to explain the distributions of the same species on now-isolated islands and mountain tops, was discovered independently by Charles Darwin, who credited Forbes with the idea. He also incorrectly deduced, the so-called azoic hypothesis, that life under the sea would decline to the point that no life forms could exist below a certain depth.
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At about 0225 UTC on September 21, activity in the crater and overflows to the west suddenly decreased, as lava broke through the upper east flank of Puu Ōō, bypassing the crater. The new fissure fed a channelized aā lava flow that advanced rapidly downslope southeast. A second flow to the west of the first began the next day. In addition, a small pad of lava actively refilled the bottom of the drained east lava lake and small flows were barely active at the west edge of Puu Ōō Crater. The channelized aā lava flow reached long on 23 September and then stalled within the Kahauale'a Natural Area Reserve.
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S. cubensis like to settle on reefs that have steep angles to more easily dispose of sediments that get caught around their oral disks. They get rid of the build-up of sediments by using their mucus strands along with water currents to congregate the sediments to edge of their oral disc. Once at the edge of the oral disc, their mouth will periodically ungulate or move in and out to shake off the sediments. The sediments when being gathered for disposal are moved downward towards the part of the oral disc that is most downslope; so they also have the assistance of gravity to help them out.
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Most of the major cities and towns of the valles are found in broader, open valleys with expansive flat land created by ancient lakes or floodplains that is more amenable to agriculture than the highly erodible slopes. To the south and west, are the harsh, frigid deserts, salt flats and alpine grasslands of the altiplano. To the north and east are the lush, wet, dense cloud forests or "yungas" of the front-range, downslope, and foothills of the Andes. Higher ridges, peaks, and plateaus, dominated by high- elevation alpine puna grasslands, Polylepis woodlands, or snow-capped peaks separate the valles from both of these ecoregions.
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If enough moisture and upward motion is present, precipitation falls from convective clouds (those with strong upward vertical motion) such as cumulonimbus (thunder clouds) which can organize into narrow rainbands. In mountainous areas, heavy precipitation is possible where upslope flow is maximized within windward sides of the terrain at elevation which forces moist air to condense and fall out as rainfall along the sides of mountains. On the leeward side of mountains, desert climates can exist due to the dry air caused by downslope flow which causes heating and drying of the air mass. The movement of the monsoon trough, or intertropical convergence zone, brings rainy seasons to savannah climes.
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The speed or velocity of the water flow of the water column can also vary within a system and is subject to chaotic turbulence, though water velocity tends to be highest in the middle part of the stream channel (known as the thalveg). This turbulence results in divergences of flow from the mean downslope flow vector as typified by eddy currents. The mean flow rate vector is based on variability of friction with the bottom or sides of the channel, sinuosity, obstructions, and the incline gradient. In addition, the amount of water input into the system from direct precipitation, snowmelt, and/or groundwater can affect flow rate.
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The first visit by the Integrated Ocean Drilling Program took place with Expedition 304 in late 2004, when a series of holes were drilled into the Atlantis Massif to collect large cores of rock from the site. Expedition 305 followed suit in early 2005, and 340T in 2012. In July 2005, Lost City was explored for nine days by Hercules and Argus on the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration vessel Ronald H. Brown, with video streamed live to the University of Washington in Seattle. Lost City was also explored on cruise 50 of the Akademik Mstislav Keldysh, which had a greater emphasis on exploring downslope south of the vent field.
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The most distinctive landforms created by gelifluction include gelifluction lobes and gelifluction benches. The former refer to tongue-shaped deposits of geliflucted material orientated downslope that tend to form on slopes of between 10° and 20°, whereas the latter refer to terrace-like deposits forming on gentler slopes with a long axis running parallel to the slope contour. Gelifluction lobes can be further subdivided into either stone-banked or turf- banked lobes depending on vegetation cover. A lobe is usually measured in terms of its front (riser) and its length upslope (tread); gelifluction lobes typically have risers of up to and treads of up to .
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The complex was planned to comprise two hydroelectric power stations — Ghare Chiler (also transcribed Gharachilar or Karachinar) on the Iranian side and Meghri on Armenia side. Due to the sufficient difference in elevation and the presence of Aras Dam on the upstream, the power stations will be run-of-river type, wherein water is taken into pipes at a high elevation, carried downslope to powerhouses at lower elevation, then discharged back to the river. Both power station were conceived to have two turbines with a capacity of each. Revised study of river flows now indicates total Meghri generation capacity would be approximately 100 MW.
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It was on the lead of the Mexican government in 1943, under Presidential order and finance of the Mexican President Manuel Ávila Camacho, and support of the U.S. government, the United Nations, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and the Rockefeller Foundation. For the U.S. government, its neighbor Mexico was an important experimental case in the use of technology and scientific expertise in agriculture that became the model for international agricultural development.Wright, "Downslope and North", pp. 22-23. Mexico made a concerted effort to transform agricultural productivity, particularly with irrigated rather than dry-land cultivation in its northwest, to solve its problem of lack of food self-sufficiency.
