For an 80-proof liquor, that crystallization starts at about -23C.
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"It is an inner journey which can look like a crystallization," he explains.
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I think it's the #MeToo movement, but also the crystallization of things before that.
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It is the crystallization of an extraordinary moment in the halls of American finance.
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Chris Ritson works through the crystallization process though the use of the mineral bismuth.
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Over the years, Libbrecht's painstaking observations have yielded insights into the snow crystallization process.
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Landau's work involves other salt crystallization pieces, too, which you can see on her website.
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We incorporated our signature crystallization into a jumpsuit design that would showcase Kylie's infamous curves.
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Was conceptualizing the album also a gradual process or was there a moment of crystallization?
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In solvent crystallization, solid materials are dissolved in a solution like water or another liquid.
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Cronin likened such a device to a reusable chemical hand warmer, which also runs on crystallization.
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Perhaps it is the crystallization of an attitude into a habit, a far more tenacious evil.
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That's the single most powerful crystallization of the law's careful balancing of capitalism and public utility.
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All of them should be developed: It should be like a crystallization of the whole concept.
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Melodies shimmer in a fog coming just to the verge of of crystallization before evaporating entirely.
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There's been indirect observation of the crystallization, but scientists now claim to have observed the process directly.
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When these ice crystals encounter still-liquid supercooled droplets, they act as nucleation points triggering further crystallization.
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"It's amazing to look at the control these animals exert over the crystallization process," Palmer tells Axios.
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She explained how the stone came into being—about Barragán's relatives, the exhumation, and the crystallization process.
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The Creators Project: In Spit Crystal, you take saliva and, using a crystallization process, turn it into crystals.
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This crystallization and resistant starch levels were the highest in the bread stored at around 38 degrees Fahrenheit.
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Just check out the stunning crystallization process of things like potassium chromate, sodium chloride, ammonium chloride, and more.
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The evaporation of water initiated the crystallization processes inside the droplets, which were captured by time-lapse photography.
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But so far, microgravity offers the best environment to prevent the density separations and avoid the costly crystallization.
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Many pharmaceuticals rely on crystallization too, and any alteration in those structures can change the drug's therapeutic effects.
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But that story isn't and shouldn't be the be-all end-all crystallization defining Azzarello's view on women.
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Now if you have five different components—throw in quarters, throw in dimes, whatever—that inhibits crystallization even further.
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The slogan has been described by his son and successor, Kim Jong Un, as the "crystallization of socialist patriotism".
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"Bitcoin presented the broad strokes vision, and Ethereum presented the crystallization of how to deliver that vision," he said.
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But there are other possible processes to explain their formation, including a crystallization process they're still studying, Telfer says.
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More than a mere chain of upscale hostels, Roam signals the crystallization of a moment long in the making.
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That's because the crystallization of ice has prevented researchers from understanding what happens to liquid water at these cold temperatures.
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Once their decryptor figured out the way in which the algorithm generated numbers, the crystallization method took longer to crack.
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Jessica's unhinged spiral into Messica is the beating heart of the show, a perfect crystallization of its hilarious, delectable sloppiness.
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It is then melted, tempered (a controlled crystallization that gives the chocolate the proper texture), and finally molded into bars.
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These scientists built a robotic system that uses the process of crystallization to create random strings of numbers and encrypt information.
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It's a perfect crystallization of the show's ability to pivot from silly to serious so quickly that it causes emotional whiplash.
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Muret is an expert in crystallization, which is the essential and most challenging final step in the process of making chocolate.
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Water prefers to be a crystal at temperatures below its freezing point, but scientists can build systems which prevent that crystallization.
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People will write big missives in email or in these channels and that is great for crystallization of their own thinking.
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There has been a "crystallization of criticism among some power-brokers against government performance" since Buhari came to power, Mesdoua said.
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Wade during his time in office, seeing the development of Kennedy's retirement as a crystallization of their hopes for his presidency.
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"Avoiding crystallization is a dark art," said Paddy Royall, a glass physicist at the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom.
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"What we saw in 2016 and 2018 is what we call a crystallization of partisanship among Asian American Democrats," Ramakrishnan says.
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A paper we published in 2012 rigorously connected the Ginzburg-Landau problem of vortices with a crystallization problem for the first time.
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By introducing the threat of violence, the book amplifies everyday domestic concerns, producing a kind of crystallization of the experience of parenthood.
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On the other side of the world, romanticized imagery of the Holy unknown is reinterpreted through crystallization by Australian artist Kyle Montgomery.
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"And we know that it could have existed all the way back to just after that crystallization and solidification" of the planet's crust.
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In the end, it was a battle between aspiration and pragmatism, a crystallization of the struggle between the party's left and moderate factions.
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But it's exciting stuff—this would imply that many white dwarfs could be older than scientists thought, since the crystallization slows the aging process.
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Irons's voice is key to making the song a crystallization of Scar's myopic, grand ambition — there are several references to coups, succession, and injustice.
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This small-town conflict between students and local residents is a crystallization of national debates around race relations and the limits of free speech.
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The clearest example is Claremont's crystallization of Magneto's motivations, showing how his religion and his background as a Holocaust survivor shaped his world view.
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It's a crystallization of the chaos and incompetence that has defined his first term, and a fitting end to his ninth week as president.
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The naturally occurring phenomena of crystallization is a time-sensitive process that requires just as much patience as it does a love for science.
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"I think, for me, for this specific look to be on Lizzo is the best crystallization of our intention," Katrantzou said at the time.
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He was the crystallization of a culture of racism that not only daily endangers black Americans but that also bolsters white privilege of all sorts.
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He became fascinated by minerals and crystallization, scoured local markets for his budding collection and obsessed over royal jewelry in the magazine Point de Vue.
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For years, she struck the balance between sterility and sexuality, and "....Baby One More Time," as her first outing, is the purest possible crystallization of that.
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These kinds of accessories are the crystallization of our emotions and a way of communicating something special to another person without actually saying anything at all.
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"The results support our positive view on the structural growth of music streaming, self-help at Canal+ as well as value crystallization opportunities," Goldman Sachs analysts said.
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But recent advancements in the detectors used to image virus samples have allowed researchers to skip the crystallization technique, and work only with unmodified, albeit frozen, samples.
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YOU KNOW, IT'S KIND OF A CRYSTALLIZATION OF ALL OF OUR WORK, BUT ALSO A MOMENT TO JUST LOOK FORWARD AND BE REALLY EXCITED ABOUT THE FUTURE.
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Sabrina Ratté: This video slowly evolved through live performances with Le Révélateur; with each concert it took a different form, and eventually some kind of crystallization happened.
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The Dutch fashion designer Iris van Herpen, in her 210 collection "Crystallization," was the first person to send a 2100-D-printed haute couture garment down the runway.
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One way to tell it's not the real thing is crystallization; tupelo's high ratio of fructose to glucose makes it the only unfiltered honey that doesn't form crystals.
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Bataller was inspired to develop an accessible technique that could demonstrate Wigner crystallization, which is a pattern that forms when electrons experience a very specific set of conditions.
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These minerals are common on Earth but rare on the Moon, and the crystallization patterns suggest they were formed in an environment that matches Earth's temperatures and oxidation levels.
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Arnold explained that cryo-concentration is when you chill a liquor below its crystallization point, then filter out the frozen crystals before they melt (he uses a French press).
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" And, episode three, "The End of the World" contains, in one line, a perfect crystallization of the Gorgon that is Renata Klein: "You deconstructed my little girl into a coma.
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Crystallization is a dramatic switch from the liquid phase, in which molecules are disordered and free flowing, to the crystal phase, in which molecules are locked in a regular, repeating pattern.
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In a recent paper, Singh and a coauthor identified a new mechanism that might underlie crystal growth in solvents, as opposed to the phase-change crystallization of Libbrecht's snow and ice.
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Number 1 Angel, the mixtape she released this year after a number of label difficulties with her as-yet-unheard second album, may well be the perfect crystallization of why that is.
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What's more, the research suggests that the sky is full of stars that are undergoing or have completed crystallization and that our own Sun will one day transform into a crystal as well.
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Water loss mainly, but also crystallization, are two of the driving factors behind staling bread, researcher Mario Martinez Martinez from the Whistler Center for Carbohydrate Research at Purdue University in Indiana, told Gizmodo.
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And that means crooning about paradises and war zones — a figurative crystallization of what Zayn says it's like to have sex with Zayn — in "Pillowtalk," his first solo offering since departing One Direction.
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Maddon's refusal to even consider Reidy-Russell's perspective, then, is the perfect crystallization of how the sports world simply ignores victims as anything other than the reason an athlete finds himself in trouble.
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Cronin and his co-authors designed a simple robot that views an array of crystallization chambers with a webcam and converts some of the features it sees into a string of ones and zeroes.
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Word of the Day : acid or granitic glass formed by the rapid cooling of lava without crystallization; usually dark, but transparent in thin pieces _________ The word obsidian has appeared in 12 articles on nytimes.
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This is partly a result of political crystallization: studies suggest that political attitudes are shaped relatively early on by social and political climates, and then tend to crystalize rather than shifting radically throughout voters' lifetimes.
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After analyzing the brightness and color spectrum of these stars, they found that there was an excessive number of white dwarfs with characteristics matching those predicted of white dwarfs undergoing crystallization half a century ago.
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The main factors that, individually or collectively, could lead to a negative rating action are: --Fiscal deterioration or crystallization of contingent liabilities leading to weakening in public debt dynamics; --A deterioration in medium-term growth prospects.
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The part that knocked the wind out of me about the bug thing wasn't really the story itself, it was the crystallization of how desperately, comically far we are from taking it, or anything, seriously as a planet.
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You've absolutely heard its deathless, Halsey-featuring follow-up "Closer," which was the Chainsmokers' first number one single as well as a moment of aesthetic crystallization, its purposefully anti-climactic hook nonetheless becoming massive in its own way.
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"The combination of our visions, ideas and passion could result in something I had wanted to do for a long time: combine the clips created from the crystallization of tears with a uniquely composed musical piece," says Mikkers.
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Currently, I'm collaborating with Science Gallery London who has allowed me to work alongside salivary researchers from Kings College, to investigate the crystallization process, and whether or not the geometries in the crystal could give insight about the donor's health.
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Why it matters: The process of crystallization, similar to water turning into ice but occurring at far higher temperatures (about 10 million degrees Celsius), slows the cooling of these stars, potentially making them billions of years older than originally thought.
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It was, for them, sudden and awful, and it was such a crystallization of the problem — the fact that they were having this party in June 2010, celebrating 20 years of BP sponsorship, while the Deepwater Horizon spill was ongoing.
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The finale was the perfect crystallization of this beautifully disturbed piece of reality television, a series that was focused on determining whether people could fall in love and marry someone they'd never met face-to-face in just 38 days.
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"Along with recent announcements of new server deals with Cisco/Tencent and the crystallization of our 73nm [nanometer] AMD versus 10nm Intel thesis, we are increasingly confident in upside to AMD shares," analyst Matthew Ramsay said in a note to clients Thursday.
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Beijing's foods are in many ways a crystallization of this capital's long history, its rich tapestry of immigrants and travelers, its place at the center of East Asian culture, and its role as the vortex into which ambitious chefs have been inexorably drawn.
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The player the gun game turns you into wants the novelty, the constant change, and when the gun game goes away as a limited mode and recedes back into the development morass, we'll be left here desiring that kernel of Call of Duty crystallization.
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Rex Tillerson was a great crystallization of just how bad it can get in terms of a secretary of state who firewalled himself from all of the experts in the building who presided over these incredibly deep budget cuts, who really was seen as the willing executioner of the State Department.
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Such a caper should have been impossible to pull off, but Welford and Short knew that Mitsubishi had overlooked a major security flaw within its finishing department: No one seemed to keep careful track of the number of polysilicon rods that made their way from the crystallization furnace to the cardboard shipping cartons.
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It was the crystallization of a theme that has emerged louder than ever over the past several years among a c-suite that for much of the last half century tried to avoid politics and considered its role in society in simple terms: delivering profits to shareholders, often at the expense of other constituencies.
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In Claremont and artist Brent Anderson's God Loves, Man Kills graphic novel, you see this distinct crystallization of Magneto's viewpoint and the clash with what the X-Men believe: Magneto believes that mutants need to rule over men (how strong this viewpoint comes across depends on who's writing him) because he knows that they're capable of genocide.
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The personal tragedy does not remain personal: It is, in his case, a crystallization of the human condition under stress, a process that had begun in Borbely's work before the murders, and one that was immediately linked in his mind with Christianity, Judaism, the struggle with historical poverty, and an understanding of human helplessness and violence.
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"As of now there is one (5.3 billion ringgit) bond outstanding by 1MDB that is guaranteed by the government and another bond with a letter of support from the government that is about $1.75 billion, so those are the risks we take into consideration but at this point the probability of debt crystallization is low," she said.
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It has been also shown that applying an electric field increases the speed of lateral crystallization dramatically. Moreover, the crystallization proceeds unidirectionally. Recently metal-induced crystallization has been coupled with microwave- assisted crystallization lowering the crystallization temperature and time of amorphous titania. By suspending the amorphous powder in a salty solution containing one of various d-block or p-block elements, and microwaving, crystallization can be induced within a few minutes.
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Equipment for the main industrial processes for crystallization. #Tank crystallizers. Tank crystallization is an old method still used in some specialized cases. Saturated solutions, in tank crystallization, are allowed to cool in open tanks.
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This means that 10-fold less protein is used per experiment when compared to crystallization trials set up by hand (in the order of 1 microliter). Several factors are known to inhibit or mar crystallization. The growing crystals are generally held at a constant temperature and protected from shocks or vibrations that might disturb their crystallization. Impurities in the molecules or in the crystallization solutions are often inimical to crystallization.
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A crystallization adjutant is a material used to promote crystallization, normally in a context where a material does not crystallize naturally from a pure solution.
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In chemical engineering, crystallization occurs in a crystallizer. Crystallization is therefore related to precipitation, although the result is not amorphous or disordered, but a crystal.
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The arrangement of the molecule chains upon crystallization by stretching. The above mechanism considered crystallization from the melt, which is important for injection molding of plastic components. Another type of crystallization occurs upon extrusion used in making fibers and films. In this process, the polymer is forced through, e.g.
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They help prevent premature crystallization by inhibiting sucrose crystal contact. The fat also helps inhibit rapid crystallization. Controlling the crystallization of the supersaturated sugar solution is the key to making smooth fudge. Initiation of crystals before the desired time will result in fudge with fewer, larger sugar grains.
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Semi-crystalline polymers can undergo crystallization and melting transitions, whereas amorphous polymers do not. In polymers, crystallization and melting do not suggest solid-liquid phase transitions, as in the case of water or other molecular fluids. Instead, crystallization and melting refer to the phase transitions between two solid states (i.e., semi-crystalline and amorphous).
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The temperature range between cooking starch and storing in room temperature is optimum for amylose crystallization and, therefore amylose crystallization is responsible for the development of initial hardness of the starch gel. On the other hand, amylopectin has a narrower temperature range for crystallization since crystallization does not happen when the temperature is higher than its melting temperature. Therefore, amylopectin is responsible for development of the long term crystallinity and gel structure. Retrogradation can expel water from the polymer network.
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The contaminated resulted in chromite and PGM crystallization because the chromite grains attracted the PGM crystals. After crystallization, the crystals were carried in the collapsing margins and formed the layers of chromitite and PGE.
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This is considered to be an incredibly easy crystallization to perform.
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Fractional crystallization is important in the formation of sedimentary evaporite rocks.
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It is rhombohedral in crystallization and isomorphous with calcite and chalybite.
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The International Organization for Biological Crystallization (IOBCr) is a non-profit, scientific organization for scientists who study the crystallization of biological macromolecules and develop crystallographic methodologies for their study. It was founded in 2002 to create a permanent organ for the organization of the International Conferences for the crystallization of Biological Macromolecules (ICCBM). The ICCBM conferences are organized biannually with venues that change regularly to maintain an international character. The objective of the IOBCr is the exchange of research results and encourage practical applications of biological crystallization.
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Instead, novel methods of crystallizing the silicon without disturbing the underlying substrate have been studied extensively. Aluminum-induced crystallization (AIC) and local laser crystallization are common in the literature, however not extensively used in industry. In both of these methods, amorphous silicon is grown using traditional techniques such as plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD). The crystallization methods diverge during post-deposition processing.
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A traditional marshmallow might contain about 60% corn syrup, 30% sugar, and 1% to 2% gelatin. The corn syrup/sugar ratio will provide only about 35% to 40% solids to prevent crystallization. Crystallization can be further avoided with proper selection of the corn syrup type. A higher conversion corn syrup will contribute more invert sugar to the formula, which inhibits crystallization.
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The two commonest effects are efflorescence and spalling. Salts that expand on crystallization in capillary gaps can cause surface spalling. For example, various magnesium and calcium salts in sea water expand considerably on drying by taking on water of crystallization. However, even sodium chloride, which does not include water of crystallization, can exert considerable expansive forces as its crystals grow.
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2013, 135, 9952–9967. Each structure in a structural landscape is considered as an individual data point and while taken together it provides a holistic viewpoint towards the crystallization mechanism. A special situation happens when multiple components are observed in an asymmetric unit (Z′>1). These structures result from the interrupted crystallization and therefore shed lights on the intermediate stages of crystallization.
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Otherwise data retention cannot be sustained. With the proper activation energy for crystallization it is possible to have fast crystallization at programming conditions while having very slow crystallization at normal conditions. Probably the biggest challenge for phase-change memory is its long-term resistance and threshold voltage drift.I.V. Karpov, M. Mitra, D. Kau, G. Spadini, Y.A. Kryukov, and V.G. Karpov, J. Appl. Phys.
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His research interest is crystallization. In addition to books and publications on this topic he also chaired the EFCE Working Party on Crystallization. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering in 1988.
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A composition from which they could reasonably be produced by fractional crystallization is termed a parental melt. To prove this, fractional crystallization models would be produced to test the hypothesis that they share a common parental melt.
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Increasing the antimony content beyond 12% will lead to predominantly antimony crystallization.
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One theory suggests the chromite crystallization originated from hybrid melts and lateral mixing. There is another theory that suggests the crystallization originated from chromite and sulfide droplets. However, there is another theory the crystallization originated from emplaced magma merging with roof-rock melts. In detail of the theory of roof-rock melts, there was contaminated between the new magma and silica-rich resident melt.
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The nanobodies outperformed the classical antibodies in detecting clinical significant concentrations of hPSA. To increase the crystallization probability of a target molecule, nanobodies can be used as crystallization chaperones. As auxiliary proteins, they can reduce the conformational heterogeneity by binding and stabilizing just a subset of conformational states. They also can mask surfaces interfering with the crystallization while extending regions that form crystal contacts.
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They have also been used in the crystallization of Zintl ions such as .
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This would have meant that the evaporation stopped at the kainite crystallization point.
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The methods used to determine the degree of crystallinity can be incorporated over time to measure the kinetics of crystallization. The most basic model for polymer crystallization kinetics comes from Hoffman nucleation theory. The crystallization process of polymers does not always obey simple chemical rate equations. Polymers can crystallize through a variety of different regimes and unlike simple molecules, the polymer crystal lamellae have two very different surfaces.
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Crystallization occurs above the glass-transition temperature (Tg) and below the melting temperature (Tm).
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Conversely, some organisms have special techniques to prevent crystallization from occurring, such as antifreeze proteins.
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Thermal crystallization transforms the nematic phase into a crystalline phase, leaving unchanged the uncrystallized part.
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When the crystallization has terminated, the autoclave is cooled and a lactescent suspension is discharged.
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In the case of silicon and metal single crystal fabrication the techniques used involve highly controlled and therefore relatively slow crystallization. Specific techniques to produce large single crystals (aka boules) include the Czochralski process and the Bridgman technique. Other less exotic methods of crystallization may be used, depending on the physical properties of the substance, including hydrothermal synthesis, sublimation, or simply solvent-based crystallization. A different technology to create single crystalline materials is called epitaxy.
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Glass-ceramics are polycrystalline materials produced through controlled crystallization of base glass. Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both glasses and ceramics. Glass-ceramics have an amorphous phase and one or more crystalline phases and are produced by a so-called "controlled crystallization" in contrast to a spontaneous crystallization, which is usually not wanted in glass manufacturing. Glass-ceramics have the fabrication advantage of glass, as well as special properties of ceramics.
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Additionally, variations in the crystallization environment can also change the structure. Changes in pH, exposure to light, or changes in temperature can all change the resulting structure. Influences on the structure based on changes in crystallization environment are determined on a case by case basis.
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Typically, a more stable solid is crystallized from a solution that consists of a less stable solid and a solvent. The process is done by dissolution-precipitation or crystallization process. Hydrothermal growth involves the crystallization of a dissolved solid at elevated temperatures. Often high pressures are involved.
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Supersaturated or supercooled liquids are also formed due to the fact that crystallization is being inhibited. They are unstable because crystallization is a favored reaction in this case. During the cooling process, the most important physicochemical characteristic of lollipops is occurring. This process is called glass transition.
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Granitic magmas provide additional examples of how melts of generally similar composition and temperature, but at different pressure, may crystallize different minerals. Pressure determines the maximum water content of a magma of granite composition. High-temperature fractional crystallization of relatively water- poor granite magmas may produce single-alkali-feldspar granite, and lower- temperature crystallization of relatively water-rich magma may produce two- feldspar granite. During the process of fractional crystallization, melts become enriched in incompatible elements.
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In this field, she researched the crystallization of lava that seemed to fill craters on the moon.
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Thallium(I) sulfate is produced by the reaction of thallium metal with sulfuric acid followed by crystallization.
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Akin to water of crystallization, hydrogen peroxide cocrystallizes with urea with the stoichiometry of 1:1. The compound is simply produced (on a scale of several hundred tonnes a year) by the dissolution of urea in excess concentrated hydrogen peroxide solution, followed by crystallization. The laboratory synthesis is analogous.
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Crystalloluminescence is the effect of luminescence produced during crystallization. The phenomenon was first reported in the 1800s from the rapid crystallization of potassium sulfate from an aqueous solution.Light emission during growth and destruction of crystals. Crystalloluminescence and triboluminescence, Jeffrey I. Zink, and B. P. Chandra; J. Phys. Chem.
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In viscous solutions the viscosity increases to form a gel. At temperatures between –8 and +8 °C the aging process is enhanced drastically. Amylose crystallization occurs much faster than crystallization of the amylopectin. The crystal melting temperature of amylose is much higher (about 150 ℃) than amylopectin (about 50-60 ℃).
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A composition from which they could reasonably be produced by fractional crystallization is termed a parental melt. Fractional crystallization models would be produced to test the hypothesis that they share a common parental melt. At high degrees of partial melting of the mantle, komatiite and picrite are produced.
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Polymers can also be crystallized from a solution or upon evaporation of a solvent. This process depends on the degree of dilution: in dilute solutions, the molecular chains have no connection with each other and exist as a separate polymer coils in the solution. Increase in concentration which can occur via solvent evaporation, induces interaction between molecular chains and a possible crystallization as in the crystallization from the melt. Crystallization from solution may result in the highest degree of polymer crystallinity.
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High through-put methods exist to help streamline the large number of experiments required to explore the various conditions that are necessary for successful crystal growth. There are numerous commercials kits available for order which apply preassembled ingredients in systems guaranteed to produce successful crystallization. Using such a kit, a scientist avoids the hassle of purifying a protein and determining the appropriate crystallization conditions. Liquid-handling robots can be used to set up and automate large number of crystallization experiments simultaneously.
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The two most prominent theories in polymer crystallization kinetics are the Avrami equation and Lauritzen-Hoffman Growth Theory.
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The silver crystals of this place are the best specimens obtained in Spain due to their aesthetic crystallization.
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Crystallization in its turn affects the optical properties of the polymers, its optical band gap and electronic levels.
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"Low Temperature Crystallization and Patterning of Amorphous Silicon Film On Electrically Insulating Substrates." United States Patent (1994). Print.
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This is followed by ophitic or poikilitic crystallization of pyroxene and ilmenite about scarce nuclei, produced at lower temperatures.
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Kunitz himself was nominated three times for a share of a Nobel for this work. In addition to his work on crystallization of proteases, Kunitz also performed careful work in enzymology, characterizing the kinetics and thermodynamics of protease reactions. He worked on other proteins as well, in particular ribonucleases, which were popular model systems for their small size and ease of crystallization. During World War II he worked on government-assigned crystallization projects and was noted for the facility with which he crystallized hexokinase.
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The crystallization process of polymers does not always obey simple chemical rate equations. Polymers can crystallize through a variety of different regimes and unlike simple molecules, the polymer crystal lamellae have two very different surfaces. The two most prominent theories in polymer crystallization kinetics are the Avrami equation and Lauritzen–Hoffman growth theory.
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Many other methods exist in order to produce cocrystals. Crystallizing with a molar excess of one cocrystal former may produce a cocrystal by a decrease in solubility of that one component. Another method to synthesize cocrystals is to conduct the crystallization in a slurry. As with any crystallization, solvent considerations are important.
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The name anorthite was given to the Vesuvian mineral by G. Rose in 1823, on account of its anorthic crystallization.
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The heat released during crystallization was comparable to the heat of fusion, indicating the highly amorphous nature of this mixture.
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65 Fractional crystallization in silicate melts (magmas) is complex compared to crystallization in chemical systems at constant pressure and composition, because changes in pressure and composition can have dramatic effects on magma evolution. Addition and loss of water, carbon dioxide, hydrogen, and oxygen are among the compositional changes that must be considered. For example, the partial pressure (fugacity) of water in silicate melts can be of prime importance, as in near-solidus crystallization of magmas of granite composition. The crystallization sequence of oxide minerals such as magnetite and ulvospinel is sensitive to the oxygen fugacity of melts, and separation of the oxide phases can be an important control of silica concentration in the evolving magma, and may be important in andesite genesis.
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Crystallization mechanism forms the core of all the problems in crystal engineering. A proper understanding of crystallization mechanisms will enable us to sort among the various possibilities generated by say CSP. Moreover, it will help a crystal engineer to design a solid with particular function.G. R. Desiraju, Crystal Engineering: A Holistic View, Angew. Chem. Int.
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Crystallization of polymers is a process associated with partial alignment of their molecular chains. These chains fold together and form ordered regions called lamellae, which compose larger spheroidal structures named spherulites. Polymers can crystallize upon cooling from melting, mechanical stretching or solvent evaporation. Crystallization affects optical, mechanical, thermal and chemical properties of the polymer.
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The salts which have proved most effective in disintegrating rocks are sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium chloride. Some of these salts can expand up to three times or even more. Salt crystallization is normally associated with arid climates where strong heating causes strong evaporation and therefore salt crystallization. It is also common along coasts.
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The slower cooled magma obtained granular texture. Carbonatitic magma was probably separated during the differentiation and crystallization of syenites and alkali basic rocks. The primary silicate magma was enriched with alkalies, carbon-dioxide, calcium and deficient with silica. During the alkali syenite crystallization, the carbonate portion of silicate magma was separated forming carbonatitic magma.
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In chemistry, water(s) of crystallization or water(s) of hydration are water molecules that are present inside [crystal]s. Water is often incorporated in the formation of crystals from aqueous solutions. In some contexts, water of crystallization is the total mass of water in a substance at a given temperature and is mostly present in a definite (stoichiometric) ratio. Classically, "water of crystallization" refers to water that is found in the crystalline framework of a metal complex or a salt, which is not directly bonded to the metal cation.
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Fractional freezing is a process used in process engineering and chemistry to separate substances with different melting points. It can be done by partial melting of a solid, for example in zone refining of silicon or metals, or by partial crystallization of a liquid, as in freeze distillation, also called normal freezing or progressive freezing. The initial sample is thus fractionated (separated into fractions). Partial crystallization can also be achieved by adding a dilute solvent to the mixture, and cooling and concentrating the mixture by evaporating the solvent, a process called solution crystallization.
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Chemical additives are small chemical compounds that are added to the crystallization process to increase the yield of crystals. The role of small molecules in protein crystallization had not been well thought of in the early days since they were thought of as contaminants in most case. Smaller molecules crystallize better than macromolecules such as proteins, therefore, the use of chemical additives had been limited prior to the study by McPherson. However, this is a powerful aspect of the experimental parameters for crystallization that is important for biochemists and crystallographers to further investigate and apply.
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The partial pressure of volatile phases in silicate melts is also of prime importance, especially in near-solidus crystallization of granites.
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The second formula shows that H2O in the alunogen formula occurs both as ligand (coordinative form) and loosely bound (crystallization) form.
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The rate of crystallization can be monitored by a technique which selectively probes the dissolved fraction, such as nuclear magnetic resonance.
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However, some evidence suggests that the Sa-MscL structure is not physiological, and is due to the detergent used in crystallization.
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The Classic period through the Postclassic are differentiated by the cyclical crystallization and fragmentation of the various political entities throughout Mesoamerica.
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It had become clear that Sumner had devised a general crystallization method for enzymes, and also that all enzymes are proteins.
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Core mantle differentiation occurred within the first 30 million years of Earth's history. Inner core crystallization timing is still largely unresolved.
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Sucrose increases the liquid's osmotic pressure, which prevents microorganism growth. The sweetened evaporated milk is cooled and lactose crystallization is induced.
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When such cooperation is inadequate, sluggish deracemization occurs solely due to spontaneous resolution, known also as crystallization-induced asymmetric disequilibration mechanism.
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Naomi Chayen is a biochemist and structural biologist. She is a professor of Biomedical Sciences at Imperial College London, where she leads the Crystallization Group in Computational and Systems Medicine. She is best known for developing the microbatch method and inventing novel nucleants for protein crystallization which have been applied to high-throughput screening for rational drug design.
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The rubidium–strontium dating is based on the natural decay of 87Rb to 87Sr and the different behaviour of these elements during fractional crystallization of magma. Both Sr and Rb are found in most magmas; however, as fractional crystallization occurs, Sr will tend to be concentrated in plagioclaseWilson, M. Igneous Petrogeneis. 1995 fifth edition (1989 first edition). Page 23.
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Temperature is another interesting parameter to discuss since protein solubility is a function of temperature. In protein crystallization, manipulation of temperature to yield successful crystals is one common strategy. Unlike pH, temperature of different components of the crystallography experiments could impact the final results such as temperature of buffer preparation, temperature of the actual crystallization experiment, etc.
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Molasses made from sugar beets differs from sugarcane molasses. Only the syrup left from the final crystallization stage is called molasses. Intermediate syrups are called high green and low green, and these are recycled within the crystallization plant to maximize extraction. Beet molasses is 50% sugar by dry weight, predominantly sucrose, but contains significant amounts of glucose and fructose.
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MagmaUc metasomaUsm and formation of the Merensky reef, Bushveld Complex. Contrib Mineral Petrol 119, 277-286. Yet the nature of crystallization is complex.
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A third concentration is explained with core crystallization of the white dwarfs interior. This releases energy and delays the cooling of white dwarfs.
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The structure of the receptor has been solved to 2.5 Å resolution as a fusion protein bound to suvorexant using lipid-mediated crystallization.
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Similarly, it has been suggested that the crystallization and growth of some epitaxial superlattice oxide materials can be accurately described by Markov chains.
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Centimeter-scale single crystals of MnSi can be prepared by direct crystallization from the melt using the Bridgman, zone melting or Czochralski methods.
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American Journal of Science. Pg 331-344. This growth due to crystallization is a significant portion of the currently accepted mode of formation.
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The crystallization of jack bean seed proteins has been studied extensively since the early 20th century and was of particular interest to 1946 Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate James B. Sumner, though Sumner's group never fully characterized canavalin and it remained of little interest until its crystallization properties began to be studied in the 1970s. It was among the first reported examples of a protein whose tertiary structure contains two pseudo-symmetrical protein domains. Canavalin has since been used as a model system for studying protein crystallization, most notably in the study of protein crystal formation in space under microgravity conditions.
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In modern recipes and in commercial production, glucose (from corn syrup or wheat) or invert sugar is added to prevent crystallization, making up 10%–50% of the sugars by mass. "Wet caramels" made by heating sucrose and water instead of sucrose alone produce their own invert sugar due to thermal reaction, but not necessarily enough to prevent crystallization in traditional recipes.
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A mother liquor is the part of a solution that is left over after crystallization. It is encountered in chemical processes including sugar refining.It is the liquid obtained by filtering the crystals by filtration.Encyclopædia Britannica In crystallization, a solid (usually impure) is dissolved in a solvent at high temperature, taking advantage of the fact that most solids are more soluble at higher temperatures.
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Crystal inclusions in diamonds occurs in the form of lines known as graining. Graining should not be confused with a rough diamonds natural grain lines . Graining forms due to the improper crystallization of the diamond or when a diamond is twinned. Twinned diamonds are two diamonds that have grown together and causes cross-grains within the diamond during its growth / crystallization process.
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Some fluoride glasses are difficult to produce on Earth due to their rapid crystallization. The crystallization is slower in microgravity conditions due to reduced convection effects.Glass from Space, NASA-supported researchers have discovered that glass formed in space has remarkable properties. April 14, 2003, Author: Karen Miller, Dr. Tony Phillips Fluoride glass may also mean an oxide optical glass doped with zirconium tetrafluoride.
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Rodriguez-Blanco, J.D., Vallina, B., Blanco, J.A. and Benning, L.G. (2014) The role of REE3+ in the crystallization of lanthanites. Mineralogical Magazine, 78, 1373–1380. DOI: 10.1180/minmag.2014.078.6.03 The lifetime of this rare-earth bearing precursor as well as the kinetics of crystallization of the various REE-lanthanites are dependent on the specific trivalent rare- earth ion involved in the reaction.
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Proteins can be engineered to improve the chance of successful protein crystallization by using techniques like Surface Entropy Reduction or engineering in crystal contacts. Frequently, problematic cysteine residues can be replaced by alanine to avoid disulfide-mediated aggregation, and residues such as lysine, glutamate, and glutamine can be changed to alanine to reduce intrinsic protein flexibility, which can hinder crystallization.
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Stendhal charted the timing of falling in love in terms of what he called crystallization—a first period of crystallization (of some six weeks)Eric Berne, Transactional Analysis in Psychotherapy (1961) p. 245 which often involves obsessive brooding and the idealisation of the other via a coating of desire;R. J. Sternberg/K. Weiss, A New Psychology of Love (2013) p.
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A hemihydrate, or semihydrate, is a hydrate whose solid contains one molecule of water of crystallization per two molecules, or per two unit cells.
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The rhyolites erupted at Cerro Blanco appear to form from andesite magmas, through processes such as fractional crystallization and the absorption of crustal materials.
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Many studies show that by increasing the amount of celsian phases in the glasses results in increased bulk of crystallization (Khater and Idris, 2004).
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Désiré Gernez contributed to this research by discovering that nuclei must be of the same salt that is being crystallized in order to promote crystallization.
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Both the Ga(III) complex and chloroquine act by inhibiting crystallization of hemozoin, a disposal product formed from the digestion of blood by the parasites.
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Mechanisms by which the calc-alkaline magmas then evolve may include fractional crystallization, assimilation of continental crust, and mixing with partial melts of continental crust.
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In molecular formulas water of crystallization is indicated in various ways, but is often vague. The terms hydrated compound and hydrate are generally vaguely defined.
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The combination of distillation and crystallization from solution or melt yields very pure laurolactam (> 99%). The risk posed by laurolactam is considered to be low.
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Various species such as Ca2+ and Zn2+ are a biological requirement for certain proteins to fold correctly and certain co-factors are needed to maintain a well defined conformation. Certain strategies, like replacing precipitants and buffers with others intended to have a similar effect, have been used to differentiate between the roles played in protein crystallization by the various components in the crystallization solution.
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New phase-change memories are possible using n-doped GeSbTe semiconductor. The melting point of the alloy is about 600 °C (900 K) and the crystallization temperature is between 100 and 150 °C. During writing, the material is erased, initialized into its crystalline state, with low-intensity laser irradiation. The material heats up to its crystallization temperature, but not its melting point, and crystallizes.
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The structure of atactic polypropylene. Whether or not polymers can crystallize depends on their molecular structure – presence of straight chains with regularly spaced side groups facilitates crystallization. For example, crystallization occurs much easier in isotactic than in the atactic polypropylene form. Atactic polymers crystallize when the side groups are very small, as in polyvinyl and don't crystallize in case of large substituents like in rubber or silicones.
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According to professor Nicola Ziadeh, "the period between 1906 and 1910 saw a definite crystallization of the national movement in Tunisia. This crystallization centered around Islam." By the eve of the First World War (1914–1918), Tunisian 'nationalists' had developed and it adherents encountered an opportunity to publicly define themselves, in terms not only domestic but in light of widespread trends and foreign events.
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Bliznakov's main area of research was crystallization. He was the first to introduce adsorption as a thermodynamic factor in crystal growth, and studied catalysis, particular in relation to ammonia oxidation, the preparation of pure substances, radiochemical processes, and the effect of impurities on the linear crystallization rate. He is the co-author of some of the most popular secondary school chemistry text books in Bulgaria.
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Internally graphitized tubes via acetylene thermal decomposition are passivated. Crystallization of molten α-B2O3 at ambient pressure is strongly kinetically disfavored (compare liquid and crystal densities). Threshold conditions for crystallization of the amorphous solid are 10 kbar and ~200 °C. Its proposed crystal structure in enantiomorphic space groups P31(#144); P32(#145) (e.g., γ-glycine) has been revised to enantiomorphic space groups P3121(#152); P3221(#154)(e.g.
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Crystallization of from benzene solution below 30 °C (when solubility is maximum) yields a triclinic solid solvate ·4. Above 30 °C one obtains solvate-free fcc .
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The salt consists of a protonated tryptammonium cation and a 3-carboxyacrylate (hydrogen fumarate) anion in the asymmetric unit along with a water molecule of crystallization.
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Other minor components which can form during progressive crystallization are belite, monticellite, rankinite, wollastonite and forsterite. Minor amounts of reduced sulphur are commonly encountered as oldhamite.
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Chloroauric acid is a strong monoprotic acid. When heated in air, solid HAuCl4·H2O melts in the water of crystallization, quickly darkens and becomes dark brown.
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In 2003, he was elected the youngest academician of the CAS. He is mainly known for his work in the field of crystallization of amorphous metals.
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Geochimica Et Cosmochimica Acta, 98, 202. The Hadean zircon with original uranium concentrations greater than 600 ppm is challenged by the effect of post- crystallization alteration.
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In fact, the morphology of the crystals, their size, their porosity and their specific surface after crystallization determine the powder's filterability, flowability, dispersability and dissolvability properties.
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Strobic acid-usually the major resin acid found in the cortical oleoresin of eastern white pine-was positively correlated with the rate and extent of crystallization.
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The rest of the party awaken from their crystallization on Pulse and find their l'Cie brands gone; Lightning, Hope, Snow and Sazh reunite with Serah and Dajh.
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The mother liquor from the first crystallization step (A-product) is again crystallized in vacuum pans and then passed through continuous sugar centrifuges. The mother-liquor is again crystallized in vacuum pans. Due to the low purity the evapo-crystallization alone is not sufficient to exhaust molasses, and so the so-called massecuite (French for “boiled mass”) is passed through cooling crystallizers until a temperature of approx. is reached.
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Upon crystallization from water or moist solvents, many compounds incorporate water molecules in their crystalline frameworks. Water of crystallization can generally be removed by heating a sample but the crystalline properties are often lost. For example, in the case of sodium chloride, the dihydrate is unstable at room temperature. Coordination sphere of Na+ in the metastable dihydrate of sodium chloride (red = oxygen, violet = Na+, green = Cl−, H atoms omitted).
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Solidification into rock occurs either below the surface as intrusive rocks or on the surface as extrusive rocks. Igneous rock may form with crystallization to form granular, crystalline rocks, or without crystallization to form natural glasses. Igneous rocks occur in a wide range of geological settings: shields, platforms, orogens, basins, large igneous provinces, extended crust and oceanic crust. Volcanic eruptions of lava are major sources of igneous rocks.
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It is soluble in water, though less so than barium chloride, and its solubility decreases with increasing concentration of hydrochloric acid. Crystallization from aqueous solution gives the dihydrate RaCl2·2H2O, isomorphous with its barium analog. Radium bromide (RaBr2) is also a colorless, luminous compound. In water, it is more soluble than radium chloride. Like radium chloride, crystallization from aqueous solution gives the dihydrate RaBr2·2H2O, isomorphous with its barium analog.
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In certain circumstances, the result of this periodic crystallization behavior is easily visually observed, for example, in various geologic formations. Liesegang had previously investigated this phenomenon in specific laboratory experiments, showing his results to Ostwald. Ostwald then developed a mathematical model for the phenomenon that served to explain the observations and realized how widespread is the periodic crystallization behavior. These observations came to be known as Liesegang rings.
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Three-dimensional structures of ~160 different integral membrane proteins have been determined at atomic resolution by X-ray crystallography or nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. They are challenging subjects for study owing to the difficulties associated with extraction and crystallization. In addition, structures of many water-soluble protein domains of IMPs are available in the Protein Data Bank. Their membrane-anchoring α-helices have been removed to facilitate the extraction and crystallization.
