1000 Sentences With "carapace" | Random Sentence Generator

We walk around on a carapace of ignorance and forgetfulness.

Yet, Franck sees a more important metaphor in the carapace.

Beneath the carapace of popcorn genre writing is a sensitive intelligence.

I had the rock cut into the shape of a carapace.

And then the carapace, which is the outside, is a raincoat.

Salted crab releases its funk, along with bits of claw and carapace.

"I stopped filming once the dragonfly's carapace was empty of meat," he said.

Above: A volcanic froth is barely, inadequately contained by a tough rubber carapace.

"You might look at teeth, the length of legs, the carapace," Mendoza says.

Murillo had wrapped her thin body in a hallucinogenic carapace of scarves and wraps.

China, tortoise-like, is extending its head cautiously beyond its carapace, taking slow, painstaking steps.

And the more they consumed, the more ossified she became in her pop-cultural carapace.

RUSHABH MEHTAMumbai You referred to Europe's liberation from the "carapace" of the Austro-Hungarian empire.

Enter Carapace Wetsuits, an LA-based company pumping out custom-fitting wetsuits for an affordable price.

Carapace is also working on offering custom woman's wetsuits, which they say will launch sometime soon.

Beneath this louvered carapace is the cruel heart of the Aventador SVJ: a 6.5-liter V12.

A carapace is a shell found on the exteriors of arthropods and arachnids, amongst other organisms.

The inside of the spider's head was lit by ultraviolet light, which penetrates the outer carapace.

But here the fabric is folded and pleated "so that it becomes a carapace," Noisette said.

He took these curvilinear forms from sea creatures, shells and iridescent textures from a horseshoe crab carapace.

Nevertheless, cracking into a crab's carapace to extract said meat is a messy and frankly gruesome endeavor.

It's only when she finds an opening in the carapace that she senses a chance for connection.

They like it white-fleshed and flaky, not dark and oily, beneath a soft carapace of vegetable matter.

Ms. Griggs' plays a lot of her scenes the same, emphasizing Alix's brittle carapace, not her tender interior.

Beneath the glittering carapace of Abbott's lush, skillful, subtle writing, it's impossible to know what we're supposed to think.

In "The Walk Home," one of many poems about doctors and hospitals, Tate's usual carapace of absurdity falls away.

Stupendemys males boasted sturdy front-facing horns on both sides of the carapace, or shell, very close to the neck.

These findings suggested that the tough carapace was the defensive mechanism that the weevils were warning of with their colours.

A fluffy Buckminster Fuller-ish dome was made by silkworms that spun their fibers over a carapace made by robots.

Ms. Hawkins and Doug Jones, soulful and gorgeous beneath his shimmering carapace of blue-green scales, supply most of those.

Among the treasures is a sculpture Basquiat made of the carapace of an old radiator he found on the street.

Aside from crowding the female's personal space, the male armadillo courts her by pawing at her carapace and sniffing her genitalia.

Hannah writes: Beneath the glittering carapace of Abbott's lush, skillful, subtle writing, it's impossible to know what we're supposed to think.

Mary Franck aims to replicate the ego's life cycle in Carapace, an audio-visual installation featuring organically-created and algorithmic forms.

When you enter the theater, it is hanging from the flies, glittering but baleful, like a carapace or an iron maiden.

" A pet tortoise expires after being painted gold and studded with jewels, and its carapace becomes "its metallic and gemmate tomb.

Odontochelys, dating to 220 million years ago, had a protective shell on its underside but no upper shell, called a carapace.

In the 19th century, beneath the carapace of the Austro-Hungarian and Ottoman empires, liberals and radicals built movements of national liberation.

N.Y.C. Nature The angular, concentric rings on a diamondback terrapin's carapace form the bold pattern that lends this turtle its wonderful name.

"Pot baits, carapace metrics, poundage, sex distribution, discards, toss backs, deadloss, offload times," he reels off, staccato style, after his last gulp.

There is Eva's little brother, Aaron (Tyler Alvarez), morphing from a tender, kindhearted boy into a man with a military-macho carapace.

Dr. Caccone plans to dive deep into the genomes to piece together how giant tortoises evolved traits like gigantism and carapace shape.

Though it appears larger standing on strong, pointed legs, the crab measures just a little over two inches across its boxy carapace.

It's only in retrospect that I see the glimmers of violence that managed to pierce even the thick carapace of this idealized Zion.

Once in a while, someone else's misery penetrates the carapace of self-absorption under which you scuttle around and gets deep into you.

Stupendemys males, unlike the females, boasted sturdy front-facing horns on both sides of the carapace - or shell - very close to the neck.

"Apelike imitation" and "intrusive piety" are just two of the phrases he used to describe the threats that lurked under the carapace of progress.

As you approach the vintage steam train, its lacquered black carapace glinting in the sun, you allow the warm nostalgia to wash over you.

Both are ruled over by an evil overlord with a hard outer carapace, and both feature an array of strange-faced creatures with buggy eyes.

But as it screeched past overhead inside its blue-and-silver carapace, our son, 13, decided against it — a bit too stomach-turning, he said.

You can even watch a Japanese maid peel off Furby's furry carapace—all because Furbies are cheap, easy to break open, and fun mess around with.

First he cracks open the hard shell, an oven-baked carapace of salt, vegetable ash and egg whites that could be mistaken for a dinosaur egg.

A procession of nine nascent turtle siblings plodded steadfast and determined to a steep bank, where they tumbled, carapace over teakettle, into the gently flowing water.

Fixed in a squat position, this carapace supports the tower's diminishing diameter whose texture suggests the fingers of another body that made this cone's brown rising possible.

The second, is that the tortoise died near the pond from starvation or heat stroke in the arid environment and a nearby crocodile scavenged its rotting carapace.

For 29 years, the sight of Larry's faded red carapace has welcomed roadtrippers traveling through the quiet seaside farmland of an area known as the Limestone Coast.

He wears a clear, plastic carapace — chest armor — over oozing sores, his long, white hair flaring around a skeleton-smile mask he uses to hide a breathing apparatus.

A six-wheeled robot with the Amazon Prime logo on its sky-blue carapace was driving up and down the sidewalks and curbs, watched by a company representative.

At the right moment it splits apart, ejecting its payload in a perfect arc towards the surface while its carapace tumbles away to burn off in the atmosphere.

" Landler says that Obama became skeptical about American intentions during his childhood years in Indonesia and that "his Kenyan roots added another layer to this carapace of suspicion.

But no amount of tough talk, no thick carapace of cynicism, can insulate a woman in her position from the hardships of the world she has to negotiate.

Because much later, near these footprints, a team of paleontologists found a damaged carapace from an extinct sea turtle species called Plesiochelys bigleri halfway pressed into the sediment.

It'll "play" with a human if you tap its carapace, and it can even make its needs known by performing a little stompy dance when it's out of water.

Mr. Robot set a high bar for season finales the first time out, tearing down the fragile carapace of American finance with the weapons of the new electronic order.

When they stay in the Bardo, the results are catastrophic: They deteriorate, mentally and physically, and become entrapped by a carapace of demonic souls that slowly drives them mad.

Unable to comprehend suffering in terms of religious virtue or the carapace of virtue vacated by religion, humanity was doomed to sink into nihilism, in a bleak and meaningless existence.

Advertise on Hyperallergic with Nectar Ads A curious thing happens when an "outsider's" artistic vision penetrates the carapace of anonymity to reach the appreciating public in the artist's old age.

Jean Katambayi used a Tesla coil to zap into life a car-shaped carapace of copper wire, a comment on how sleek electric vehicles rely on Congolese lithium and labor.

And once we know the truth, we want to go back and examine the carapace of justification, blind-eye-turning and bitter regret that is Joan's history as a wife.

The ancient Greek physician Hippocrates gave cancer its name when he referred to it as a "crab," comparing the shape of a tumor and its surrounding veins to a carapace and legs.

Jay and I wondered what the climb back out would be like as we made our way down a wide, smooth, but radically tilted carapace of sandstone toward Upper Calf Creek Falls.

The crabs, which Teall calls "dragon crabs," are distinguished by their four-pointed carapace, which makes them look more than a little like baby crustacean Batmans, and their shells are fire-engine red.

The neighbourhood is a contrasting mish-mash of styles and influences, so it seems appropriate that the brick carapace of Selhurst should contrast so readily with the glossy marketability of the Premier League.

Leather breastplates brushed with pastel blooms became a bristling carapace (and so did petal pink vinyl), and nylon saddle bags in fuchsia and fire opal melted into giant hexagonal mouths, like a carnivorous lily.

The crabs I bought at Teall's stand on the wharf, which he called "Southern kelp crabs" or "dragon crabs," were a deep red color, with long, hard-shelled arms and that Batman-esque carapace.

Using CAD removes a lot of the eyeballing and extra time traditionally associated with cutting and assembling patterns for custom wetsuits, which is how Carapace has been able to offer such a low price point.

Battlefield 1's horses seem to have evolved a hardened carapace, but they've also lost any sense of loyalty their species may have possessed, letting anyone onto their backs for a trot around the desert.

"These are at most one hour out of the water, but soon they will be too long in the sun," he said, pointing to milky liquid pooling in the carapace of one just-opened urchin.

They struggle to accept that Labour is more than its institutional carapace and that to reestablish it as a formidable electoral force is not to abandon it, but to save it and the best of its tradition.

The carapace was designed and tested in wind tunnels, so honks and engine whines will fade to mere murmurs as you chat with your riding partner or moderate a conference call while you split lanes on the bridge.

But after the project was revived, the roof shrank into a thin aluminum carapace, and most of the media art was relegated to the cavernous lower level, which required the excavation of thousands of cubic feet of earth.

A tangle of spidery multi-jointed arms dangled down from its underbelly, flexing slowly in the air, and there was a bright acid-yellow lantern set into the top of its carapace that illuminated the kids plodding behind it.

We aim to drive the boat parallel to a turtle and once we get to jumping range (let's say about a metre or so), a jumper takes a leap toward the turtle and grabs it on the carapace (shell).

" Vienna under the Nazis is "buffed to a gleaming carapace of red and black, like painted lips over savage teeth," while jars in a Chinatown shop feature "shaggy tree bark, tendriled mushrooms, a root that resembled a withered hand.

Using materials taken from construction rather than closets (at a guess: insulation, cotton wadding, rug liners, paper bags and wallpaper) Ms. Kawakubo began with a basic dress carapace in the shape of classical statuary — after the arms fell off.

"He referred to the building as his carapace, his protection," his daughter recalled, and Waverly residents certainly could use protection in the 1970s and '80s, for the strip was fairly desolate and nearby Myrtle Avenue acquired the nickname Murder Avenue.

In 2628, the hitherto reclusive Kim Jong Il, the father of Kim Jong Un, came out of his anti-social carapace and lined up world leaders for a series of summit pageantries, setting new standards in international fundraising and image makeover.

Half the time, what she makes doesn't even resemble clothing, at least as we used to know it, but rather some form of undulating carapace: the 5G network made material, cast in the style of Arthurian legend, and encasing the body.

The winning design, from Young-Hwan Choi, then an architecture student at the University of Pennsylvania, in collaboration with Agencie, a Manhattan architecture and engineering firm, was a delicate white carapace with gothic arches and LED lights called Urban Umbrella.

Carapace/caravan is a throwaway; "England's green unpleasant land" is too familiar to do any useful work; the college/collage joke seems forced; the thing about A4 paper being like a British A road seems like something Smith just had lying around.

When these crabs appear on a beach — suddenly and in large numbers — they can seem fearsome and even malevolent, and that's before you glimpse beneath their intimidating, pointy-tailed carapace at a mouth set in the center of 12 madly churning legs.

But, increasingly, it can also be a successful negotiation between forms: denim carpenter's pants tie-dyed in tiger stripes and paired with a belle epoque padded corset, a long mint-green chiffon dress hung from a carapace of grass-green granny knitting.

The whole "forgive me, I'm a liberal" thing won't protect him now, but it was part of his carapace for decades, during which time everyone who mattered clamored for his friendship and fund-raising prowess despite all the stories there to hear.

