However, to truly compete with Russia, America's liquefaction capacity must grow further, and the government can facilitate this by expediting the permitting and construction of liquefaction facilities and export terminals.
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The $10 billion phase 1 of the Cameron LNG joint-venture liquefaction-export project, which includes three liquefaction trains with approximately 14 Mtpa of export capacity, is under construction in Louisiana.
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New liquefaction terminals would create jobs and revenue for Egypt.
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That would include developments of gas upstream and liquefaction projects.
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The company currently has four liquefaction trains operating at Sabine.
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Additional liquefaction units are under construction at five U.S. locations.
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On Sunday, Nugroho tweeted a terrifying video of liquefaction happening.
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Cheniere said on Monday its subsidiaries Corpus Christi Liquefaction and Cheniere Corpus Christi Liquefaction Stage III have signed long-term gas supply agreements with EOG to buy gas for 15 years starting from early 2020.
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Liquefaction trains 2 to 5 are under construction at Sabine Pass.
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There are four 0.7-bcfd liquefaction trains operating at Sabine Pass.
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But perhaps more deadly was soil liquefaction which obliterated several Palu neighborhoods.
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But it's guesswork because of how far the ground moved during liquefaction.
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Tall, vintage Victorian houses have tipped, sunk into the liquefaction prone ground.
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In addition, there are upcoming loadings due from Egypt's Idku liquefaction plant.
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Cheniere loaned money to Parallax to develop two liquefaction plants in Louisiana.
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A middle layer of yellow buttercream teeters on the brink of liquefaction.
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On supply, Exxon Mobil offered one October cargo from Australia's Gorgon liquefaction unit.
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But many aspects of the disaster remain unclear, including how the liquefaction occurred.
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Areas hit by liquefaction will be turned into parks and sports fields and memorials.
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Liquefaction is another destructive factor that can't be measured by PGA or SA directly.
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The Gandria is an LNG tanker which Golar is fitting out with liquefaction technology.
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The first 0.65-bcfd liquefaction train at Sabine Pass entered service in February 2016.
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Often, the solution for tall buildings in liquefaction zones is drilling down to bedrock.
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"We never knew about liquefaction," said Suhardy, a building contractor who lives near Balaroa.
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Cheniere said it boosted the run-rate production guidance of its liquefaction trains to 4.75.
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The quake also caused soil liquefaction, in which seismic pressure transforms solid ground to quicksand.
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U.S. domestic prices are cheap but it has to add liquefaction, shipping and regasification costs.
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The Olympic Pipeline, built in the 1960s, now has hundreds of breaks due to liquefaction.
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You have to source the gas, build the pipeline infrastructure and build the liquefaction facility.
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But add liquefaction and transport costs, and American LNG prices rise above $4 per MBTU.
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On Monday, the company said it decided to build a sixth liquefaction train at Sabine.
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Genscape said that was due to an outage at the fourth liquefaction train at Sabine.
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Novatek has also agreed to buy Linde's licence for gas liquefaction technology for the plant.
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The deal, which is through Cheniere Marketing, is not tied to a particular liquefaction train.
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Today, Horner works as a structural welder at the Cameron LNG Liquefaction Project under CB&I.
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Freeport has about 20-year liquefaction tolling agreements with Osaka Gas and JERA from Train 1.
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The company said its liquefaction systems will use technology from General Electric Co's Baker Hughes unit.
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Officials said the area suffered liquefaction, when the shock of the quake temporarily destabilises the soil.
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Liquefaction — when an earthquake turns land into roiling waves like liquid — obliterated whole villages and neighborhoods.
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Officials said the area suffered liquefaction, when the shock of the quake temporarily destabilizes the soil.
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Cheniere plans to open its fifth liquefaction plant in the coming months while seeking new buyers.
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Venture Global said its liquefaction systems will use technology from General Electric Co's Baker Hughes unit.
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Other neighborhoods are hit hard by liquefaction, with houses tipped and twisted at odd, unnatural angles.
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Debris would be cleared and areas hit by liquefaction would be turned into parks and sports venues.
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It controls Yemen's only gas-liquefaction plant, at Balhaf, and an oil-export terminal, at al-Shihr.
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Too much water creates an issue called "liquefaction" that can contribute to a dam collapse, they said.
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"With vessel traffic at a standstill, liquefaction activity appears to have been ramped down drastically," Iyengar said.
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That's because vibrations were breaking the adhesion between the piles and the sand—an effect called liquefaction.
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Here's a brief explanation of liquefaction, how common it is, and where it is likely to happen.
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Areas with shallow water tables and close to the sea or rivers are also susceptible to liquefaction.
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Freeport has liquefaction tolling agreements with Osaka Gas and JERA from Train 1 for approximately 20 years.
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During the earthquake, soil liquefaction caused the ground to boil, the dirt in the village becoming liquid.
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Maintenance work at a liquefaction plant later delayed shipments after the pipeline was repaired, the source said.
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Cheniere is developing the third stage at Corpus Christi to include up to seven 0.2-bcfd liquefaction trains.
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LNG Canada will launch with two trains, or liquefaction facilities, capable of processing 14 million tons a year.
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But the cost of pipelines and onshore liquefaction facilities means that relatively few gas finds have been developed.
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This cargo from the first 0.65 bcf per day liquefaction train at Sabine Pass is a test cargo.
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"A rebound in new long-term LNG contracting in 2018 could revive investment in liquefaction projects," Shell said.
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The facility will allow liquefaction of natural gas at a capacity of 2.4-5 million tons per year.
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Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company sold a cargo loading mid-July to trading house Gunvor, one trader said.
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Indeed, the huge 9.0-magnitude earthquake in Japan in 2011 caused major liquefaction on reclaimed land in Tokyo.
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Mr. Wilson said liquefaction uses a fraction of the energy of a standard cremator and releases no fumes.
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The Balaroa neighborhood of Palu was among the hardest hit by liquefaction in the earthquake on Sept. 28.
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"From the wellhead to the liquefaction facility, people in Louisiana will benefit from selling more American-made energy."
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Liquifying and transporting natural gas abroad is now a growing business for the United States with new liquefaction.
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A study found that liquefaction wrought more devastation than shaking in the Christchurch, New Zealand, earthquake in 2011.
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But the company said last week the terminal had entered commercial service for natural gas liquefaction and exports.
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Jono Oge was hit hard by liquefaction with dozens of teenagers at a nearby church and Bible camp killed.
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Cheniere has five liquefaction trains operating at Sabine and two at its Corpus Christi LNG export terminal in Texas.
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Local cable and DSL internet service was down almost immediately, as local wire centers were housed in liquefaction zones.
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Wet, sandy soil also separated and came alive through liquefaction in some areas due to the earthquake's radical vibrations.
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The report also recommended that housing and industrial areas should best be built in areas with low liquefaction risk.
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Cheniere has five liquefaction trains operating at Sabine and one at its Corpus Christi LNG export terminal in Texas.
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The assets include one LNG liquefaction plant, two LNG terminals, two LNG bunkering vessels and 48 gas filling stations.
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Liquefaction is a process whereby solid material such as sand loses strength and stiffness, behaving more like a liquid.
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Neto said liquefaction caused the 2015 collapse of the Samarco dam, which led to the deaths of 19 people.
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Compression or liquefaction is much more expensive than for natural gas and involves the expenditure of significantly more energy.
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But environmental groups say exports will boost carbon emissions in Canada, both through gas extraction and the liquefaction process.
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The CPC deal, which is through Cheniere's marketing arm, is not tied to a particular project or liquefaction train.
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Cheniere announced in May that it was moving ahead with a third liquefaction train at its Corpus Christi project.
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In absolute terms careful choice of construction sites or relocation is the best defense against soil liquefaction, scientists said.
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Foreign investors poured money into Qatar's gas liquefaction capacities, and it started shipping liquefied natural gas the world over.
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TOKYO (Reuters) - The Freeport LNG project in Texas, United States, has started production at its first liquefaction train on Aug.
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Each of the three liquefaction trains operating at Sabine can process about 0.65 billion cubic feet of gas per day.
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The United States is expected to become a net exporter in 2018 thanks to the rising number of liquefaction terminals.
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Pacific NorthWest LNG is a proposed natural gas liquefaction and export facility in the western Canadian province of British Columbia.
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For instance, Cheniere, which does not produce oil or gas, but operates gas liquefaction facilities, was featured on the list.