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Also found were small marble reliefs of male and female genitals,Broneer 1935, p.133 fragments of a marble relief of nines Erotes carrying cult paraphernaliaNAMA 1451 and 1452 from the late 4th century. Two inscriptions of circa 450-430 BCE were cut into the rock at the southwest corner of the site, One a dedication to Aphrodite, the other mentions a spring festival sacred to Eros.IG I2 1382 a and b A marble thesaurus of the 4th century BCE was found 100m downslope of the shrine, inscribed “Treasury for prenuptial offerings to Aphrodite Ourania , it testifies to a private sacrifice rather than a public ritual.
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The populations of the Central Asian mountains mostly migrate downslope rather than southwards. Females are more prone to migration than males; they do not appear to migrate, on average, longer or shorter distances than males, and consequently are the dominant sex in many parts of the winter range. Birds leave for winter quarters a more or less short time after breeding – July to October, with most birds staying to September – and return to nest mainly in March/April, but some only arrive in May. In recent decades, the number of birds remaining on the breeding grounds all year has been noted to increase e.g.
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Medicine Lake Volcano in California, United States) and rift zones. Another example of Hawaiian eruptions occurred on the island of Surtsey in Iceland from 1964 to 1967, when molten lava flowed from the crater to the sea. Hawaiian eruptions may occur along fissure vents, such as during the eruption of Mauna Loa in 1950, or at a central vent, such as during the 1959 eruption in Kīlauea Iki Crater, which created a lava fountain 580 meters (1,900 ft) high and formed a 38-meter cone named Puu Puai. In fissure-type eruptions, lava spurts from a fissure on the volcano's rift zone and feeds lava streams that flow downslope.
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The geology of Wharncliffe Crags led to the area being designated a Site of Special Scientific Interest in 1988. The geological features of the cliff face are of special interest, showing the best available exposed example of the Wharncliffe Edge Rock Formation within the Pennines and two primary sandstone beds that were originally laid down as sediments from a meandering river. The downslope from the base of the cliff towards the Don valley is covered by the birch and oak woodland of Wharncliffe Woods, which are owned by the Forestry Commission. The flat ground on the top of the crags is mostly carpeted with heather.
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Newton Crater Seasonal flows on warm Martian slopes (also called recurring slope lineae, recurrent slope lineae and RSL) are thought to be salty water flows occurring during the warmest months on Mars, or alternatively, dry grains that "flow" downslope of at least 27 degrees. The flows are narrow (0.5 to 5 meters) and exhibit relatively dark markings on steep slopes, appear and incrementally grow during warm seasons and fade in cold seasons. Liquid brines near the surface have been proposed to explain this activity, or dry granular flows.Equatorial locations of water on Mars: Improved resolution maps based on Mars Odyssey Neutron Spectrometer data (PDF).
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The head can come away from the cirque in a downslope movement which can create a large crevasse called a bergschrund. This crevasse can be a major obstacle for mountaineers. The existence of a bergschrund is evidence that ice mass has pulled away from the cirque. A shrinking glacier thins faster near the terminus than near the head, which explains why glaciers retreat up-valley and the glacier head stays in place The speed of erosion or accumulation is partly dependent on a shape factor which is the ratio of the change in thickness at the glacier head to the change in the thickness at the terminus.
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The speed of each monster, and the willingness to chase Mr. Do, are about the only other major changes; they can be fairly easily eluded so long as the player does not simply run away from them. Instead, Mr. Do should climb up or down the terrain if too closely chased; monsters lose a lot of time changing levels on the playfield whereas Mr. Do gets a slight speed up for going downslope. After a short duration, the music resumes, and the monsters transform back into their old selves, with the pattern of transformation repeating. Alpha-monsters, when they are summoned by the letter circle, are released with three henchmen.
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An example of drainage ways created purely by the outflow of subsurface fluids can be seen on the foreshores of beaches. As the surge of water and sand brought to land by a wave retreats seaward, the film of water becomes thinner until it forms rhomboid shaped patterns in the sand. Small fans form at the apex of the rhombic features, which are eventually fed by the remaining backflow of water traveling downslope. Channels begin to form headward in the form of millimeter wide rills along the sides of the fans; the creation of these small channel networks culminates when the last of the backwash dissipates.
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On land, terrain maps available at resolutions down to globally are used to help model atmospheric circulations within regions of rugged topography, in order to better depict features such as downslope winds, mountain waves and related cloudiness that affects incoming solar radiation. The main inputs from country-based weather services are observations from devices (called radiosondes) in weather balloons that measure various atmospheric parameters and transmits them to a fixed receiver, as well as from weather satellites. The World Meteorological Organization acts to standardize the instrumentation, observing practices and timing of these observations worldwide. Stations either report hourly in METAR reports, or every six hours in SYNOP reports.
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Category 3 Hurricane Matthew's close passage of Brevard County, Florida on the morning of October 7, 2016 prompted the issuance of the first Extreme Wind Warning. An extreme wind warning (SAME code EWW) is an alert issued by the National Weather Service for areas that will experience sustained surface winds 100 knots (115 mph, 185 km/h, 51 m/s) or greater within one hour, due to a landfalling hurricane. The winds may also be associated with non-convective, downslope, or derecho winds (not otherwise caused by a tornado). Extreme wind warnings are intended to provide guidance to the general public at a county or sub-county level when such winds pose a significant threat of casualties.