What impact these experiences had on Chan is hard to discern, since every episode in this memoir, even the most traumatic, is told with Chan's indefatigable merriness, which as the book goes on starts to feel like a protective mechanism, a carapace of cheer.

I opted, instead, for a broad range of less expensive dishes—though not without some regret, as I watched the procession of diverse preparations of the single crustacean's various parts: legs steamed with garlic, scallions, and cilantro; carapace used as a bowl for silky custard.

But when researchers at the University of Tokyo used a creative trick to make its carapace transparent, it revealed insect wing secrets that could impact development of robotics, satellite antennas, and microscopic medical instruments—perhaps even a re-imagining of the folding mechanism of your umbrella.

Oregonia bifurca are relatively small crabs. Like other members of Majoidea, they are sexually dimorphic. Adult males grow to an approximate carapace length of with a carapace width of about . Adult females grow to an approximate carapace length of with a carapace width of about .

The carapace length is up to 25mm. The carapace is coloured bright reddish-brown with white mottling and there is a pair of obvious spots on either side of the carapace near the middle.

The width of the carapace is 8–10 cm. The carapace is approximately 1.4 times broader than it is long.

Cagle's map turtle has intricate patterns on the carapace and plastron, as well as serrated edges on the posterior of the carapace, as is typical of all map turtles. It is smaller than most map turtles, and very sexually dimorphic, with males reaching only straight carapace length, while females can exceed in straight carapace length.

The largest individuals of Orconectes alabamensis reach a carapace length of , while the smallest adults have a carapace length of only .

The differences include A. lohesti having larger eyes, a wider carapace and what could possible by a median ridge on the carapace.

Once thought to reach only straight carapace length, specimens of McCord's box turtle of up to straight carapace length are known now.

In many specimens there is a medium-sized red spot on the dorsal part of branchial region of the carapace, and also on the subhepatic region on the ventral surface of the carapace. The maximum length of the carapace is 35mm.

The rear portion of a male's carapace is wider than it is long. Finally, the posterior plates of the carapace often flange outward.

Male turtles may attain a carapace length of 10 cm (4 in). Females are larger, and may attain a carapace length of 22 cm (8.5 in). On the carapace are light-colored rings, which are thicker than the rings on Graptemys nigrinoda.Conant, R. 1975.

There is a carapace present, but no cephalothorax, since no thoracic segment is fused with the head. The terms carapace and cephalothorax often are confused, but should not be. The carapace of crustaceans is a fold of the body wall of the fifth head segment.

The shell is divided into two sections: the upper or dorsal carapace, and the lower, ventral carapace or plastron. The upper carapace consists of the vertebral scutes, which form the central, elevated portion; pleural scutes that are located around the vertebral scutes; and then the marginal scutes around the edge of the carapace. The rear marginal scutes are notched. The scutes are bony keratinous elements.

The species placed in the genus Cancer are united by the presence of a single posterolateral spine (on the edge of the carapace, towards the rear), anterolateral spines with deep fissures (on the carapace edge, towards the front), and a short extension of the carapace forward between the eyes. Their claws are typically short, with grainy or smooth, rather than spiny, keels. The carapace is typically oval, being 58%–66% as long as wide, and the eyes separated by 22%–29% of the carapace width.

The carapace length of adult specimens in the ninth crab stage can reach up to 20 mm while the carapace width can reach approximately 18 mm.

The underside of the crab is a lighter plain colour than the carapace. The legs carry the same colouring as the carapace with brighter speckled colouring.

S. minor is oviparous. Hatchlings have a straight carapace length of . They have three prominent keels on the carapace, and they have a pinkish unmarked plastron.

The molted carapace of a lady crab from Long Beach, New York. In crustaceans, the carapace functions as a protective cover over the cephalothorax. Where it projects forward beyond the eyes, this projection is called a rostrum. The carapace is calcified to varying degrees in different crustaceans.

Large males may reach a carapace size of , and is brownish-yellow in colour. The carapace becomes narrower towards the front of the animal, and is often concealed by epibionts. I. phalangium resembles the closely related species Inachus dorsettensis, but has less prominent spines on the carapace.

Zooplankton within the phylum Crustacea also have a carapace. These include Cladocera, ostracods, and isopods, but isopods only have a developed "cephalic shield" carapace covering the head.

Its carapace bears nine spines behind each eye, the last of which is around twice the length of the previous one, making the whole carapace around wide.

The researchers that found the carapace of Basilemys morrinensis from the Horseshoe Canyon Formation were able to reconstruct it through drawings and distinguish the various features of the carapace. The midline of the carapace consists of vertebral scales. On Basilemys morrinensis there are five vertebral scales. On the lateral sides of the vertebral scales, there are costals and pleural scales that make up this portion of the carapace.

Diagram of an arachnid, with the carapace highlighted in purple In arachnids, the carapace is formed by the fusion of prosomal tergites into a single plate which carries the eyes, ocularium, ozopores (a pair of openings of the scent gland of Opiliones) and diverse phaneres. In a few orders, such as Solifugae and Schizomida, the carapace may be subdivided. In Opiliones, some authors prefer to use the term carapace interchangeably with the term cephalothorax, which is incorrect usage, because carapace refers only to the dorsal part of the exoskeleton of the cephalothorax. Alternative terms for the carapace of arachnids and their relatives, which avoids confusion with crustaceans, are prosomal dorsal shield and peltidium.

Orcanopterus` carapace was formed from the first six segments fused together. The carapace was parabolic in shape with a length:width ratio of around 0.89. At the very front of the carapace there were multiple small folds in the shell following the contours - it is not known what purpose these served.

Females of the Chinese softshell turtle can reach up to in carapace length, while the smaller males reach , but however have longer tails than the females. Maturity is reached at a carapace length of . It has webbed feet for swimming. They are called "softshell" because their carapace lacks horny scutes (scales).

K. baurii has three light-colored stripes along the length of the smooth carapace. It can grow to a straight carapace length of 8–12 cm (3-4¾ inches).

Red specimen Ventral view Cryptolithodes sitchensis has a half-moon shaped carapace extending over all of its eight walking legs and two chelipeds, giving them their common names of turtle crab, umbrella crab or helmet crab. The carapace can be at the adult stage and has scalloped edges. This carapace ranges from neutral sandy colors to bright oranges, reds, and purples. The rostrum extends forwards from the carapace, gradually widening before ending abruptly.

Carapace round with five antero-lateral teeth. Carapace with 3 pairs of gastric ridges which is perfectly smooth. Male has long and thin first pleopod, which gradually tapering to tip.

Carapace of male is broadly triangular and directed laterally. Anterolateral margin is short and slightly long. Major cheliped with dactylus usually longer than palm. Carapace of female is acutely triangular.

Kiaeropterus was a small eurypterid, with K. cyclophthalmus reaching lengths of about 6,6 cm. It had a subquadrate carapace with broad marginal rims. The eyes were large, covering about a third of the length of the carapace. The metasoma was narrow and the mesosoma not wider than the carapace, unlike in some eurypterids.

Turtle Cloacal Respiration The Mary River turtle is one of Australia's largest turtles. Specimens in excess of 50 cm in carapace length have been recorded. Hatchlings have a straight carapace length of 2.0–3.5 cm. Adult Mary River turtles have an elongated, streamlined carapace that can be plain in colour or intricately patterned.

Underside of carapace Aldabrachelys grandidieri was a giant tortoise, one of the largest in the world, measuring about in carapace length. It was originally one of the six endemic tortoise species of Madagascar (two large Aldabrachelys; two medium Astrochelys; two small Pyxis). It is distinguished from all other Aldabrachelys by a massive, flattened or depressed carapace, bulging sides of the carapace, short gulars, top of the nasal aperture is higher than the top of orbits, diverging quadrates, broad postorbitals, and a very large processus vomerinus dorsalis. It also had an unusually thick, strong carapace, possibly an adaptation to heavy predation.

The males can grow to be as large as 5 in (12 cm) in carapace length. The females can grow to be up to 10 in (25 cm) in carapace length.

Liocarcinus navigator has a dark brown carapace up to approximately wide, with lighter pereiopods. The frontal margin of the carapace, between the eyes, has a fringe of hair but no spines.

The carapace (shell) of this small crab is slightly longer than it is wide and grows to a width of in males and in females. The rostrum (the part of the carapace in front of the eyes) has two flattened projections which spread apart. The margin of the carapace has a pair of large teeth on either side of the rostrum and another, more flattened pair, slightly further back. The carapace is scattered with small tubercles.

Atergatis roseus has a wide, smooth, oval carapace with convex almost entire, with no indication of regions and with bluntly crested anterolateral margins. The pereiopods are laterally compressed with distal crests on the upper and lower margins. The carapace is reddish brown and the legs have black tips, younger specimens are paler, more reddish orange, with a white margins to the carapace. They grow to 6 cm, measuring the carapace length from the head to the posterior.

Synalpheus microneptunus are small shrimp, with a carapace length of only . The carapace is smooth with sparsely distributed bristles (setae). The posterior end of which has a distinct cardiac notch. The anterior spine of the carapace (rostrum) is flanked by two slightly shorter and stouter blunt spines (the ocular hoods) directly covering the eyestalks.

This crab grows to a width of about . The body is fan- shaped and the carapace is smooth, with some granular transverse lines. The front of the carapace bears six triangular teeth of similar size, and each side of the carapace bears six larger, truncated teeth which vary in size. The eyes are close together.

Adult M. tenuirostris reach a carapace breadth of 11 millimeters, and a carapace length of 16 to 32 millimeters. The carapace is chestnut in color and triangular in shape. Its surface is smooth to slightly coarse. The frontal region − its rostrum − is thick, long, very narrow, slightly bent upwards, and contains numerous hook- setae.

Maximum total body length is 58 cm (males), and 43 cm (females); maximum carapace lengths 23.5 cm (males), 18 cm (females); minimum legal carapace lengths 10 cm (males), and 9 cm (females).

Females are around in carapace length, depending on the species, while males vary from a similar size to females in E. austroafricana, down to carapace length in E. rathbunae and E. talpoida.

Have a prominent shield on dorsal surface of the head extending posterior toward but not touching the tympanum. Forelimbs each have five claws and the hind limbs have four claws. Gray tail which is shorter than half the carapace length. Hatchling have a (mean carapace length 26.7 ± 0.3 mm; mean carapace width 26.8 ± 0.6 mm, n = 16).

The toothed decorator crab may grow to across. It is usually a well camouflaged crab, decorating its carapace with hydroids and seaweeds, offering camouflage and also defence, since hydroids sting and many seaweeds are chemically noxious. Its carapace is teardrop-shaped with two sharp spines projecting forwards between its eyes. There are two marginal spines on its carapace.

The sheep crab has a carapace, four sets of walking legs, and a set of claws, or chelipeds. Males are larger than females. The carapace of a male can be up to across, while females can grow to . The carapace is tear-shaped with a wide, rounded posterior which tapers to a point at its snout, or rostrum.

E. trinacris is a small turtle. Maximum straight carapace length is . The carapace is dark, and the plastron is yellow. E. trinacris differs from E. orbicularis by its distinct mitochondrial DNA.. www.reptile-database.org.

Females reach sexual maturity at a carapace length of around .

The male Oaxaca mud turtle can grow to a carapace length of about with females a little smaller. The carapace has three distinctive longitudinal keels and is slightly depressed, the width being about 60% of the length and 35% of the height. The colour of the carapace is dark brown or blackish, or a mottling of the two, and in pale-coloured individuals, the seams are darker. The plastron is relatively narrow, being about two thirds the width of the carapace.

Cancer irroratus has nine marginal teeth on the front edge of the carapace beside each eye, and reaches a carapace width of . These crabs are similar in color to, and overlap in size with, the Jonah crab, Cancer borealis. The two species can indeed be distinguished by the purplish-brown spots on the carapace of C. irroratus (contrasting with the yellow spots of C. borealis), and by the smooth edges to the teeth on the edge of the carapace (denticulate in C. borealis).

