Anabolic steroids are also a widely abused substance among athletes. These aid athletes in faster training and recovery time, but may also have psychiatric side effects like irritability and mood swings. Substance abuse is a concern among elite athletes.
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The most commonly abused substance in Texas is alcohol. The rate of binge drinking in males in Texas is comparable to that of males in the United States. In 2017, 22.4% of adult males in Texas reported binge drinking, as compared to 22.1% of males in the United States. Less than 12% of females adults in Texas reported binge drinking.
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Cocaine has been an illicit and abused substance for many years. Coca leaves, the source of cocaine, was previously (and still is) used in the Andes for the sole purpose of religious ceremonies. But, after the invasion of the Spanish and the exportation of coca leaves to the colonies, cocaine was used for both medicinal and recreational purposes. From the late 1800s to the early 1900s, cocaine was a popular drug widely used by the white middle-class.
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"Alcohol consumption is recognized worldwide as a leading risk factor for disease, disability, and death" and is rated as the most used and abused substance by adolescences. Adolescence is a transitional stage of physical and psychological changes, usually a time in a person life in which they go through puberty.Schindler, A. G., Tsutsui, K. T. and Clark, J. J. (2014), Chronic Alcohol Intake During Adolescence, but not Adulthood, Promotes Persistent Deficits in Risk-Based Decision Making. Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 38: 1622–1629.
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Among countries with the highest rates of use of methylphenidate medication is Iceland, where research shows that the drug was the most commonly abused substance among intravenous substance abusers. The study involved 108 intravenous substance abusers and 88% of them had injected methylphenidate within the last 30 days and for 63% of them, methylphenidate was the most preferred substance. Treatment of ADHD by way of methylphenidate has led to legal actions, including malpractice suits regarding informed consent, inadequate information on side effects, misdiagnosis, and coercive use of medications by school systems.
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Cannabis in Kenya is commonly available in joints that cost anywhere from 10 shillings to 100 shillings. According to a 1991 study, cannabis is the third-to-most abused substance in Kenya, after alcohol and tobacco. According to a 2012 study by the National Agency for the Campaign Against Drug Abuse (NACADA), the incidence of cannabis consumption was higher among men, the unemployed, and those residing in more developed areas, although consumption in rural areas was also increasing. The study also found that the most common users of cannabis in Kenya were aged 18 to 25 years.
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Adderall is a drug that affects the central nervous system and is prescribed to individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and/or narcolepsy. This drug is commonly misused by college students as a "study drug," although research suggests that stimulants are more efficient at correcting shortfalls than enhancing performance. Adderall is a highly abused substance among students in higher education because it prevents the reuptake of dopamine, allowing college students to stay up all day or night and remain alert. The effects of recreational use are exhaustion and an accumulation of “sleep debt.” Furthermore, frequent use of adderall during the day and night can lead to sleep deprivation and insomnia.
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