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According to a report from Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, researchers converted poop to oil using a process called hydrothermal liquefaction.
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In addition to that, a weekend outage hindered output from Australia's 16.3 million tonne/year North West Shelf liquefaction plant.
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Some neighborhoods were swallowed up by ground liquefaction, which happens when soil shaken by an earthquake behaves like a liquid.
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All throughout the liquefaction hazard areas, pavement and roadways have cracked and opened, as the ground beneath them spread outwards.
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The interchange of these two freeways on the east bank of the Willamette collapses, after its piers shifted under liquefaction.
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Novatek's Chief Executive Leonid Mikhelson said the agreements focused on potential gas production, gas liquefaction and liquefied natural gas transport.
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It plans to boost capacity 43 percent by 2023-2024 and will be building four liquefaction trains for this increase.
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Feed gas supply into the liquefaction plant plunged sharply during the weekend, data on the Thomson Reuters Eikon terminal showed.
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The second sees the biogas cooled to minus 120 degrees Celsius, with the separation and liquefaction of CO2 taking place.
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LNG plants are made up of trains, which are liquefaction facilities used to supercool natural gas for transport on ships.
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Egypt has an extensive pipeline network and two idle gas liquefaction plants ready to export new gas as it arrives.
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Nearby, rescue workers, some using an excavator, were searching for 52 children missing since liquefaction destroyed their bible study camp.
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The liquefaction plant has been producing at around 20 percent above its rated capacity of 6.9 million tonnes a year.
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Woodside is planning to use its liquefaction capacity at the North West Shelf project to bring the gas to market.
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Current inflow levels suggest that the expected restart of the plant's third liquefaction train, or unit, had suffered a setback.
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At its extreme during powerful quakes, the soft, wet soil produces liquefaction, turning the ground into a roiling, muddy liquid.
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Experts had long warned that what happened last month — an earthquake, followed by a tsunami and liquefaction — was very likely.
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It has an extensive pipeline network and two idle gas liquefaction plants ready to export new gas as it arrives.
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The disaster agency said earlier liquefaction destroyed 1,226 houses in one neighborhood alone with hundreds of people buried in the mud.
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Axpo said in a statement that it would buy LNG from Goldboro's second train, or liquefaction unit, for sales across Europe.
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Exxon's discovery is unlikely to come online until the late 2030s due to inadequate liquefaction capacity, Rystad Energy said in March.
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In an earthquake, the shaking will cause the sandy ground to behave like a liquid in a process known as liquefaction.
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Unlike Israel, it has two liquefaction terminals, which allow natural gas to be loaded onto tankers and shipped round the world.
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Debris would be cleared and areas hit by liquefaction would be turned into parks and sports venues and will include memorials.
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Other paintings channel transformative states like fertility and liquefaction, drawing on Abstract Expressionist and Color Field techniques within the same compositions.
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But perhaps the most important point was whether Australia should consider adopting the U.S. model of tolling and fixed liquefaction fees.
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CERCG Australia's business manager Kevin Gao said the company would use LNG container tanks which can maintain liquefaction for 110 days.
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The shaking on areas with land reclamation increases the liquefaction potential and ground failure when loose or water-saturated soils shake.
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Petobo and Balaroa, another Palu neighborhood inundated by liquefaction, used to be mainly sago fields, flat expanses with ample water access.
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It plans to boost capacity 6.53 percent by 2023-2024 and will be building four liquefaction trains for the LNG expansion.
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In addition, the article misstated Rex W. Tillerson's position at Exxon Mobil when Qatar built a gas liquefaction plant in 1996.
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Liquefaction is a process whereby a solid material such as sand loses strength and stiffness and behaves more like a liquid.
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The liquefaction plant has also been producing at around 20 percent above its rated capacity of 6.9 million tonnes a year.
|
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Officials said that the damage was so devastating partly because of "liquefaction," in which soil flows like water after a quake.
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In many places, the roads are too shattered by liquefaction and choked with debris and vehicles for emergency vehicles to pass.
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What you just heard were the screams of Ko Nam, recorded as he was tortured and killed by means of vibrational liquefaction.
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The WCC LNG export project planned to have liquefaction and storage facilities for natural gas, loading facilities and third-party pipeline facilities.
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The WCC LNG export project planned to have liquefaction and storage facilities for natural gas, loading facilities and a third-party pipeline.
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Angola's liquefaction facility is due to return from maintenance this month, with two vessels — the Lobito and Soyo — converging on the site.
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The neighborhoods of North and Northeast Portland vary in how they've fared, depending on construction and the particular liquefaction of the ground.
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The new style of North American liquefaction projects will be built in Asia before being shipped to the United States for assembly.
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Soil liquefaction, a phenomenon that turns the ground into a roiling quagmire, also killed many hundreds of people in and around Palu.
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Among those killed were 34 children at a Christian bible study camp that was hit by liquefaction, a Red Cross official said.
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The village of Petobo, which like Balaroa was built on soft soil in a low-lying area, was also demolished by liquefaction.
|
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In liquefaction-prone soils, pore pressure rises following shaking, as was the case when the researchers shook their test soils in June.
|
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LNG demand is growing but environmental groups say exports will boost carbon emissions in Canada, both through gas extraction and the liquefaction process.
|
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While Hazus can factor landslide risk and liquefaction into its estimates, the DHS study drew its casualty estimate from effects of shaking only.
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Galp expects its large gas production and liquefaction project in Mozambique and the Carcara project in Brazil to consume most of that investment.
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Its internal report identified static liquefaction and internal erosion as the most likely causes of a potential failure at the dam in Brumadinho.
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The first next-generation liquefaction plant is under construction in the U.S. state of Georgia and is expected to begin operating mid-year.
|
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An earlier version of this article misstated Rex W. Tillerson's position at Exxon Mobil when Qatar built a gas liquefaction plant in 1996.
|
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The initial phase of the Port Arthur project is expected to include two liquefaction trains that can export about 11 MTPA of LNG.
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"Liquefaction occurs because you shake and the internal pressure of the soil rises, and that causes it to lose its strength," Kavazanjian said.
|
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This phenomenon, known as liquefaction, occurs when wet, loosely-packed soil loses its structural integrity due to a sudden shock like an earthquake.
|
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Another method, he added, is the use of "earthquake drains'" that aim to mitigate liquefaction by releasing pressure before it reaches critical levels.
|
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Cheniere Energy Inc said on Thursday the second liquefaction train at its Corpus Christi LNG export terminal in Texas had started producing LNG.
|
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Ari Suomilammi, Gasum's biomas production director, told Reuters that the total expansion, including investment for a liquefaction facility, would cost about 30 million euros.
|
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Cheniere said it boosted the run-rate production guidance of its liquefaction trains to 4.7–5.0 MTPA of LNG, up from 4.4-4.9 MTPA.
|
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Liquefaction, in which a dam's barrier gets weakened as it turns to water, has been pegged as a likely cause of the Brumadinho collapse.
|
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However, the central government did produce a map in 2012 identifying large swaths of Palu, a city of 000,000 people, where liquefaction could occur.
|
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The danger of tsunamis near the coast in the north of the city and of soil liquefaction in the south are the major worries.
|
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Liquefaction capacity additions are expected to fall sharply by the end of 2019 as newly commissioned plants reach their maximum capacity, according to Bernstein.
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Liquefaction causes the Harbor Wall, built in the 1930s to hold up downtown's Waterfront Park from the edge of the Willamette River, to collapse.
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Portland's famous downtown bridges also falls victim to local geology, as liquefaction shifts the ground underneath them by more than a foot in places.
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Fortuna will be Africa's first deepwater floating liquefaction facility with production capacity of 2.2 million tonnes per year and start-up expected in 2020.
|
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Nevertheless, it says that Algeria is among a select group of countries that account for over 60 percent of the planet's "nominal liquefaction capacity".
|
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The Sabine Pass facility is the first in the lower 48 states to complete construction on a gas liquefaction system, known as a train.
|
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The $10 billion first phase of the Cameron project, which includes three liquefaction trains, is under construction and expected to enter service in 2019.
|
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The October internal report identified static liquefaction and internal erosion as the most likely causes of a potential failure at the dam in Brumadinho.
|
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So far, 36 people, mostly children, have been confirmed killed when an earthquake-induced phenomenon called liquefaction transformed loose soil into a land tsunami.
|
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A word you might hear in the wake of this disaster is "liquefaction": when the ground, shaken by an earthquake, behaves like a liquid.