Odontochelys only possessed the bottom portion of a turtle's armor, the plastron. It did not yet have a solid carapace as most other turtles do. Instead of a solid carapace, Odontochelys possessed broadened ribs like those of modern turtle embryos that still have not started developing the ossified plates of a carapace. Aside from the presence of teeth and the absence of a solid carapace, a few other skeletal traits distinguish Odontochelys as basal compared to other turtles, extant and otherwise.

Both were collected in Kington, Herefordshire. N. pygmaea had an elongated carapace rounded along the anterior margin which narrows gradually anteriorly. A thin rim surrounded the carapace. The eyes were narrow, reniform and intramarginal.

The males are bright blue in color with white spots and with characteristically long chelipeds, while the females have a duller green/brown, with a more rounded carapace. The carapace can be up to wide.

The carapace of Argiope species is typically covered in silvery hairs.

Two distinct ridges along either side of the shell separate the carapace, a lateral wall of smaller osteoderms, and the plastron. P. ramonensis is known from a partial carapace and connected plastron. The osteoderms of the carapace have smoother edges than most other species of Psephosauriscus, and lack the keel of species like P. mosis. The carapace curves into the lateral wall of the body without a separating ridge as in P. mosis, but a lower ridge does separate the lateral wall from the plastron.

P. dardanicola grows to a carapace length of , and can be distinguished from related species, including the similar Periclimenes parvus by the form of the carapace, and by the relative lengths of the parts of the first pereiopod. The animal is chiefly white, with red along the edges of the carapace and the abdominal somites. The legs are transparent yellow, with red bands.

General body plan of a cumacean Cumaceans have a strongly enlarged cephalothorax with a carapace, a slim abdomen, and a forked tail. The length of most species varies from . The carapace of a typical cumacean is composed of several fused dorsal head parts and the first three somites of the thorax. This carapace encloses the appendages that serve for respiration and feeding.

African ghost crabs are medium-sized ghost crabs with deep bodies, reaching a maximum carapace width of . The rear part of the carapace is slightly narrower than the front, but it is more or less squarish in shape. The dorsal surface of the carapace is slightly convex. It is densely covered with small low bumps (tubercles), giving it a granular texture.

Male adults of Jasus frontalis reach a maximum length of (carapace length ), with females slightly smaller at long (carapace length ). Females reach sexual maturity after around seven years, when they have reached a carapace length of . Jasus frontalis differs from the other two species in its species group – Jasus tristani and Jasus paulensis – by the lack of sculpturation on the first abdominal somite.

The carapace of C. guanhumi can reach a width up to . As with many crab species, males possess dimorphic claws: the larger claw can grow up to around in length, eventually becoming larger than the carapace itself. The eyes are stalked and their colour ranges from a deep blue to a pale grey. Juveniles generally have a brown carapace with orange coloured legs.

Male grows up to maximum length of 5 cm. Carapace square-shaped and relatively flat. Body color brown to brownish grey in carapace with violet colored outer surface of palm with proximal parts. Fingers are whitish.

Hardella thurjii exhibits sexual dimorphism. Mature females are three times the size of mature males. According to Das, maximum straight carapace length in females is , but in males maximum straight carapace length is only .Das 2002.

Carapace and legs brown or dark brown. Major cheliped with fingers white in adults and orange in young. Females with orange cheliped with blue tinge. Carapace of male is trapezoidal, smooth with distinct, narrow median groove.

The carapace of T. s. troostii is olive brown with yellow markings. It has two rounded projections on the posterior edge of the shell, and is slightly keeled. The adult carapace is wrinkled and oval shaped.

Arctides guineensis reaches a maximum length of , or a carapace length of .

Jacforus is a small crab, with a carapace around long and wide.

13–20 mm in length, reddish- brown overall, with a darkened carapace.

The African mud turtles range from being small in size, only carapace length for adult Pelusios nanus, to moderately large, for adult Pelusios sinuatus, while the large majority of species fall between carapace length. The carapaces are oblong, moderately high-domed, and the plastrons are large and hinged which is what distinguishes them from the Pelomedusa. The plastron contains a mesoplastron and also well-developed plastral buttresses that articulate with the costals on each side of the carapace. The carapace has 11 pairs of sutured peripherals around its margin and a neck without costiform processes.

A sturdy square bodied crab with a smooth dark red-brown carapace and yellow longitudinal ridges on the legs, yellow knobs on the pincers. There may be four white spots on the carapace in a roughly semicircular pattern.

Most kinosternids are small turtles, in carapace length. The highly domed carapace has a distinct keel down its center. The genus Staurotypus gets much larger, to . Females are generally larger than males, but males have much longer tails.

Closely related to Aelurillus helvanacius, Aelurillus brutus is a small spider. The female has a yellowish-grey carapace typically long and a dark brown abdomen long. The male is smaller, with a carapace long and an abdomen long.

Dyspanopeus sayi is a small crab, similar in appearance to Eurypanopeus depressus. It reaches a maximum carapace width of , with sexually mature females having a carapace or more across. The carapace is roughly hexagonal, about 1.3–1.4 times as wide as long and strongly convex. It has a finely granular surface, and has a light covering of hair, especially towards the front and sides.

The carapace typically surrounds the gills, through which water is pumped by the action of the mouthparts. The rostrum, eyes, whiskers and legs also issue from the carapace. The rostrum, from the Latin rōstrum meaning beak, looks like a beak or pointed nose at the front of the shrimp's head. It is a rigid forward extension of the carapace and can be used for attack or defense.

The male's tail is thicker and longer. Typically, the cloacal opening of the female is at or under the rear edge of the carapace, while the male's opening occurs beyond the edge of the carapace. The male's plastron is slightly concave, while that of the female is completely flat. The male's concave plastron also helps to stabilize the male on the female's carapace during mating.

The first one is crustacyanin (max 632 nm), a slate-blue pigment found in the lobster's carapace. The second one is crustochrin (max 409), a yellow pigment which is found on the outer layer of the carapace. Lastly, the lipoglycoprotein and ovoverdin forms a bright green pigment that is usually present in the outer layers of the carapace and the lobster eggs.ZAGALSKY, Peter F. .

Razor-backed musk turtle with legs and head retracted into its shell The razor-backed musk turtle grows to a straight carapace length of about . It has a brown-colored carapace, with black markings at the edges of each scute. The carapace has a distinct, sharp keel down the center of its length, giving the species its common name. Behler JL, King FW (1979).

The fossil find consists of a fairly complete skull, a well-preserved lower jaw and postcrania with an almost complete carapace, three cervical vertebrae, right humerus and coracoid, both femora, tibiae, and pelvic girdle. The length of the skull is estimated at and the maximum size of the carapace has been reported as . The carapace of L. cipadi is the first complete ever found for a sandownid.

Geryon trispinosus is a small crab, reaching a carapace length of up to . The carapace is roughly hexagonal in shape, and reddish brown in colour. It is broader than it is long, with three conspicuous teeth on either side at the front. The pereiopods are paler than the carapace; they are quite narrow and long, with the third and fourth pairs being the longest.

Pisa armata grows to a length of . Its carapace is roughly triangular, with two prominent rostral spines, which are parallel in males, but divergent in females. The carapace is brown, but is often covered in seaweed, sponges or anemones.

Species of this genus range from 2 to 10 mm in carapace length.

M. boschmai grows to a total length of , or a carapace length of .

Telson is yet to be discovered. The carapace margin and pleurae possess tubercles.

C. chitra can reach a straight carapace length of 4.9 ft (1.5 m).

The short carapace of R. puta is orange, with a black eye area. The oval abdomen is about as long, but not as wide as the carapace. The scutum of males is shiny dark orange. The legs are pale orange.

Females are slightly larger than males, at up to across the carapace, compared to for males. Females also appear to be a darker colour, but only because of the presence of mud particles on the carapace; both sexes are naturally unpigmented.

Leptostracans have gills on their thoracic limbs, but also breathe through a respiratory membrane on the inside of the carapace. The eggs hatch as a postlarval, or "manca" stage, which lacks a fully developed carapace, but otherwise resembles the adult.

The carapace is yellowish brown to dark brown or even black at the edges of the scutes. The areola in each scute are pale yellow, orange or light brown and blend into the darker carapace. The plastron (shell bottom) is thick around the edges, and the gulars (front pair of plastron scutes) do not project past the carapace. The plastron is yellow-brown turning nearly black near the seams.

Two specimens of Jurellana tithonia are known, one considerably larger than the other. The larger one has a carapace long and wide, with a distance between the orbits of the eyes of . The smaller specimen has a carapace long and wide, and orbits apart. J. tithonia differs from other porcelain crabs in that its rostrum, rather than extending forwards from the front of the carapace, is turned 90° downwards.

E. picta has a shrimp-like body, the carapace being about as wide as it is long, tapering at the front to the long rostrum. There are five spines on the rostrum above the eye and other spines on the sides of the carapace. The chelipeds are long and slender, about four times as long as the carapace. The pereiopods are also elongated and both are armed with many spines.

The red king crab has five sets of gills used for respiration, which are in the branchial chamber within the carapace. The carapace is a covering of sheets of exoskeleton that overhang the thorax vertically to fit over the base of the thoracic legs. The carapace encloses two branchial chambers that enclose the gills. The gill surfaces are covered in chitinous cuticle, which is permeable to gases, allowing gas exchange.

Blanding's turtle is a medium- sized turtle with an average straight carapace length of approximately with a maximum of . A distinguishing feature of this turtle is the bright yellow chin and throat. The carapace, or upper shell, is domed, but slightly flattened along the midline, and is oblong when viewed from above. The carapace is speckled with numerous yellow or light-colored flecks or streaks on a dark background.

Blunt force trauma is from the hull of the boat hitting the turtle. Blunt force trauma results in a cracking, less obvious, injury on the turtle's carapace. Propeller strikes form clear cut, parallel lines on the carapace of the turtle. The propeller wounds can cut into the spinal cord or lungs if deep enough, as these are located dorsally on the animal attached to the underside of the carapace.

Penaeus semisulcatus has a pale brown body which sometimes shows a greenish tint on the carapace with two yellow or cream tansvers bands across the back of the carapace. The abdomen is banded with brownish grey and pale yellow transverse bands, while the antennae are banded brown and yellow. It has a uniformly smooth carapace and abdomen. The rostrum has 7 or 8 dorsal teeth and 3 ventral teeth.

It grows up to in carapace length, and is pale brown with red spots.

The species has a very flat body, the carapace is dark to blackish brown.

H. annandalii may grow to over 20 in (51 cm) in straight carapace length.

The species has an orbiculate carapace and legs covered in barbed and clubbed setae.

The Arakan forest turtle has 18 plastral annuli, a carapace length of and weighs .

Galathea strigosa is peculiar for the spinous character of the carapace and cheliform legs.

Tanzanonautes tuerkayi is a species of fossil freshwater crab from Tanzania, the only species in the genus Tanzanonautes. It is the oldest known freshwater crab, and probably dates from the Oligocene; the next oldest specimens are from the Miocene. A number of fragmentary remains were discovered in the Songwe Valley part of the East African Rift in Mbeya Region, Tanzania (approximately ), in fragile sandstone sediments. The animal had a carapace around across the widest part, which is around from the front of the carapace; the carapace is from front to back, and the slightly inward-curving rear edge of the carapace is across.

A nearly complete fossil of Stupendemys's carapace measured over in length and was also very wide. Stupendemys: Giant Amongst Mega-Turtles Based on this specimen, a larger but less complete fossil carapace would have had an estimated total carapace length of more than , making it one of the largest turtles that ever existed, rivaling even Archelon. The largest freshwater turtle living in the Neotropics today is the Arrau turtle (Podocnemis expansa), a pleurodire closely related to Stupendemys, but the Arrau turtle measures only . Males of S. geographicus have a pair of horns present on either side of the carapace around the neck opening.

Limuloides characterized by a carapace with radiated ridges and serrated lateral regions, as well as an opisthosoma with rows of nodes. Limuloides was once though to have lateral compound eyes on its carapace, but later investigation did not find any evidence of it.

From above, the carapace is U-shaped, slightly flared at the front. The female is slightly larger than 6 mm. The posterior lateral eyes are located almost halfway along the carapace. The abdomen is longer than broad and the legs are spiny.

