291 Sentences With "designer drug" | Random Sentence Generator

Her reply: 'It's a designer drug, and sort of like heroin.

There's a lot of issues embroiled into the designer drug space.

Instead, they told me it was 0003C-B, a designer drug similar to MDMA.

So with every record I try to make something that's closer to weirdo chemist guys making some designer drug.

A Shanghai-based chemical company, Shanghai Kaiwodun Biochemical, says it offers the designer drug U-0003 for $1,450 a pound.

The kids, too, are well drawn and eccentric, including one who has a designer drug for every mood and occasion.

Many reported receiving U-47700, a designer drug that can be dangerous in its own right, instead of fentanyl or ecstasy.

URGE Young people on an island vacation meet a suspicious nightclub owner (Pierce Brosnan), who introduces them to a new designer drug.

The date wasn't a coincidence; he says that 2010 was the year that a designer drug called "bath salts" began flooding the market.

Jonah Hill and Channing Tatum return as those lovable undercover cops Schmidt and Jenko, this time posing as college students to investigate a new designer drug.

As we reported then, four people were arrested in connection with the victims' supposed ingestion of the designer drug "Superman," a mix of ecstasy and methamphetamine.

Using a designer drug technology known rather unfortunately as DREADD, they were able to come up with a way of blocking receptors on the inflammatory glial cells.

Yahoo News reported that the investigation's toxicologist Marti Braschi said the victims were suspected to have taken a designer drug called "Superman," a mix of ecstasy and methamphetamine.

"These chemicals are not related to THC in their structure," Dr. Michael Baumann, chief of the Designer Drug Research Unit of National Institute on Drug Abuse, told BuzzFeed News.

Aries people will yell at others for not having the latest fashion trends, the most current software, the latest gossip, the cutting edge designer drug, or knowing about the newest bar.

Examples of powerful fentanyl analogues include carfentanil, an elephant tranquilizer that's 1,000 times stronger than heroin, and acetylfentanyl, a designer drug that's never been licensed for any kind of medical use.

Bath salts (the body product, not the designer drug) are a medley of mineral-rich salts (like epsom) and essential herbs that you dissolve in a bath for a relaxing dip.

Just last month, the federal Drug Enforcement Administration issued an alert for a new designer drug called Pink, which had been responsible for 46 deaths, including 31 in New York and 10 in North Carolina.

Jacobs acknowledged in a phone conversation with VICE Sports that cases like BALCO proved the necessity of the "related substances" clauses in the banned list, but also says they only make sense in designer drug cases.

According to the toxicology report, his blood and his brain were bathed in a combination of cocaine and ethylone, a recreational designer drug known as "bath salts" that can cause a mixture of euphoria, paranoia and anxiety.

Not long after such work was made public, others recognized an opportunity: Use the process to create a "designer drug" that's more powerful than pot but cheaper to make, easier to distribute and legal – at least in theory.

In fact, they had overdosed on a designer drug — one that would raise alarms both in the medical community and drug enforcement circles and could, possibly, be a precursor of more potent and dangerous drugs still to come.

On Tuesday, the Food and Drug Administration gave permission for large-scale, clinical trials of MDMA, the designer drug popularly known as Ecstasy, primarily as treatment for individuals suffering from post-traumatic stress disorder, many of whom are veterans.

Despite his academic pedigree, Nichols has come under fire for fueling a "designer drug" boom that resulted in obscure research chemicals making their way from the lab to the street and resulted in a few deaths along the way.

"Synthetic cannabinoid misuse is occurring nationwide, and worldwide, since the substances are trafficked by internet vendors with global reach," says Mike Baumann, chief of the Designer Drug Research Unit at the Baltimore-based National Institute on Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program.

I would likely remove two of the entries: DESIGNER DRUG, which I first heard about as a promising potential cancer treatment (but which also has an unfortunate meaning); and SCREENER DVDS, which is a bit of an outlier in terms of familiarity.

After all, last month, K2 overdoses in Brooklyn sent 33 people to the hospital, and two days later the Center for Disease Control and Prevention reported that while this sort of designer drug use is decreasing nationwide, K2 overdoses are on the rise—meaning the substances themselves could be getting more dangerous.

5-MeO-EPT is a psychedelic tryptamine derivative which has been sold as a designer drug.

5-MeO EiPT is a psychedelic of the tryptamine class that has been sold online as a designer drug.

Following its sale as a designer drug, metizolam was classified as controlled substance in Sweden on 26. January 2016.

2,2'-Difluorofentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl which has been sold as a designer drug.

3-Fluoromethamphetamine (3-FMA) is a stimulant drug from the amphetamine class that has been sold online as a designer drug.

5-MAPB (1-(benzofuran-5-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine) is an entactogenic designer drug similar to MDMA in its structure and effects.

THJ-018 is a synthetic cannabinoid that is the indazole analogue of JWH-018 and has been sold online as a designer drug.

The lives of two paramedics in New Orleans are ripped apart after a series of horrific deaths are caused by a new designer drug.

3-Hydroxyphencyclidine (3-HO-PCP) is a dissociative of the arylcyclohexylamine class related to phencyclidine (PCP) that has been sold online as a designer drug.

PX-1 (also known as 5F-APP-PICA and SRF-30) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug.

4-Chloromethcathinone (also known as 4-CMC and Clephedrone) is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug.

4-Ethylmethcathinone (4-EMC) is a recreational designer drug of the stimulant and entactogen class. It is a structural isomer of 4-MEC and 3,4-DMMC.

4-Methoxybutyrfentanyl (also known as 4-MeO-BF) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of butyrfentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug.

Organobromine compounds such as 4-bromomethcathinone have appeared on the designer drug market alongside other halogenated amphetamines and cathinones in an attempt to circumvent existing drug laws.

Deschloroetizolam (also known as Etizolam-2) is a thienotriazolodiazepine that is the dechlorinated analog of the closely related etizolam. The compound has been sold as a designer drug.

FUB-PB-22 (QUFUBIC) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug.

4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MOPPP) is a stimulant designer drug of the pyrrolidinophenone class. It has the potential to produce euphoria, an effect shared with other classical stimulants.

4-Fluoroethcathinone (also known as 4-FEC) is a stimulant of the cathinone class and structural analog of flephedrone (4-fluoromethcathinone) that has been sold as designer drug.

Flephedrone, also known as 4-fluoromethcathinone (4-FMC), is a stimulant drug of the cathinone chemical class that has been sold online as a designer drug starting in 2008.

MDMB-CHMICA (also incorrectly known as MMB-CHMINACA) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. While MDMB-CHMICA was initially sold under the name "MMB-CHMINACA", the compound corresponding to this code name (i.e. the isopropyl instead of t-butyl analogue of MDMB-CHMINACA) has been identified on the designer drug market in 2015 as AMB-CHMINACA.

Isofentanyl (3-methyl-benzylfentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog (and structural isomer) of fentanyl first invented in 1973, and which has been sold as a designer drug.

MMB-CHMICA (AMB-CHMICA) is a designer drug and synthetic cannabinoid. In 2018, it was the sixth-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration.

4'-Fluoro-α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (also known as FPVP and 4-Fluoro-α-PVP) is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class which has been reported as a novel designer drug.

FDU-PB-22 is an derivative of JWH-018 that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug.

CUMYL-CBMINACA (SGT-277) is an indazole-3-carboxamide based synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist that has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Germany in February 2020.

4'-Methoxy-α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (also known as 4-MeO-α-PVP and MOPVP) is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug.

3',4'-Dimethoxy-α-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (3,4-dimethoxy-α-PVP, 3,4-DMPV, DMPVP) is a synthetic stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug.

Fluclotizolam is a thienotriazolodiazepine derivative which was first synthesised in 1979, but was never marketed. It has subsequently been sold as a designer drug, first being definitively identified in 2017.

N-Ethylbuphedrone (also known as NEB) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that has been sold as a designer drug. It is the β-ketone analogue of N,alpha- diethylphenylethylamine.

4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinobutiophenone or MPBP is a stimulant compound which has been reported as a novel designer drug. It is closely related to pyrovalerone, being simply its chain-shortened homologue.

3-Fluorophenmetrazine (also known as 3-FPM, 3-FPH and PAL-593) is a phenylmorpholine-based stimulant and fluorinated analogue of phenmetrazine that has been sold online as a designer drug.

5-MeO-MALT (5-methoxy-N-methyl-N-allyltryptamine) is a lesser-known psychedelic drug that is closely related to 5-MeO-DALT and has been sold online as a designer drug.

5-Methyl-3,4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (5-Methyl-MDA) is an entactogen and psychedelic designer drug of the amphetamine class. It is a ring-methylated homologue of MDA and a structural isomer of MDMA.

4-Methyl-α-ethyltryptamine (4-Me-αET) is a putative stimulant, psychedelic, and entactogen drug of the tryptamine class. It is a designer drug and is sold online as a "research chemical".

CUMYL-CH-MEGACLONE (CUMYL-CHMGACLONE, SGT-270) is a gamma-carboline based synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonist that has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Hungary in December 2018.

5-Methoxy-3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (MMDMA; 5-MeO-MDMA) is a designer drug of the substituted methylenedioxyphenethylamine (MDxx) class. Little is known about its effects and it has not been formally studied in animals.

3,4-Dimethylmethcathinone (3,4-DMMC) is a stimulant drug first reported in 2010 as a designer drug analogue of mephedrone, apparently produced in response to the banning of mephedrone, following its widespread abuse in many countries in Europe and around the world.EMCDDA Annual Report 2010 3,4-DMMC has been seized as a designer drug in Australia. In vitro, 3,4-DMMC was shown to be a monoamine transporter substrate that potently inhibits norepinephrine and serotonin reuptake, and to a lesser extent dopamine reuptake.

3-Phenylpropanoylfentanyl (β'-phenylfentanyl) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl, which was invented in 1981, and has been sold as a designer drug, first identified in March 2017 in Sweden.

4'-Fluoro-α-pyrrolidinooctanophenone (also known as 4-Fluoro-PV-9, FPOP and 4-Fluoro-α-POP) is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class which has been reported as a novel designer drug.

2-Aminoindane (2-AI) is a research chemical with applications in neurologic disorders and psychotherapy that has also been sold as a designer drug. It acts as a selective substrate for NET and DAT.

AMB-CHMINACA or MMB-CHMINACA (also known as MA-CHMINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug.

N-Ethylpentedrone (also known as alpha-ethylaminopentiophenone, N-ethylnorpentedrone, and NEP) is a chemical compound of the substituted cathinone class. Since the mid-2010s, N-ethylpentedrone has been sold online as a designer drug.

Mexedrone (also known as 4-MMC-MeO) is a stimulant and an entactogen drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is the alpha-methoxy derivative of Mephedrone.

In August 2010, some media sources claimed that the designer drug Ivory Wave contained WIN 35,428. However, samples of Ivory Wave have been found to contain MDPV, so the legitimacy of these claims remains unclear.

Zapizolam is a pyridodiazepine drug, which is a benzodiazepine analog of pyridotriazolodiazepine group. It has sedative and anxiolytic effects similar to those produced by benzodiazepine derivatives, and has been sold illicitly as a designer drug.

In the Netherlands, aminorex (4-methylaminorex is a designer drug 2014) is a List I drug of the Opium Law. It is not approved by the CBG, and so it is designated as lacking any medical use.

Methoxmetamine (also known as 3-MeO-2'-Oxo-PCM, MXM and MMXE) is a dissociative anesthetic of the arylcyclohexylamine class that is closely related to methoxetamine and methoxyketamine, and has been sold online as a designer drug.

FAB-144 is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is the indazole analogue of XLR-11.

In 2013 LSZ also appeared on some designer drug and research chemical markets in the UK.LSZ Thread. UKChemicalResearch.org LSZ later gained international popularity through a small cluster of mail-order novel psychedelic shops that appeared in 2012.

2'-Oxo-PCE (also known as N-ethyldeschloroketamine, eticyclidone and O-PCE) is a dissociative anesthetic of the arylcyclohexylamine class that is closely related to deschloroketamine and eticyclidine, and has been sold online as a designer drug.

This compound is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor (Ki = 21 nM) and CB2 receptor (Ki = 140 nM). Original, non designer drug SDB-005 However, SDB-005 was subsequently used as the name for the indazole-3-carboxylate compound mentioned above when it was sold in Europe as a designer drug, and was entered into the EMCDDA synthetic drug database under this name.EWS_EU: Neue Psychoaktive Substanzen, April 2015 Consequently, there are now two distinct, yet fairly closely related cannabinoid compounds, which may both be referred to under the code SDB-005.

Crotonylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and structural isomer of cyclopropylfentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. In December 2019, the UNODC announced scheduling recommendations placing crotonylfentanyl into Schedule I.

Thiothinone (βk-MPA) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that is the beta- keto analog of methiopropamine and has been sold online as a designer drug. Thiothinone was also reported to be a pyrolysis product of methiopropamine.

1-(3,4-Methylenedioxybenzyl)piperazine (MDBZP, piperonylpiperazine) is a chemical compound of the piperazine chemical class related to benzylpiperazine (BZP). MDBZP has been sold as a designer drug and has even been found as an ingredient in street Ecstasy pills.