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The trick, he says, is to capture, probably in oil or salt, the heat generated as the air is compressed prior to its liquefaction.
|
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The countries boycotting Qatar could discourage companies like Exxon Mobil — which has important relationships throughout the region — from investing in Qatar's expanded liquefaction operations.
|
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The project includes a natural gas pipeline, a liquefaction plant and an export terminal to be located in Damerjog, near the country's border with Somalia.
|
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Port Arthur includes two liquefaction trains, three LNG storage tanks, the 38.9-mile (62.6-km) Texas Connector pipeline and the 131.3-mile Louisiana Connector pipeline.
|
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Asia gas prices have since collapsed by about 18 percent due in part to the return to service of the first liquefaction train at Gorgon.
|
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"More investment in liquefaction will be necessary, as spare capacity margins will otherwise shrink after 2020 and could lead to a tighter market," IEA said.
|
|
A sell tender for a cargo offered by Abu Dhabi Gas Liquefaction Company closed on Thursday, as did a separate sell tender launched by Angola.
|
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In Balaroa, on the western edge of Palu district, at least 744 homes were destroyed by earthquake liquefaction, according to Indonesia's disaster mitigation agency (BNPB).
|
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Investment in the liquefaction trains, tankers, regasification terminals and other paraphernalia needed to ship natural gas was boosted by a surge in demand from Asia.
|
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Upcoming projects like Shell's Prelude, the world's biggest ever floating liquefaction vessel, and Ichthys - led by Japan's Inpex - have had delays in expected first exports.
|
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After all the export facilities become operational, the United States will become the third largest liquefaction capacity holder in the world after Australia and Qatar.
|
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It is still not known what was behind the collapse, but a state environmental official told Reuters this month that all evidence pointed to liquefaction.
|
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Like yeast in bread dough, this process creates air pockets in the soil, which prevents it from becoming saturated with water—a precondition for liquefaction.
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There are 22 liquefaction trains under construction at five facilities and more than two dozen LNG projects in various stages of development, like Tellurian's Driftwood.
|
|
Representatives of Royal Dutch Shell, the company that exports the LNG, and PERU LNG, the consortium that operates the liquefaction plant, could not immediately comment.
|
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Their unique construction makes them vulnerable to a potentially devastating process called liquefaction, when seemingly solid material can abruptly become a murky liquid, flowing downhill.
|
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A source said one of two Qatari liquefaction trains, taken offline for two-weeks each, resumed output, while the other was not yet in full operation.
|
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Sabine Pass should have more gas to sell than in December since the third liquefaction train at the facility started processing gas during its commissioning phase.
|
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Royal Dutch Shell Plc's BG Group has the contract for part of the capacity of the first and second 0.65-bcfd liquefaction trains at Sabine Pass.
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So, this project down on Pascagoula, Mississippi, an LNG liquefaction facility that Kinder Morgan is the 50% owner of it, and you know, a great company.
|
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"This size of vessel ... could be deployed to carry LNG from the natural gas liquefaction plants in the U.S., Trinidad and Tobago and Peru," Quijano said.
|
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The second phase will add two additional liquefaction trains and up to two LNG storage tanks with approximately 9 Mtpa of capacity, the company also said.
|
|
Oversupply in the market is likely to continue as 140bn cubic metres of liquefaction capacity that is under construction comes onstream, mostly in America and Australia.
|
|
Before-and-after satellite pictures show a largely built-up neighborhood just south of Palu's airport seemingly wiped clean of all signs of life by liquefaction.
|
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In addition to work on the liquefaction trains, Cheniere told customers at Sabine that it planned to do work at the Gillis compressor station from Aug.
|
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KHI said on Friday it would build a liquefaction facility, storage and a loading terminal by June 2020, with operations to run from 2020 to 2021.
|
|
But most also see a supply crunch around the mid-2020s because, at the moment, there are not enough liquefaction facilities being planned, financed and built.
|
|
Fortuna FLNG will be Africa's first deepwater floating liquefaction facility, with production capacity of 2.2 million tonnes per year and an estimated start-up in 2020.
|
|
Conversions like these are highly price competitive against traditional and more costly onshore liquefaction plants, said Chris Holmes, managing director of gas and LNG at IHS.
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It doesn't help that due the the liquefaction, certain areas have more utility damage than others, and feelings of unfairness and neglect abound in certain neighborhoods.
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China is financing a railroad, a port terminal expansion, fuel and water pipelines, a natural gas liquefaction plant, highway upgrades, two airports, and several government buildings.
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Millennium Tower sits on land prone to liquefaction, the process by which loose sand and silt behave like a liquid in the event of an earthquake.
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This would allow some companies to develop natural gas fields and others to build liquefaction units and charge a fee for turning the gas into LNG.
|
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Under new rules to take effect this month or next, Abreu said miners will have to pay for an extra annual audit to check for liquefaction.
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Police said there were no reports of major damage or serious injuries, but people were evacuated from several buildings and there were reports of some liquefaction.
|
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Current partners include units of Total, Vitol, Petronet LNG Ltd, General Electric Co and Bechtel, which has a $15.2 billion contract to build the liquefaction facility.
|
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At issue are reimbursements demanded by Linde for the cost of storing Iran LNG's liquefaction train, or production line, during the sanction years, industry sources said.
|
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Ignoring naysayers, he poured $20 billion into a sprawling liquefaction plant at Ras Laffan, on Qatar's north coast, with help from the energy giant Exxon Mobil.
|
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Arnaud Le Foll, Total's head officer in Russia, said Saipem was building so-called gravity-based structure platforms (GBS) for gas liquefaction for the Arctic plant.
|
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The Freeport project shipped its first LNG cargo for Train 1 from its liquefaction facility located on Quintana Island in Freeport, Texas, in September, last year.
|
|
No one knows how many people were dragged to their deaths when the quake triggered soil liquefaction, a phenomenon that turns the ground into a roiling quagmire.
|
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The Boris Vilkitsky tanker has left the Bay of Ob after a week of idling fully-laden in the area of the liquefaction plant, shipping data showed.
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But in neighborhoods hard hit by liquefaction like this one, it takes a long time to replace the pipes and wires of every street, one by one.
|
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Hidayat was not on Sulawesi last Friday when the 2000 magnitude earthquake struck, triggering a phenomenon called soil liquefaction, which turns the ground into a roiling quagmire.
|
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Current partners include Total SA, General Electric Co and Bechtel, which has a $15.2 billion contract to build the liquefaction facility at the center of the project.
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"It is impossible to rebuild in areas with high liquefaction risk such as Petobo and Balaroa," he said, adding that people still living there will be relocated.
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Utilities are fractured all across the liquefaction areas, but the water system, being the oldest and largely still constructed of rigid cast iron, is the hardest hit.
|
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But this area around the river is prime liquefaction area, and the walls and tanks sink and topple over, even before the flood of fuel hits them.
|
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But the biggest killer was probably soil liquefaction, which happens when a powerful quake turns the ground into a liquid mire and which obliterated several Palu neighborhoods.
|
|
Meanwhile, a ramp up in feed gas flows into Cheniere Energy's Sabine Pass liquefaction plant in Louisiana indicates that the facility's fourth production line has entered service.
|
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Gail called for a March 1-17 delivery via spot tender to counteract delayed production from Dominion Energy's new Cove Point liquefaction plant in the United States.
|
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The Sabine shale gas project is one of Osaka Gas's three core U.S. businesses, along with the Freeport LNG liquefaction project and independent power producer projects (IPP).
|
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Exxon Mobil sold a cargo loading in late June to early July from Australia's giant Gorgon liquefaction plant to China's CNOOC for $5.60 per mmBtu, traders said.
|
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Tellurian's partners include Total SA, General Electric Co and Bechtel, which has a $15.2 billion contract to build the liquefaction facility at the center of the project.
|
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The approval for 2.1 billion cubic feet per day of natural gas was issued to Cheniere Marketing, LLC and Corpus Christi Liquefaction, LLC, who own the plant.
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NATIONAL An article on Friday about the liquefaction of human remains as an alternative to burials and cremations referred incorrectly to how alkali salts can be derived.
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The investigation is looking into what caused the seepage of water into the dam that experts say caused it to lose strength and stability, known as liquefaction.
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Current partners include Total SA, General Electric Co and Bechtel, which has a $22025 billion contract to build the liquefaction facility at the center of the project.