Exploded view of the carapace of Emys orbicularis.Bojanus, L. H. 1819. Anatome testudinis Europaeae. 178pp, 31 plates The carapace is the dorsal (back), convex part of the shell structure of a turtle, consisting of the animal's ossified ribs fused with the dermal bone.

Aelurillus dubatolovi is a small spider similar to Aelurillus ater, Aelurillus brutus and Aelurillus lutosus. The female has a yellowish-grey carapace typically long and a dark brown abdomen long. The male is smaller, with a carapace long and an abdomen long.

When young, these crabs typically have a blueish/violet carapace, red–colored legs, and whitish claws. This coloration usually fades as the animal grows older. They can reach a carapace size of 20 cm across, although captive individuals rarely reach this size.

The fore limbs have large transverse scales. The carapace is pale olive-brown above, and the dorsal keel is usually blackish. The plastral shields and the lower surface of the marginals are dark brown, bordered with yellow. The straight-line carapace length is .

The males are about 3mm long, with a yellow carapace; no females have been described.

Males averagely grow to straight carapace length, and females can averagely grow to or larger.

B. longinqua is slightly smaller (14 mm) with a greyish carapace and red-brown legs.

Myuchelys bellii is the largest species in the Myuchelys genus with adult males (up to 227 mm carapace length) smaller than females (up to 300 mm carapace length). They are a uniform light to dark brown color with a broad oval shape. Juveniles display a serrated posterior edge of the carapace this may persist into so adults but begin to smooth. The plastron in adults is a pale yellow with dark dark patches or streaks.

Close-up in Taum Sauk Mountain State Park Head Skull Holbrook's North American Herpetology, 1842 C. serpentina has a rugged, muscular build with a ridged carapace (upper shell), although ridges tend to be more pronounced in younger individuals. The carapace length in adulthood may be nearly , though is more common. C. serpentina usually weighs . Per one study, breeding common snapping turtles were found to average in carapace length, in plastron length and weigh about .

Bunodes is characterized by a vaulted carapace with radiated hump-like ridges. Within the 10-segmented opisthosoma, the first opisthosomal tergite is greatly reduced and always covered by the posterior region of preceding carapace, while the second tergite is significantly well- developed. the last 3 opisthosomal segments specialized into a narrow postabdomen and lacking tergopleurae (lateral extension of tergites). Tubercles of various sizes covering most of the dorsal surface of both carapace and tergites.

Pagurus samuelis is a small hermit crab, at up to a total length of and a carapace width of up to . The base colour of the exoskeleton is brown or green, but the antennae are red, and adults have bright blue bands near the tips of their legs. In smaller individuals, the bands may be white. The legs and carapace are covered in setae, and the rostrum at the front of the carapace is triangular.

Mouthparts and chelae of a female In the Carantec The carapace of C. pagurus adults is a reddish-brown colour, while in young specimens it is purple-brown. It occasionally bears white patches, and is shaped along the front edge into nine rounded lobes, resembling a pie crust. Males typically have a carapace long, and females long, although they may reach up to long in exceptional cases. Carapace width is typically , or exceptionally up to .

Internal anterior carapace of Elseya dentata. Pe = Peripheral, P1 = Pleural 1, BCS = Bridge Carapace Suture. The turtle shell is made up of numerous bony elements, generally named after similar bones in other vertebrates, and a series of keratinous scutes which are also uniquely named. Some of those bones that make the top of the shell, carapace, evolved from the scapula rami of the clavicles along with the dorsal and superficial migration of the cleithra.

The female Calyptraeotheres garthi exhibits certain adaptations that are probably associated with its parasitic way of life. The invasive stage has a compact body shape, a hard carapace and large setae (bristles) on its swimming legs. At its next moult it loses these traits and becomes soft bodied with a rounded carapace and slender legs and claws. After several more moults it regains its hard carapace and more robust legs and claws.

P. hirtellus is a small crab, with a carapace up to wide and long. The carapace and legs are reddish brown or purple, with the inner surfaces of the legs orange or paler. Both the carapace and the walking legs have a dense covering of setae. The first pair of legs bear large chelae (claws), of which one, usually the right claw, is larger than the other, and the fingers of both claws are brown.

Their carapace is usually wider than long and of square or ovate shape. Its epibranchial region is bulbous, and it bears at least one transverse ridge in the protogastric, hepatic or branchial region. Unlike in the living Portunoidea, the front (the part of the carapace above the head) is narrow; it bears a few blunt spines in some species. The hind part of the carapace is also narrowed, tapering from just behind the eyes.

The carapace is leathery and pliable, particularly at the sides. The central part of the carapace has a layer of solid bone beneath it, as in other turtles, but this is absent at the outer edges. The light and flexible shell of these turtles allows them to move more easily in open water, or in muddy lake bottoms. The carapace of these turtles is olive in color and may have dark blotches.

Parapinnixa affinis is similar to other pea crabs of the genus Parapinnixa, especially P. nitida. It differs from P. nitida in the proportions of its carapace, which is more than twice as wide as long in P. nitida but less than twice as wide as long in P. affinis. The carapace is approximately wide, with a maximum of . The carapace is usually "light amber mottled with dark ochre", but 5% of crabs are albino.

The carapace of P. arcuata is laterally compressed and approximately kidney- shaped in lateral view. The valve surface is covered with tiny pits and dense setae. Colour: pale green with a dark green dorsal blob. The length of carapace ranges from 0.50 to 0.81 mm.

Females are from 10 mm to 28 mm long, with males typically only reaching about 5mm. The prosoma has a wide and high head region. The carapace features strong erect spines. The edges of the carapace are lined with a row of long white hairs.

Subadults have carapace and legs brown with sparse pinkish long hairs. Dorsum of abdomen is still reddish, but the black stripes begin to fade. Adult female is completely brown with long pinkish setae on legs, carapace and chelicerae. Abdominal pattern is lacking or very inconspicuous.

The carapace has five pairs of costal scutes. In each bridge adjoining the plastron to the carapace are four inframarginal scutes, each of which is perforated by a pore. The head has two pairs of prefrontal scales. These turtles change color as they mature.

Both males and females with a carapace exceeding may be harvested in Washington, when in season.

Intermediate sized worms are found in the gill chambers and in a groove under the carapace.

Infected Lepidurus have a milky white colouration on the legs and carapace due to internal infection.

The Agulhas spider crab may grow to . It has an orange to red carapace covered with short spines and protruding granules, and is often camouflaged with attached animals. It has two double-pointed projections extending between its eyes. The front margins of its carapace are serrated.

In females, the carapace is usually coloured yellow or orange black with some shading near the eyes. The legs and palps are also typically orange brown, but are darker than the carapace. The chelicerae are reddish brown (sometimes black). The sternum is a pale reddish brown.

P. sinaiticus is known from several armor fragments and larger pieces of the carapace and plastron. The osteoderms of the carapace and plastron are smaller than those of other species. As in P. mosis, two ridges separate run along the side of the shell. P. cf.

Spartaeus ellipticus is a species of jumping spiders found only in Taiwan. It has a total length (excluding legs) of nearly 6 mm. The carapace is dark brown with paler markings towards the rear and a black margin. The whole carapace is densely covered with white hair.

Females reach functional maturity at carapace width , that is, 50% of females are egg-bearing at this size. Males reach functional maturity at slightly larger sizes. The largest male crabs measure about in carapace width. Metacarcinus edwardsii is univoltine, with the mating season from October to January.

The carapace of an armadillo consists of a thin layer of keratin over the top of a compacted matrix of bony osteoderm tiles that are connected via collagen fibers. Armadillos are the only living mammals with an outer carapace shell that consists of ossified dermal tissue.

Macropodia rostrata has a hairy, or fuzzy appearance due to algae it applies to itself for camouflage. Both the carapace and pereiopods of this species are greyish to yellowish or reddish-brown in colour, with some specimens showing white markings. The carapace grows to a maxiximum length of 16 (28) mm, with the anterior part is narrowing, giving it a pear shape.The length of the carapace is measuredon the median line, from the anterior to the posterior margin.

Color variation in G. lateralis from Costa Rica. The lowermost two are from the Pacific population often regarded as a separate species, G. quadratus As suggested by the name blackback land crab, it has a large blackish spot, which, although the exact shape is variable, covers a large part of the central carapace ("back"). The legs, claws and outer sections of the carapace are reddish, orange or whitish. The carapace may reach a width of up to .

Spiny softshell turtles have webbed feet, each with three claws. Another distinguishing feature of softshell turtles is the presence of a fleshy, elongated nose. The carapace (the upper part of the shell) ranges from brown or yellow-brown to olive in color, while the plastron (lower part of the shell) is lighter, usually white or yellow. Hatchlings usually have dark spots on the carapace, but as females age, they frequently become darker in color, or their carapace becomes splotched.

Some TCM scientists argue that there is no difference between plastron and carapace (back shell) bone. So, if both plastron and carapace bone are utilized, the demand of TCM for freshwater turtles, including four-eyed turtles, could decrease by 50%.Or even more, since the carapace is larger than the plastron. Current TCM research also suggests that there is no pharmaceutical difference in the effects of bone from animals produced on farms and animals captured in nature.

Males can be distinguished from females by their longer and narrower tails. Pig-nosed turtles can grow to about carapace length, with a weight of over . C. insculpta in captivity Unlike the soft-shelled turtles of the family Trionychidae, pig-nosed turtles retain a domed bony carapace beneath their leathery skin, rather than a flat plate. They also retain a solid plastron, connected to the carapace by a strong bony bridge, rather than the soft margin of the trionychids.

Turtles of the genus Apalone exhibit marked sexual dimorphism. In carapace length, females grow to about twice the size of males. In males, the claws on the front feet are longer than those on the back feet, but in females, the claws on the back feet are longer. In males, the stout tail extends well beyond the posterior edge of the carapace, but in females, the relatively thinner tail barely reaches the edge of the carapace.

The carapace and chelicerae are also black and white and the legs have transverse bandings of the same colours. The female is generally paler and more brown, with a larger carapace and abdomen. Her carapace is edged with two black bands and a thin white stripe and her abdomen is edged with broad black stripes on each side which unite at the posterior end. Her legs are banded but are paler than those of the male.

The carapace of Xantho hydrophilus reaches a width of , and a length of up to . The dorsal surface of the carapace has a smooth appearance to the unaided eye but on closer examination it can be seen to be finely granular. The antero-lateral edge of the carapace bears five blunt lobes. The chelipeds are large and robust and equal in size and lackspines or tubercles, the pereiopods (walking legs) are relatively short and rather stout.

When they reach a carapace length of , the juveniles leave their burrows and start their adult lives.

Claws are reddish in color with bright orange internal palms. Carapace is about 3 cm in length.

The carapace is further divided into large plates, or scutes. Typically, 11 or 12 pairs of marginal scutes rim the carapace. Five vertebral scutes run down the carapace's midline, while five pairs of costal scutes border them. The nuchal scute is located at the base of the head.

Male Barbour's map turtles are on average 3.5 to 5.5 in (9–14 cm) in straight-line carapace length. Females can vary from 6 to 12.5 in (15 – 32 cm) in straight-line carapace length. "Females attain really imposing dimensions, and their heads are enormously enlarged".Conant, Roger (1975).

C. haematocheir has a square carapace with a smooth surface and irregular stripes along the sides. Males have large, smooth chelae with curved claws. The color of these crabs varies throughout their development; juvenile crabs typically have a white or yellow carapace, while adults are usually crimson red.

These spiders of about are rarely noticed, but generally look like somewhat faded woodlouse hunter spiders in the genus Dysdera. The carapace (cephalothorax or prosoma) is orange and the abdomen (opisthosoma) light gray. The two-eyed species have their two eyes in the anterior middle of the carapace.

This species has a strongly convex, elongate carapace. Its outline is somewhat rhomboidal. The front edge of the carapace is slender and obtusely triangular, with a pointed postorbital that points upward at an oblique angle. It has stout ambulatory legs, with each section being cylindrical and fairly smooth.