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By contrast, macromolecules generally have many degrees of freedom and their crystallization must be carried out so as to maintain a stable structure. For example, proteins and larger RNA molecules cannot be crystallized if their tertiary structure has been unfolded; therefore, the range of crystallization conditions is restricted to solution conditions in which such molecules remain folded. Three methods of preparing crystals, A: Hanging drop. B: Sitting drop.
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His work on crystallization, starting in 2008, is a meeting point with Marcel Duchamp’s ready-made concepts. Yves Jumeau’s crystallization concept consists covering emblematic objects with glass crystals, thus creating a coating which expresses both time passing by and protection. The object is thus petrified and plunged into “a sort of fixation of time and space”. “Yves Jumeau’s art work is a way of appropriating objects, concepts and environments.
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Polypropylene random cristallinity temperature (PP-RCT), also used for plastic pipework, is a new form of this plastic. It achieves higher strength at high temperature by β-crystallization.
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It is believed that the combined effect of metal migration in the oxide network and the bond vibrations during microwave irradiation lead to rapid and low-temperature crystallization.
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The first application of the diffusion Monte Carlo method was Ceperley and Alder's famous 1980 calculation of the zero-temperature phase diagram of 3D jellium. They calculated the paramagnetic-ferromagnetic fluid transition to occur at r_s=75(5) and Wigner crystallization (to a body- centered cubic crystal) to occur at r_s=100(20). Subsequent QMC calculations have refined their phase diagram: there is a second-order transition from a paramagnetic fluid state to a partially spin-polarized fluid from r_s=50(2) to about 100; and Wigner crystallization occurs at r_s=106(1). In 2D, QMC calculations indicate that the paramagnetic fluid to ferromagnetic fluid transition and Wigner crystallization occur at similar density parameters, in the range 30.
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Metal-induced crystallization (MIC) is a method by which amorphous carbon (a-C), amorphous silicon (a-Si), amorphous oxides and amorphous germanium (a-Ge) can be turned into their polycrystalline phases at relatively low temperatures. In the technologically important case of Si, a thin film of a-Si is deposited onto a substrate, usually glass, and then capped with a metal, such as aluminium (Aluminum-induced crystallization(AIC)). The structure is then annealed at temperatures between 150 °C and 400 °C which causes the a-Si films to be transformed into polycrystalline silicon. In a variant of this method, called Metal-induced lateral crystallization (MILC), metal is only deposited on some area of the a-Si.
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In the long term, however, oxidation continues, and the hydrated sulfates formed may exert crystallization pressure that can expand cracks in the rock and lead eventually to roof fall.
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The formation of melt inclusions appears to be a normal part of the crystallization of minerals within magmas, and they can be found in both volcanic and plutonic rocks.
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The process mimics protein crystallization. Indium(III) sulfide nanocoils (a), nanotubes (b), and their ordered arrays (d-f). Scale bars: a,d,e,f - 50 nm; b - 100 nm.
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There are two known processes by which magma changes: by crystallization within the crust or mantle to form a pluton, or by volcanic eruption to become lava or tephra.
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Streak seeding is a method first described during ICCBM-3 by Enrico Stura to induce crystallization in a straight line into a sitting or hanging drop for protein crystallization by introducing microseeds. The purpose is to control nucleation and understand the parameters that make crystals grow. It is also used to test any particular set of conditions to check if crystals could grow under such conditions. Result from streak seeding of protein crystals.
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He developed specialized techniques for the fractional precipitation and crystallization of the rare earths. The James Method, using bromates and double magnesium nitrates in fractional crystallization was widely used until the 1940s when Ion Exchange methods were developed. James himself became the major producer of extracted rare earth materials, supplying elements and compounds to researchers worldwide. His collection of rare earths was sold to the National Bureau of Standards after his death.
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The observed Hf/W ratios in iron meteorites constrain metal segregation to under 5 million years, the Earth's mantle Hf/W ratio places Earth's core as having segregated within 25 million years. Several factors control segregation of a metal core including the crystallization of perovskite. Crystallization of perovskite in an early magma ocean is an oxidation process and may drive the production and extraction of iron metal from an original silicate melt.
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Fractional crystallization, or crystal fractionation, is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within crust and mantle of a rocky planetary body, such as the Earth. It is important in the formation of igneous rocks because it is one of the main processes of magmatic differentiation.Petrology The Study of Igneous...Rocks, Loren A. Raymond, 1995, McGraw-Hill, p. 91 Fractional crystallization is also important in the formation of sedimentary evaporite rocks.
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In chemistry, fractional crystallization is a method of refining substances based on differences in their solubility. It fractionates via differences in crystallization (forming of crystals). If a mixture of two or more substances in solution are allowed to crystallize, for example by allowing the temperature of the solution to decrease or increase, the precipitate will contain more of the least soluble substance. The proportion of components in the precipitate will depend on their solubility products.
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Aided by Greek mathematics and Islamic mathematics, he discovered the syntheses for hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, distillation and crystallization (the latter two being essential for the understanding of modern mineralogy).
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These flaws were incorporated into the sculpture and became the veins in the cabbage's stalks and leaves.Sam Ju. "The Crystallization of the Jadeite Cabbage." Translated by David Smith. Taiwan Panorama.
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For instance, if it is necessary to deliver a drug in the amorphous form, it is desirable to process the drug at temperatures below those at which crystallization can occur.
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Leo Mandelkern (23 February 1922 – 31 May 2006) was a polymer chemist and professor known for his contributions to the understanding of polymer crystallization, and for his contributions to education.
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Cooling rates above 104 K/s are required to prevent crystallization of the droplets. At liquid nitrogen temperature, 77 K, HGW is kinetically stable and can be stored for many years.
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In order to reach gram amounts in the multistep synthesis of this low solubility ring-closed carbazole (FICZ) the final purification by column chromatography was replaced by a crystallization step instead.
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It has also been chosen by the public as the most important item in the museum's entire collection.Sam Ju. "The Crystallization of the Jadeite Cabbage." Translated by David Smith. Taiwan Panorama.
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Compared to the laser method, this technique is simpler and more cost effective.. Plasma torch annealing is attractive because the process parameters and equipment dimension can be changed easily to yield varying levels of performance. A high level of crystallization (~90%) can be obtained with this method. Disadvantages include difficulty achieving uniformity in the crystallization of the film. While this method is applied frequently to silicon on a glass substrate, processing temperatures may be too high for polymers.
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The amino acid sequencing of actin was completed by M. Elzinga and co-workers in 1973. The crystal structure of G-actin was solved in 1990 by Kabsch and colleagues. In the same year, a model for F-actin was proposed by Holmes and colleagues following experiments using co-crystallization with different proteins. The procedure of co-crystallization with different proteins was used repeatedly during the following years, until in 2001 the isolated protein was crystallized along with ADP.
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Chayen began her first postdoctoral fellowship at Imperial College London, where she studied the biophysics of muscle proteins. When her grant was not renewed, she joined the lab of David Mervyn Blow to develop novel protein crystallization techniques. There, she began her influential work of utilizing phase diagrams to optimize conditions for crystal growth. Currently, Chayen is a professor of Biomedical Sciences and head of the Crystallization Group in Computational and Systems Medicine at Imperial College London.
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Isotope data indicate that the pre-magmas interacted with the crust at great depths before rising to shallower magma chambers. In these shallower magma chambers, magma genesis involved processes of magma mixing which formed at least part of the andesites and fractional crystallization which gave rise to the dacites. Partial crystallization and flow events within the magma chamber caused the formation of the andesite enclaves. The total magma production rate of Sabancaya without accounting for repose periods is about .
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Biocrystallization is the formation of crystals from organic macromolecules by living organisms. This may be a stress response, a normal part of metabolism such as processes that dispose of waste compounds, or a pathology. Template mediated crystallization is qualitatively different from in vitro crystallization. Inhibitors of biocrystallization are of interest in drug design efforts against lithiasis and against pathogens that feed on blood, since many of these organisms use this process to safely dispose of heme.
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Volcanism is the process that takes place at divergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate separates from another creating a rift in which molten rock (magma) erupts onto the surface of the Earth. This molten rock magma then cools and crystallizes, forming igneous rocks. If crystallization occurs at the Earth's surface, extrusive igneous rocks are formed; if crystallization occurs within the Earth's lithosphere, intrusive igneous rocks are formed which can then be brought to Earth's surface by denudation.
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Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann ( – 17 December 1938) was a prominent Baltic German chemist-physicist who made important contributions in the fields of glassy and solid solutions, heterogeneous equilibria, crystallization, and metallurgy.
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The crystallization of phosphoglycolate phosphatase from Thermoplasma acidophilum revealed 5 active sites indicated by the blue spheres in the image. The key residues of the active site are aspartate, lysine, and serine.
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The five suites represents different magmatic episodes. Suites differ in associated metals as well as biotite chemistry. Chemical variations along each suite are concordant with the fractional crystallization model of igneous differentiation.
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Dr. Wesson has authored and co-authored numerous technical papers in the area of numerical analyses of polymer crystallization kinetics, structure property relationships of crystalline materials, and finite-element analyses of polymeric flows.
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Illustration showing clusters formed by multiple crystals. Edited after Schandl (2004) Hydrothermal processes are usually coupled with igneous processes. Monazite geochronology helps studying the evolution from igneous processes to hydrothermal processes,Schaltegger, U., Pettke, T., Audétat, A., Reusser, E., & Heinrich, C. A. (2005). Magmatic-to-hydrothermal crystallization in the W–Sn mineralized Mole Granite (NSW, Australia): Part I: Crystallization of zircon and REE-phosphates over three million years—a geochemical and U–Pb geochronological study. Chemical Geology, 220(3), 215–235.
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Chayen is best known for her invention of novel protein crystallization methods. In 1990, she first published a method of suspending droplets of protein solution and precipitant solutions in low-density paraffin oil to prevent evaporation during the microbatch crystallization process. The microbatch process can be suitable for membrane proteins, which are ordinarily difficult to crystallize. Chayen's method has since been applied towards the analysis of many biomolecules that are relevant to human diseases such as cancer, HIV, diabetes, and heart disease.
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Fractional crystallization is the removal and segregation from a melt of mineral precipitates, which changes the composition of the melt. This is one of the most important geochemical and physical processes operating within the Earth's crust and mantle. Fractional crystallization in silicate melts (magmas) is a very complex process compared to chemical systems in the laboratory because it is affected by a wide variety of phenomena. Prime amongst these are the composition, temperature, and pressure of a magma during its cooling.
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Magmatic water or juvenile water is water that exists within, and in equilibrium with, a magma or water-rich volatile fluids that are derived from a magma. This magmatic water is released to the atmosphere during a volcanic eruption. Magmatic water may also be released as hydrothermal fluids during the late stages of magmatic crystallization or solidification within the Earth's crust. The crystallization of hydroxyl bearing amphibole and mica minerals acts to contain part of the magmatic water within a solidified igneous rock.
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Crystallization or crystallisation is the (natural or artificial) process by which a solid forms, where the atoms or molecules are highly organized into a structure known as a crystal. Some of the ways by which crystals form are precipitating from a solution, freezing, or more rarely deposition directly from a gas. Attributes of the resulting crystal depend largely on factors such as temperature, air pressure, and in the case of liquid crystals, time of fluid evaporation. Crystallization occurs in two major steps.
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The nucleation step is critical for crystal formation since it is the first-order phase transition of samples moving from having a high degree of freedom to obtaining an ordered state (aqueous to solid). For the nucleation step to succeed, the manipulation of crystallization parameters is essential. The approach behind getting a protein to crystallize is to yield a lower solubility of the targeted protein in solution. Once the solubility limit is exceeded and crystals are present, crystallization is accomplished.
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Upon annealing, crystallization starts from the portion of a-Si which is covered by metal and proceeds laterally. Unlike MIC process, where metal contamination in the obtained polysilicon is relatively high, the laterally crystallized silicon in MILC process contains very small amount of metal contamination. The crystallization speed is low, but is adequate for applications such as fabrication of thin film transistors. In this case, metal is deposited on the source/drain area of the transistor and the channel is laterally crystallized.
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AFP found from the metagenome of the ciliate Euplotes focardii and psychrophilic bacteria has an efficient ice re-crystallization inhibition ability. 1 μM of Euplotes focardii consortium ice-binding protein (EfcIBP) is enough for the total inhibition of ice re-crystallization in –7.4°C temperature. This ice- recrystallization inhibition ability helps bacteria to tolerate ice rather than preventing the formation of ice. EfcIBP produces also thermal hysteresis gap, but this ability is not as efficient as the ice-recrystallization inhibition ability.
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Hence, knowledge of the crystallization sequence is critical in understanding how melt compositions evolve. Textures of rocks provide insights, as documented in the early 1900s by Bowen's reaction series. An example of such texture, related to fractioned crystallization, is intergranular (also known as intercumulus) textures that develop wherever a mineral crystallizes later than the surrounding matrix, hence filling the left-over interstitial space. Various oxides of chromium, iron and titanium show such textures, such as intergranular chromite in a siliceous matrix.
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A hand warmer containing a supersaturated solution of sodium acetate which releases heat upon crystallization Sodium acetate is also used in heating pads, hand warmers, and hot ice. Sodium acetate trihydrate crystals melt at 136.4 °F/58 °C (to 137.12 °F/58.4 °C),Courty JM, Kierlik E, Les chaufferettes chimiques, Pour la Science, décembre 2008, pp. 108–110 dissolving in their water of crystallization. When they are heated past the melting point and subsequently allowed to cool, the aqueous solution becomes supersaturated.
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Crystallization is triggered by flexing a small flat disc of notched ferrous metal embedded in the liquid. Pressing the disc releases very tiny adhered crystals of sodium acetate into the solution which then act as nucleation sites for the crystallization of the sodium acetate into the hydrated salt (sodium acetate trihydrate, CH3COONa·3H2O). Because the liquid is supersaturated, this makes the solution crystallize suddenly, thereby releasing the energy of the crystal lattice. The use of the metal disc was invented in 1978.
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Within the field of geology, Bowen's reaction series is the work of the petrologist Norman L. Bowen, who summarized, based on experiments and observations of natural rocks, the sequence of crystallization of common silicate minerals from typical basaltic magma undergoing fractional crystallization (i.e. crystallization wherein early-formed crystals are removed from the magma by crystal settling, leaving behind a liquid of slightly different composition). Bowen's reaction series is able to explain why certain types of minerals tend to be found together while others are almost never associated with one another. He experimented in the early 1900s with powdered rock material that was heated until it melted and then allowed to cool to a target temperature whereupon he observed the types of minerals that formed in the rocks produced.
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Sector zoning is also associated with the crystallization of monazite in a melt. However, some elements may have a tendency to crystallize onto a specific crystal face. This results in uneven growth and composition.
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This journal has been called "in many ways a point of crystallization for semigroup theory and its community",. As quoted by . and "an indicator of a field which is mathematically active".. As quoted by .
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His career was at University College London, and he is particularly known for his textbook Crystallization first published in 1951. He was working on the fifth edition when he died on 11 March 2009.
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Experimental results for a 2D hole gas in a GaAs/AlGaAs heterostructure (which, despite being clean, may not correspond exactly to the idealized jellium model) indicate a Wigner crystallization density of r_s=35.1(9).
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It organizes and supports interdisciplinary workshops. The attendance at the ICCBM meetings includes bio-crystallographers, biochemists, physicists, and engineers. The last International Conferences on Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules ICCBM15 was held in Hamburg, Germany.
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A second interpretation is that the textures are a result of cumulate crystallization or an impact-melt breccia. It's the type locality of two minerals: browneite (IMA 2012-008) and buseckite (IMA 2011-070).
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Syrris designs and manufactures products for chemists including flow chemistry, microreactor and automation technology products. The products are for use in different applications, such as process chemistry, discovery chemistry, crystallization, and other chemistry related applications.
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The glass may also contain crystals with quench textures that formed via crystallization from the melt.Trouw, R.A.J., C.W. Passchier, and D.J. Wiersma (2010) Atlas of Mylonites- and related microstructures. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany. 322 pp.
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World Book Company: New York, 1920, 232-237. :HO2CCHBrCHBrCO2H + 2 AgOH → HO2CCH(OH)CH(OH)CO2H + 2 AgBr meso-Tartaric acid can be separated from residual racemic acid by crystallization, the racemate being less soluble.
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Intrusive rock forms within Earth's crust from the crystallization of magma. Many mountain ranges, such as the Sierra Nevada in California, are formed mostly from large granite (or related rock) intrusions; see Sierra Nevada batholith.
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For very serious burns it reduces the death rate. At 150 °C the hexahydrate loses water of crystallization to make a trihydrate, which itself decomposes above 200 °C. Cerous nitrate hexahydrate has pinacoidal triclinic crystals.
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Through this Center, HWI scientists were able to create new and improved crystal growth methods including the development of a novel and patented high-throughput robotic crystallization technique for expediting and optimizing the crystallization process. In 2001, BWI became a founding partner of the Buffalo Niagara Medical Campus "BNMC," and created the University at Buffalo Department of Structural Biology. Dr. George DeTitta was appointed Executive Director and CEO and Dr. Walter Pangborn was appointed to Executive Vice President. Shortly thereafter, four new scientists were added.
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The first virus that could be crystalized and whose structure could, therefore, be elucidated in detail was tobacco mosaic virus (TMV), the virus that had been studied earlier by Ivanovski and Beijerink. In 1935, Wendell Stanley achieved its crystallization for electron microscopy and showed that it remains active even after crystallization. Clear X-ray diffraction pictures of the crystallized virus were obtained by Bernal and Fankuchen in 1941. Based on such pictures, Rosalind Franklin proposed the full structure of the tobacco mosaic virus in 1955.
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The conversion yield and production rate (from sugars to glutamate) continues to improve in the industrial production of MSG, keeping up with demand. The product, after filtration, concentration, acidification, and crystallization, is glutamate, sodium, and water.
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Hot vapors from the boiling solvent keep the filter funnel warm, avoiding the premature crystallization. Like beakers, Erlenmeyer flasks are not normally suitable for accurate volumetric measurements. Their stamped volumes are approximate within about 5% accuracy.
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Therefore, the crystallization of career opportunities is more likely to occur in adolescents given the chance to explore and learn new skills in their job during high school. This helps the adolescent with their identity development.
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It has a phosphorus pentoxide to potassium oxide ratio between 0.2 and 0.3, which is an indicator for distinguishing distinct magma types as the two chemical compounds act as incompatible elements except for late-stage crystallization.
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The texture documents a multistage history: (1) crystallization of twinned pigeonite, followed by exsolution of augite; (2) breakdown of pigeonite to orthopyroxene plus augite; (3) exsolution of augite parallel to the former twin plane of pigeonite.
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Marble is a metamorphosed limestone formed by re-crystallization. It is available in different colours and textures. Marble deposits are available in many states of India. It has been used in India for a long time.
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He published a paper on his discovery in 1918 in the Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, a German chemistry journal, under the title "Ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle" [A new method for the measurement of the crystallization rate of metals], since the method was at that time used for measuring the crystallization rate of metals such as tin, zinc and lead.J. Czochralski (1918) "Ein neues Verfahren zur Messung der Kristallisationsgeschwindigkeit der Metalle" [A new method for the measurement of the crystallization rate of metals], Zeitschrift für Physikalische Chemie, 92 : 219–221. In 1948, Americans Gordon K. Teal and J.B. Little from Bell Labs would use the method to grow single germanium crystals, leading to its use in semiconductor production. In 1917, Czochralski organized the research laboratory "Metallbank und Metallurgische Gesellschaft", which he directed until 1928.
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The various conditions can use one or more physical mechanisms to lower the solubility of the molecule; for example, some may change the pH, some contain salts of the Hofmeister series or chemicals that lower the dielectric constant of the solution, and still others contain large polymers such as polyethylene glycol that drive the molecule out of solution by entropic effects. It is also common to try several temperatures for encouraging crystallization, or to gradually lower the temperature so that the solution becomes supersaturated. These methods require large amounts of the target molecule, as they use high concentration of the molecule(s) to be crystallized. Due to the difficulty in obtaining such large quantities (milligrams) of crystallization-grade protein, robots have been developed that are capable of accurately dispensing crystallization trial drops that are in the order of 100 nanoliters in volume.
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A zeptoliter pipette has been developed at Brookhaven National Laboratory. The pipette is made of a carbon shell, within which is an alloy of gold-germanium. The pipette was used to learn about how crystallization takes place.
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A user converts (or crystallizes) a 3D file by exporting it with the Kubity web app. Crystallization adds features like AR/VR and cinematic fly-through tour as well as assigns the model a dedicated QR code.
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The laser fluence must be carefully controlled in order to induce crystallization without causing widespread melting. Crystallization of the film occurs as a very small portion of the silicon film is melted and allowed to cool. Ideally, the laser should melt the silicon film through its entire thickness, but not damage the substrate. Toward this end, a layer of silicon dioxide is sometimes added to act as a thermal barrier.. This allows the use of substrates that cannot be exposed to the high temperatures of standard annealing, polymers for instance.
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Calcite formation can proceed by several pathways, from the classical terrace ledge kink model to the crystallization of poorly ordered precursor phases (amorphous calcium carbonate, ACC) via an Ostwald ripening process, or via the agglomeration of nanocrystals. The crystallization of ACC can occur in two stages: first, the ACC nanoparticles rapidly dehydrate and crystallize to form individual particles of vaterite. Secondly, the vaterite transforms to calcite via a dissolution and reprecipitation mechanism with the reaction rate controlled by the surface area of calcite. The second stage of the reaction is approximately 10 times slower.
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In a typical setup 50 grams dl-methadone is dissolved in petroleum ether and concentrated. Two millimeter-sized d- and l-crystals are added and after stirring for 125 hours at 40 °C two large d- and l-crystals are recovered in 50% yield. Another form of direct crystallization is preferential crystallization also called resolution by entrainment of one of the enantiomers. For example, an added seed of (−)-hydrobenzoin to an ethanol solution of (±)-hydrobenzoin will have the (−)-enantiomer crystallizing out and after 15 cycles 97% optical purity can be obtained.
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Salting out (also known as salt-induced precipitation, salt fractionation, anti-solvent crystallization, precipitation crystallization, or drowning out) is an effect based on the electrolyte–non-electrolyte interaction, in which the non-electrolyte could be less soluble at high salt concentrations. It is used as a method of purification for proteins, as well as preventing protein denaturation due to excessively diluted samples during experiments. The salt concentration needed for the protein to precipitate out of the solution differs from protein to protein. This process is also used to concentrate dilute solutions of proteins.
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Incompatible elements are concentrated in the last residues of magma during fractional crystallization and in the first melts produced during partial melting: either process can form the magma that crystallizes to pegmatite, a rock type commonly enriched in incompatible elements. Bowen's reaction series is important for understanding the idealised sequence of fractional crystallisation of a magma. Magma composition can be determined by processes other than partial melting and fractional crystallization. For instance, magmas commonly interact with rocks they intrude, both by melting those rocks and by reacting with them.
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It was also observed that quartz and metallic silver crystallization increased with the increase in silver content in bioactive glass while hydroxyapatite crystallization decreased. There is wide agreement about the versatility of the sol–gel technique to synthesize inorganic materials and it has been shown to be suitable for production of a variety of bioactive glasses. However, the method is also limited in terms of compositions that can be produced. Moreover, remaining water or residual solvent content may result in complications of the method for the intended biomedical applications of the nanoparticles or nanofibres produced.
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A residue containing gangue, barium, radium, and lead sulfates is left over. The mixture will then be treated with sodium chloride and sodium carbonate to remove the lead and convert radium and barium into carbonates that are insoluble in hydrochloric acid. The second step requires fractional crystallization to separate the barium from the radium. Because radium and barium have different miscibility in bromine or chlorine, those two chemicals are chosen for the fractional crystallization, and enables the two elements to be separated, leaving behind an aqueous solution of radium bromide or radium chloride.
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Time- lapse of growth of a citric acid crystal. The video covers an area of 2.0 by 1.5 mm and was captured over 7.2 min. The crystallization process consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth which are driven by thermodynamic properties as well as chemical properties. In crystallization Nucleation is the step where the solute molecules or atoms dispersed in the solvent start to gather into clusters, on the microscopic scale (elevating solute concentration in a small region), that become stable under the current operating conditions.
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Tafoni at Salt Point State Park, Sonoma County, California. Salt crystallization, the weathering by which is known as haloclasty, causes disintegration of rocks when saline solutions seep into cracks and joints in the rocks and evaporate, leaving salt crystals behind. These salt crystals expand as they are heated up, exerting pressure on the confining rock. Salt crystallization may also take place when solutions decompose rocks (for example, limestone and chalk) to form salt solutions of sodium sulfate or sodium carbonate, of which the moisture evaporates to form their respective salt crystals.
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The study showed the importance of the twelfth grade year because crystallization increased with age, therefore this year should be used for career and academic development. A study was done by the University of Minnesota to determine whether working during high school helped form adolescents' choices in crystallization of occupations. The results of the study showed it was not employment opportunity or number of hours that were worked that affected the occupational value formation. Instead, it was the opportunities given to learn useful skills that created a positive influence.
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Preiss, L. C.; Werber, L.; Fischer, V.; Hanif, S.; Landfester, K.; Mastai, Y.; Munoz-Espi, R., Amino-Acid-Based Chiral Nanoparticles for Enantioselective Crystallization. Advanced Materials 27, (17), 2728. Mastai and his colleagues, have gained international reputation in these fields, and have pioneered several new concepts and techniques in the following areas: (1) SAM's for the preparation of Chiral Nanosurfaces for Chiral resolution by crystallization. (2) Chiral ordered Mesoporous silica by Chiral polymer -Templated Synthesis. (3) An innovative new Carbon Chiral Mesoporous, based on the Carbonization of Chiral Ionic liquids.
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In the process of protein crystallization, proteins are dissolved in an aqueous environment and sample solution until they reach the supersaturated state. Different methods are used to reach that state such as vapor diffusion, microbatch, microdialysis, and free-interface diffusion. Developing protein crystals is a difficult process influenced by many factors, including pH, temperature, ionic strength in the crystallization solution, and even gravity. Once formed, these crystals can be used in structural biology to study the molecular structure of the protein, particularly for various industrial or medical purposes.
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Crystallization happens when the GeTe is heated to a crystallization temperature lower than the melting temperature with a relatively longer and lower current pulse, and a slow quenching process with the current gradually reduced. Both direct and indirect heating can induce phase changes. Joule heating approach is the common direct heating method and indirect heating can be accomplished by a separate layer of dielectric material added to the RF switch. The crystal structure of GeTe is rhombohedrally distorted rock salt- type structure that forms a face-centered cubic (FCC) sublattice at room temperature.
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Hoffman nucleation theory is a theory developed by John D. Hoffman and coworkers in the 1970s and 80s that attempts to describe the crystallization of a polymer in terms of the kinetics and thermodynamics of polymer surface nucleation. The theory introduces a model where a surface of completely crystalline polymer is created and introduces surface energy parameters to describe the process. Hoffman nucleation theory is more of a starting point for polymer crystallization theory and is better known for its fundamental roles in the Hoffman–Weeks lamellar thickening and Lauritzen–Hoffman growth theory.
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Ostwald studied the crystallization behavior of solids, especially those solids that are capable of crystallizing in different forms, in the phenomenon known as polymorphism. He discovered that solids do not necessarily crystallize in their most thermodynamically stable form but instead sometimes crystallize preferentially in other forms dependent on the relative rates of crystallization of each polymorphic form. Ostwald found that the relative rates were dependent on the surface tension between the solid polymorph and the liquid form. Many common materials exhibit this type of behavior, including minerals and various organic compounds.
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A rapid change in pressure, from loss of volatile components (e.g., dissolved water in the melt) during crystallization can lead to a period of rapid crystallization. Change in crystal growth forms that are interpreted to occur as a result of this loss in pressure are known as "pressure-quenching" textures. Figure 8 is a photomicrograph in cross-polarized light showing alkali-feldspar (perthite core)-quartz (in extinction near the feldspar crystal rim) intergrowth, overgrown by a partial rim of plagioclase texture in Sample CV-114 from the Strathbogie Granite, Australia (cross polarized light).
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Local supersaturation is a common trigger of crystallization, and when the nucleus of the crystalline structure is formed, crystals can self-perpetuate and cause more crystallization and aggregation. Main mechanisms by which the formed crystals and aggregates cause pathological states and ultimately disease are acute necroinflammation, chronic tissue remodelling, and mechanical obstruction. Necroinflammation is an autoamplifying process where crystals are toxic to cells (cytotoxicity) and cause cell death (necrosis and regulated cell death) and a local and systemic inflammatory response. Cytotoxicity includes actin depolymerization, free radical and reactive oxygen species synthesis, and autophagy.
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Experiments have provided many examples of the complexities that control which mineral is crystallized first as the melt cools down past the liquidus. One example concerns crystallization of melts that form mafic and ultramafic rocks. MgO and SiO2 concentrations in melts are among the variables that determine whether forsterite olivine or enstatite pyroxene is precipitated, but the water content and pressure are also important. In some compositions, at high pressures without water crystallization of enstatite is favored, but in the presence of water at high pressures, olivine is favored.
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Isotopic composition ranges overlap for primitive and differentiated rocks, indicating that the latter was derived from fractional crystallization of the primitive magmas. Xenolith abundance in the differentiated magma hint that fractional crystallization occurred within the mantle, below entrained peridotite. Due to this depth and the estimated speed of ascent, fractionation-elevated volatiles may have been important in driving the differentiated magmas to the surface. Partial melting in the mantle, or the progressive exhaustion of incompatible elements in the source, led to a decrease in abundances of these volatiles as the field evolved.
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Honeys that are supersaturated with a very high percentage of glucose, such as brassica honey, crystallize almost immediately after harvesting, while honeys with a low percentage of glucose, such as chestnut or tupelo honey, do not crystallize. Some types of honey may produce few but very large crystals, while others produce many small crystals.Tomasik, Piotr (2004) Chemical and functional properties of food saccharides, CRC Press, p. 74, Crystallization is also affected by water content, because a high percentage of water inhibits crystallization, as does a high dextrin content.
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Such species reversibly dimerize to the distannylene upon crystallization: :2 R2Sn (R2Sn)2 Stannenes, compounds with tin–carbon double bonds, are exemplified by derivatives of stannabenzene. Stannoles, structural analogs of cyclopentadiene, exhibit little C-Sn double bond character.
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Ferric subsulfate solution should be stored in airtight containers at a temperature above 22 degrees Celsius. Crystallization may occur at temperatures below 22 degrees. Warming the solution may redissolve the crystals. The solution should be protected from light.
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The crystal unit of the solid hexahydrate •6 contains the neutral molecule trans- and two molecules of water of crystallization. This species dissolves readily in water and alcohol. The anhydrous salt is hygroscopic and the hexahydrate is deliquescent.
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3AlH4− \+ Al - 3e− → 4AlH3 · nTHF In reaction 2, the aluminium anode is consumed, limiting the production of aluminium hydride for a given electrochemical cell. The crystallization and recovery of aluminum hydride from electrochemically generated alane has been demonstrated.
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Nanocrystalline metals can be produced by rapid solidification from the liquid using a process such as melt spinning. This often produces an amorphous metal, which can be transformed into an nanocrystalline metal by annealing above the crystallization temperature.
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Thus, snowflakes form euhedral, six-sided twinned crystals. In rocks, the presence of euhedral crystals may signify that they formed early in the crystallization of magma or perhaps crystallized in a cavity or vug, without hindrance from other crystals.
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He and Ekhard Preikschat co-founded Lasentec to commercialize it. In 2001, Lasentec was acquired by Mettler Toledo. They are used mostly in the pharmaceutical industry to provide in-situ control of the crystallization process in large purification systems.
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Lead-zinc chimneys in limestone: Engineering and Mining Journal, v. 122, p. 296–298. Crystallization temperature of veins near the surface (discussion): Economic Geology, v. 21. p. 619–621. Successive banding around rock fragments in veins: Economic Geology, v.
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Branching dendrites of salt (sodium chloride) on the surface of a century egg. Dendritic crystallization after melting inside sealed ampules of rubidium and caesium metal. In chemistry, a dendrite is a crystal that branches into two parts during growth.
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Coordination polymers are often prepared by self-assembly, involving crystallization of a metal salt with a ligand. The mechanisms of crystal engineering and molecular self-assembly are relevant. Figure 2. Shows planar geometries with 3 coordination and 6 coordination.
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Cooler portions of the chalcogenide take longer to crystallize, and overheated portions may be remelted. A crystallization time scale on the order of 100 ns is commonly used.H. Horii et al.,2003 Symposium on VLSI Technology, 177–178 (2003).
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Bradshaw, J. et al Chiral recognition by the S,S and R,R enantiomers of dimethyldioxopyridino-18-Crown-6 as measured by temperature-dependent 1H NMR spectroscopy in CD2Cl2, titration calorimetry in CH3OH at 25 °C, and selective crystallization.
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"It appears that women were active in building up reputations by gossip, deploying counter-magic and accusing suspects; crystallization into formal prosecution, however, needed the intervention of men, preferably of fairly high status in the community.", ibid., p. 265.
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This technology is economically reasonable and can be recommended for systems with a cooling capacity of 1 MW (300 ton of refrigeration; 3.5 million BTU/h) or larger. Crystallization by cooling can be done using direct or indirect systems.
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The language contact that might have occurred between the Aryan immigrants and the aboriginal inhabitants could have lead either to a language shift or to the crystallization of a new language through the creation of a pidgin. The first instance could have been in effect in relation to the members of the Vedda community who were absorbed into the new settlements, while in the second instance the occasional contact of the Veddas with the new settlers would have resulted in the crystallization of a new language instead of the original Vedda language. The term 'creole' refers to a linguistic medium which has crystallized in a situation of language contact and the process of this crystallization begins as a ‘pidgin’. A pidgin is spoken natively by an entire speech community, whose ancestors have been geographically displaced through which a rupture is created in their relationship with their original language.
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Lithium carbonate can also be purified by exploiting its diminished solubility in hot water. Thus, heating a saturated aqueous solution causes crystallization of . Lithium carbonate, and other carbonates of group 1, do not decarboxylate readily. decomposes at temperatures around 1300 °C.
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Systems that can be strongly influenced by the dynamics of preferential concentration are aerosol production of fine powders, spray, emulsifier, and crystallization reactors, pneumatic devices, cloud droplet formation, aerosol transport in the upper atmosphere, and even planet formation from protoplanetary nebula.
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This sandstone has saccharoidal texture, and glistens white and cream. This is not due to angular sand grains, but results from silica crystallization. It is up to thick. The Grafton Formation is the sedimentary unit in the core of the basin.
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Other explanations for the offset are melt inmiscibility. This process took place while the planetesimal was cooling off. First meteoric iron crystallized into a network of cavities and channels. Eventually crystallization cut off the channels and made cavities of trapped melt.
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Petrology indicates that the andesitic lavas of the southern domes are derived from the more silicic magmas by addition of more mafic andeistes. Conversely, the northern dome magmas formed by fractional crystallization with the most evolved components being erupted explosively.
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Isomalt is widely used for the production of sugar-free candy, especially hard-boiled candy, because it resists crystallization much better than the standard combinations of sucrose and corn syrup. It is used in sugar sculpture for the same reason.
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Thus, a DTA curve provides data on the transformations that have occurred, such as glass transitions, crystallization, melting and sublimation. The area under a DTA peak is the enthalpy change and it's not affected by the heat capacity of the sample.
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See water of crystallization. # Linkage isomerism occurs with ambidentate ligands that can bind in more than one place. For example, NO2 is an ambidentate ligand: It can bind to a metal at either the N atom or an O atom.
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The rock itself is dated at 4.20 ± 0.07 b.y. by Sm/Nd radiometric dating.Norman M.D., Shih C.-Y., Nyquist L.E., Bogard D.D. and Taylor L.A. (2007) Early impacts on the moon: Crystallization ages of Apollo 16 melt breccias (abs#1991).
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Devitrification is the process of crystallization in a formerly crystal-free (amorphous) glass.Werner Vogel: "Glass Chemistry"; Springer-Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K; 2nd revised edition (November 1994), The term is derived from the Latin vitreus, meaning glassy and transparent.
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After milling, various palm oil products are made using refining processes. First is fractionation, with crystallization and separation processes to obtain solid (palm stearin), and liquid (olein) fractions. Then melting and degumming removes impurities. Then the oil is filtered and bleached.
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The water of crystallization is lost when heated to 90 °C, and the structure becomes hexagonal. Large single crystals of () have been grown and studied for pulsed lasing purposes (pico second spectroscopy) with great success by E. Haussühl and cols.
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Moses Kunitz (1887–1978) was a Russian-American biochemist who spent most of his career at Rockefeller University. He is best known for a series of experiments in purification and crystallization of proteins, contributing to the determination that enzymes are proteins.
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This appearance is caused by crystallization of the liquid solder. A dry joint is weak mechanically and a poor conductor electrically. In general a good-looking soldered joint is a good joint. A good joint will be smooth, bright, and shiny.
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There are several theories that suggest how the crystallization on the Merensky Reef occurred. The first accepted hypothesis of the Merensky Reef suggests the chromite crystallization originated from hybrid melts and significant lateral mixing of new and resident magma. In detail, the first hypothesis suggests the high of PGE concentrations were a result from the sulfide and silicate melt. The sulfide melt plays an important role in this hypothesis because the sulfide melt is dense and the settling of the melt through the magma column to the floor of the chamber allowed such mixing to occur.
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Or, it can form a polycrystal, with various possibilities for the size, arrangement, orientation, and phase of its grains. The final form of the solid is determined by the conditions under which the fluid is being solidified, such as the chemistry of the fluid, the ambient pressure, the temperature, and the speed with which all these parameters are changing. Specific industrial techniques to produce large single crystals (called boules) include the Czochralski process and the Bridgman technique. Other less exotic methods of crystallization may be used, depending on the physical properties of the substance, including hydrothermal synthesis, sublimation, or simply solvent- based crystallization.
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Additives for protein crystallization and concentration range The distinction between buffers and adjutants is also fuzzy. Buffer molecules can become part of the lattice (for example HEPES in Quantitative structure- activity relationship of human neutrophil collagenase (MMP-8) inhibitors using comparative molecular field analysis and X-ray structure analysis. becomes incorporated in crystals of human neutrophil collagenase) but their main use is to maintain the rather precise pH requirements for crystallization that many proteins have. Commonly used buffers such as citrate have a high ionic strength and at the typical buffer concentrations they also act as precipitants.
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Phase diagram of the GeSbTe ternary alloy system GeSbTe is a ternary compound of germanium, antimony, and tellurium, with composition GeTe-Sb2Te3. In the GeSbTe system, there is a pseudo-line as shown upon which most of the alloys lie. Moving down this pseudo-line, it can be seen that as we go from Sb2Te3 to GeTe, the melting point and glass transition temperature of the materials increase, crystallization speed decreases and data retention increases. Hence, in order to get high data transfer rate, we need to use material with fast crystallization speed such as Sb2Te3.
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Helianthemum squamatum is the only known species able to extract water of crystallization from rock and is able to derive up to 90% of its fluid requirements from gypsum using this process. By comparing the isotope composition of the plant's sap water to the isotopic composition of free water in the soil and water of crystallization within gypsum it was discovered by Dr. Sara Palacio of the Instituto Pirenaico de Ecología and Dr. Juan Pedro Ferrio of the University of Lleida that between 70% to 90% of the sap water came from gypsum during the summer months.
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Frederick W. Stavely (1894-1976) was a researcher at the Firestone Tire & Rubber Company who in 1953, while investigating the reaction of butyl lithium on butadiene discovered that polymerization of isoprene with metallic lithium produced polyisoprene (dubbed "coral rubber" because of its appearance) with a high cis content. High cis content is associated with enhanced strain crystallization, important during World War II because other synthetics did not exhibit the crystallization effect. In 1950, Stavely served as chairman of the American Chemical Society Rubber Division. In 1972, Stavely received the Charles Goodyear Medal in recognition of this discovery.
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Most liquids freeze by crystallization, formation of crystalline solid from the uniform liquid. This is a first-order thermodynamic phase transition, which means that as long as solid and liquid coexist, the temperature of the whole system remains very nearly equal to the melting point due to slow removal of heat when in contact with air, which is a poor heat conductor. Because of the latent heat of fusion, the freezing is greatly slowed and the temperature will not drop any more once the freezing starts but will continue dropping once it finishes. Crystallization consists of two major events, nucleation and crystal growth.
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The crystal lattice, which is formed during the crystallization process, contains numerous units of the purified protein, which are densely and symmetrically packed in the crystal. When looking for a previously unknown protein, figuring out its shape and boundaries within the crystal lattice can be challenging. Proteins are usually composed of smaller subunits, and the task of distinguishing between the subunits and identifying the actual protein, can be challenging even for the experienced crystallographers. The non-biological interfaces that occur during crystallization are known as crystal-packing contacts (or simply, crystal contacts) and cannot be distinguished by crystallographic means.