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Balaroa was one of areas particularly hard hit by liquefaction, which turns the ground into a roiling quagmire, destroying houses and dragging people under the mud and debris.
|
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Dede Diman, 25, a resident of Petobo, another neighborhood in Palu that was laid waste by liquefaction, said rescuers hadn't even started searching where his sister was lost.
|
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Novatek, with Chinese partners and its shareholder Total, is building another gas liquefaction plant, Yamal LNG, that is expected to start production in the fourth quarter of 2017.
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No one knows how many people are missing, especially in the areas hit by liquefaction, but it could be as high as 22,000, the national disaster agency said.
|
|
But they pointed out that prices for Europe were often too high and certain commercial structures in long-term contracts that underpin U.S. liquefaction projects needed to change.
|
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But most, including Shell, also see a supply crunch around the mid-2020s because, at the moment, there are not enough liquefaction facilities being planned, financed and built.
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Pouyanne said Total is investing in the entire natural gas chain from production to liquefaction for overseas shipping, to sale as a fuel for power, petrochemicals and transport.
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Cheniere said construction of the 82.5 billion cubic feet per day first liquefaction train at Sabine Pass, Train 1, was completed well ahead of schedule and within budget.
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It then sells LNG to long-term buyers who pay 115% of the Henry Hub price plus around a $3 liquefaction fee per million British thermal units (mmBTU).
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Cheniere said it boosted the run-rate production guidance of its liquefaction trains to 4.7–5.0 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) of LNG, up from 4.4-4.9 MTPA.
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That surge has injected new life into an LNG industry that suffered from plunging prices between 2014 and 2017, which forced energy companies to put off liquefaction projects.
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Instead, the neighborhood was laid waste when the earthquake caused a phenomenon known as liquefaction, undermining and destroying at least 1,747 homes in this part of town alone.
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QP has abandoned plans to debottleneck its existing liquefaction trains because it involved shutdowns and prompted safety concerns, and opted to build three new LNG trains, he said.
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"We don't have the liquefaction facilities constructed yet to automatically turn on the spigot," said Chad P. Bown, a senior fellow at the Peterson Institute for International Economics.
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Loading of cargoes from Australia's North West Shelf (NWS) liquefaction plant were briefly halted due to bad weather last week, shrugged off by traders as a fleeting hindrance.
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"This means as an industry we need to bring more than 100 million tons of new liquefaction capacity to the market to meet demand by 2025," Gentle said.
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That includes a liquefaction facility and 215-mile natural gas pipeline that goes through Louisiana's Gulf Coast region, which will be exporting natural gas primarily to Japan come 2000.
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But, the walls were already compromised by the time the deluge reached them: leaned over into the loose, alluvial soil, a castle wall sunk into a swamp of liquefaction.
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Once they finally get to the fire, firefighting crews are hampered by a lack of water pressure in the fire hydrants, due to leaking mains damaged by the liquefaction.
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With LNG trading set to balloon as global liquefaction capacity mounts and attracts new players, reconfiguring and diversifying the market, traders stand to grow their share of the business.
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Its soil amplifies shaking like Jell-O on a plate, and is prone to liquefaction, which is the ability to transform dirt into a dense liquid when sufficiently churned.
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Total CEO Patrick Pouyanne said the French oil major is considering developing downstream petrochemicals in Egypt after having acquired a stake in Idku, one of its two liquefaction plants.
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The eastern Japanese city of Urayasu, where the majority of land was formed by reclamation, saw 86 percent of its land affected by liquefaction following the massive 2011 earthquake.
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Israel's Leviathan field, which comes on stream this month, will mean that that country now is self-sufficient and can export the surplus, initially via Egyptian gas liquefaction plants.
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Royal Dutch Shell Plc's BG Group has the contract for the part of the capacity for parts of the first and second 0.65-bcfd liquefaction trains at Sabine Pass.
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U.S.-based Hunt Oil Co controls a 25.2 percent stake in the Camisea consortium and a 50 percent stake in Peru LNG , which operates a natural gas liquefaction plant.
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Geotechnical engineering Though such a chain of events is rare and therefore difficult to mitigate, scientists say that engineering techniques do exist to lessen the impact of soil liquefaction.
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Declining feed-gas supply at Cheniere Energy's Sabine Pass liquefaction plant in Louisiana may squeeze exports and lift Asian prices if production suffers for an extended period of time.
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In the Atlantic Basin, the Marvel Crane LNG tanker picked up a commissioning cargo from Sempra Energy's Cameron LNG, the latest liquefaction facility in the U.S. to begin operations.
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In the United States, a month-long maintenance on the third liquefaction train at Sabine Pass ran its course, with gas inputs into the facility recovering to pre-outage levels.
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The U.S. started to export LNG from the lower 22016 states when the first liquefaction train at the Sabine Pass terminal in Louisiana, built by Cheniere, opened in February 56.
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Using high temperatures and pressure, Statkraft's "hydro thermal liquefaction" process turns wood and organic waste into diesel, producing what it says is a second-generation biofuel that is carbon neutral.
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Liquefaction is a fairly common characteristic of high-magnitude earthquakes, but the Indonesian government says there is still insufficient understanding of the phenomenon and how to reduce exposure to it.
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Hidayat is from the city's Balaroa district, which was devastated by liquefaction, which happens when an earthquake violently shakes soft, damp soil, turning solid ground into a viscous, roiling liquid.
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LONDON, June 19 (Reuters) - U.S. energy company Anadarko has approved the construction of a $20 billion gas liquefaction and export terminal in Mozambique, reflecting a global boom in LNG trade.
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It then sells LNG to long-term buyers who pay about 115% of the Henry Hub price plus a liquefaction fee of around $3 per million British thermal units (mmBtu).
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Under new development plans submitted to the government this week, Exxon's first two liquefaction trains should each produce 7.6 million tonnes per annum (mtpa), with a start date in 2024.
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With LNG spot volumes expected to grow as new liquefaction projects come online, standardized contracts could lower entry barriers and attract more companies to the market, according to industry participants.
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Cheniere signed two major sales deals this year before the tariffs were announced, including one with China, fully commercializing the third liquefaction unit at its Corpus Christi project in Texas.
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With LNG spot volumes expected to grow as new liquefaction projects come online, standardised contracts could lower entry barriers and attract more companies to the market, according to industry participants.
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Work on the 10.8 million-tonnes-per-annum (mtpa) plant hit a wall in 2012 when sanctions stopped Iran from bringing in specialist liquefaction technology from German contractor Linde LING.
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Conditions that could lead to liquefaction can be found in many places in Indonesia and throughout Asia, said Mark Quigley, Associate Professor of Earthquake Science at the University of Melbourne.
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Millennium Tower is located in an area that is highly vulnerable to liquefaction, a process in which loose sand and silt behaves like a liquid when shaken by an earthquake.
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And some of the city's largest residential areas were built atop land particularly at risk for liquefaction, when the shuddering of an earthquake transforms solid earth into a gelatinous gush.
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The first phase of Costa Azul is designed to have one liquefaction train that can produce about 2.4 MTPA or 0.32 billion cubic feet per day (bcfd) of natural gas.
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The first phase of Costa Azul is designed to have one liquefaction train that can produce about 2.4 MTPA or 103 billion cubic feet per day (bcfd) of natural gas.
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Egypt has a second gas liquefaction plant at Damietta that has been idle since February 220 after gas production slipped and the government diverted gas exports to the domestic market.
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According to a JCP-LGS hazard disclosure report, it is on a non-liquefaction lot that offers more stability in an earthquake than other zones in this seismically vulnerable neighborhood.
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Tellurian has said its partners include units of Total SA , Vitol, Petronet LNG Ltd, General Electric Co and Bechtel, which has a contract to build the $15.4 billion liquefaction facility.
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Cheniere Energy Inc returned two liquefaction trains at its Sabine Pass LNG export terminal in Louisiana in the United States to service, after planned maintenance, according to energy data provider Genscape.
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The export order from will allow Freeport LNG to export up to 0.72 billion cubic feet per day of liquified natural gas from a fourth liquefaction train at the LNG Terminal.
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Cheniere said last week it planned to make a final investment decision to build a sixth liquefaction train at its Sabine Pass LNG export terminal in Louisiana in the coming months.
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This becomes even more the case when the approximately $1.50 per mmBtu cost of liquefaction, already included in the spot Asian price, is added to the NBP and Henry Hub prices.
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Nine liquefaction trains are expected to start up in 23.07, adding 26.39 million tonnes of LNG to the market, ANZ Banking Group said in a research note published on Sept. 220.50.