This saddle-backed species is one of the smallest of the Galápagos tortoises. Its brownish-gray, oblong carapace has only a very shallow cervical indentation, the anterior marginals little to much upturned, and the slightly serrated posterior marginals flared and upturned. The carapace is usually compressed or narrowed anteriorly.

Stenopus hispidus reaches a total length of , and has striking colouration. The ground colour is transparent, but the carapace, abdomen and the large third pereiopod are all banded red and white. The antennae and other pereiopods are white. The abdomen, carapace and third pereiopods are covered in spines.

The carapace length ranges from 18-54 cm, with females growing larger than males. The namesake spines are found along the anterior border of the carapace and are more commonly found in males. The variation in coloration, size, and spine presence indicates that this species exhibits sexual dimorphism.

The plastron is reddish brown to black, sometimes with blotches of yellow. In juveniles, the plastron is a uniform yellow. The bridge (the hinge connecting plastron and carapace) is the same color as the plastron. It is significantly smaller than the carapace and narrow at the front and back.

Dinochelus ausubeli has a carapace length of around , and is in life mostly translucent white, with reddish pink colouring near the middle of the carapace, on the tail fan, on the antennae, and on the first pereiopods (including the claws). Its two claws are very different in size.

Libinia emarginata is roughly triangular in outline and very heavily calcified, with a carapace about long and a leg span of . The whole crab is khaki, and the carapace is covered in spines and tubercles, and, as with other decorator crabs, often clothes itself in debris and small invertebrates.

This turtle has a flattened carapace, dark brown and yellow-cream in color, with a height equal to half the length of the carapace. The "annual rings" are clearly recognizable. The "toes" on front legs are flat and adapted for digging. Its size varies from 20 to 23 cm.

Like many Australian funnel-web spider species, both sexes of the Darling Downs funnel- web spider have a shiny black carapace and dark brown to black legs, chelicerae and abdomen. The carapace is longer than it is wide. The abdomen of the male has a pale patch underneath.

Ibacus alticrenatus is one of the smaller species of Ibacus. Males reach a maximum carapace length of , with females slightly larger, at up to . The maximum total length is . There are typically 8, but occasionally 7 or 9, teeth along either edge of the carapace, behind the cervical incision.

There is sexual dimorphism between females and males of A. mutica as females are larger than males. A female has a carapace length of compared to a carapace length of for males. Additionally, the female smooth softshell turtle is usually brown or olive-colored with irregular dark brown blotches, while the carapace of males and juveniles is a brown or grayish color with dark dots or dashes. Sexual dimorphism is also apparent in the size of the tails and claws.

The osteoderms that make up the carapace are pentagonal or hexagonal, and are tightly sutured but not fused as they are in Psephochelys. Around the edge of the carapace, they are more isolated and have drifted away from their original positions. The carapace is very slightly wider, at 262 mm, than it is long (242.8 mm). There are two slightly enlarged osteoderms, one on either side of the anterior excavation, but these are not tuberculiform and are much smaller than those in Psephochelys.

Its surface is rough, with scattered tubercles, and is divided into distinct regions by a series of grooves. A raised ridge runs sinuously along the front of the carapace, interrupted by a groove in the centre and by grooves towards each side of the carapace. The colour of Seychellum is described as "'" ("dark yellow, which becomes quite brown in the anterior part of the carapace"). The antennae are minute (smaller than those of Deckenia), and the chelae (claws) are unequal in size.

It is a large animal, ranging in size from to in adults, with low and blunt anterolateral teeth on the carapace and laterally compressed dactyli on its walking legs. Its carapace is 1.2 times broader than long and very inflated dorsally. The carapace is relatively smooth, with small granules and pits on the branchial, cardiac, and gastric regions; hepatic regions smooth. The suborbital tooth is sharp in females, while being short and blunt in males, scarcely visible in dorsal view.

The cephalothorax is almost entirely covered by a carapace, only the insertion of the eyestalks protruding slightly beyond it. A deep transverse groove, called the cervical groove, divides the anterior 40% of the carapace from the posterior 60%. At the front, the carapace bears a fairly long rostrum, which is wide at the base, giving it a triangular outline when seen from above. From the side, it is curved in a weak S-shape, bending initially upwards, and then curving slightly forwards again.

The pereopods are brownish-grey with bluish-purple margins. The carapace length is from 2.5 to 3 cm.

The legs, tail and chelicerae of H. bicolor are paler than the carapace, forming a marked colour contrast.

It reaches a maximum "shield length" (distance from the rostrum to the cervical groove on the carapace) of .

It has also been recorded attached to the shells of live gastropods and the carapace of other crustaceans.

Extinct glyptodonts' tough carapace and large body size might have compensated for their inability to see approaching predators.

Five sunning with a midland painted turtle, Ottawa, Ontario The northern map turtle gets both its common and scientific names from the markings on its carapace, which resemble contour lines on a map or chart.: Status Report of the Northern Map Turtle Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in Canada These lines are usually shades of yellow, tan, or orange, and are surrounded by dark borders, with the rest of the carapace being olive or greyish brown. However, the carapace markings tend to fade as the animal matures, and in older individuals are usually only visible when the shell is wet. The carapace has a hydrodynamic appearance and is broad with a moderately low keel.

Recent breakthroughs in stem-turtle fossil records contribute to the study of the evolution of the turtle's shell. The first piece of fossil record discovered, essential for building the evolution and development model, was Germany and Thailand's 214-million-year-old Late Triassic reptile Proganochelys, which marked as the first point of full shell development and carapace ossification in Testudines. The following phenomenal discovery of China's 220-million-year-old stem turtle, predating the Proganonchelys by 6 million years, the Odontochelys semitestacea fossil in China shed light on the intermediate stages of turtle carapace evolution by exhibiting a partially formed dorsal carapace. One major discovery was that O. semitestacea provided documentation that the plastron evolved before the carapace structure.

Adult males, on average, weigh 1.6 kg and measure 24.6 cm in carapace length. Whereas females, on average, weigh 5.6 kg and measure 37 cm in carapace length. The species is regarded as having a mostly herbivorous diet, however opportunistic insectivorous behavior has been observed. At times, juveniles pursue piscivorous behavior.

Its rostrum is longer than that of other species in the thomsoni species group, and the ridge along the midline of the carapace only has two small spines. Unlike some other species of Metanephrops, the carapace is smooth, as are the abdominal tergae, and the chelipeds are covered in fine granules.

The carapace contains some granular crests, and has a pattern of fine red lines. The anterior area of the dorsal surface of the carapace is somewhat granular. There is a large, transverse red band on the ambulatory legs. These legs are cylindrical in shape, the superior margin containing a fine crest.

Eunephrops cadenasi is a medium-sized lobster with a cylindrical body. Adult male individuals of Eunephrops cadenasi reach a total length of , and a carapace length of , while females only reach a carapace length of . The first three pairs of legs bear claws, of which the first pair are enlarged.

The close-up The European pond turtle is a medium-sized turtle, and its straight carapace length varies quite a bit across its geographic range, from . The carapace is dark brown to blackish, with a hint of green. The head and legs are spotted with yellow. The plastron is yellowish.

The narrow-bridged musk turtle is typically brown in color. The scutes of the carapace have lines and graining, imparting an almost wood-like appearance. It often has bright-yellow markings on the edges of the carapace. As it ages, algae often heavily cover the shell, masking the patterning and coloration.

Neon zonatus is a species of jumping spider found only in Taiwan. It is a tiny spider with a total length (excluding legs) of only 2.25 mm. The carapace is greyish brown with a yellowish brown central area and a black margin. The whole carapace is densely covered with white hair.

A group of zoologists calculated the amount of force required to break the carapace of Glyptodon. The calculation showed that Glyptodon tails would be able to break the carapace. Glyptodon likely fought each other to settle territorial or mating disputes, much like male-to-male fighting among deer using their antlers.

The prosoma of Pseudoniscus covered by a carapace with recurved posterior margin and pointed genal spines. Most of the dorsal feature on the carapce (e.g. opthalmic ridges, cardiac lobe) are not significantly expressed. At least some species have a median spine in front of the carapace like the close-related Cyamocephalus.

The carapace of Phalangipus longipes is nearly as broad as long and can reach a length of one inch. The chelopoda are large and robust. Ambulatory legs are cylindrical, smooth, very long and slender. The first pair of leg is the longest, about six times of the length of the carapace.

C. convexus is large, relative to related crabs, and can reach wide across its carapace. It is predominantly nocturnal.

In the same reconstruction, the smooth zone was considered an imprint of the soft tissue beneath the dorsal carapace.

Clunio species can be dispersed widely by hitch-hiking on sea- turtles, feeding on algae growing on their carapace.

The epithet refers to the shape of the male carapace and the big tarsal claw on the male palp.

It grows up to wide. The carapace and legs are mottled brownish green, while the claws are brownish red.

The distinctions from fossil families such as the Chilenophoberidae are based on the pattern of grooves on the carapace.

The smaller males have concave plastra and longer, thicker tails with the vent beyond the rim of the carapace.

The plastron is smooth. The scutes are very thin and underlying sutures in both the carapace and plastron are visible through them in all but the darkest individuals. Pictured in the box is a carapace of a sub-adult Rheodytes leukops (242 mm length) showing the very visible sutures that can be seen through the scutes, still in place. The species, and in fact the genus, can also be identified by its very thin carapace bones, a character used in diagnosing the related fossil species Rheodytes devisi.

Seychellum alluaudi is the only truly freshwater crab in the Seychelles; all the other true crabs in the islands have marine larvae. It is common for freshwater crabs to have large eggs, and this is also seen in Seychellum; its eggs are around in diameter, which Rathbun described as "very large". Adult specimens reach a carapace width of , and a carapace length about 80% of the width. The carapace is almost quadrangular and quite flat, in constract to the more rounded outline in its closest relative, Deckenia.

In the second carapace specimen, the carapace began to stretch forward above the eyes. Both of these fossils also possessed protuberances of different sizes across the exoskeleton, showing vague forms and shapes not seen in other specimens of the genus. Reconstruction of the closely related Hibbertopterus scouleri, once considered to be a species of Campylocephalus. Fossils of Eurypterus scouleri were compared to the carapace described by Kutorga in 1838 by Norwegian paleontologist Leif Størmer in 1951, who concluded that the two were clearly congeneric.

The carapace is oval and flattened (especially in the male) and has a weak keel that is more pronounced in the young. The color of the carapace changes depending on the age of the turtle. The carapace usually has a dark green background with light and dark, highly variable markings. In young or recently hatched turtles, it is leaf green and gets slightly darker as a turtle gets older, until it is a very dark green, and then turns a shade between brown and olive green.

Lineages differ by the shape of the vertebral and pleural scutes. Females have a more elongated and wider carapace shape than males. Carapace shape changes with growth, with vertebral scutes becoming narrower and pleural scutes becoming larger during late ontogeny. ;Evolutionary implications In combination with proportionally longer necks and limbs, the unusual saddleback carapace structure is thought to be an adaptation to increase vertical reach, which enables the tortoise to browse tall vegetation such as the Opuntia (prickly pear) cactus that grows in arid environments.

Like the other members of the family Cancridae, the slender crab has a very broad and oval carapace with dull, tooth-like protrusions toward the front of the carapace. Female crabs can be distinguished from males by a broad tail flap on their undersides, which are used for protecting their eggs when they are gravid. The slender crab carapace is usually olive brown, and its legs vary from yellowish brown to purple. M. gracilis only grows to a width of about and resembles a juvenile M. magister.

Charybdis natator has a fan shaped carapace which is brown to orange in colour on the dorsal surface the ventral surface is bluish mottled with white and pale red spots and the legs are dark, reddish brown in colour. The carapace is densely covered with short pubescence which is absent on the distinct transverse granulated ridges in the anterior surface. There are six spines on each side of the carapace. There are eight small rounded lobes between the orbits which are set close together.

Traditionally, the Myodocopa and Podocopa have been classified as subclasses within the class Ostracoda, although there is some question about how closely related the two groups actually are. The Myodocopa are defined by possession of a poorly calcified carapace, and 8–9 articles in the exopod of the second antenna. The ventral margin of the carapace is not concave, and the valves do not overlap to a great extent. Although the carapace of myodocopans is poorly calcified, some fossils are known for the group.

