In that sense, he says, sugar is an addictive drug.
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The highly addictive drug is in good supply, more than ever before.
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These discoveries do, indeed, suggest that HK2 genetic material is promoting addictive-drug use.
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He should not have had access to this very dangerous and highly addictive drug.
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Young people are highly vulnerable to nicotine, the addictive drug in many e-cigarettes.
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Clearly, even with a highly addictive drug like tobacco, high prices and counter marketing matter.
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Nicotine is an addictive drug and use during adolescence may cause lasting harm to brain development.
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Guzman told his dealers to give the highly addictive drug away in order to hook people.
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A highly addictive drug, it has long been abused by doctors who surreptitiously took it in injections.
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Other anti-sugarists go further, suggesting we should call it an addictive drug and regulate it as such.
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The supply of the highly addictive drug has surged, causing the street price to plummet in many countries.
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Nicotine is a highly addictive drug that impedes the developing brain, and many teenagers have struggled to quit.
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The March deposition, which questioned Sackler's involvement with marketing the highly addictive drug, seemed to hint at that narrative.
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The federal government still classifies marijuana as a highly addictive drug without medical value, as it has for 46 years.
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In an interview with CBS, Burns said anyone who wasn't already using nicotine, the addictive drug in Juul, should not start.
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Pro-legalizers often claim that marijuana is a far less dangerous and addictive drug than alcohol and tobacco — and that's true.
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But meth – a highly addictive drug with devastating physical and mental effects on long-term users – is its main business, they say.
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Cold pills contain pseudoephedrine, the main ingredient of meth, a highly addictive drug whose ever-soaring popularity is rattling governments across Asia.
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After the homeowners notified the authorities, the cops identified the murky substance as more than 15 ounces of the highly addictive drug.
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" America's own drug research agency states that "LSD is not considered an addictive drug because it doesn't cause uncontrollable drug-seeking behavior.
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Meth is a highly addictive drug that can be manufactured illegally with chemicals, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
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But she knows that the sensation comes from nicotine, an addictive drug she's been warned about since that assembly in sixth grade.
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But some experts are wary of creating a new drug-abuse crisis by introducing a potentially addictive drug to millions of new users.
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This highlights the role that the context plays in addiction: if an addictive drug is not widely available, it can do little harm.
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E-cigarettes are not harmless Like regular cigarettes, most e-cigarettes contain nicotine, an addictive drug that harms the developing brains of teens.
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The rapper explained that criticism and stress from his Macadelic mixed tape tour in 2662 led him to rely on the addictive drug.
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E-cigarettes deliver a large amount of the highly addictive drug nicotine, which has been shown to negatively affect brain development in children.
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When a country collectively consumes more of a deadly, addictive drug, it's obviously going to have more deaths as a result of those drugs.
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He said the company first persuaded doctors to prescribe an addictive drug for minor pain and then the company discovered it was being abused.
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Indeed, while denying that nicotine was addictive, the companies used their sophisticated understanding of nicotine as an addictive drug to design more addictive cigarettes.
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It shows the company's vice president of marketing, Alec Burlakoff, dressed as a life-size bottle of the addictive drug while employees dance around him.
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Dr. Joshua Stephany, medical examiner for Florida's Orange and Osceola counties, told CNN affiliate WESH the highly addictive drug is often mixed with other substances.
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The soaring popularity of methamphetamine - a cheap and highly addictive drug also known as meth - is driving countries across Asia to adopt hardline anti-narcotics policies.
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At this point, leading theories as to the cause of these seizures center on the addictive drug in vapes: nicotine, the same addictive chemical in tobacco.
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The case concerns several deliveries of ephedrine or pseudoephedrine, substances commonly found in cough syrup and nasal decongestants but also used to make the highly addictive drug.
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They didn't examine why many teens and young adults transitioned from vaping to smoking traditional cigarettes, but both options contain nicotine, an addictive drug, Soneji said by email.
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The mass production of penicillin during World War II helped pharmaceutical companies throw off their reputations as addictive drug pushers and rebrand themselves as producers of innovative, lifesaving products.
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That's a bump up from the previous smoking age of 18 — and a massive victory for public health advocates who are pushing for new restrictions on the deadly, addictive drug.
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Though he has led a brutal crackdown on drug addicts, Mr. Duterte seemed to imply in his remarks to the business leaders that he had overused an addictive drug himself.
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This goal also explains why both Gryphons & Gargoyles, a game that drives its users mad, and Fizzle Rocks, an addictive drug peddled for free by Hiram Lodge, was introduced to Riverdale.
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Because, right there, you have the potential to create a desire among young people who maybe otherwise would never have thought about smoking, vaping, or using an addictive drug like nicotine.
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"And then we are going hellbent for whether in this country to legalize marijuana, another addictive drug, where we've never done the research to what it does to people," Bloomberg said.
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The quick delivery system of smoking combined with a quick diminishment of good feelings (the effect of a cigarette is halfway gone in 40 minutes) makes for an especially addictive drug.
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In addition to being arguably the most addictive drug, heroin is dangerous, too, because the dose that can cause death is only five times greater than the dose required for a high.
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Purdue and the Sacklers have repeatedly denied the claims against them, which primarily center around allegations that they misled patients and doctors when they marketed OxyContin as a safe, non-addictive drug.