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That goes against four decades of selling LNG and building liquefaction plants worth billions of dollars on the basis of long-term, fixed-volume contracts linked to the price of oil.
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Cheniere sells its LNG at 115% of U.S. gas futures plus a liquefaction fee of between $3.00 and $203 per million British thermal units (mmBtu), with a few buyers paying less.
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When the city studied existing riverfront oil and gas terminals, researchers discovered they all sit on land susceptible to liquefaction - when saturated soil begins acting like a liquid - during an earthquake.
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Issues with drainage could be crucial in investigations into what caused the dam to rupture, with a state environmental official telling Reuters that evidence suggested the burst was caused by liquefaction.
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It would include five liquefaction trains, two LNG storage tanks and the 229-mile (369-kilometer) Pacific Connector pipeline that would be capable of transporting up to 1.2 bcfd of gas.
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U.S. liquefaction capacity is growing rapidly and is expected to reach 8.9 billion cubic feet per day by the end of the year, with facilities in Louisiana, Texas, Maryland and Georgia.
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It can hold up to six liquefaction trains, which would each be able to chill 4.5 million tons of gas annually to about negative 260 degrees Fahrenheit, compressing it into liquid.
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Issues with drainage could be crucial in investigations into the causes of the dam rupture, with a state environmental official telling Reuters that evidence suggested the burst was caused by liquefaction.
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It is still not known exactly why Fundao failed, but Abreu says it was probably the result of a loss of stability in the tailings foundation, a process known as liquefaction.
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Martin said Sempra expects to complete the first liquefaction train at Cameron in the second quarter, Train 2 in the fourth quarter and Train 3 in the first quarter of 2020.
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Cheniere also said it made a final investment decision related to the sixth train of the Sabine Pass Liquefaction Project, and has instructed engineering firm Bechtel to proceed with the construction.
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Liquefaction is a phenomenon where saturated sand and silt take on the characteristics of a liquid during the intense shaking of an earthquake, according to the United States Geological Survey website.
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In Balaroa and Petobo, two sub-districts in the south of Palu hit by extensive liquefaction, hundreds of people were killed and countless homes destroyed, many sucked into the churning quagmire.
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While fields further south export gas through pipelines to Britain and the European continent, Barents Sea exports are dependent on a single LNG liquefaction unit at the Arctic town of Hammerfest.
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Cheniere sells its LNG at 22% of U.S. gas futures plus a liquefaction fee of between $3.00 and $3.50 per million British thermal units (mmBtu), with a few buyers paying less.
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The event was so destructive, in part, because it led to a phenomenon known as "liquefaction," in which soil begins to act like liquid — effectively swallowing up and sweeping away entire buildings.
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Even before the Willamette River fire, it was expected that 80 percent of the petroleum terminals in the Critical Energy Infrastructure Hub would be completely destroyed from the shaking and liquefaction alone.
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It also halved the gas feed to Erdos Hong Ji Yi Tai Energy Co Ltd, a gas liquefaction plant based in Inner Mongolia, starting this week, an official from the plant said.
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Stopping the liquefaction process which condenses gas into liquid at minus 162 degrees Celsius causes LNG plants to warm up, requiring cargoes to be imported to keep cryogenic tanks and equipment operational.
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Meanwhile, rivals have moved forward, with Exxon Mobil launching its Papua New Guinea (PNG LNG) liquefaction plant on time and on budget in 2014, when Gorgon was first due to start operations.
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Qatar's liquefaction Train 7 - previously idled for maintenance - resumed production on Friday, raising the possibility of more frequent deliveries to Britain from the second-half of March and April, one trader said.
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This is the second vessel to visit Corpus since Cheniere started producing LNG in November at the plant's first liquefaction train, a building-sized unit used to cool natural gas into LNG.
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The report added that increased liquefaction capacity is coming into a market already well supplied, and the glut is driving down prices to interest new countries such as Pakistan, Thailand and Jordan.
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But a third option, a liquefaction process called by a variety of names — flameless cremation, green cremation or the "Fire to Water" method — is starting to gain popularity throughout the United States.
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Liquefaction, which Indonesian officials said Monday had destroyed several thousand homes in and around the city of Palu during the earthquake on Friday, is one of the most devastating effects of earthquakes.
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It will take over the contract for the purchase of natural gas for the Damietta plant and secure corresponding liquefaction rights, increasing its LNG portfolio by 3.78 billion cubic metres per year.
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Costas Synolakis, director of the University of Southern California Tsunami Research Center, said that other ways to treat liquefaction are to avoid building multi-story structures and regulate to require deep foundations.
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In emails included in the arrest warrant, one TÜV Süd engineer said that inspections indicated that the dam was at risk of liquefaction — when the solid tailings abruptly become a murky liquid.
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Royal Dutch Shell is the largest Cheniere offtaker with a commitment of 5.5 million tonnes per year (mtpa), paying $723 million annually in liquefaction fees, according to Cheniere's filings with U.S. regulators.
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Three of these are ground-breaking ventures based on using coal-seam gas as feedstock, one is the biggest floating LNG project and the rest are conventional offshore gas to onshore liquefaction plants.
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Then I make my way north, walking a distance up from the industrial area by the river, which is full of old reinforced masonry buildings, and on ground at high risk of liquefaction.
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That is expected to rise to 0.5 bcfd in 2016 and 1.33 bcfd in 2017 with the startup of the liquefaction units at Sabine Pass and other LNG facilities, according to federal forecasts.
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A state regulatory official told Reuters last week that evidence suggested the dam burst because of liquefaction, a process where solid materials like sand lose strength and stiffness and behave like a liquid.
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The second one that is under construction, PFLNG 2, will enable liquefaction, production and offloading of natural gas in the Rotan field, 240 kilometers off the east Malaysian state of Sabah upon completion.
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Called hydrothermal liquefaction, what these researchers are doing is a smaller scale, sped up version of the same process that converts organic matter into petroleum deep in the Earth over millions of years.
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Since then, both companies have jointly moved to exploit international LNG growth opportunities, including plans to build the Golden Pass liquefaction plant in the United States and bidding for exploration acreage in Cyprus.
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Through the purchase, Osaka Gas aims to enhance shale gas development operation, one of its three core U.S. businesses which also include the Freeport liquefied natural gas liquefaction and independent power producer projects.
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Stopping the liquefaction process which condenses gas into a liquid at minus 162 degrees Celsius causes LNG plants to warm up, requiring cargoes to be imported to keep cryogenic tanks and equipment operational.
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Exxon is the operator and largest shareholder of the project that includes a 700-km (435-mile) gas pipeline that connects gas reserves in PNG's jungle Southern Highlands to a coastal liquefaction plant.
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Peru's liquefaction plant suspended loadings for several weeks without explanation, exerting strain on Shell, which is the sole exporter of Peruvian LNG and was forced to pick up replacement supply on spot markets.
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The technology is attractive enough that Cheniere has proposed a cluster of seven 1.36-Mtpa trains for a project being constructed in Corpus Christi, Texas, in addition to other, much larger liquefaction units.
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Unlike most proposed U.S. LNG export projects that will liquefy gas for a fee, Tellurian is offering customers the opportunity invest in a full range of services from production to pipelines and liquefaction.
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The geological phenomenon that swallowed 744 houses in Petobo and most of two other neighborhoods last month is called liquefaction, when the shuddering of an earthquake transforms solid earth into a gelatinous gush.
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Mr. Watkinson and Mr. Hall wrote in their paper that Palu was particularly at risk for strong earthquakes, the liquefaction of its soft and saturated soil, and tsunamis barreling down its narrow bay.
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A surge in LNG production from new liquefaction plants around the world coupled with lacklustre demand in Asia has prompted an influx of imports into Europe, helping to depress natural gas prices there.
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One plan now is to reverse the flow on the pipeline to send gas from Israel's 7 trillion cubic feet Tamar field and the roughly 20 tcf Leviathan field to Egyptian liquefaction plants.
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The proposed first phase of the Port Arthur project will include two liquefaction trains, up to three LNG storage tanks and associated facilities, which should enable the export of about 11 MTPA of LNG.
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Port Arthur LNG could be one of the largest LNG export projects in North America, with potential expansion capabilities of up to eight liquefaction trains or approximately 45 MTPA of capacity, the companies said.