Eucrate crenata has a cream coloured, purple speckled carapace. The carapace is smooth and trapezoid shaped being slightly wider at the front than at the posterior. Anterolateral margins are shaped into four teeth, including the orbital angle, with the second and fourth tooth being barely distinguishable. The claws are unequal in size and less than twice the length of the carapace, the walking legs are relatively long, smooth but with hairy tufts on the three outer joints while the last pair of walking legs is flattened.

The cephalothorax becomes slightly wider behind the cervical groove. The carapace, including the rostrum, is covered with forward-pointing teeth (pointed tubercles), including two rows side-by-side along the animal's midline; these rows bridge the cervical groove, but become weaker in the posterior half of the carapace. Beneath the carapace is a branchial chamber, containing 28 pairs of gills. The underside of the cephalothorax is dominated in the forward part by an unusually long epistome, which is a "most distinctive" feature of Neoglyphea.

The prosoma of Bembicosoma covered by a short, semicircular carapace without evidence of opthalmic ridges. Within the 10-segmented opisthosoma, the first segment is nearly as wide as the carapace but reduced in length while the second segment is the largest. The dorsal surfaces of both prosoma and opisthosoma covered by numerous tubercules.

The genus name "Cryptolithodes" means "hidden stone", while its species name "typicus" denotes it as the genus' type species. The nickname "butterfly crab" is derived from the crab's carapace, which resembles a butterfly, and the nickname "turtle crab" derives from the way its carapace covers its appendages from above and the sides.

Courtship and mating has not been extensively observed in this species, although it is known that nesting occurs in the spring at the riverbanks. The eggs are , white, and brittle-shelled. Hatchlings have a straight carapace length of about , and have a carapace which is more wrinkled than that of an adult.

Individuals are large and may have a carapace that reaches up to 50mm in width. The crab has an overall purple colouration with a variable amount of white patterning when mature. Juveniles are a bluish grey colour with black patterning. The carapace is shaped somewhat like a square and eyes are relatively short.

In 1950, Kjellesvig-Waering described a new species of Hughmilleria, H. bellistriata. The holotype is the dorsal side of a carapace. In this carapace, the eyes, ocelli and most of its surface with ornamentation are preserved. The prosoma (head) was broad, evenly rounded at the anterior lateral angles and the anterior margin.

Adults grow to a total length of , with a carapace long. The antennal plate is visible in front of the carapace and has two large spines. The first pair of antennae are forked and the second pair are long, thick and spiny. There are long, slender flagella at the tips of the antennae.

Eileanchelys is a small turtle, with an approximate carapace length of . The preserved carapaces of Eileanchelys are all slightly crushed, but show that they were lightly domed in real life. Therefore, the morphology of its shell was similar to Kayentachelys. There is a fused connection of the carapace and plastron in Eileanchelys.

The species is long-lived and slow-growing; juveniles moult their carapace every three-four years and adult females about once every nine years. This greatly limits the breeding frequency, as mating is only possible in the period immediately after the old carapace has been shed, and the new is still soft.

Mature males have an overall body length of about , with the carapace and abdomen being of roughly equal length. The carapace length averages about , with a range of . The fourth leg is the longest at about in total. Individuals are basically brown, with an obvious pattern of narrow chevrons on the abdomen.

The eastern mud turtle is a small and often hard to identify species. It measures in carapace length. The carapace is keelless, lacks any pattern, and varies in color from yellowish to black. The plastron is large and double hinged, and can be yellowish to brown, and may sometimes have a dark pattern.

Anterior of the carapace is virtually smooth, with slight emarginates. The carinae are seen to be more pronounced in males and granular in both genders. However, the posterior median carinae are small with granules on the dorsal edge of the carapace. The dorsal side of the metasomal segments are all temperately developed.

The males are smaller than the females, with a carapace about long and wide. The abdomen is relatively shorter than the carapace unlike in the females. It is about long and wide. As with the females, the first pair of legs is the longest at , and the third pair the shortest at .

C. vandijki is one of the largest freshwater turtles in the world, with a straight carapace length of at least .

New York. 240 pp. (Trionyx spiniferus asperus, pp. 32-33.) The edges of the carapace are soft with small spines.

There is also some small amount of meat just below the carapace around the thorax and in the smaller legs.

Can have a leg span up to 4" (10 cm). Carapace length is usually no more than 2" (5 cm).

Restoration of F. mitchelli. The appendages, details of the carapace and telson are based on better preserved chasmataspidids or on xiphosurans. Like the other chasmataspidids, F. mitchelli was a small arthropod, with the size of its only known specimen estimated at only . Its carapace (dorsal plate of the head) was wide and subrectangular (almost rectangular).

Yellow- blotched map turtles are medium- to small-sized turtles, with males ranging from 3.5 to 4.5 in (9-11.5 cm) in carapace length as adults. Adult females are larger, about 5 to 7.5 in (13–19 cm) in carapace length. The yellow-blotched map turtle has the highest central keel of all map turtles.

Ascyltus are relatively large to medium sized salticids. Distinguishable from other Pacific salticids by their antero-lateral carapace, which is iridescently colored. In addition to being iridescently colored, their antero-lateral carapace is typically widened even at a juvenile age. Like other members of the Salticidae, Ascyltus have four pairs of eyes in three rows.

Turtles in the genus Sternotherus are very similar to the American mud turtles in the genus Kinosternon, but tend to have a more domed carapace, with a distinctive keel down the center of it. Sternotherus odoratus typically grows to only in straight carapace length at full maturity, with females often being larger than males.

Diagram of a prawn, with the carapace highlighted in red. A carapace is a dorsal (upper) section of the exoskeleton or shell in a number of animal groups, including arthropods, such as crustaceans and arachnids, as well as vertebrates, such as turtles and tortoises. In turtles and tortoises, the underside is called the plastron.

Electrocteniza sadilenkoi is in length when the chelicerae are included in the measurement. Of that length the carapace is and the abdomen is . The shape and general structure of the carapace indicates a close relationship to the modern genera Latouchia from Asia and Sterrochrotus from South Africa. There are several differences between the genera.

Crabs in this genus have a carapace that is about as long as it is wide, with well-developed rostral and anterolateral teeth. The carapace has a covering of coarse hairs and some shaggy bristles near the margins. The chelipeds bear epipods (small lateral extension from the base). The pereopods (walking legs) are smooth.

Restoration of two Mesodermochelys (middle) and other sea creatures swimming around a Kamuysaurus carcass Like other dermochelyids, Mesodermochelys had elongated front flippers. One fossil found in Japan's Kagawa Prefecture had a carapace estimated to be 1.3 metres in length. Only the neural or spinal scutes, or individual plates, of the carapace are well grooved.

Zosimus aeneus reaches a size of . It is "a well known brightly coloured and strikingly patterned species": its carapace and legs (including the claws) are marked with a characteristic pattern of red or brown patches on a pale brown or cream background. The carapace is deeply grooved, and the walking legs have prominent crests.

They share a very similar overall shape with the Atlantic Blue Crab. The carapace of a Speckled swimming crab is light brown, light maroon, or olive with many white or tan irregular round spots. The males tend to be more colorful. The carapace can reach lengths between 4.5 and 6 inches wide (~120-150mm).

The carapace and limbs of Cymo melanodactylus have the appearance of being covered with short fur. It has large pale blue, stalked eyes, a spiny carapace with a shallow groove down the middle and grows to about wide. It typically has black fingers to its claws but is difficult to distinguish from the rather similar Cymo andreossyi on claw colour alone as some individuals have white finger tips and others have white fingers with black bases. A more reliable feature to distinguish between the two is the orange granulations on the carapace of Cymo melanodactylus.

The anterior bridge strut and posterior bridge strut are part of the plastron, on the carapace are the sutures into which they insert, known as the Bridge carapace suture. The bones of the shell are named for standard vertebrate elements. As such the carapace is made up of 8 pleurals on each side, these are a combination of the ribs and fused dermal bone. Outside of this at the anterior of the shell is the single nuchal bone, a series of 12 paired periphals then extend along each side.

There is noticeable sexual dimorphism in Uca pugnax. Although both males and females are olive-brown in color, males have a carapace width of , and a patch of royal blue on the carapace, while females lack the blue patch and are only across the carapace. In both sexes, the pereiopods (walking legs) have dark bands, and the eyestalks are narrow. The most conspicuous difference is the form of the chelipeds (claw-bearing legs); in females, they are similar, while in males, one is greatly enlarged and colored yellow.

The second species of Campylocephalus to be described, C. salmi, was named as a species of the quite distantly related Eurypterus by the Slovak geologist and paleontologist Dionýs Štúr in 1877. Štúr's description was based on two incomplete fossil carapaces. The first fragmentary carapace only preserved the lower part of the head, ending in two pointed and concave arches. The eyes of this carapace were close together, in the middle of the carapace, and on a triangularly shaped elevated portion similar to some specimens of the related Hibbertopterus scouleri.

A young C. maenas showing the common green colour C. maenas has a carapace up to long and wide, but can be larger outside its native range, reaching wide in British Columbia. The carapace has five short teeth along the rim behind each eye, and three undulations between the eyes. The undulations, which protrude beyond the eyes, are the simplest means of distinguishing C. maenas from the closely related C. aestuarii, which can also be an invasive species. In C. aestuarii, the carapace lacks any bumps and extends forward beyond the eyes.

Metacarcinus crabs have an oval carapace of about ⅔ of its largest width, with a surface with poorly marked division of smooth or gently colored regions. The front edge usually does not protrude before orbital, and the total length of these edges is 26-34% of the largest width of the carapace, with 5 spikes, including inner orbits, of which the middle springs lower than the others. 9-10 spikes are located on both anteroposterior lateral sides of the carapace; they can be of different shapes. The lateral edges are edged and can have one spike.

Scute and skeletal elements of the chelid carapace The cervical scute is usually present, though it is absent in some species of Elseya and Myuchelys. Otherwise, the carapace has the usual complement of four costals, five vertebrals and twelve marginals (per side). Internally, the carapace is made of eight pleurals (per side), eleven peripherals (per side), a nuchal at the front and a suprapygal and pygal at the rear of the shell. As noted earlier, neurals, although always present, often exist as subsurface elements above the vertebral column.

Due to the incomplete nature of the type specimen, the carapace and opisthosoma are missing, the overall size of Palaeoperenethis thaleri not certain. The general shape of the carapace is indicated in the position and disposition of the legs which suggest a subcircular or polygonal carapace. The placement of Palaeoperenethis into Pisauridae is based on the shape and structure of the elongated pedipalps which have a brush of bristles along one edge. Several important characters of the family, such as nursery web construction and egg sack care, are not verifiable in the fossil.

Mauremys caspica is a tan to blackish, medium-sized, semiaquatic turtle, which may attain a carapace length of . Its low, oval carapace has a slight medial keel (better developed in juveniles) and a smooth, unserrated marginal border, which is slightly upturned and tapered above the tail. A pair of low lateral keels are present on the pleural scutes of hatchlings, but these become lower with age and disappear completely in adults. The carapace is tan to olive or black with yellow to cream-colored reticulations patterning the scutes, and some individuals have yellow vertebral stripes.

Froglia and Manning reported a range of carapace lengths among males of ; females up to have been reported. It differs from other species in the "pusillus group" (Liocarcinus maculatus and Liocarcinus pusillus) in having a smooth carapace. Also, the teeth on the antero-lateral margin of the carapace are all rounded at the tip, and the fourth is larger than the fifth, and the carpus (4th segment) is shorter than the propodus (6th segment) on the third and fourth pereiopods in L. zariquieyi but not L. pusillus of L. maculatus.

Medium-sized shrimp, slender, subcylindrical body form. Approximate total length is ; carapace + rostrum ; major second pereiopod chela ; minor second pereiopod chela .

Average hatchling carapace length is about and width is also about . Sex of the hatchlings is not determined by incubation temperature.