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In the past, these petrified wood accumulations have been classically interpreted to be prehistoric forests buried in place by air-fall volcanic ash and volcanic breccia. As noted above, it is now known that the petrified wood found within the Lamar River Formation is a mixture of material that were either buried in place or transported downslope by lahars and streams. In addition, more recent research has found that the lateral extent of the beds containing either transported wood and stumps or an in place fossil forest is, contrary to assumptions made by earlier studies, quite limited. Instead of being of regional extent as previously thought, these beds are quite limited in extent.
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A wide yard, with an underground cistern that served to collect and preserve water for residents. In the neighborhood were public facilities like a bath house, a flour storehouse, a bakery, a synagogue and Torah school. Around the common yard, single-story residences were built to face the yard. M. N. Kohanov in his book Sha'alu Shlom Yerushalayim (1969–1970) writes: > About six reese [a biblical measurement] walk from Even Yisrael straight up > Jaffa Road there is the Beit Ya'akov group on the downslope of the mountain, > it was founded in 1875 from 70 people, so the group and city named it "Beit > Ya'akov" like the 70 people in Jacob's family [who went to Egypt].
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The sandstone beds within this member commonly exhibit full or partial Bouma sequences. The beds within this member commonly exhibit evidence of penecontemporaneous deformation due to downslope slumping. The well-known Squantum Member is also known as the Squantum diamictite, Squantum ‘Tillite’, Squantum Tillite, or the Squantum Tilloid. It consists largely of diamictites that are a heterogeneous and poorly sorted admixture of rare boulders up to 1.2 m in diameter, pebbles, cobbles, and sand in a silty-clay matrix. These diamictites occur as beds, which range in thickness from 18 to 215 m (60 to 705 ft) and are typically interbedded with purplish, greenish and grey siltstone, sandstone, and medium-to fine-grained argillite.
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To test the validity of these accounts, a limited excavation was conducted on a site the islanders referred to as "Pontiacs Mound" during a 2008 excavation. The results of the test suggested that it "appears to be only one of several rather level promontories extending without discernible interruption from the central plateau of the island toward northwestern shore. While additional deep testing may reveal other information, at this time the most appropriate hypothesis is to regard all of these adjacent landforms as non-cultural portions of the higher soils, dissected by centuries [if not millennia] of natural headward erosion and downslope weathering."Archaeological Excavations and Testing Site 20OK476 and "Pontiac's Mound" on Apple Island.
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The Piute Wash outfall down bajada/alluvial fan, after junction with Sacramento Wash; the downslope descends to the west side of the south-flowing Colorado River. The Sacramento Wash (California) is part of a 2-valley south-trending drainage system, shaped like a U; Piute Wash is the eastern part of the drainage; the Sacaramento Wash is the western. The Sacramento Wash turns eastward, combines with other bajada drainages from the west and south, and merges with the Piute Wash, to rapidly descend down from the foothills of the Dead Mountains to the western bank of the Colorado River. The approximate center of the Sacramento Wash drainage is the center of Lanfair Valley, the Lanfair Buttes.
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To the left of center is the sallyport—the only entrance to the fort, reached via drawbridge from the ravelin, which is located within the moat. The fort has four bastions named San Pedro, San Agustín, San Carlos and San Pablo with a ravelin protecting the sally port. On the two landward sides a large glacis was constructed which would force any attackers to advance upward toward the fort's cannon and allow the cannon shot to proceed downslope for greater efficiency in hitting multiple targets. Also the artificial mound of the glacis in front of the walls helped to protect them from direct cannon fire attempting to breach them in a siege.
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The major mechanism of canyon erosion is thought to be turbidity currents and underwater landslides. Turbidity currents are dense, sediment-laden currents which flow downslope when an unstable mass of sediment that has been rapidly deposited on the upper slope fails, perhaps triggered by earthquakes. There is a spectrum of turbidity- or density-current types ranging from "muddy water" to massive mudflow, and evidence of both these end members can be observed in deposits associated with the deeper parts of submarine canyons and channels, such as lobate deposits (mudflow) and levees along channels. Mass wasting, slumping, and submarine landslides are forms of slope failures (the effect of gravity on a hillslope) observed in submarine canyons.
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A broad lava-flow field often consists of a main lava tube and a series of smaller tubes that supply lava to the front of one or more separate flows. When the supply of lava stops at the end of an eruption or lava is diverted elsewhere, lava in the tube system drains downslope and leaves partially empty caves. Such drained tubes commonly exhibit step marks on their walls that mark the various depths at which the lava flowed, known as flow ledges or flow lines depending on how prominently they protrude from the walls. Lava tubes generally have pāhoehoe floors, although this may often be covered in breakdown from the ceiling.