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And while contesting the evidence that smoking caused disease and that nicotine was the addictive drug in cigarettes, the cigarette companies secretly accepted these facts since the 2012s (cancer) and 1960s (addiction).
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The House Ways and Means Committee passed a bill last year that would make federal tobacco taxes apply equally to cigarettes and vaping products that deliver nicotine, the addictive drug in tobacco.
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The nicotine requirement would have effectively pushed reusable Juul e-cigarettes out of the New Jersey market unless the company created a product with lower levels of nicotine, a highly addictive drug.
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There's more than one way to share your car If you've ever played Candy Crush on your smartphone during a morning commute, you'll understand why some have compared it to an addictive drug.
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"Fentanyl is a powerful and highly addictive drug with deadly consequences, yet this opioid maker aggressively marketed its product and made illegal payments to providers to boost sales," Healey said in a statement.
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In the mid-19th century, China and then-powerful empire Britain fought two separate "Opium Wars" after the Chinese tried to stop Britain smuggling and selling the highly-addictive drug opium within the country.
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Most e-cigarettes, especially the most popular brands, still contain nicotine, and nicotine is a highly addictive drug -- especially for teens, who are likely to get hooked on the drug more easily than adults.
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The effort to boost New Jersey's cigarette tax for the first time since July 2009 comes as many states and the federal government have moved to limit access to nicotine, a highly addictive drug.
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At the time, China labeled that "blatant slander", and it has argued that the United States needs to do more at home to fight fentanyl abuse and reduce demand for the highly addictive drug.
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Mr. Duterte has made a political career of fighting drugs but acknowledged in December that he had been abusing the opioid fentanyl, the powerful and addictive drug that killed the musician Prince last April.
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"Fentanyl is an incredibly dangerous and highly addictive drug that is finding its way into, and destroying, too many lives in our communities," Preet Bharara, the United States attorney in Manhattan, said in a statement.
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Mallinckrodt and other opioid makers in the United States face pressure from a crackdown on the addictive drug in the wake of the opioid crisis and as several state attorneys general file lawsuits against manufacturers.
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The smell of her cigarettes — a carrier of the mood-altering and highly addictive drug nicotine, which kills more than all other addictions, H.I.V., car accidents, and murders and suicides combined — lingered in the air.
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The Midwest Medical Examiner's Office in Anoka County, Minnesota said in a death report released on Thursday that the singer died from the highly addictive drug fentanyl, which is used to treat patients with severe pain.
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E-cigarettes first entered the market more than 15 years ago as a safer alternative to smoking, since they vaporize liquid nicotine through a heating element to deliver the addictive drug without the cancer-causing tar.
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The U.S. Department of Justice indicted two major Chinese drug traffickers last month on charges of making illegal versions of fentanyl and selling the highly addictive drug to Americans over the internet and through international mail.
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If I was an honest man, I'd tell my kids that coke is an addictive drug—mostly because of what you can do and how you feel when you are on it without much of an effort.
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. Department of Justice has indicted two major Chinese drug traffickers on charges of making illegal versions of fentanyl and selling the highly addictive drug to Americans over the internet and through international mail.
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The reality, though, is this is a pattern that's now popped up again and again in the US: America allows a dangerous, addictive drug, big companies excessively market it, and use and deaths spiral out of control.
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Documents submitted this year as part of litigation by the attorney general of Massachusetts allege that members of the Sackler family directed the company's efforts to mislead the public about the dangers of the highly addictive drug.
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"Methamphetamine is an addictive drug, which could have a wide range of effects on patients' physical and mental well-being," said Dr. Marin Nishimura, the study author and internal medicine resident at the University of California, San Diego.
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First, it's going to have to prove that it did not intentionally or unintentionally hook an entire generation of young people on nicotine who otherwise would not have smoked or interacted with nicotine, an addictive drug, in any way.
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The Sacklers are the owners of the pharmaceutical company Purdue Pharma, which makes OxyContin, a highly addictive drug which has fuelled the opioid crisis in the US. European museums have also been forced to confront the question of repatriation.
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Vice President Leni Robredo, who was elected separately to the president, and recently served a brief stint as the president's drug "tsar", said vast quantities of the highly addictive drug were available because seizures had barely dented the supply.
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Xingtai, China (CNN)Nine members of a cross-border fentanyl smuggling ring were sentenced at a public hearing in a Chinese courtroom Thursday, a rare display by Beijing of its efforts to crack down on the highly-addictive drug.
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Like the apocryphal child who murdered his parents and then pleaded for sympathy because he'd become an orphan, Purdue first profitably pushed an addictive drug, and then apparently sought to make even more money by treating addictions it helped cause.
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During the announcement, the attorney revealed that Prince was addicted to opioid painkillers; while the pills found in his Paisley Park compound were labeled as Watson 853 (or Vicodin), the medication was counterfeit and laced with the potent and addictive drug fentanyl.
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For example, to productively discuss the opioid abuse crisis, we should ask how our government should regulate doctors who prescribe opioids or pharmacies that distribute them, not when is it morally permissible for an individual to take an opioid (or any addictive) drug.
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North Korea: For Lunar New Year, some reports suggest that people in the country exchanged an unusual gift: crystal meth, a highly addictive drug that the country started manufacturing for export in the 1990s and has since become well-established in local markets.