5F-ADB-PINACA is a cannabinoid designer drug that is an ingredient in some synthetic cannabis products. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 0.24 nM and 2.1 nM respectively.

AM-694 (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole) is a designer drug that acts as a potent and selective agonist for the cannabinoid receptor CB1. It is used in scientific research for mapping the distribution of CB1 receptors.

Desmethylflunitrazepam (also known as norflunitrazepam, Ro05-4435 and fonazepam) is a benzodiazepine that is a metabolite of flunitrazepam and has been sold online as a designer drug. It has an IC50 value of 1.499 nM for the GABAA receptor.

25-C-NBOH (2C-C-NBOH, NBOH-2CC) is a derivative of the phenethylamine derived hallucinogen 2C-C which has been sold as a designer drug. It has similar serotonin receptor affinity to the better-known compound 25C-NBOMe.

PX-2 (also known as 5F-APP-PINACA, FU-PX and PPA(N)-2201) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. It contains a phenylalanine amino acid amide as part of its structure.

5F-CUMYL-P7AICA (also known as CUMYL-5F-P7AICA or SGT-263) is a pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine-3-carboxamide based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold as a designer drug. It was first identified by the EMCDDA in February 2015.

4-HO-McPT (4-hydroxy-N-methyl-N-cyclopropyltryptamine) is a psychedelic tryptamine derivative. It has serotonergic effects, and has reportedly been sold as a designer drug since around 2016, but was not definitively identified by forensic laboratories until 2018.

2F-Viminol is a pyrrole derived opioid analgesic drug, which was originally developed by a team at the drug company Zambon in the 1960s. It is around twice as potent as the parent compound viminol, though unlike viminol, 2F-viminol has never passed clinical trials or been approved for medical use. 2F-Viminol has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Sweden in 2019. It is one of a number of structurally atypical opioid agonists to have appeared on the designer drug grey-market since broad controls over fentanyl analogues were introduced in China in 2015.

5F-EDMB-PINACA is a designer drug and synthetic cannabinoid. In 2018, it was the fourth-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration. In the United States, 5F-EDMB-PINACA is a Schedule I Controlled Substance.

2-Fluorodeschloroketamine (also known as 2'-Fl-2-Oxo-PCM, Fluoroketamine and 2-FDCK) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is an analogue of ketamine where the chlorine group has been replaced by fluorine.

AM-2201 (1-(5-fluoropentyl)-3-(1-naphthoyl)indole) is a recreational designer drug that acts as a potent but nonselective full agonist for the cannabinoid receptor. It is part of the AM series of cannabinoids discovered by Alexandros Makriyannis at Northeastern University.

5-DBFPV (also known as 5-dihydrobenzofuranpyrovalerone and 3-desoxy-MDPV) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is an analogue of MDPV where the methylenedioxyphenyl group has been replaced by dihydrobenzofuran.

4-Methylbuphedrone (also known as 4-MeMABP, BZ-6378 and 4-Methyl-α- methylamino-butyrophenone), is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It was first reported to the EMCDDA in November 2011.

Furanylfentanyl (Fu-F) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold as a designer drug. It has an ED50 value of 0.02 mg/kg in mice. This makes it approximately one fifth as potent as fentanyl.

1cP-LSD (N1-(cyclopropylmethanoyl)-lysergic acid diethylamide) is an acylated derivative of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which has been sold as a designer drug. In tests on mice it was found to be an active psychedelic with similar potency to 1P-LSD.

EG-018 is a carbazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. It acts as a partial agonist of the CB1 and CB2 receptor, with reasonably high binding affinity, but low efficacy in terms of inducing a signaling response.

Deschloroketamine (DXE, DCK, 2'-Oxo-PCM) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It has also been proposed for the treatment of bacterial, fungal, viral or protozoal infections and for immunomodulation at doses of 2 mg per day.

2C-iP (also known as Jelena) is a relatively potent and long acting psychedelic phenethylamine and compound from the 2C family that was first synthesized by Dmitri Ger and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is a structural analog of 2C-P.

Trifluoromethyldeschloroketamine (TFMDCK) is a designer drug from the arylcyclohexylamine family, which is presumed to have similar properties to ketamine, a dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and sedative effects. It has been sold over the internet since around 2016, though genuine samples appear to be rare.

4-EA-NBOMe is a substituted amphetamine and 25-NB derivative which has been sold as a designer drug. It was first identified by a forensic laboratory in Germany in 2014, but while its analytical properties and metabolism have been studied, its pharmacology remains unknown.

Nifoxipam (3-hydroxydesmethylflunitrazepam, DP 370) is a benzodiazepine that is a minor metabolite of flunitrazepam and has been sold online as a designer drug. Nifoxipam produces strong tranquillising and sleep-prolonging effects and has much lower toxicity compared to lormetazepam and flunitrazepam in mice.

THJ-2201 is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that presumably acts as a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is a structural analog of AM-2201 in which the central indole ring has been replaced by indazole.

1B-LSD (N1-butyryl-lysergic acid diethylamide) is an acylated derivative of lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), which has been sold as a designer drug. In tests on mice it was found to be an active psychedelic, though with only around 1/7th the potency of LSD itself.

While PMA alone may cause significant toxicity, the combination of PMA with MDMA has a synergistic effect that seems to be particularly hazardous.Lora- Tamayo C, Tena T, Rodriguez A, Moreno D, Sancho JR, Ensenat P, Muela F. The designer drug situation in Ibiza. Forensic Science International.

5-(2-Aminopropyl)indole (5-API, 5-IT, PAL-571) is an indole and phenethylamine derivative with empathogenic effects. Its preparation was first reported by Albert Hofmann in 1962. It is a designer drug that has been openly sold as a recreational drug by online vendors since 2011.

Methoxpropamine (MXPr, 2-Oxo-3'-methoxy-PCPr) is a dissociative anesthetic drug of the arylcyclohexylamine class that is closely related to substances such as methoxetamine and PCPr, and has generally comparable effects. It has been sold online as a designer drug, first being identified in Denmark in October 2019.

Ephenidine (also known as NEDPA and EPE) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is illegal in some countries as a structural isomer of the banned opioid drug lefetamine, but has been sold in countries where it is not yet banned.

Fluorolintane (also known as 2-FPPP and 2-F-DPPy) is a dissociative anesthetic drug that has been sold online as a designer drug. Fluorolintane and related diarylethylamines are antagonists of the NMDA receptor and have been studied in vitro as potential treatments for neurotoxic injury, depression and as sympathomimetic.

4-Fluorobutyrylfentanyl (also known as 4-FBF and p-FBF) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of butyrfentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is closely related to 4-fluorofentanyl, which has an EC50 value of 4.2 nM for the human μ-opioid receptor.

5F-PB-22 (5F-QUPIC or quinolin-8-yl 1-pentyfluoro-1H-indole-3-8-carboxylate) is a designer drug which acts as a cannabinoid agonist. The structure of 5F-PB-22 appears to have been designed with an understanding of structure–activity relationships within the indole class of cannabinoids.

BIM-018 is a synthetic cannabinoid that is the benzimidazole analog of JWH-018. It is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB2 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. Related benzimidazole derivatives have been reported to be highly selective agonists for the CB2 receptor.

BzODZ-EPyr is an indole based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold as a designer drug in Russia. It acts as a CB1 receptor agonist with a pKB value of 7.2 and demonstrates that replacing the ketone in 3-carbonylindoles with an oxadiazole spacer does generally not lead to activity loss.

ADB-PINACA is a cannabinoid designer drug that is an ingredient in some synthetic cannabis products. It is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 0.52 nM and 0.88 nM respectively. Like MDMB- FUBINACA, this compound contains an amino acid residue of tert-leucine.

5-Methylethylone (5-methyl-βk-MDEA, 5ME) is an empathogen, stimulant and psychedelic drug of the amphetamine, phenethylamine, and cathinone chemical classes.3,4-Methylenedioxy-5-methylethcathinone (hydrochloride), Cayman Chemical It is structurally related to ethylone, a novel designer drug. Very little data exists about the pharmacological properties, metabolism, and toxicity of 5-methylethylone.

Indapyrophenidone is a synthetic drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. The substance is the indanyl-α-phenyl analogue of the stimulant drug α-PVP, however it is also structurally related to diarylethylamines such as fluorolintane and UWA-001. Its mechanism of action is unknown.

3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (MDPPP) is a stimulant designer drug. It was sold in Germany in the late 1990s and early 2000s as an ingredient in imitation ecstasy (MDMA) pills. It shares a similar chemical structure with α-PPP and MDPV, and has been shown to have reinforcing effects in rats.

5F-EMB-PINACA (also known as 5F-AEB) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family that has been sold online as a designer drug. It was first reported by the EMCDDA as part of a seizure of 149 grams of white powder in Sweden in April 2015.

MDMB-FUBICA is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It was first detected by the EMCDDA in Sweden in February 2015. It is often sold in e-liquid form for use in an electronic cigarette.

FUB-144 (also known as FUB-UR-144) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is an analogue of UR-144 and XLR-11 where the pentyl chain has been replaced with fluorobenzyl.

FUB-APINACA (also known as AFUBINACA and FUB-AKB48) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is an analog of APINACA and 5F-APINACA where the pentyl chain has been replaced with fluorobenzyl.

PCPr is an arylcyclohexylamine dissociative anesthetic drug with hallucinogenic and stimulant effects. It is around the same potency as phencyclidine, although slightly less potent than its ethyl homologue eticyclidine, and has reportedly been sold as a designer drug in Germany and other European countries since the late 1990s.Christoph Sauer. Phencyclidine Derivatives – A new Class of Designer Drugs.

4-Methylthioamphetamine (4-MTA) is a designer drug of the substituted amphetamine class developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols, an American pharmacologist and medical chemist, at Purdue University. It acts as a non-neurotoxic highly selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) in animals. 4-MTA is the methylthio derivative of amphetamine.

N-Desalkylflurazepam (also known as norflurazepam) is a benzodiazepine analog and an active metabolite of several other benzodiazepine drugs including flurazepam, flutoprazepam, fludiazepam, midazolam, flutazolam, quazepam, and ethyl loflazepate. It is long-acting, prone to accumulation, and binds unselectively to the various benzodiazepine receptor subtypes. It has been sold as a designer drug from 2016 onward.

4-Methyl-α-ethylaminopentiophenone (4-MEAP) is a designer drug of the cathinone class. It is a higher homolog of 4-methylpentedrone (4-MPD) with an ethyl group in place of the methyl group. 4-MEAP has been found in samples of drugs sold as 4-MPD. In the United States, 4-MEAP is a Schedule I Controlled Substance.

Methoxypiperamide (also known as MeOP and MEXP) is a psychoactive drug of the piperazine class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is the 4-methoxy-α-keto analog of methylbenzylpiperazine. Very little data exists about the pharmacology and toxicity of methoxypiperamide; however, the US state of Vermont classifies it as a hallucinogen.

Methoxyketamine or 2-MeO-2-deschloroketamine is a designer drug of the arylcyclohexylamine class first reported in 1963. It is an analog of ketamine in which the chlorine atom has been replaced with a methoxy group. Its synthesis by rearrangement of an amino ketone has been reported. As an arylcyclohexylamine, methoxyketamine most likely functions as an NMDA receptor antagonist.

25B-NBOH (2C-B-NBOH, NBOH-2C-B) is a derivative of the phenethylamine derived hallucinogen 2C-B which has been sold as a designer drug. It acts as a potent serotonin receptor agonist with similar affinity to the better-known compound 25B-NBOMe at 5-HT2A and 5-HT2C receptors with pKis values of 8.3 and 9.4, respectively.

NM-2-AI (N-methyl-2-aminoindane) is a psychoactive drug and research chemical that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is a rigid analogue of methamphetamine. It is a derivative of 2-aminoindane. NM-2-AI acts as a non- neurotoxic and highly selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) in vitro and is a putative entactogen.

Dibutylone (bk-DMBDB) is a stimulant drug of the amphetamine, phenethylamine, and cathinone drug classes. It is structurally related to butylone, a designer drug that has been detected in products marketed as bath salts or plant food. In 2018, dibutylone was the third most common drug of the cathinone class to be identified in Drug Enforcement Administration seizures.

The modern use of the term designer drug was coined in the 1980s to refer to various synthetic opioid drugs, based mostly on the fentanyl molecule (such as α-methylfentanyl).Donald A. Cooper. Future Synthetic Drugs of Abuse. Drug Enforcement Administration, McLean, Virginia The term gained widespread popularity when MDMA (ecstasy) experienced a popularity boom in the mid-1980s.

1P-LSD or 1-propionyl-lysergic acid diethylamide is a psychedelic drug of the lysergamide class that is a derivative and functional analogue of LSD and a homologue of ALD-52. It has been sold online as a designer drug since 2015. It modifies the LSD molecule by adding a propionyl group to the nitrogen molecule of LSD's indole.

It was invented in the 1970s but was never marketed, and has been used as a research tool to help determine the shape and function of the GABAA receptors, at which it has an IC50 of 4.1nM. Difludiazepam has subsequently been sold as a designer drug, and was first notified to the EMCDDA by Swedish authorities in 2017.