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Explanation for the Diablo wind. Diablo wind is a name that has been occasionally used for the hot, dry wind from the northeast that typically occurs in the San Francisco Bay Area of Northern California, during the spring and fall. The same wind pattern also affects other parts of California's coastal ranges and the western slopes of Sierra Nevada, with many media and government groups using the term Diablo winds for strong, dry downslope wind over northern and central California. The term first appeared shortly after the 1991 Oakland firestorm, perhaps to distinguish it from the comparable, and more familiar, hot dry wind in Southern California known as the Santa Ana winds.
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The Shaheen-Goodfellow Weekend Cottage, also known as Stoneflower, is a historic house at 704 Stony Ridge Road in Eden Isle, Arkansas, a resort community on a peninsula jutting into Greers Ferry Lake west of Heber Springs. It is a distinctive Modern structure, designed by Arkansas architect E. Fay Jones and completed in 1965. The main structure is a relatively small rectangular wood frame structure, given vertical emphasis by its placement at the top of a slope and vertical board-and-batten siding. On the lake side (the downslope side) of the house a wooden deck projects from the upper level, with vertical railing elements and an outdoor cooking area built in.
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Until recently nearly all beverage distillation was a result of very large operations. The reason for this consolidation was the heavy administrative burden involved in the collection of excise taxes by the United States Treasury Department through the Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (Formerly Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives). As a result of several simplifications to the excise regulations and the reduction of required Surety Bonds for small beverage alcohol producers, a number of small craft distilleries began opening with an emphasis on unique and handcrafted beverage spirits. In Colorado there has been a particular interest: in 2000 there were no licensed distilleries in the state today there are 14 licensed distilleries of which Downslope Distilling is one.
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Downslope the lava flows are found mainly over the northwestern flank where they radiate away from San Pedro's crater. Scars at elevations of on the edifice have been the origin of mudflows; the largest is known as Estación flow and covers much of the southern and western foot of San Pedro to distances of ; the debris apron reaches the Loa River and San Pedro River. These mudflows occurred between 110,000 – 36,000 years ago and they filled the river bed of the Loa, while the impact on the San Pedro River was much more minor. Hot avalanche deposits or pyroclastic flows are also found on the volcano; the largest of which covers large parts of the edifice and has a total volume of approximately .
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Accordingly, the erosional remnants of subglacial volcanoes are minor and intermittent. In the Skeena Mountains, separated outcrops of pillow lava and volcanic breccia are generally found side by side on the summits of sharp rugged mountain ridges, with presumably temporally-associated pyroclastic rocks having collected downslope. Hoodoo Mountain in the Boundary Ranges of the Coast Mountains, whose flat-topped summit likely originated from frequent interactions between volcanic activity and ice of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet The third type of volcano-ice interaction is geographically restricted to three volcanoes, including Level Mountain, the Mount Edziza volcanic complex and Hoodoo Mountain. All three volcanoes are broad enough to hold ice caps that likely altered regional ice flow while still being altered by the Cordilleran Ice Sheet at individual periods.
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The traditional theory on the formation of lynchets is that they may form naturally on the downslope of a field ploughed over a long period of time. The disturbed soil slips down the hillside to create a "positive lynchet" (where the new surface is higher than the original surface), while the area reduced in level becomes a "negative lynchet" (where the new surface is lower). Lynchets above the village of Loders, Dorset In Loders, Dorset, lynchets form a terraced band structure similar to an amphitheatre overlooking the village. Lynchets also form part of the conservation area of the neighbouring village of Uploders, where they apparently form old hillside field systems in close proximity to an iron age fort and hill-top barrows.
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On June 4, 2018 ground-breaking was held for a new Summit Complex which is being constructed next to the current Summit House. The older facility will remain open to the more than 600,000 visitors annually through the end of construction in the fall of 2020 or summer of 2021. Around 40 contractors are working on the $50 million project. The general contractor, G.E. Johnson Construction Co., estimates that about half of the budget is for materials, many of which are prefabricated in downslope shops, and the balance is for labor, because of the project's high standards and the rigors of working for a maximum of hours per day at such a high altitude during a short season of April to October.
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However, if a primary mechanism must be selected, the downslope lineal morphology of canyons and channels and the transportation of excavated or loose materials of the continental slope over extensive distances require that various kinds of turbidity or density currents act as major participants. In addition to the processes described above, submarine canyons that are especially deep may form by another method. In certain cases, a sea with a bed significantly below sea level is cut off from the larger ocean to which it is usually connected. The sea which is normally repleted by contact and inflow from the ocean is now no longer replenished and hence dries up over a period of time, which can be very short if the local climate is arid.
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Lima is the world's second- largest desert city, behind Cairo, and served by a much smaller river than Cairo.. To meet the needs of a 'desert city which keeps growing', Sunass, the Peruvian national water agency, intends to '[combine] grey infrastructure with green infrastructure' and has created a tax-supported PES fund; some of this money has gone to regrouting mamanteos. As of 2016, ten mamanteos had been restored. A study of the system in Huamantanga, Peru modeled an expansion to serve modern Lima, claiming it could extend the growing season for local farms. The study authors measured the amount of water stored and the time taken to deliver the water downslope, and proposed an extrapolation model to estimate large-scale effects of up-scaling the system.