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The manufacturers of OxyContin not only engaged in a high-pressure, no-holds-barred marketing barrage, but also sought to shift the blame to the people who became addicted to their highly addictive drug, according to a new filing from Massachusetts Attorney General Maura Healey.
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The U.S. government will announce on Thursday that it will allow more research into marijuana but has rejected requests to relax the classification of the substance as a dangerous, highly addictive drug with no medical use, sources with direct knowledge of the matter said.
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A drug policy expert not involved with the study cautioned that the findings do not mean that the reformulation of OxyContin (or other extended-release opioids) was a bad idea — it did, after all, appear to make an addictive drug less prone to misuse.
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SEATTLE (Reuters) - The U.S. government will announce on Thursday that it will allow more research into marijuana but has rejected requests to relax the classification of the substance as a dangerous, highly addictive drug with no medical use, sources with direct knowledge of the matter said.
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" The details: AP adds "[t]he devices heat liquid into an inhalable vapor that's sold in sugary flavors like mango and mint — and often with the addictive drug nicotine... They're marketed to smokers as a safer alternative to traditional cigarettes, but officials say they're making their way to teens with surprising ease.
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"Caffeine is a (mildly) addictive drug, so even small unintentional behaviors like drinking a cup just to have a reason to get up from your desk can quickly become chemically reinforced habits," Knapp and Zeratsky write in their upcoming book, "Make Time: How to Focus on What Matters Every Day, " out on September 25.
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Whereas AI Superpowers focuses on the present and future, Stephen Platt's Imperial Twilight rewinds us back in time to the era of the Opium War, when Western forces led by a fascinating cast of characters from Britain, the U.S., and elsewhere used trade as a tool to force open China's borders, popularize a heavily addictive drug among its people, and engorged on capital flows out of the country in a raw moment of pure political power against an incredibly weakened Qing dynasty.
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D'Spayre created Darklight (also known as "D-Lite"), an addictive drug inducing pain in its victims.
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Saylor believes that legalizing adult-use cannabis in Pennsylvania is a "terrible idea", citing the federal legal status and calling it a "highly addictive drug".
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The 2004 introduction of gleam, an in-game addictive drug, created controversy, angering some players and reviewers who felt it sent an inappropriate message about the consequences of real-world drug use.
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The novel takes its title from a deadly and addictive drug, for which there is no known antidote, which causes instant addiction followed by a long, slow, painful death unless the user continues to take increasingly greater doses.
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She breaks free before Malus can administer the addictive drug, so the Power Broker sends the Grapplers to kill her.Thing #35. Marvel Comics. The Power Broker later kidnaps Demolition- Man, and battles Captain America and the Shroud when they come to rescue him.
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Addiction to certain drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine) is correlated with a persistent reduction in the expression of EAAT2 in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc); the reduced expression of EAAT2 in this region is implicated in addictive drug-seeking behavior. In particular, the long-term dysregulation of glutamate neurotransmission in the NAcc of addicts is associated with an increase in vulnerability to relapse after re-exposure to the addictive drug or its associated drug cues. Drugs which help to normalize the expression of EAAT2 in this region, such as N-acetylcysteine, have been proposed as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of addiction to cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs.
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The nucleus accumbens plays an integral role in addiction. Almost every addictive drug of abuse induces the release of dopamine into the nucleus accumbens. The NAc is particularly important for instrumental learning, including cue-induced reinstatement of drug-seeking behavior. It is also involved in mediating the initial reinforcing effects of addictive drugs.
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G: Methamphetamine on the Navajo Nation, known simply as G is a 2004 independent documentary film directed and produced by Shonie De La Rosa and Larry Blackhorse Lowe. It explores the effect that methamphetamine has had on the Navajo Nation and interviews the people whose lives have been affected by the highly addictive drug.
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Taubes authored The Case Against Sugar in 2016. The book argues that sugar is an addictive drug and is the cause of obesity and many health-related problems. It was positively reviewed by chef and food-writer Dan Barber who described Taubes's writing as "inflammatory and copiously researched".Barber, Dan. (2017). "What Not to Eat: ‘The Case Against Sugar’".
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The primary theme of the six episodes is the opioid crisis in Canada, including a class action lawsuit against a major pharmaceutical company that manufactures a highly addictive drug. In April 2019, the CBC announced that the reboot would not be renewed for a second season."Street Legal reboot cancelled after one season". CBC News, April 6, 2019.
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D'Spayre was also revealed to have infused Cloak and Dagger with portions of his soul, called the Dark Form and Light Form, respectively. He was also revealed to be the creator of the addictive drug called dark-light or "D-Lite" and apparently was consumed by the Dark Form.Cloak and Dagger Vol. 3 #19, Marvel Comics.
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For example, neuronal body size decreased in response to opiates. Although the structural changes in the VTA invoked by exposure to an addictive drug generally disappear after a week or two, the target regions of the VTA, including the NAc, may be where the longer-term changes associated with addiction occur during the development of the addiction.
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Positive and negative reinforcement play central roles in the development and maintenance of addiction and drug dependence. An addictive drug is intrinsically rewarding; that is, it functions as a primary positive reinforcer of drug use. The brain's reward system assigns it incentive salience (i.e., it is "wanted" or "desired"), so as an addiction develops, deprivation of the drug leads to craving.