Ro05-4082 (N-methylclonazepam, ID-690) is a benzodiazepine derivative developed in the 1970s. It has sedative and hypnotic properties, and has around the same potency as clonazepam itself. but was never introduced into clinical use. It is a structural isomer of meclonazepam (3-methylclonazepam), and similarly has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Sweden in 2017.

APP-FUBINACA is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. Pharmacological testing showed APP-FUBINACA to have only moderate affinity for the CB1 receptor, with a Ki of 708 nM, while its EC50 was not tested.Buchler IP et al, INDAZOLE DERIVATIVES. WO 2009/106982 It contains a phenylalanine amino acid residue in its structure.

Where the Brotherhood worked together on a narcotic element which is then distributed to the addict population of New York City.Titans Vol. 2 #19 The designer drug, Bliss; in actuality was designed to put people in a fugue state so Brain could use their dormant mental capacity as a type of cloud space to expand his own intellect into godlike territories.Titans Vol.

2-Fluoromethamphetamine (2-FMA) is a stimulant drug of the amphetamine family which has been used as a designer drug . It is purported to possess little recreational value because less euphoria is produced than other amphetamines. It is said to be a functional stimulant with properties similar to lisdexamfetamine. It lasts about 8 hours orally, considerably more than its analogue 2-FA.

Gurtner HP. Aminorex and pulmonary hypertension. A review. Cor Vasa. 1985;27(2-3):160-71. A designer drug analogue 4-methylaminorex appeared on the illicit market in the late 1980s but did not attract significant popularity due to its steep dose-response curve and tendency to produce seizures.Davis FT, Brewster ME. A fatality involving U4Euh, a cyclic derivative of phenylpropanolamine.

4-Chloro-alpha-pyrrolidinovalerophenone (also known as 4-chloro-alpha- pyrrolidinopentiophenone, 4-chloro-α-PVP, 4Cl-PVP, or 4C-PVP) is an emerging recreational designer drug of the pyrrolidinophenone class, similar in structure to alpha-pyrrolidinopentiophenone (α-PVP). The pharmacology and toxicity of this compound is unknown. In the United States, 4-chloro-α-PVP is a Schedule I Controlled Substance.

Springer, 1991. p84. but was not adopted for this application. The main application for fluorotropacocaine, however, has been as a designer drug analogue of cocaine, first detected by the EMCDDA in 2008, and subsequently sold as an ingredient of various "bath salt" powder products, usually mixed in combination with other stimulant drugs such as caffeine, dimethocaine, desoxypipradrol or substituted cathinone derivatives.

NPDPA (also known as isopropylphenidine or isophenidine) is a dissociative anesthetic that has been sold online as a designer drug. It was first identified in Germany in 2008, and while it has never been as widely sold as related compounds such as diphenidine and ephenidine, it has continued to show up in seized drug samples occasionally, and was banned in Sweden in 2015.

Phenazolam, (Clobromazolam, DM-II-90, BRN 4550445) is a benzodiazepine derivative which acts as a potent sedative and hypnotic drug. It was first invented in the early 1980s, but was never developed for medical use. It has been sold over the internet as a designer drug, first being identified in seized samples by a laboratory in Sweden in March 2016.

Camfetamine (N-methyl-3-phenyl-norbornan-2-amine) is a stimulant drug closely related to the appetite suppressant fencamfamine, being its N-methyl homologue. It has been sold as a designer drug following the banning of mephedrone and related substituted cathinone derivatives in many countries, and reportedly has slightly stronger stimulant effects than fencamfamine, but with correspondingly more severe side effects.

Nitemazepam (or 3-hydroxynimetazepam) is a benzodiazepine derivative which was first synthesised in the 1970s but was never marketed. It is the 7-nitro instead of 7-chloro analogue of temazepam, and also the 3-hydroxy derivative of nimetazepam, and an active metabolite. It has in more recent years been sold as a designer drug, first being definitively identified in Europe in 2017.

5-MBPB (also known as 5-MPBP and 5-MABB) is an amphetamine derivative which is structurally related to MDMA and has been sold as a designer drug. It can be described as the benzofuran-5-yl analogue of MBDB or the butanamine homologue of 5-MAPB, and is also a structural isomer of 5-EAPB and 6-EAPB. Anecdotal reports suggest this compound has been sold as a designer drug in various European countries since early 2015, but the first definitive identification was made in December 2015 by a forensic laboratory in Slovenia.European Monitoring Center for Drugs and Drug Addiction – Europol 2015 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA 5-MBPB is similar in structure to compounds such as 5-APB which are claimed to be agonists of the 5-HT2C receptor.

MDPHP (3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone) is a stimulant of the cathinone class originally developed in the 1960s, which has been reported as a novel designer drug. In the UK its slang name is monkey dust. It is closely related to the potent stimulant MDPV however with even stronger effects, and has been used as an alternative in some countries following the banning of MDPV.

MDMB-4en-PINACA (also incorrectly known as 5-CL-ADB-A) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. MDMB-4en- PINACA differs from 5F-MDMB-PINACA due to replacement of 5-fluoropentyl with a pent-4-ene moiety (4-en). It acts as a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor with an EC50 value of 2.47 nM.

To date, it is unknown if this drug has been used by humans, however, it was seized along with three kilograms of acetylfentanyl in an April 25, 2013 police action in Montreal, Canada, and has reportedly continued to be available on the designer drug black market internationally. Analogues where the para-bromine is replaced by chlorine or CH3 retain similar activity, as does the meta-hydroxy derivative.

Gray death is a slang term used for a potent mixture of synthetic opioids. Samples have been found to contain the designer drug U-47700, heroin, fentanyl, and carfentanil. It is taken by injection, smoking, snorting, or oral ingestion. It was first discovered in the United States and was thought to be a unique chemical compound before being identified as a mixture of drugs.

Meclonazepam ((S)-3-methylclonazepam) was discovered by a team at Hoffmann-La Roche in the 1970s and is a drug which is a benzodiazepine derivative similar in structure to clonazepam. It has sedative and anxiolytic actions like those of other benzodiazepines, and also has anti-parasitic effects against the parasitic worm Schistosoma mansoni. Meclonazepam was never used as medicine and instead appeared online as a designer drug.

Methamnetamine (also known as methylnaphetamine, MNA, MNT and PAL-1046) is a triple monoamine releasing agent and N-methyl analog of the non-neurotoxic experimental drug naphthylaminopropane and the naphthalene analog of methamphetamine. It has been sold online as a designer drug. It acts as a releasing agent of serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine, with EC50 values of 13 nM, 34 nM, and 10 nM, respectively.

2C-B-Fly in powder form 2C-B-FLY is 8-bromo-2,3,6,7-benzo-dihydro-difuran-ethylamine. The full name of the chemical is 2-(8-bromo-2,3,6,7-tetrahydrofuro[2,3-f] [1]benzofuran-4-yl)ethanamine. It has been subject to little formal study, but its appearance as a designer drug has led the DEA to release analytical results for 2C-B-FLY and several related compounds.

4-Methylcathinone (also known as Nor-Mephedrone, 4-MC and NSC-60487), is a stimulant drug of the cathinone chemical class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is a metabolite of the better known drug mephedrone (4-methylmethcathinone). 4-Methylcathinone displays a 2.4-fold selectivity to promote monoamine release via DAT over SERT as opposed to 309-fold selectivity for cathinone.

MCHB-1 is a benzimidazole derived drug which was researched as an analgesic but never developed for medical use. It acts as a potent agonist of the CB2 receptor, with an EC50 of 0.52nM at CB2, and ~30x selectivity over CB1 (Ki of 110nM at CB1 vs 3.7nM at CB2). It has been sold online as a designer drug, first being identified in Germany in December 2013.

Methoxetamine, abbreviated as MXE, is a dissociative hallucinogen that has been sold as a designer drug. It differs from many dissociatives such as ketamine and phencyclidine (PCP) that were developed as pharmaceutical drugs for use as general anesthetics in that it was designed for grey market distribution. MXE is an arylcyclohexylamine. It acts mainly as an NMDA receptor antagonist, similarly to other arylcyclohexylamines like ketamine and PCP.

Acrylfentanyl (also known as acryloylfentanyl or Egyptenyl) is a highly potent opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. In animal studies the IC50 or half maximal inhibitory concentration for acrylfentanyl to displace naloxone is 1.4 nM, being slightly more potent than fentanyl itself (1.6 nM) as well as having a longer duration of action.

5F-CUMYL-PEGACLONE (5F-SGT-151, SGT-269) is a gamma-carboline based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Germany in 2017. It acts as a potent full agonist of the CB1 receptor. It appears to be more toxic than related compounds such as CUMYL-PEGACLONE, and has been linked to numerous serious adverse reactions, some fatal.

Maier J, Mayer FP, Luethi D, Holy M, Jäntsch K, Reither H, Hirtler L, Hoener MC, Liechti ME, Pifl C, Brandt SD, Sitte HH. The psychostimulant (±)-cis-4,4'-dimethylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR) interacts with human plasmalemmal and vesicular monoamine transporters. Neuropharmacology. 2018 Aug;138:282-291. A number of related compounds are known, and new derivatives have continued to appear on the designer drug market.

NE-CHMIMO (CHM-018) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. NE-CHMIMO is the 1-cyclohexylmethyl (instead of 1-pentyl) analogue of the first-generation synthetic cannabinoid JWH-018. The corresponding cyclohexylmethyl derivative of JWH-081 had also been reported several months earlier.

5-Methylmethiopropamine (5-MMPA, Mephedrene) is a stimulant drug which is a ring-substituted derivative of methiopropamine. It is not a substituted cathinone derivative like mephedrone, as it lacks a ketone group at the β position of the aliphatic side chain, but instead more closely resembles substituted amphetamines. It has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in Germany in June 2020.

N,α-Diethylphenylethylamine (N,α-DEPEA, 2-ethylamino-1-phenylbutane, EAPB) is a close chemical analog of methamphetamine which has been sold as a designer drug. It was originally patented by Knoll Pharma as one of several analogs for pharmaceutical applications. In animals models these analogs showed properties of cognitive enhancement and increased pain tolerance. Nevertheless, this class of compounds was never developed into a medicine.

3-Methoxyphencyclidine (3-MeO-PCP) is a dissociative hallucinogen of the arylcyclohexylamine class related to phencyclidine (PCP) which has been sold online as a designer drug. It acts mainly as an NMDA receptor antagonist, though it has also been found to interact with the sigma σ receptor and the serotonin transporter. The drug does not possess any opioid activity nor does it act as a dopamine reuptake inhibitor.

Corey lactone 4-phenylbenzoate is a synthetic intermediate used in the manufacture of some prostaglandin derivatives. It has been used as a false name by some designer drug manufacturers as a label to sell substituted cathinone derivatives after the banning of mephedrone and related drugs in some jurisdictions - but there is no evidence to suggest that Corey lactone 4-phenylbenzoate has any stimulant effects in its own right.

3-Chloromethcathinone (also known as 3-CMC and clophedrone) is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug, mainly in European countries such as Sweden, Italy and Poland. It is closely related in chemical structure to the antidepressant and anti-addictive medication bupropion, which is 3-chloro-N-(t-butyl)cathinone, though the pharmacological profile of 3-CMC is quite different.

5F-MDMB-PICA is a designer drug and synthetic cannabinoid. In 2018, it was the fifth-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration. 5F-MDMB-PICA is a potent agonist of both the CB1 receptor and the CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 0.45 nM and 7.4 nM, respectively. In the United States, 5F-MDMB-PICA is a Schedule I Controlled Substance.

QMPSB is an arylsulfonamide-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold as a designer drug. QMPSB was first discovered by Lambeng and colleagues in 2007. It acts as a full agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor with Ki values of 3 nM and 4 nM, respectively. Many related derivatives were subsequently produced, with the main focus of this work being to increase selectivity for the non-psychoactive CB2 receptor.

5F-AB-PINACA is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is derived from a series of compounds originally developed by Pfizer in 2009 as an analgesic medication, and has been sold online as a designer drug. 5F-AB-PINACA has been reported to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 0.48 nM and 2.6 nM respectively. Its metabolism has been described in literature.

He worked as a Community Development Specialist, focusing on education, engagement, and outreach to organizations and communities. His portfolio focused on at-risk youth, juvenile justice issues, combatting designer drug use, and general outreach to neighborhoods east of the Anacostia River. His employment ended on September 30, 2015. On February 8, 2016, White filed as a candidate for the Ward 8 District Council seat in the Democratic primary.

NDTDI is a tricyclic tryptamine derivative which is thought to act as a serotonin receptor agonist, though its pharmacology has not been studied in detail. It is a structurally simplified analogue of LSD and is reported to retain similar effects, though with many times lower potency. It has been sold as a designer drug since 2016 and was first identified by a forensic laboratory in Slovenia in 2017.Analytical Report: NDTDI.

4-Ethylamphetamine (4-EA) is a substituted amphetamine derivative which has been sold as a designer drug. It is mainly known as a synthetic intermediate used as a building block to manufacture larger molecules, but 4-EA is closely related in chemical structure to designer drugs such as 4-methylamphetamine and 4-ethylmethcathinone, and is both a synthetic precursor and a metabolite of the 25-NB derivative 4-EA-NBOMe.