Female loggerheads first reproduce at ages 28–33 in Southeastern United States and Australia, and at ages 17–30 in South Africa. Age at first reproduction in the Mediterranean, Oman, Japan, and Brazil are unknown. Nesting loggerheads have a straight carapace length of . Because of the large range, carapace length is not a reliable indicator of sexual maturity.

The carapace of G. nigrinoda is slightly domed with the first four vertebrae possessing backward- projecting, knob-like processes, which are black in color. The second and third processes are more dominant in size compared to the first and fourth. With aging females, the knobs are reduced to small swellings. The carapace is dark olive-brown in color.

The carapace is dark brown, almost black, but shows some variation from "normal" turtle patterns. The plastron is a light brown, tan color. C. novaeguineae has a long neck, which (including the head) can sometimes exceed the length of the carapace. The skin is mostly gray, except for black on the head, and white on the underparts.

Some individuals, however, are known to grow to twice this size. The ovoid carapace (the dorsal shell) is widest just behind the middle portion, with a strongly serrated posterior margin. A prominent central ridge (known as keels) also runs through the middle of the carapace. Two lateral keels are present as well, though they are not always visible.

S. triporcatus is typically much larger than other species of Kinosternidae, attaining a straight carapace length of up to 36 cm (14 in), with males being significantly smaller than females. It is typically brown, black, or green in color, with a yellow underside. The carapace is distinguished by three distinct ridges, or keels, which run the length.

M. vanderhaegei may grow to a carapace length of . The ellipsoidal carapace, similar to that of M. gibbus but with a low medial groove, is somewhat serrated with a shallow subcaudal notch, and usually broadest at the 8th marginals and highest on the 3rd vertebral. Some rough striations may occur on the scutes. Vertebrals are broader than long.

Like other map turtles, this species exhibits extreme sexual size dimorphism; males are in carapace length and weigh between , while females are in carapace length and weigh around . Females have a much wider head than males and this is associated with differences in feeding.Ernst, C.H., and J.E. Lovich. (2009). Turtles of the United States and Canada.

Carapace fossil of P. bullocki, side view. Pleurosternon has a very depressed carapace, much flatter than similar genera, such as the North American Late Jurassic and Early Cretaceous Glyptops. Adults show little or none of the nuchal emargination that is more visible in juveniles. The Xiphiplastras also have a large, V-shaped notch near the back of the bone.

The body of this crab is quite hairy, and has a whitish to cream colour, with purple marks on the carapace. The carapace has a smooth texture and a fringe of long setae. It is and is wider than it is long, growing up to 5 cm long 6.3 cm wide. The postero-lateral margins strongly converge.

The carapace of this species is broadly oval, but is blunt at the front. In younger animals, it has keeled scutes along the back. The carapace is dark brown to black in color, smooth with no growth annuli and generally lackluster. The plastron is heavily stained in adults, appearing black over the true base color of yellow to cream.

The crab's butterfly-shaped carapace has a stone-like camouflage, which it uses to blend in against the rocks of the subtidal and low intertidal zones. Carapace color within the species varies greatly, but small individuals (< in length) are typically white, while larger ones tend to have an assortment of vibrant colors. Its claws are sharp, curved, and stout.

The head is large and bulbous for its size, with a sharp beak and a long neck. The carapace is domed, with three distinct ridges down the length. Though classified in the subfamily Staurotypinae with the "giant" musk turtles, the narrow-bridged musk turtle generally only grows to a straight carapace length of about 6.5 in (16.5 cm).

A female tends to have a shorter tail and a broader carapace. A hatchling has a shell size of about in length, and is olive to black in color. It also has two small tubercles under the chin and musk glands in the sides of the carapace. Uniquely, the genus Pelomedusa does not have a hinged plastron (lower shell).

Species in the genus Staurotypus are typically much larger than other species of Kinosternidae, attaining a straight carapace length of up to 36 cm (14 in), with males being significantly smaller than females. Typically brown, black, or green in color, with yellow undersides, the carapace is distinguished by three distinct ridges, or keels, which run the length.

The male adult Arizona mud turtle is 103.0- 181.3 mm (4-7.5 in) long, and female Arizona mud turtle is 95.5-167.3mm (3.5-6.5 on) long. The turtle's body varies in color. The carapace (upper portion of the shell) is dome shaped and tends to be brown, olive or a yellow- brown in color. The carapace also lacks keels.

In the Anomura (hermit crabs and related animals), the fifth pair of pereiopods is often hidden inside the branchial chamber, where they are used to clean the gills. The cephalothorax is covered by a carapace which protects the internal organs and the gills; the section of the carapace that projects in front of the eyes is called the rostrum.

Male carapaces are usually about in width and length, with the female carapace usually close to in width and length. Males caught in commercial fisheries generally weigh and females generally about . Off the coast of Newfoundland, two amphipod species – Ischyrocerus commensalis and Gammaropsis inaequistylis – have been found to live on the carapace of the snow crab.

Underside of B. gaffneyi shell Turtle shells are a key identifying feature of turtles. The shells are made up of two portions: the carapace and the plastron. The carapace is the hard upper shell of a turtle while the plastron is the ventral surface of the shell. Turtle shells are phylogenetically important because it protects the animal.

Its posterodorsal angle is broadly rounded, with approximately 25 long setules. It also counts with a row of about 50 to 70 long and thin setules along the posterior margin on the inner side of its carapace. The carapace ornamentation is observed as lightly developed longitudinal lines. Its head is elongated and narrow, its rostrum is obliquely truncated.

Metacyrba taeniola is a species of spider in the family Salticidae, the jumping spiders. Males grow to a length of , while females reach . M. taeniola differs from related species such as Metacyrba floridana and M. punctata by its greater overall size, and by the relative broadness of its carapace, which is around 70% of the length of the carapace.

Despite the name "lobster", slipper lobsters such as Scyllarides latus have no claws, and nor do they have the protective spines of spiny lobsters. Instead, the exoskeleton, and particularly the carapace, are thicker than in clawed lobsters and spiny lobsters, acting as resilient armour. Adults are cryptically coloured, and the carapace is covered in conspicuous, high tubercles.

The carapace is highly domed and light brown in colour with prominent growth rings on each scute. The outer parts of the vertebral are a darker brown. The gular scute of the plastron projects forward between the front legs and curves upward toward the neck. Males are larger than females, reaching a carapace length up to .

Males have a carapace in reddish orange color with two iridescent blue stripes. Legs have iridescent scales that make them appear golden and purple shades. Females have greyish carapace with grey eyebrows with all legs yellow in color. The female of this species was described 139 years after it was first described by Karsch in 1879.

Its eyes were set on the sides of its carapace and near the front, with smaller ocelli set closer to the top.

The female holds the eggs in the thorax and in some species the eggs can be found inside lobes of the carapace.

Mictaceans have a brood pouch (marsupium) and biramous thoracic limbs, but lack a carapace. They have eyestalks but "no functioning visual elements".

Pachyrhynchus infernalis is a weevil species in the family Curculionidae. It is a small black weevil known by its particularly resistant carapace.

Most Cheloninae are small and uniformly colored. They have a characteristic metasomal carapace formed from the fusion of the first three tergites.

Dromia dormia is the largest species in the family Dromiidae, at up to across the carapace for males, and up to for females.

In addition to its similarly to these genera, Corsochelys retains a carapace with minimally reduced coastal plates.2004\. Lehman TM, Tomlinson SL. 2004.

The legs and claws are bright red to purplish and the carapace, which typically is between wide, is mainly maroon to dark brown.

The line of small tubercles (sharp knobs) under the eyes on the side of the carapace are usually visible to the naked eye.

This squat lobster is an orange-red colour with white-tipped legs and chelae, pinkish lateral carapace spines and a paler ventral surface.

Leeches, Placobdelloides siamensis on the carapace of a yellow-headed temple turtle (arrows) The leech Placobdelloides siamensis is an ectoparasite of this turtle.

Anterolateral margin is acutely triangular. Major cheliped with dactylus usually longer than palm. Carapace of female is also trapezoidal. Anterolateral margin broadly triangular.

Both male and female possess a whitish scaly band around the rear part of the carapace and the leading edge of the abdomen.

Walcott's original specimens consisted only of H-elements of the frontal carapace, which he interpreted as being the carapace of an unidentified type of crustacean. P-elements of the carapace were described as a separate genus, Proboscicaris, in 1962. In 1996, then-curator of the Royal Ontario Museum Desmond H. Collins erected the taxon Radiodonta to encompass Anomalocaris and its close relatives, and included both Hurdia and Proboscicaris in the group. He subsequently recognized that Proboscicaris and Hurdia were based on different parts of the same animal, and recognized that a specimen previously assigned to Peytoia was also a specimen of the species.

In an Early Dynastic tomb at Helwan a man was buried beneath the carapace of a tortoise who had lost his feet in an accident. The carapace may symbolize the "way in which the owner used to move slowly like a tortoise," or sitting in the carapace may have been a very useful way for the owner to move around. The Medical Ebers Papyrus cites the use of turtle carapaces and organs in some formulas, including one formula for the removal of hair. An ointment made from the brain of a turtle was the treatment for squinting.

Long-nosed armadillos have a broad, depressed body, an obtusely pointed rostrum, long, pointed ears and short legs. The carapace consists of two immobile plates, separated by six or seven movable bands, which are connected to each other by a fold of hairless skin. The carapace is mostly blackish, hairless and with the scales of the anterior edge of the movable bands not notably different in colour from the rest of the dorsum. Lateral scutes have dark blackish-pink centres only slightly discernible from the rest of the carapace, but never as obviously pale as in the nine-banded armadillo.

The maximum reported weight is and the maximum (presumed total) length is . The head and carapace (upper shell) range from a yellow-orange to a reddish brown, while the plastron (underside) is typically pale yellow. The turtle's neck and sides are brown on the tops and yellow on the sides and bottom. The turtle's shell is divided into two sections: carapace and plastron.

Goneplax rhomboides is a relatively small (carapace up to ), distinctive-looking crab that ranges from yellowish-white, to orange, to reddish, to vivid pink in colour. It has a smooth, quadrangular, strongly convex carapace that is much broader than it is long. It has long, slender pereiopods with margins of propodus and dactylus bristles. It likewise has setae on its antennae and mouthparts.

The spots are placed in a 2-3-4 design, with two at the front of its carapace, three across the middle, and four located at its posterior end. This species grows to approximately 18 cm. At an average carapace width of 152 mm, it is larger in size in regards to other xanthids.Wetzer R, Martin JW, Trautwein SE. 2003.

The larvae of Libinia ferreirae are planktonic and have one prezoeal stage, two zoeal stages and one megalopa stage. The carapace of the zoea has one short rostral and one curved dorsal spine and some of the abdominal segments have spiny projections. The post-larval megalopa has a downturned rostrum, a carapace with various protuberances and four pairs of abdominal appendages.

At some stage the crab emerges from the bell and falls to the sea bed. Adult Libinia ferreirae often have faunal epibionts growing on their carapace. These include algae, polychaete worms, sea anemones, barnacles, bryozoans and hydroids. The most common species growing on the carapace was the sea anemone, Calliactis tricolor, which seems to be used by the crabs as camouflage.

Plastron of Trachemys emolli The Nicaraguan slider has a carapace with many circular markings on it, and in the middle of each marking, there is a dark spot. The main color of the carapace and the turtle's skin is olive green to dark brown. It also has yellow markings on it as well. The supratemporal markings can be orange, pink, or yellow.

Alpheus tricolor has a carapace length of about , a total length of and chela length of . Its carapace is smooth, possessing shallow grooves latero- anteriorly, and erect setae dorsally. Its pterygostomial angle is rounded, while its rostrum is well developed and acute; its orbital hoods are inflated, lacking teeth. Its eyes have small anterior processes, and its antennular peduncles are stout.

Male yellow rock crabs can reach 165 mm carapace width, while females reach 148 mm. The carapace is oval, fairly broad, and widest at the 9th of 10 forward-curving anterolateral teeth. Like other California Cancridae crabs, M. anthonyi has black-tipped claws. M. anthonyi can be distinguished from Romaleon antennarium by its lack of red spotting on its underside.