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Methamphetamine more commonly known as crystal meth, is a highly addictive drug. A fair amount of research indicates that the use of methamphetamine is associated with neurocognitive impairment, more recently there has been a focus on whether these difficulties extend to memory for future intentions.Rendell, P. G., Mazur, M., Henry, J. D. (2009). Prospective memory impairment in former users of methamphetamine.
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Positive and negative reinforcement play central roles in the development and maintenance of addiction and drug dependence. An addictive drug is intrinsically rewarding; that is, it functions as a primary positive reinforcer of drug use. The brain's reward system assigns it incentive salience (i.e., it is "wanted" or "desired"), so as an addiction develops, deprivation of the drug leads to craving.
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Bayer Heroin bottle Heroin (diacetylmorphine), now illegal as an addictive drug, was introduced as a non- addictive substitute for morphine,Moore, Deborah (24 August 2014). "Heroin: A brief history of unintended consequences". Times Union. and trademarked and marketed by Bayer from 1898 to 1910 as a cough suppressant and over-the- counter treatment for other common ailments, including pneumonia and tuberculosis.
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Eddies loses his newborn half-brother and enlists his gang with no name to help him find him. In doing so Eddie discovers that a gang named The Seagulls, which is the nickname for a large number of immigrants fleeing a natural disaster, are distributing a highly addictive drug called Crush. Eddie and his gang try to stop them whilst finding his lost brother in the process.
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Tanya and Grey are killed after fighting Franco, who is then seemingly killed by Curtis and Namgoong. The two along with Yona continue onward. They reach the last car before the engine. Namgoong reveals he and Yona had been collecting Kronole, an addictive drug but also a potent explosive, which he wants to use to blow the door to the outside, believing they can survive.
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In particular, the long-term dysregulation of glutamate neurotransmission in the NAcc of addicts is associated with an increase in vulnerability to relapse after re-exposure to the addictive drug or its associated drug cues. Drugs which help to normalize the expression of EAAT2 in this region, such as N-acetylcysteine, have been proposed as an adjunct therapy for the treatment of addiction to cocaine, nicotine, alcohol, and other drugs.
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Nicotine is the addictive drug in tobacco products. According to the research consensus, many of the constituents of tobacco smoke are carcinogenic. Nicotine itself has not been shown to be carcinogenic, but it has been suggested that it may cause more favorable conditions for cancerous growth. The drawback to NRT products is that they don't cure an individual's addiction to nicotine, but simply substitute cigarettes with an alternative nicotine delivery vehicle.
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Nicotiana tabacum (cultivated tobacco) plants growing in Intercourse, Pennsylvania. Tobacco is the agricultural product of the leaves of plants in the genus Nicotiana. All species of Nicotiana contain the addictive drug nicotine—a stimulant and sedative contained in all parts of the plants except the seeds—which occurs in varying amounts depending on the species and variety cultivated. See types of tobacco and curing of tobacco for more information.
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On the Upper East Side, White Mike, once a wealthy, carefree teenager, now struggles to scrape out a living as a pot dealer; he deals to his former classmates. His mother died a year prior, her treatment consuming his family's wealth and leaving Mike emotionally scarred. Mike's good friend, Molly, does not know he is a drug dealer. Mike's supplier, Lionel, also deals with addictive drug cocktail "Twelve" to Mike's cousin, Charlie.
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Benzodiazepines are regarded as a highly addictive drug class. A psychological and physical dependence can develop in as short as a few weeks but may take years to develop in other individuals. Patients wanting to withdraw from benzodiazepines typically receive little advice or support, and such withdrawal should be by small increments over a period of months. Benzodiazepines are usually prescribed only short-term, as there is little justification for their prescribing long-term.
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Mentat capabilities can be greatly increased by taking sapho juice, an addictive drug extracted from roots found on Ecaz. Repeated use leaves a permanent "cranberry-colored stain" on the user's lips. In Dune (1965), House Atreides Mentat Thufir Hawat is considered to be one of the finest Mentats of his time, and his protégé Paul Atreides, is trained as a Mentat. Twisted Mentat Piter De Vries serves as advisor and strategist to the Baron Vladimir Harkonnen in Dune.
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People may continue to use steroids despite going through physical problems, and can cause family issues just like any other addictive drug. These behaviors show steroids' addictive potential. Research has found that some steroid users turn to other drugs, such as opioids, to reduce sleep problems and irritability caused by steroids. People who abuse steroids may go through withdrawal symptoms such as mood swings, fatigue, restlessness, loss of appetite, sleep problems, decrease of sex drive, and steroid cravings.
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The unnamed first-person narrator's spaceship crash-lands on Mars. His companion perishes in the crash, and he is stranded alone on Mars. He soon meets the planet's inhabitants, who have the faces of cats but otherwise appear human, and is captured by some of these cats and meets the leader of the group, called Scorpion, a landlord who owns a plantation of "reverie leaves", an addictive drug reminiscent of opium that is used by all cats.Isaacson, p.