Acetylfentanyl (acetyl fentanyl) is an opioid analgesic drug that is an analog of fentanyl. Studies have estimated acetylfentanyl to be fifteen times more potent than morphine. It has never been licensed for medical use and instead has only been sold as a designer drug. Acetylfentanyl was discovered at the same time as fentanyl itself and had only rarely been encountered on the illicit market in the late 1980s.

3-Fluoromethcathinone (also known as 3-FMC) is a chemical compound of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone classes that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is a structural isomer of flephedrone (4-fluoromethcathinone). 3-Fluoroisomethcathinone is produced as a by-product when 3-FMC is synthesized, the activity of this compound is unknown.Two cases of confirmed ingestion of the novel designer compounds: 4-methylmethcathinone (Mephedrone) and 3-fluoromethcathinone Susannah Davies et al.

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim. Its activity at the dopamine transporter is six times stronger than at the norepinephrine transporter and it is virtually inactive at the serotonin transporter. MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004 when it was reportedly sold as a designer drug.

3-MeO-PCMo is a dissociative anesthetic drug which is similar in structure to phencyclidine and been sold online as a designer drug. The inhibitory effect of 3-MeO-PCMo on the reduction in the density of the drebrin clusters by NMDAR stimulation with glutamate acid is lower than that of PCP or 3-MeO-PCP, with IC50 values of 26.67 μM (3-MeO-PCMo), 2.02 μM (PCP) and 1.51 μM (3-MeO-PCP).

Dealers may cut with or sell heroin with Fentanyl due to the street cost of Fentanyl versus the cost of heroin. The potency of such mixtures (especially if made carelessly) can be far above that of pure heroin, and users frequently overdose due to this. Gray death is a street drug in the United States. Samples have been found to contain the designer drug U-47700, heroin and opioids including fentanyl and carfentanil.

Butylone was first synthesized by Koeppe, Ludwig and Zeile which is mentioned in their 1967 paper. It remained an obscure product of academia until 2005 when it was sold as a designer drug. Butylone shares the same relationship to MBDB as methylone does to MDMA ("Ecstasy"). Formal research on this chemical was first conducted in 2009, when it was shown to be metabolised in a similar manner to related drugs like methylone.

FDU-NNE1 (also known as FDU-NNEI and FDU-MN-24) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. Given the known metabolic liberation (and presence as an impurity) of amantadine in the related compound APINACA, it is suspected that metabolic hydrolysis of the amide group of FDU-NNE1 will release 1-naphthylamine, a known carcinogen.

5F-NNE1 (also known as 5F-NNEI and 5F-MN-24) is an indole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. Given the known metabolic liberation (and presence as an impurity) of amantadine in the related compound APINACA, it is suspected that metabolic hydrolysis of the amide group of 5F-NNE1 may release 1-naphthylamine, a known carcinogen.

Ethylone, also known as 3,4-methylenedioxy-N-ethylcathinone (MDEC, βk-MDEA), is a recreational designer drug classified as an entactogen, stimulant, and psychedelic of the phenethylamine, amphetamine, and cathinone chemical classes. It is the β-keto analogue of MDEA ("Eve"). Ethylone has only a short history of human use and is reported to be less potent than its relative methylone. In the United States, it began to be found in cathinone products in late 2011.

2F-QMPSB (SGT-13) is an arylsulfonamide-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a fluorinated derivative of QMPSB and has been sold as a designer drug. Its identification was first reported by a forensic laboratory in Italy in January 2019, and it was made illegal in Latvia shortly afterwards. Fluorination of the tail group is a common strategy to increase potency at cannabinoid receptors which is seen in many related series of compounds.

Eventually the motor symptoms of two of the seven patients were successfully treated at Lund University Hospital in Sweden with neural grafts of fetal tissue.Success reported using fetal tissue to repair a brain, The New York Times, 26 November 1992 Like MDMA, MPPP is a designer drug, but its effects are more akin to morphine or other opiates. Despite the similarity in name, MDMA and MPPP are unrelated and should not be conflated.

RoboCop is a first- person shooter based on the RoboCop films. In the game, RoboCop, a cyborg police officer in Neo Detroit, is tasked with finding the people responsible for the spread of a new designer drug known as Brain Drain. Simultaneously, RoboCop is tasked with investigating connections between a mayoral candidate, Omni Consumer Products (the creator of RoboCop), and Brain Drain. The game features nine large levels, each one divided into several sections.

Isopropylphenidate (also known as IPH and IPPD) is a piperidine based stimulant drug, closely related to methylphenidate, but with the methyl ester replaced by an isopropyl ester. It has similar effects to methylphenidate but with a longer duration of action, and was banned in the UK as a Temporary Class Drug from April 2015 following its unapproved sale as a designer drug. It has been researched as potential methylphenidate replacement for ADHD and narcolepsy, because of fewer side effects.

AdinazolamFR Patent 2248050 (marketed under the brand name Deracyn) is a tranquilizer of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepines (BZDs) fused with a triazole ring. It possesses anxiolytic, anticonvulsant, sedative, and antidepressant properties. Adinazolam was developed by Dr. Jackson B. Hester, who was seeking to enhance the antidepressant properties of alprazolam, which he also developed. Adinazolam was never FDA approved and never made available to the public market, however it has been sold as a designer drug.

1-Methylamino-1-(3,4-methylenedioxyphenyl)propane or M-ALPHA is an empathogen, reported by Alexander Shulgin in his book PIHKAL as a positional isomer of MDMA, and subsequently found being sold as a designer drug in the UK in 2010, and reported to the EMCDDA new drug monitoring service.EMCDDA Annual Report 2010 It was described by Alexander Shulgin as similar in action to its demethylated homologue, ALPHA, but with roughly twice the duration and twice the potency.

5-Methoxymethylone (also known as 2-A1MP and βk-MMDMA) is a chemical compound of the cathinone class which has been sold online as a designer drug. It is the beta-ketone version of 5-Methoxy-MDMA. The more common name 2-AIMP/2-A1MP does not appear to relate to the molecular structure. In comparison with methylone, the two compounds differ by the addition of a methoxy group at the 5th carbon atom of the aromatic ring.

5F-PCN (also known as 5F-MN-21) is an azaindole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is closely related to NNE1. Given the known metabolic liberation (and presence as an impurity) of amantadine in the related compound APINACA, it is suspected that metabolic hydrolysis of the amide group of 5F-PCN may release 1-naphthylamine, a known carcinogen.

Originally believed to exert its effects predominantly via monoamine oxidase inhibition, alpha-ethyltryptamine was developed during the 1960s as an antidepressant by Upjohn chemical company in the United States under the name Monase, but was withdrawn from potential commercial use due to incidence of idiosyncratic agranulocytosis. α-ET gained limited recreational popularity as a designer drug in the 1980s. Subsequently, in the USA it was added to the Schedule I list of illegal substances in 1993.

1-Ethynylcyclohexanol (ECX) is an alkynyl alcohol derivative which is both a synthetic precursor to, and an active metabolite of the tranquilizer ethinamate, and has similar sedative, anticonvulsant and muscle relaxant effects. It has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in the UK in March 2012.Levina, R. Ya.; Vinogradova, E. I. Action of sodium acetylide on cyclic ketones. I. Synthesis of 1-ethynylcyclohexanol. Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii (Sankt-Peterburg, Russian Federation), 1936. 9: 1299-1302.

SDB-005 is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is presumed to be an agonist of the CB1 and CB2 cannabinoid receptors. SDB-005 is the indazole core analog of PB-22 where the 8-hydroxyquinoline has also been replaced with a naphthalene group. The code number SDB-005 was originally used for a different compound, the N-phenyl instead of N-benzyl analogue of SDB-006.

4-Fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl (also known as 4-FIBF and p-FIBF) is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of butyrfentanyl and structural isomer of 4-Fluorobutyrfentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is closely related to 4-fluorofentanyl, which has an EC50 value of 4.2 nM for the human μ-opioid receptor. 4-fluoroisobutyrylfentanyl is a highly selective μ-opioid receptor agonist whose analgesic potency is almost ten times of that reported for morphine.

2-(Ethylamino)-1,2-diphenylethanone (also known as α-ethylamino-deoxybenzoin, [α-(Ethylamino)benzyl]-(phenyl)-ketone and βk-Ephenidine) is a chemical compound which was first invented in 1955, researched by ICI in 1969 as an antidepressant, and subsequently claimed by AstraZeneca as an inhibitor of the enzyme 11β-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1. No other pharmacological data has been disclosed, though its chemical structure closely resembles that of certain designer drug compounds such as ephenidine and N-ethylhexedrone.

Piperidylthiambutene (Piperidinohton) is a synthetic opioid analgesic drug from the thiambutene family, which has around the same potency as morphine. Piperidylthiambutene is structurally distinct from fentanyl, its analogues, and other synthetic opioids previously reported. If sold or obtained for the purpose of human consumption it could be considered a controlled substance analogue in some countries such as the US, Australia and New Zealand. Piperidylthiambutene has been sold as a designer drug, first appearing in late 2018.

Flualprazolam is a tranquilizer of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepines (BZDs) fused with a triazole ring. It was first synthesised in 1976, but was never marketed. It has subsequently been sold as a designer drug, first being definitively identified in Sweden in 2018.Svenska Narkotika Polisföreningens Tidskrift, June 1 2018 It can be described as the 2'-fluoro derivative of alprazolam, or the fluoro instead of chloro analogue of triazolam, and has similar sedative and anxiolytic effects.

Meanwhile, a factory worker named Eppy Thatcher becomes corrupted by a designer drug called Grendel. Convinced that God hates him and fueled by the drug, Thatcher becomes the new Grendel and acts as an anti-Church terrorist. Orion Assante feels his efforts to fight the Vatican's corruption are overshadowed by this terrorist who uses a blasphemous costume and alias (as Grendel has now long been associated as another name for the Devil). To combat this threat, the Church establishes a second Inquisition.

6-MAPB (1-(benzofuran-6-yl)-N-methylpropan-2-amine) is a psychedelic and entactogenic drug which is structurally related to 6-APB and MDMA. It is not known to have been widely sold as a "designer drug" but has been detected in analytical samples taken from individuals hospitalised after using drug combinations that included other benzofuran derivatives. 6-MAPB was banned in the UK in June 2013, along with 9 other related compounds which were thought to produce similar effects.

Along with ghosts as antagonists, there are also rival projection companies, such as Terrel and Squib, and a new designer drug called pigment or black heroin that allows users to see the spirits of the dead. There are also dark spirits called Spectres, some of which are corrupted spirits and hues, and others that have spawned from an unknown but powerful source. These create much of the storyline and challenges the players must face as they move through the series.

4-Methylpentedrone (also known as 4-MPD and 4-Methyl-α-methylamino- valerophenone), is a stimulant drug of the cathinone class that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is a higher homolog of 4-methylmethcathinone (mephedrone) and 4-methylbuphedrone (4-MeMABP), and the p-methyl derivative of pentedrone. It can also be viewed as the methylamino analog of pyrovalerone. A related compound, 4-methyl-α-ethylaminopentiophenone (4-MEAP), has been found to be incorrectly sold as 4-methylpentedrone.

More recently it has been reported as a novel designer drug. In animal studies, 4-MA was shown to have the lowest rate of self-administration out of a range of similar drugs tested (the others being 3-methylamphetamine, 4-fluoroamphetamine, and 3-fluoroamphetamine), likely as a result of having the highest potency for releasing serotonin relative to dopamine. More than a dozen deaths were reported throughout Europe in 2012-2013 after consumption of amphetamine ('speed') contaminated with 4-methylamphetamine.

Clin Ther. 2017 Apr;39(4):665-669. More recently in around 2014 another derivative 4,4'-dimethylaminorex started to be sold illicitly, but again swiftly lost popularity due to a spate of fatal overdose cases.Brandt SD, Baumann MH, Partilla JS, Kavanagh PV, Power JD, Talbot B, Twamley B, Mahony O, O'Brien J, Elliott SP, Archer RP, Patrick J, Singh K, Dempster NM, Cosbey SH. Characterization of a novel and potentially lethal designer drug (±)-cis-para-methyl-4-methylaminorex (4,4'-DMAR, or 'Serotoni').

Metabolic pathway of cloniprazepam Cloniprazepam is a benzodiazepine derivative and a prodrug mainly for clonazepam (a patented medicine) and other metabolites., including 7-aminoclonazepam and clonazepam mentioned above (both as metabolites), which may be misinterpreted as clonazepam intake at the result of a drug test. Some of the minor metabolites include 3-hydroxy and 6-hydroxyclonazepam, 3-hydroxycloniprazepam and ketocloniprazepam with ketone group formed where 3-hydroxy group was. It is a designer drug and an NPS (short for "new psychoactive substance").

1-(3-Chlorophenyl)-4-(2-phenylethyl)piperazine (3C-PEP) is a designer drug of the piperazine class of chemical substances. 3C-PEP is related to meta- cholorophenylpiperazine (mCPP) and phenethylamine that can be thought of as mCPP having a phenylethyl group attached to the nitrogen atom at its 4-position. It was first described in 1994 in a patent disclosing a series of piperazine compounds as sigma receptor ligands. Later, it was discovered to be a highly potent dopamine reuptake inhibitor.