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Novatek is expected to take a final decision to build Arctic LNG 2, another liquefaction and export facility next to Yamal, very soon after selling stakes to Total, two Chinese and two Japanese companies.
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"Port Arthur LNG could be one of the largest LNG export projects in North America, with potential expansion capabilities of up to eight liquefaction trains or approximately 45 MTPA of capacity," the companies said.
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"The Qataris, for example, are going to increase LNG liquefaction capacity by 30 percent by 373, which we have not included in our 2017 gas market outlook report," Sadamori said in Singapore on Monday.
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A final investment decision to go ahead with the project is expected to be taken in the second half of 2019, with plans to start up the first liquefaction train in 2023, Total said.
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It's that existing plant that holds the key, as the best option for ExxonMobil to expand its 6.9-million tonne a year capacity is to acquire sufficient reserves to justify building another liquefaction train.
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Experts say the destruction is due to soil liquefaction, a process occurring when soil becomes saturated with water causing it to erupt into tumultuous torrents, as it did on Friday, shifting and tumbling buildings.
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In the past, the company has said its partners included Total SA, General Electric Co and Bechtel, which has a $15.2 billion contract to build the liquefaction facility at the center of the project.
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At today's prices, Cheniere LNG costs around $5.61 per mmBtu with the liquefaction fee, compared to $3.19 per mmBtu paid for natural and regasified gas at the Dutch hub, a benchmark for European prices.
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While authorities have yet to conclude the cause of the rupture, a Minas Gerais state official and other experts suspect liquefaction, in which solid materials such as sand lose strength and become more like liquid.
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Delfin aims to start sending gas in 2021 using its first vessel located 50 miles off the coast of Cameron Parish, Louisiana, with eventual supplies reaching 13 million tonnes a year from four liquefaction vessels.
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Miners and oil and gas companies were also assessing the damage, which included ensuring a 700-km (435-mile) gas pipeline that connects to a coastal liquefaction plant was intact before it could be reopened.
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It now aims to build the world's biggest liquefaction units, or trains, outside Qatar, in Mozambique's remote north, shelving former operator Eni's more modest blueprint in pursuit of cost savings to boost returns on investment.
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Gulf LNG includes the Gulf LNG pipeline and two liquefaction trains each with the capacity to produce 5.75 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) of LNG, equal to about 0.77 billion cubic feet per day (bcfd).
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On Tuesday, the department announced plans to increase exports of the fuel source from a new liquefaction plant that will be built off the coast of Texas on Quintana Island by Freeport LNG of Houston.
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The process is thought to have played a key role in previous disasters, such as the Japan earthquake in 2011, where the extent of the liquefaction over hundreds of miles was daunting to experienced engineers.
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That rapid export growth was due to the ramp up of four 0.7-bcfd liquefaction trains at Cheniere Energy Inc's Sabine Pass LNG export facility in Louisiana since the first train entered service in February 2016.
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LONDON (Reuters) - U.S. energy firm Anadarko Petroleum Corp on Tuesday gave the go-ahead for the construction of a $20 billion gas liquefaction and export terminal in Mozambique, the largest single LNG project approved in Africa.
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In Louisiana, Sempra has partnered with units of Mitsubishi Corp, Mitsui & Co Ltd and Total SA to build three liquefaction trains at the Cameron LNG export facility, which are each expected to enter service in 2019.
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Emergency vehicles finally discover the only way into the conflagration is to cut to the north and then along Columbia Blvd to the west, but this is where liquefaction damage to the roads is the worst.
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The company is working to build a 17,000-acre liquefaction complex in the country's remote north to chill gas pumped from the Golfinho/Atum fields in its Area 1 deepwater block, 16.5 km (10 miles) offshore.
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Due to the uneven progress of developing liquefaction-export facilities on the one hand and regasification-import terminals on the other, many analysts see the global market becoming oversupplied if not this year then next year.
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Gulf LNG is designed to have two liquefaction trains that together will produce up to 10.8 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) of LNG, which is roughly 1.4 billion cubic feet per day (bcfd) of natural gas.
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Qatar rocked the LNG industry last year when it said it plans to raise its liquefaction capacity by 30 percent from 77 million tonnes a year, either by building new production units or expanding existing ones.
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Driftwood is one of dozens liquefaction/export projects under development in the United States seeking customers so they can start construction and enter service over the next decade to meet growing global demand for the fuel.
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WASHINGTON (Reuters) - The U.S. Department of Energy said on Friday it has approved exports of liquefied natural gas exports to non-free trade agreement countries from the Corpus Christi Liquefaction Project in Texas for two years.
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One of the worst hit areas of Palu, a neighborhood called Balaroa, saw almost no damage from the wall of water brought on by the tsunami, but suffered severe damage from the earthquake and subsequent liquefaction.
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Cheniere typically buys U.S. gas to use as feedstock for its two LNG plants in Texas and Louisiana and sells LNG to long-term buyers on a Henry Hub gas price basis plus a liquefaction fee.
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In a statement Engie said it had launched a strategic review of its upstream and midstream LNG units - which include the liquefaction, transport and trading of LNG - though downstream activities such as regasification was not included.
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Energy analysts say the cheapest way for Egypt's neighbors to send their gas supplies abroad would be through Egypt's two unused liquefaction plants, but this is complicated by legal and logistical problems or by financial constraints.
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The Delfin LNG project will be the first of its kind for the United States, which has only onshore liquefaction facilities, and will produce up to 13 million metric tonnes per annum (mtpa) of LNG for export.
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Tellurian said it planned to make a final investment decision on its $30 billion Driftwood project, which includes pipelines and production fields in addition to the liquefaction plant, in 2019 with first LNG production expected in 2023.
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The other projects Moreno mentioned included a natural gas liquefaction plant, a seaport, a fuel distribution center, a pipeline and a partly-built refinery that has run out of financing after receiving some $1.5 billion in investment.
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Cheniere is the biggest buyer of gas in the United States, consuming over 3.1 bcfd, and is expected to increase purchases as more liquefaction trains at Sabine Pass and its Corpus Christi LNG export terminal enter service.
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About 0003,700 houses in one neighborhood were swallowed up by ground liquefaction, which happens when soil shaken by an earthquake behaves like a liquid, and hundreds of people are believed to have perished, the disaster agency said.
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Traders say the liquefaction fee is a sunk cost for offtakers because it still needs to be paid even if they cancel purchases, a risk known years ago when sales and purchasing agreements were signed with Cheniere.
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They bar trade in items that could be used militarily or for repression, luxury goods, precious stones and metals and equipment or technology for some oil and gas sectors including exploration and production, refining and gas liquefaction.
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Building codes in Portland only began to take liquefaction risk into account in 2004 (see Oregon Department of Geology and Mineral Industries, Earthquake Risk Study for Oregon's Critical Energy Infrastructure Hub, 96), so many structures are vulnerable.
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About 1,6003 houses in one neighborhood were swallowed up by ground liquefaction, which happens when soil shaken by an earthquake behaves like a liquid, and hundreds of people are believed to have perished, the disaster agency said.
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Keane said the project is nearly there - the company is just working with engineering contractor KBR Inc on reducing costs and awaiting a November decision on import tariffs on fabricated steel components, used for LNG liquefaction units.
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At least one other hopeful, New Fortress Energy, which owns LNG liquefaction and regasification facilities, is planning to announce similar tweaks as early as Thursday so it can launch its IPO, people familiar with the matter said.
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The last of these new plants are scheduled for completion next year, and they will result in global LNG liquefaction capacity of around 450 million tonnes by 2020, representing a doubling in the space of a decade.
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But they should be considering how best to partner with local companies in these countries to build out a network that could create sufficient LNG demand to once again justify the building of vastly expensive liquefaction projects.
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Miners and oil and gas companies were also assessing damage to their infrastructure, including a 700-km (435-mile) gas pipeline that connects to a coastal liquefaction plant, which ExxonMobil Corp on Thursday said was not damaged.
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Officials say they intend to flatten the area that was hardest hit by liquefaction — the phenomenon in which earthquakes cause the ground to flow and churn — and then pour soil and designate the place a mass grave.
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The project includes the liquefaction facilities, two storage tanks with a capacity of about 200,000 cubic meters, a 720-megawatt power plant, a marine terminal and the TransCameron pipeline connecting the plant with the interstate gas system.
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About 1,700 houses in one neighbourhood were swallowed up by ground liquefaction, which happens when soil shaken by an earthquake behaves like a liquid, and hundreds of people are believed to have perished, the disaster agency said.