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Conformational flexibility in the molecule also tends to make crystallization less likely, due to entropy. Molecules that tend to self- assemble into regular helices are often unwilling to assemble into crystals. Crystals can be marred by twinning, which can occur when a unit cell can pack equally favorably in multiple orientations; although recent advances in computational methods may allow solving the structure of some twinned crystals. Having failed to crystallize a target molecule, a crystallographer may try again with a slightly modified version of the molecule; even small changes in molecular properties can lead to large differences in crystallization behavior.
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Fractional crystallization is the removal and segregation from a melt of mineral precipitates; except in special cases, removal of the crystals changes the composition of the magma. In essence, fractional crystallization is the removal of early formed crystals from an originally homogeneous magma (for example, by gravity settling) so that these crystals are prevented from further reaction with the residual melt. The composition of the remaining melt becomes relatively depleted in some components and enriched in others, resulting in the precipitation of a sequence of different minerals.Petrology The Study of Igneous...Rocks, Loren A. Raymond, 1995, McGraw-Hill, p.
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Honey may be heated during bottling at temperatures of to delay or inhibit crystallization. Overheating is indicated by change in enzyme levels, for instance, diastase activity, which can be determined with the Schade or the Phadebas methods. A fluffy film on the surface of the honey (like a white foam), or marble-colored or white-spotted crystallization on a container's sides, is formed by air bubbles trapped during the bottling process. A 2008 Italian study determined that nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy can be used to distinguish between different honey types, and can be used to pinpoint the area where it was produced.
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At room temperature the molecules are frozen in place, but, if enough heat energy is put back into them by heating above Tg, they begin to move again, allowing crystals to nucleate and grow. This procedure is known as solid-state crystallization.
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This led to the crystallization of the IIAB meteorites. The remaining liquid was trapped in cavities of the IIABs and crystallized once the temperature reached the eutectic point. At this temperature the remaining magma crystallized schreibersite and iron, thereby forming the IIG meteorites.
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Later samples from Woodrow Mine in New Mexico collected by Moench showed fibrous internal structure and exceptional crystallization. A polished thin section of coffinite has a brown color and shows anisotropic transmission of light. Optical analysis yielded a refractive index of about 1.74.
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See also: S. Hoogewerf and W.A. van Dorp (1886) "Sur quelques dérivés de l'isoquinoléine" (On some derivatives of isoquinoline), Recueil des Travaux Chemiques des Pays-Bas, vol.5, no. 9, pages 305–312. They isolated it by fractional crystallization of the acid sulfate.
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Tabular crystals tend to lie along the film's surface when coated and dried. This reduces scattering of light and increases resolution. Tabular crystals usually have two twinned planes parallel to each other. They are formed at the very beginning of the crystallization.
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From this, the resulting segmentation of a conceptual idea through physical units hints at the crystallization. They become like stars in the night sky, each defined by its own space, but perceived together they make up the fabric of a universe.” --Bradford Graves.
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Copper(II) bromide is purified by crystallization twice from water, filtration to remove any CuBr and concentration under vacuum. This product is dehydrated using phosphorus pentoxide.Hope et al. J Chem Soc 5226 1960, Glemser & Sauer in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry (Ed.
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Thin films, for example, may be effectively two-dimensional, in which case if nucleation is again uniform the exponent n = 3. In general, for uniform nucleation and growth, n = D + 1, wgere D is the dimensionality of space in which crystallization occurs.
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Samarium(III) oxide dissolves in mineral acids, forming salts upon evaporation and crystallization: : Sm2O3 \+ 6 HCl → 2 SmCl3 \+ 3 H2O The oxide can be reduced to metallic samarium by heating with a reducing agent, such as hydrogen or carbon monoxide, at elevated temperatures.
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The crystalline form is produced by adding the green oxide in small quantities to fused sodium chloride, or by dissolving the amorphous form in fused sodium chloride, and allowing crystallization to take place. It yields reddish-yellow to greenish-yellow prisms or leaflets.
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CB[6] is still the major product; the other ring sizes are formed in smaller yields. The isolation of sizes other than CB[6] requires fractional crystallization and dissolution. CB[5], CB[6], CB[7], and CB[8] are all currently commercially available.
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Thin films of hafnium oxides deposited by atomic layer deposition are usually crystalline. Because semiconductor devices benefit from having amorphous films present, researchers have alloyed hafnium oxide with aluminum or silicon (forming hafnium silicates), which have a higher crystallization temperature than hafnium oxide.
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The magma supply to the Cobb hotspot is more primitive than that of the Juan de Fuca Ridge magma. As the archaic magma flows beneath the magma chamber of the ridge, it causes further melting and rapid cooling, which allows for fractional crystallization.
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Structure of the complex formed upon co- crystallization of pyromellitic anhydride (molecules terminated in red) and anthracene. PMDA is an electron-acceptor, forming a variety of charge-transfer complexes. It reacts with amines to diimides, C6H2[(CO)2NR]2 which also have acceptor properties.
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In a few cases, some basalts contain hornblende phenocrysts, while phonalite contains sodalite and trachyte has barkevicite. Although the magma that formed São Tomé was originally sourced from the mantle, fractional crystallization in contact with seawater resulted in magnetite, apatite, plagioclase, hornblende, augite and olivine.
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Colors found in the bands are created by trace amounts of minerals such as iron oxide, hematite, goethite, magnetite, and other oxidated minerals. These materials mixed with the silica and were included in the crystallization during formation, giving the layers of cryptocrystalline quartz their color.
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The Hinsdale Formation is a bimodal volcanic formation, containing silica-poor olivine basalt and high-silica rhyolite with only small quantities of volcanic rock of intermediate composition.Lipman et al. The sequence reflects assimilation and fractional crystallization (AFC) of a primitive basalt magma.Parker et al.
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The second stage is often executed in heavy sugar-consuming regions such as North America, Europe, and Japan. In the second stage, white sugar is produced that is more than 99 percent pure sucrose. In such refineries, raw sugar is further purified by fractional crystallization.
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This is due to the increased repulsive interactions that occur as a result of a greater number of heterocontacts between the different arms. In addition, star-shaped polymers exhibit lower melt temperatures, lower crystallization temperatures and lower degrees of crystallinity than comparable linear analogues.
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The crystals also feature [V(H2O)6]2+ centers but with an extra water of crystallization. The salt is isomorphous with ferrous sulfate heptahydrate. A related salt is vanadous ammonium sulfate, (NH4)2V(SO4)2·6H2O, a Tutton's salt isomorphous with ferrous ammonium sulfate.
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Due to an advantage in cycle-time, improved processing economics, nylon 46 has significant characteristics of a high amide group concentration and a high rigidity of molecular chain, leading to a high degree of crystallization, good rigidity at high temperature and higher water- absorption.
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Cooling from this initial temperature is called secular cooling, and in the Earth the secular cooling of the core transfers heat into an insulating silicate mantle. As the inner core grows, the latent heat of crystallization adds to the heat flux into the mantle.
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The works originally included a boiler, a tank for dissolved borax, and open tanks for crystallization of the borax. A stone building stood nearby to house the workers. The boiler fire box remains, along with an earth mound at the site of the building.
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Vacuum evaporation plant vacuum pans in a beet sugar factoryIn the sugar industry vacuum evaporation is used in the crystallization of sucrose solutions. Traditionally this process was performed in batch mode, but nowadays continuous vacuum pans are available.BMA Gruppe. Article on continuous vacuum pans.
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However, these oxides are not equal and cannot be entirely substituted by each other. Hence, both of them should be available and utilized together to minimize the crystallization and improve the glass stabilization so that there is only a slight decrease is the infrared transmission.
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The crystallite are typically not at equilibrium and they may contain different polymorphs. The crystals re- organize during heating so that they approach the equilibrium crystalline state. Crystal re-organization is a thermally activated process. Further crystallization of the amorphous phase may take place.
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The zircons from the Western Australian Jack Hills returned an age of 4.404 billion years, interpreted to be the age of crystallization. These zircons also show another interesting feature; their oxygen isotopic composition has been interpreted to indicate that more than 4.4 billion years ago there was already water on the surface of the Earth. The importance and accuracy of these interpretations is currently the subject of scientific debate. It may be that the oxygen isotopes and other compositional features (the rare-earth elements) record more recent hydrothermal alteration of the zircons rather than the composition of the magma at the time of their original crystallization.
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Depending on the conditions, it may have time to cool uniformly, or fractional crystallization can occur if parts of the magma are removed after they crystallize. Bowen's reaction series An early model for fractional crystallization, which explained why certain types of mineral tend to be found together in igneous rocks, was Bowen's reaction series, formulated in 1922. Bowen found that, as magma crystallizes, it separates into two series: a continuous series of minerals that continuously adjusts their composition through interactions with the melt, and a discontinuous series of minerals that remain fixed in composition as they cool. Thus, the type of mineral indicates the temperature at which it was formed.
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As mentioned above, a crystal is formed following a well-defined pattern, or structure, dictated by forces acting at the molecular level. As a consequence, during its formation process the crystal is in an environment where the solute concentration reaches a certain critical value, before changing status. Solid formation, impossible below the solubility threshold at the given temperature and pressure conditions, may then take place at a concentration higher than the theoretical solubility level. The difference between the actual value of the solute concentration at the crystallization limit and the theoretical (static) solubility threshold is called supersaturation and is a fundamental factor in crystallization.
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When sodium chlorate is allowed to crystallize from water and the collected crystals examined in a polarimeter, each crystal turns out to be chiral and either the L form or the D form. In an ordinary experiment the amount of L crystals collected equals the amount of D crystals (corrected for statistical effects). However, when the sodium chlorate solution is stirred during the crystallization process the crystals are either exclusively L or exclusively D. In 32 consecutive crystallization experiments 14 experiments deliver D-crystals and 18 others L-crystals. The explanation for this symmetry breaking is unclear but is related to autocatalysis taking place in the nucleation process.
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Once a Wigner crystal has formed, there may in principle be further phase transitions between different crystal structures and between different magnetic states for the Wigner crystals (e.g., antiferromagnetic to ferromagnetic spin configurations) as the density is lowered. When Wigner crystallization occurs, jellium acquires a band gap. Within Hartree–Fock theory, the ferromagnetic fluid abruptly becomes more stable than the paramagnetic fluid at a density parameter of r_s=5.45 in three dimensions (3D) and 2.01 in two dimensions (2D). However, according to Hartree–Fock theory, Wigner crystallization occurs at r_s=4.5 in 3D and 1.44 in 2D, so that jellium would crystallise before itinerant ferromagnetism occurs.
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The structure of human sorbitol dehydrogenase was determined through crystallization experiments and X-ray diffraction (with a resolution of 2.20 Å). The method used for crystallization was “Vapor Diffusion, Hanging Drop” at pH 6.2 and at a temperature of 295.0 K. Sorbitol dehydrogenase consists of four identical chains (A, B, C, D), each of which being 31% helical (14 helices) and 26% beta sheet (23 strands).; MolProbity Ramachandran analysis was conducted by Lovell, Davis, et al. The results were that 97.1% of all residues were in favored regions and 100.0% of all residues were in allowed regions, with no outliers. All four chains have 356 residues each and a catalytic site.
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An example of U–Pb relative age probability diagram Geochronology and thermochronology are more and more applied to solve provenance and tectonic problems. Detrital minerals used in this method include zircons, monazites, white micas and apatites. The age dated from these minerals indicate timing of crystallization and multiple tectono-thermal events. This method is base on the following considerations: "(1) the source areas are characterized by rocks with different tectonic histories recorded by distinctive crystallization and cooling ages; (2) the source rocks contain the selected mineral;" (3) Detrital mineral like zircon is ultra-stable which means it is capable of surviving multiple phases of physical and chemical weathering, erosion and deposition.
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Tantalum capacitors are now very reliable components. Continuous improvement in tantalum powder and capacitor technologies have resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of impurities which formerly caused most field crystallization failures. Commercially available industrially produced tantalum capacitors now have reached as standard products the high MIL standard "C" level, which is 0.01%/1000 h at 85 °C and UR or 1 failure per 107 hours at 85 °C and UR.T.Zednicek, AVX, A Study of Field Crystallization in Tantalum Capacitors and its effect on DCL and Reliability, Recalculated in FIT with the acceleration factors coming from MIL HDKB 217F at 40 °C and 0.5 , UR is the failure rate.
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In 1995 it was suggested that asteroseismological observations of pulsating white dwarfs yielded a potential test of the crystallization theory, and in 2004, observations were made that suggested approximately 90% of the mass of BPM 37093 had crystallized. Other work gives a crystallized mass fraction of between 32% and 82%. As a white dwarf core undergoes crystallization into a solid phase, latent heat is released which provides a source of thermal energy that delays its cooling. This effect was first confirmed in 2019 after the identification of a pile up in the cooling sequence of more than 15,000 white dwarfs observed with the Gaia satellite.
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Sodium perborate is manufactured by reaction of borax and sodium hydroxide to give sodium metaborate , which is then reacted with hydrogen peroxide to give hydrated sodium perborate: Na2B4O7 + 2NaOH -> 4 NaBO2 + H2O NaBO2 + 2H2O2 -> Na2B2O4(OH)4 A surfactant may be added to control crystal size.J. Dugua and B.Simon (1978): "Crystallization of sodium perborate from aqueous solutions: I. Nucleation rates in pure solution and in presence of a surfactant". Journal of Crystal Growth, volume 44, issue 3, pages 265-279.J. Dugua and B.Simon (1978): "Crystallization of sodium perborate from aqueous solutions: II. Growth kinetics of different faces in pure solution and in the presence of a surfactant".
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The production of p-xylene is industrially significant, with annual demand estimated at 37 million tons in 2014, and still on the increase.Nature 532,435–437 (28 April 2016) doi:10.1038/532435a p-Xylene is produced by catalytic reforming of petroleum naphtha as part of the BTX aromatics (benzene, toluene and the xylene isomers) extracted from the catalytic reformate. The p-xylene is then separated out in a series of distillation, adsorption or crystallization and reaction processes from the m-xylene, o-xylene, and ethylbenzene. Its melting point is the highest among this series of isomers, but simple crystallization does not allow easy purification due to the formation of eutectic mixtures.
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Weak van der Waals forces also help hold together certain crystals, such as crystalline molecular solids, as well as the interlayer bonding in graphite. Polymer materials generally will form crystalline regions, but the lengths of the molecules usually prevent complete crystallization—and sometimes polymers are completely amorphous.
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A primary mineral is any mineral formed during the original crystallization of the host igneous primary rock and includes the essential mineral(s) used to classify the rock along with any accessory minerals.Ailsa Allaby and Michael Allaby. "primary mineral." A Dictionary of Earth Sciences. 1999. Encyclopedia.com.
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S. L. Price, Computed Crystal Energy Landscapes for Understanding and Predicting Organic Crystal Structures and Polymorphism, Acc. Chem. Res. 2009, 42, 117–126. This kind of computed landscapes lend insights into the study on polymorphism, design of new structures and also help to design crystallization experiments.
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Since textural details contribute greatly to knowledge of the sequence of crystallization of the various mineral constituents in a rock, petrography progressed into petrogenesis and ultimately into petrology. It was in Europe, principally in Germany, that petrography advanced in the last half of the nineteenth century.
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The process is then repeated to increase the purity in a technique known as recrystallization. For biological molecules in which the solvent channels continue to be present to retain the three dimensional structure intact, microbatch crystallization under oil and vapor diffusion methods have been the common methods.
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It is obtained as the monohydrate. Upon heating, solid NaH2AsO4H2O, loses water of crystallization and converts to the pyroarsenate salt Na2H2As2O7.P. W. Schenk "Arsenic, Antimony, Bismuth" in Handbook of Preparative Inorganic Chemistry, 2nd Ed. Edited by G. Brauer, Academic Press, 1963, NY. Vol. 1. p. 602.
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Hence, the choice of pH is essential either to promote the formation of crystals where the bonding between molecules to each other is more favorable than with water molecules. pH is one of the most powerful manipulations that one can assign for the optimal crystallization condition.
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The form of this metallic tree may be varied as desired. The stronger the user makes the first described water, the thicker the tree will be with branches, and sooner formed. Homberg also described how numerous other kinds of trees may be produced by crystallization and "digestion".
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Thermal transitions in (A) amorphous and (B) semicrystalline polymers. As the temperature increases, both amorphous and semicrystalline polymers go through the glass transition (Tg). Amorphous polymers (A) do not exhibit other phase transitions. However, semicrystalline polymers (B) undergo crystallization and melting (at temperatures Tc and Tm, respectively).
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Volcanoes represent powerful images and forces on Earth's landscape. Generation of a volcano depends on its location and magmatic origin. Magmas will remain a melt until pressure and temperature allow crystallization and outgassing. During outgassing, the magma chamber will rise and meet Earth's surface causing a volcano.
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Although this approach is known to give only qualitative information about the thermodynamic behavior of a system, it provides important insights about the mechanisms of various complex phenomena such as phase transition, aggregation, configurational distribution, surface-adsorption, self-assembly, crystallization, as well as steady state diffusion.
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In addition to the use of a specific number replacing that many letters, the more general "x" can be used to replace an unspecified number of letters. Examples include "Crxn" for "crystallization" and the series familiar to physicians for history, diagnosis, and treatment ("hx", "dx", "tx").
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Kunitz was awarded the Carl Neuberg Medal in 1957 in recognition of his long research career and noted technical skill in the laboratory, which was critical to his long series of successes in protein crystallization. He was elected to the National Academy of Sciences in 1967.
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Anhydrous tert-butyl alcohol is obtained by further refluxing and distilling from magnesium activated with iodine, or alkali metals such as sodium or potassium. Other methods include the use of 4 Å molecular sieves, aluminium tert- butylate, calcium hydride (CaH2), or fractional crystallization under inert atmosphere.
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Most examples are composed of square planar complexes. Thus, upon crystallization, molecules of Rh(acac)(CO)2 stack with Rh---Rh distances of about 326 pm. Classic examples include Krogmann's salt and Magnus's green salt. Other examples include the partially oxidized derivatives of [Pt(oxalate)2]2-.
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The Crystal Palace main motives were the affirmation of British economic and national leadership and the creation of moments of spectacle. In this respect, 19th century World fairs provided a visual crystallization of colonial culture and were, at the same time, forerunners of contemporary theme parks.
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Phenocrysts include mainly plagioclase, with less common olivine and titanomagnetite; apatite has been reported as well. The magmas appear to have formed through fractional crystallization at varying pressures, and ultimately came from the lithosphere at depth, that was affected by subduction processes over 85million years ago.
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As a post-doctoral fellow at Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, he isolated, purified, characterized, and crystallized Human Plasma Albumin and published several papers in Bio Physica and Bio Chimica Acta and Journal of Biological Chemistry. He also crystallized Porcine Pepsinogen and published a paper on crystallization.
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Important classes of inorganic compounds are the oxides, the carbonates, the sulfates, and the halides. Many inorganic compounds are characterized by high melting points. Inorganic salts typically are poor conductors in the solid state. Other important features include their high melting point and ease of crystallization.
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Several hydrates of tin tetrachloride are known. The pentahydrate, SnCl4·5H2O was formerly known as butter of tin. They all consist of [SnCl4(H2O)2] molecules together with varying amounts of water of crystallization. The additional water molecules link together the molecules of [SnCl4(H2O)2] through hydrogen bonds.
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Carnallite's chemical formula is KMgCl3·6(H2O). Synthetic carnallite crystal specimens can be produced from 1.5 mole percent KCl and 98.5 mole percent MgCl2·6H2O by slow crystallization at 25 °C.Schlemper, E. O., P. K. Gupta, and Tibor Zoltai. (1985) Refinement of the Structure of Carnallite, Mg(H2O)6KCL3.
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However, unlithified material does not only include sediments. Magma is the original unlithified source of all igneous rocks. The active flow of molten rock is closely studied in volcanology, and igneous petrology aims to determine the history of igneous rocks from their final crystallization to their original molten source.
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One example is grain lines (produced when irregular crystallization occurs as a diamond is formed) running across the facet. Severe polish defects may cause the diamond to constantly look like it needs to be cleaned. With poor symmetry, light can be misdirected as it enters and exits the diamond.
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In this occasion, the volum term overcomes the superficial term \Delta G_S < \Delta G_V. From the expression of the critical radius, as the Gibbs volume energy increases, the critical radius will decrease and hence, it will be easier achieving the formation of nuclei and begin the crystallization process.
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The separation of a racemate into its components, the pure enantiomers, is called a chiral resolution. There are various methods, including crystallization, chromatography, and the use of enzymes. The first successful resolution of a racemate was performed by Louis Pasteur, who manually separated the crystals of a conglomerate.
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Kurnakov was born in Nolinsk, Kirov Oblast. He attended a high school at Nizhny Novgorod and later studied at the mining institute in St. Petersburg. He published his first paper on alum crystallization and sodium thioantimoniate in 1882. In the same year he graduated as a mining engineer.
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125-8 a period of doubt; and then a final crystallization of love.I. A. Mabergoj, Reality and Truth in Literature (2013) p. 174 Empirical studies suggest that men fall in love earlier than women and women are quicker to fall out of love than men.E. R. Smith/D.
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Alkali basalt and trachyte are the only forms of bedrock on the island and fractional crystallization of olivine and clinopyroxene played a key role in the formation of the rocks. Sediments on the island include sand and gravel from the Holocene and cemented conglomerate made of coral fragments.
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Indian sailors, consumers of clarified butter and sugar, carried sugar by various trade routes. Travelling Buddhist monks brought sugar crystallization methods to China. During the reign of Harsha (r. 606-647) in North India, Indian envoys in Tang China taught sugarcane cultivation methods after Emperor Taizong of Tang (r.
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Nevertheless, the presence of oleic acid in the back-extraction solution demanded more purification steps (precipitation, centrifugation and filtration). Oleic acid was removed because it prevents crystallization of geldanamycin. Therefore, geldanamycin was crystallized and the end product was highly purified. Enzymes can be immobilized to the capsule membrane.
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This technique is most commonly used by mineralogists and petrologists. Most rocks are aggregates of small mineral grains. These grains may preserve chemical information adopted during their formation and subsequent alteration. This information may illuminate geologic processes, such as crystallization, lithification, volcanism, metamorphism, orogenic events (mountain building), plate tectonics.
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Partial melting of metasomatism-influenced mantle may be the origin of Longgang magmas. Some of the magmas underwent fractionation after their formation, but not all. The magmas appear to come from a magma chamber at a depth of , and also underwent fractional crystallization and assimilation of crustal materials.
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Upon crystallization, molecular or polymeric compounds can be isolated. Dissolution is also observed when a solution of the appropriate complexing agent in acetone or chloroform is used. For example, thiourea and its derivatives can be used. Solids that crystallize out of those solutions are composed of hybrid inorganic chains.
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It is a way of absorbing them, phagocyte them to present them to us, deprived of the function and temporality. Their symbolic value is thus protected for eternity as it seems”, considers Hsu. Hsu, Megasun Inter, octobre 2008 Rolls-Royce, clothes, art objects, etc. are privileged supports for crystallization.
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Peralkaline granites (A-Type granitoids) have very high concentrations of alkaline elements and very low concentrations of phosphorus; they are deposited at moderate depths in extensional zones, often as igneous ring complexes, or as pipes, massive bodies, and lenses. These fluids have very low viscosities and high element mobility, which allows for crystallization of large grains, despite a relatively short crystallization time upon emplacement; their large grain size is why these deposits are commonly referred to as pegmatites. Economically viable pegmatites are divided into Lithium-Cesium-Tantalum (LCT) and Niobium-Yttrium-Fluorine (NYF) types; NYF types are enriched in rare-earth minerals. Examples of rare-earth pegmatite deposits include Strange Lake in Canada, and Khaladean-Buregtey in Mongolia.
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An additional concern was that the hydrogenation product has an unfavorable eutectic point, so it was impossible to isolate the crude intermediate in more than 94 percent ee by batch process. Because of this limitation, the process chemistry route toward LY500307 necessarily involved a kinetically controlled crystallization step after the hydrogenation to upgrade the enantiopurity of this penultimate intermediate to >99 percent ee. Comparison of the batch and continuous flow processes toward LY500307. The process chemistry team at Eli Lilly successfully developed a fully continuous process to this penultimate intermediate, including reaction, workup and kinetically controlled crystallization modules (the engineering considerations implicit in these efforts are beyond the scope of this article).
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An advantage of flow reactors is that high-pressure tubing can be utilized for hydrogenation and other hyperbaric reactions. Because the head space of a batch reactor is eliminated, however, many of the safety concerns associated with running high-pressure reactions are obviated by the use of a continuous process reactor. Additionally, a two-stage mixed suspension-mixed product removal (MSMPR) module was designed for the scalable, continuous, kinetically controlled crystallization of the product, so it was possible to isolate in >99 percent ee, eliminating the need for an additional batch crystallization step. This continuous process afforded 144 kg of the key intermediate in 86 percent yield, comparable with a 90 percent isolated yield using the batch process.
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During the crystallization period, adolescents begin to form their own ideas about what is appropriate work for them and learn more about themselves occupationally; this will guide them to their future educational decisions. This is considered to be a part of the path to identity development. An adolescent’s occupational plan for the future involves examining their traits, abilities, interests and values. Occupational plans generally form in stages; the most important time for crystallization to occur is during late adolescence, during this time their plans are more realistically related to his or her capabilities. Social environment influences an adolescent’s choice in occupational plans; they are more likely to look to a role model for guidance.
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Findings and inferences thus far indicate that there is a rich potential to explore new and potentially game-changing insights and applications in a range of areas, that includes but is not limited to protein crystallization, 3-D tissue cultures, tissue regeneration, DNA regulation, drug and vaccine development, stem cells, and treatments for diseases such as cancer and other life-threatening and debilitating conditions. Experience with crystal growth in microgravity shows potential to yield much better results. In roughly 40 space investigations, close to 50% of the cases showed better protein crystals than any produced on Earth. Protein crystallization has three major revenue-generating applications: structural biology and drug design, bioseparations, and controlled drug delivery.
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DTT is also a more powerful reducing agent with a redox potential (at pH 7) of −0.33 V, compared to −0.26 V for 2-mercaptoethanol. 2-Mercaptoethanol is often used interchangeably with dithiothreitol (DTT) or the odorless tris(2-carboxyethyl)phosphine (TCEP) in biological applications. Although 2-mercaptoethanol has a higher volatility than DTT, it is more stable: 2-mercaptoethanol's half-life is more than 100 hours at pH 6.5 and 4 hours at pH 8.5; DTT's half-life is 40 hours at pH 6.5 and 1.5 hours at pH 8.5.Yeh, J. I. (2009) "Additives and microcalorimetric approaches for optimization of crystallization" in Protein Crystallization, 2nd Edition (Ed: T. Bergfors), International University Line, La Jolla, CA. .
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Page 22. and traditionally she is associated with the colour red, as with Goddess Parvati, the primordial form of Shakti, a fact also mentioned in Patanjali's Mahabhashya on Pāṇini, written in 2nd century BCE.Devī-māhātmya: the crystallization of the goddess tradition, by Thomas B. Coburn. Published by Motilal Banarsidass Publ.
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Another side of the incremental theory is that plutons formed from the amalgamation of small intrusions. The incremental model suggests that there is more time in- between injections to account for the fractional crystallization that allows the newest injection to go in to the least crystallized part of the body.
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Clarkeite is a uranium oxide mineral of with the chemical formula or . Its color varies from dark brown to reddish orange. Clarkeite forms by oxidation and replacement of uraninite late during pegmatite crystallization. Although uraninite-bearing granite pegmatites are common, clarkeite is rare and occurs intimately intergrown with other uranium minerals.
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This 73-liter pilot-scale flow reactor (occupying less than 0.5 m3 space) achieved the same weekly throughput as theoretical batch processing in a 400-liter reactor. Therefore, the continuous flow process demonstrates advantages in safety, efficiency (eliminates the need for batch crystallization) and throughput, compared with a theoretical batch process.
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The high affinity of JDTic for the KOR suggested that it might be a suitable ligand for promoting the crystallization of this receptor for X-ray crystallographic studies. Such experiments were successful and lead to the publication of the first report of a high-resolution structure of an opioid receptor [ ].
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U.S. Space Shuttle or Russian Space Station, Mir. Protein crystallization is the process of formation of a regular array of individual protein molecules stabilized by crystal contacts. If the crystal is sufficiently ordered, it will diffract. Some proteins naturally form crystalline arrays, like aquaporin in the lens of the eye.
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Crystal formation requires two steps: nucleation and growth. Nucleation is the initiation step for crystallization. At the nucleation phase, protein molecules in solution come together as aggregates to form a stable solid nucleus. As the nucleus forms, the crystal grows bigger and bigger by molecules attaching to this stable nucleus.
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Three methods of preparing crystals, A: Hanging drop. B: Sitting drop. C: Microdialysis Vapor diffusion is the most commonly employed method of protein crystallization. In this method, droplets containing purified protein, buffer, and precipitant are allowed to equilibrate with a larger reservoir containing similar buffers and precipitants in higher concentrations.
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The yellow form has a density of 1.97 g/cm3. Black arsenic is similar in structure to black phosphorus. Black arsenic can also be formed by cooling vapor at around 100–220 °C and by crystallization of amorphous arsenic in the presence of mercury vapors. It is glassy and brittle.
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A second rhodopsin based structural model of the H4 receptor was successfully used for the identification of novel H4 ligands. Recent advancements in GPCR crystallization, in particular the determination of the human histamine H1 receptor in complex with doxepin will likely increase the quality of novel structural H4 receptor models.
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Spectrin repeats give rise to linear proteins. This however may be due to sample bias in which linear and rigid structures are more amenable to crystallization. There are hints however, that some proteins harbouring spectrin repeats may also be flexible. This is most likely due to specifically evolved functional purposes.
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Fumarolically altered rocks are found on the eastern flanks of the chain. Desert patine covers post-caldera lavas. Based on crystal composition, the magmas of Sairecabur formed at temperatures of . The process started by partial melting of the mantle involving peridotite and subsequent interaction with the crust and fractional crystallization.
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The crystallization vessels used are autoclaves. These are usually thick-walled steel cylinders with a hermetic seal which must withstand high temperatures and pressures for prolonged periods of time. Furthermore, the autoclave material must be inert with respect to the solvent. The closure is the most important element of the autoclave.
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Morris, Benny (1986): "The Harvest of 1948 and the Creation of the Palestinian Refugee Problem". Middle East Journal 40, Autumn 1986, pp. 671–685.Morris, Benny (1985): The Crystallization of Israeli Policy Against a Return of the Arab Refugees: April–December 1948. Studies in Zionism 6, l (1985), pp. 85–118.
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This ethnic security dilemma model is a feasible theoretical explanation for the construction of divergent ethnic identities. Identifying when in historical time these social group differences became ethnic differences is hard to pinpoint. There was no one crystallization point. The long process of constructing ethnicity, however, continued and strengthened in post-colonial years.
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OsO4 allowed for the confirmation of the soccer ball model of buckminsterfullerene, a 60 atom carbon allotrope. The adduct, formed from a derivative of OsO4, was C60(OsO4)(4-tert- butylpyridine)2. The adduct broke the fullerene's symmetry, allowing for crystallization and confirmation of the structure of C60 by X-ray crystallography.
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Strontium chlorate is created by warming a solution of strontium hydroxide, and adding chlorine to it, which subsequent crystallization. Chlorine has no action on dry Sr(OH)2, but it converts the hydrate (Sr(OH)2·8H2O) into the chloride and chlorate, with a small quantity of strontium hypochlorite also being produced.
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Pirurayo has erupted andesite and dacite, which belong to the potassium-rich volcanics series. They probably formed from a mafic magma, which underwent assimilation of crustal materials and fractional crystallization. Volcaniclastic rocks from Pirurayo form part of the regional Moreta formation. Volcanic activity occurred between 28 ± 3 and 20 ± 2 million years ago.
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Contamination can be caused by assimilation of wall rocks, mixing of two or more magmas or even by replenishment of the magma chamber with fresh, hot magma. The whole gamut of mechanisms for differentiation has been referred to as the FARM process, which stands for Fractional crystallization, Assimilation, Replenishment and Magma mixing.
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Enantioselective coupling can be achieved through the use of a chiral leaving group on one of the biaryls or under oxidative conditions that utilize chiral amines to set the axial configuration. Individual atropisomers can be isolated by seed-directed crystallization of racemates. Thus, 1,1'-binaphthyl crystallizes from the melt as individual enantiomers.
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Max Muller, The Shvetashvatara Upanishad, Oxford University Press, pages xxxii - xliiPaul Deussen, Sixty Upanishads of the Veda, Volume 1, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 301-304 The text is also notable for its multiple mentions of both Rudra and Shiva, along with other Vedic deities, and of crystallization of Shiva as a central theme.
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At temperatures above solubility maximum the solvate is not stable even when immersed in saturated solution and melts with formation of fcc . Crystallization at temperatures above the solubility maximum results in formation of pure fcc . Millimeter-sized crystals of and can be grown from solution both for solvates and for pure fullerenes.
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Basalt occurs at all four volcanoes. Phonolite and trachyte are found at Mount Rees and Mount Steere, the former also at Mount Frakes; Mount Rees also features rhyolite. Phenocrysts include clinopyroxene, magnetite, olivine and plagioclase. The magma erupted in the Crary Mountains originated in the mantle and underwent fractional crystallization after formation.
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His current research focuses on Nanoscale Chirality,Mastai, Y., Enantioselective crystallization on nanochiral surfaces. Chemical Society Reviews 2009, 38, (3), 772-780.Mastai, Y.; Volkel, A.; Colfen, H., Separation of racemate from excess enantiomer of chiral nonracemic compounds via density gradient ultracentrifugation. Journal of the American Chemical Society 2008, 130, (8), 2426-2427.
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This property make these detrital mineral ideal to record long history of crystallization of tectonically complex source area. The figure to the right is an example of U–Pb relative age probability diagram. The upper plot shows foreland basin detrital zircon age distribution. The lower plot shows hinterland (source area) zircon age distribution.
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Sykes was educated at Fitzharrys School, a co-educational comprehensive school in Abingdon. She went on to study at the University of Bristol where she was awarded a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics in 1989 and a PhD in 1996 for work on the crystallization and degradation of polyhydroxybutyrate, a biodegradeable plastic.
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Mohr's salt is prepared by dissolving an equimolar mixture of hydrated ferrous sulfate and ammonium sulfate in water containing a little sulfuric acid, and then subjecting the resulting solution to crystallization. Ferrous ammonium sulfate forms light green crystals. This salt when heated ionises to give all cations and anions present in it.
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This prevented isolation of the natural levorotary enantiomer of tremetone; thus limiting the ability to further analyze its biological mechanisms. However, in November 1963, the enantiomers of tremetone were isolated by Bowen, et al. via the synthesis illustrated below. Resolution of enantiomers occurred by co-crystallization of the acid following Na/Hg reduction.
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Besides the storage polysaccharide inulin (C6H12O6[C6H10O5]n), a polymer of fructose, the root contains helenin (C15H20O2), a stearoptene, which may be prepared in white acicular crystals, insoluble in water, but freely soluble in alcohol. When freed from the accompanying inula-camphor by repeated crystallization from alcohol, helenin melts at 110 °C.
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Granite rock in the cliff of Gros la Tête on Aride Island, Seychelles. The thin (1–3 cm wide) brighter layers are quartz veins, formed during the late stages of crystallization of granitic magmas. They are sometimes called "hydrothermal veins". Quartz is a defining constituent of granite and other felsic igneous rocks.
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Large gold nanoclusters can essentially be reduced to a series of icosahedrons connecting, overlapping, and/or surrounding each other. The crystallization process of gold nanoclusters involves the formation of surface segments that grow towards the center of the cluster. The cluster assumes an icosahedral structure because of the associated surface energy reduction.
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The relatively complicated formula - [Cr(H2O)6](NO3)3•3H2O - highlights the complicated structure of this material. The chromium centers are bound to six water ligands, and the remaining volume of the solid is occupied by three nitrate anions and three molecules of water of crystallization. Such complicated formulas typify hydrated metal salts.
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The default lead to the crystallization of a floating charge held by the bank over all of Albyn's "Property and Undertaking", and Sharp was appointed Receiver to collect this for the Bank. Sharp raised an action before the Court of Session contesting that, since the disposition hadn't been registered, the ownership of the house remained with Albyn at the time of Crystallization and that it and the purchase price was available to the Bank as holder of the charge. The Thomsons responded that the act of delivering the disposition divulged Albyn of any "Beneficial Interest" in the house and that this was enough to remove it from the scope of the charge. The Inner House of the Court of Session found in favour of Sharp.
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3,9-Divinyl-2,4,8,10-tetraoxaspiro[5.5]undecane is without impurity a white crystalline powder. However, DVTOSU is often sold as a liquid, due to its low crystallization tendency. The highly variable data on yields and boiling points during the first fractionated distillation indicate by-products, e.g. by rearrangement of the double bonds or nucleophilic addition.
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Around 1 milligram of this sample is portioned into an aliquot which is then placed on a microscope slide. The sample should always be properly weighed and examined immediately to avoid crystallization of the phytoliths, which would affect one's ability to count them. # Phytoliths are counted. It is not necessary to count the entire slide.
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Crystallization from an aqueous solution containing NaF produces compounds containing polynuclear anions, e.g. NaSn2F5 or Na4Sn3F10 depending on the reaction conditions, rather than NaSnF3. The compound NaSnF3, containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion, can be produced from a pyridine–water solution. Other compounds containing the pyramidal SnF3− anion are known, such as Ca(SnF3)2.
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Trachyandesite is a member of the alkali magma series, in which alkaline basaltic magma experiences fractional crystallization while still underground. This process removes calcium, magnesium, and iron from the magma.Philpotts and Ague 2009, pp. 369-370 As a result, trachytandesite is common wherever alkali magma is erupted, including late eruptions of ocean islandsMacDonald 1983, pp.
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"Playing upon the differences between formalization and process, or crystallization and randomness, Bateson sought to transcend other dualisms–mind versus nature, organism versus environment, concept versus context, and subject versus object."John Tresch, Heredity is an Open System: Gregory Bateson as Descendant and Ancestor, Anthropology Today, Vol. 14, No. 6 (Dec., 1998), pp. 3.
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Fudge being cooled and shaped on a marble slab In forming a fondant, it is not easy to keep all vibrations and seed crystals from causing rapid crystallization into large crystals. Consequently, milkfat and corn syrup are often added. Corn syrup contains glucose, fructose (monosaccharides), and maltose (disaccharide). These sugars interact with sucrose molecules.
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In simple words, the liquid is cooled by evaporating a part of it. In the sugar industry, vertical cooling crystallizers are used to exhaust the molasses in the last crystallization stage downstream of vacuum pans, prior to centrifugation. The massecuite enters the crystallizers at the top, and cooling water is pumped through pipes in counterflow.
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At least two eruptions of Pumayacu occurred during the Holocene; one dated 4400 years ago and another's lapilli deposits overlie a cultural horizon 2000 years old. Older eruptions have been dated at 1.15 ± 0.07 Ma and are of high-potassium types. They compromise typical arc-derived lavas with fractional crystallization and other differentiation processes.
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SEM magnification series for a snow crystal. The crystals are captured, stored, and sputter-coated with platinum at cryo- temperatures for imaging. The crystallization process appears to violate the second principle of thermodynamics. Whereas most processes that yield more orderly results are achieved by applying heat, crystals usually form at lower temperatures—especially by supercooling.
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Field crystallization may occur, however. In this case, the polymer layer is selectively heated and burned away by the increasing leakage current so that the faulty point is isolated. Since the polymer material does not provide oxygen, the leakage current can not accelerate. However, the faulty area no longer contributes to the capacitors capacitance.
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This alters the super-saturation point of crystallization. The reaction is demonstrated in Figure . Zinc acetate [Zn(CH3COO)2] solution is prepared in ethanol under vigorous stirring until zinc acetate is dissolved in ethanol in temperature around 50 °C. Then ethanol is added and continuously stirred under temperature around 80 °C for half an hour.
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94: 3811–3816. These proteins reduce the internal freezing temperature, preventing ice crystallization and thus allowing the fish to survive in water below 0 °C. In addition, icesfishes have developed a specialized cardiovascular system to compensate for the lack of hemoglobin and maximize oxygen delivery to tissues.Sidell, Bruce D; Kristin M O'Brien (2006-05-15).
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Disodium hydrogen arsenate is the inorganic compound with the formula Na2HAsO4.7H2O. The compound consists of a salt and seven molecules of water of crystallization although for simplicity the formula usually omits the water component. The other sodium arsenates are NaH2AsO4 and Na3AsO4, the latter being called sodium arsenate. Disodium hydrogen arsenate is highly toxic.
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Dummy variables can be used to quantify systematic differences of whole dataseries from one investigator. If the desired glass property is not related to crystallization (e.g., liquidus temperature) or phase separation, linear regression can be applied using common polynomial functions up to the third degree. Below is an example equation of the second degree.