The OCP chairman intends to have the city default on its debt, then foreclose on all public property, effectively taking over its government and allowing for a radical urban redevelopment plan. To rally public opinion behind the project, OCP sparks an increase in street crime by terminating the privatized Detroit Police Department's pension plans and cutting salaries, triggering a police strike. RoboCop remains on duty with his partner, Anne Lewis. They raid a manufacturing plant of Nuke, a new designer drug that plagues Detroit.

In 1983, designer drug users took MPTP, which created a Parkinsonian syndrome. Later that same year, researchers reproduced the effect in non-human primates. Over the next seven years, the brain areas that were over- and under-active in Parkinson's were mapped out in normal and MPTP-treated macaque monkeys using metabolic labelling and microelectrode studies. In 1990, deep brain lesions were shown to treat Parkinsonian symptoms in macaque monkeys treated with MPTP, and these were followed by pallidotomy operations in humans with similar efficacy.

MDAI has been advertised as a designer drug. It started to be sold online from around 2007, but reached peak popularity between about 2010-2012, after bans on mephedrone came into effect in various countries. Internet-sourced products claimed to be MDAI have been shown variously to contain mephedrone or other substituted cathinone derivatives, and mixed compositions of inorganic substances, while generally containing no MDAI. The number of internet searches for MDAI has been considerably higher in the UK compared to Germany and the USA.

4F-MDMB-BINACA (also known as 4F-MDMB-BUTINACA or 4F-ADB) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family. It has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and sold as a designer drug since late 2018. 4F-MDMB-BINACA is an agonist of the CB1 receptor, though it is unclear whether it is selective for this target. In December 2019, the UNODC announced scheduling recommendations placing 4F-MDMB-BINACA into Schedule II throughout the world.

Valerylfentanyl is an opioid analgesic that is an analog of fentanyl and has been sold online as a designer drug. It has been seldom reported on illicit markets and there is little information about it, though it is believed to be less potent than butyrfentanyl but more potent than benzylfentanyl. In one study, it fully substituted for oxycodone and produced antinociception and oxycodone-like discriminative stimulus effects comparable in potency to morphine in mice, but failed to stimulate locomotor activity in mice at doses up to 100 mg/kg.

Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV) is a psychoactive drug with stimulant properties that acts as a norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI). It was first developed in the 1960s by a team at Boehringer Ingelheim.US Patent 3478050 – 1-(3,4-methylenedioxy-phenyl)-2-pyrrolidino- alkanones MDPV remained an obscure stimulant until around 2004, when it was reported to be sold as a designer drug. Products labeled as bath salts containing MDPV were previously sold as recreational drugs in gas stations and convenience stores in the United States, similar to the marketing for Spice and K2 as incense.

Steve is a ladies man and Dennis is married with two children. In their work as paramedics on the late shift they begin to encounter a series of people dead or in a strange state. After some exploration they discover it relates to a new designer drug, Synchronic. Steve discovers he only has six weeks to live and decides to buy up all the Synchronic in town to protect others - only to discover he has a time travel pill that may help to find his partner's missing daughter.

Alprazolam triazolobenzophenone is a chemical compound which can be both a synthetic precursor and a prodrug for the benzodiazepine derivative alprazolam. At neutral pH it readily cyclizes to alprazolam, while in acidic conditions alprazolam undergoes a ring-opening reaction back to the triazolobenzophenone. A series of related acyl derivatives was researched in the 1980s as injectable water-soluble prodrugs of alprazolam, but were never developed for medical use. Subsequently, this compound has been detected as a designer drug, first being identified from a seizure in Spain in March 2014.

CUMYL-4CN-BINACA (also known as CUMYL-CYBINACA or SGT-78) is an indazole-3-carboxamide based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is a potent agonist for cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, with in vitro EC50 values of 0.58 nM and 6.12 nM, respectively. In mice, CUMYL-4CN-BINACA produces hypothermic and pro-convulsant effects via the CB1 receptor, and anecdotal reports suggest it has an active dose of around 0.1 mg in humans. CUMYL-4CN-BINACA is metabolized to produce cyanide, raising concerns about liver toxicity.

Following its sale as a designer drug, U-47700 was made illegal in Sweden on January 26, 2016. U-47700 was emergency scheduled in Ohio on May 3, 2016 by executive order of Governor John Kasich. U-47700 was emergency scheduled in Florida on September 27, 2016 by an emergency rule of Florida Attorney General Pam Bondi. Responding to a perceived threat to public health and safety, the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration has placed U-47700 into Schedule I of the Controlled Substances Act, effective November 14, 2016.

Recreational use of 25I-NBOMe carries a significant risk of both pharmacological and behavioral toxicity. 25I-NBOMe is a relatively new substance, and little is known about its pharmacological risks or its interaction with other substances. The has not yet been determined. It is a highly potent serotonin agonist and, due to its psychedelic effects and ambiguous legal status, a designer drug with reports of recreational use beginning in 2010. Reports of deaths and significant injuries have been attributed to the use of 25I-NBOMe, prompting some governments to control its possession, production, and sale.

MDMB-CHMINACA (also known as MDMB(N)-CHM) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that acts as a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor, and has been sold online as a designer drug. It was invented by Pfizer in 2008, and is one of the most potent cannabinoid agonists known, with a binding affinity of 0.0944 nM at CB1, and an EC50 of 0.330 nM.Buchler IP et al, INDAZOLE DERIVATIVES. WO 2009/106980 It is closely related to MDMB-FUBINACA, which caused at least 1000 hospitalizations and 40 deaths in Russia as consequence of intoxication.

Methoxphenidine (methoxydiphenidine, 2-MeO-Diphenidine, MXP) is a dissociative of the diarylethylamine class that has been sold online as a designer drug. Methoxphenidine was first reported in a 1989 patent where it was tested as a treatment for neurotoxic injury. Shortly after the 2013 UK ban on arylcyclohexylamines methoxphenidine and the related compound diphenidine became available on the gray market, where it has been encountered as a powder and in tablet form. Though diphenidine possesses higher affinity for the NMDA receptor, anecdotal reports suggest methoxphenidine has greater oral potency.

MMB-2201 (also known as 5F-MMB-PICA, 5F-AMB-PICA, and I-AMB) is a potent indole-3-carboxamide based synthetic cannabinoid, which has been sold as a designer drug and as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis blends. It was first reported in Russia and Belarus in January 2014, but has since been sold in a number of other countries. In the United States, MMB-2201 was identified in Drug Enforcement Administration drug seizures for the first time in 2018. MMB-2201 is the indole core analogue of 5F-AMB.

QUCHIC (BB-22, SGT-32 or 1-(cyclohexylmethyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester) is a designer drug offered by online vendors as a cannabimimetic agent, and was first detected being sold in synthetic cannabis products in Japan in early 2013, and subsequently also in New Zealand.Dunne bans further two substances found in K2. Press Release: New Zealand Government. Tuesday, 30 April 2013 The structure of QUCHIC appears to use an understanding of structure-activity relationships within the indole class of cannabimimetics, although its design origins are unclear.

5F-AB-FUPPYCA (also known as AZ-037) is a pyrazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is presumed to be an agonist of the CB1 receptor and has been sold online as a designer drug. It was first detected by the EMCDDA as part of a seizure of 540 g white powder in France in February 2015. The name AZ-037 is also used as a synonym for its structural isomer 5-fluoro-3,5-AB-PFUPPYCA. Thus AZ-037 is being used as a synonym for two different compounds.

ADB-FUBINACA is a designer drug identified in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan in 2013. In 2018, it was the third-most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drugs seized by the Drug Enforcement Administration. The (S)-enantiomer of ADB-FUBINACA is described in a 2009 Pfizer patent and has been reported to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and the CB2 receptor with EC50 values of 1.2 nM and 3.5 nM, respectively. ADB-FUBINACA features a carboxamide group at the 3-indazole position, like SDB-001 and STS-135.

Desnitroetonitazene (Etazen, Etazene, Etazone) is a benzimidazole derived opioid analgesic drug, which was originally developed in the late 1950s alongside etonitazene and a range of related derivatives. It is many times less potent than etonitazene itself, but still 70x more potent than morphine in animal studies. Corresponding analogues where the N,N-diethyl group is replaced by piperidine or pyrrolidine rings also retain significant activity (10x and 20x morphine respectively). Desnitroetonitazene has been sold as a designer drug, first being identified in both Poland and Finland in March 2020.

The designer drug 4-methylaminorex, which is an SNDRA and 5-HT2B agonist, has been reported to cause this effect as well. Many tryptamines, such as DMT, DET, DPT, DiPT, psilocin, and bufotenin, are SRAs as well as non- selective serotonin receptor agonists. These drugs are serotonergic psychedelics, which is a consequence of their ability to activate the 5-HT2A receptor. αET and αMT, also tryptamines, are SNDRAs and non-selective serotonin receptor agonists that were originally thought to be monoamine oxidase inhibitors and were formerly used as antidepressants.

Back in August 1998, Max returned home in New Jersey to find that a trio of apparent junkies had broken into his house while high on a new designer drug called Valkyr. Max rushed to aid his family but was too late: his wife Michelle (Haviland Morris) and their newborn daughter Rose had already been brutally murdered, sending him into a deep despair. After their funeral, Payne transferred to the DEA. Three years later, Max is employed as an undercover operative inside the Punchinello Mafia family responsible for the trafficking of Valkyr.

455x455pxWith a chemical structure resembling amphetamines and other precursors, myristicin can also be used to synthesize illicit hallucinogenic drugs. Under controlled conditions, myristicin isolated from nutmeg oil can be converted into MMDMA, a synthetic "designer drug" amphetamine derivative that is less potent than MDMA but produces comparable stimulant and hallucinogenic effects. A 400 mg dose of myristicin has been shown to produce “mild cerebral stimulation” in 4 out of 10 human subjects. Myristicin is most commonly consumed in nutmeg, and 400 mg would be contained in approximately 15 g of nutmeg powder.

Maxie returns in Kevin Smith's Batman: Cacophony. Apparently cured of his delusions, he has been hired by Joker to use Joker Venom on random people on April First as an April Fool's Day joke, but instead mixes the poison with ecstasy to produce a new designer drug called "Chuckles". He uses the profits to fund his empire as well as building his dream of creating a public school that is run like a private school. The Joker, angry that his creation is being used for a noble purpose, swears revenge against Maxie.

Plants and plant cells have been genetically engineered for production of biopharmaceuticals in bioreactors, a process known as Pharming. Work has been done with duckweed Lemna minor, the algae Chlamydomonas reinhardtii(10 December 2012) "Engineering algae to make complex anti-cancer 'designer' drug" PhysOrg, Retrieved 15 April 2013 and the moss Physcomitrella patens. Biopharmaceuticals produced include cytokines, hormones, antibodies, enzymes and vaccines, most of which are accumulated in the plant seeds. Many drugs also contain natural plant ingredients and the pathways that lead to their production have been genetically altered or transferred to other plant species to produce greater volume and better products.

N-Ethylhexedrone (also known as α-ethylaminocaprophenone, N-ethylnorhexedrone, hexen, and NEH) is a stimulant of the cathinone class that acts as a norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (NDRI) with IC50 values of 0.0978 and 0.0467 μM, respectively. N-Ethylhexedrone was first mentioned in a series of patents by Boehringer Ingelheim in the 1960s which led to the development of the better-known drug methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV). Since the mid-2010s, N-ethylhexedrone has been sold online as a designer drug. In 2018, N-ethylhexedrone was the second most common drug of the cathinone class to be identified in Drug Enforcement Administration seizures.

2-Diphenylmethylpyrrolidine (Desoxy-D2PM), also known as 2-benzhydrylpyrrolidine, is a stimulant psychoactive drug. It is the 4-dehydroxylated structural analog of diphenylprolinol (D2PM), and is also similar in structure to desoxypipradrol (2-DPMP), both of which act as norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitors (NDRIs). Like D2PM and 2-DPMP, Desoxy-D2PM is sold as a designer drug and has been used in the manufacture of legal highs. It has been marketed under the names A3A New Generation, A3A Methano, and Green Powder, and has been reported to cause hallucinations, violent behavior, dilated pupils, tachycardia, and high blood pressure.

Nitrazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) , which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives, that has been sold online as a designer drug. It is closely related to Clonazolam or Flunitrazolam, only differing by the removal of a Chlorine or Fluorine group respectively at the benzene ring. A study in mice indicated that nitrazolam can be several times more potent than diazepam as an antagonist of electroshock-induced tonic-extensor convulsions but less potent than diazepam at preventing the righting reflex. Nitrazolam has been used as an example compound to demonstrate the microscale synthesis of reference materials utilizing polymer‐supported reagents.