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Cheniere also said it expects to make a positive final investment decision as early as 2020 to add about 9.5 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) of additional liquefaction capacity at its Corpus Christi LNG export terminal in Texas.
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The Alaska LNG development includes an 800-mile (1,287 km) pipeline from the North Slope to south central Alaska, where gas will be distributed for in-state use and to a liquefaction plant to produce LNG for export.
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"If the movement of the northern embankment of the mine pit continues at the same pace, the rupture may happen between May 19 and May 25, which could cause liquefaction of the south dam," the prosecutor's document said.
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It also means that pricing in the domestic market will become more tied to international LNG prices on a netback basis, which is the cost of the LNG to customers in Asia minus freight, liquefaction and other costs.
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The U.S. oil major aims to build from scratch a 17,000-acre liquefaction complex in Mozambique's remote north to chill gas pumped from the Golfinho/Atum fields in its Area 1 deepwater block, 16.5 km (10 miles) offshore.
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The cause of the rupture was "without a doubt" a process called liquefaction, Oliveira said, in which water seeps into the dam - itself often made of dried mining waste - and causes the solid material to lose its strength.
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Yet in liberal regimes, online media, with their millions of forums for debate on a vast range of topics, could lead to a "fragmentation of the public" and a "liquefaction of politics", which would be harmful to democracy.
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This formula, used by long-term buyers from Cheniere's two LNG terminals in Louisiana and Texas, protects Cheniere from fluctuating U.S. natural gas prices and covers its costs of transforming the gas into LNG through the liquefaction fee.
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At one of the country's main ports in Wellington, 'no-entry' signs dot parts of the site hit by liquefaction, cracking or buckling, hampering shipments of items like meat and farm produce to destinations including China and Australia.
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Numerous terminal projects on the horizon, by contrast, are new modular-style designs built to snap together like Legos, allowing for small to mid-scale liquefaction or regasification plants that can be expanded if and when demand grows.
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Hildebrando Neto, Minas Gerais' deputy minister for environmental regulations, told Reuters that all evidence suggests the burst was caused by liquefaction, whereby a solid material such as sand loses strength and stiffness and behaves more like a liquid.
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The U.S. oil major aims to build from scratch a 17,000-acre liquefaction complex in Mozambique's remote north to chill gas pumped from the Golfinho/Atum fields in its Area 1 deepwater block, 16.5-kilometres (10 miles) offshore.
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HOUSTON, Sept 4 (Reuters) - Kinder Morgan Inc has halted the startup process of its liquefaction facility at Elba Island near Savannah, Georgia, following mandatory evacuation orders as Hurricane Dorian approached, Chief Executive Officer Steven Kean said on Wednesday.
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Governmental approval means Anadarko can begin work on the Area 1 development project, which includes installation of underwater wells, equipment to carry gas to liquefaction facilities and a storage facility with a capacity of 5.99 million tonnes a year.
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A total of 60 million tonnes a year (mtpa) in liquefaction capacity, including Anadarko's 12.88 mtpa, has now been given the go-ahead since October 2018, when Royal Dutch Shell signed off on its 14 mtpa LNG Canada project.
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DOGMAI and the City of Portland have published detailed liquefaction risk maps, and while nearly all of the waterfront areas are at high risk, so too are much of North Portland, and vast swathes of the Northeast and Southeast.
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New Fortress Energy, an owner of LNG liquefaction and regasification facilities which is scheduled to price its IPO this week, will not go ahead with its plans if the shutdown continues, according to a person familiar with the matter.
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That rapid growth in LNG exports was due to the ramp up of four 0.6-billion cubic feet per day (bcfd) liquefaction trains at Cheniere Energy Inc's Sabine Pass LNG export facility in Louisiana over the past two years.
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Gyetvay appeared to be referring to typical contracts of the dominant U.S. LNG producer Cheniere Energy and its customers, whose main elements are a U.S natural gas futures price plus 15 percent, and a $3 liquefaction fee per mmBtu.
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Miners and oil and gas companies were also assessing damage to their infrastructure, including a 700-km (435-mile) gas pipeline that connects to a coastal liquefaction plant, but were hampered by bad weather according to Oil Search Ltd.
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Total said the portfolio includes liquefaction plants, notably Engie's interest in the Cameron LNG project in the United States, long-term LNG sales and purchase agreements, an LNG tanker fleet as well as access to regasification capacities in Europe.
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Iran shares the world's biggest gas field with Qatar, which has used the reserves to build over a dozen giant liquefaction plants to chill gas into a liquid for export on ships — a move Iran is keen to replicate.
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New Fortress Energy, an owner of LNG liquefaction and regasification facilities that is scheduled to price its IPO this week, will not go ahead with its plans if the shutdown continues, according to a person familiar with the matter.
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"Liquefaction occurs when loose sandy soils with shallow groundwater are subjected to sudden loading such as shaking from an earthquake," explained Jonathan Stewart, a professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of California, Los Angeles.
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"Liquefaction occurs when loose sandy soils with shallow groundwater are subjected to sudden loading such as shaking from an earthquake," said Jonathan Stewart, a professor in the Civil and Environmental Engineering Department at the University of California, Los Angeles.
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If all of the liquefaction trains under construction at those terminals enter service as planned by 2020, the United States will be able to export about 9 bcfd, about 11 percent of forecast total U.S. gas production at that time.
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Gas production will remain largely flat in the coming years and would be boosted in Canada's Montney basin once Shell decides to go ahead with a major natural gas liquefaction plant in British Columbia known as LNG Canada, Guidry said.
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Unlike most other proposed U.S. LNG export projects that will liquefy gas for a fee, Tellurian is offering customers the opportunity to meet their gas needs by investing in a full range of services from production to pipelines and liquefaction.
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And so I have added, solemnly, one hundred more deaths, and one thousand more injuries to their projected total, as a conservative estimate of the compounding effects of a major landslide in a populated area, as well as rampant liquefaction.
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The deal also brings Anadarko one step closer to constructing its East African LNG project just as it corrals $14 billion to $15 billion from banks and export credit agencies for the 17,000-acre liquefaction complex in Mozambique's remote north.
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Egypt is now hoping to tap long underutilized liquefaction plants, where gas is turned into LNG, to export supplies across the Mediterranean along with that of its neighbors, like Israel, which said it would pipe gas to Egypt later this year.
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AGDC is building a gas treatment plant, an 800-mile (1,287 km) pipeline to south central Alaska for in-state use, and a liquefaction plant in Nikiski to produce up to 20 million tons of LNG per year for export.
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The first phase of Costa Azul is designed to be a single-train liquefaction facility capable of producing about 2.4 million tonnes per year (MTPA) of LNG, equal to about 0.32 billion cubic feet per day (bcfd) of natural gas.
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The company said it now needs an order from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission (FERC) allowing the construction and operation of the 27.6 million tonn per annum (mtpa) liquefaction plant aimed at meeting growing global demand for the supercooled fuel.
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These facilities, with far smaller liquefaction units - known as trains - are "more consistent with market conditions," said John Baguley, chief operating officer of Australia-based LNG Ltd, which has proposed mid-scale LNG plants in the United States and Canada.
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SHORT-TERM PAIN, LONG-TERM GAIN The LNG market was always going to change as a result of the massive increase in liquefaction capacity in recent years, with eight new projects in Australia and at least six in the United States.
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Nearly a week after the quake and tsunami, Kartono, who goes by a single name, squatted in a sea of rubble near his destroyed home in Petobo, where 744 houses were inundated by liquefaction, according to Indonesia's national disaster agency.
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At least 113,211 homes in the region were destroyed, with some buried in mud, when the earthquake caused the ground to flow like a liquid, a process called liquefaction, Sutopo Purwo Nugroho, the spokesman of the disaster response agency, said.
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Last month, the Houston-based company got approval for the construction of a third liquefaction unit at its Corpus Christi export terminal in Texas, the first new liquefied natural gas project to go ahead in the United States since 2015.
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However, analysts have noted the rapid expansion of U.S. LNG exports thanks to the launch of two liquefaction plants in the past two years, Sabine Pass in Louisiana and Cove Point in Maryland, to take advantage of domestic shale gas production.
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The project, which Sempra said could cost $8 billion to $9 billion, includes two liquefaction trains capable of producing about 11 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) of LNG, up to three storage tanks and facilities to load LNG onto ships.