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7 July 2016. but the new research article acknowledged that hydrated salts could draw some humidity from the atmosphere and seasonal changes in hydration of salt-containing grains might result in some trigger mechanism for RSL grainflows, such as expansion, contraction, or release of some water, that would change the cohesion of grains and cause them to fall or "flow" downslope. Furthermore, neutron spectrometer data by the Mars Odyssey orbiter obtained over one decade, was published in December 2017, and shows no evidence of water (hydrogenated regolith) at the active sites, so its authors also support the hypotheses of either short-lived atmospheric water vapour deliquescence, or dry granular flows. Nevertheless, the footprint of this instrument (~100 km) is much larger than the RSLs (~100m).
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American Indians in the Sonoran Desert and elsewhere relied both on irrigation and "Ak-Chin" farming—a type of farming that depended on "washes" (the seasonal flood plains by winter snows and summer rains). The Ak-Chin people employed this natural form of irrigation by planting downslope from a wash, allowing floodwaters to slide over their crops. In the Salt River Valley, now characterized by Maricopa County, Arizona, a vast canal system was created and maintained from about 600 AD to 1450 AD. Several hundred miles of canals fed crops of the area surrounding Phoenix, Tempe, Chandler and Mesa, Arizona. Unfortunately, the intense irrigation increased the salinity of the topsoil, making it no longer fit for the growing of crops.
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A WP-3D Orion weather reconnaissance aircraft in flight The atmosphere is a fluid. As such, the idea of numerical weather prediction is to sample the state of the fluid at a given time and use the equations of fluid dynamics and thermodynamics to estimate the state of the fluid at some time in the future. On land, terrain maps, available at resolutions down to globally, are used to help model atmospheric circulations within regions of rugged topography, in order to better depict features such as downslope winds, mountain waves, and related cloudiness which affects incoming solar radiation. The main inputs from country-based weather services are surface observations from automated weather stations at ground level over land and from weather buoys at sea.
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This section of both roads is now six lanes: three northbound, two southbound, and a center left-turn lane. Southwest of Powers Ferry Road, the road is also five lanes with a center left-turn lane, while to the north it has a landscaped road median typical of other county roads widened in the 1980s and 1990s. In order to squeeze through an underpass below I-75, it narrows to four lanes and has a steep dip that often floods during thunderstorms as it collects water from both the road and the highway, and from the downslope to nearby Rottenwood Creek. If the Northwest Corridor HOV/BRT project is built, this will become an exit/entrance to and from the reversible HOT lanes.
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Malargüe's climate is dry and relatively cold. It is a semi-arid climate under the Köppen climate classification. Summers bring warm days (the average high is 28 °C, or 82F) and cool to cold nights (11 °C, or 53F), with sporadic thunderstorms occurring. By March or early April, frost is to be expected, and during the winter (May to September), wild fluctuations of temperature can occur: the average high is 11 °C (53F) and the average low is -2 °C (28F), but northwesterly winds that blow downslope from the Andes can bring temperatures of 25 °C (77F), and extreme Antarctic outbreaks will bring periods of snow, daytime highs well below 0 °C (32F) and night lows well below -12 °C (10F).
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Head describes deposits consisting of fragmented material which, following weathering, have moved downslope through a process of solifluction. The term has been used by British geologists since the middle of the 19th century to describe such material in a range of different settings from flat hilltops to the bottoms of valleys.Melville , R.V. and Freshney, R.C. 1982 British Regional Geology: the Hampshire Basin and adjoining areas 4th edn Institute of Geological Sciences p125 Areas identified as head include deposits of aeolian origin such as blown sand and loess, slope deposits such as gelifluctates and solifluctates, and recently eroded soil material, called colluvium. With geologists becoming more interested in studying the near-surface environment and its related processes, the term head is becoming obsolete.
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The headwaters of the Burn of Monboys rise on the southern and western slopes of the Meikle Carewe Hill where the stream flows downslope at a first westerly and thence southerly as it makes its way to discharge to the Cowie Water. The southwestern flanks of Craggie Cat, a hill in the northeast part of the Burn of Monboys drainage basin, drain to the Burn of Monboys. The stream has a greenish brown appearance and generally has lush vegetation growing all the way to its margins throughout most of its course of the middle and downstream reaches. The turbidity typically measures approximately 10 JTU and the July flow rate is roughly five cubic feet per second in the headwaters reach.
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The Danube fan is a relict sedimentary feature in the northwestern part of the bottom of the Black Sea. It crosses three of its four major physiographic provinces: basin slope, basin apron, and the Euxine abyssal plain) and splits the abyssal plain into two inequal parts.Chapter: "Bathymetry and Microtopography of Black Sea: Structure" of the 20th Memoir The Black Sea -- Geology, Chemistry, and Biology of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists (1974) The fan was deposited by the Danube (mostly), Dniester, Southern Bug, and Dnieper rivers. It extends from the shelf break zone an approximately 200m isobath"Environmental Degradation of the Black Sea: Challenges and Remedies", editors Șükrü T. Beșiktepe, Ümit Ünlüata, Alexandru S. Bologa, 1999, p.40 for about 150 km downslope and reaches the depth of about 2,200 m within the abyssal plain.