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The assignment of incentive salience to stimuli is dysregulated in addiction. Addictive drugs are intrinsically rewarding (i.e., pleasurable) and therefore function as primary positive reinforcers of continued drug use that are assigned incentive salience. During the development of an addiction, the repeated association of otherwise neutral and even non-rewarding stimuli with drug consumption triggers an associative learning process that causes these previously neutral stimuli to act as conditioned positive reinforcers of addictive drug use (i.e.
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There are a number of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction, that vary across the population. Genetic and environmental risk factors each account for roughly half of an individual's risk for developing an addiction; the contribution from epigenetic risk factors to the total risk is unknown. Even in individuals with a relatively low genetic risk, exposure to sufficiently high doses of an addictive drug for a long period of time (e.g., weeks–months) can result in an addiction.
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Mother Russia Bleeds is set in an alternate 1980s Soviet Union ruled by the Russian Mafia. Four Ruska Romani working for a man named Mikhail make money by street fighting in the slums. In the midst of a bout, government forces raid the operation and kidnap the four 'Gypsies'. The party wakes up a month later in an underground laboratory built under a government prison, where they have been made guinea pigs for the concoction of an addictive drug called Nekro.
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Pinch are actually the parents of a king who uses an addictive drug to control people. This same king is the one who sent the four cloaked horsemen, known as the Tonton, to kidnap Lugh. Not only are more plans made to rescue Lugh, but more conflict ensues and a romance develops between Saba and Jack. In the end, she manages to rescue Lugh but Epona (a Free Hawk), and Ike (a friend of Jack's), die near the ending of the book.
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According to the National Institute on Drug Abuse, 1 in 5 preventable deaths, in the United States, is caused by tobacco use. Nicotine is the addictive drug found in most tobacco products and is easily absorbed by the bloodstream of the body. Despite common misconceptions regarding the relaxing effects of tobacco and nicotine use, behavioral testing in animals has demonstrated nicotine to have an anxiogenic effect. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) have been identified as the primary site for nicotine activity and regulate consequent cellular polarization.
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Loss of the Na+-dependent glutamate transporter EAAT2 is suspected to be associated with neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's disease, and ALS–parkinsonism dementia complex. Also, degeneration of motor neurons in the disease amyotrophic lateral sclerosis has been linked to loss of EAAT2 from patients' brains and spinal cords. Addiction to certain addictive drugs (e.g., cocaine, heroin, alcohol, and nicotine) is correlated with a persistent reduction in the expression of EAAT2 in the nucleus accumbens (NAcc); the reduced expression of EAAT2 in this region is implicated in addictive drug- seeking behavior.
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Chronic addictive drug use causes alterations in gene expression in the mesocorticolimbic projection. The most important transcription factors that produce these alterations are ΔFosB, cAMP response element binding protein (CREB), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). ΔFosB is the most significant biomolecular mechanism in addiction because the overexpression of ΔFosB in the D1-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens is necessary and sufficient for many of the neural adaptations and behavioral effects (e.g., expression-dependent increases in drug self- administration and reward sensitization) seen in drug addiction.
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In human drug addicts, "wanting" becomes dissociated with "liking" as the desire to use an addictive drug increases, while the pleasure obtained from consuming it decreases due to drug tolerance. Within the brain, dopamine functions partly as a global reward signal. An initial dopamine response to a rewarding stimulus encodes information about the salience, value, and context of a reward. In the context of reward-related learning, dopamine also functions as a reward prediction error signal, that is, the degree to which the value of a reward is unexpected.
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Addiction vulnerability is an individual's risk of developing an addiction during his or her lifetime. There are a range of genetic and environmental risk factors for developing an addiction that vary across the population. Genetic and environmental risk factors each account for roughly half of an individual's risk for developing an addiction; the contribution from epigenetic (inheritable traits) risk factors to the total risk is unknown. Even in individuals with a relatively low genetic risk, exposure to sufficiently high doses of an addictive drug for a long period of time (e.g.
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Before it could be executed, however, the authorities rushed him to St Nicholas Island off the coast of Plymouth. His brother and uncle won Harrington's release to the fort at Plymouth by posting a £5000 bond. Thereafter, his general state of health quickly deteriorated, perhaps from his ingestion on medical advice of the addictive drug guaiacum.tincture of the lingum resin of a West Indies tree, "best known as a remedy in gout and rheumatism and as a diuretic." see John Henry Clarke, M.D., Dictionary of Practical Materia Medica.
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Substance dependence, also known as drug dependence, is an adaptive state that develops from repeated drug administration, and which results in withdrawal upon cessation of drug use. A drug addiction, a distinct concept from substance dependence, is defined as compulsive, out-of-control drug use, despite negative consequences. An addictive drug is a drug which is both rewarding and reinforcing. ΔFosB, a gene transcription factor, is now known to be a critical component and common factor in the development of virtually all forms of behavioral and drug addictions, but not dependence.
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Kaz Brekker, a 17-year-old infamous thief known throughout the streets of Ketterdam as "Dirtyhands", is promised a very large sum of money to rescue Bo Yul-Bayur, a Shu scientist, from the Ice Court in Fjerda. Bo Yul-Bayur has discovered jurda parem, a lethally addictive drug that greatly enhances the powers of the Grisha, people with magical abilities. However, the Ice Court is the most highly protected place in all of Fjerda, and Kaz can't infiltrate it by himself; he needs a crew. He recruits a group of criminals and misfits who each bring a different skillset to the heist.