Wynonna is a present-day descendant of the famous lawman Wyatt Earp, and she's the top special agent for a special unit known within the US Marshals as The Monster Squad. She battles such supernatural threats as Bobo Del Rey and his redneck, trailer-trash vampires that are pushing a new killer designer drug called "Hemo", and the Egyptian mafia's mummy hitman, Raduk, Eater of the Dead, who's out to do in all the other crime bosses. In her subsequent adventures she finished some outstanding Earp family business while dealing with Hillbilly Gremlins, and Zombie Mailmen alongside her fellow marshals.

MDMB-FUBINACA (also known as MDMB(N)-Bz-F and FUB-MDMB) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors, with Ki values of 1.14 nM at CB1 and 0.1228 nM at CB2 and EC50 values of 0.2668 nM at CB1 and 0.1411 nM at CB2, and has been sold online as a designer drug. Its benzyl analogue (instead of 4-fluorobenzyl) has been reported to be a potent agonist for the CB1 receptor (Ki = 0.14 nM, EC50 = 2.42 nM). The structure of MDMB-FUBINACA contains the amino acid 3-methylvaline or tert- leucine methyl ester.

" Jason Bisnoff of HipHopDX stated, "Rodeos back end after "Antidote" begin to mesh together and gets repetitive.... Nonetheless, the originality of Scott's sound within this new movement provides for a strong rookie effort leaving the listener excited for a career that is just getting started." Trazier Tharpe of Complex stated, "Travis Scott made an enjoyable album for his fans peppered with undeniable bangers for his detractors." David Jeffries of AllMusic stated, "With Rodeo, Travis Scott becomes a designer drug." Steve "Flash" Juon of RapReviews stated, "Somewhere beneath all the hype and production he does shine through.

It is an agonist for the μ-opioid receptors.Utilization of a radioreceptor assay for the analysis of fentanyl analogs in urine Mario Enrique Alburges Butyrfentanyl has no current legitimate clinical applications; however, it is being sold as designer drug. Side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea, and potentially serious respiratory depression which can be life-threatening. Fentanyl analogs have killed hundreds of people throughout Europe and the former Soviet republics since the most recent resurgence in use began in Estonia in the early 2000s, and novel derivatives continue to appear.

Rose McIver Olivia "Liv" Moore (portrayed by Rose McIver) is the series' main protagonist. A former medical resident who became a zombie when she attended a boat party that was attacked by people who had just taken a new designer drug called "Utopium" while also consuming the Max Rager energy drink. She was scratched by Blaine while he was in full-on zombie mode. She now works as an assistant medical examiner for the King County Medical Examiner's Office to have access to the human brains she must frequently consume to maintain her humanity and suppress her hunger.

58-68 MMA was largely forgotten until being reassayed by David E. Nichols as a non-neurotoxic MDMA analogue in 1991, and has subsequently been sold as a designer drug on the internet since the late 2000s (decade). In animal studies, MMA fully substitutes for MDMA and MBDB, partially substitutes for LSD, and does not substitute for amphetamine. Additionally, it has been shown to potently inhibit the reuptake of serotonin and does not produce serotonergic neurotoxicity in rodents. These data appear to confer a profile of MMA as a selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and 5-HT2A receptor agonist.

Methylmethaqualone (MMQ) is a quinazolinone and an analogue of methaqualone that has similar sedative and hypnotic properties to its parent compound (resulting from its agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABAA receptor), and is around the same potency. Methylmethaqualone differs from methaqualone by 4-methylation on the phenyl ring. It was made illegal in Germany in 1999 and listed by the DEA as a "drug of forensic interest" at about the same time, but little other information is available. It would appear that this compound was sold on the black market in Germany as a designer drug analogue of methaqualone.

Mebroqualone (MBQ) is a quinazolinone-class GABAergic and is an analogue of mecloqualone that has similar sedative and hypnotic properties to its parent compound, resulting from its agonist activity at the β subtype of the GABAa receptor. It was originally synthesized in the 1960s Mebroqualone differs from mecloqualone by having a bromine atom instead of a chlorine on the 3-phenyl ring. It was made illegal in Germany in 1998 but little other information is available. It would appear that this compound was sold on the black market in Germany as a designer drug analogue of mecloqualone.

N-Ethylpentylone (β-keto-ethylbenzodioxolylpentanamine, βk-ethyl-K, βk-EBDP, ephylone) is a substituted cathinone and stimulant drug which was developed in the 1960s. It has been reported as a novel designer drug in several countries including South Africa, New Zealand, the United States, and Australia.Pill testing at festivals has hidden benefits that could reduce drug taking, Claudia Long, ABC News Online, 2018-07-20 In 2018, N-ethylpentylone was the most common drug of the cathinone class to be identified in Drug Enforcement Administration seizures. A doctor, David Caldicott, has said N-ethylpentylone "can cause circulation problems, lethal heart palpitations and hallucinations".

ADBICA (also known as ADB-PICA) is a designer drug identified in synthetic cannabis blends in Japan in 2013. ADBICA had not previously been reported in the scientific literature prior to its sale as a component of synthetic cannabis blends. ADBICA features a carboxamide group at the 3-indole position, like SDB-001 and STS-135. The stereochemistry of the tert-butyl side-chain in the product is unresolved, though in a large series of indazole derivatives structurally similar to ADBICA that are disclosed in Pfizer patent WO 2009/106980, activity resides exclusively in the (S) enantiomers.

4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinopropiophenone (4-MePPP, MPPP or MαPPP) is a stimulant drug and substituted cathinone. It is structurally very similar to α-PPP, with only one added methyl group in the para position on the phenyl ring. 4-MePPP was sold in Germany as a designer drug in the late 1990s and early 2000s, along with a number of other pyrrolidinophenone derivatives. Although it has never achieved the same international popularity as its better-known relations α-PPP and MDPV, 4-MePPP is still sometimes found as an ingredient of grey- market "bath salt" blends such as "NRG-3".

MOPPP use is infrequent when compared to other amphetamines or stimulants used recreationally, such as meth, cocaine, or speed. It first arose as a designer drug in Germany in the late 1990s and early 2000s, along with a number of other derivatives but never gained the international popularity that other drugs in its family of pyrrolidinophenone derivatives had (such as α-PPP and MDPV). While the recent trend of selling stimulants through false labeling (i.e., bath salts) has gained notoriety, using MDPV as its main ingredient, this has not been the case with MOPPP, despite its similar potential for abuse.

Their director is charismatic narcotics-kingpin Gary Lee: a childhood neighbor of Griffin's, who's also rumored to be the great-grandson of Adolf Hitler. The Rollerboys carry out their mission of restoring Anglo-America's former greatness, through violent battles with other gangs...and through the distribution of "Heaven Mist", a designer drug. Griffin's younger brother Miltie, who idolizes the Rollerboys, takes a job with them pushing mist on the streets; eventually, Miltie starts using it himself. Then Casey, an undercover cop, recruits Griffin to join the Rollerboys as a mole...in exchange for a better life.

Caldicott is one of the founding members of The List, a politically independent group of experts committed to maintaining the truth on illicit drug debate in the Australian media. The List promised to monitor the media on drugs policy issues in the run up to the Australian federal general election in 2007. He is on the expert database for the Australian Science Media Centre on issues of illicit drug use and medical response to disasters. Caldicott is one of the designers and co-authors of the Designer Drug Early Warning System, and was the Project manager for the TRAUMATOX Project.

6-(2-Aminopropyl)indole (6-API, 6-IT) is an indole derivative which was first identified being sold on the designer drug market by a laboratory in the Czech Republic in July 2016.Europol 2016 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA Alexander Shulgin says in his book TiHKAL "From the normal 3-position to the 2, the 4, the 5, the 6 or the 7-positions. All five alpha-methyltryptamine isomers are known, but only one is known to be active in man as a CNS active material. This is the 5-isomer, 5-(2-aminopropyl)indole or 5-IT".

In 2012 Rick starred as Police Chief Cordell in the action/comedy Bio Cop, a film about a mutated cop who cannot die and struggles to stop the latest designer drug, produced by Steven Kostanski of ASTRON-6. It was screened at various film festivals, including the Fantasia International Film Festival in Montreal, and in 2013 won Best Short Film at the Boston Underground Film Festival. Also in 2012, he was cast to play an ex-cop named Robert in the action/fantasy short The Flying Man, produced by Marcus Alqueres. The film is about a super powered vigilante who defies the law using extreme violence to fight crime.

MN 18 is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is an agonist for the cannabinoid receptors, with Ki values of 45.72 nM at CB1 and 11.098 nM at CB2 and EC50 values of 2.028 nM at CB1 and 1.233 nM at CB2, and has been sold online as a designer drug. It is the indazole core analogue of NNE1. Given the known metabolic liberation (and presence as an impurity) of amantadine in the related compound APINACA, it is suspected that metabolic hydrolysis of the amide group of MN-18 may release 1-naphthylamine, a known carcinogen. MN-18 metabolism has been described in literature.

Daniel's cousin Martha (Daisy Donovan) and her fiancé Simon (Alan Tudyk) are desperate to make a good impression on Martha's father Victor (Peter Egan). Their hopes for doing so are dashed when Martha, hoping to calm Simon's nerves, gives him what she believes is Valium but is actually a hallucinogenic designer drug manufactured by her brother Troy (Kris Marshall), a pharmacy student. An American man named Peter (Peter Dinklage) introduces himself to Daniel, who is too busy to speak to him and suggests they talk later. The service begins and the hallucinating Simon, certain he sees the coffin moving, tips it over, causing the body to spill out onto the floor.

RTI-126 (RTI-4229-126 or (–)-2β-(1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-methyl)-3β-phenyltropane) is a phenyltropane derivative which acts as a potent monoamine reuptake inhibitor and stimulant drug, and has been sold as a designer drug. It is around 5 times more potent than cocaine at inhibiting monoamine reuptake in vitro, but is relatively unselective. It binds to all three monoamine transporters, although still with some selectivity for the dopamine transporter. RTI-126 has a fast onset of effects and short duration of action, and its pharmacological profile in animals is among the closest to cocaine itself out of all the drugs in the RTI series.

5-MeO-DiBF is a psychedelic that has been sold online as a designer drug and was first definitively identified in December 2015 by a forensic laboratory in Slovenia. It is thought to act as an agonist for the 5-HT1A and 5-HT2 family of serotonin receptors. It is related in structure to the psychedelic tryptamine derivative 5-MeO-DiPT, but with the indole nitrogen replaced by oxygen, making 5-MeO-DiBF a benzofuran derivative. It is several times less potent as a serotonin agonist than 5-MeO-DiPT and with relatively more activity at 5-HT1A, but still shows strongest effects at the 5-HT2 family of receptors.

An assortment of several designer drugs. Designer drugs are structural or functional analogues of controlled substances that are designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the parent drug while avoiding detection or classification as illegal. Many of the older designer drugs (research chemicals) are structural analogues of psychoactive tryptamines or phenethylamines but there are many other chemically unrelated new psychoactive substances that can be considered part of the designer drug group. Designer drugs can also include substances that are not psychoactive in effect, such as analogues of controlled anabolic steroids and other performance and image enhancing drugs (PIEDs), including nootropics, weight loss drugs and erectile dysfunction medications.

AMB-FUBINACA (also known as FUB-AMB and MMB-FUBINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that is a potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors, with Ki values of 10.04 nM at CB1 and 0.786 nM at CB2 and EC50 values of 0.5433 nM at CB1 and 0.1278 nM at CB2, and has been sold online as a designer drug. It was originally developed by Pfizer which described the compound in a patent in 2009, but was later abandoned and never tested on humans. AMB- FUBINACA was the most common synthetic cannabinoid identified in drug seizures by the Drug Enforcement Administration in 2017 and the first half of 2018.

LY-2183240 is a drug which acts both as a potent inhibitor of the reuptake of the endocannabinoid anandamide and as an inhibitor of fatty acid amide hydrolase (FAAH), the primary enzyme responsible for degrading anandamide. This leads to markedly elevated anandamide levels in the brain, and LY-2183240 has been shown to produce both analgesic and anxiolytic effects in animal models. While LY-2183240 is a potent inhibitor of FAAH, it has relatively poor selectivity and also inhibits several other enzyme side targets. Consequently, it was never developed for clinical use, though it remains widely used in research, and has also been sold as a designer drug.

Naphyrone, also known as O-2482 and naphthylpyrovalerone, is a substituted cathinone drug derived from pyrovalerone that acts as a triple reuptake inhibitor, producing stimulant effects and has been reported as a novel designer drug. No safety or toxicity data is available on the drug. The drug has been marketed under the name NRG-1, although only a minority of samples of substances sold under this name have been found to actually contain naphyrone, and even samples that proved to contain genuine β-naphyrone were in some cases also found to contain the 1-naphthyl isomer α-naphyrone in varying proportions, further confusing the reported effects profile.

3',4'-Methylenedioxy-α-pyrrolidinobutyrophenone (MDPBP) is a stimulant of the cathinone class developed in the 1960s, which has been reported as a novel designer drug. MDPBP is sometimes sold under the name "NRG-1" as a mixture with other cathinone derivatives, including flephedrone, pentylone, MαPPP and its higher homologue MDPV. As with other cathinones, MDPBP has been shown to have reinforcing effects in rats. The main metabolic steps are thought to be demethylenation followed by methylation of one hydroxy group, aromatic and side chain hydroxylation, oxidation of the pyrrolidine ring to the corresponding lactam as well as ring opening to the corresponding carboxylic acid.