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There is very little room to miss the green on this hole. 9th Hole: Another sharp dogleg left, the fairway falls downhill left to right for its entirety. This feeds into a stand of trees on the right side of the fairway. There’s also a pond beyond the green with a severe downslope feeding off the back of the green to the water, and a bunker short left of the green. This hole is 365-yards long. 10th Hole: This hole is a short, but narrow par four only 334-yards long with several prominent fairway bunkers but a relatively accessible green with ample space around it to miss. 11th Hole: This short, downhill par four features a difficult tee shot from an accuracy standpoint, but little distance.
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Pre- and Post-Fire Habitat Utilization by Rodents of Cerrado from Central Brazil. Biotropica, 30: pp. 491–496 Between the cerrado and the gallery forest is an area of vegetation known as the wet campo with distinct up- and downslope borders where tree growth is inhibited due to wide seasonal fluctuations in the water table. The savanna portion of the Cerrado is heterogeneous in terms of canopy cover. Goodland (1971) divided the Cerrado into four categories ranging from least to most canopy cover: campo sujo (herbaceous layer with occasional small trees about 3 m tall), campo cerrado (slightly higher density of trees about 4 m tall on average), cerrado sensu stricto (orchard-like vegetation with trees about 6 m high) and cerradao (canopy cover near 50% with general height 9 m).
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The alongshore shape of spur and groove formations varies from smoothly varying rounded spurs, to flat spurs with shallow rectangular grooves, or deeply cut rectangular or overhanging channels sometimes called buttresses. Spur and groove formations have typical scales of: spur height 0.5 to 10 m, alongshore wavelength 5 to 150 m, width of groove 1 to 100 m, and found in depths from 0 to 30 m. The mechanism for maintaining preferential coral growth on the spur is thought to be caused by higher wave stress on the spur which causes sediment to be shed towards the groove and downslope and preferential coral growth on the spur. Thus, it is believed that spur and grooves are essentially constructional in formation, while a less important mechanism may occur from sediment scour in the grooves.
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According to the Köppen classification the British Isles experience a maritime climate characterised by relatively cool summers and mild winters. Compared with other parts of the country, The Vale of York is slightly warmer and sunnier in the summer and colder and frostier in the winter. Owing to its inland position, and sheltered by the Pennines to the west, North Yorkshire is one of the driest counties in the UK, receiving, on average, around of rain per year. The mean annual daily duration of bright sunshine is three hours and 42 minutes. There are two distinct local weather phenomena, marked downslope lee winds caused by the proximity of the Pennines, leading to super geostrophic winds which can reach in excess of 60 KT (70 mph), most commonly in winter and spring.
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Baines has worked on density-stratified fluids since his doctoral studies, with application to both the atmosphere and ocean. This led to a significant number of papers describing theoretical, numerical and experimental studies of the flow of density-stratified fluids over and around topography with a variety of two- and three-dimensional shapes. Whether fluid passes over an obstacle (an isolated mountain, say) or around it depends on a variety of factors (wind profile, stratification, mountain shape), and these studies have, in particular, been helpful in improving the representation of topographic effects in weather-forecasting models. This work has included experimental studies of the flow of dense fluid downslope into density-stratified environments, which has identified a variety of differing flow regimes involving mixing, with applications to oceanic flows in particular.
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Phytophthora cinnamomi is a soil-borne pathogen first reported in tropical and subtropical countries, but is now found to be able to survive and develop in cooler countries as well. P. cinnamomi is spread as zoospores and/or chlamydospores in soil and water are placed in favorable conditions, such as warm and moist conditions. Some pathway vectors for spread include: plants or parts of plants – such as mycelial growth through root contact and zoospore dispersal, which can travel long distances; wind-blown soil and debris; downslope movement in subsurface or surface flow of water, such as in rivers or irrigation water; machinery and equipment in moist soil that is stuck to vehicles or equipment; soil, sand, and gravel. Wild and feral animals have also been known to contribute to the spread of disease.
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On June 27, 2014, new vents opened on the northeast flank of the Puu Ōō cone that fed a narrow lava flow to the east-northeast. On August 18, the flow entered a ground crack, traveled underground for several days, then resurfaced to form a small lava pond. The sequence was repeated twice more over the following days with lava entering other cracks and reappearing farther downslope. In this way, the flow had advanced approximately 13.2 km (8.2 miles) from the vent, or to within 1.3 km (0.8 miles) of the eastern boundary of the Wao Kele o Puna Forest Reserve, by the afternoon of September 3. Advancing to the northeast at intermittent rates, the flow had entered the village of Pāhoa and was within 25 meters (27 yards) of the waste recycling center on October 31.