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Chronic addictive drug use causes alterations in gene expression in the mesocorticolimbic projection, which arise through transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms. The most important transcription factors that produce these alterations are ΔFosB, cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) response element binding protein (CREB), and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). ΔFosB is the most significant biomolecular mechanism in addiction because the overexpression of ΔFosB in the D1-type medium spiny neurons in the nucleus accumbens is necessary and sufficient for many of the neural adaptations and behavioral effects (e.g., expression- dependent increases in drug self-administration and reward sensitization) seen in drug addiction.
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The Man with the Golden Arm is a 1955 American drama film with elements of film noir, based on the novel of the same name by Nelson Algren. It recounts the story of a drug addict who gets clean while in prison, but struggles to stay that way in the outside world. Although the addictive drug is never identified in the film, according to the American Film Institute "most contemporary and modern sources assume that it is heroin", in contrast to Algren's book which named the drug as morphine. The film stars Frank Sinatra, Eleanor Parker, Kim Novak, Arnold Stang and Darren McGavin.
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Environmental risk factors for addiction are the experiences of an individual during their lifetime that interact with the individual's genetic composition to increase or decrease his or her vulnerability to addiction. A number of different environmental factors have been implicated as risk factors for addiction, including various psychosocial stressors. The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) cites lack of parental supervision, the prevalence of peer substance use, drug availability, and poverty as risk factors for substance use among children and adolescents. The brain disease model of addiction posits that an individual's exposure to an addictive drug is the most significant environmental risk factor for addiction.
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In the early 20th century, the public becomes aware of people with superhuman abilities, known as Powers, resulting in the government passing a law requiring all Powers to register their abilities. They quickly become a key component of the economy, notably in constructing Lincoln City as the "City of Tomorrow." As the Second Industrial Revolution begins, Powers are marginalized in the face of increasing mechanization, leading to severe prejudice as they become second- class citizens. By the 1990s, a crime syndicate known as The Trust has flooded the streets with an addictive drug called Psyke, made from the spinal fluid of desperate or trafficked Powers.
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In the 1890s, the man many call Manco is a bounty hunter, a profession shared by a former army officer, Colonel Douglas Mortimer. Eventually, the two learn that a ruthless, cold-blooded bank robber, "El Indio," has been broken out of prison by his gang, slaughtering all but one of his jailers. While murdering the family of the man who captured him, Indio carries a musical pocketwatch that he had taken from a young woman, who had shot herself as he was raping her, after he had murdered her husband. The incident has haunted Indio, and he smokes an addictive drug to cloud his memory.
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Fortuna is also a smuggler of an illicit substance called spice, and is one of the first to widely sell a highly addictive drug called ryll from Ryloth to other planets. This brings Ryloth to the attention of the Galactic Empire, and leads to a planetwide breakdown of order. Fortuna becomes infamous as a result, and is sentenced to death on his home planet, but he escapes and flees to the planet Tatooine. There he becomes the head of Jabba the Hutt's smuggling operations for a drug called glitterstim, the first in a series of successively more prominent positions that eventually leads him to becoming Jabba's majordomo.
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Black Lightning#1 When Black Lightning meets with Joey Toledo, Merlyn also appears after being hired by Toledo to kill Black Lightning. Their fight is crashed by Talia al Ghul and the League of Assassins who are after Merlyn since he left the group after failing to kill Batman. The resulting battle ended with Joey Toledo being killed by a League of Assassins operative. Afterwards, Pierce is so successful in avenging Earl's death that Tobias is sent to jail.Black Lightning #2-3 When he breaks out of prison some months later, he teams up with Syonide II in order to distribute a new highly addictive drug.
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" Concerned that violence in the Xinjiang region could damage social stability in the rest of China, Xi stated "social stability will suffer shocks, the general unity of people of every ethnicity will be damaged, and the broad outlook for reform, development and stability will be affected." Xi encouraged officials to study how the US responded following the September 11 attacks. Xi likened Islamic extremism alternately to a virus-like contagion and a dangerously addictive drug, and declared that addressing it would require “a period of painful, interventionary treatment.” The China Daily reported in 2018 that CCP official Wang Yongzhi was removed for "serious disciplinary violations.
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According to Kenneth M. Pollack, a former CIA intelligence analyst, the book is "smart, thoughtful and balanced, and the English translation is superb", while it fails to "answer ... the problem of terrorism", and offers no end to it. Pollack describes the end of the book as showing targeted killing is like an addictive drug which just cures the "worst symptom (terrorism) of a terrible disease (Palestinian anger)" but does not cure the disease itself. The book is described by Ethan Bronner, a senior editor at Bloomberg News, as "the first comprehensive look at Israel's use of state-sponsored killings," and as a "meticulously researched book" by Charles Glass, an author, journalist, broadcaster and publisher specialising in the Middle East.
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They survived the fall but their barrel became stuck at the bottom of the falls, requiring a rescue. On September 28, 1989, Niagara natives Peter DeBernardi (age 42) and Jeffery James Petkovich (age 25) became the first "team" to make it over the falls in a two-person barrel. The stunt was conceived by DeBenardi, who wanted to discourage youth from following in his path of addictive drug use. The pair emerged shortly after going over with minor injuries and were charged with performing an illegal stunt under the Niagara Parks Act. On June 5, 1990, Jesse Sharp, a whitewater canoeist from Tennessee paddled over the falls in a closed deck canoe.