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Industrially, sublimation is not practical so metallocenes are isolated by crystallization or produced as part of a hydrocarbon solution. For Group IV metallocenes, donor solvents like ether or THF are distinctly undesirable for polyolefin catalysis. Charge-neutral metallocenes are soluble in common organic solvents. Alkyl substitution on the metallocene increases the solubility in hydrocarbon solvents.
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This is due to the sample undergoing a change in heat capacity; no formal phase change occurs. As the temperature increases, an amorphous solid will become less viscous. At some point the molecules may obtain enough freedom of motion to spontaneously arrange themselves into a crystalline form. This is known as the crystallization temperature (Tc).
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Optical microscopy has several advantages compared to the usual techniques of nanocharacterization. It is easy-to-use and directly visualizes the sample. The analysis in real-time allows kinetic studies (real-time crystallization, dewetting, etc.). The broad choice of magnification (2.5 to 100x) allows fields of view from several mm2 to a few tens µm2.
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These practitioners may use unproven, disproven, or questionable methods, devices, and products such as adjusting machines, applied kinesiology, chelation therapy, colonic irrigation, computerized nutrition deficiency tests, cranial osteopathy, cytotoxic food allergy testing, DMSO, Gerovital, glandular therapy, hair analysis, herbal crystallization analyses, homeopathy, internal managements, iridology, laser beam acupuncture, laetrile, magnetic therapy,and so forth.
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The salts which have proved most effective in disintegrating rocks are sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and calcium chloride. Some of these salts can expand up to three times or more in volume. It is normally associated with arid climates where strong heating causes strong evaporation and therefore salt crystallization. It is also common along coasts.
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The phenomenon in which organic luminophores show higher photoluminescence efficiency in the aggregated state than in solution is called aggregation-induced emission enhancement (AIEE). Some luminophores, e.g., diketopyrrolopyrrole-based and sulfonamide-based luminophores, only display enhanced emission upon entering the crystalline state. That is, these luminophores are said to exhibit crystallization-induced emission enhancement (CIEE).
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Structure of co- crystals. The oxalamide host is shown in red and diiodobutadiyne in blue. PIDA is synthesized from diiodobutadiyne via 1,4 topochemical polymerization. In order to meet the geometric requirements for polymerization, a host–guest strategy is used by combining a host molecule and diiodobutadiyne in solution and allowing co-crystallization to occur.
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Alexander Latham Dounce (December 7, 1909 – April 24, 1997) was an American professor of biochemistry. Among his fields of study were the isolation and purification of cellular organelles, protein crystallization, enzymes (specifically catalase), DNA binding proteins, and the chemical basis of protein synthesis. He also invented the Dounce homogenizer, which was named after him.
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The alternative is to concentrate juice and food liquid by a cooling and freezing process. In this case crystals of pure water are removed from the juice, wine, or beer by crystallization. The aroma, color, and flavor remain in the concentrated medium. The quality of freeze-concentrated products cannot be achieved by any other technology.
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These nucleation agents aid and control the crystallization process. Because there is usually no pressing and sintering, glass-ceramics have, unlike sintered ceramics, no pores. A wide variety of glass-ceramic systems exists, e.g., the Li2O × Al2O3 × nSiO2 system (LAS system), the MgO × Al2O3 × nSiO2 system (MAS system), the ZnO × Al2O3 × nSiO2 system (ZAS system).
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This important system was studied first and intensively by Hummel, and Smoke. After crystallization the dominant crystal phase in this type of glass-ceramic is a high-quartz solid solution (HQ s.s.). If the glass-ceramic is subjected to a more intense heat treatment, this HQ s.s. transforms into a keatite-solid solution (K s.s.
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One mode of monazite formation is crystallization from an igneous melt. The concentric zoning pattern reflects the changing composition of the melt which affects the composition of the crystallizing monazite.Zhu, X. K., & O'nions, R. K. (1999). Zonation of monazite in metamorphic rocks and its implications for high temperature thermochronology: a case study from the Lewisian terrain.
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The structure and crystallization of the rock indicates that it was a complex, submarine volcano. Door Point Volcano was discovered in 1963 by Shell Oil Company in an exploratory oil well drilling. It is the only known volcanic structure in the northern and western Gulf of Mexico. It is thought to be Louisiana's only volcanic structure.
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Fluidigm in Canada Fluidigm Corporation is a public, American company engaged in the design, manufacture and sale of biological research equipment based on integrated fluidic circuit technology. In 2009, Fluidigm was described as "the world's leading manufacturer of microfluidic devices." Among the applications to which Fluidigm products are put to use are protein crystallization, genotyping, DNA analysis and PCR.
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Her beauty belonged to those > mental images that demand manifestation, and whatever period she represented > she became its image. In reality she was the crystallization of a poet's > image, a painter's vision, and as such she possessed further significance > ... It was her gift for impersonating the beauty of every époque, that > marked Ida Rubinstein as unique.
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Similarly, the Persians called saltpeter "Chinese salt" or "salt from Chinese salt marshes" ( ). It is sometimes suggested that it was invading Mongols who introduced gunpowder to the Islamic world. Hasan al-Rammah also describes the purifying of saltpeter using the chemical processes of solution and crystallization. This was the first clear method for the purification of saltpeter.
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Aerographite electrodes have been tested in an electric double-layer capacitor (EDLC, also known as supercapacitor) and endured the mechanical shocks related to loading-unloading cycles and crystallization of the electrolyte (that occurs upon evaporation of the solvent). Their specific energy of 1.25 Wh/kg is comparable to that of carbon nanotube electrodes (~2.3 Wh/kg).
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Each element has a different partition coefficient, and therefore fractionates into solid and liquid phases distinctly. These concepts are also applicable to metamorphic and sedimentary petrology. In igneous rocks, particularly in felsic melts, the following observations apply: anomalies in europium are dominated by the crystallization of feldspars. Hornblende, controls the enrichment of MREE compared to LREE and HREE.
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Smetannikov, A. F., (2010) Hydrogen Generation during the Radiolysis of Crystallization water in Carnallite and Possible Consequences of this Process Geochemistry International 49, 971–980 Closer to 10 percent sylvite followed by Carnallite form. Carnallite is mostly found in saline marine deposits, although beds exist in the endorheic Qaidam Basin of China's Qinghai Province near Dabusun Nor..
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Angrites are a rare group of achondrites consisting mostly of the mineral augite with some olivine, anorthite and troilite. The group is named for the Angra dos Reis meteorite. Angrites are basaltic rocks, often having porosity, with vesicle diameters of up to . They are the oldest igneous rocks, with crystallization ages of around 4.55 billion years.
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Emmerling achieved her habilitation in chemistry in 2018 focusing on in situ analysis of mechanochemical reaction. The current work of Emmerling focuses on the investigation of crystallization and aggregation phenomena by means of synchrotron radiation. She is also well known for her advances in mechanochemistry and for developing new methods to monitor mechanochemical reactions in situ.
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Pour point depressants do not lower the temperature at which wax crystals begin to form, called the cloud point, or the amount of wax that is formed—pour point depressants work by altering the crystal shape and size, which inhibits lateral crystal growth. There are two known methods by which this may be achieved: surface adsorption and co-crystallization.
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Lutetium's compounds always contain the element in the oxidation state +3. Aqueous solutions of most lutetium salts are colorless and form white crystalline solids upon drying, with the common exception of the iodide. The soluble salts, such as nitrate, sulfate and acetate form hydrates upon crystallization. The oxide, hydroxide, fluoride, carbonate, phosphate and oxalate are insoluble in water.
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Several rare earth metals, including lutetium, are separated as a double salt with ammonium nitrate by crystallization. Lutetium is separated by ion exchange. In this process, rare- earth ions are sorbed onto suitable ion-exchange resin by exchange with hydrogen, ammonium or cupric ions present in the resin. Lutetium salts are then selectively washed out by suitable complexing agent.
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He further argued that crystal structures are made up of orderly arrangements of these integrant molecules in successive layers, according to geometrical laws of crystallization. Crystals that had been classed together previously were identified as being of separate mineral species if their fundamental structure differed. Heavyspar, for example, was differentiated into specimens containing barium and strontium.
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The production of hafnium-free zirconium is the main source for hafnium. thin film optical effects. The chemical properties of hafnium and zirconium are nearly identical, which makes the two difficult to separate. The methods first used — fractional crystallization of ammonium fluoride salts or the fractional distillation of the chloride — have not proven suitable for an industrial- scale production.
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The discrepancy between the Mermin-Wagner-Hohenberg theorem (ruling out long range order in 2D) and the first computer simulations (Alder&Wainwright;), which indicated crystallization in 2D, once motivated Michael Kosterlitz and David Thouless, to work on topological phase transitions in 2D. This work is awarded with the 2016 Nobel-prize in physics (together with Duncan Haldane).
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Flow banding also results from the process of fractional crystallization that occurs by convection if the crystals that are caught in the flow-banded margins are removed from the melt. This can change the composition of the melt in large intrusions, leading to differentiation. In layered intrusions, flow banding can occur with crystal accumulation, forming pseudo-sedimentary structures.
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In GeSbTe, the nucleation process of crystallization is long with many small crystalline nuclei being formed before a short growth process where the numerous small crystals are joined together. In AgInSbTe, there are only a few nuclei formed in the nucleation stage and these nuclei grow bigger in the longer growth stage such that they eventually form one crystal.
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Crystallization requires an initiation step. This can be spontaneous or can be done by adding a small amount of the pure compound (a seed crystal) to the saturated solution, or can be done by simply scratching the glass surface to create a seeding surface for crystal growth. It is thought that even dust particles can act as simple seeds.
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Ptak specialized in theoretical chemistry and solid- state physics. He dealt with the theory of chemical bonding and interatomic interactions, and worked on the theoretical basis of crystallization from the gas phase. Ptak uthored or co-authored more than 100 publications and several patents, one script and two monographs. He repeatedly appeared at scientific conferences by referring research results.
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However, in some cases the only available stereoselective methodology relies on chiral auxiliaries and these reactions tend to be versatile and very well-studied, allowing the most time-efficient access to enantiomerically pure products. Additionally, the products of auxiliary- directed reactions are diastereomers, which enables their facile separation by methods such as column chromatography or crystallization.
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Ammonium citrate ligands from the crystallization solution bound at intermolecular interfaces are shown in space filling representation. D, the hexagonal tiles formed from trimeric CTR homodimer assemblies. The primary, asymmetric, and trimer pores are indicated. E, a cutaway side view of the model of the MSTP S-layer (the representation in D is rotated 90° from the viewer).
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The picrate forms shining prisms (m.p. 198−200 °C) soluble in water but sparingly soluble in dry alcohol or ether. The alkaloid forms several aurichlorides: the normal salt, B•HCl•AuCl3, is precipitated when excess of gold chloride is added to the hydrochloride, and, after crystallization from dilute hydrochloric acid containing some gold chloride, has m.p. 198 °C.
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In the 19th century, two major scientific advances were made that had far-reaching effects. Around 1804, German pharmacist Friedrich Sertürner isolated morphine from opium. He described its crystallization, structure, and pharmacological properties in a well-received paper in 1817. Morphine was the first alkaloid to be isolated from any medicinal plant, the beginning of modern scientific drug discovery.
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There are several methods how good quality metal single crystal substrates can be manufactured. Czochralski and Bridgman–Stockbarger methods are common industrial methods for bulk metal crystal manufacturing. In these methods, the metal is first melted, after which the metal is let to crystallize around a seed crystal. After crystallization, the crystal is cut into wafers.
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However, for many transformations, the only available stereoselective methodology relies on chiral auxiliaries. In addition, transformations with chiral auxiliaries tend to be versatile and very well- studied, allowing the most time-efficient access to enantiomerically pure products. Furthermore, the products of auxiliary-directed reactions are diastereomers, which enables their facile separation by methods such as column chromatography or crystallization.
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Sucrose which is disaccharide is usually used as a sweetening agent. Lactose which is sugar present in milk will cause freezing point depression. Thus, on freezing some water will remain unfrozen and will not give a hard texture. Too much lactose will result in a non ideal texture because of either excessive freezing point depression or lactose crystallization.
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Non- crystallinity is thus favored in elements with a large number of polymorphic forms and a high degree of bonding anisotropy. Crystallization becomes more unlikely as bonding anisotropy is increased from isotropic metallic to anisotropic metallic to covalent bonding, thus suggesting a relationship between the group number in the periodic table and the glass forming ability in elemental solids.
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Hanging-drop apparatus involve a drop of protein solution placed on an inverted cover slip, which is then suspended above the reservoir. Sitting-drop crystallization apparatus place the drop on a pedestal that is separated from the reservoir. Both of these methods require sealing of the environment so that equilibration between the drop and reservoir can occur.
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Sir Henry Cort Harold Carpenter (6 February 1875 – 13 September 1940) was a British metallurgist and specialist on steels. He made pioneering studies on the crystallization of metals and the study of their properties. Carpenter was born in Clifton, Bristol to William Land and Annie Grace Viret. His ancestors included William Benjamin Carpenter and the metallurgist Henry Cort.
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For example, slow dissolution rates can prolong the duration of action or avoid initial high plasma levels. Treatment of active ingredient by special ways such as spherical crystallizationM. Nocent, L. Bertocchi, F. Espitalier, M. Baron and G. Couarraze. (2001). Definition of a solvent system for spherical crystallization of salbutamol sulfate by quasi-emulsion solvent diffusion (QESD) method.
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Depending on its temperature and pressure, water ice has 16 different crystalline forms in which water molecules cling to each other with hydrogen bonds. When water is cooled, its structure becomes closer to the structure of ice, which is why the density goes down, and this should be reflected in an increased crystallization rate showing these crystalline forms.
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Investigating the rheological and self-healing capability of toner-modified asphalt binder. Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Construction Materials, 1-9. Adding waste toner into asphalt binder and mixture decreases the binder's glass transition temperature and also, in the meantime increase the crystallization temperature as well.Notani, M. A., Moghadas Nejad, F., Fini, E. H., & Hajikarimi, P. (2019).
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And so this form of love opens up a window to their Will. And what comes by way of a rescue: a sudden crystallization of emotions. The pent up emotions wandering in the recesses and henceforth stamped out by reasonable means find a sudden release. In an outburst of emotions, the accompanying words flow in a torrent.
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Partheite was first found in rodingitic veins along with prehnite, thomsonite, and augite in the Taurus Mountains in Doganbaba, Turkey in an ophiolite zone. It has also been found in gabbro-pegmatite in Denezhkin Kamen, Urals, in what is now the Russian Federation. Partheite’s crystallization is associated with the process of rodingitisation. Rodingites refer to garnetized gabbros.
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The block and ash flows and Crater lavas consist of solely trachyandesitic rocks. Overall, these rocks belong to the potassium-rich calc-alkaline series typical of CVZ volcanoes. The magmas are formed by plagioclase and clinopyroxene crystallization with some mixing. Irruputuncu's rocks show minor evidence of crustal contamination, similar to other CVZ volcanoes located within transition zones.
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However, this was not an original idea of Schleiden. He claimed this theory as his own, though Barthelemy Dumortier had stated it years before him. This crystallization process is no longer accepted with modern cell theory. In 1839, Theodor Schwann states that along with plants, animals are composed of cells or the product of cells in their structures.
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Another type of heat exchanger is called "(dynamic) scraped surface heat exchanger". This is mainly used for heating or cooling with high-viscosity products, crystallization processes, evaporation and high- fouling applications. Long running times are achieved due to the continuous scraping of the surface, thus avoiding fouling and achieving a sustainable heat transfer rate during the process.
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The composition may reflect magma differentiation in a solitary magma chamber, but with occasional replenishment with more primitive magma. Magma mixing and plagioclase crystallization occurred in it. A lithospheric structure probably directed magma flows over long time periods along the same pathway. The depth of the magma source probably varied over the history of the volcano.
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A base other than ammonia must be added before the acid dinitramide decomposes. The final product is obtained by fractional crystallization. Another synthesis known as the urethane synthesis method requires four synthesis steps and results in a yield of up to 60 %. The processing method is not difficult and the amount of waste produced is relatively low.
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The meteorite was classified as an "ungrouped enstatite-rich meteorite" in 2000. In 2005 it was proposed that the meteorite was the product of magma crystallization and therefore an achondrite. The magma originated from the partial melt of an enstatite chondrite source. It was therefore proposed that the Zakłodzie meteorite should be classified as a "primitive enstatite achondrite".
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The Kyropoulos method is characterized by smaller temperature gradients at the crystallization front than the Czochralski method. Like the Czochralski method, the crystal grows free of any external mechanical shaping forces, and thus has few lattice defects and low internal stress. This process can be performed in an inert atmosphere, such as argon, or under high vacuum.
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The resultant alkalinization results in stone crystallization. In humans the microbial urease, Proteus mirabilis, is the most common in infection induced urinary stones. Urease in hepatic encephalopathy / hepatic coma Studies have shown that Helicobacter pylori along with cirrhosis of the liver cause hepatic encephalopathy and hepatic coma. Helicobacter pylori are microbial ureases found in the stomach.
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Phones began appearing in households in Marlin in the year 1900. Automobiles, electricity, and Lone Star Gas followed shortly. By the mid-1900s, Marlin had a bottling company, stock pens, a brickyard, a turkey-processing plant (building can still be seen on Williams Street/South Business Highway 6), a saddlery, a water crystallization plant, and a pottery plant.
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The crystallization of the exon junction complex has revealed the structural organization of its protein components. The core of the complex is elongated with an overall dimension of 99Å by 67Å by 54Å. It is organized around the eIF4AIII factor. The factor itself consists of two different types of conformations around the mRNA: closed and open.
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Liesegang rings are distinguishable from other sedimentary structures by their concentric or ring-like appearance. The precise mechanism from which Liesegang rings form is not entirely known and is still under research,Krug, H.-J,. Brandtstadter, H., and Jacob, K.H., 1996. Morphological instabilities in pattern formation by precipitation and crystallization processes. Geologische Rundschau, 85: 19-28.
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His band and a dance troupe also performed extensively in New York dance clubs. In addition, for five years (1988 to 1993), Kawasaki was the New York producer and director of two Japanese national weekly music radio programs, The Music Now and Idex Music Jam. He also collaborated with Japanese koto master Kicho Takano and produced "Crystallization" in 1986.
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In the Marignac process, Nb and Ta are separated by fractional crystallization of K2TaF7 from solutions of hydrofluoric acid. Under these conditions, niobium forms K2NbOF5, which is more soluble than K2TaF7. Reduction of K2TaF7 with sodium gives metallic Ta.Klaus Andersson, Karlheinz Reichert, Rüdiger Wolf "Tantalum and Tantalum Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry 2002, Wiley-VCH. Weinheim.
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Fulgurites are formed when lightning strikes the ground, fusing and vitrifying mineral grains. The primary SiO2 phase in common tube fulgurites is lechatelierite, an amorphous silica glass. Many fulgurites show some evidence of crystallization: in addition to glasses, many are partially protocrystalline or microcrystalline. Because fulgurites are generally amorphous in structure, fulgurites are classified as mineraloids.
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Rubidium is a minor component in lepidolite. Kirchhoff and Bunsen processed 150 kg of a lepidolite containing only 0.24% rubidium monoxide (Rb2O). Both potassium and rubidium form insoluble salts with chloroplatinic acid, but those salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water. Therefore, the less soluble rubidium hexachloroplatinate (Rb2PtCl6) could be obtained by fractional crystallization.
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The structure of β-amanitin was determined using X-ray crystallography. The crystallization and analysis were performed by Edward C. Kostansek and William H. Lipscomb in 1978. They crystallized β-amanitin by dissolving a purified sample in almost pure ethanol in a round bottom flask. The flask was left open overnight and crystals formed as the ethanol evaporated.
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Magma genesis mainly involved fractional crystallization processes. Rocks from Emi Koussi were used as raw material by Neolithic societies of the region. During the early Holocene, Era Kohor was filled with a deep, circular lake. Diatom beds have been found above the floor of Era Kohor and in depressions without outlet elsewhere in the caldera, they reach thicknesses of .
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The oxalates are decomposed to oxides by heating. The oxides are dissolved in nitric acid that excludes one of the main components, cerium, whose oxide is insoluble in HNO3. Terbium is separated as a double salt with ammonium nitrate by crystallization. The most efficient separation routine for terbium salt from the rare-earth salt solution is ion exchange.
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Starch blends are thermoplastic polymers produced by blending starch with plasticizers. Because starch polymers on their own are brittle at room temperature, plasticizers are added in a process called starch gelatinization to augment its crystallization. While all starches are biodegradable, not all plasticizers are. Thus, the biodegradability of the plasticizer determines the biodegradability of the starch blend.
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Other then crystallization and hydration, thermal expansion is one of the most frequently mentioned mechanisms in salt weathering. Rock salt expands when heated. It is known that most salt weathering occur in regions with arid climates. Due to the high thermal conductivity of salt glaciers, heat can be transmitted hundreds of meters through dry salt in a few minutes.
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In terms of trace element characteristics, Archean TTGs exhibit high light rare earth element (LREE) content yet low heavy rare earth element (HREE) content. However, they do not show Eu and Sr anomalies. These features indicate the presence of garnet and amphibole, but no plagioclase in the residual phase during partial melting or precipitation phase during fractional crystallization.
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Larger factories use vacuum pans. In the last step of evaporation crystallization is achieved, either by pouring the heavy syrup into suitable molds to obtain solid forms or by stirring the syrup to obtain granulated product. The granulated product may be dried to enhance its flow and shelf life. Both solid and granulated presentations are then packed.
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Ruthenium(III) chloride is the chemical compound with the formula RuCl3. "Ruthenium(III) chloride" more commonly refers to the hydrate RuCl3·xH2O. Both the anhydrous and hydrated species are dark brown or black solids. The hydrate, with a varying proportion of water of crystallization, often approximating to a trihydrate, is a commonly used starting material in ruthenium chemistry.
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If the solubility products are very similar, a cascade process will be needed to effectuate a complete separation. This technique is often used in chemical engineering to obtain very pure substances, or to recover saleable products from waste solutions. Fractional crystallization can be used to separate solid-solid mixtures. An example is separating KNO3 and KClO3.
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In this technique crystallization takes place without a temperature gradient between the growth and dissolution zones. The supersaturation is achieved by a gradual reduction in temperature of the solution in the autoclave. The disadvantage of this technique is the difficulty in controlling the growth process and introducing seed crystals. For these reasons, this technique is very seldom used.
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Crystallization occurred in fault planes and lenticular bodies in the ore bed or by filling veins and vugs. Manganvesuvianite has been found in association with calcite, manganese-poor grossular, hydrogrossular-henritermierite, mozartite, serandite-pectolite, strontiopiemontite-tweddillite, and xonotlite.Armbruster 2002, pp. 139–40. Manganvesuvianite is a member of the vesuvianite group and is the manganese analogue of vesuvianite.
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This solution is capable of cooling to room temperature without forming crystals. By pressing on a metal disc within the heating pad, a nucleation center is formed, causing the solution to crystallize back into solid sodium acetate trihydrate. The bond-forming process of crystallization is exothermic. The latent heat of fusion is about 264–289 kJ/kg.
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For melt quenching, if the cooling is sufficiently rapid (relative to the characteristic crystallization time) then crystallization is prevented and instead the disordered atomic configuration of the supercooled liquid is frozen into the solid state at Tg. The tendency for a material to form a glass while quenched is called glass-forming ability. This ability can be predicted by the rigidity theory. Generally, a glass exists in a structurally metastable state with respect to its crystalline form, although in certain circumstances, for example in atactic polymers, there is no crystalline analogue of the amorphous phase. Glass is sometimes considered to be a liquid due to its lack of a first-order phase transition where certain thermodynamic variables such as volume, entropy and enthalpy are discontinuous through the glass transition range.
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IL-22 is an α-helical cytokine. IL-22 binds to a heterodimeric cell surface receptor composed of IL-10R2 and IL-22R1 subunits. IL-22R is expressed on tissue cells, and it is absent on immune cells. Crystallization is possible if the N-linked glycosylation sites are removed in mutants of IL-22 bound with high-affinity cell-surface receptor sIL-22R1.
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In 1976, sisters Mathilde and Pierrette Gouzy purchased the castle ruins, and donated it to the local council in 1984. Since 1999, two crystallization projects and additional restoration have strengthened the keep and the northwest tower. A volunteer group, The Association of the Friends of the Château de Miglos (), organizes events including Heritage Days and restoration work for the castle.
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Corn syrup, sometimes known as glucose syrup, is a syrup containing dextrin, maltose, and dextrose. Partial hydrolysis of cornstarch obtains it. Corn syrup is important in the production of marshmallow because it prevents the crystallization of other sugars (like sucrose). It may also contribute body, reduce sweetness, and alter flavor release, depending on the Dextrose Equivalent (DE) of the glucose syrup used.
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Uralitization is the process of deuteric alteration of pyroxene (most commonly augite) to form amphibole (actinolite- tremolite). The alteration occurs during either late-stages of magmatic crystallization at low temperatures (< 500 °C) or during low-grade metamorphic events (sub-greenschist facies metamorphism). The reaction is paramorphic, meaning that the structure of the mineral is modified, but its original chemistry is retained.
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Racemate may have different physical properties from either of the pure enantiomers because of the differential intermolecular interactions (see Biological Significance section). The change from a pure enantiomer to a racemate can change its density, melting point, solubility, heat of fusion, refractive index, and its various spectra. Crystallization of a racemate can result in separate (+) and (−) forms, or a single racemic compound.
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These include dry ash handling, closed-loop ash recycling, chemical precipitation, biological treatment (such as an activated sludge process), membrane systems, and evaporation-crystallization systems. Technological advancements in ion exchange membranes and electrodialysis systems has enabled high efficiency treatment of flue-gas desulfurization wastewater to meet recent EPA discharge limits. The treatment approach is similar for other highly scaling industrial wastewaters.
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During magma crystallization, caesium is concentrated in the liquid phase and crystallizes last. Therefore, the largest deposits of caesium are zone pegmatite ore bodies formed by this enrichment process. Because caesium does not substitute for potassium as readily as rubidium does, the alkali evaporite minerals sylvite (KCl) and carnallite () may contain only 0.002% caesium. Consequently, caesium is found in few minerals.
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Barium borate can be prepared by reaction of an aqueous solution of boric acid with barium hydroxide. The prepared γ-barium borate contains water of crystallization that can not be completely removed by drying at 120 °C. Dehydrated γ-barium borate can be prepared by heating to 300–400 °C. Calcination at about 600–800 °C causes complete conversion to the β form.
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The rock has a porphyritic texture with large crystals of orthopyroxene and phlogopite set in a fine grained matrix. The phlogopite crystals have been used to determine the age of the dike and its crystallization temperature (900 °C (1,650 °F)). The dike also contains fragments of other rock types. These xenoliths include pieces of limestone, clastic sedimentary rocks, and gneiss.
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To prevent crystals forming in homemade grape jam or jelly, the prerequisite fresh grape juice should be chilled overnight to promote crystallization. The potassium bitartrate crystals are removed by filtering through two layers of cheesecloth. The filtered juice may then be made into jam or jelly. In some cases they adhere to the side of the chilled container, making filtering unnecessary.
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Thulium James determined that thulium, thought to be a mixture of three substances, was really a single element. James was the first researcher to isolate nearly pure thulium. In 1911 he reported his results, having used the method he discovered for bromate fractional crystallization to do the purification. He famously needed 15,000 purification operations to establish that the material was homogeneous.
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Many polymers are strengthened by hydrogen bonds within and between the chains. Among the synthetic polymers, a well characterized example is nylon, where hydrogen bonds occur in the repeat unit and play a major role in crystallization of the material. The bonds occur between carbonyl and amine groups in the amide repeat unit. They effectively link adjacent chains, which help reinforce the material.
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Alongside the passion for merging that marked Romantic love,Irving Singer, The Philosophy of Love (2009) p. 40M a more sceptical French tradition can be traced from Stendhal onwards. Stendhal's theory of crystallization implied an imaginative readiness for love, which only needed a single trigger for the object to be imbued with every phantasised perfection.Irving Singer, The Nature of Love (2009) p.
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It is a good antibacterial drug, but its water solubility is very pH dependent. Thus there is a risk of crystallization within the bladder or urethra, which could lead to pain or blockage. As with other sulfonamides, there is a significant risk of agranulocytosis, and this, rather than the development of resistance by bacteria, is the main reason for its decline in use.
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In fact, this is basically fractional crystallization, except in this case we are observing a magma chamber which is the remnant left behind from which a daughter melt has been extracted. If such a magma chamber continues to cool, the minerals it forms and its overall composition will not match a sample liquid line of descent or a parental magma composition.
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That means that the crystal structure forms and grows around a single nucleus of the element and that nucleus can be excluded from the crystallization process. The nucleus is then surrounded by crystallized diamond and becomes a carbon flaw. The nuclei are theorized to be other common forms of carbon such as graphite or carbonado, though they could be an amorphous carbon structure.
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In the strong coupling regime, the ions are strongly correlated, meaning that each ion has an exclusion hole around itself. These correlations lead to strong ion adsorption to charged surfaces, which may lead to charge reversal and crystallization of these ions on the surface. These correlations may also induce attractive forces. The range of these forces is typically below 1 nm.
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"Tall-form" (B) beakers have a height about twice their diameter. These are sometimes called Berzelius beakers and are mostly used for titration. Flat beakers (C) are often called "crystallizers" because most are used to perform crystallization, but they are also often used as a vessel for use in hot-bath heating. These beakers usually do not have a flat scale.
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Chivinar is a high Late Miocene volcano in Northwest Argentina. The volcano is noted for having erupted rhyolites containing topaz in its early stage of evolution, the only known occurrence of such in South America. This topaz did form during the crystallization of the magma in a fluorine-rich phase thereof at low temperatures and pressures. The topazes reach sizes of .
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In the cloud chamber, it is the clusters of ions caused by a passing high-energy particle that acts as nucleation centers. Actually, vapours seem to be much less finicky than solutions about the sort of nuclei required. This is because a liquid will condense on almost any surface, but crystallization requires the presence of crystal faces of the proper kind.
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Lamellae form during crystallization from the melt. The arrow shows the direction of temperature gradient. Nucleation starts with small, nanometer-sized areas where as a result of heat motion some chains or their segments occur parallel. Those seeds can either dissociate, if thermal motion destroys the molecular order, or grow further, if the grain size exceeds a certain critical value.
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However, due to the release of the heat of fusion during crystallization, the entropy of the universe increases, thus this principle remains unaltered. The molecules within a pure, perfect crystal, when heated by an external source, will become liquid. This occurs at a sharply defined temperature (different for each type of crystal). As it liquifies, the complicated architecture of the crystal collapses.
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Such liquids that crystallize on cooling are the exception rather than the rule. The nature of a crystallization process is governed by both thermodynamic and kinetic factors, which can make it highly variable and difficult to control. Factors such as impurity level, mixing regime, vessel design, and cooling profile can have a major impact on the size, number, and shape of crystals produced.
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Forming the basis of what has become known as the Keith and Padden theory, the two researchers published "Twisting orientation and the role of transient states in polymer crystallization" in 1984 and "Banding in Polyethylene and other spherulites" in 1996. These two papers addressed the long-standing problem of accounting for the origins of lamellar twisting in banded polymer spherulites.
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Between these palisade columns are narrow pores that traverse the eggshell and allow gaseous exchange. The cuticle forms the final, outer layer of the eggshell. While the bulk of eggshell is made of calcium carbonate, it is now thought that the protein matrix has an important role to play in eggshell strength. These proteins affect crystallization, which in turn affects the eggshell structure.
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The Cienago ignimbrite is a highly evolved magma. Magmas from the Panizos ignimbrite display only weak variations that may be linked to temperature differences in the magma chamber. The magmas of the Panizos ignimbrite underwent strong crystallization between eruptions and crystals are often heavily modified. The formation of all magmas was initiated by the interaction of mafic mantle melts with the crust.
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Even though convallatoxin can be found in nature, it is also synthesized by manufacturers. This can be done via the Koenigs-Knorr method, in which strophanthidin is glycosylated with 2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl-a-L-rhamnopyranosyl bromide. These two compounds are the precursors of convallatoxin. After alkaline hydrolysis, extraction from strophanthidin residues and crystallization of isopropanol, the reaction product is liberated.
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Gelatin and/or vegetable additives (guar gum, carrageenan) stabilize the yogurt, reducing crystallization and increasing the temperature at which it will melt. This stabilization ensures that the frozen yogurt maintains a smooth consistency regardless of handling or temperature change. Major companies often use assembly lines specifically dedicated to frozen yogurt production. Milk products and stabilizing agent(s) are combined and homogenized.
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Jābir was friendly with the Barmecides and became caught up in their disgrace in 803. As a result, he returned to Kufa. According to some sources, he died in Tus in 815. His works in alchemy included descriptions of distillation, calcification, dissolution, crystallization, and many other chemical processes that would be used not only in Islamic alchemy, but also throughout Europe for centuries.
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Left untreated, these sugars and amines would eventually frustrate crystallization of the sucrose. Next, carbon dioxide is bubbled through the alkaline sugar solution, precipitating the lime as calcium carbonate (chalk). The chalk particles entrap some impurities and absorb others. A recycling process builds up the size of chalk particles and a natural flocculation occurs where the heavy particles settle out in tanks (clarifiers).
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Fulford, Tim. Landscape, LIberty, and Authority: Poetry, Criticism, and Politics from Thomson to Wordsworth. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1996, p. 21 Some scholars argue that the crystallization of the picturesque and the sublime as aesthetic categories coincided with a social trend toward "presumptions of unity" based on an increasingly consolidated national identity in the second half of the 18th century.
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Crystallization, desiccation, lyophilization and spray drying are typical unit operations. Depending on the product and its intended use, polishing may also include operations to sterilize the product and remove or deactivate trace contaminants which might compromise product safety. Such operations might include the removal of viruses or depyrogenation. A few product recovery methods may be considered to combine two or more stages.
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Basically the mirror of thixotropy, rheopectic fluids are an even rarer class of non-Newtonian fluids that exhibit a time-dependent increase in viscosity; they thicken or solidify when shaken or agitated. The longer they undergo a shearing force, the higher their viscosity becomes, as the microstructure of a rheopectic fluid builds under continuous shearing (possibly due to shear- induced crystallization).
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On the Soyuz 29 crew's rest day, the international crew had to stay in their Soyuz to perform their experiments. Nevertheless, Hermaszewski conducted many experiments. One was crystallization experiments which produced 47 grams of cadmium tellurium mercury semiconductors for use by infra-red detectors on board the station. The yield was far greater - 50% compared to 15% - than ground-based experiments.
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In Iceman, the scientists examining the caveman before his thaw speculate that something in his diet acted as a natural antifreeze to prevent cell crystallization. Suspended animation is used during space travel in the James Cameron films Aliens (1986) and Avatar (2009). Cryosleep was also used in Christopher Nolan's Interstellar (2014). It was also used in Morten Tyldum's Passengers (2016).
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DSC is used widely for examining polymeric materials to determine their thermal transitions. Important thermal transitions include the glass transition temperature (Tg), crystallization temperature (Tc), and melting temperature (Tm). The observed thermal transitions can be utilized to compare materials, although the transitions alone do not uniquely identify composition. The composition of unknown materials may be completed using complementary techniques such as IR spectroscopy.
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So, if olivine is present, the climate must have been dry since the time that olivine was exposed. Quartz-bearing rocks were found in the central uplifts in craters. Rocks in the central uplifts were probably once buried several kilometers beneath the surface, but raised by the impact process. Rocks of dacite composition show that, within magma chambers, fractional crystallization occurred.
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After the formation of a pale-yellow solution, which indicates the completion of the diazotization reaction, the pH should be adjusted to 6. After this, the solution is introduced to a mixture of cuprous cyanide and toluene. At room temperature the toluene layer is removed. The aqueous layer is washed and dried and the purified product is isolated by crystallization.
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Barium bromide is a precursor to chemicals used in photography and to other bromides. Historically, barium bromide was used to purify radium in a process of fractional crystallization devised by Marie Curie. Since radium precipitates preferentially in a solution of barium bromide, the ratio of radium to barium in the precipitate would be higher than the ratio in the solution.
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Mason's contributions to the crystallization and characterization of the compound have generally been forgotten outside of the Mayo Clinic. Cortisone was first produced commercially by Merck & Co. in 1948 or 1949. On September 30, 1949, Percy Julian announced an improvement in the process of producing cortisone from bile acids. This eliminated the need to use osmium tetroxide, a rare, expensive, and dangerous chemical.
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Others work by chemically or physically removing or sequestering the impurity. For example, to purify ethanol beyond 95%, a drying agent (or desiccant, such as potassium carbonate) can be added to convert the soluble water into insoluble water of crystallization. Molecular sieves are often used for this purpose as well. Immiscible liquids, such as water and toluene, easily form azeotropes.
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They are marked by a clearer lyricism, the stylization of older motifs and the crystallization of elegiac inflections, reflections of his own voice, into a melancholic melody of life's ephemeral quality. His memoirs were published as Scriitori care au devenit amintiri, appearing in two volumes (1973 and 1982).Aurel Sasu (ed.), Dicționarul biografic al literaturii române, vol. I, p. 278-79.
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Also "romance", as it were, need not be present in any genuine way for a limerent reaction to occur. The course of limerence results in a more intrusive thinking pattern. This thinking pattern is an expectant and often joyous period with the initial focusing on the limerent object’s admirable qualities: crystallization. Then, under appropriate conditions of hope and uncertainty, the limerence intensifies further.
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Next, the microstructure essentially describes the arrangement of these monomers within the polymer at the scale of a single chain. The microstructure determines the possibility for the polymer to form phases with different arrangements, for example though crystallization, the glass transition or microphase separation. These features play a major role in determining the physical and chemical properties of a polymer.
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Characteristically the organic substituents are branched to confer solubility and preclude crystallization. The dithiodialkyphosphinic acids (R2PS2H) are related to the diorganodithiophosphates with the formula (RO)2PS2H, which are also used as complexing agents in the purification of metals. The phosphates are more prone to hydrolysis owing to the greater lability of the RO-P linkage vs the direct C-P bond.
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When TBZC is made by a crystallization process (Micronutrients TBZC), it excludes contaminating ions, providing a product with greater purity and fewer dust particles than occurs with precipitation. The result is a crystalline solid that is essentially insoluble in water, non-hygroscopic, un-reactive in most foods or feedstuffs, and yet highly bioavailable.Edwards, H. M., III., and D. H. Baker. 2000.
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In 1937, he was given a Guggenheim Fellowship and he spent five months in Sweden working with Professor Theodor Svedberg. Also that year, he was awarded the Scheele Award in Stockholm. Both Sumner and Northrop, along with Wendell M Stanley, shared the Nobel Prize in 1946 for crystallization of enzymes. In 1947 Sumner became the director of Cornell's enzyme chemistry laboratory.
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Chromite is seen to form early in the crystallization process. This allows for chromite to be resistant to the alteration effects of high temperatures and pressures seen in the metamorphic series. It is able to progress through the metamorphic series unaltered. Other minerals with a lower resistance are seen to alter in this series to minerals such as serpentine, biotite and garnet.
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Cold water extraction (also called CWE) is the process whereby a substance is extracted from a mixture via cold water. It is a type of fractional crystallization. The process generally involves taking a mixture of substances, dissolving them in warm water, and then rapidly cooling the mixture. The insoluble compounds precipitate out of the water, while the soluble ones stay dissolved.
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The resulting bismuth compounds have higher melting points and lower densities than the lead, and can be removed as dross. The compounds are treated with chlorine to free up the bismuth. Temperature used in the process is about 380–500 °C(572–932 °F) . The other major processes for separating the two metals are by fractional crystallization and by the Betts electrolytic process.
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Sugar crystals appear naturally white in color during the crystallization process. Sulfur dioxide is added to inhibit the formation of color-inducing molecules as well as to stabilize the sugar juices during evaporation. Refineries, often located nearer to consumers in North America, Europe, and Japan, then produce refined white sugar, which is 99% sucrose. These two stages are slowly merging.
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Activation begins at pH 4.5. The chemical structure at this point shows that breaks which occurs at pH 4.5 can be healed under the basic crystallization conditions. C-terminal fragments (∼13 kDa) generated during autoproteolysis can gradually re-ligated to form the proenzyme when the pH is increased towards pH 7.5, which means that proteolytic activation of AEP can be reversible.
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However, white smokers correspond mostly to waning stages of such hydrothermal fields, as magmatic heat sources become progressively more distant from the source (due to magma crystallization) and hydrothermal fluids become dominated by seawater instead of magmatic water. Mineralizing fluids from this type of vent are rich in calcium and they form dominantly sulfate-rich (i.e., barite and anhydrite) and carbonate deposits.
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Birds deafened before the song-crystallization period went on to produce songs that were distinctly different from the wild type and isolate song. Since the emergence of these findings, investigators have been searching for the neural pathways that facilitate sensory/sensorimotor learning and mediating the matching of the bird's own song with the memorized song template. Several studies over recent decades have looked at the neural mechanisms underlying birdsong learning by performing lesions to relevant brain structures involved in the production or maintenance of song or by deafening birds before and/or after song crystallization. Another recent experimental approach was recording the bird's song and then playing it back while the bird is singing, causing perturbed auditory feedback (the bird hears the superposition of its own song and a fragmented portion of a previous song syllable).