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Talus cones produced by mass wasting, north shore of Isfjord, Svalbard, Norway. Mass wasting at Palo Duro Canyon, West Texas (2002) A rockfall in Grand Canyon National Park Mass wasting, also known as slope movement or mass movement, is the geomorphic process by which soil, sand, regolith, and rock move downslope typically as a solid, continuous or discontinuous mass, largely under the force of gravity, frequently with characteristics of a flow as in debris flows and mudflows.Britannica Types of mass wasting include creep, slides, flows, topples, and falls, each with its own characteristic features, and taking place over timescales from seconds to hundreds of years. Mass wasting occurs on both terrestrial and submarine slopes, and has been observed on Earth, Mars, Venus, and Jupiter's moon Io. When the gravitational force acting on a slope exceeds its resisting force, slope failure (mass wasting) occurs.
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The upright fossil trees of the Gallatin Petrified Forest in the Gallatin Range and the Yellowstone Petrified Forest at Amethyst Mountain and Specimen Ridge in Yellowstone National Park, occur buried within the lahars and other volcanic deposits comprising the Eocene Lamar River Formation as the result of periods of rapid sedimentation associated with explosive volcanism. This type of volcanism generates and deposits large quantities of loose volcanic material as a blanket over the slope of a volcano, as happened during the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo. Both during and for years after a period of volcanism, lahars and normal stream activity wash this loose volcanic material downslope. These processes result in the rapid burial of large areas of the surrounding countryside beneath several meters of sediment, as directly observed during the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo.
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At this time, the flow front was about from the outskirts of Hilo. Smoke from burning vegetation, loud explosions caused by methane gas along the advancing flow front and the intense glow at night all contributed to a growing concern among Hilo's residents. Early in the morning of March 29, a levee along the lava channel broke at the elevation about upslope from the flow front (flow E on map). The lava was diverted into a new subparallel flow (flow F on map) and flow E stagnated, temporarily relieving emergency-response officials and residents of Hilo. This new ‘a‘ā lava flow moved at a comparable rate to the earlier flow E, yet did not extend beyond flow E until April 4. Another significant levee breakout occurred on April 5, forming a third subparallel ‘a‘ā lava flow (flow G on map) that moved downslope.
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The air descending from aloft as well as from the Coast Ranges compresses as it sinks to sea level where it warms as much as 20 °F (11 °C), and loses relative humidity.WEATHER CORNER, San Jose Mercury News, Jan Null, October 26, 1999 Because of the elevation of the coastal ranges in north-central California, the thermodynamic structure that occurs with the Diablo wind pattern favors the development of strong ridge-top and lee-side downslope winds associated with a phenomenon called the "hydraulic jump". While hydraulic jumps can occur with Santa Ana winds, the same thermodynamic structure that occurs with them typically favors "gap" flow more frequently. Santa Ana winds are katabatic, gravity-driven winds, draining air off the high deserts, while the Diablo-type wind originates mainly from strongly sinking air from aloft, pushed toward the coast by higher inland pressure.
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This consisted of a pair of wooden keeper's houses and a steel tower, the latter resting on a unique foundation consisting of two stacked concrete blocks with a layer of sand in between, a scheme intended to insulate the tower from the many minor earthquakes in the area. The light itself was upgraded to a rotating aerobeacon. Cape Kumukahi lies at the end of the east rift zone of the slopes of Kilauea, and the light was threatened several times by eruptions. The most serious threat came from the 1960 eruption which destroyed the town of Kapoho; lava flows continued downslope toward the light, and destroyed the keepers' houses and an orchard which Joe Pestrella, who had been keeper there since 1938, had planted by the light station; but when the lava reached the tower, it split into two streams and flowed into the sea to either side, sparing the structure.
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There are fertile lands surrounding the basins of the many rivers born in the glaciers of the Cordillera. Köppen climate map of Mendoza Province, Argentina The lowlands have very hot summers (30 °C to 33 °C during the day, or 86 °F to 91 °F) with warm nights in the north (18 °C, or 64 °F) and cooler evenings in the south (15 °C, 59 °F). Precipitation falls mainly as very scarce, but often severe thunderstorms that bring hail and high winds. Falls are pleasant and dry, and winters are cool with daytime highs around 14 °C (57 °F) and nighttime lows of 2 °C (35F). When Zonda winds blow downslope from the Andes, temperatures may soar to 30 °C (86 °F); however, Pampero winds can keep day temperatures below 5 °C (41 °F) and nighttime lows of −8 °C (18 °F) can be recorded.
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The breadth and gentle slopes of young shield volcanoes such as Kīlauea are in contrast to the steep, picturesque cliffs (pali), deeply incised canyons, and narrow ridges typical of the older islands, and for a long while it was a bit of mystery how the latter got that way. In 1930 it was suggested that (at least in some cases) this might be the result of large landslides. In 1964 it was noted that certain areas of sea floor with very blocky topography lay downslope from what appear to be giant amphitheaters (the large bowl left at the head of landslides), suggesting the possibility of giant landslides.. However, that such mass wasting was a ubiquitous feature of Hawaiian geology was not recognized until systematic mapping of the sea floor in the late 1980s. identified 17 areas on the flanks of the islands that appear to be the remnants of large landslides.