Brorphine is therefore not preferable, from a safety perspective, to common street opioids. Moreover, its safety profile in any animal model has never been established. In addition to respiratory risks, it is expected to be cardiotoxic because it is a potent hERG potassium ion channel inhibitor, a mechanism that can prompt deadly cardiac arrhythmias, similar to dextropropoxyphene, a previously approved opioid medication which was withdrawn from sale because of this side effect. Despite the potential safety issues and lack of animal studies, it has been sold as a designer drug since mid-2019, initially being identified in the US Midwest, though it has since been found in 2020 in Belgium.

AM-1248 is a drug that acts as a moderately potent agonist for both the cannabinoid receptors CB1 and CB2, but with some dispute between sources over its exact potency and selectivity. Replacing the 3-(1-naphthoyl) group found in many indole derived cannabinoid ligands, with an adamantoyl group, generally confers significant CB2 selectivity, but reasonable CB1 affinity and selectivity is retained when an N-methylpiperidin-2-ylmethyl substitution is used at the indole 1-position. The related compound 1-pentyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole was identified as having been sold as a cannabinoid designer drug in Hungary in 2011, along with another synthetic cannabinoid AM-679.

TH-PVP is a substituted cathinone derivative which has been sold as a designer drug. It was first identified by a forensic laboratory in Hungary in 2015,EMCDDA–Europol 2015 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA but has subsequently been found in numerous other countries around the world including Spain, Belgium, Poland, Turkey and Brazil. Pharmacological studies in vitro showed it to inhibit reuptake and promote the release of monoamine neurotransmitters with some selectivity for serotonin, but it failed to produce stimulant effects in animals, and has a pharmacological profile more comparable to that of sedating empathogens such as MDAI and 5-Methyl-MDA.

A package of recreational drugs disguised in "bath salts" packaging. A designer drug is a structural or functional analog of a controlled substance that has been designed to mimic the pharmacological effects of the original drug, while avoiding classification as illegal and/or detection in standard drug tests. Designer drugs include psychoactive substances that have been designated by the European Union as new psychoactive substances (NPS) as well as analogs of performance-enhancing drugs such as designer steroids. Some of these were originally synthesized by academic or industrial researchers in an effort to discover more potent derivatives with fewer side effects and were later co-opted for recreational use.

The Case of the Frozen Addicts, co-written by Palfreman and J. William Langston, documents the medical investigation Langston undertook as a neurologist in a California hospital when, in 1982, he encountered several patients who suffered paralysis and an inability to speak. These symptoms caused the patients to appear "frozen". Langston eventually discovered that each of the patients had been exposed to a "designer drug", contaminated with MPTP which, he hypothesized, destroyed cells in the part of the brain called the substantia nigra and impaired the production of dopamine. This, in turn, caused symptoms very much like those seen in people with Parkinson's disease.

3-Methylmethcathinone, also known as 3-MMC and 3-mephedrone, is a designer drug from the substituted cathinone family. 3-MMC is closely related in structure to the more common illicit drug mephedrone (4-MMC), and is illegal in most countries that have banned mephedrone as it is a structural isomer of it. However, 3-MMC has still appeared on the recreational drug market as an alternative to mephedrone, and was first identified being sold in Sweden in 2012.EMCDDA 2012 Annual report on the state of the drugs problem in Europe Unlike other legal highs 3-MMC was tested and characterized in large mammals, providing much more knowledge about it than is known about other synthetic cathinones.

5-Methoxy-6-methyl-2-aminoindane (MMAI) is a drug developed in the 1990s by a team led by David E. Nichols at Purdue University. It acts as a non-neurotoxic and highly selective serotonin releasing agent (SSRA) and produces entactogen effects in humans. It has been sold as a designer drug and research chemical online since 2010. MMAI has been shown to relieve stress-induced depression in rats more robustly than sertraline, and as a result it has been suggested that SSRAs like MMAI and 4-MTA could be developed as novel antidepressants with a faster onset of therapeutic action and superior efficacy to current antidepressants such as the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs).

PB-22 (QUPIC, SGT-21 or 1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxylic acid 8-quinolinyl ester) is a designer drug offered by online vendors as a cannabimimetic agent, and detected being sold in synthetic cannabis products in Japan in 2013. PB-22 represents a structurally unique synthetic cannabinoid chemotype, since it contains an ester linker at the indole 3-position, rather than the precedented ketone of JWH-018 and its analogs, or the amide of APICA and its analogs. PB-22 has an EC50 of 5.1 nM for human CB1 receptors, and 37 nM for human CB2 receptors. PB-22 produces bradycardia and hypothermia in rats at doses of 0.3–3 mg/kg, suggesting potent cannabinoid-like activity.

She has yet to lose control of a subject whom she has completely enslaved. Her current empire is based on a powerful designer drug called Kerasine, which is also a major plot device of the series. It is a compound that she knows how to produce cheaply but has yet to be reverse-engineered by chemists outside of her organization. Its popularity is due to both its low cost and its ability to produce the effects of several different drugs: a small amount is a stimulant like cocaine, a larger amount is a euphoric similar to heroin, and the entire contents of a vial combines both with a powerful hallucinogenic effect similar to lysergic acid diethylamide.

Upon seeing his archenemy's face, the Red Skull is surprised to feel a sudden burst of hatred that reignites his will to live.Captain America #364–367, 369–370 The Red Skull proposes an alliance with the Kingpin to bring a new designer drug to New York, but the Kingpin refuses to ally with the Nazi and the two engage in a drug war. He then defeats the Red Skull in hand-to-hand combat, sparing his life on the condition that he never come near the Kingpin's territory again.Captain America #376–378 After the Red Skull's agents allow fellow Nazi Baron Wolfgang von Strucker to be reborn, the grateful Strucker allows the Red Skull the use of HYDRA resources.

5F-APINACA (also known as 5F-AKB-48 or 5F-AKB48) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid that has been sold online as a designer drug. Structurally it closely resembles cannabinoid compounds from patent WO 2003/035005 but with a 5-fluoropentyl chain on the indazole 1-position, and 5F-APINACA falls within the claims of this patent, as despite not being disclosed as an example, it is very similar to the corresponding pentanenitrile and 4-chlorobutyl compounds which are claimed as examples 3 and 4.WO 2003/035005 5F-APINACA was first identified in South Korea. It is expected to be a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor and CB2 receptor.

5F-ADB (also known as 5F-MDMB-PINACA) is an indazole-based synthetic cannabinoid from the indazole-3-carboxamide family, which has been used as an active ingredient in synthetic cannabis products and has been sold online as a designer drug. 5F-ADB is a potent agonist of the CB1 receptor, though it is unclear whether it is selective for this target. 5F-ADB was first identified in November 2014 from post-mortem samples taken from an individual who had died after using a product containing this substance. Subsequent testing identified 5F-ADB to have been present in a total of ten people who had died from unexplained drug overdoses in Japan between September 2014 and December 2014.

Clonazolam (also known as clonitrazolam) is a drug of the triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD) class, which are benzodiazepines (BZDs) fused with a triazole ring. It has had very little research done about its effects and metabolism, and has been sold online as a designer drug. The synthesis of clonazolam was first reported in 1971 and the drug was described as the most active compound in the series tested. Clonazolam is reported to be highly potent, and concerns have been raised that clonazolam and flubromazolam in particular may pose comparatively higher risks than other designer benzodiazepines, due to their ability to produce strong sedation and amnesia at oral doses of as little as 0.5 mg.

AB-005 or [1-[(1-methylpiperidin-2-yl)methyl]-1H-indol-3-yl](2,2,3,3-tetramethylcyclopropyl)-methanone is a designer drug offered by online vendors as a cannabimimetic agent. The structure and pharmacological activity of AB-005 was published in 2010, prior to its commercial availability in 2012, where it was reported to have high affinity for both CB1 (Ki = 5.5 nM) and CB2 receptors (Ki = 0.48 nM). AB-005 features groups found in other previously reported synthetic cannabinoids: the tetramethylcyclopropane group of UR-144 and XLR-11 as well as the (1-methyl-2-piperidinyl)methyl substituent of AM-1248 and AM-1220. No information regarding the in vivo activity of AB-005 has been published, and only anecdotal reports are known of its psychoactivity in humans.

4'-Methyl-α-pyrrolidinohexiophenone (MPHP) is a stimulant compound which has been reported as a novel designer drug. It is closely related to pyrovalerone, being simply its chain-lengthened homologue. In the pyrrolidinophenone series, stimulant activity is maintained so long as the positions of the aryl, ketone and pyrrolidinyl groups are held constant, while the alkyl backbone can be varied anywhere between three and as many as seven carbons, with highest potency usually seen with the pentyl or isohexyl backbone, and a variety of substituents are tolerated on the aromatic ring. In 2010 a group of researchers from the Institute of Forensic Medicine, University Hospital Jena, Germany concluded that MPHP can lead to serious poisoning with toxic liver damage and rhabdomyolysis.

For the Space Shuttle Mission, see STS-135 STS-135 (N-(adamantan-1-yl)-1-(5-fluoropentyl)-1H-indole-3-carboxamide, also called 5F-APICA) is a designer drug offered by online vendors as a cannabimimetic agent. The structure of STS-135 appears to use an understanding of structure- activity relationships within the indole class of cannabimimetics, although its design origins are unclear. STS-135 is the terminally-fluorinated analogue of SDB-001, just as AM-2201 is the terminally-fluorinated analogue of JWH-018, and XLR-11 is the terminally-fluorinated analogue of UR-144. STS-135 acts a potent cannabinoid receptor agonist in vitro, with an EC50 of 51 nM for human CB2 receptors, and 13 nM for human CB1 receptors.

2,3,4,5-Tetrahydro-1,5-methano-1H-3-benzazepine is a drug originally researched as a potential opioid analgesic, but was found to be inactive in this assay, and relatively toxic to mice. Subsequently it was found to possess activity as an agonist at nicotinic acetylcholine receptors during the course of work that ultimately led to the discovery of the anti-smoking drug varenicline. More recently this chemical compound is claimed to have been sold as a designer drug under the name A3A, but since the anecdotally reported effects of the product sold under this name do not seem to bear any resemblance to the known pharmacology of genuine 2,3,4,5-tetrahydro-1,5-methano-1H-3-benzazepine, it seems unlikely that this is actually the compound being sold.

THG was developed completely in secret by Arnold as a designer drug, on the basis that doping testers would be unlikely to detect a totally new compound. Arnold developed a chemical similar to two obscure steroids marketed by BALCO, norbolethone and desoxymethyltestosterone, which had been reported in scientific literature but never entered mass production, and the banned anabolic steroids trenbolone and gestrinone, the latter of which was used to synthesize it. In 2003, whistleblower Trevor Graham passed a spent syringe containing a small amount of the drug to the United States Anti-Doping Agency. This was then transferred to the research group of pharmacologist Don Catlin, who identified the drug using mass spectrometry techniques and gave it its present name.

Flunitrazolam or alternatively Flunazolam is a triazolobenzodiazepine (TBZD), which are benzodiazepine (BZD) derivatives, that has been sold online as a designer drug, and is a potent hypnotic and sedative drug similar to related compounds such as flunitrazepam, clonazolam and flubromazolam. It was first definitively identified and reported to the EMCDDA Early Warning System, by an analytical laboratory in Germany in October 2016,Europol 2016 Annual Report on the implementation of Council Decision 2005/387/JHA and had not been described in the scientific or patent literature before this. It is the triazole analogue of Flunitrazepam (Rohypnol). The addition of the triazole ring to the scaffold increases potency tremendously, this is evident as flunitrazolam is reported anecdotally to be active in the microgram level.

4-Fluoromethamphetamine (4-FMA) is a stimulant drug related to methamphetamine and 4-fluoroamphetamine. It has been reported to be sold as a designer drug, but little is known about its pharmacology or toxicology. It was first detected from legal highs sold in Japan in 2006 and became illegal to sell or to possess for the purpose of distribution (although not to simply possess for personal use) in Japan in 2008. It was initially reported to be contained as an ingredient in some of the range of party pills sold internationally by the Israeli company Neorganics from around 2006 onwards, but this was later shown to be incorrect and this ingredient was eventually identified as the closely related compound 2-fluoromethamphetamine.

Benzylbutylbarbiturate (5-benzyl-5-n-butylbarbituric acid) is a rare example of a barbiturate designer drug, possibly the only such compound encountered in recent years. It was confiscated by police in Japan in 2000, and presumably was a product of clandestine manufacture as this compound has never previously been sold as a legal pharmaceutical. As with all designer drugs, this compound was produced in an attempt to circumvent drug laws prohibiting the use of most known barbiturate drugs, however as the drug laws in many jurisdictions (including Japan) prohibit "any 5,5-disubstituted derivative of barbituric acid", this compound was deemed to be already illegal, despite being a novel compound which had not previously been encountered. This compound was known from the scientific literature and so was not a new chemical entity.