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The spokesman estimated that 5,000 people could still be missing in Baleroa and Petobo, which had been badly hit by soil liquefaction -- a process where the soil becomes saturated with water, causing it to erupt into torrents that topple buildings.
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Italy's Eni and Spain's Naturgy have reached an agreement with Egypt to resolve a series of disputes over the Damietta gas liquefaction plant in northern Egypt, paving the way for the facility to restart by June, the companies said on Thursday.
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The first three liquefaction trains at Freeport LNG's Freeport liquefied natural gas export terminal in Texas are also expected to enter service in September 2019, January 2020 and May 2020, according to a report on Thursday from federal energy regulators.
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BELO HORIZONTE, Brazil, Aug 29 (Reuters) - An investigation launched by Brazilian miner Samarco, and its owners Vale SA and BHP Billiton, into the cause of a dam spill last November found the dam collapsed due to liquefaction, a presentation said on Monday.
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The Port Arthur project, which Sempra has said could cost $284.4 billion-$22017 billion, includes two liquefaction trains capable of producing about 693 million tonnes per annum (MTPA) of LNG, up to three storage tanks and facilities to load LNG onto ships.
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The LNG vessel Pacific Breeze departed the onshore liquefaction plant at the Ichthys LNG Terminal in Darwin late on Monday, and is scheduled to arrive at Inpex's Naoetsu LNG receiving terminal in Japan around the middle of next week, a company spokesman said.
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He had warned people for years that the area around Sulawesi island's Palu Bay had been struck before and was due for another potential combination of factors to create a perfect storm capable of unleashing earthquakes, landslides, tsunami waves and soil liquefaction.
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To prevent another around of winter shortages, state-run PetroChina started from early May limiting gas supplies and hiking prices for major customers, including city gas distributors and inland gas liquefaction plants in some western provinces, four sources briefed on the matter said.
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"Liquefied natural gas -- due to the high costs of liquefaction, shipping and regasification -- is hard pressed to compete against Russian pipeline gas on a cost basis," said David Koranyi, a director at the Atlantic Council who was in Poland for Trump's visit.
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"To increase dam safety regarding failure from liquefaction, it is recommended to adopt measures to reduce the possibility of a trigger," TÜV SÜD said in its evaluation of the dam, recommending avoiding work that could cause an "overload" of the dam's reservoir.
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The bulk of Egypt's gas exports is liquefied natural gas (LNG) sent from its Idku liquefaction terminal, run by Egyptian LNG, a joint venture between the state-owned Egyptian General Petroleum Corporation and EGAS, as well as Royal Dutch Shell, Petronas and Engie.
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Because of the technique's non-invasive nature, the researchers ultimately are hoping their microbial technique could be applied to liquefaction-prone landscapes around the world—particularly those where infrastructure is already in place and cannot be easily fortified without digging it up.
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On the African east coast, the liquefaction plant will be able to sell LNG to both the lucrative Asian market, home to 75%of global LNG demand, and to the flexible European market, which helps balance global LNG trade by soaking up excess supply.
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The liquefaction plant has a target capacity of 10 million tonnes per year of liquefied natural gas (LNG), though production is targeted to begin in 2020 at just 3 million tonnes per year, a representative of the Chinese company said at the MoU signing.
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On the African east coast, the liquefaction plant will be able to sell LNG to both the lucrative Asian market, home to 75%of global LNG demand, and to the flexible European market, which helps balance global LNG trade by soaking up excess supply.
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The ongoing start up of the company's Elba Island liquefaction facility may have to be suspended because of problems that have emerged in its supercooling equipment that produces liquefied natural gas, but it expects to bring the first unit into service soon, Kean said.
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The company has said it expects Corpus 210.3 and the fifth liquefaction train at Sabine Pass to enter commercial service in the first quarter of 22020, followed by Corpus 24.5 in the second half of 22019 and Corpus 0.23 in the second half of 20.2.
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In addition to the four operating 0.7-billion cubic feet per day (bcfd), or 4.5-mtpa, liquefaction trains at its Sabine Pass facility in Louisiana, Cheniere has three 0.7-bcfd units under construction at its Corpus Christie export facility in Texas and Sabine Pass.
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Fusco said trade tensions were not having an impact on the company's plan in coming months to make a final investment decision to build a sixth liquefaction train at its Sabine Pass LNG export plant in Louisiana, one of two it operates in the United States.
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So many transformer stations and delivery lines are down it is hard to pinpoint any particular spot of weakness, but all four major high voltage river crossings run by the Bonneville Power Administration, which manages much of the Pacific Northwest's grid, are built on liquefaction prone land.
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BELO HORIZONTE, Brazil, Feb 1 (Reuters) - All evidence suggests that Brazilian miner Vale's deadly dam burst was caused by liquefaction, the same issue that led to the 2015 collapse of the Samarco dam which is co-owned by the company, a Minas Gerais state official told Reuters.
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Alaska LNG is designed to carry natural gas from fields in the North Slope through an 800-mile (1,287 km) pipeline to south central Alaska for in-state use and to a liquefaction plant to produce up to 20 million tonnes of LNG per year for export.
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MILAN/MADRID, Feb 27 (Reuters) - Italy's Eni and Spain's Naturgy have reached an agreement with Egypt to resolve a series of disputes over the Damietta gas liquefaction plant in northern Egypt, paving the way for the facility to restart by June, the companies said on Thursday.
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Alaska LNG is designed to carry natural gas from fields in the North Slope through an 800-mile (123,287 km) pipeline to south central Alaska for in-state use and to a liquefaction plant to produce up to 20 million tons of LNG per year for export.
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The agreement between Djibouti and Ethiopia comes more than a year after POLY-GCL signed a memorandum of understanding with Djibouti to invest $4 billion to build the natural gas pipeline, a liquefaction plant and an export terminal to be located in Damerjog, near the country's border with Somalia.
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In 2018, three more U.S. liquefaction trains are expected to enter service - a 0.3-bcfd unit at Kinder Morgan Inc's Elba Island facility in Georgia, a 0.7-bcfd unit at Freeport LNG's Freeport facility in Texas and a 0.6-bcfd unit at Cheniere's Corpus Christi facility in Texas.
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For liquefaction to occur, soil must be relatively loose (when it has a lot of sand in it, it is especially vulnerable); it must be waterlogged (which is often the case in tropical, rainy Indonesia); and it must be shaken violently (as happened during the 7.5-magnitude quake).
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Venture Global said other partners looking to buy gas from its proposed LNG export facilities include units of Royal Dutch Shell PLC, Edison SpA, Galp Energia SGPS SA, BP PLC and Repsol SA. Venture Global said its liquefaction systems will use technology from General Electric Co's Baker Hughes unit.
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Egypt is betting that its strategic location straddling the Suez Canal, its land bridge between Asia and Africa and its well developed infrastructure, including an extensive pipeline network and two idle gas liquefaction plants, will help turn it into a trading and distribution center for countries in the region and beyond.
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By contrast, Exxon and Qatar Petroleum decided this year to move ahead with their 2019-mtpa Golden Pass project in Texas without substantial long-term agreements, while Cheniere said it would add a sixth liquefaction train at its Sabine Pass terminal in Louisiana with fewer long-term contracts than in the past.
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"We are pleased to partner with affiliates of Saudi Aramco, the largest oil and gas company in the world, to advance the development of Sempra LNG's natural gas liquefaction facility in Texas and enable the export of American natural gas to global markets," Jeffrey Martin, chairman and CEO of Sempra Energy, said in a statement.
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First gas on projects such as Yamal LNG in Russia, Ichthys LNG in Australia, Edradour in the West of Shetland area and Glenlivet in the northwest and the deployment of distribution in France via TOTAL Spring and Direct Energy testify to the company's ability to deploy technologies spanning everything from extraction and liquefaction to distribution.
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In Gorontalo Province, on the same island as Palu and marred by another major active fault, Sultan Kalupe, the head of the spatial planning division of the provincial ministry of public works, said he was surprised to hear from a Times reporter that a government map had been issued in 2012 cautioning that his region was at a high risk of liquefaction.
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Using the best available data and tools such as Argonne National Laboratory's GREET (Greenhouse Gases, Regulated Emissions and Energy Use in Transportation) model, we compared the net impacts of substituting natural gas for fossil fuels in five ways: replacing coal in electricity generation; replacing heating oil for home heating; replacing gasoline in light-duty cars or diesel in transit buses; or liquefaction to liquefied natural gas (LNG) for export to Japan.
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