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Tiller gained his academic reputation for his scientific work in the field of crystallization. He studied at the University of Toronto and obtained his B.A.Sc. in 1952 with a degree in Engineering Physics. He also obtained M.A.Sc. and a Ph.D. degrees from the same university. Altogether, he worked nine years as an advisory physicist with the Westinghouse Research Laboratories and 34 years in academia.
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UO3-based ceramics become green or black when fired in a reducing atmosphere and yellow to orange when fired with oxygen. Orange-coloured Fiestaware is a well-known example of a product with a uranium-based glaze. UO3-has also been used in formulations of enamel, uranium glass, and porcelain. Prior to 1960, UO3 was used as an agent of crystallization in crystalline coloured glazes.
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In these volcanoes alkaline lavas are erupted in the post-shield stage but Macdonald is clearly a developing volcano, and further research is needed to explain the chemical history of Macdonald. These magmas in the case of Macdonald were derived from the partial melting of spinel-lherzolite and further influenced by fractional crystallization and carbon dioxide, but with no influence of the overlying plate.
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As a consequence, deviations from the b.c.c or triangular lattice are observed. A crystalline state of the 2D electron gas can also be realized by applying a sufficiently strong magnetic field. However, it is still not clear whether it is the Wigner-crystallization that has led to observation of insulating behaviour in magnetotransport measurements on 2D electron systems, since other candidates are present, such as Anderson localization.
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Crystallization of DECR with 2,4 Hexadienoyl-CoA and NADPH (not shown). Key residues in the enzyme active site orient the substrate for hydride transfer through a network of hydrogen bonds. Eukaryotic DECR exists in both the mitochondria (mDECR) and the peroxisome (pDECR, coded by gene DECR2). The enzymes from each organelle are homologous and part of the short-chain dehydrogenase/reductase SDR super-family.
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Depletion of LREE relative to HREE may be due to the crystallization of olivine, orthopyroxene, and clinopyroxene. On the other hand, depletion of HREE relative to LREE may be due to the presence of garnet, as garnet preferentially incorporates HREE into its crystal structure. The presence of zircon may also cause a similar effect. In sedimentary rocks, rare-earth elements in clastic sediments are a representation provenance.
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Fraunhofer and Siemens began research on 3D IC integration in 1987. In 1988, they fabricated 3D CMOS IC devices based on re-crystallization of poly-silicon. In 1997, the inter-chip via (ICV) method was developed by a FraunhoferSiemens research team including Peter Ramm, Manfred Engelhardt, Werner Pamler, Christof Landesberger and Armin Klumpp. It was a first industrial 3D IC process, based on Siemens CMOS fab wafers.
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The result of U-corrected Pb–Pb dating has produced ages of 4567.35 ± 0.28 My for CAIs (A) and chondrules with ages between 4567.32 ± 0.42 and 4564.71 ± 0.30 My (B and C) (see figure). This supports the idea that CAIs crystallization and chondrule formation occurred around the same time during the formation of the solar system. However, chondrules continued to form for approximately 3 My after CAIs.
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These ponds use gravity to settle out large particulates (measured as total suspended solids) from power plant wastewater. This technology does not treat dissolved pollutants. Power stations use additional technologies to control pollutants, depending on the particular wastestream in the plant. These include dry ash handling, closed-loop ash recycling, chemical precipitation, biological treatment (such as an activated sludge process), membrane systems, and evaporation-crystallization systems.
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There are also peritectic and residual minerals in granitic magmas. Peritectic minerals are generated through peritectic reactions, whereas residual minerals are inherited from parental rocks. In either case, magmas will evolve to the eutectic for crystallization upon cooling. Anatectic melts are also produced by peritectic reactions, but they are much less evolved than magmatic melts because they have not separated from their parental rocks.
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A unit operation is a physical step in an individual chemical engineering process. Unit operations (such as crystallization, filtration, drying and evaporation) are used to prepare reactants, purifying and separating its products, recycling unspent reactants, and controlling energy transfer in reactors. On the other hand, a unit process is the chemical equivalent of a unit operation. Along with unit operations, unit processes constitute a process operation.
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It is purified by crystallization from hot ethanol. Reaction with aqueous silver nitrate immediately gave a precipitate of silver bromide. The structure of tropylium bromide was deduced to be a salt, Br–, by Doering and Knox in 1954 by analysis of its infrared and ultraviolet spectra. The ionic structures of tropylium perchlorate () and tropylium iodide (I–) in the solid state have been confirmed by X-ray crystallography.
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Hundreds of soluble and insoluble proteins control shell formation. They are secreted into the extrapallial space by the mantle, which also secretes the glycoproteins, proteoglycans, polysaccharides and chitin that make up the organic shell matrix. Insoluble proteins tend to be thought of as playing a more important/major role in crystallization control. The organic matrix of shells tends to consist of β-chitin and silk fibroin.
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This material is not stable because of its low activation energy. On the other hand, materials with good amorphous stability like GeTe has slow crystallization speed because of its high activation energy. In its stable state, crystalline GeSbTe has two possible configurations: hexagonal and a metastable face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice. When it is rapidly crystallized however, it was found to have a distorted rocksalt structure.
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The thermal time constant of the device is also important. The thermal time constant must be fast enough for GeSbTe to cool rapidly into the amorphous state during RESET but slow enough to allow crystallization to occur during SET state. The thermal time constant depends on the design and material the cell is built. To read, a low current pulse is applied to the device.
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This resulted in penetration of the lower wall layers, salt crystallization on the wall surfaces, and stones being worn down over the centuries. In addition, the temple was preyed upon by the local population. Other finds at the site include cemeteries, parts of Qubanstele, and the stele with the "blessings of Ptah". The 1963 excavations of Aksha were initiated because of the construction of the Aswan Dam.
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The method used to determine water content may affect whether water present in this form is accounted for. For a better indication of "free" and "bound" water, the water activity of a material should be considered. Water molecules may also be present in materials closely associated with individual molecules, as "water of crystallization", or as water molecules which are static components of protein structure.
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D. Braga, F. Grepioni, L. Maini and M. Polito in Crystal Polymorphism and Multiple Crystal Forms, Vol. (Ed. W. M. Hosseini), Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2009, pp. 87-95. Polymorphism arises due to the competition between kinetic and thermodynamic factors during crystallization. While long-range strong intermolecular interactions dictate the formation of kinetic crystals, the close packing of molecules generally drives the thermodynamic outcome.
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This ultimately changes the chemical composition of the melt as different minerals begin to crystallize. Fractional crystallization of elements in basaltic liquids has also been studied to observe the composition of lava in the upper mantle. This concept can be applied by scientists to give insight on the evolution of Earth's mantle and how concentrations of lithophile trace elements have varied over the last 3.5 billion years.
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It is formed by a rhyolite glass matrix containing phenocrysts made of amphibole, biotite, magnetite, plagioclase and quartz. The ignimbrite is rich in crystals and fiammes. This ignimbrite originated in a magma chamber deep, where the ignimbrite formed in a closed system by fractional crystallization. The Toba 1 ignimbrite is dated to 7.6 - 7.3 ± 0.4 million years ago and was deposited on top of the Acay ignimbrite.
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Polymer strength is increased not only by extrusion, but also by blow molding, which is used in the production of plastic tanks and PET bottles. Some polymers which do not crystallize from the melt, can be partially aligned by stretching.Michael Thielen, Klaus Hartwig, Peter Gust: Blow molding of plastic articles Hanser Verlag, 2006, Some elastomers which are amorphous in the unstrained state undergo rapid crystallization upon stretching.
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The term "sanukitoid suite" includes more evolved rocks derived from sanukitoid through fractional crystallization. Sanukitoids are similar in major and trace element composition to "adakites" (named for occurrences on the Adak Island in the Aleutian island arc). Both suites are thought to form by melting of a mafic igneous rock protolith that has been metamorphosed to garnet-pyroxene (eclogite) or garnet-amphibole assemblages (Rapp et al.
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This high ratio of calcium to phosphorus promotes formation of apatite crystals; calcium and silica ions can act as crystallization nuclei. Lower Ca:P ratios do not bond to bone. Bioglass 45S5's specific composition is optimal in biomedical applications because of its similar composition to that of hydroxyapatite, the mineral component of bone. This similarity provides Bioglass' ability to be integrated with living bone.
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Deviated drilling was introduced, casing collapse in permafrost challenges were addressed. In 1983 TNGG engineers designed and supervised drilling and completion of the first slanted well in permafrost zone. The 1980s saw crystallization of integrated approach to petroleum development combining research, design and manufacture. TyumenNIIgiprogas Institute becomes the core of Research and Production Association NPO Tyumengastechnologia with several R&D; Divisions and Experimental Plant.
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Eventually, the chip becomes strong enough to completely dominate Crichton's mind and body. Even after the chip is removed, Harvey is able to exert limited control over Crichton. After Scorpius reprograms him, Harvey has some type of mental link to Scorpius that allows Scorpius to track Crichton down after John is revived from his crystallization by the Eidelons. Harvey contains much of Scorpius' knowledge and intellect.
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Trimagnesium phosphate describes inorganic compounds with formula Mg3(PO4)2.xH2O. They are magnesium acid salts of phosphoric acid, with varying amounts of water of crystallization: x = 0, 5, 8, 22. The octahydrate forms upon reaction of stoichiometric quantities of monomagnesium phosphate with magnesium hydroxide. :Mg(H2PO4)2 \+ 2 Mg(OH)2 → Mg3(PO4)2•8H2O The octahydrate is found in nature as the mineral bobierrite.
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In 1939 Holmes published a classification list of 129 plant viruses. This was expanded and in 1999 there were 977 officially recognized, and some provisional, plant virus species. The purification (crystallization) of TMV was first performed by Wendell Stanley, who published his findings in 1935, although he did not determine that the RNA was the infectious material. However, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1946.
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Hydrogenated starch hydrolysates are used commercially in the same way as other common sugar alcohols. They are often used as both a sweetener and as a humectant (moisture-retaining ingredient). As a crystallization modifier, they can prevent syrups from forming crystals of sugar. It is used to add bulk, body, texture, and viscosity to mixtures, and can protect against damage from freezing and drying.
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These vessels are used in reactions included but are not limited to Hydrogenations, Polymerizations, Synthesis, Catalytic, petrochemical, crystallization, and so on. One of the drawbacks of a standard glass pressure reactor is the potential explosions due to hard-to-predict excessive internal pressure and lack of relief mechanism. However, with proper safety implementation provided by the manufacturer, the operator can perform most reactions in a safe manner.
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A study done by Arizona State University assessed eighth to twelfth graders on career interests and crystallization.Tracey, T, Robbins, S, & Hofsess, C Stability and change in interests: A longitudinal study of adolescents from grades 8 through 12 . Journal of Vocational Behavior 66, PDF The study included 1000 males and 1000 females. Both the males and the females showed stability in their choices and crystallization increased with age.
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Onset is generally seen within the first few hours of administration. The true pathology of purple glove syndrome is not fully elucidated, however it is believed to be due to the crystallization of phenytoin within the blood and extravasates into the surrounding interstitium. Another mechanism may be due to the disruption of endothelial transcellular junctions followed by leaking of phenytoin into the surround soft tissues.
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After separating a mixture of a few rare earth elements nitrate concentrate from the Brazilian mineral monazite by fractionated crystallization, they yielded a solution containing mostly samarium. This solution gave x-ray spectra attributed to samarium and element 61. In honor of their city, they named element 61 "florentium". The results were published in 1926, but the scientists claimed that the experiments were done in 1924.
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A sugar beet farm in Belgium: Beyond the field is the sugar factory. A sugar refinery in Allscott in Shropshire, England The thin juice is concentrated via multiple-effect evaporation to make a thick juice, roughly 60% sucrose by weight and similar in appearance to pancake syrup. Thick juice can be stored in tanks for later processing, reducing the load on the crystallization plant.
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Journal of the American Chemical Society 2000, 122, (18), 4331-4334. and Nanomaterial characterization.Antonietti, M.; Landfester, K.; Mastai, Y., The vision of "Nanochemistry", or is there a promise for specific chemical reactions in nano-restricted environments? Israel Journal of Chemistry 2001, 41, (1), 1-5Homyonfer, M.; Mastai, Y.; Hershfinkel, M.; Volterra, V.; Hutchison, J. L.; Tenne, R., Scanning tunneling microscope induced crystallization of fullerene-like MoS2.
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Lidor-Shalev, O.; Pliatsikas, N.; Carmiel, Y.; Patsalas, P.; Mastai, Y., Chiral Metal-Oxide Nanofilms by Cellulose Template Using Atomic Layer Deposition Process. ACS Nano 11, (5), 4753-4759. Synthesis and Analysis of Chiral Nanosurfaces, Chiral self-assembled Monolayers (SAM), and Polymeric Chiral Nanoparticles.Medina, D. D.; Goldshtein, J.; Margel, S.; Mastai, Y., Enantioselective crystallization on chiral polymeric microspheres. Advanced Functional Materials 2007, 17, (6), 944-950.
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The crystallization of ice from supercooled water is generally initiated by a process called nucleation. Because of the speed and size of nucleation, which occurs within nanoseconds and nanometers. The surface environment does not play a decisive role in the formation of ice and snow. The density fluctuations inside drops result in that the possible freezing regions cover the middle and the surface regions.
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Centrifuging then separates the sugar from the remaining liquid (molasses). Raw sugar has a yellow to brown color. Sometimes sugar is consumed locally at this stage, but usually undergoes further purification. Sulfur dioxide is bubbled through the cane juice subsequent to crystallization in a process, known as "sulfitation". This process inhibits color forming reactions and stabilizes the sugar juices to produce “mill white” or “plantation white” sugar.
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GeTe has been heavily used in non-volatile optical data storage such as CDs, DVDs, and blue-ray and may replace dynamic and flash random access memories. In 1987, Yamada et al. explored the phase changing properties of GeTe and Sb2Te3 for optical storage. The short crystallization time, cyclability and high optical contrast made these material better options than Te81Ge15Sb2S2 which has a slow transition time.
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First boiling is defined as a decrease in confining pressure below the vapor pressure of the melt. Second boiling is defined as an increase in vapor pressure due to crystallization of the melt. In both cases, gas bubbles exsolve in the melt and aid the ascent of the magma towards the surface. As the magma ascends towards the surface, the temperature and confining pressure decrease.
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Before the three- dimensional structure of complexed HLA-DO was elucidated by X-ray crystallography, its crystal structure was modeled after homology studies to classical MHC class II proteins. Following crystallization of the protein, HLA-DO was found to be conformationally similar to classical MHC class II protein, with alterations in the N-terminus. The structure of the free HLA-DO protein, however, remains to be elucidated.
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The publishing house was founded in 1918 in the environment of the so-called Bible Movement and the Liturgical Movement in Mainz. A main crystallization point was the Catholic theologian Romano Guardini. Among others the series Classics of Catholic Theology and the Bible translation of Paul Riessler and Rupert Storr (Mainz Bible) appeared. In 1944 the Reichsschrifttumskammer (RSK) announced the closure of the publishing house.
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White chocolate contains cocoa butter, sugar, and milk, but no cocoa solids. Dark chocolate is produced by adding fat and sugar to the cacao mixture, with no milk or much less than milk chocolate. Candy, also called sweets or lollies, is a confection that features sugar as a principal ingredient. Many candies involve the crystallization of sugar which varies the texture of sugar crystals.
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Steel-string guitars vary in construction and materials. Different woods and approach to bracing affect the instrument's timbre or tone. While there is little scientific evidence, many players and luthiers believe a well-made guitar's tone improves over time. They theorize that a decrease in the content of hemicellulose, crystallization of cellulose, and changes to lignin over time all result in its wood gaining better resonating properties.
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Metastable states of matter (also referred as metastates) range from melting solids (or freezing liquids), boiling liquids (or condensing gases) and sublimating solids to supercooled liquids or superheated liquid-gas mixtures. Extremely pure, supercooled water stays liquid below 0 °C and remains so until applied vibrations or condensing seed doping initiates crystallization centers. This is a common situation for the droplets of atmospheric clouds.
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Putrefaction, the eighth alchemical key of Basil Valentine, 1678, Chemical Heritage Foundation In alchemy, putrefaction is the same as fermentation, whereby a substance is allowed to rot or decompose undisturbed. In some cases, the commencement of the process is facilitated with a small sample of the desired material to act as a "seed", a technique akin to the use of a seed crystal in crystallization.
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The hunter-gatherers of the Aurignacian would have had to modify their way of living and their pattern of settlement to adapt to the changing conditions. The crystallization of these new patterns resulted in Mesolithic 1. The people developed new types of settlements and new stone industries. The inhabitants of a small Mesolithic 1 site in the Levant left little more than their chipped stone tools behind.
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Conventionally a crystal is solid, and crystallization converts liquid to solid. The oxymoron of the liquid crystal is resolved through the notion of mesophases. The observations noted an optic axis persisting in materials that had been melted and had begun to flow. The term liquid crystal persists as a colloquialism, but use of the term was criticized in 1993: In The Physics of Liquid CrystalsP.
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Intergrowths of two or more minerals can form in a variety of ways, and interpretations of the intergrowths can be critical in understanding both magmatic and cooling histories of igneous rocks. A few of the many important textures are presented here as examples. Graphic, micrographic texture, and granophyric textures are examples of intergrowths formed during magmatic crystallization. They are angular intergrowths of quartz and alkali feldspar.
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Whereas the doping of polycrystalline silicon does have an effect on the resistivity, mobility, and free-carrier concentration, these properties strongly depend on the polycrystalline grain size, which is a physical parameter that the material scientist can manipulate. Through the methods of crystallization to form polycrystalline silicon, an engineer can control the size of the polycrystalline grains which will vary the physical properties of the material.
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Thermal transitions in (A) amorphous and (B) semicrystalline polymers, represented as traces from differential scanning calorimetry. As the temperature increases, both amorphous and semicrystalline polymers go through the glass transition (Tg). Amorphous polymers (A) do not exhibit other phase transitions, though semicrystalline polymers (B) undergo crystallization and melting (at temperatures Tc and Tm, respectively). Depending on their chemical structures, polymers may be either semi-crystalline or amorphous.
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The compound can act as both an acid or a base, due to its acidic proton on the hydroxyl group and the basic nitrogen atom. The compound exists as a mixture of its Z and E stereoisomers (i.e. syn and anti, or cis and trans) in its normal form. The E stereoisomer can be isolated by slow crystallization of a distilled E/Z mixture.
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Crystallography is a book of poetry and prose published in 1994 and revised in 2003 by Canadian author Christian Bök. Based around a that language is a crystallization process, the book includes several forms of poetry including concrete poetry, as well as pseudohistorical texts, diagrams, charts, and English gematria. Major poems in the book include Geodes and Diamonds. Bök explains the title in an introduction.
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In a general sense, any crystallization from a magma could be considered devitrification, but the term is most commonly used for the formation of spherulites in otherwise glassy rocks such as obsidian. The process of conversion of glass material to crystallized material is known as devitrification. Spherulites are evidence of this process. Perlite is due to hydration of glass causing expansion and not necessarily devitrification.
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Bestrophin-1 is an integral membrane protein found primarily in the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) of the eye. Within the RPE layer, it is mainly located on the basolateral plasma membrane. Protein crystallization structures indicate this protein's primary ion channel function as well as its calcium regulatory capabilities. Bestrophin-1 consists of 585 amino acids and both N- and the C-termini are located within the cell.
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It readily substitutes for potassium in minerals, and is therefore fairly widespread. Rb has been used extensively in dating rocks; 87Rb beta decays to stable 87Sr. During fractional crystallization, Sr tends to concentrate in plagioclase, leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Hence, the Rb/Sr ratio in residual magma may increase over time, and the progressing differentiation results in rocks with elevated Rb/Sr ratios.
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This phenomenon came to be known as Ostwald Ripening and is observed in many situations. An everyday example is the gritty texture that ice cream develops as it ages. On a geologic timescale, many minerals exhibit Ostwald Ripening as their crystal forms evolve as the mineral ages. Related to solubility and crystallization was Ostwald's finding that dissolution of a solid depends on the size of the crystal.
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Carbon dioxide is gaining popularity among coffee manufacturers looking to move away from classic decaffeinating solvents. s is forced through the green coffee beans which are then sprayed with water at high pressure to remove the caffeine. The caffeine can then be isolated for resale (e.g. to the pharmaceutical or beverage manufacturers) by passing the water through activated charcoal filters or by distillation, crystallization or reverse osmosis.
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Rapakivi granites have formation ages from Archean to recent and are usually attributed to anorogenic tectonic settings. They have formed in shallow (a few km deep) sills of up to 10 km thickness. Rapakivi granites are often found associated with intrusions of anorthosite, norite, charnockite and mangerite. It has been suggested that the entire suite results from the fractional crystallization of a single parental magma.
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Most of these experiments were conducted within the pressurized Spacelab laboratory module situated in the orbiter's payload bay. The life science experiments investigated changes in plants, animals and humans under spaceflight conditions. The materials science experiments examined protein crystallization, fluid dynamics, and high-temperature solidification of multi- phase materials in microgravity. While on STS-78, Thirsk wrote two columns for the Calgary Sun newspaper.
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A further temperature increase can result in crystallization of the amorphous material and the formation of silicon nitride, silicon carbide and carbon. This so-called pyrolysis of the polysilazanes produces ceramic materials from low-viscosity liquids with very high yield (up to 90%). Due to the organic groups that are often used to give good polymer processability, ceramic yield is normally in the range of 60-80%.
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Swiss cheese is 37% percent water. The water content of milk and dairy products varies with the percentage of butterfat so that whole milk has the lowest percentage of water and skimmed milk has the highest. In the sugar industry the dry matter content is an important parameter to control the crystallization process and is often measured on-line by means of microwave density meters.Bento, Luis.
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Figure 7 shows an example of granophyric texture in the Strathbogie Granite. The mineral quartz (light grey to off white) forms irregular to angular crystals of varying size that are intimately intergrown with the mineral feldspar (dark grey) indicating rapid crystallization. Figure 7. Cross-polarized light photomicrograph of sample CV-114 from the S-type Strathbogie Granite, Australia, with quartz and feldspar displaying a granophyric texture.
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The discovery of carbomycin was first reported by Fred W. Tanner Jr. of Pfizer. Carbomycin can be isolated from Streptomyces halstedii via extraction from a fermentation broth and purified through crystallization from alcohol-water mixtures. Carbomycin can be further purified with the use of preparative thin-layer chromatography. The most efficient solvent is one consisting of ethanol-hexane-water in 90-10-0.15 volume ratio.
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Grady, James 2006 There are also potential applications for new drug development. The following real-life story demonstrates the potential in this type of research: “Against all odds, several experiments survived the 2003 explosion of the Space Shuttle Columbia. One of them was a protein crystallization experiment sponsored by Schering- Plough. When analyzing the results, scientists discovered a crystalline of interferon that they had never seen before.
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This makes them useful for encoding binary information on thin films of chalcogenides and forms the basis of rewritable optical discs and non-volatile memory devices such as PRAM. Examples of such phase change materials are GeSbTe and AgInSbTe. In optical discs, the phase change layer is usually sandwiched between dielectric layers of ZnS-SiO2, sometimes with a layer of a crystallization promoting film.
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Hence six unions are legitimate, that is, fully fertile, and 12 are illegitimate, or more or less unfertile. Wallace has shown that the females of certain butterflies from the Malay Archipelago appear in three conspicuously distinct forms without intermediate links. In crystallography, trimorphism refers to the occurrence of certain forms in minerals which have the same chemical composition, but are referable to three systems of crystallization.
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Apart from analytical methods, researchers would isolate core or rim ages for analysis. Normally, core ages would be used as crystallization age as they are first generated and least disturbed part in zircon grains. On the other hand, rim ages can be used to track peak metamorphism as they are first in contact with certain temperature and pressure condition.Nicoli, G., Moyen, J. F., & Stevens, G. (2016).
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Modulated temperature TM (mt-TM) has been used as an analogous experiment to modulated-temperature DSC (mtDSC). The principle of mt-TM is similar to the DSC analogy. The temperature is modulated as the TM experiment proceeds. Some thermal processes are reversible, such as the true CTE, while others such as stress relief, orientation randomization and crystallization are irreversible within the conditions of the experiment.
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The nutrient dissolves in the hotter zone and the saturated aqueous solution in the lower part is transported to the upper part by convective motion of the solution. The cooler and denser solution in the upper part of the autoclave descends while the counterflow of solution ascends. The solution becomes supersaturated in the upper part as the result of the reduction in temperature and crystallization sets in.
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Below the liquidus temperature, more and more crystals will form in the melt if one waits a sufficiently long time, depending on the material. Alternately, homogeneous glasses can be obtained through sufficiently fast cooling, i.e., through kinetic inhibition of the crystallization process. The crystal phase that crystallizes first on cooling a substance to its liquidus temperature is termed primary crystalline phase or primary phase.
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A small number of desalination stations have been built over the last 50 years, but the process has not been a commercial success in the production of freshwater for municipal purposes. Pumpable ice machines offer an affordable alternative because of the high efficient crystallization process. Current models, however, do not have the necessary capacity for industrial desalination plants, but smaller models suffice for small-scale desalination needs.
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In general, any boiling mass of high-concentration hydrogen peroxide at ambient pressure will produce vapor-phase hydrogen peroxide, which can detonate. This hazard is mitigated, but not entirely eliminated, with vacuum distillation. Other approaches for concentrating hydrogen peroxide are sparging and fractional crystallization. Hydrogen peroxide in concentrations of at least 35% appear on the US Department of Homeland Security's Chemicals of Interest list.
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In the processing of glass-ceramics, molten glass is cooled down gradually before reheating and annealing. In this heat treatment the glass partly crystallizes. In many cases, so-called 'nucleation agents' are added in order to regulate and control the crystallization process. Because there is usually no pressing and sintering, glass-ceramics do not contain the volume fraction of porosity typically present in sintered ceramics.
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Similarly, crystal texture and form within pegmatitic rock may be taken to extreme size and perfection. Feldspar within a pegmatite may display exaggerated and perfect twinning, exsolution lamellae, and when affected by hydrous crystallization, macroscale graphic texture is known, with feldspar and quartz intergrown. Perthite feldspar within a pegmatite often shows gigantic perthitic texture visible to the naked eye. The product of pegmatite decomposition is euclase.
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Fermentation of honey usually occurs after crystallization, because without the glucose, the liquid portion of the honey primarily consists of a concentrated mixture of fructose, acids, and water, providing the yeast with enough of an increase in the water percentage for growth. Honey that is to be stored at room temperature for long periods of time is often pasteurized, to kill any yeast, by heating it above .
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This definition is useful, not only because varioles may arise through several different mechanisms, but also because the alteration, specifically mineralization, and deformation associated with many Precambrian volcanic rocks, particularly Archean volcanic rocks, makes the determination of their origin difficult, if not impossible, without further laboratory analyses.Fowler A.D., L.S. Jensen, and S.A. Peloquin (1987) Varioles in Archean basalts; products of spherulitic crystallization. Canadian Mineralogist. vol. 25, pp.
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China Chemical Reporter, 21(4), 12. In order to gauge a compound's humectancy, scientists will put it through a series of tests, often involving water absorption. In tests involving toothpaste, the process is also coupled with a sweetness test and a crystallization test. When humectancy is being assessed in different products, testers will compare the results to other humectants that are already used in those products, in order to evaluate efficiency.
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In 1989, he, with son Ekhard Preikschat, invented a scanning laser diode microscope for particle-size analysis. He and Ekhard Preikschat co-founded Lasentec to commercialize it. In 2001, Lasentec was acquired by Mettler Toledo (NYSE: MTD). About ten thousand systems have been installed globally – over $1 Billion in cumulative sales – mostly in the pharmaceutical industry to provide in-situ control of the crystallization process in large purification systems.
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They named the element gadolinium after Johan Gadolin, and its oxide was named "gadolinia". Further spectroscopic analysis between 1886 and 1901 of samaria, yttria, and samarskite by William Crookes, Lecoq de Boisbaudran and Eugène-Anatole Demarçay yielded several new spectroscopic lines that indicated the existence of an unknown element. The fractional crystallization of the oxides then yielded europium in 1901. In 1839 the third source for rare earths became available.
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Yellow NiBr2 and black NiI2 adopt similar structures, but with a different packing of the halides, adopting the CdI2 motif. In contrast, NiCl2·6H2O consists of separated trans-[NiCl2(H2O)4] molecules linked more weakly to adjacent water molecules. Only four of the six water molecules in the formula is bound to the nickel, and the remaining two are water of crystallization. Cobalt(II) chloride hexahydrate has a similar structure.
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The latter are grown synthetically. (A microscopically-small piece of metal may naturally form into a single crystal, but larger pieces generally do not.) Ionic compound materials are usually crystalline or polycrystalline. In practice, large salt crystals can be created by solidification of a molten fluid, or by crystallization out of a solution. Covalently bonded solids (sometimes called covalent network solids) are also very common, notable examples being diamond and quartz.
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Instead, the cooled and solidified igneous mass crystallises within the crust to form an igneous intrusion. As magma cools the chemicals in the crystals formed are effectively removed from the main mix of the magma (by a process known as fractional crystallization), so the chemical content of the remaining magma evolves as it solidifies slowly. Fresh unevolved magma injections can remobilise more evolved magmas, allowing eruptions from more viscous magmas.
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Typical examples of exothermic reactions are precipitation and crystallization, in which ordered solids are formed from disordered gaseous or liquid phases. In contrast, in endothermic reactions, heat is consumed from the environment. This can occur by increasing the entropy of the system, often through the formation of gaseous reaction products, which have high entropy. Since the entropy increases with temperature, many endothermic reactions preferably take place at high temperatures.
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In petrology the mineral clinopyroxene is used for temperature and pressure calculations of the magma that produced igneous rock containing this mineral. Clinopyroxene thermobarometry is one of several geothermobarometers. Two things make this method especially useful: first, clinopyroxene is a common phenocryst in igneous rocks easy to identify; and secondly, the crystallization of the jadeite component of clinopyroxene implies a growth in molar volume being thus a good indicator of pressure.
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Metamorphic minerals are those that form only at the high temperatures and pressures associated with the process of metamorphism. These minerals, known as index minerals, include sillimanite, kyanite, staurolite, andalusite, and some garnet. Other minerals, such as olivines, pyroxenes, amphiboles, micas, feldspars, and quartz, may be found in metamorphic rocks, but are not necessarily the result of the process of metamorphism. These minerals formed during the crystallization of igneous rocks.
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The Solid State Pharmaceutical Cluster (SSPC) is a Science Foundation Ireland (SFI) strategic research cluster established in 2007 with funding of €6.97 million and currently comprises 39 researchers. It was officially launched on July 4, 2008 at the University of Limerick, Ireland. The brief was to carry out applied research in the area of Pharmaceutical Crystallization. The cluster is a collaboration between Universities Researchers and Pharmaceutical companies in Ireland.
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Sohrab Rohani is a professor and former chairman of the University of Western Ontario's Department of Chemical and Biochemical Engineering.UWO Faculty of Engineering NEWS His main areas of research are crystallization of pharmaceuticals (polymorphism) and process control. Rohani obtained his B.Sc. degree from Shiraz University in 1973 and a PhD from the University of Wales in 1977.Official Webpage Rohani is a Fellow of the Chemical Institute of Canada.
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Silica is found in nature as the mineral quartz, and its polymorphs. On Earth, a wide variety of silicate minerals occur in an even wider range of combinations as a result of the processes that have been forming and re- working the crust for billions of years. These processes include partial melting, crystallization, fractionation, metamorphism, weathering, and diagenesis. Diatomaceous earth, a biogenic form of silica as viewed under a microscope.
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The formula is often improperly written as , reflecting an older incorrect understanding of the anion's molecular structure. The name may refer to any of a number of closely related boron-containing mineral or chemical compounds that differ in their water of crystallization content. The most commonly encountered one is the octahydrate or (or , the "decahydrate", in the older notation). It is a colorless crystalline solid that dissolves in water.
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Weissgerber developed a more rapid route in 1914 by selective extraction of coal tar, exploiting the fact that isoquinoline is more basic than quinoline. Isoquinoline can then be isolated from the mixture by fractional crystallization of the acid sulfate. Although isoquinoline derivatives can be synthesized by several methods, relatively few direct methods deliver the unsubstituted isoquinoline. The Pomeranz–Fritsch reaction provides an efficient method for the preparation of isoquinoline.
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Once prepared, a solution of CuCl2 may be purified by crystallization. A standard method takes the solution mixed in hot dilute hydrochloric acid, and causes the crystals to form by cooling in a Calcium chloride (CaCl2)-ice bath.S. H. Bertz, E. H. Fairchild, in Handbook of Reagents for Organic Synthesis, Volume 1: Reagents, Auxiliaries and Catalysts for C-C Bond Formation, (R. M. Coates, S. E. Denmark, eds.), pp.
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His current research focuses on developing innovative fabrication technologies that renewable energy devices and biomedical devices can significantly benefit from. Examples include simultaneous surface texturing/partial crystallization of thin film solar cells for efficiency and stability improvement, inter-laminar toughening of composite materials to improve delamination resistance of wind turbine blades, dissimilar metal joining for micro-scale medical devices and microstructural modification of biodegradable polymers for improved drug delivery.
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Before evaporation, the juice is filtered once again, producing vinasse, a fluid rich in organic compounds. The syrup resulting from evaporation is then precipitated by crystallization producing a mixture of clear crystals surrounded by molasses. A centrifuge is used to separate the sugar from molasses, and the crystals are washed by addition of steam, after which the crystals are dried by an airflow. Upon cooling, sugar crystallizes out of the syrup.
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It has a layered structure like plywood, but the individual layers have no grain. The locals use this easily carvable bark to make useful items like lids for vessels. Blacksmiths of that region also use this bark exclusively as the fuel for their furnaces. Old trees which die from fire or drought, undergo some metamorphosis in their wood due to the crystallization of the resin inside the heart wood.
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The accumulation of ions is driven by ion pumps packed within the calcifying epithelium. The organic matrix forms the scaffold that directs crystallization, and the deposition and rate of crystals is also controlled by hormones produced by the mollusc. The periostracum was probably essential in allowing early molluscs to obtain large size with a single valve. The periostracum is secreted from a groove in the mantle, termed the periostracal groove.
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Systematic breeding resulted in the gradual crystallization of a recognisable and uniform type, and breeders were able to start talking about a "breed". In 1967, breeding stock of these horses were supplied to eight studs, and they were established as part of the project. In 1968, the Nooitgedacht Breeders' Association was formed by participants in the project. Breeding standards were established as guidelines for breeders and judges at shows.
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4.15, 4.19 The size of spherulites varies in a wide range, from micrometers up to 1 centimeter and is controlled by the nucleation. Strong supercooling or intentional addition of crystallization seeds results in relatively large number of nucleation sites; then spherulites are numerous and small and interact with each other upon growth. In case of fewer nucleation sites and slow cooling, a few larger spherulites are created.Ehrenstein and Theriault pp.
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The initial event that takes place when the limpet creates a new row of teeth is the creation of the main macromolecular α-chitin component. The resulting organic matrix serves as framework for the crystallization of the teeth themselves. The first mineral to be deposited is goethite (α-FeOOH), a soft iron oxide which forms crystals parallel to the chitin fibers. The goethite, however, has varying different crystal habits.
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Ammonite was using the facility to salvage the contents of artillery shells for use as agricultural fertilizer. That salvage occurred after trinitrotoluene (better known as TNT) was extracted from the shells at the nearby Raritan Arsenal by Columbia Storage Company, owned by aeronautic pioneer Charles A. Levine. The Ammonite building reportedly contained of ammonium nitrate in storage and fifteen tank cars, each holding of ammonium nitrate in the process of crystallization.
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Another option is to obtain, at an approximately constant temperature, the precipitation of the crystals by increasing the solute concentration above the solubility threshold. To obtain this, the solute/solvent mass ratio is increased using the technique of evaporation. This process is insensitive to change in temperature (as long as hydration state remains unchanged). All considerations on control of crystallization parameters are the same as for the cooling models.
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Common side effects may include a depletion of sodium, folic acid and calcium, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, headache, dizziness, fatigue, and dry mouth. Serious side effects may include heart palpitations, tingling/numbness, fever, chills, sore throat, rash, and back pain. Triamterene can also cause kidney stones through direct crystallization or by seeding calcium oxalate stones. Triamterene is best avoided in patients with chronic kidney disease due to the possibility of hyperkalemia.
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Andesite and dacite are the dominant components of the volcano, though its rocks have compositions ranging from basaltic andesite to rhyolite. The volcanic rocks form a potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite. Assimilation of crustal material and fractional crystallization are involved in the genesis of this magma suite. Lava composition has changed over time, dacites being represented mainly during the Ubinas II stage while stage I yielded mostly andesites.
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Another, somewhat similar, method plants may use to avoid freezing is supercooling, which prevents ice crystallization within plant tissues. These methods are only sufficient when temperature is only moderately cold. In the alpine zone, temperatures are often low enough that these methods are not sufficient.. When plants need a more permanent solution, they can develop freeze tolerance. Plants can also dehydrate their cells by moving water into intercellular spaces.
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9) Seeding is introduced during crystallization. The production is operated continuously under well-defined conditions (pH, feeding rate, concentrations, temperature, etc.). Product with good particle size is produced and can be easily separated from background salt and other impurities in the mother liquor. After simple rinse with water and drying, pure, free-flowing, non-dusty green crystalline solid with typical particle size of 30 ~ 100 micron is obtained.
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Rational enzyme engineering is characterized by making specific amino acid mutations based on mechanistic or structural information. While P450 enzymes are mechanistically well understood, mutations based on structural information are often limited by crystallization difficulty. Although, when obtainable, the high degree of flexibility and active site plasticity present in P450s make crystal structures largely obsolete for rational design. Another issue presents itself when attempting to expand substrate scope.
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It will tend to become more viscous at lower temperatures due to this crystallization of some of its components. The essence has a very strong odor, but is pleasant when diluted and used for perfume. Attar of roses was once made in India, Persia, Syria, and the Ottoman Empire. The Rose Valley in Bulgaria, near the town of Kazanlak, is among the major producers of attar of roses in the world.
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Sodium percarbonate is produced industrially by crystallization of a solution of sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide, with proper control of the pH and concentrations.J. M. Adams and R. G. Pritchard (1977): "The crystal structure of sodium percarbonate: an unusual layered solid". Acta Crystallographica Section B, volume B33, issue 12, pages 3650–3653. Alun P. James, Graham R. Horne, Richard Roesler, and others (1997): "Process for producing sodium percarbonate".
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Consequently, steps in this stage are expensive to carry out and require sensitive and sophisticated equipment. This stage contributes a significant fraction of the entire downstream processing expenditure. Examples of operations include affinity, size exclusion, reversed phase chromatography, ion-exchange chromatography, crystallization and fractional precipitation. Product polishing describes the final processing steps which end with packaging of the product in a form that is stable, easily transportable and convenient.
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For over 150 years, scientists have known of the crystallization of protein molecules. Hemoglobin SC Crystals observed by a microscope. In 1840, Friedrich Ludwig Hünefeld accidentally discovered the formation of crystalline material in samples of the earthworm blood held under two glass slides and occasionally observed small plate-like crystals in desiccated swine or human blood samples. These crystals were named as 'haemoglobin', by Felix Hoppe-Seyler in 1864.
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After the 2007 dinner, New York Times columnist Frank Rich implied that the Times would no longer participate in the dinners.Rich, Frank. All the President’s Press, The New York Times, April 29, 2007. Rich wrote that the dinner had become "a crystallization of the press's failures in the post-9/11 era" because it "illustrates how easily a propaganda-driven White House can enlist the Washington news media in its shows".
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The mosses of the Plitvice Lakes waterfalls provide a substrate for sedimentation, generating travertine (tufa). Depending on the species found locally, various biological types of travertine can be differentiated. Photosynthesis activities of algae and mosses in conjunction with the water, however, foster the crystallization of sediments due to the extraction of carbon dioxide. These effects are fostered by the millions of microscopically-small bacteria and algae that grow on such plants.
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The feedstock for paraffin is slack wax, which is a mixture of oil and wax, a byproduct from the refining of lubricating oil. The first step in making paraffin wax is to remove the oil (de-oiling or de-waxing) from the slack wax. The oil is separated by crystallization. Most commonly, the slack wax is heated, mixed with one or more solvents such as a ketone and then cooled.
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Principally, volcanoes are geologic features that exude magmatic material from below Earth's surface onto the surface. Upon reaching the surface, the term "magma" disappears and "lava" becomes the common nomenclature. This lava cools and forms igneous rock. By examining igneous rocks, it is possible to derive a chain of events that led from the original melt of the magma to the crystallization of the lava at Earth's surface.