The game was re-released on 27 April 2009 as a downloadable game in the Xbox Originals program for the Xbox 360. The game was also re-released in 2012 as a downloadable game in the PlayStation Store for the PlayStation 3 under the PS2 classics banner, iOS, Android, and in April 2016 for the PlayStation 4 as a PS2 emulated downloadable game in the PlayStation Store. The game centers on former NYPD police detective Max Payne, who attempts to solve the murder of his wife and daughter in connection to a drug trafficking case involving a mysterious new designer drug named "Valkyr". While doing so, Max is entangled in a large and complex conspiracy, involving a major pharmaceutical company, various organised crime syndicates, a secret society and the U.S. military.

Fluoxetine hydrochloride (fluoxetine) was developed in 1973 by Bryan Molly, David Wong and Roy Fuller of the Eli Lilly corporation and is today sold under the brand name Prozac. In addition to the effects of alleviating depression and other conditions classified as psychiatric disorders, there have been reports of fluoxetine performing beyond the relief of symptoms of these disorders. These reports transformed the media image of fluoxetine from a new type of anti- depressant into a designer drug with spectacular effects including a general improvement in mood and patients reporting feeling "better than well". The discovery of the mood stabilizing effect of lithium carbonate by John Cade in 1948 would eventually revolutionise the treatment of bipolar disorder, although its use was banned in the United States until the 1970s.

AM-679 (part of the AM cannabinoid series) is a drug that acts as a moderately potent agonist for the cannabinoid receptors, with a Ki of 13.5 nM at CB1 and 49.5 nM at CB2. AM-679 was one of the first 3-(2-iodobenzoyl)indole derivatives that was found to have significant cannabinoid receptor affinity, and while AM-679 itself has only modest affinity for these receptors, it was subsequently used as a base to develop several more specialised cannabinoid ligands that are now widely used in research, including the potent CB1 agonists AM-694 and AM-2233, and the selective CB2 agonist AM-1241. AM-679 was first identified as having been sold as a cannabinoid designer drug in Hungary in 2011, along with another novel compound 1-pentyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole.

Angel's squad fights the anti- mutant group Church of Humanity and Mystique and her newest incarnation of the Brotherhood of Evil Mutants, and tangles with the Vanisher, who has gone into business with several medical companies to create a designer drug that could give humans mutant-like powers. Angel also becomes entangled in a love triangle with rookie X-Men member Paige Guthrie and the mutant prostitute Stacy X. Furthermore, during a battle with Black Tom Cassidy, Angel's regression to his pre-"Death" state is complete when he reverts to his normal Caucasian skin color when Cassidy (now turned into a plant-type vampire) attempts to drain Angel's life force from him.Uncanny X-Men #412 His healing powers from The Twelve also manifest themselves again, in the form of the revelation that Angel's blood has miracle healing properties.

Following the passage of the second International Opium Convention in 1925, which specifically banned morphine and the diacetyl ester of morphine, heroin, a number of alternative esters of morphine quickly started to be manufactured and sold. The most notable of these were dibenzoylmorphine and acetylpropionylmorphine, which have virtually identical effects to heroin but were not covered by the Opium Convention. This then led the Health Committee of the League of Nations to pass several resolutions attempting to bring these new drugs under control, ultimately leading in 1930 to the first broad analogues provisions extending legal control to all esters of morphine, oxycodone, and hydromorphone. Another early example of what could loosely be termed designer drug use, was during the Prohibition era in the 1930s, when diethyl ether was sold and used as an alternative to illegal alcoholic beverages in a number of countries.

Duke was found guilty of drug-dealing, sentenced to five years' probation, and required by the court to open and manage a drug rehabilitation center for that period. At the end of the musical, Duke's efforts to seize the Walden Commune so it could be razed and the land used for the rehab center were thwarted, and Trudeau has stated in interviews and on the official website FAQ that both Duke and Honey were forced to flee the country afterwards. Back in the strip, Duke opened the Baby Doc College of Offshore Medicine in Haiti, a grossly fraudulent medical school which was not above hosting a designer drug conference. One morning, Duke was discovered by Honey looking "more inert than usual" and pronounced dead, prompting the St. Petersburg Times to run a full obituary in real life.

Diphenpipenol is an opioid analgesic drug invented in the 1970s by Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. It is chemically a 1-substituted-4-(1,2-diphenylethyl)piperazine derivative related to compounds such as MT-45 and AD-1211, but diphenpipenol is the most potent compound in the series, with the more active (S) enantiomer being around 105 times the potency of morphine in animal studies. This makes it a similar strength to fentanyl and its analogues, and consequently diphenpipenol can be expected to pose a significant risk of producing life-threatening respiratory depression, as well as other typical opioid side effects such as sedation, itching, nausea and vomiting. Diphenpipenol has been offered for sale online as a designer drug, though analysis of a sample of supposed diphenpipenol found it to instead contain a structural isomer with much weaker opioid activity, and it is unclear if genuine diphenpipenol has actually been sold.

In March 2017, the school came under fire from parents for issuing an assignment to year 10 students that had requested for them to design and market an illicit designer drug through creating a packaging that would appeal to drug users. The father of a student attending the school had contacted radio presenter Neil Mitchell on 3AW in order to express his outrage at the coursework, raising concerns that the task aimed to promote substance abuse and would pique curiosity about drug use among youth. Shortly afterwards, school principal Peter Rouse was contacted by 3AW for comment, who expressed "mixed feelings" towards the assignment, going on to state that the work was "open to a bit of misinterpretation." He said that the assignment had been a part of the school's interdisciplinary studies for four years until that point, included for students to conduct and present research about the dangers of drug use.

AB-001 (1-pentyl-3-(1-adamantoyl)indole) is a designer drug that was found as an ingredient in synthetic cannabis smoking blends in Ireland in 2010 and Hungary and Germany in 2011.Research on Head Shop drugs in Dublin: Part 2 It is unclear who AB-001 was originally developed by, but it is structurally related to compounds such as AM-1248 and its corresponding 1-(tetrahydropyran-4-ylmethyl) analogue, which are known to be potent cannabinoid agonists with moderate to high selectivity for CB2 over CB1. The first published synthesis and pharmacological evaluation of AB-001 revealed that it acts as a full agonist at CB1 (EC50 = 35 nM) and CB2 receptors (EC50 = 48 nM). However, AB-001 was found to possess only weak cannabimimetic effects in rats at doses up to 30 mg/kg, making it less potent than the carboxamide analogue APICA, which possesses potent cannabimimetic activity at doses of 3 mg/kg.

A temporary class drug is a relatively new status for controlled drugs, which has been adopted in some jurisdictions, notably New Zealand and the United Kingdom, to attempt to bring newly synthesised designer drugs under legal control. The controlled drug legislation in these jurisdictions requires drug scheduling decisions to follow an evidence-based process, where the harms of the drug are assessed and reviewed so that an appropriate legal status can be assigned. Since many designer drugs sold in recent years have had little or no published research that could help inform such a decision, they have been widely sold as "legal highs", often for months, before sufficient evidence accumulates to justify placing them on the controlled drug schedules. This situation has been deemed to be undesirable, as every time a designer drug has been banned, novel compounds with similar effects have been quickly developed and brought to market, often with worse health consequences reported than the original compound.

By the end of Gunsmith Cats, it was revealed that Kerasine was created as a designer drug that would be addictive yet without negative side effects, allowing for a drug that would not harm consumers and thus, higher profits, and through her influence, that she would use that to establish an honorable and stable order of criminal activity and "necessary evil" in Chicago, wiping out gangs and syndicates with otherwise greedy or selfish intentions and dishonorable and disreputable reputations for breaking deals and cruel intrigues that were also affecting society in a worse way. After losing her memory in her final battle with Rally in the original series, she regains it after Rally and Misty get tangled up in a turf war between Goldie and the more hostile Mafia fractions, in which course Rally saves Goldie's life. In the end Goldie and Rally part on a truce, especially since Misty has (more or less voluntarily) joined Goldie as her lover.

Ocfentanil (INN; also called A-3217) is a potent synthetic opioid structurally related to fentanyl that was developed in the early 1990s as one of a series of potent naloxone-reversible opioids in an attempt to obtain an opioid that had better therapeutic indices in terms of cardiovascular effects and respiratory depression as compared to fentanyl. Ocfentanil was never developed for medical use despite reasonable results in human clinical trials, but subsequently started to be sold as a designer drug starting in around 2013. Study of the analgesic activity of ocfentanil using the mouse hot plate test (55 °C) gave an ED50 of 0.007 mg/kg compared to 0.018 mg/kg for fentanyl; ocfentanil being approximately 2.5 times as potent as fentanyl in this test. In human volunteers ocfentanil induces effective analgesia at 1 μg/kg, while in doses up to 3 μg/kg, analgesia and respiratory depression occurred in a dose-dependent manner.

Benzylfentanyl (R-4129) is a fentanyl analog. It was temporarily placed in the US Schedule I by emergency scheduling in 1985 due to concerns about its potential for abuse as a designer drug, but this placement was allowed to expire and benzylfentanyl was formally removed from controlled substance listing in 2010, after the DEA's testing determined it to be "essentially inactive" as an opioid.Correction of Code of Federal Regulations: Removal of Temporary Listing of Benzylfentanyl and Thenylfentanyl as Controlled Substances Benzylfentanyl has a Ki of 213 nM at the mu opioid receptor, binding around 1/200 as strong as fentanyl itself,Utilization of a radioreceptor assay for the analysis of fentanyl analogs in urine Mario Enrique Alburges though it is still slightly more potent than codeine. Side effects of fentanyl analogs are similar to those of fentanyl itself, which include itching, nausea, and potentially serious respiratory depression which can be life-threatening.

3-Methoxyeticyclidine (3-MeO-PCE), also known as methoxieticyclidine, is a dissociative anesthetic that is qualitatively similar to PCE and PCP and has been sold online as a designer drug. On October 18, 2012 the Advisory Council on the Misuse of Drugs in the United Kingdom released a report about methoxetamine, saying that the "harms of methoxetamine are commensurate with Class B of the Misuse of Drugs Act (1971)", despite the fact that the act does not classify drugs based on harm. The report went on to suggest that all analogues of methoxetamine should also become class B drugs and suggested a catch-all clause covering both existing and unresearched arylcyclohexamines, including 3-MeO-PCE. This report also described the receptor binding profile of methoxetamine and three additional dissociatives 3-MeO-PCP, 4-MeO-PCP, and 3-MeO-PCE, showing them to have significant affinity for the PCP site of NMDAR and was later published in more detail.

On the morning of 28 May 2016, the NBI in coordination with the Philippine Drug Enforcement Agency (PDEA) arrested 23-year-old Joshua Habalo in an entrapment operation at a club at the Remington Hotel, located within the Resorts World Manila complex in Pasay. According to Senior Investigator Salvador Arteche Jr., Habalo offered the undercover NBI operatives five tablets of pink ecstasy worth ₱1,500 before the operatives seized the tablets, in addition to five sachets of suspected cocaine and another sachet of three green capsules suspected to be the "green amore", the designer drug believed to have been sold at the concert which the five victims may have taken. The NBI and the PDEA have said that Habalo will be charged of drug possession and selling of drugs under the Comprehensive Dangerous Drugs Act of 2002. On 1 June 2016, the NBI arrested in a buy bust operation five persons allegedly involved in the sale of illegal drugs at the CloseUp Forever Summer concert.

While through recent history most designer drugs had been either opioids, hallucinogens, or anabolic steroids, the range of possible compounds is limited only by the scientific and patent literature, and recent years have been characterised by a broadening of the range of compounds sold as designer drugs. These have included a wide variety of designer stimulants such as geranamine, mephedrone, MDPV and desoxypipradrol, several designer sedatives such as methylmethaqualone and premazepam, and designer analogues of sildenafil (Viagra), which have been reported as active compounds in "herbal" aphrodisiac products. Designer cannabinoids are another recent development, with two compounds JWH-018 and (C8)-CP 47,497 initially found in December 2008 as active components of "herbal smoking blends" sold as legal alternatives to marijuana.Spice enthält chemischen Wirkstoff (German) Subsequently, a growing range of synthetic cannabinoid agonists have continued to appear, including by 2010, novel compounds such as RCS-4, RCS-8, and AB-001, which had never been reported in the literature, and appear to have been invented by designer drug manufacturers themselves.

Laura Parnes' latest work, County Down, is an episodic, digital film investigating a pandemic of psychosis in a gated community that coincides with an adolescent girl's creation of a designer drug. Performers include: Chloe Bass, Becca Blackwell, Ellen Cantor, Patty Chang, Nicole Eisenman, Jim Fletcher, Kate Valk, Stephanie Vella and Sacha Yanow. The soundtrack and musical arrangements are by Johanna Fateman. Blood and Guts in High School, a 50-minute Parnes video which Chris Kraus called an “extrapolationist reduction” of Kathy Acker’s famous 1978 novel of the same name, builds snippets of the book's original dialogue and text into scripts for theatrical vignettes. Holland Cotter stated “the video is a model of how to bring off an ambitions project with scant resources, and also of how to respect source material while transforming it. Ms. Parnes’s video floats like a shark, forever hovering, but always watching and moving.” Often her work is formally staged and uses dialog sampled from cultural dogma. Her work Hollywood Inferno is a two-channel installation that refers to our cultural obsession with adolescents.