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GluA2-lacking AMPARs are, thus, said to have an inwardly rectifying I/V curve, which means that they pass less outward current than inward current at equivalent distance from the reversal potential. Calcium permeable AMPARs are found typically early during postnatal development, on some interneurons or in dopamine neurons of the ventral tegmental area after the exposure to an addictive drug. Alongside RNA editing, alternative splicing allows a range of functional AMPA receptor subunits beyond what is encoded in the genome. In other words, although one gene (GRIA1–GRIA4) is encoded for each subunit (GluA1–GluA4), splicing after transcription from DNA allows some exons to be translated interchangeably, leading to several functionally different subunits from each gene.
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Enki, a figure of legend, developed a counter-virus (known as the nam-shub of Enki) which when delivered stopped the Sumerian language from being processed by the brain and led to the development of other, less literal languages, giving birth to the Babel myth. L. Bob Rife had been collecting Sumerian artifacts and developed the drug Snow Crash in order to make the public vulnerable to new forms of me which he would control. The physical form of the virus is distributed in the form of an addictive drug and within Reverend Wayne's church via infected blood. There is also a digital version to which hackers are especially vulnerable as they are accustomed to processing information in binary form.
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Max and Mona Sax (Mila Kunis), Natasha's sister, visit Natasha's tattoo parlour, where the tattoo artist tells them Natasha's tattoo represents the wings of a Valkyrie, which, in Norse mythology, are creatures that decide the fate of warriors in battle. Max then goes to take some of Michelle's belongings out of storage and ends up discovering that documents from when she worked at the Aesir Corporation have gone missing. Max interrogates Michelle's former supervisor, Jason Colvin (Chris O'Donnell), in his office at Aesir and learns that Michelle was associated with a military contract to create super-soldiers using the highly addictive drug Valkyr. Only a few subjects showed positive results; the rest saw hallucinations and eventually went insane, so the project was terminated.
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Chronic addictive drug exposure results in ΔFosB-mediated repression of G9a and reduced H3K9 dimethylation in the nucleus accumbens, which in turn causes dendritic arborization, altered synaptic protein expression, and increased drug seeking behavior. In contrast, accumbal G9a hyperexpression results in markedly increased H3K9 dimethylation and blocks the induction of this neural and behavioral plasticity by chronic drug use, which occurs via H3K9me2-mediated repression of transcription factors for ΔFosB and H3K9me2-mediated repression of various ΔFosB transcriptional targets (e.g., CDK5). Figure 4: Epigenetic basis of drug regulation of gene expression Due to the involvement of H3K9me2 in these feedback loops and the central pathophysiological role of ΔFosB overexpression as the mechanistic trigger for addiction, the reduction of accumbal H3K9me2 following repeated drug exposure directly mediates the development of drug addictions.
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After discovering that Elijah is using the bodies of kidnapped children to create an addictive drug called Bliss, the Titans promptly kill the gangster and shut down his operation. As the Titans are preparing to return to the Labyrinth, Cheshire notices that Slade has tied up DJ Molecule, a powerful metahuman who was working for Elijah as a bodyguard. When asked what he is doing with the young man, Slade cryptically responds by saying that he only accepted the mission in order capture Molecule for some unknown purpose.Titans (vol. 2) #27 Afterward, Slade and his team arrive at South Pacific Island to kill cult leader Drago over the arena production of blind warriors; however, his team, Arsenal, and Cheshire betray him, revealing that they had been working with Drago.
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Rather than let Miguel leave, Tyler Stone tricks him into taking Rapture, an addictive drug that genetically bonds to the user. Tyler reminds Miguel that only Alchemax is allowed to legally distribute this drug, so if O'Hara does not remain with the corporation then Tyler must assume he is getting the drug from the black market and will be forced to tell the police. Not wishing to be a blackmailed addict, Miguel recalls that he entered his own genetic code into his machine's databanks during initial experiments, using it as a human DNA test sample. Intending to use this older template of his pure genetic code to write over his current biology and free himself from the Rapture, Miguel sneaks into Alchemax and uses the gene alteration machines on himself.
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This claim has been criticised by independent researchers. Self medicating is a very common precursor to full addictions and the habitual use of any addictive drug has been demonstrated to greatly increase the risk of addiction to additional substances due to long-term neuronal changes. Addiction to any/every drug of abuse tested so far has been correlated with an enduring reduction in the expression of GLT1 (EAAT2) in the nucleus accumbens and is implicated in the drug-seeking behavior expressed nearly universally across all documented addiction syndromes. This long-term dysregulation of glutamate transmission is associated with an increase in vulnerability to both relapse-events after re-exposure to drug-use triggers as well as an overall increase in the likelihood of developing addiction to other reinforcing drugs.