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Tibetans from all walks of life are familiar with and frequently sing the arias (Tib. namthars) for themselves or for entertainment at social gatherings. The stories were passed down from generation to generation. In the Tibetan language, the opera is called Al-che-lha-mo, the actor lha-mo-ba and the script khrab-gzhung Tibetan opera is the crystallization of the cultural wisdom of Tibetan people for thousands of years.
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The university industries are characterized by bringing forth new ideas to technology, initiating high-tech enterprises, and transforming scientific and technological achievements into industries. Tiancai Co. Ltd. is the representative of the university's industries, which takes advantage of the university's superiority in science and technology. The university's industries include computer information, packed towers, industrial crystallization, and opto-electronic integration and have made good economic as well as social benefits.
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Contact adhesives are used in strong bonds with high shear-resistance like laminates, such as bonding Formica to a wooden counter, and in footwear, as in attaching outsoles to uppers. Natural rubber and polychloroprene (Neoprene) are commonly used contact adhesives. Both of these elastomers undergo strain crystallization. Contact adhesives must be applied to both surfaces and allowed some time to dry before the two surfaces are pushed together.
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The name neodymium is derived from the Greek words neos (νέος), new, and didymos (διδύμος), twin. Double nitrate crystallization was the means of commercial neodymium purification until the 1950s. Lindsay Chemical Division was the first to commercialize large-scale ion-exchange purification of neodymium. Starting in the 1950s, high purity (above 99%) neodymium was primarily obtained through an ion exchange process from monazite, a mineral rich in rare-earth elements.
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The chemical variation of IVB specimens can be explained as different stages of the fractional crystallization of the convecting core of the parent body. The exact size of the parent body is still debated. Modelling of cooling rates suggest that it had a 140±30km radius with a 70±15km radius core. The fast cooling rates are explained by a grazing-shot collision of the parent body with a larger asteroid.
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Anthony James "Tony" Naldrett, FRSC (1933 – 21 June 2020) was a Canadian geologist. He was an authority on the geology and origin of nickel-copper- platinum group element deposits, the tectonic setting in which they occur, the petrology of associated rocks, and controls on their composition. He was an expert on the reaction between sulfide and silicate melts, fractional crystallization of sulfide melts, and the role of hydrothermal fluids.
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There are several types of fouling, including particulate accumulation, precipitation (crystallization), sedimentation, generation of ice layers, etc. Another factor posing difficulties to heat transfer is viscosity. Highly viscous fluids tend to generate deep laminar flow, a condition with very poor heat transfer rates and high pressure losses involving a considerable pumping power, often exceeding the exchanger design limits. This problem becomes worsened frequently when processing non-newtonian fluids.
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PDLA and PLLA form a highly regular stereocomplex with increased crystallinity. The temperature stability is maximised when a 1:1 blend is used, but even at lower concentrations of 3–10% of PDLA, there is still a substantial improvement. In the latter case, PDLA acts as a nucleating agent, thereby increasing the crystallization rate. Biodegradation of PDLA is slower than for PLA due to the higher crystallinity of PDLA.
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Thermochemical scanning probe lithography (tc-SPL) or thermochemical nanolithography (TCNL) employs the scanning probe tips to induce thermally activated chemical reactions to change the chemical functionality or the phase of surfaces. Such thermally activated reactions have been shown in proteins, organic semiconductors, electroluminescent conjugated polymers, and nanoribbon resistors. Furthermore, deprotection of functional groups (sometimes involving a temperature gradients), reduction of oxides, and the crystallization of piezoelectric/ferroelectric ceramics has been demonstrated.
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The juice is boiled to concentrate it, promoting sugar crystallization. The result of this first boiling is called first syrup ('A' Molasses), and it has the highest sugar content. First syrup is usually referred to in the Southern states of the United States as cane syrup, as opposed to molasses. Second molasses ('B' Molasses) is created from a second boiling and sugar extraction, and has a slightly bitter taste.
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Aluminium-based alums have a number of common chemical properties. They are soluble in water, have a sweetish taste, react acid to litmus, and crystallize in regular octahedra. In alums each metal ion is surrounded by six water molecules. When heated, they liquefy, and if the heating is continued, the water of crystallization is driven off, the salt froths and swells, and at last an amorphous powder remains.
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The larger sizes are a particularly active area of research since they can bind larger and more interesting guest molecules, thus expanding their potential applications. Crystal structure of the CB[10]•CB[5]complex including a chlorine anion. Cucurbit[10]uril is particularly difficult to isolate. It was first discovered by Day and coworkers in 2002 as an inclusion complex containing CB[5] by fractional crystallization of the cucurbituril reaction mixture.
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When GST is heated to a high temperature (over 600 °C), its chalcogenide crystallinity is lost. Once cooled, it is frozen into an amorphous glass-like state and its electrical resistance is high. By heating the chalcogenide to a temperature above its crystallization point, but below the melting point, it will transform into a crystalline state with a much lower resistance. The time to complete this phase transition is temperature-dependent.
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Payen's new method of synthesizing borax allowed him to sell the mineral at one third the going price, and break the Dutch monopoly. Payen also developed processes for refining sugar, along with a way to refine starch and alcohol from potatoes, and a method for determination of nitrogen. Payen invented a decolorimeter, which dealt with the analysis, decolorization, bleaching, and crystallization of sugar. Payen discovered the first enzyme, diastase, in 1833.
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Bigot's ceramics factory in Mer, France, southwest of Paris, ca. 1910. Breezeway of the Castel Beranger in Paris, with plates of the walls by Bigot (1898).In 1894, Bigot presented his pieces for the first time at the Salon of the Société nationale des Beaux-Arts. The ceramics used a simple form ornamented with matte enamel using shades of yellow, green, and brown, often with the effect of crystallization.
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Beyond Tg, molten glass becomes prone to devitrification. This transformation is commonly evidenced by differential thermal analysis (DTA). Two characteristic temperatures are measured from the DTA curve: Tx corresponds to the onset of crystallization and Tc is taken at the maximum of the exothermic peak. Glass scientists also use liquidus temperature TL. Beyond this temperature liquid does not produce any crystal and it may remain indefinitely in the liquid state.
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A planetary core acts as a heat source for the outer layers of a planet. In the Earth, the heat flux over the core mantle boundary is 12 terawatts. This value is calculated from a variety of factors: secular cooling, differentiation of light elements, Coriolis forces, radioactive decay, and latent heat of crystallization. All planetary bodies have a primordial heat value, or the amount of energy from accretion.
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There are several methods of mounting. In the past, crystals were loaded into glass capillaries with the crystallization solution (the mother liquor). Nowadays, crystals of small molecules are typically attached with oil or glue to a glass fiber or a loop, which is made of nylon or plastic and attached to a solid rod. Protein crystals are scooped up by a loop, then flash-frozen with liquid nitrogen.
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In 2006, Zaitseva et al noted the precipitation of huntite at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. In laboratory experiments originally intended to synthesize magnesium calcite, they had added cultures of Microcoleus chtonoplastes (cyanobacteria) to sea water brine. After 10 months of continuously shaking the samples they found huntite, magnesite, and aragonite.Zaitseva, L. V.; Orleanskii, V. K.; Gerasimenko, M. & Ushatinskaya, G. T. (2006): The role of cyanobacteria in crystallization of magnesium calcites.
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In Landau theory, the development of order in the everyday sense coincides with the change in the value of a mathematical quantity, a so-called order parameter. An example of an order parameter for crystallization is "bond orientational order" describing the development of preferred directions (the crystallographic axes) in space. For many systems, phases with more structural (e.g. crystalline) order exhibit less entropy than fluid phases under the same thermodynamic conditions.
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Examination of Newberry lavas with olivine-plagioclase hygrometry shows that tholeiites are anhydrous (less than ) and thus distinct from calc-alkaline deposits ); both have different fractional crystallization sequences that derive from primitive magmas, which had their compositions influenced by equilibrium with peridotite in the mantle. By volume, basaltic andesite is the principal lava type at Newberry Volcano, with large volumes of silicic lava among older ash flow tuff deposits.
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Two dark-green rectangular tourmaline stones and one oval tourmaline stone Tourmaline has a variety of colors. Iron- rich tourmalines are usually black to bluish-black to deep brown, while magnesium-rich varieties are brown to yellow, and lithium-rich tourmalines are almost any color: blue, green, red, yellow, pink, etc. Rarely, it is colorless. Bi-colored and multicolored crystals are common, reflecting variations of fluid chemistry during crystallization.
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Water- bears (Tardigrada), microscopic multicellular organisms, can survive freezing by replacing most of their internal water with the sugar trehalose, preventing it from crystallization that otherwise damages cell membranes. Mixtures of solutes can achieve similar effects. Some solutes, including salts, have the disadvantage that they may be toxic at intense concentrations. In addition to the water-bear, wood frogs can tolerate the freezing of their blood and other tissues.
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In these techniques, a sample containing a fluorescently-tagged protein of interest is plunge-frozen and first imaged in a light microscope equipped with a special stage to allow the sample to be kept at sub- crystallization temperatures (< −150 °C). The location of the fluorescent signal is identified and the sample is transferred to the CryoTEM, where the same location is then imaged at high resolution by CryoET.
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Above the water surface, mechanical damage may occur by erosion by waves themselves or sand and gravel they carry, and by crystallization of salts from water soaking into the concrete pores and then drying up. Pozzolanic cements and cements using more than 60% of slag as aggregate are more resistant to sea water than pure Portland cement. Sea water corrosion contains elements of both chloride and sulfate corrosion.
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The company works with WatchWater water filters using a German-made media that works differently to traditional ion-exchange media for water hardness treatment. These new products include a technology known as Nucleation Assisted Crystallization (NAC) to break down hard limescale into nano particles that do not attach to coffee machine or boiler elements, nor do they produce a potentially harmful change in water pH to being mildly acidic.
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The composition range within which the primary phase remains constant is known as primary crystalline phase field. The liquidus temperature is important in the glass industry because crystallization can cause severe problems during the glass melting and forming processes, and it also may lead to product failure. The liquidus temperature can be contrasted to the solidus temperature. The solidus temperature quantifies the point at which a material completely solidifies (crystallizes).
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Magnetite, and in lesser measure hematite, are the most abundant iron minerals; anhydrite, diopside, goethite, limonite, maghemite, pyrite, and diadochite are also found. Erupted magma was probably gas-rich, as the magnetite lavas would otherwise have melting points of over . The lavas lost most of their sulfur and phosphorus after their eruption. High oxygen-18 amounts in the Laco magmas indicate either crustal contamination or isotopic effects during fractional crystallization.
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When Dounce's former mentor, James B. Sumner, died in 1955, Dounce wrote Sumner's obituary in Nature. For the remainder of his career, Dounce continued his research on nuclei and their contents, catalase, and protein crystallization. Dounce died on April 24, 1997, in Rochester, New York. He was survived by his wife, Anna Elizabeth Dounce, who was the daughter of botanist Donald Reddick, and by their three children Helen, Eric, and George.
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ACC is an example of crystallization by particle attachment (CPA), where crystals form via the addition of particles ranging from multi-ion complexes to fully formed nanocrystals. Research of such systems have diverse application; however, the current lack unambiguous answers to fundamental questions (i.e. solubility product, interfacial forces, structure, etc.) causes them to be topics of study in fields ranging from chemistry, geology, biology, physics, and materials science engineering.
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This interpretation is based upon the abundance of phlogopite and geochemistry of light rare-earth elements that imply a geochemical contribution from subducting slab material. The composition of these ultramafic rocks is consistent with their origin by simple fractional crystallization within a pluton.Seaman, SJ, KE Karlstrom, ML Williams, and AJ Petruski (1997) Proterozoic Ultramafic Bodies in the Grand Canyon. Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs. 29(6):A-89.
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Temperature also affects the rate of crystallization, with the fastest growth occurring between . Crystal nuclei (seeds) tend to form more readily if the honey is disturbed, by stirring, shaking, or agitating, rather than if left at rest. However, the nucleation of microscopic seed-crystals is greatest between . Therefore, larger but fewer crystals tend to form at higher temperatures, while smaller but more-numerous crystals usually form at lower temperatures.
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Since 1985, he follows the technical development of scientific payloads and was directly involved in 30 microgravity experiments carried out during space missions as Experiment Coordinator and Responsible of ground operations for experiments: # in fluid physics with the Advanced Fluid Physics Module (AFPM) on Spacelab D2 - STS-55 mission of April 1993, and the Bubble, Drop and Particle Unit (BDPU) on Spacelab LMS – STS-78 mission of June 1996. # in protein crystallization with the Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility (APCF) on Spacehab-STS-95 mission of October 1998, and the Protein Crystallisation Diagnostics Facility (PCDF) that flew aboard the ISS Columbus module (STS-122) from February 2008 to July 2009 (STS-119/STS-127). # on zeolites with the instruments Zeogrid in the ISS Russian Zvezda module in October 1992 and Nanoslab in the ISS Destiny module in October 1992 and October 1993. # on symbiotic processes between fishes and algae with the instrument AquaHab aboard the Russian satellite Foton M3 in September 2007.
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F—Notice 2 Some manufacturers of tantalum capacitors may have their own FIT calculation tables.Hitachi, Precautions in using Tantalum Capacitors, 4.2 Failure Rate Calculation Formula KEMET FIT Calculator Software Tantalum capacitors are reliable components. Continuous improvement in tantalum powder and capacitor technologies have resulted in a significant reduction in the amount of impurities present, which formerly have caused most of the field crystallization failures. Commercially available tantalum capacitors now have reached as standard products the high MIL standard "C" level which is 0.01%/1000h at 85 °C and UR or 1 failure per 107 hours at 85 °C and UR.T.Zednicek, AVX, A Study of Field Crystallization in Tantalum Capacitors and its effect on DCL and Reliability, Recalculated in FIT with the acceleration factors coming from MIL HDKB 217F at 40 °C and 0.5 UR is this failure rate for a 100 μF/25 V tantalum chip capacitor used with a series resistance of 0.1 Ω the failure rate is 0.02 FIT.
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From 1992 to 1997, while a professor at McMaster University, Edwards became interested in developing structural biology methods and was among the first to use mass spectrometry to identify regions of proteins prone to crystallization. He used this technique to facilitate the crystallography of key proteins involved in DNA replication and repair before becoming interested in applying this and other methods to carry out structural biology on a proteome scale. In 1997, now at the University of Toronto, Edwards, together with his colleague Cheryl Arrowsmith, collaborated to launch one of the first projects in structural genomics, and soon published one of the papers that defined this new field. As a central player in the Protein Structure Initiative, their Toronto team contributed to more than a thousand new microbial protein structures over the next decade, developed new crystallization methods, and used structural methods to de-orphanize several nuclear receptors and study ion transport across membranes.
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Unusual for proteins, this enzyme crystallizes when dialysed against distilled water. More so, the enzyme purifies as a consequence of crystallization, making cycles of crystallization an effective final purification step. Much like catalase, the reaction of cytochrome c peroxidase proceeds through a three-step process, forming first a Compound I and then a Compound II intermediate: : CCP + ROOH → Compound I + ROH + H2O : CCP-compound I + e− \+ H+ → Compound II : Compound II + e− \+ H+ → CCP CCP-catalyzed redox cycle CCP in the resting state has a ferric heme, and, after the addition of two oxidizing equivalents from a hydroperoxide (usually hydrogen peroxide), it becomes oxidised to a formal oxidation state of +5 (FeV, commonly referred to as ferryl heme. However, both low-temperature magnetic susceptibility measurements and Mössbauer spectroscopy show that the iron in Compound I of CCP is a +4 ferryl iron, with the second oxidising equivalent existing as a long-lived free-radical on the side-chain of the tryptophan residue (Trp-191).
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Xenoliths are also found within the lava, both quartz containing xenocrysts and sedimentary rocks. The magmas that formed the field have compositions indicating they derive from primitive mantle magmas, which formed in the shallow mantle. Based on geothermometer analysis, temperatures of crystallization of the magmas have been obtained ranging and higher. Magma formation was probably influenced by the formation of ephemeral magma chambers and the interaction with crustal components and other magmas.
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The volcano has erupted andesite and dacite, both containing hornblende. The rocks of the summit lava domes contain hornblende, plagioclase and smaller amounts of orthopyroxene. The rocks of Doña Ines have a content between 56 and 64%. Based on the composition of amphibole, the amphibole crystals formed in magmas with temperatures spanning , with the central vent magmas having higher temperatures at amphibole crystallization and also showing evidence of a more complex magma system.
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This has attracted wide attention to the approach as an alternative to X-ray crystallography or NMR spectroscopy for macromolecular structure determination without the need for crystallization. In 2017, the Nobel Prize in Chemistry was awarded to Jacques Dubochet, Joachim Frank, and Richard Henderson "for developing cryo-electron microscopy for the high-resolution structure determination of biomolecules in solution." Nature Methods also named cryo-EM as the "Method of the Year" in 2016.
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Smaller cations form more stable complexes > with the α-hydroxyisobutyrate anion, and so are preferentially eluted from > the column. A rapid fractional crystallization method has also been > described. Although the most stable isotope of fermium is 257Fm, with a > half-life of 100.5 days, most studies are conducted on 255Fm (t1/2 = > 20.07(7) hours), since this isotope can be easily isolated as required as > the decay product of 255Es (t1/2 = 39.8(12) days).
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The company’s first successes were in simple drying and kneading applications. Subsequently, LIST Kneader Reactor technology showed that it could effectively combine multiple phases and process steps — reaction, crystallization, drying, melting, mixing, kneading and evaporation — in a single machine. It was this thinking that led List to develop the Mixing Kneader Technology, a new generation of processing technology. In 1969, the AP (All Phases) system was developed and was the first twin shaft machine.
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Winterization is also used in refining biofuel, as it improves low temperature flow properties. This is necessary in preventing crystallization of certain compounds in the fuel, which could cause problems with compression engines. Winterization is also a common process in the cannabis industry, used to remove unwanted compounds from cannabis oil extracts. Winterization often follows supercritical CO2 extraction, for the production of cannabis oils to be used in vape pens and capsules.
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Invert sugar is produced when sucrose breaks down due to the addition of water, also known as hydrolysis. This molecule exhibits all the characteristics of honey except the flavor because it is the primary sugar found in honey. This means that invert sugar has the ability to prevent crystallization, and produce a tender marshmallow. It is also an effective humectant, which allows it to trap water, and prevent the marshmallow from drying out.
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Creamed honey is honey that has been processed to control crystallization. Creamed honey contains a large number of small crystals, which prevent the formation of larger crystals that can occur in unprocessed honey. The processing also produces a honey with a smooth spreadable consistency. Because it's the glucose that crystallizes in the honey, and because glucose crystals are naturally pure white, creamed honey is always lighter colored than liquid honey of the same floral type.
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Two further studies then confirmed this interaction using radiolabeling and protein crystallization. It was further found, however, that amino acid changes within subunit a could also lower V-ATPase-Bafilomycin interaction, indicating a minor role of subunit a in bafilomycin binding in addition to subunit c. Overall, bafilomycin binds with nanomolar efficiency to the Vo c subunit of the V-ATPase complex. Specifically, bafilomycin interacts with the proteolipid ring of Vo, inhibiting proton translocation.
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Glutamic acid is produced on the largest scale of any amino acid, with an estimated annual production of about 1.5 million tons in 2006. Chemical synthesis was supplanted by the aerobic fermentation of sugars and ammonia in the 1950s, with the organism Corynebacterium glutamicum (also known as Brevibacterium flavum) being the most widely used for production. Isolation and purification can be achieved by concentration and crystallization; it is also widely available as its hydrochloride salt.
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Scotlandite is found in association with pyromorphite, anglesite, lanarkite, leadhillite, susannite, and barite. It occurs in cavities in massive barite and anglesite, and is closely associated with lanarkite and susannite. Scotlandite represents the latest phase in the crystallization sequence of the associated lead secondary minerals. It can often be found in the vuggy anglesite as yellowish single crystals up to 1 millimeter in length that sometimes arrange in a fan-shaped aggregates.
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Refractive index may be modified by high-density (refractive index increases) or low- density (refractive index decreases) additives. Glass transparency results from the absence of grain boundaries which diffusely scatter light in polycrystalline materials. Semi-opacity due to crystallization may be induced in many glasses by maintaining them for a long period at a temperature just insufficient to cause fusion. In this way, the crystalline, devitrified material, known as Réaumur's glass porcelain is produced.
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The importance of understanding RNA tertiary structural motifs was prophetically well described by Michel and Costa in their publication identifying the tetraloop motif: "..it should not come as a surprise if self-folding RNA molecules were to make intensive use of only a relatively small set of tertiary motifs. Identifying these motifs would greatly aid modeling enterprises, which will remain essential as long as the crystallization of large RNAs remains a difficult task".
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Tranquillityite forms thin stripes up to 15 by 65 micrometres in size in basaltic rocks, where it was produced at a late crystallization stage. It is associated with troilite, pyroxferroite, cristobalite and alkali feldspar. The mineral is nearly opaque and appears dark red-brown in thin crystals. The analyzed samples contain less than 10% impurities (Y, Al, Mn, Cr, Nb and other rare- earth element) and up to 0.01% (100 ppm) of uranium.
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Nevertheless, the composition of anatectic melts may change toward the magmatic melts through high-degree fractional crystallization. Fractional crystallisation serves to reduce a melt in iron, magnesium, titanium, calcium and sodium, and enrich the melt in potassium and silicon – alkali feldspar (rich in potassium) and quartz (SiO2), are two of the defining constituents of granite. This process operates regardless of the origin of parental magmas to granites, and regardless of their chemistry.
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Small-angle laser light scattering has provided information about spatial density fluctuations or the shape of growing crystal grains. In addition, confocal laser scanning microscopy has been used to observe crystal growth near a glass surface. Electro-optic shear waves have been induced by an ac pulse, and monitored by reflection spectroscopy as well as light scattering. Kinetics of colloidal crystallization have been measured quantitatively, with nucleation rates being depending on the suspension concentration.
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Structure of the 3:1 inclusion complex of urea and 1,6-dichlorohexane. The framework is composed of molecules of urea that are linked by hydrogen bonds, leaving approximately hexagonal channels into which align the molecules of the chlorocarbon. Color scheme: oxygen is red, nitrogen is blue, chlorine is green. The urea extraction crystallization is a process for separating linear paraffins (n-paraffins, n-alkanes) from hydrocarbon mixtures through the formation of urea-n-paraffin-clathrates.
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The position of the catalytic loop (L-67) is marked with the asterisk. The figure was created by using CK1δ crystallization data created by Ben-neriah et al., deposited in the protein data bank (PDB) with ID 6GZM. Like eukaryotic protein kinases (ePKs) the different isoforms of the CK1 family consist of a N-terminal and a C-terminal lobe (N- and C-lobe, respectively), which are connected via a hinge region.
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Donnayite tends to occur in small quantities in the pegmatite dykes and miarolitic cavities of mountainous regions. It crystallizes in this environment with increasing alkalinity values until the alkalinity suddenly drops during the last stage of crystallization. This results in increasing amounts of Na carbonates and REE minerals. First discovered at Mont St-Hilaire, donnayite has since been found in the Southern Ural Mountains of Russia and the Narssarssuk pegmatite of South Greenland.
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The following year, they determined its chemical formula to be C26H46O3, with two double bonds, and with two of the oxygen molecules occurring in hydroxyl groups. Its structure was determined in 1954 by comparison with a sample that was chemically synthesized from ergosterol. Purified cerevisterol has the form of a white amorphous solid. When crystallized in ethyl alcohol, it forms elongated prisms, while crystallization in acetone or ethyl acetate produces broad hexagonal prisms.
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Faujasite is synthesized, as are other zeolites, from alumina sources such as sodium aluminate and silica sources such as sodium silicate. Other alumosilicates such as kaolin are used as well. The ingredients are dissolved in a basic environment such as sodium hydroxide aqueous solution and crystallized at 70 to 300 °C (usually at 100 °C). After crystallization the faujasite is in its sodium form and must be ion exchanged with ammonium to improve stability.
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The volcanic rocks of La Negra Formation show little diversity in their geochemistry. Fractional crystallization of olivine, plagioclase and pyroxene appear to be the cause of the igneous differentiation that produced basaltic andesites and andesites. The rocks belong to the calc-alkaline magma series and high-K calc-alkaline magma series. The magma series and other geochemical characteristics found in the volcanic rocks of La Negra Formation are characteristic of subduction zone volcanism.
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In chemical separation processes, an Energy separating agent (ESA) is the heat or shaft work added to facilitate the separation of two chemical species. It is contrasted with a mass separating agent, which is any chemical species added to the reaction that facilitates the reaction. ESAs are used in many common separation procedures. Some important examples of procedures utilizing ESAs are vaporization (heat added), distillation (heat added), crystallization (heat evolved), and stripping (heat added).
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By March 1899 he could present the first radium to the chemical society of Braunschweig and by mid-1899 he published his results on radium. Giesel improved the separation of radium from barium by using the bromides instead of the chlorides for the fractional crystallization. He produced large quantities of pure radium and polonium for commercial applications from uranium ore. Even William Ramsay and Frederick Soddy were buying radium from the factory of Giesel.
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Chemically, sugar candies are broadly divided into two groups: crystalline candies and amorphous candies. Crystalline candies are not as hard as crystals of the mineral variety, but derive their name and their texture from their microscopically organized sugar structure, formed through a process of crystallization, which makes them easy to bite or cut into. Amorphous candies have a disorganized crystalline structure. Hard candies are non-crystalline, amorphous candies containing about 98% (or more) solid sugar.
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Scrooge's partner, having escaped with him from the facility. She is also deemed by the research facility as a "failed product". Carol is the only one who is resistant to the crystallization effect of Scrooge's right hand; however, her Void does not have a definite form, and takes a different shape each time Scrooge draws it out. ; : :One of the three people called "Ghosts", that chase Scrooge and Carol, along with the other two "Ghosts".
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See comments by Szczukin to section on literature in the Russian language: "Literatura w języku rosyjskim," pp. 14–22. especially after the emergence of the Panslavist ideology, accusing them of betraying the "Slavic family".Liudmila Gatagova, "The Crystallization of Ethnic Identity...", ACLS American Council of Learned Societies, Internet Archive According to sociologist and historian Prof. Vilho Harle, Taras Bulba, published only four years after the rebellion, was a part of this anti-Polish propaganda effort.
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Strontium chloride can be prepared by treating strontium hydroxide or strontium carbonate with hydrochloric acid: :Sr(OH)2 \+ 2 HCl → SrCl2 \+ 2 H2O Crystallization from cold aqueous solution gives the hexahydrate, SrCl2·6H2O. Dehydration of this salt occurs in stages, commencing above . Full dehydration occurs at .J. Paul MacMillan, Jai Won Park, Rolf Gerstenberg, Heinz Wagner, Karl Köhler, Peter Wallbrecht "Strontium and Strontium Compounds" in Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, 2005, Wiley-VCH: Weinheim.
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To prevent this the wine may undergo "cold stabilization", in which it is cooled to near its freezing point to provoke crystallization before bottling.J. Robinson (ed) "The Oxford Companion to Wine" Third Edition, p. 681 Oxford University Press 2006 . In some white wines there are significant quantities of proteins that, being "heat-unstable", will coagulate if exposed to excessively fluctuating heat; the use of fining agents such as bentonite can prevent the haze this causes.
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He described the birth of the universe in an explosion and the crystallization of matter to form stars and planets in a set of nested spheres around Earth. De Luce is the first attempt to describe the heavens and Earth using a single set of physical laws. In 1610, Johannes Kepler used the dark night sky to argue for a finite universe. Seventy-seven years later, Isaac Newton described large-scale motion throughout the universe.
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While CaCO3should precipitate spontaneously from seawater, which is supersaturated with respect to calcium carbonate, calcite precipitation is inhibited by the presence of Mg in seawater and aragonite crystallization is inhibited by organophosphatic molecules. In modern environments, carbonate mud seems to form spontaneously in seawater in whitings. Whitings are clouds of suspended carbonate crystals (aragonite and Mg-calcite) that make the sea white. This phenomenon is common in tropically environments such as the Great Bahama Bank.
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A diagram of the rock cycle. Legend: 1 = magma; 2 = crystallization (freezing of rock); 3 = igneous rocks; 4 = erosion; 5 = sedimentation; 6 = sediments & sedimentary rocks; 7 = tectonic burial and metamorphism; 8 = metamorphic rocks; 9 = melting. The rock cycle is a basic concept in geology that describes transitions through geologic time among the three main rock types: sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous. Each rock type is altered when it is forced out of its equilibrium conditions.
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The primary use for 40Ar/39Ar geochronology is dating metamorphic and igneous minerals. 40Ar/39Ar is unlikely to provide the age of intrusions of granite as the age typically reflects the time when a mineral cooled through its closure temperature. However, in a metamorphic rock that has not exceeded its closure temperature the age likely dates the crystallization of the mineral. Dating of movement on fault systems is also possible with the 40Ar/39Ar method.
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However, it is likely that, particularly for S-type granite which is formed by wholesale anatexis (melting) of metasedimentary rocks, restite mediated melting and fractionation is crucial to the composition and behaviour of these magmas. In magmas which do not have a restite component, such as most M-type granites, some A-type granites, and most basaltic magmas, it is much easier for these magmas to achieve more dramatic fractional crystallization effects.
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Ethylammonium nitrate is used as an electrically conductive solvent in electrochemistry and as a protein crystallization agent. It has a positive effect on the refolding of denaturated lysozyme, with the refolding yield of about 90%. The refolding action was explained as follows: The ethyl group of ethylammonium nitrate interacts with the hydrophobic part of the protein and thereby protects it from intermolecular association, whereas the charged part of EAN stabilizes the electrostatic interactions.
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Olivelle states that the various ancient and medieval Indian texts claim revisions and editions were derived from the original text with 100,000 verses and 1,080 chapters. However, the text version in modern use, according to Olivelle, is likely the work of a single author or a chairman with research assistants. Manusmriti, Olivelle states, was not a new document, it drew on other texts, and it reflects "a crystallization of an accumulated knowledge" in ancient India.
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Multiphase flows are not restricted to only three phases. An example of a four phase flow system would be that of direct- contact freeze crystallization in which, for example, butane liquid is injected into solution from which the crystals are to be formed, and freezing occurs as a result of the evaporation of the liquid butane. In this case, the four phases are, respectively, butane liquid, butane vapor, solute phase and crystalline (solid) phase.
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I have attempted to overcome this by utilizing work methods derived from constructivism, the pitting together of separate blocks allowing space to become an active part of the sculpture. This is a unifying method of working that allows each unit of my sculptures to create its own reasons for existence. The process is analogous to crystallization. First there is the idea, the basis of an internal ordering of structure, expanded or split into different units.
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This mixture is prepared by heating a mixture of diammonium phosphate, sodium carbonate, and barium carbonate.Wilder Jr., J.A. "Glasses and glass ceramics for sealing to aluminum alloys" Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids Volume 38-39, Issue PART 2, May 1980, Pages 879-884. Hart, Patricia E.; Mesko, Melissa G.; Shelby, James E. "Crystallization and phase equilibrium in the sodium barium metaphosphate system" Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids (2000), 263&264, 305-311.
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Several glasses are used in transparent armor, such as normal plate glass (soda-lime- silica), borosilicate glass, and fused silica. Plate glass has been the most common glass used due to its low cost. But greater requirements for the optical properties and ballistic performance have necessitated the development of new materials. Chemical or thermal treatments can increase the strength of glasses, and the controlled crystallization of certain glass compositions can produce optical quality glass-ceramics.
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Edward Neill "Ted" Baker (born 29 October 1942) is a New Zealand scientist specialising in protein purification and crystallization and bioinformatics. He is currently a distinguished professor at the University of Auckland. Born at Port Stanley in 1942 to New Zealanders Harold and Moya (née Boak) Baker, he spent his early life in the Falkland Islands, where his father was the superintendent of education. The family returned to New Zealand in 1948.
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Glassy amorphous solids result when moderate sugar concentrations (50% solutions) are heated to high temperatures which nearly eliminates all moisture. The final moisture content is around 1%-2%, whereas the final moisture content in crystalline candies is 8%-12%. The non-crystalline nature of glassy amorphous solids is due to the presence of inhibitors in the solution. Without an inhibitor, crystallization would occur spontaneously and rapidly as sugar cools due to its high concentration.
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Silicates: Silicates are another small molecular compound ranging from premium lithium silicates to economical sodium silicates. Chemically, silicates form calcium-silicate hydrate crystals which can densify concrete surfaces and be burnished to develop a polished appearance. Silicates are known to be hydrophobic and oleophobic and will only wear away if the concrete surface itself wears away. Noted for crystallization, silicates are frequently used for polishing concrete floors popular in large format retail outlets.
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On October 26, 2011, Corning announced the commercial launch of Lotus Glass, designed for OLED and next-generation LCD displays. The intrinsic thermal consistency of Lotus Glass allows it to retain its shape and quality during high-temperature processing. Decreased compaction and variation during the crystallization and activation step further reduce stress and distortions to the substrate. This enables tighter design rules in advanced backplanes for higher resolution and faster response time.
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Failure mode flow charts demonstrate this.Elna, Reliability of Aluminum Electrolytic CapacitorsNichicon, Application Guidelines for Aluminum Electrolytic CapacitorsPanasonic, Reliability of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitors PDF Rubycon, Cautions for Proper Use of Aluminum Electrolytic Capacitor PDFJianghai, Technical notes, Typical failure modes and factors of aluminum electrolytic capacitors PDF However, a typical physically or chemically caused major failure mode during application, like "field crystallization" for tantalum capacitors, is not known for non-solid aluminum electrolytic capacitors.
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The biomolecular structure forms the 3D configuration of the protein. Understanding the protein's structure aids in identification of the protein's interactions and function. It used to be that the 3D structure of proteins could only be determined using X-ray crystallography and NMR spectroscopy. As of 2017, Cryo-electron microscopy is a leading technique, solving difficulties with crystallization (in X-ray crystallography) and conformational ambiguity (in NMR); resolution was 2.2Å as of 2015.
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Heat generated in the grinding process causes gypsum (CaSO4.2H2O) to lose water, forming bassanite (CaSO4.0.2-0.7H2O) or γ-anhydrite (CaSO4.~0.05H2O). The latter minerals are rapidly soluble, and about 2% of these in cement is needed to control tricalcium aluminate hydration. If more than this amount forms, crystallization of gypsum on their re-hydration causes "false set" - a sudden thickening of the cement mix a few minutes after mixing, which thins out on re-mixing.
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Georges Deicha. Georges Deicha (1917 - 2011) was a geologist and mineralogist, known for his pioneering work on fluid inclusions. Georgеs Deicha was a student in Paris at the Sorbonne where he started to investigate the crystallization of gypsum in the Paris basin. He wrote his first doctoral thesis on this topic and on the study and interpretation of primary fluid inclusions in minerals and rocks, his specialty, which was then very little developed.
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Sylvite Sylvinite Potassium chloride is extracted from minerals sylvite, carnallite, and potash. It is also extracted from salt water and can be manufactured by crystallization from solution, flotation or electrostatic separation from suitable minerals. It is a by-product of the production of nitric acid from potassium nitrate and hydrochloric acid. The vast majority of potassium chloride is produced as agricultural and industrial grade potash in Saskatchewan, Canada, as well as Russia and Belarus.
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Carl Ernst Heinrich Schmidt ( – ), also known in Russia as Karl Genrikhovich Schmidt () was a Baltic German chemist from the Governorate of Livonia, a part of the Russian Empire. He determined the typical crystallization patterns of many important biochemicals such as uric acid, oxalic acid and its salts, lactic acid, cholesterin, stearin, etc. Schmidt analyzed muscle fiber and chitin. He showed that animal and plant cell constituents are chemically similar and studied reactions of calcium albuminates.
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An ore extraction process broken into its constituent unit operations (Quincy Mine, Hancock, MI ca. 1900) In chemical engineering and related fields, a unit operation is a basic step in a process. Unit operations involve a physical change or chemical transformation such as separation, crystallization, evaporation, filtration, polymerization, isomerization, and other reactions. For example, in milk processing, homogenization, pasteurization, and packaging are each unit operations which are connected to create the overall process.
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Second, it is likely that we will see a much wider range of applications of process integration. There is still much work to be carried out in the area of separation, not only in complex distillation systems, but also in mixed types of separation systems. This includes processes involving solids, such as flotation and crystallization. The use of process integration techniques for reactor design has seen rapid progress, but is still in its early stages.
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The Lauritzen–Hoffman growth theory breaks the kinetics of polymer crystallization into ultimately two rates. The model breaks down into the addition of monomers onto a growing surface. This initial step is generally associated with the nucleation of the polymer. From there, the kinetics become the rate which the polymer grows on the surface, or the lateral growth rate, in comparison with the growth rate onto the polymer extending the chain, the secondary nucleation rate.
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Oil droplets in pastis mixed with water grow by Ostwald ripening. An everyday example of Ostwald ripening is the re-crystallization of water within ice cream which gives old ice cream a gritty, crunchy texture. Larger ice crystals grow at the expense of smaller ones within the ice cream, creating a coarser texture. Another gastronomical example is in the ouzo effect, where the droplets in the cloudy microemulsion grow by Ostwald ripening.
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Silver chloride crystals Pyramidal crystals of AgCl The solid adopts the fcc NaCl structure, in which each Ag+ ion is surrounded by an octahedron of six chloride ligands. AgF and AgBr crystallize similarly.Wells, A.F. (1984) Structural Inorganic Chemistry, Oxford: Clarendon Press. . However, the crystallography depends on the condition of crystallization, primarily free silver ion concentration, as is shown on the pictures left (greyish tint and metallic lustre are due to partly reduced silver).
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Structure of hemozoin, showing hydrogen bonds between hematin units as dotted lines, and coordinate bonds between iron atoms and carboxylate side chains as red lines Electron micrograph of crystals of hemozoin isolated from the malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum. Magnified 68,490 times. Hemozoin is produced by template mediated crystallization ("biocrystallization"). β-Hematin crystals are made of dimers of hematin molecules that are, in turn, joined together by hydrogen bonds to form larger structures.
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The causes of layering in large ultramafic intrusions include convection, thermal diffusion, settling of phenocrysts, assimilation of wall rocks and fractional crystallization. The primary mechanism for forming cumulate layers is, of course, the accumulation of layers of mineral crystals on the floor or roof of the intrusion. Rarely, plagioclase is found in cumulate layers at the top of intrusions, having floated to the top of a much denser magma. Here it can form anorthosite layers.
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The importance of the Hofmeister series to early protein work should not be underestimated, since it provided the chief tool for purifying proteins (sulfate precipitation) over the next ~50 years, one that is still in use today. Hofmeister himself may have been the first to crystallize a protein, hen egg-white albumin. Repeated crystallization was a favourite purification technique in the early days of protein science, and was essential for its development.
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Yangtze Block later became part of the Columbia, albeit poorly constrained position. The U-Pb crystallization age distribution of 7000 detrital zircons is characterized by several peaks over the history of Earth spans. Those peaks coincide with the age of supercontinent assembly. The Columbia assembled through a global collision event during 2.1-1.8 Ga. Therefore, the constituent continental blocks of the Columbia should record a larger population of 2.1-1.8 Ma detrital zircon.
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The glass-transition temperature may be engineered by altering the degree of branching or crosslinking in the polymer or by the addition of plasticizers. Whereas crystallization and melting are first-order phase transitions, the glass transition is not. The glass transition shares features of second-order phase transitions (such as discontinuity in the heat capacity, as shown in the figure), but it is generally not considered a thermodynamic transition between equilibrium states.
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The text is also notable for its multiple mentions of both Rudra and Shiva, along with other Vedic deities, and of crystallization of Shiva as a central theme. The Shvetashvatara Upanishad is commented by many of its ancient and medieval scholars.Max Muller, The Shvetashvatara Upanishad, Oxford University Press, pages xxxii - xlii It is a foundational text of the philosophy of Shaivism,Chakravarti, p. 9. as well as the Yoga and Vedanta schools of Hinduism.
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The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore. Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach. The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization.
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Both showed activity against a broad spectrum of different snake venoms originating from six continents. They protected rodents against neurotoxicity and hemostatic toxicity, increasing survival of envenomed animals. Varespladib also effectively inhibited in vitro and in vivo the non-enzymatic myotoxic activity of snake venom's PLA2-like protein (MjTX-II). Co-crystallization of varespladib with MjTX-II toxin (PDB code: 6PWH) revealed that the drug binds to a hydrophobic channel of the protein.
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Different oils have different evaporation permeabilities, therefore yielding changes in concentration rates from different percipient/protein mixture. It is extremely difficult to predict good conditions for nucleation or growth of well-ordered crystals. In practice, favorable conditions are identified by screening; a very large batch of the molecules is prepared, and a wide variety of crystallization solutions are tested. Hundreds, even thousands, of solution conditions are generally tried before finding the successful one.
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Conversely, amphiboles can be recomposed from pyroxenes as a result of crystallizing igneous rocks as well as during metamorphism (Léger and Ferry, 1991). Because of this important quality, P-T conditions have repeatedly been calculated for the crystallization of hornblendes in calc- alkaline magmas (Féménias et al., 2006). In addition to studying tschermakitic content in its natural occurrences, geologists have frequently synthesized this mineral in order to further calculate its place as an endmember hornblende.