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Secondary forest growth from past cut-over rainforest is apparent surrounding lower supporting ridges and around the periphery of the reserve, with mixed-woody agriculture (particularly, agroforestry plantations of nutmeg and cacao) crossing over the forest reserve boundaries mainly on the sides of the reserve by Victoriaville and Mt. Horne. Bottom tier of Tufton Hall Waterfalls in the Mt. St. Catherine Forest Reserve The cloud-forest ecosystem in the Mt. St. Catherine Forest Reserve is a valuable water resource for Grenada. Significant amounts of rainfall and cloud-mist condensate are collected within its highland forests and dispersed downslope throughout the year. It is critically important to the overall watershed regimes on the island as the main rivers and tributaries with perennial flow in Grenada are relatively small, rainfall is highly seasonal and locally limited, and only about 10% of drinking water for the population is generated through groundwater.
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There had been an attempt to bring about a second American Formula One Grand Prix, specifically to sunny Southern California in 1972, with the United States Grand Prix West at the ultra modern Ontario Motor Speedway after the success of the Questor Grand Prix in 1971, but this was unsuccessful. With the east coast Watkins Glen track on the downslope after two fatalities in successive years and a politically charged 1975 event, the USGP West was created for the 1976 season on a tight circuit made up of city streets in Long Beach, California, located in the Los Angeles metropolitan area on the west coast. A Formula 5000 race was held there in 1975, and the US was just the second country (after Italy in 1957) to host two Championship F1 events in the same season. Southern California had seen a championship Formula One race before; the 1960 United States Grand Prix was held at the famed Riverside Raceway, which was just an hour's drive from Long Beach.
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Illustrations of the tangent and threshold methods of measuring the QT interval The QT interval is most commonly measured in lead II for evaluation of serial ECGs, with leads I and V5 being comparable alternatives to lead II. Leads III, aVL and V1 are generally avoided for measurement of QT interval. The accurate measurement of the QT interval is subjective because the end of the T wave is not always clearly defined and usually merges gradually with the baseline. QT interval in an ECG complex can be measured manually by different methods, such as the threshold method, in which the end of the T wave is determined by the point at which the component of the T wave merges with the isoelectric baseline, or the tangent method, in which the end of the T wave is determined by the intersection of a tangent line extrapolated from the T wave at the point of maximum downslope to the isoelectric baseline. With the increased availability of digital ECGs with simultaneous 12-channel recording, QT measurement may also be done by the 'superimposed median beat' method.
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Jumps in terrain parks can range from five feet to 100 feet & above, and will vary park to park and resort to resort. In contrast to jibs, typically being manufactured off- site of steel and plastic, jumps are most commonly constructed entirely of snow or snow with a base of dirt. Tricks such as grabs, twists, spins and flips are often performed while in the air from a jump. Types of jumps in a park may consist of: ;Tabletop: A jump that looks somewhat like a table or trapezoid in which one takes off from an incline (the lip), clear a flat part (the table), and lands on a downslope (the landing) ;Step-down: A jump in which the landing is lower than the takeoff ;Step-up: A jump in which the landing is higher than the takeoff ;Gap: A jump that has a gap in between the take off and landing, instead of a table ;Hip: A jump with one landing, which is perpendicular to the take off ;Spine: A jump with two landings, which are perpendicular to the take off.
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This eruption was visible far into the plains of Sicily, ending the following morning between the hours of 5 to 7 a.m. local time. Catania-Fontanarossa Airport shut down operations during the night for safety precautions. An eruption on the morning of 13 May 2008, immediately to the east of Etna's summit craters was accompanied by a swarm of more than 200 earthquakes and significant ground deformation in the summit area. The eruption continued at a slowly diminishing rate for 417 days, until 6 July 2009, making this the longest flank eruption of Etna since the 1991–1993 eruption that lasted 473 days. Previous eruptions, in 2001, 2002–2003, and 2004–2005 had lasted 3 weeks, 3 months, and 6 months, respectively. Lava flows advanced 6.5 km during the first few days of this eruption but thereafter stagnated at many minor distances from the vents; during the last months of the eruption lava rarely advanced more than 1 km downslope. Southern flank of Mount Etna showing lateral cones and flow from the eruption of 2001.
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Excavation now has shown that these mining sites date to the Roman (first century AD) and Early Medieval (ninth to twelfth century AD) periods, but one of the most important finds of the excavation was the gold disc about the size of a milk-bottle top, which pre-dated these discoveries by more than 2,000 years. > At the time of its discovery, it seemed uncertain as to whether the gold > object had ever been intentionally deposited; no earlier archaeological > features were at that time identified, whilst its shallow find-spot > suggested that it had been disturbed and re-deposited some distance > downslope from its original burial context. However, the object was at that > time identified and reported to HM Coroner for Ceredigion as a Treasure find > on 30 October 2002, whilst further study of the find continued, and a > follow-up investigation of the find spot was planned. Given concerns over > the possibility of further artefacts remaining within the ground by virtue > of association with the disc, also potential treasure, re-excavation of the > site took place in March 2003, with funding from the National Museums and > Galleries of Wales.
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