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In 2000, the same year he was named to the board of directors of Bradley Pharmaceuticals, Fuisz founded International Fluidics, another firm dedicated primarily to oral drug delivery systems; its name was changed to Kosmos Pharma in 2002. In order to acquire Fuisz's patents covering oral film strip technology, 'postage stamps' that dissolve instantly on the tongue, Kosmos was purchased by Monosol LLC in 2004, and Fuisz's son Joseph was named Monosol's senior Vice President. Meanwhile, Fuisz continued to develop and secure patents through his family- owned private company, Fuisz LLC; in addition to health care innovations such as vaginal drug delivery, thin-film-based smokeless tobacco and e-cigarettes, and systems for monitoring addictive drug compliance, Fuisz LLC also holds patents on wristwatches protected by encryption, computer vision (including face and object recognition) and e-commerce, among other diverse technological fields.
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Pendergast explains everything in great detail: the Kothoga legend claimed that Mbwun was given to them by Satan in order to slay their enemies in battle, when in actuality, the Kothoga created the Mbwun by feeding a human the strange plant that Whittlesey had discovered and shipped back to the museum. Eating the plant resulted in the human subject's undergoing the transformation process into the creature known as Mbwun, larger, faster, stronger, and slightly smarter. However, the Mbwun subsequently needed a consistent supply of the plant in order to survive, like an addictive drug. When the tepui where the Kothoga and Mbwun lived was completely destroyed, the Mbwun knew the last surviving samples of the plant were in the crates Whittlesey had shipped back, and thus, it followed the crates all the way to New York.
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According to NIH: The physical/psychological addiction dichotomy is reflected in the Controlled Substances Act's criteria for drug scheduling. Placement in Schedule III, for instance, requires a finding that "abuse of the drug or other substance may lead to moderate or low physical dependence or high psychological dependence." The view espoused by former NIDA director Alan I. Leshner, which places more emphasis on the "compulsive, uncontrollable" aspect of addictive drug use than on physical withdrawal symptoms, explains NIDA's differing treatment of morphine and cannabis. Morphine is physically addictive, and users of heroin and other opiate-derived drugs become physically and psychologically dependent on the high from the opiates, which drives them to seek the drug and perform acts they might not normally engage in (like exchanging drugs for sex acts or sharing needles with another user) .
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Cross-sensitization is a phenomenon in which sensitization to a stimulus is generalized to a related stimulus, resulting in the amplification of a particular response to both the original stimulus and the related stimulus. For example, cross-sensitization to the neural and behavioral effects of addictive drugs are well characterized, such as sensitization to the locomotor response of a stimulant resulting in cross- sensitization to the motor-activating effects of other stimulants. Similarly, reward sensitization to a particular addictive drug often results in reward cross-sensitization, which entails sensitization to the rewarding property of other addictive drugs in the same drug class or even certain natural rewards. In animals, cross-sensitization has been established between the consumption of many different types of drugs of abuse – in line with the gateway drug theory – and also between sugar consumption and the self-administration of drugs of abuse.
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The Vom is an intergalactic intelligence described as a large black blob resembling a gigantic amoeba, impervious to almost all energy and physical attack. Following years of battle with the Tar-Aiym it has sheltered on a planet where it has gone dormant for 500,000 years, waiting for an opportunity to escape the Tar-Aiym Guardian orbiting in space above it. Carmot MMYM, a commander in the AAnn Empire, discovers the Vom and brings it to the planet Repler for study at a concealed AAnn base+. Lieutenants Kitten “Kitty” Kai- sung, a female human, and Porsupah, a male Tolian, have been sent by the Intelligence Arm of the United Church to Repler to investigate the newly re- established trade in the drug bloodhype (also known as "jaster", "silly salt", "brain-up", and "phinto") as the most deadly and addictive drug in and outside the Humanx Commonwealth.
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Six years later in the proper sequel entitled Trancers II, which is set in the year 1991, Jack, Lena, and Ashby later came under threat from Whistler's brother, Dr. E.D. Wardo. Wardo had begun trancing mental patients and homeless people using an addictive drug from the future called Scurbosa, which he was growing in a nearby greenhouse using smuggled seeds. In order to stop Wardo, Jack and company were aided by Deth’s old supervisor McNulty (returning in the body of his ancestor, now a teenage girl) and Jack’s first wife, Alice Stillwell, who had been resurrected by altering the course of history, to try to help Jack stop Wardo’s Trancer farm, and while in the hospital, she escaped captivity, still trapped inside the body of her ancestor, who just happened to be a mental patient herself. Alice's presence served a purpose: The council wanted Jack to return to Angel City, as a council seat awaited him.
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Almost all drugs with a known potential for abuse have been found to modulate activity (directly or indirectly) in the mesolimbic dopamine system, which includes and connects the ventral tegmental area in the midbrain to the hippocampus, medial prefrontal cortex, and amygdala in the forebrain; as well as the nucleus accumbens in the ventral striatum of the basal ganglia.Pierce, R. C., & Kumaresan, V. (2006). The mesolimbic dopamine system: The final common pathway for the reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse? Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews,30(2), 215–238. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.04.016 In particular, the nucleus accumbens (NAc) plays an important role in integrating experiential memory from the hippocampus, emotion from the amygdala, and contextual information from the PFC to help associate particular stimuli or behaviors with feelings of pleasure and reward; continuous activation of this reward indicator system by an addictive drug can also cause previously neutral stimuli to be encoded as cues that the brain is about to receive a reward.
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