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The liquid-liquid extraction of the thiocyanate-oxide derivatives exploits the fact that the hafnium derivative is slightly more soluble in methyl isobutyl ketone than in water. This method is used mainly in United States. Zr and Hf can also be separated by fractional crystallization of potassium hexafluorozirconate (K2ZrF6), which is less soluble in water than the analogous hafnium derivative. Fractional distillation of the tetrachlorides, also called extractive distillation, is used primarily in Europe.
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Otto was the son of Franz Xavier Lehmann, a mathematics teacher in the Baden- Wurtemberg school system, with a strong interest in microscopes. Otto learned to experiment and keep records of this findings. Between 1872 and 1877, Lehmann studied natural sciences at the University of Strassburg and obtained the Ph.D. under crystallographer Paul Groth. Otto used polarizers in a microscope so that he might watch for birefringence appearing in the process of crystallization.
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Devi Mahatmya, an important text in Shaktism, was composed around fifth or sixth century CE. Here, for the first time, "the various mythic, cultic and theological elements relating to diverse female divinities were brought together in what has been called the 'crystallization of the Goddess tradition.'"Brown(a), p. ix. Other important texts include the Lalita Sahasranama,See Dikshitar, Ch. I and II. the Devi Gita,Brown(b). Adi Shankara's SaundaryalahariBhattacharyya(a), p. 124.
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They may be formed by crystallization from a water solution, or by melting a carbonate and sulfate together. In some structures carbonate and sulfate can substitute for each other. For example a range from 1.4 to 2.2 Na2SO4•Na2CO3 is stable as a solid solution. Silvialite can substitute about half its sulfate with carbonate and the high temperature hexagonal form of sodium sulfate (I) Na2SO4 can substitute unlimited proportions of carbonate instead of sulfate.
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On December 7, 2009 there was an explosion at the NDK America building. A truck driver from Indiana at the nearby Illinois Tollway Commission-owned Belvidere Oasis was killed by flying debris. The explosion's shock wave shook ceilings and doors in the area. The cause was found to be corrosion of the iron pressure vessels used in NDK's quartz crystallization process by high pressure sodium hydroxide inside the vessels, causing a catastrophic failure.
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Pegmatite may be produced by low degrees of partial melting of the crust. Some granite-composition magmas are eutectic (or cotectic) melts, and they may be produced by low to high degrees of partial melting of the crust, as well as by fractional crystallization. At high degrees of partial melting of the crust, granitoids such as tonalite, granodiorite and monzonite can be produced, but other mechanisms are typically important in producing them.
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However, because Rb substitutes for K in minerals and these minerals have different K/Ca ratios, the minerals will have had different Rb/Sr ratios. During fractional crystallization, Sr tends to become concentrated in plagioclase, leaving Rb in the liquid phase. Hence, the Rb/Sr ratio in residual magma may increase over time, resulting in rocks with increasing Rb/Sr ratios with increasing differentiation. Highest ratios (10 or higher) occur in pegmatites.
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Frogs, mice, or small fish were killed after one to two minutes of exposure, replicating Langevin's earlier observation. Wood and Loomis also investigated the formation of emulsions and fogs, crystallization and nucleation, chemical reactions, interference patterns, and standing waves in solids and liquids under high-intensity ultrasound. After completing this broad array of experiments, Wood returned to optics and did not return to ultrasonic work. Loomis would go on to advance the science further with other collaborators.
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Fluidigm's products typically consist of single-use biochips, instrumentation for handling biochips and software for instrument operation and data collection and analysis. No Fluidigm products had been approved for clinical use in the United States as of 2009. Fluidigm's first commercial product was aimed at the protein crystallization market and was launched in 2003 under the brand "Topaz". The company's second marketed product targeted high-throughput DNA amplification and was launched in 2006 under the brand "BioMark".
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This provokes the crystallization process to begin and useful crystals begin to form. Once the crucible has been completely cooled to room temperature, the resulting crystals are multiple elongated-crystalline blocks. The reason behind this shape is dictated by a concept known as crystal degeneration according to Tiller. The size and diameter of the obtained crystals is a function of the cross-sectional area of the crucible, volume of the melt and composition of the melt.
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PET becomes white when exposed to chloroform and also certain other chemicals such as toluene. About 60% crystallization is the upper limit for commercial products, with the exception of polyester fibers. Clear products can be produced by rapidly cooling molten polymer below Tg glass transition temperature to form an amorphous solid. Like glass, amorphous PET forms when its molecules are not given enough time to arrange themselves in an orderly, crystalline fashion as the melt is cooled.
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The chemical composition of the erupting lava depends upon the degree to which the mantle-derived basalt interacts with (melts) Earth's crust and/or undergoes fractional crystallization. Above subduction zones, volcanoes exist in long chains called volcanic arcs. Volcanoes that exist along arcs tend to produce dangerous eruptions because they are rich in water (from the slab and sediments) and tend to be extremely explosive. Krakatoa, Nevado del Ruiz, and Mount Vesuvius are all examples of arc volcanoes.
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A.E. Waite, The Lives of the Alchemystical Philosophers (London, 1888), 126. He is believed to have been influential on the work of Gilles de Rais in the 1430s.Roland Villeneuve, Gilles de Rais p128, Editions Denoel 1955 He then worked with minerals and natural salts using distillation and crystallization methods borrowed from Jābir ibn Hayyān and Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi. When these failed he turned to vegetable and animal material, finally using human blood and urine.
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What constitutes a sufficiently large driving force depends upon the diffuseness of the interface, so that for extremely diffuse interfaces, this critical driving force will be so small that any measurable driving force will exceed it. Alternatively, for sharp interfaces, the critical driving force will be very large, and most growth will occur by the lateral step mechanism. Note that in a typical solidification or crystallization process, the thermodynamic driving force is dictated by the degree of supercooling.
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Ganache is normally made by heating equal parts by weight of cream and chopped chocolate, warming the cream first, then pouring it over the chocolate. The mixture is stirred or blended until smooth, with liqueurs or extracts added if desired. Butter is generally added to give the ganache a shiny appearance and smooth texture. Adding corn syrup also gives it a shiny color and is used to sweeten ganaches without the crystallization side effect that comes from other sugars.
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Equilibrium phase transitions (e.g. order/disorder), an equation of state, and the kinetics of colloidal crystallization have all been actively studied, leading to the development of several methods to control the self-assembly of the colloidal particles. Examples include colloidal epitaxy and space-based reduced-gravity techniques, as well as the use of temperature gradients to define a density gradient. This is somewhat counterintuitive as temperature does not play a role in determining the hard-sphere phase diagram.
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Donnayite occurs in minute quantities in the pegmatite dykes, miarolitic cavities, and interstices in the nepheline syenites at Mont St-Hilaire, Quebec. It is usually found in rocks from the alkaline complexes and in carbonatites. During crystallization of the nepheline syenite, the alkalinity continues to increase until the very last stage, when the alkalinity suddenly drops, resulting in decreasing temperature and an increase in H activity. This is exemplified by increasing amounts of Na carbonates and REE minerals.
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A zircon crystal Pegmatite sample from the Grand Canyon Schematic of a subduction zone The second era in the history of mineral evolution began with the massive impact that formed the Moon. This melted most of the crust and mantle. Early mineralogy was determined by crystallization of igneous rocks and further bombardments. This phase was then replaced by extensive recycling of crust and mantle, so that at the end of this era there were about 1500 mineral species.
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Sulfadimethoxine has a relatively high solubility at the pH normally occurring in the kidneys, and is easily reabsorbed into the renal tubules, adding to its long half-life. The use of sulfadimethoxine raises concerns that it will precipitate in the kidneys, leading to crystalluria. Though crystallization is not actually a common occurrence in veterinary medicine, it can be avoided entirely by adding a diaminopyrimidine such as ormetoprim. Having the animal stay well-hydrated also is advised.
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Fractional crystallization and accumulation of crystals formed during the differentiation process of a magmatic event are known as cumulate rocks, and those parts are the first which crystallize out of the magma. Identifying whether a rock is a cumulate or not is crucial for understanding if it can be modelled back to a primary melt or a primitive melt, and identifying whether the magma has dropped out cumulate minerals is equally important even for rocks which carry no phenocrysts.
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Three possibilities for the accident were investigated. Engine/Prop malfunction, fuel or oil defects in sub-zero temperatures leading to fuel starvation due to water in the fuel system freezing, or an act of sabotage or terrorism. Sabotage & terrorism were investigated by Russia's FSB which found no corroborating evidence. The fuel crystallization theory was discounted very early by the team of experts investigating the accident, leaving an engine or a propeller malfunction the only remaining possibility.
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This type of sand can have some influences on the leaching by mineral and organic acids produced by pyrite and organic materials, of the lower kaolin deposits. Thiry has found that generally these kaolins contain rather well- ordered kaolinite. Obviously, the level of crystallization can control technical properties of kaolinite as well as the structural impurities. The high energy current can interrupt the continuity of the settled layers of kaolin and reduce the simplicity of the estimation methods.
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Any magmatic waters in these hydrothermal solutions must have been swamped by the circulating meteoric groundwaters of the environment. Fluid inclusions are microscopic bubbles of aqueous solutions which were trapped within crystals during crystallization and are considered as relic samples of the mineralizing waters. Analyses of the isotopic content of these trapped bubbles show a wide range of δ18O and δ2H content. All examined show an enrichment in 18O and depletion in 2H relative to SMOW and meteoric waters.
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These subsurface waters may have a very different composition compared to both Mono Lake waters and riverine surface waters. In addition, secondary crystallization (e.g. formation of calcite from aragonite) or meteoric diagenetic effects could have some control on the isotopic composition as well. Lastly, scientists may have to revisit the salinity- dependency of calcite/aragonite-DIC fractionation to understand whether this 1-3‰ fractionation may actually be larger in a lake with conditions similar to Mono Lake.
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Triacetic acid lactone is synthesized either from dehydroacetic acid, another 2-pyrone derivative, or from glucose by enzymatic catalysis. In its original synthesis, triacetic acid lactone was obtained by treatment of dehydroacetic acid with sulfuric acid at 135 °C. Dehydroacetic acid undergoes ring-opening and hydration to form "tetracetic acid". Upon cooling, triacetic acid reverts to a lactone ring similar to the dehydroacetic acid structure, and the triacetic acid lactone is recovered by crystallization in cold water.
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Sodium bronzes were also obtained by the same method. It was observed that at a slightly higher temperature (about 575 °C and above) only is obtained. Another preparation technique involves crystallization from the melt in a temperature gradient. This report also called attention to the marked anisotropic resistivity of the purple lithium bronze and its metal-to- insulator transition at about 24 K. Hydrogen bronzes were obtained in 1950 by Glemser and Lutz, by ambient-temperature reactions.
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The genus only has one large anisotropic body unlike many other Euglenid genera, which commonly have two. This anisotropic body is referred to as paramylon and functions as a storage substance. The paramylon is a carbohydrate energy store reserve and it is quite different from other algal carbohydrate stores due to the high amounts of crystallization present. The nucleus of the cell is generally positioned towards the middle of the cell and is adjacent to the paramylon reserve.
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Rimstone dams form where there is some gradient, and hence flow, over the edge of a pool. Crystallization begins to occur at the air/water/rock interface. The turbulence caused by flow over the edge of the building dam may contribute to the outgassing or loss of carbon dioxide from water, and result in precipitation of mineral on this edge. When dams form under running water, they tend to be higher when the passage is steeper.
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One technique to fully recover samples is removal of the organic solvent by evaporation followed by addition of water (to dissolve DMSO) and cryodesiccation to remove both DMSO and water. Reactions conducted in DMSO are often diluted with water to precipitate or phase-separate products. The relatively high freezing point of DMSO, , means that at, or just below, room temperature it is a solid, which can limit its utility in some chemical processes (e.g. crystallization with cooling).
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Cooling of the melt led to columnar fracture giving its column-like appearance. Fractional crystallization of what may have been the same magma also left behind the Ladentown Basalt. Lakeshore mud preserved the footprints of a predatory coelophysis in New York along with fossilized fish, clams and arthropods. Offshore of New York is the Fall Zone Peneplain, an area of much more ancient crystalline rocks that forms the slowly sinking continental shelf of eastern North America.
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The amino acid sequence, , and the 3D molecular structure of crotamine have already been determined. The protein structure of crotamine could not be initially determined through protein crystallization nor X-ray diffraction. It was speculated that the difficulty was because crotamine has so many isoforms, leading to the formation of aggregates and different possible conformations of the protein. The structure and the shape of the protein was proposed through a 3D model generated by Siqueira et al.
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Despite the X-Men's resistance, Apocalypse conquers all of North America and eventually mutants are considered the ruling class. Apocalypse initiates a genocidal campaign called "cullings," killing millions of humans. To further ensure that no one is left to challenge him or undo the circumstances that led to his reign, he has everyone with telepathic or chronal abilities hunted down. Meanwhile, the changes in the timeline result in a destructive crystallization wave created by the M'Kraan Crystal.
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However, in other alloys, the insoluble elements may not separate until after crystallization occurs. If cooled very quickly, they first crystallize as a homogeneous phase, but they are supersaturated with the secondary constituents. As time passes, the atoms of these supersaturated alloys can separate from the crystal lattice, becoming more stable, and forming a second phase that serves to reinforce the crystals internally. Some alloys, such as electrum—an alloy of silver and gold—occur naturally.
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Differential scanning calorimetry can be used to measure a number of characteristic properties of a sample. Using this technique it is possible to observe fusion and crystallization events as well as glass transition temperatures Tg. DSC can also be used to study oxidation, as well as other chemical reactions. Glass transitions may occur as the temperature of an amorphous solid is increased. These transitions appear as a step in the baseline of the recorded DSC signal.
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Tuttle and Bowen accomplished their work by using experimental petrologic laboratories that produce synthetic igneous materials from mixes of reagents. Observations from these experiments indicate that as a melt cools, it will produce derivative magmas and igneous rock. Following Bowen's research, the magma will crystallize a mafic igneous rock prior to a felsic igneous rock. As this crystallization process occurs in nature, pressure and temperature decrease, which changes the composition of the melt along various stages of the process.
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A decrease in temperature and confining pressure will allow an increase in crystallization and vapor pressure of the dissolved gas. Depending on the composition of the melt, this ascent can be either slow or fast. Felsic magmas are very viscous and travel to the surface of the Earth slower than mafic melts whose silica levels are lower. The amount of gas available to be exsolved and the concentrations of gases in the melt also control ascension of the magma.
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Mill white, also called plantation white, crystal sugar or superior sugar is produced from raw sugar. It is exposed to sulfur dioxide during the production to reduce the concentration of color compounds and helps prevent further color development during the crystallization process. Although common to sugarcane-growing areas, this product does not store or ship well. After a few weeks, its impurities tend to promote discoloration and clumping; therefore this type of sugar is generally limited to local consumption.
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Optical microscope photograph; the length of the crystal is about 250 µm Zircon is common in the crust of Earth. It occurs as a common accessory mineral in igneous rocks (as primary crystallization products), in metamorphic rocks and as detrital grains in sedimentary rocks. Large zircon crystals are rare. Their average size in granite rocks is about 0.1–0.3 mm, but they can also grow to sizes of several centimeters, especially in mafic pegmatites and carbonatites.
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Cationic coordination complexes of ammonia and alkyl amines typically crystallize with water in the lattice, and the stoichiometry can depend on the conditions of crystallization and, in the cases of chiral complexes, the optical purity of the cation. Racemic [Co(en)3]Cl3 is most often obtained as the di- or trihydrate. For the optically pure salt (+)-[Co(en)3]Cl3·1.5H2O, (+)-[Co(en)3]Cl3·0.5NaCl·3H2O, and (+)-[Co(en)3]Cl3·H2O are also known.
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Cadmium fluoride is prepared by the reaction of gaseous fluorine or hydrogen fluoride with cadmium metal or its salts, such as the chloride, oxide, or sulfate. It may also be obtained by dissolving cadmium carbonate in 40% hydrofluoric acid solution, evaporating the solution and drying in a vacuum at 150 °C. Another method of preparing it is to mix cadmium chloride and ammonium fluoride solutions, followed by crystallization. The insoluble cadmium fluoride is filtered from solution.
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The remains of such steppe or savanna-type animals as ancient horses, giraffes, gazelles, turtles and others that were found in the Miocene epoch were found on the territory of the monument. This indicates that red-colored clays are Miocene in age, i.e. 35 million years. Mountains are composed of rocks formed as a result of slow cooling and crystallization of magma in the depths of the earth's crust, as well as products of volcanic eruptions – slags, lava, tuffs.
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Hydrazinium azide decomposes explosively into hydrazine, ammonia, and nitrogen gas: :12 -> 3 + 16 + 19 Crystallization with an equimolar amount hydrazine yields the solid hydrazinium azide hydrazinate, ·, or , as monoclinic crystals. This compound is less hygroscopic and less volatile than pure hydrazinium azide. It decomposes explosively into nitrogen, hydrogen, and ammonia. At pressure of 40 GPa, hydrazinium azide decomposes yielding a linear nitrogen allotrope or N≡−−N=N−−≡N, that decomposes to ε-N2 below 25 GPa.
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Two types of glass solders are used: vitreous, and devitrifying. Vitreous solders retain their amorphous structure during remelting, can be reworked repeatedly, and are relatively transparent. Devitrifying solders undergo partial crystallization during solidifying, forming a glass-ceramic, a composite of glassy and crystalline phases. Devitrifying solders usually create a stronger mechanical bond, but are more temperature-sensitive and the seal is more likely to be leaky; due to their polycrystalline structure they tend to be translucent or opaque.
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This structural and functional information is publicly available. The five core facilities available to consortium members provide services for cloning, expression, and purification of proteins as well as crystallization and subsequent diffraction and data analysis of protein crystals. Furthermore, a database has been developed to record all activity done within the consortium. This database also tracks the movement of materials between members and allows the up to the minute status to be recorded and available to all other members.
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Upon dissolving in water, ferrous sulfates form the metal aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which is an almost colorless, paramagnetic ion. On heating, iron(II) sulfate first loses its water of crystallization and the original green crystals are converted into a white colored anhydrous solid. When further heated, the anhydrous material releases sulfur dioxide and white fumes of sulfur trioxide, leaving a reddish-brown iron(III) oxide. Decomposition of iron(II) sulfate begins at about .
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This drawback makes the technology unsuitable for applications involving continuous handling, and for such popular uses as car music compilation discs, which typically have unavoidable high light and temperature exposure. Since many disc players present internal temperatures significantly higher than room temperature, LightScribe discs should also not be left in disc players for long periods of time. LightScribe discs may form a visible white powder coating. This is due to crystallization of some of the label-side coating.
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Structure of a polymer spherulite. PEA has been shown to be able to form both ring-banded and Maltese-cross (or ring-less) type spherulites. Ring-banded spherulites most notably form when crystallization is carried out between 27 °C and 34 °C whereas Maltese-cross spherulites form outside of those temperatures. Regardless of the manner of banding, PEA polymer chains pack into a monoclinic crystal structure (some polymers may pack into multiple crystal structures but PEA does not).
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The crystallization of uric acid, often related to relatively high levels in the blood, is the underlying cause of gout. This can occur because of diet, genetic predisposition, or underexcretion of urate, the salts of uric acid. Underexcretion of uric acid by the kidney is the primary cause of hyperuricemia in about 90% of cases, while overproduction is the cause in less than 10%. About 10% of people with hyperuricemia develop gout at some point in their lifetimes.
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Wells describes his aim as to state "as forcibly and exactly as possible the religious belief of the writer."H. G. Wells, God the Invisible King (New York: Macmillan, 1917), p. v. He distinguishes his religious beliefs from Christianity, and warns readers that he is "particularly uncompromising" on the doctrine of the Trinity, which he blames on "the violent ultimate crystallization of Nicaea."H. G. Wells, God the Invisible King (New York: Macmillan, 1917), p. ix.
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In high humidity salts become soluble and in low humidity they crystallize. The changing from soluble to crystallization and back damages the surface of the ceramic because salt crystals are larger than liquid salt and therefore will shrink and expand the ceramic body. A white haze on the surface is the first indication of soluble salts, which is the salt crystallizing. Over time, the physical component of the body will crumble until it is completely destroyed.
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The database houses a wide range of information available for samples from all over the globe to be grouped into two categories: (a) observations and measurements (e.g. mineral data, images, chemical analyses), for which robust data models already exist, and (b) interpretative results (e.g. P-T conditions, crystallization ages, cooling rates, etc.), which are conclusions based on the observational data. Development of a robust data model for interpretative data is currently underway as of December 2010.
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Upon the early detection, phosphate nephropathy can be treated with a timely renal replacement therapy such as haemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis in order to decelerate the calcium phosphate crystallization process. Haemodialysis is performed to assist the renal excretion via removing accumulated toxins, especially the overproduction of reactive oxygen species at the damaged tubular epithelial cells. The complete recovery of renal function after phosphate nephropathy progression to acute kidney injury or to chronic kidney disease, was reported to be rare.
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Here, for the first time, "the various mythic, cultic and theological elements relating to diverse female divinities were brought together in what has been called the 'crystallization of the Goddess tradition.'" As the earliest Hindu scripture "in which the object of worship is conceptualized as Goddess, with a capital G",Coburn, p. 16. the Devi Mahatmya also marks the birth of "independent Shaktism"; i.e. the cult of the Female Principle as a distinct philosophical and denominational entity.
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Two of the meteorites also had a similar carbon isotope value to a meteorite measured previously, which may indicate a reservoir of the amino acids in the interstellar medium. In 2012, Steele et al. announced that ten out of the eleven measured martian meteorites contained abiotic macromolecular organic carbon in high-temperature forming minerals (igneous rocks). Organic carbon presence inside of high-temperature forming minerals indicates that the martian magmas precipitated reduced carbon species during crystallization.
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Skarn formation, as illustrated in the figure on the right, can be explained in three stages: # Intrusion of a felsic to intermediate magma body rich in volatiles. Contact metamorphism and minor metasomatism, skarn formation, occurs in favorable locations. # Continued crystallization of the magma and widespread release of volatiles as a hydrothermal fluid which causes widespread skarn formation and localized brecciation. # Characterized by decreasing temperatures and hydrothermal activity, during which sulfide deposition occurs in veins and retrograde alteration is common.
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Pfeiffer invented two anthroposophic Image forming methods, a method using a round filter chromatography (circular chromatography or chroma test) and the copper chloride crystallization method, developed together with Erika Sabarth. In the latter method, a solution of copper chloride and the test solution is allowed to evaporate. The pattern of the copper chloride crystals can be "read" based on the patterns of known samples. Similarly, the patterns of the circular chromatographs can be "read" based on known samples.
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Zircon crystallization data imply that the magma chambers of Ciomadul were active over time spans of over 300,000 years. Uniquely, Ciomadul is a still alive volcano in Eastern Europe and its craters have a youthful appearance. There is always the possibility of renewed volcanic activity if the magma chamber has not solidified. Deep earthquake activity at Ciomadul occurs down to a depth of , indicating that the volcanic system between the magma chamber and lithospheric melts is still active.
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The pre- caldera lava domes were generated either directly from a common magma chamber or indirectly through secondary chambers. The lead isotope ratios are consistent with the volcano having formed at the edge of an area of granite and rhyolite of Paleozoic age. Incapillo magmas probably formed as adakitic high-pressure mafic magmas derived from the crust, either directly by anatexis or indirectly by dragged-down crustal fragments. The magmas are then modified by crustal contamination and fractional crystallization.
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Frozen carbonated beverage quality depends on many factors, including the concentration, size and structure of the ice crystals. The concentration of the ice water mixture is determined accurately in accordance with the phase diagram of the solution and can reach 50%. The maximum crystal size is 0.5 mm to 1.0 mm. The initial temperature of crystallization of the mixture depends on the initial concentration of ingredients in the water and lies between −2.0 °C and −0.5 °C.
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The melting point of crystallized honey is between , depending on its composition. Below this temperature, honey can be either in a metastable state, meaning that it will not crystallize until a seed crystal is added, or, more often, it is in a "labile" state, being saturated with enough sugars to crystallize spontaneously.Root, p. 355 The rate of crystallization is affected by many factors, but the primary factor is the ratio of the main sugars: fructose to glucose.
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Chromium(III) chlorides display the somewhat unusual property of existing in a number of distinct chemical forms (isomers), which differ in terms of the number of chloride anions that are coordinated to Cr(III) and the water of crystallization. The different forms exist both as solids, and in aqueous solutions. Several members are known of the series of [CrCl3−n(H2O)n]z+. The main hexahydrate can be more precisely described as [CrCl2(H2O)4]Cl.
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Emily Aston began her early education at Queen's College, London and Bedford College between the years of 1883 and 1885. During this time, she was able to conduct her first research in chemistry and crystallization under Spencer Pickering, a professor at Bedford College. The research work was over the investigation of multiple sulfates. In 1885, Aston left Bedford College and enrolled in University College, London where she studied geology, mathematics and chemistry, earning her B.Sc. in geology and chemistry in 1889.
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Multiple melt inclusions in olivine crystal Inclusion refers to the small mineral crystals and foreign fluids within a crystal. Melt inclusions and fluid inclusions can provide physical and chemical information of the geological environment in which the melt or fluid are trapped within the crystal. Fluid inclusion refers to the bubble within a mineral trapping volatiles or microscopic minerals within it. For melt inclusions, it refers to the parent melt of the initial crystallization environment being held as melt parcel within a mineral.
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He published a comprehensive paper on its isolation, crystallization, crystal structure, and pharmacological properties, which he studied first in stray dogs and then in self-experiments. Morphine was not only the first alkaloid to be extracted from opium, but the first ever alkaloid to be isolated from any plant. Thus Sertürner became the first person to isolate the active ingredient associated with a medicinal plant or herb. The branch of science that he originated has since become known as alkaloid chemistry.
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Chemical reactions such as hydrolysis, oxidation or reduction may be promoted, or physical changes, such as evaporation, melting, crystallization, aggregation or gelation may occur. A better understanding of the influence of temperature on the properties of foods enables food manufacturers to optimize processing conditions and improve product quality. It is therefore important for food scientists to have analytical techniques to monitor the changes that occur in foods when their temperature varies. These techniques are often grouped under the general heading of thermal analysis.
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Winterization of oil is a process that uses a solvent and cold temperatures to separate lipids and other desired oil compounds from waxes. Winterization is a type of fractionation (also known as fractionate crystallization), the general process of separating the triglycerides found in fats and oils, using the difference in their melting points, solubility, and volatility. Winterization is an oil refinement technique commonly used in biotechnology. The process involves dissolving the extract in ethanol, then placing the mixture in a freezer to chill.
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Self-healing surface recovering from a scratch : real-time measurement As DHM measures the 3D surface topography over the full field of view within a single camera acquisition, there is no need for scanning, neither vertical, nor lateral. Consequently, dynamic changes of topography are measured instantaneously. The acquisition rate is only limited by the camera frame. Measurements have been demonstrated on many types of samples such as smart surface, self-healing surfaces, not equilibrium systems, evaporation processes, electrodeposition, evaporation, crystallization, mechanical deformation, etc.
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The similarity in ionic radius between adjacent lanthanide elements makes it difficult to separate them from each other in naturally occurring ores and other mixtures. Historically, the very laborious processes of cascading and fractional crystallization were used. Because the lanthanide ions have slightly different radii, the lattice energy of their salts and hydration energies of the ions will be slightly different, leading to a small difference in solubility. Salts of the formula Ln(NO3)3·2NH4NO3·4H2O can be used.
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Windimurra contains in excess of 13,000m of intact igneous stratigraphy formed of cumulate layering by a process of fractional crystallization. Individual rock types can be grouped into a troctolite phase or series, a gabbro phase or series and a gabbronorite phase or series. Anorthosite cumulates are preserved in the roof sections, most of which are sheared and faulted off. A marginal granophyre complex exists in the roof and wall rocks, formed by advective heat transfer causing melting of the country rocks.
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Until that point, differentiation and crystallization of rising mafic magmas had mostly produced andesitic magmas. The change in plate movements and increased melt generation caused an overturn and anatexis of the melt generating zone, forming a density barrier for mafic melts which subsequently ponded below the melt generating zone. Dacitic melts escaped from this zone, forming diapirs and the magma chambers that generated APVC ignimbrite volcanism. Magma generation in the APVC is periodical, with pulses recognized 10, 8, 6, and 4 mya.
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The process of crystal formation via mechanisms of crystal growth is called crystallization or solidification. The word crystal derives from the Ancient Greek word (), meaning both "ice" and "rock crystal",κρύσταλλος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library from (), "icy cold, frost".κρύος, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Digital Library Examples of large crystals include snowflakes, diamonds, and table salt. Most inorganic solids are not crystals but polycrystals, i.e.
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However, the crystallization of calcite has been observed to be dependent on the starting pH and presence of Mg in solution. A neutral starting pH during mixing promotes the direct transformation of ACC into calcite. Conversely, when ACC forms in a solution that starts with a basic initial pH, the transformation to calcite occurs via metastable vaterite, which forms via a spherulitic growth mechanism. In a second stage this vaterite transforms to calcite via a surface-controlled dissolution and recrystallization mechanism.
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Bulging recrystallization often occurs along boundaries of old grains at triple junctions. At high temperatures, the growing grain has a lower dislocation density than the grain(s) consumed, and the grain boundary sweeps through the neighboring grains to remove dislocations by high- temperature grain-boundary migration crystallization. Grain boundaries are lobate with a variable grain size, with new grains generally larger than existing subgrains. At very high temperatures, grains are highly lobate or ameboid, but can be nearly strain-free.
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Fraunhofer ISE's expertise ranges over the entire value chain of crystalline silicon photovoltaics, starting from material development and crystallization, through to solar cell processing and photovoltaic module technology. Photovoltaic Modules and Systems Module technology converts solar cells into a robust product for reliable operation in PV power plants. Fraunhofer ISE supports the product development concentrating on increasing efficiencies, reducing costs and achieving the highest reliability. Over and above, the Institute offers its services for quality assurance of modules and power plants.
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The small ice crystals formed in the solution near the tube surface are wiped away from the surface and mixed with unfrozen water, forming the slurry. Other slurry ice generators adapted the first idea of the scraped surface wiping the surface by using an auger originally designed to create flake ice. Wipers can be also brushes or fluidized bed heat exchanger for ice crystallization. In this heat exchangers steel particles circulate with the fluid mechanically removing the crystals from the surface.
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Evidence of these minerals can be found in interstellar grains incorporated into primitive meteorites called chondrites, which are essentially cosmic sedimentary rocks. The number of known species is roughly a dozen, although several more materials have been identified but not classified as minerals. Because it has a high crystallization temperature (about ), diamond was probably the first mineral to form. This was followed by graphite, oxides (rutile, corundum, spinel, hibonite), carbides (moissanite), nitrides (osbornite and silicon nitride) and silicates (forsterite and silicate perovskite (MgSiO3)).
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Dendritic crystallization forms a natural fractal pattern. Dendritic crystals can grow into a supercooled pure liquid or form from growth instabilities that occur when the growth rate is limited by the rate of diffusion of solute atoms to the interface. In the latter case, there must be a concentration gradient from the supersaturated value in the solution to the concentration in equilibrium with the crystal at the surface. Any protuberance that develops is accompanied by a steeper concentration gradients at its tip.
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Aqueous solutions of diazonium chloride salts, traditionally prepared from the aniline, sodium nitrite, and hydrochloric acid, are unstable at room temperature and are classically prepared at 0 – 5 °C. However, one can isolate diazonium compounds as tetrafluoroborate or tosylate salts, which are stable solids at room temperature. It is often preferred that the diazonium salt remain in solution, but they do tend to supersaturate. Operators have been injured or even killed by an unexpected crystallization of the salt followed by its detonation.
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The process needed slaves for cutting, carrying, evaporation, and crystallization all in a compressed time frame due to the nature of the crop. To keep it running and all the parts working in the sugar producing business machine, a dramatic increase of laborers were needed. To make sugar, it was imperative that the sequence was nonstop from the cutting in the field to final export. An error in any stage could bring about drastic effects and ruin a batch of the harvested crop.
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Klingler developed a new method of brain fixation, by freezing already formalin-fixed brains before dissection. First, the water crystallization induced by freezing disrupts the structure of the grey matter (which has a high water content). This process made possible to peel off the cortex from the brain surface without damaging the subcortical white matter organization underneath. Second, the freezing process along the WM fibers, induced a clear separation between them facilitating the dissection by progressive peeling of the fibers.
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Different minerals have different closure temperatures; biotite is ~300°C, muscovite is about 400°C and hornblende has a closure temperature of ~550°C. Thus, a granite containing all three minerals will record three different "ages" of emplacement as it cools down through these closure temperatures. Thus, although a crystallization age is not recorded, the information is still useful in constructing the thermal history of the rock. Dating minerals may provide age information on a rock, but assumptions must be made.
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Rocks in the series are thought to be genetically related by fractional crystallization and to be at least partly derived from magmas of basalt composition formed in the Earth's mantle. Trends in composition can be explained by a variety of processes. Many explanations focus on water content and oxidation states of the magmas. Proposed mechanisms of formation begin with partial melting of subducted material and of mantle peridotite (olivine and pyroxene) altered by water and melts derived from subducted material.
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Principle of lamellae formation during the crystallization of polymers. Arrow shows the direction of temperature gradient.Georg Menges, Edmund Haberstroh, Walter Michaeli, Ernst Schmachtenberg: Plastics Materials Science Hanser Verlag, 2002, If a molten linear polymer (such as polyethylene) is cooled down rapidly, then the orientation of its molecules, which are randomly aligned, curved and entangled remain frozen and the solid has disordered structure. However, upon slow cooling, some polymer chains take on a certain orderly configuration: they align themselves in plates called crystalline lamellae.
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The crystal growth is the subsequent size increase of the nuclei that succeed in achieving the critical cluster size. Crystal growth is a dynamic process occurring in equilibrium where solute molecules or atoms precipitate out of solution, and dissolve back into solution. Supersaturation is one of the driving forces of crystallization, as the solubility of a species is an equilibrium process quantified by Ksp. Depending upon the conditions, either nucleation or growth may be predominant over the other, dictating crystal size.
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This can result in various degrees of destruction ranging from rather small, burned areas on the oxide to zigzag burned streaks covering large areas of the pellet or complete oxidation of the metal. If the current source is unlimited a field crystallization may cause a capacitor short circuit. However, if the current source is limited in solid MnO2 Ta-e-caps a self-healing process take place oxidizing MnO2 into insulating Mn2O3 In polymer Ta-e-caps combustion is not a risk.
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The Catalytic Triad of CURS1-Created in PyMol using PDB: 3OV2, doi:10.1074/jbc.M110.196279 Crystallization studies have determined that curcumin synthase is a homodimer of ketosynthase subunits. Each includes a highly conserved Cys (164), His (303), Asn (336) catalytic triad, and CURS1 has been shown to exhibit the αβαβα folding pattern, conserved features of type III PKSs. The catalytic triads are independent of each other and are contained in the center of each monomer, connected to the surface with a CoA binding tunnel.
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Mg2BIV (B14=Si, Ge, Sn) compounds and their solid solutions are good thermoelectric materials and their ZT values are comparable with those of established materials. The appropriate production methods are based on direct co-melting, but mechanical alloying has also been used. During synthesis, magnesium losses due to evaporation and segregation of components (especially for Mg2Sn) need to be taken into account. Directed crystallization methods can produce single crystals of Mg2Si, but they intrinsically have n-type conductivity, and doping, e.g.
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Like most other Antarctic notothenioids, N. coriiceps exhibits several adaptations that optimize organismal performance at subzero temperatures. These include a modified heat shock response, the production of antifreeze glycoproteins that prevent ice crystallization of body fluids at subzero temperatures, and the abundance of polyunsaturated fatty acids that allow cells to maintain membrane fluidity. N. coriiceps has an limited tolerance for acute temperature change but has demonstrated the capacity to extend its thermal limits upon long-term acclimation to warmer temperatures.
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The Panasqueira mine is also a reference in mineral collection and the minerals are notable for their size, excellent crystallization and variety. In the veins of Panasqueira Mine almost all the silicates identified until today are found, as well as two minerals that until the present date were only identified in the Panasqueira Mine. They are Panasqueirite and Thadeuite. Almost all the best mineral collections in the world include specimens from Panasqueira highlighting wolframites, in the variety of ferberite and fluorapatite.
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The 3D structure of the H4 receptor has not been solved yet due to the difficulties of GPCR crystallization. Some attempts have been made to develop structural models of the H4 receptor for different purposes. The first H4 receptor model was built by homology modelling based on the crystal structure of bovine rhodopsin. This model was used for the interpretation of site-directed mutagenesis data, which revealed the crucial importance of Asp94 (3.32) and Glu182 (5.46) residues in ligand binding and receptor activation.
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The volcano has erupted rocks ranging from andesite to rhyodacite, with the main stratovolcano formed by andesites that contain hornblende and pyroxene and phenocrysts of augite, biotite, iron oxide, olivine, orthopyroxene, pargasite, plagioclase, quartz and titanium oxide. Deposits of copper, gold, lead, silver and sulfur were reported as well. The volcanic rocks erupted by Sajama define a potassium-rich calc-alkaline suite and formed through various processes, including assimilation of country rock, fractional crystallization and magma mixing (particularly in the Sayara lavas).
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During storms, it would say "Lend me a hishaku" to boats that were too slow to flee and sink the boat. By lending a hishaku with a hole in it, it is possible to flee and return.（※音量注意） ;Murasa :Tsumamura, Oki District, Shimane Prefecture (now Okinoshima). Here, what might appear to be noctiluca in the lake is said to be a crystallization of salt, but by staring in there, the thing that spherically solidified while shining is Murasa.
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It soon moved its dial painting operation to Ottawa, Illinois to be closer to its major customer, the Westclox Clock Company. Several workers died, and the health risks associated with radium were allegedly known, but this company continued dial painting operations until 1940. Radium Crystallization Laboratory, Orange, NJ U.S. Radium's management and scientists took precautions such as masks, gloves, and screens, but did not similarly equip the workers. Unbeknownst to the women, the paint was highly radioactive and therefore, carcinogenic.
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Engel pioneered the application of scanning transmission electron microscopy (STEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) to image biomolecular complexes. Mass measurements using STEM, 2-dimensional crystallization of membrane proteins, cryo-electron crystallography and AFM were applied to study the structure of supramolecular assemblies [5]. Gram negative and positive pathogens, as well as bacterial envelopes were analyzed. Fujiyoshi and Engel solved the structure of Aquaporin-1 in collaboration with Agre. Together with Palczewski Engel’s team discovered the packing arrangement of rhodopsin in the retina.
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In order to reduce indium content, decrease processing difficulty, and improve electrical homogeneity, amorphous transparent conducting oxides have been developed. One such material, amorphous indium-zinc-oxide maintains short-range order even though crystallization is disrupted by the difference in the ratio of oxygen to metal atoms between In2O3 and ZnO. Indium-zinc-oxide has some comparable properties to ITO. The amorphous structure remains stable even up to 500 °C, which allows for important processing steps common in organic solar cells.
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By determining the relative date and temperature of a sample being studied, geologists are able to understand the structural information of the deposits. Thermochronology is used in a wide variety of subjects today, such as tectonic studies, exhumation of mountain belts, hydrothermal ore deposits, and even meteorites. Understanding the thermal history of an area, such as its exhumation rate, crystallization duration, and more, can be applicable in a wide variety of fields and help understand the history of earth and its thermal evolution.
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Matthias Jakob Schleiden (1804–1881) Theodor Schwann (1810–1882) Credit for developing cell theory is usually given to two scientists: Theodor Schwann and Matthias Jakob Schleiden. While Rudolf Virchow contributed to the theory, he is not as credited for his attributions toward it. In 1839, Schleiden suggested that every structural part of a plant was made up of cells or the result of cells. He also suggested that cells were made by a crystallization process either within other cells or from the outside.
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This was a major advancement in the field of biology since little was known about animal structure up to this point compared to plants. From these conclusions about plants and animals, two of the three tenets of cell theory were postulated. 1\. All living organisms are composed of one or more cells 2\. The cell is the most basic unit of life Schleiden's theory of free cell formation through crystallization was refuted in the 1850s by Robert Remak, Rudolf Virchow, and Albert Kolliker.
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During postgraduate study in 1944—1947 he worked on theory of crystallization, where he applied such methods as diagonalization of bilinear forms in Bose or Fermi operators, etc., which later became a common tool for theoretical physicists. After finishing PhD he started to work on the problem of a particle interacting with a quantum field. This problem is directly related to polaron theory, the effect of impurities on the energy spectrum of superfluids, and other problems in condensed matter physics.
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In order to mimic a mature bone matrix, self-assembled fibrils can be used to align a given mineral matrix. This is accomplished using a self- assembling molecule with a hydrophobic alkyl tail and a hydrophilic oligopeptide head. These molecules form micellar structures in situ, and disulfide bridges at low pH, leading to the formation and crystallization of 200 kDa polymeric nanofibrils. The mineral matrix ultimately interacts with the synthetic fibril via a phosphoserine residue which results in mineral nucleation and growth.
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Nucleation is often described mathematically through the change in Gibbs free energy of n moles of vapor at vapor pressure P that condenses into a drop. Also the nucleation barrier, in polymer crystallization, consists of both enthalpic and entropic components that must be over come. This barrier consists of selection processes taking place in different length and time scales which relates to the multiple regimes later on. This barrier is the free energy required to overcome in order to form nuclei.
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With evidence of reciprocation (real or imagined) from the limerent object, a state of extreme pleasure, even euphoria, is enjoyed. Thoughts are mainly occupied with considering and reconsidering what is attractive in the limerent object, replaying whatever events may have thus far transpired with the limerent object, and appreciating personal qualities perceived as possibly having sparked interest in the limerent object. At peak crystallization, almost all waking thoughts revolve around the limerent object. After this peak, the feelings eventually decline.
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Autocatalytic heme crystallization to Hz is revealed to be an inefficient process and this conversion is further reduced as the Hz concentration increases. Isolated P.falciparum hemozoin Several other mechanisms have been developed to protect a large variety of hematophagous organisms against the toxic effects of free heme. Mosquitoes digest their blood meals extracellularly and do not produce hemozoin. Heme is retained in the peritrophic matrix, a layer of protein and polysaccharides that covers the midgut and separates gut cells from the blood bolus.
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He suggests that partially developed conical surfaces are also possible as a result of pressure developed from overlying sediments under conditions where a unilateral release of horizontal pressure may become effective. He goes on to suggest that the current explanations of his time are inadequate to cover the structure and its formation. He even suggested that formation due to crystallization was not consistent.Shaub, B.M. (1937) Origin of Cone-In-Cone and its Bearing on the Origin of Concretions and Septaria.
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Both square SnSe nanostructures and single-layer SnSe nanostructures have been prepared. Historically, phase- controlled synthesis of 2D tin selenide nanostructures is quite difficult. Sheet-like nanocrystalline SnSe with an orthorhombic phase has been prepared with good purity and crystallization via a reaction between a selenium alkaline aqueous solution and tin(II) complex at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. SnSe nanocrystals have also been synthesized by a gas- phase laser photolysis reaction that used Sn(CH3)4 and Se(CH3)2 as precursors.
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Mullite is a compound of alumina and silica, with the formula 3Al2O3-2SiO2. It has a low density, along with good mechanical properties, high thermal stability, low thermal conductivity, and is corrosion and oxidation resistant. However, it suffers from crystallization and volume contraction above 800°C, which leads to cracking and delamination. Therefore, this material is suitable as a zirconia alternative for applications such as diesel engines, where surface temperatures are relatively low and temperature variations across the coating may be large.
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The accuracy of such short loops may be almost as accurate as that of the homology model upon which it is based. It should also be considered that the loops in proteins may not be well-structured and therefore have no one conformation that could be predicted; NMR experiments indicate that solvent-exposed loops are "floppy" and adopt many conformations, while the loop conformations seen by X-ray crystallography may merely reflect crystal packing interactions, or the stabilizing influence of crystallization co-solvents.
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This system can exist in all three classical phases, solid, liquid and gaseous, and can be used to study effects such as crystallization, wave and shock propagation, defect propagation, etc. When particles of micrometer-size are used, it is possible to observe the individual particles. Their movement is slow enough to be able to be observed with ordinary cameras, and the kinetics of the system can be studied. However, for micrometer-sized particles, gravity is a dominant force that disturbs the system.
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The structure of BMP1 was determined through X-Ray diffraction with a resolution of 1.27 Å.; Crystallization experiments were done by vapor diffusion at a pH of 7.5. This is important because it is close to the pH of the human body, where BMP1 resides in vivo. BMP1 is 202 residues in length. Its secondary structure is made up of 30% helices, or 10 helices, 61 residues in length, and 15% beta sheets, or 11 strands, 32 residues in length.
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Kunitz' position at Rockefeller was originally secured by Jacques Loeb. After Loeb died in 1924, John H. Northrop succeeded him and retained Kunitz' position; the two would collaborate extensively on experiments involving protein crystallization for much of their remaining careers. Both Northrop and Kunitz moved to Rockefeller's Princeton, New Jersey campus in 1926; Kunitz returned to New York City in 1952. He then assumed professor emeritus status but continued to work regularly in the laboratory until eventually retiring in 1970.
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As of 2015, two structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with PDB accession codes and . The study conducted to solve 1SAZ was retracted in 2012 due to fact that the data was used without the permission of the sole custodian. The investigators of the study that produced the crystallization of 1X9J hypothesized that the enzyme was an octomer formed from dimers. The crystallized form has a radius of 7.5 nm which corresponded to a molecular weight of 380kDa.
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Ultrafiltration for a swimming pool Venous-arterial extracorporeal membrane oxygenation scheme Membrane separation processes operate without heating and therefore use less energy than conventional thermal separation processes such as distillation, sublimation or crystallization. The separation process is purely physical and both fractions (permeate and retentate) can be used. Cold separation using membrane technology is widely used in the food technology, biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries. Furthermore, using membranes enables separations to take place that would be impossible using thermal separation methods.
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The Lowveld displays a younger erosional surface cut, and the Karro rocks, specifically the Stormberg basalts and Ecca shales, display older surfaces. The geomorphic setting is diverse, as the Lebombo rhyolites are poorly laminated, slightly banded with phenocrysts of feldspar and occasional quartz. The differences come from the different rates at which cooling and crystallization occurred in the different textural zones. There were slower rates of change during the later Pleistocene and a total absence of seepage water through the walls.
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This can be utilized because hosts that are most commonly used are able to bond to the diyne monomer by halogen bonding from the lewis acidic iodine atom to a lewis basic nitrogen of the host (usually a nitrile or pyridine). In order to give a proper repeat distance to the monomers (5 Å), the hosts also contain oxalamide groups that create a hydrogen bonding network throughout the crystal. In most instances, polymerization is spontaneous upon crystallization or exposure to UV radiation/pressure.
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Sanjo, literally meaning 'scattered melodies', is a style of traditional Korean music, involving an instrumental solo accompanied by drumming on the janggu, an hourglass-shaped drum. The art of sanjo is a real crystallization of traditional Korean melody and rhythm which may have been handed down by rote generation after generation. The drummer who beats the janggu also makes chuimsae (exclamations) in order to please the audience. The audience can also express their excited feeling with chuimsae while listening to sanjo.
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As time went by, he also chose many new employees that the Spaniards did not hesitate to approve of. In other words, the lack of a well-defined structure historically experienced gave way to the eventual crystallization of a new system that kept the former and new employees in check within the hierarchy. Miguel Marin stated that, by 1955, a new caliphal government emerged that included nationalists such as Abdallah Guennoun. However, the missing fact in Martin's account is that .
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This crystallization inside can be accomplished using vacuum or cooling technologies. In vacuum technology, very low pressure forces a small part of the water to evaporate while the remaining water freezes, forming a water-ice mixture. Depending on the additive concentrations, the final temperature of pumpable ice is between zero and –4 °C. The large volume of vapor and an operating pressure of about 6 mbar (600 Pa) require the use of a water vapor compressor with a great swept volume.
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Garnets can also form metamorphic textures that can help interpret structural histories. In addition to being used to devolve conditions of metamorphism, garnets can be used to date certain geologic events. Garnet has been developed as a U-Pb geochronometer, to date the age of crystallization as well as a thermochronometer in the (U-Th)/He system to date timing of cooling below a closure temperature. Garnets can be chemically altered and most often alter to serpentine, talc, and chlorite.
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Thus, the crystallization of inorganic materials in nature generally occurs at ambient temperature and pressure. Yet the vital organisms through which these minerals form are capable of consistently producing extremely precise and complex structures. Understanding the processes in which living organisms control the growth of crystalline minerals such as silica could lead to significant advances in the field of materials science, and open the door to novel synthesis techniques for nanoscale composite materials, or nanocomposites. The iridescent nacre inside a Nautilus shell.
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A high strength glass-ceramic cook-top with negligible thermal expansion. Glass-ceramic materials share many properties with both glasses and ceramics. Glass-ceramics have an amorphous phase and one or more crystalline phases and are produced by a so-called "controlled crystallization", which is typically avoided in glass manufacturing. Glass-ceramics often contain a crystalline phase which constitutes anywhere from 30% [m/m] to 90% [m/m] of its composition by volume, yielding an array of materials with interesting thermomechanical properties.
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This therefore is a much simpler process and requires only three steps, half the number of the original synthesis. The new process begins by enantiopure trifluoromethylated phenyl ethanol being joined to a racemic morpholine precursor. This results in the wanted isomer crystallizing on the top of the solution and the unwanted isomer remaining in the solution. The unwanted isomer is then converted to the wanted one by the chemist controlling the reaction conditions and a process known as crystallization-induced asymmetric transformation occurring.
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Polymer-backed solar cells are of interest for seamlessly integrated power production schemes that involve placing photovoltaics on everyday surfaces. A third method for crystallizing amorphous silicon is the use of thermal plasma jet. This strategy is an attempt to alleviate some of the problems associated with laser processing – namely the small region of crystallization and the high cost of the process on a production scale. The plasma torch is a simple piece of equipment that is used to thermally anneal the amorphous silicon.
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If the Moon formed early (i.e., 52 million years after Solar System formation) and both the ferroan anorthosite sample 60025 and the estimated age of ur-KREEP indicate when the Lunar Magma Ocean fully crystallized, then the Lunar Magma Ocean would have lasted for about 155 million years. In that case, computer models show that one or more heat sources (such as tidal heating) are required to prolong crystallization of the Lunar Magma Ocean. On the other hand, if the Moon formed late (i.e.
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However, CLECs have an inherent disadvantage: enzyme crystallization is a laborious procedure requiring enzyme of high purity, which translates to prohibitively high costs. The more recently developed cross-linked enzyme aggregates (CLEAs), on the other hand, are produced by simple precipitation of the enzyme from aqueous solution, as physical aggregates of protein molecules, by the addition of salts, or water miscible organic solvents or non-ionic polymers.Sheldon, R.A.; Schoevaart, R.; van Langen, L.; A novel method for enzyme immobilization; Biocat. Biotrans, 2005, 23(3/4), 141-147.
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However, there is still no high-resolution X-ray structure of F-actin. The crystallization of F-actin was possible due to the use of a rhodamine conjugate that impedes polymerization by blocking the amino acid cys-374.; Christine Oriol-Audit died in the same year that actin was first crystallized but she was the researcher that in 1977 first crystallized actin in the absence of Actin Binding Proteins (ABPs). However, the resulting crystals were too small for the available technology of the time.
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Solubility of Na2SO4 in water as a function of temperature. Early studies of the phenomenon were conducted with sodium sulfate, also known as Glauber's Salt because, unusually, the solubility of this salt in water may decrease with increasing temperature. Early studies have been summarised by Tomlinson. It was shown that the crystallization of a supersaturated solution does not simply come from its agitation, (the previous belief) but from solid matter entering and acting as a “starting” site for crystals to form, now called "seeds".
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The research interests of Andreas Seidel-Morgenstern include heterogeneous catalysis, adsorption and preparative chromatography, crystallization and the development of new reactor concepts. The results of his work are published in more than 400 research papers. Andreas Seidel- Morgenstern received the Max Buchner Award of DECHEMA (2000), holds Honorary Doctorates of the University of Southern Denmark (Odense, Denmark) and the Lappeenranta University of Technology (Finland). He is Member of the Berlin- Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities (BBAW) and the German National Academy of Science and Engineering (acatech).
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The Cheesewring, a granite tor A granite peak at Huangshan, China Granite rock in the cliff of Gros la Tête – Aride Island, Seychelles. The thin (1–3 cm wide) brighter layers are quartz veins, formed during the late stages of crystallization of granitic magmas. They are also sometimes called “hydrothermal veins” Granite containing rock is widely distributed throughout the continental crust. Much of it was intruded during the Precambrian age; it is the most abundant basement rock that underlies the relatively thin sedimentary veneer of the continents.
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There are two stages in the crystallization process: nucleation and growth. In the first nucleation stage, a small nucleus containing the newly forming crystal is created. Nucleation occurs relatively slowly as the initial crystal components must impinge on each other in the correct orientation and placement for them to adhere and form the crystal. After successful formation of a stable nucleus, a growth stage ensues in which free particles (atoms or molecules) adsorb onto the nucleus and propagate its crystalline structure outwards from the nucleating site.
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After conversion to the nitrates and extraction with ethanol, a sodium-free mixture was obtained. From this mixture, the lithium was precipitated by ammonium carbonate. Potassium, rubidium, and caesium form insoluble salts with chloroplatinic acid, but these salts show a slight difference in solubility in hot water, and the less-soluble caesium and rubidium hexachloroplatinate ((Cs,Rb)2PtCl6) were obtained by fractional crystallization. After reduction of the hexachloroplatinate with hydrogen, caesium and rubidium were separated by the difference in solubility of their carbonates in alcohol.
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Before this, at around 100 °C, residual moisture escapes into the air and at 300 °C the chemically-bonded water of crystallization also escapes. The supply of oxygen during the firing process is critical, since it is used up as the fuel is burnt. If more is not supplied (e.g. through a vent), an atmosphere rich in carbon monoxide or free carbon will develop and it will create a black or brown-black Iron(II) oxide, which gives the fired pottery a grey or dark brown colour.
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Lipid cubic phases, spontaneous self-assembling liquid crystals or lipid mesophases have been used successfully in the crystallization of integral membrane proteins. Temperature, salts, detergents, various additives are used in this system to tailor the cubic phase to suit the target protein. Typical detergents used are n-dodecyl-β-d-maltopyranoside, n-decyl-β-d- glucopyranoside, lauryldimethylamine oxide LDAO, n-hexyl-β-d-glucopyranoside, n-nonyl-β-d-glucopyranoside and n-octyl-β-d-glucopyranoside; the various lipids are dioleoyl phosphatidylcholine, dioleoyl phosphatidylethanolamine and monoolein.
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Using a single body-centered cubic colloidal crystal, the occurrence of Kossel lines in diffraction patterns were used to monitor the initial nucleation and subsequent motion caused distortion of the crystal. Continuous or homogeneous deformations occurring beyond the elastic limit produce a 'flowing crystal', where the nucleation site density increases significantly with increasing particle concentration. Lattice dynamics have been investigated for longitudinal as well as transverse modes. The same technique was used to evaluate the crystallization process near the edge of a glass tube.
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His work as therapist caught the attention of Daniel Defoe, whose youngest daughter Sophia he married on 30 April 1729. In 1740 he was elected fellow of the Society of Antiquaries and of the Royal Society. In 1744 he received the Copley gold medal for microscopical observations on the crystallization of saline particles. He was one of the founders of the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce in 1754 (later the Society of Arts), and for some time acted as its secretary.
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The best crystals are obtained from the liquid phase, but the growth is impracticably slow – several months for a 5–10 mm crystal. Growth from the vapor phase is a reasonable compromise in terms of speed and quality. Adamantane is sublimed in a quartz tube placed in a furnace, which is equipped with several heaters maintaining a certain temperature gradient (about 10 °C/cm for adamantane) along the tube. Crystallization starts at one end of the tube, which is kept near the freezing point of adamantane.
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Although it has only been used on demonstration projects, this indirect method based on crystallization of the saline water has the advantage of the low energy required. Since the latent heat of fusion of water is 6,01 kJ/mole and the latent heat of vaporization at 100 °C is 40,66 kJ/mole, it should be cheaper in terms of energy cost. Furthermore, the corrosion risk is lower too. There is although a disadvantage related with the difficulties of mechanically moving mixtures of ice and liquid.
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Skim milk powders are still widely produced using spray drying technology, typically at high solids concentration for maximum drying efficiency. Thermal degradation of products can be overcome by using lower operating temperatures and larger chamber sizes for increased residence times.Onwulata pp.389–430 Recent research is now suggesting that the use of spray-drying techniques may be an alternative method for crystallization of amorphous powders during the drying process since the temperature effects on the amorphous powders may be significant depending on drying residence times.
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Examples can include Latent internal energy of vaporization (liquid to vapor), Latent internal energy of crystallization (liquid to solid) Latent internal energy of sublimation (solid to vapor). These values are usually expressed in units of energy per mole or per mass such as J/mol or BTU/lb. Often a negative sign will be used to represent energy being withdrawn from the system, while a positive value represents energy being added to the system. However, reference sources do vary so check the source to be sure.
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AgInSbTe, or Silver-Indium-Antimony-Tellurium, is a phase change material from the group of chalcogenide glasses, used in rewritable optical discs (such as rewritable CDs) and phase-change memory applications. It is a quaternary compound of silver, indium, antimony, and tellurium. During writing, the material is first erased, initialized into its crystalline state, with long, lower-intensity laser irradiation. The material heats up to its crystallization temperature, but not up to its melting point, and crystallizes in a metastable face-centered cubic structure.
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This helps preserve the tart, acidic characteristic of the wine that gives Riesling its "thirst-quenching" quality. (Producers of Sauvignon blanc and Pinot grigio often avoid malolactic fermentation for the same reason.) Riesling is often put through a process of cold stabilization, where the wine is stored just above its freezing point. The wine is kept at this temperature until much of the tartaric acid has crystallized and precipitated out of the wine. This helps prevent crystallization of the acid (often called "wine diamonds") in the bottle.
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Mixing processes involving hotter or more mafic magmas played a role in the genesis of Uturuncu rocks, as did fractional crystallization processes and contamination with crustal rocks. The origin of these magmas appears to relate to the Altiplano-Puna magmatic body, which generates melts through differentiation of basaltic magmas first to andesites and then to dacites before being transferred to the shallow crust below Uturuncu from where it was then erupted through buoyancy-dependent processes. Magma composition has been stable over the history of the volcano.
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These gases often do not enter into the composition of the rock- forming minerals, for most of these are free from water, carbonic acid, etc. Hence as crystallization goes on the residual melt must contain an ever- increasing proportion of volatile constituents. It is conceivable that in the final stages the still uncrystallized part of the magma has more resemblance to a solution of mineral matter in superheated steam than to a dry igneous fusion. Quartz, for example, is the last mineral to form in a granite.
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The slower the rate of cooling, the bigger the crystals form. → Solvent added (clear) to compound (orange) → Solvent heated to give saturated compound solution (orange) → Saturated compound solution (orange) allowed to cool over time to give crystals (orange) and a saturated solution (pale- orange). Crystallization of Ibuprofen in HCl(aq) In an ideal situation the solubility product of the impurity, B, is not exceeded at any temperature. In that case the solid crystals will consist of pure A and all the impurity will remain in solution.
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The conventional method of preparation of sodium tetrachloroaurate involves the addition of tetrachloroauric acid solution to sodium chloride or sodium carbonate to form a mixture. The mixture is stirred at 100 °C, and then subjected to evaporation, cooling, crystallization, and drying to obtain the orange crystals of sodium tetrachloroaurate. H[AuCl4] + NaCl -> Na[AuCl4] + HCl 2H[AuCl4] + Na2CO3 -> 2Na[AuCl4] + H2O + CO2 However, more efficient preparation methods have been discovered recently. These are the addition of gold with sodium oxy-halogen salts and hydrochloric acid.
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Laboratory experiments with formamide, a liquid resembling water, have shown how no such dehydration barrier can be involved. The fundamental difficulty to nucleate anhydrous magnesium carbonate remains when using this non-aqueous solution. Not cation dehydration, but rather the spatial configuration of carbonate anions creates the barrier in the low-temperature nucleation of magnesite.Xu, J; Yan, C.; Zhang, F.; Konishi, H., Xu, H. & Teng, H. H. (2013): Testing the cation- hydration effect on the crystallization of Ca – Mg- CO3 systems. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci.
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Estimating the volcanic flux rate or magma supply of a volcanic system is inherently difficult for a number of reasons, and different measurements can come to different conclusions about the volcanic flux rate of a given volcanic system. Not all volcanic bodies are equally well exposed, and it is often impossible or difficult to measure magma supply rates exactly. Furthermore, volcanic flux rates often vary over time, with distinct lulls and pulses. Wall rocks may be assimilated by magma or magma may undergo differentiation such as crystallization.
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Goddesses such as Lakshmi, Parvati, Durga, Saraswati and Kali have continued to be revered in the modern era. The medieval era Puranas witness a major expansion in mythology and literature associated with Devi, with texts such as the Devi Mahatmya, wherein she manifests as the ultimate truth and supreme power. She has inspired the Shaktism tradition of Hinduism.Thomas Coburn (2002), Devī-Māhātmya: The Crystallization of the Goddess Tradition, Motilal Banarsidass, , pages 1–23 Further, Devi is viewed as central in the Hindu traditions of Shaktism and Shaivism.
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The most recent QMC calculations indicate that there is no region of stability for a ferromagnetic fluid. Instead there is a transition from a paramagnetic fluid to a hexagonal Wigner crystal at r_s=31(1). There is possibly a small region of stability for a (frustrated) antiferromagnetic Wigner crystal, before a further transition to a ferromagnetic crystal. The crystallization transition in 2D is not first order, so there must be a continuous series of transitions from fluid to crystal, perhaps involving striped crystal/fluid phases.
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Chrysoberyl forms as a result of pegmatitic processes. Melting in the Earth's crust produces relatively low-density molten magma which can rise upwards towards the surface. As the main magma body cools, water originally present in low concentrations became more concentrated in the molten rock because it could not be incorporated into the crystallization of solid minerals. The remnant magma thus becomes richer in water, and also in rare elements that similarly do not fit in the crystal structures of major rock-forming minerals.
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The times needed for lanthanites to fully crystallize increase linearly with the ionic potential of the trivalent rare- earth ion (La3+, Ce3+, Pr3+, Nd3+) present in their structure. The differences in these ion sizes and ionic potential as well as differences in dehydration energy of the trivalent rare-earth ions control the lifetime of the poorly ordered precursor and thus also the crystallization kinetics of the lanthanites. Furthermore, they also affect the structural characteristics (e.g. unit-cell dimensions and standard shape) of the crystals.
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In the first decade the Engineering Magazine made an important contribution to the codification and crystallization of the study of organizations.Yehouda Shenhav. "From Chaos to Systems: The Engineering Foundations of Organization Theory, 1879-1932," in: Administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 4 (Dec., 1995), pp. 557 In 1906 the editors of the Engineering Magazine acknowledge this development: > It is almost exactly ten years since The Engineering Magazine laid down the > first clear definitions of that system of manufacturing which has come to be > known as distinctively American.
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PeCB can be produced as a byproduct of the manufacture of carbon tetrachloride and benzene. It is extracted by distillation and crystallization. The direct production of pure PeCB is not practical because of the simultaneous production of other chlorinated compounds. Since PeCB is generally produced in small quantities in the chlorination of benzene, it is also contained in other chlorobenzenes (dichlorobenzenes, trichlorobenzenes etc.) Today, a majority of the PeCB released into the environment is a result of backyard trash burning and municipal waste incineration.
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Speciality chemicals are usually manufactured in batch chemical plants using batch processing techniques. A batch process is one in which a defined quantity of product is made from a fixed input of raw materials during a measured period of time. The batch process most often consists of introducing accurately measured amounts of starting materials into a vessel followed by a series of processes involving mixing, heating, cooling, making more chemical reactions, distillation, crystallization, separation, drying, packaging etc., taking place at predetermined and scheduled intervals.
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The closer to the center of the undersea volcanoes the composition of the rocks shifts towards more felsic rock types such as Rhyolite, Rhyodacite, and Dacite. The source of this phenomenon is interpreted as a result from indicate formation from partial melting or fractional crystallization. This type of volcanism is commonly observed in Phanerozoic volcanic massive sulfide systems, and is not commonly observed in modern back-arc basins. Examples of where bimodal volcanism can be observed are the Okinawa Trough and the Sumizu Rift.
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The spontaneity of a process, Gibb's free energy (∆G), is defined as ∆G = ∆H- T∆S. Hence, either the increase of ∆S or decrease of ∆H contributes to the spontaneity of the overall process, making ∆G more negative, thus reaching a minimum energy condition of the system. When crystals form, protein molecules become more ordered, which leads to a decrease in ∆S and makes ∆G more positive. Therefore, spontaneous crystallization requires a sufficiently negative ∆H to overcome the loss of entropy from the more ordered system.
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On board were carried 44 different experiments. These included an imaging spectrograph, cloud sensor, radiation sensor, solar ultraviolet monitor, solar constant monitor, atmospheric composition detector, atmospheric density detector, multi-chamber space crystallization furnace, space protein crystal equipment, a cell bioreactor, a solid matter tracking detector and microgravity gauge. Also on board was a video camera that broadcast images of the Earth as seen through one of the windows on the spacecraft. To test the radio transmitting systems, a pre-recorded female voice was transmitted.
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Moon's internal structure Olivine basalt collected by Apollo 15. 50px Text and images are available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Having a mean density of 3,346.4 kg/m³,Making it the second densest satellite in the Solar System after Io the Moon is a differentiated body, being composed of a geochemically distinct crust, mantle, and planetary core. This structure is believed to have resulted from the fractional crystallization of a magma ocean shortly after its formation about 4.5 billion years ago.
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Occasionally, a more complex pattern is observed, as with sodium sulfate, where the less soluble decahydrate crystal (mirabilite) loses water of crystallization at 32 °C to form a more soluble anhydrous phase (thenardite) because the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG), of the dissolution reaction. 400px The solubility of organic compounds nearly always increases with temperature. The technique of recrystallization, used for purification of solids, depends on a solute's different solubilities in hot and cold solvent. A few exceptions exist, such as certain cyclodextrins.
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A molecule of water may be eliminated, for example, by the action of sulfuric acid. Another example is chloral hydrate, CCl3−CH(OH)2, which can be formed by reaction of water with chloral, CCl3−CH=O. Many organic molecules, as well as inorganic molecules, form crystals that incorporate water into the crystalline structure without chemical alteration of the organic molecule (water of crystallization). The sugar trehalose, for example, exists in both an anhydrous form (melting point 203 °C) and as a dihydrate (melting point 97 °C).
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In chemistry, a dihydrogen bond is a kind of hydrogen bond, an interaction between a metal hydride bond and an OH or NH group or other proton donor. With a van der Waals radius of 1.2 Å, hydrogen atoms do not usually approach other hydrogen atoms closer than 2.4 Å. Close approaches near 1.8 Å, are, however, characteristic of dihydrogen bonding. Dihydrogen bonding is evident in the close H---H contacts between water of crystallization and the borohydride anion in the salt NaBH4(H2O)2.
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Guy Stroumsa's research focuses on the dynamics of encounters between religious traditions and institutions in the Roman Empire and in Late Antiquity, in the Mediterranean and the Middle East. He has studied the crystallization of the Abrahamic traditions in late antiquity, as a background to Islam. He sees Gnosis, Manichaeism and Early Christianity as a unique laboratory for understanding religious transformations in late antiquity. In his doctoral dissertation, Stroumsa studied the development of Gnostic mythology, and demonstrated its roots in Judaism and biblical interpretation.
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According to Steinhauser et al. and Ernst Weitz, a very homogeneous sample can be obtained by hydrolysis of [Au(NH3)4](NO3)3with Cl^-. They have also noted that different synthetic routes, as well as using different amount of ammonia when precipitating the product, leads to different ratios of Au, N, H, and Cl. Due to its physical and chemical properties, fulminating gold cannot be crystallized under normal methods, making determining the crystal structure a hassle. From extensive attempts at crystallization by Steinhauser et al.
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Sulfated plates from 12 V 5 Ah battery Lead–acid batteries lose the ability to accept a charge when discharged for too long due to sulfation, the crystallization of lead sulfate. They generate electricity through a double sulfate chemical reaction. Lead and lead dioxide, the active materials on the battery's plates, react with sulfuric acid in the electrolyte to form lead sulfate. The lead sulfate first forms in a finely divided, amorphous state and easily reverts to lead, lead dioxide, and sulfuric acid when the battery recharges.
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The process may be iterated many times by moving (without turnover) the received condensate to the bottom part of the container on the place of refined matter. The irregular impurity distribution in the condensate (that is efficiency of purification) increases with the number of iterations. Zone distillation is the distillation analog of zone recrystallization. Impurity distribution in the condensate is described by known equations of zone recrystallization – with the replacement of the distribution co-efficient k of crystallization - for the separation factor α of distillation.
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Carl Auer von Welsbach (1858–1929), the discoverer of neodymium Neodymium was discovered by Austrian chemist Carl Auer von Welsbach in Vienna in 1885. He separated neodymium, as well as the element praseodymium, from their mixture, called didymium, by means of fractional crystallization of the double ammonium nitrate tetrahydrates from nitric acid. Von Welsbach confirmed the separation by spectroscopic analysis, but the products were of relatively low purity. Didymium was discovered by Carl Gustaf Mosander in 1841, and pure neodymium was isolated from it in 1925.
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Since the structure has been exposed to the elements for the entire duration of its history, rain and groundwater, crystallization of soluble salts on the surface, erosion, and biological growth have caused deterioration and loss of stone on the surface. Tourist visitation also accelerated the deterioration. In 2004, the Temple of Quetzalcoatl was listed in the 2004 World Monuments Watch by the World Monuments Fund. The organization provided assistance for conservation in cooperation with the Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia and with help from American Express.
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The cold water facilitates a rapid crystallization of the lipids and therefore prevents aggregation of the lipids. After freeze drying the yellow curcuminoids containing SLN were obtained and could easily be redispersed in water and the model cream. The SLN have uniform distribution and according to electron micrograph scan they had a spherical shape and smooth surface. It has been reported that increasing the lipid content over 5–10%(w/w) increased the mean particle size and broader size distribution in most common cases.
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The method (often referred to as the KY method) was proposed in 1926 as continuation of the Czochralski and Verneuil methods due to their basic dimensional limitations of grown crystals. Initially it was used to grow mono- crystals of alkali metal halides. The process of direct crystallization of melted material differed by decreasing the boule's temperature while still in the crucible. Compared to others the technique allowed to produce very large single crystals that were free of cracks and damage due to restricted containment.
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The reaction with water liberates heat through crystallization and the hydrated plaster then hardens. Plaster/Powder can be relatively easily worked with metal tools or even sandpaper, and can be moulded, either on site or to make pre-formed sections in advance, which are put in place with adhesive. Plaster/Powder is not a strong material; it is suitable for finishing, rather than load-bearing, and when thickly applied for decoration may require a hidden supporting framework, usually in metal. Forms of plaster have several other uses.
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In order to induce crystallization, it must be heated to temperatures above 1200 °C for long periods of time. Although pure silica is a perfectly viable glass and glass fiber, it must be worked with at very high temperatures, which is a drawback unless its specific chemical properties are needed. It is usual to introduce impurities into the glass in the form of other materials to lower its working temperature. These materials also impart various other properties to the glass that may be beneficial in different applications.
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Flame test for rubidium Although rubidium is more abundant in Earth's crust than caesium, the limited applications and the lack of a mineral rich in rubidium limits the production of rubidium compounds to 2 to 4 tonnes per year. Several methods are available for separating potassium, rubidium, and caesium. The fractional crystallization of a rubidium and caesium alum (Cs,Rb)Al(SO4)2·12H2O yields after 30 subsequent steps pure rubidium alum. Two other methods are reported, the chlorostannate process and the ferrocyanide process.
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Synthetic zeolite There are over 200 synthetic zeolites that have been synthesized by a process of slow crystallization of a silica-alumina gel in the presence of alkalis and organic templates. Many more such structures could theoretically be made. In addition to variations in structures, zeolites can also be made with a variety of other atoms in them to make them chemically interesting and active. Some examples of the so-called heteroatoms that have been incorporated include germanium, iron, gallium, boron, zinc, tin, and titanium.
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The lavas erupted in 1669 define a sodic hawaiite suite with two distinct acidic and mafic members that were erupted before and after 20 March, respectively. These two magmas formed through fractional crystallization processes in different parts of Mount Etna's plumbing system. It appears that prior to the 1669 eruption, a batch of more acidic magma was residing underneath Etna. A batch of new, more mafic magma that was more buoyant than the residing magma penetrated and traversed the magmatic system, and reached the surface.
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Nakhla meteorite's two halves, showing its inner surfaces after being broken in 1998 Nakhlites are a group of Martian meteorites, named after the first one, Nakhla meteorite. Nakhlites are igneous rocks that are rich in augite and were formed from basaltic magma about 1.3 billion years ago. They contain augite and olivine crystals. Their crystallization ages, compared to a crater count chronology of different regions on Mars, suggest the nakhlites formed on the large volcanic construct of either Tharsis, Elysium, or Syrtis Major Planum.
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However, intrinsic membrane proteins remain challenging to crystallize because they require detergents or other denaturants to solubilize them in isolation, and such detergents often interfere with crystallization. Membrane proteins are a large component of the genome, and include many proteins of great physiological importance, such as ion channels and receptors. Helium cryogenics are used to prevent radiation damage in protein crystals. On the other end of the size scale, even relatively small molecules may pose challenges for the resolving power of X-ray crystallography.
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Paulingite or paulingite-K is a rare zeolite mineral that is found in vesicles in the basaltic rocks from the Columbia River near Rock Island Dam, Washington. Paulingite was named for Linus Carl Pauling (1901–1994), professor of chemistry, California Institute of Technology and accepted by the International Mineralogical Association in 1960. The early formation in the crystallization sequence and the high water content suggest that paulingite forms from relatively dilute pore fluids. They have a large unit cell of 3.51 nanometers and an isometric crystal system.
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Amorphous brazing foils are compositionally much more uniform even after crystallization, they melt over a narrow temperature range under transient heating. This is a consequence of the shorter distances over which atoms of different elements have to diffuse in order to form a uniform liquid phase. The resulting instant melting and their superior flow characteristic is only one of the important features of ABFs. The absence of the residual organic solvent bases evident in powder paste/tapes correspondingly eliminates soot formation and furnace fouling.
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In 2018, MIS was awarded Small Business Innovation Research award extensions of 24 months for its Vulcan and Industrial Crystallization Facility (ICF). The Vulcan Advanced Hybrid Manufacturing System is an additive and subtractive manufacturing technology being developed for in-space applications. Vulcan enables fabrication of precisely-machined metal parts at the point-of-use, such as on the International Space Station or future crewed space platforms. The ICF on the International Space Station would also manufacture space- enabled, multi-use optical crystals in microgravity.
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His commanding and often — especially in the early generations — charismatic presence was to reassure the faithful and demonstrate the truth in Hasidic philosophy by countering doubts and despair. But more than spiritual welfare was concerned: Since it was believed he could ascend to the higher realms, the leader was able to harvest effluence and bring it down upon his adherents, providing them with very material benefits. "The crystallization of that theurgical phase", noted Glenn Dynner, "marked Hasidism's evolution into a full-fledged social movement."Dynner, p. 7.
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Xenomorph of quartz crystals (grey) in granite In geology, a xenomorph or allotriomorph is a mineral that did not develop its otherwise typical external crystal form because of late crystallization between earlier formed crystals. Xenomorphs are typical of matrix minerals in rapidly crystallizing volcanic lavas and shallow igneous intrusions. It is also typical of the interstitial or cementing minerals formed during the diagenesis of sedimentary rocks. The opposite is an idiomorph in which the external form is controlled only by the internal crystal structure.
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In 1967, she became an assistant professor in the Department of Biological Chemistry and an assistant research biophysicist in the Biophysics Research Division at the University of Michigan. As a faculty member in the Biophysics Research Division, she joined a group of other faculty including Vincent Massey (enzymologist) and Graham Palmer; focusing on studying flavoproteins. Ludwig focused on studying flavodoxin in her laboratory. In 1969, Ludwig had her first publication which focused on the crystallization of both oxidized and semiquinone forms of protein from Clostridium pasteurianum.
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Besides molten rock, magma may also contain suspended crystals and gas bubbles. Magma is produced by melting of the mantle or the crust at various tectonic settings, including subduction zones, continental rift zones, mid- ocean ridges and hotspots. Mantle and crustal melts migrate upwards through the crust where they are thought to be stored in magma chambers or trans- crustal crystal-rich mush zones. During their storage in the crust, magma compositions may be modified by fractional crystallization, contamination with crustal melts, magma mixing, and degassing.
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He then moved with the protein crystallography group when it was relocated to the Marseille North University Department. It's at the North University Department that he led his first team at the LCCMB lab (Laboratory of Crystallography and Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules) with this becoming one of the key points of his career. Whilst director he moved in 1995 to the Campus of Joseph Aiguier, where LCCMB became AFMB (Architecture et Fonction de Macromolecule Biologiques). He resigned the direction of the AFMB in 2004, with AFMB moving to the Luminy Campus in 2005. Since 2008 he is Head of Marseille-Nice Génopole. • Direction: \- Director of the Laboratory of Crystallography and Crystallization of Biological Macromolecules, URA 1296: 07/01/1990 to 12/31/1995 \- Laboratory Director "Architecture and Function of Biological Macromolecules" (UPR9039 and UMR6098): 1996-2004. • Research management \- Member of the Section 21 of the National Committee (1995–2000) \- Member of the Jury of Admission Department Sciences de la Vie (2000–2002) \- Member of the Scientific Department Sciences de la Vie (2003–2004) • Expertise national or international \- Expert at the Directorate of International Research at CNRS (1998–2000). \- Expert for orders from the research councils in various countries.
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Polymers are speculated to have advantages over molecular materials in LEDs, such as ease of processing, reduced tendency for crystallization, and greater thermal and mechanical stability. Ever since the first breakthrough in 1989, a large number of PPV derivatives have been synthesized and used for LED applications. Although solid-state lasing has yet to be demonstrated in an organic LED, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2’-ethylhexyloxy)-p-phenylene vinylene] (MEH-PPV) has been proven to be a promising laser dye due to its high fluorescence efficiency in solution.
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Schulmeister K. and Mader W. (2003) TEM investigation on the structure of amorphous silicon monoxide. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids, 320, 1-3, 143-150. . Recent spectroscopic studies in a correlation with Potter's report suggest that commercially available solid silicon monoxide materials can not be considered as an inhomogeneous mixture of amorphous SiO2 and amorphous Si.Gunduz, D. C., Tankut, A., Sedani, S., Karaman, M. and Turan, R. (2015) Crystallization and phase separation mechanism of silicon oxide thin films fabricated via e-beam evaporation of silicon monoxide. Phys. Status Solidi C, 12: 1229–1235. .
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Sortilin is a member of the Vps10p sorting receptor family. Crystallization studies of the protein reveal that, when complexed with the ligand neurotensin, the Vps10 ectodomain of sortilin forms a ten-bladed beta- propeller structure with an inner tunnel that contains multiple ligand binding sites. To prevent premature ligand binding during its synthesis, the precursor protein of sortilin contains a 44-amino acid pro-peptide that serves as a chaperone for the Vps10p domain. In addition, two hydrophobic loops have been detected in this domain and act to anchor the protein in the cell membrane.
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Dedham Granite includes dioritic rock near Scituate and Cohasset and Barefoot Hills Quartz Monzonite. Intrudes Zdi, Zgb, Zb, Zv. Extensive calc-alkaline plutons separated by Boston basin have long been mapped as Dedham. Those to the north of Boston and studied by the US Geological Survey, are referred to as Dedham North. Crystallization ages for the Dedham North suite (based on titanites and zircons) have been determined at 607+/-4 Ma, while ages for the Lynn are slightly younger at 596+/-3 Ma. Both are clearly part of the Late Proterozoic magmatic event.
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The more recent definition identifies crystal engineering as the utilization of the intermolecular interactions for crystallization and for the development of new substances with different desired physicochemical properties. Before the discovery of halogen bonding, the approach for crystal engineering involved using hydrogen bonding, coordination chemistry and inter-ion interactions for the development of liquid-crystalline and solid-crystalline materials. Furthermore, halogen bonding is employed for the organization of radical cationic salts, fabrication of molecular conductors, and creation of liquid crystal constructs. Since the discovery of halogen bonding, new molecular assemblies exist.
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Then in 1885, Carl Auer von Welsbach succeeded in separating salts of the last two component elements, praseodymium and neodymium. The method used was a fractional crystallization of the double ammonium nitrates from a solution of nitric acid. Welsbach had decided to name his two new elements "praseodidymium" ("green didymium") and "neodidymium" ("new didymium"), but one syllable was soon dropped from each name. Despite being abbreviated in the new elements' names, the untruncated name "didymium" persisted, partly due to its use as an ingredient in glassblowers' goggles, and colored glass.
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The story, shared between both versions, follows five characters on the fantasy continent of Erion during a war between the nations of Ragnanival and Ringford over a weapon called the Crystallization Cauldron, and their roles in the Armageddon, a catastrophe which will destroy Erion. The game was conceived by George Kamitani as first a sequel and then a spiritual successor to the 1997 Sega Saturn title Princess Crown. Development began in 2004 after the official formation of Vanillaware. The story was based around the concept of a Valkyrie princess.
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