It may grow up to long, and may weigh up to . The carapace is wider at the front, reddish brown in color, with ten white spots. Ranina ranina is mainly nocturnal, and remains buried in the sand during the day. Ranina ranina is easily distinguished from other crab species in its habitat due to its red carapace and elongated midsection.

Mithraculus sculptus is a small crab with a carapace longer than it is wide and large chelae (claws). The carapace is flat, shiny and green, finely sculpted, with whitish material adhering to the projections. The chelae are also green and are spoon-shaped and tipped with white. The walking legs are rather paler in colour and are hairy and often covered with encrustations.

The species has well-defined groves on a hexagonal carapace, with a smooth dorsal surface and a spiny anterior surface. Carapace width is 150 mm. Their branchial openings are partially covered by maxillipeds, and have asymmetrical chelipeds with stiff, brown-black spines of various sizes on their walking legs. The frontal region is beige-cream and covered in many short setae.

Synagelides palpaloides is a jumping spider native to Taiwan. Adults males can grow to be to long. The carapace is mostly brown and covered with small granules, but the base of each eye, the edge of the carapace, and part of the area around the eyes is black. There are few hairs and these can be either brown or white.

The carapace may reach wide, and from front to back. P. trituberculatus may be distinguished from the closely related (and also widely fished) P. armatus by the number of broad teeth on the front of the carapace (three in P. trituberculatus, four in P. armatus) and on the inner margin of the merus (four in P. trituberculatus, three in P. armatus).

Apalone spinifera aspera differs from other subspecies of Apalone spinifera in having two or more black lines running along the posterior border of the carapace. It also has scattered ocelli or ring-shaped spots on the carapace, which may be obscure in adult females.Smith, H.M. and E.D. Brodie, Jr. 1982. Reptiles of North America: A Guide to Field Identification Golden Press.

Both are considerably larger than Carcinoscorpius rotundicauda. Like the other species, females of T. gigas grow larger than males. On average in Sarawak, Malaysia, females are about long, including a tail that is about , and their carapace (prosoma) is about wide. In comparison, the average for males is about long, including a tail that is about , and their carapace is about wide.

The stone crab's carapace is wide. They are brownish red with gray spots and a tan underside, and have large and unequally sized chelae (claws) with black tips. In addition to the usual sexual dimorphism exhibited by crabs, the female Florida stone crabs have a larger carapace than males of a similar age, and males generally have larger chelae than females.

H. sanguineus has a squarish carapace, in width, with three teeth along the forward sides; its pereiopods are marked with alternating light and dark bands. The males have a bulb-like structure at the base of the movable finger on their claws. Other distinguishing features include three spines on each side of the carapace. Adult crabs sizes range from 35–42 mm width.

The surface texture of a Basilemys carapace consists of many small, shallow pits that are arranged in a chain- link pattern. These shallow pits are bordered by low, tetrahedal prominences. In contrast, in Nanhsiungchelys, the pits are arranged more tightly and are in transverse rows over the costals. The pattern of the carapace in Basilemys can be described as being nearly isotropic.

Lauridromia intermedia is a small crab with a maximum carapace width of for males and for females. The carapace is covered in short hair and there are shaggy bristles round the margins. It is nearly circular in shape and the rostrum has three teeth, the central one being smaller than the other two. This crab has robust chelipeds bearing a number of tubercles.

The dorsal color of A. marmorata is usually dark brown or dull olive, with or without darker reticulations or streaking. The plastron is yellowish, sometimes with dark blotches in the centers of the scutes. The straight carapace length is . The carapace is low and broad, usually widest behind the middle, and in adults is smooth, lacking a keel or serrations.

Older Webcreatures develop a carapace-like hide that can withstand a lot of punishment. Their teeth can also chew through many substances, including sprites and metal. Although one is never seen, they can grow to a gargantuan size, roughly the size of a ship. Its bones are used to cover the Captain's ship as an armature for the other carapace pieces.

They are usually seen covered with sponge which they apply themselves. The carapace of a fully grown male is roughly long and slightly narrower than it is long. I. dorsettensis resembles the closely related species Inachus phalangium, but has more prominent spines on the carapace. They molt, with the intermolting period being shorter the warmer the water they reside in is.

Adults are up to long, with a carapace long; the body is chestnut brown with a green tinge, and the spines projecting from the carapace are red at the tips. The rostrum is triangular in shape with four spines on either side. The first pair of pereiopods are 1½ times as long as the body, and have well-developed claws.

Pandalus montagui is a translucent, pinkish shrimp, generally growing to about long. Its colour is due to a number of red chromatophores and the few short red streaks running obliquely on the carapace. The rostrum is long, up-curved and divided at the tip with 10–12 teeth on its posterior dorsal edge. A spine is found under the eye on the carapace.

Daphnia pulicaria have a translucent carapace and two prominent second antennae, which they use to move. The carapace, composed primarily of chitin, helps protect the feeding apparatus, and it is periodically shed during an individual's life. Daphnia have a compound eye, and they are known to have an optomotor response. D. pulicaria generally have a body length less than 3mm.

Typically, this crab will have a brown/purple or black carapace with green stripes. Its carapace is square and can reach 4 to 5 cm in size. The claws are red/purple with a mottled and striped pattern on the upper surface, and whitish-grayish on the lower surface, while its legs are purple and green with a similar mottled appearance.

Its upper shell is called the carapace. The lower shell that encases the belly is called the plastron. The carapace and plastron are joined on the turtle's sides by bony structures called bridges. The inner shell layer is made up of about 60 bones that include portions of the backbone and the ribs, meaning the turtle cannot crawl out of its shell.

Elsewhere, the distribution is consistent with the break-up of Pangaea. The developing embryos are carried by the adult under its carapace until hatching.

This crab is sometimes mistaken for the more common Atelecyclus rotundatus. However, Atelecyclus rotundatus can be distinguished by its finer granulations and narrower carapace.

Dorsally carapace is dark brown in color. Patella is greyish. Tibia is brownish black. Tarsus is brownish, with a v-shaped light patch proximally.

This crab is sometimes mistaken for the more common Atelecyclus undecimdentatus. However, Atelecyclus undecimdentatus can be distinguished by its wider carapace and coarser granulations.

It is sexually mature when it is in carapace length. Fecundity is much reduced in individuals which are infested with a parasitic echinostome fluke.

Charybdis affinis has a hexagonal, concave carapace with a yellowish-grey colour. This crab is found in the Indian Ocean and in the West Pacific.

In arachnids, the sternum is the ventral (lower) portion of the cephalothorax. It consists of a single sclerite situated between the coxa, opposite the carapace.

Carnarvonia is a genus of arthropods of uncertain affinities, known from the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale. Its bivalved carapace bears the imprints of its veins.

The appendages are attached to the soft ventral integument of the plate. The general outline of the carapace was quadrate with an elongate trapezoidal outline.

Heterozius rotundifrons, or big hand crab, is a species of crab of the family Belliidae, endemic to New Zealand. The carapace width is up to .

The flat- backed spider tortoise receives its name from its distinctive physical appearance. Its upper-shell (carapace) and tail are outstandingly flatter than the common tortoise. Its carapace is patterned, with each scute ranging in color from light brown to yellow center and a dark brown to black outline. In older tortoise, an additional yellow border can be seen that surrounds the dark outline.

The spot is often forked, facing posteriorly. The bog turtle has a dark skin color with an orange-red wash on the inside of the legs of some individuals. The carapace is domed and rectangular in shape, and it tends to be narrower toward the head and wider toward the tail. The carapace often has easily identifiable rings on the rough scales or scutes.

This species’ carapace features a row of low vertebral spines, and is serrated on the posterior rim. The carapace is olive, dark brown, or black in coloration with light yellowish markings with dark borders. The plastron color varies from cream to yellow and is patterned with dark lines and swirls. The body color is grayish brown to blackish and is marked with yellowish stripes.

The cephalothorax is quite flat, the carapace rather elongate oval and slightly flared near the front. The whole carapace is orange, with a black fringe around the eyes. The yellow brown abdomen is long and narrow, rounded at the front, with long straight, slightly diverging sides that curve to a point near the spinnerets. Several round tufts of white hair are found in pairs.

Lissocarcinus orbicularis grows to about , and has a smooth, glabrous carapace with distinctive spots. The carapace is slightly shorter than it is broad and has a highly convex shape. This species has a commensalistic relationship with certain sea cucumbers. It can be found within the gut cavity, or near the oral tentacles and anus of sea cucumber species Holothuria whitmaei, Actinopyga obesa, and most commonly Holothuria atra.

A white median stripe is present on the cephalus of the female.Murphy & Murphy 2000: 301 V. praemandibularis males have an orange carapace with bronze iridescent hairs on the cephalus, and an orange opisthosoma with a dark brown median stripe. The legs are yellowish, except for the brown first pair. The carapace of the female is yellowish with a white stripe, bordered by two orange stripes.

Its tail was surrounded by a flexible sheath of bone, and features shallow depressions along the edges, which may have been spikes in life. The carapace was firmly anchored to the pelvis but loose around the shoulder. The carapace featured a dome, which may have been a fat- filled space, similar to a camel's hump. The tail club could reach up to in length.

Like other fiddler crabs, Uca flammula males have one claw that is significantly larger than the other, while females have two equal-sized smaller claws. It has a black carapace with two white or pinkish parallel marks running fore and aft near the centre and a solid red band across the front of the carapace. The claws are bright red-orange and the eyes are close together.

Labidochirus splendescens can grow to a carapace width of about . The carapace is armed with dorsal spines and is more heavily calcified than is the case in most hermit crabs. The walking legs are relatively long and the crab "wears" a mollusc shell that appears to be too small. The crab's body and legs are brown or pinkish and have a reddish iridescent sheen.

Romaleon antennarium has a fan-shaped carapace with eleven teeth to either side of the eyestalks, the widest point falling at the eighth or ninth tooth. The chelipeds are quite stout with the black tips bent downward. The antennae are long and prominent, accounting for the specific name. The dorsal surfaces of adults are uniformly red, but the ventral surface of the carapace is spotted.

This turtle has very sharp claws as well as a sharp beak used for catching small insects and eating fruits, vegetables, and fungi. The Florida box turtle exhibits significant sexual dimorphism. On average, males are larger (length and width) than females. The carapace length of females ranges from 12.1 - 15.8 cm while the average male carapace can be anywhere from 12.8 - 17.3 cm long.

The brim of Cyclograpsus lavauxi carapace is smooth, a lot like other crab species. The anterior of the carapace is linear edged with two eye orbits, which are curved and situated in the two frontal corners. The antennas are well-developed and are used for sensing texture, food, sound etc. C. lavauxi has eight legs and two large pincers at the front of the crab.

Alpheus fasqueli has a carapace length of about , a total length of and chela length of . Its carapace is smooth, possessing shallow grooves latero-anteriorly, and scattered setae dorsally. Its pterygostomial angle is rounded, while its rostrum is well developed and descendant; its orbital hoods are inflated, lacking teeth. Its corneas are well developed, while its eyes have small anterior processes, and its antennular peduncles are stout.

In the largest specimen (the paratype), the carapace was 18 mm (0.7 in) wide and 13 mm (0.5 in) long. Five parallel lines along the front margin that make up the ornamentation can be seen on the surface of the carapace. In the posterior portion, a series of small irregularly distributed tubercles (rounded protuberances) appear. In the posterior margin, there is a strip of fine triangular scales.

Juveniles may be variously patterned Cancer productus has carapace teeth that are somewhat broad and rounded with teeth between the eyes of nearly equal size and shape. The carapace of C. productus is widest at the posterior- most tooth, up to 20.0 cm wide. The pincers are large with distinctive black tips. This species lacks serrations or projections on the ventral side of the claws.

The Gulf snapping turtle is a large, brown to dark brown, short-necked turtle. Its carapace, or upper shell, reaches in straight carapace length; it has an undulating suture between the hemeral and pectoral shields in the white plastron, or under shell. The undulating (rather than straight) suture in the plastron distinguishes it from the northern snapping turtle (Elseya dentata).Woinarski, John (compiler) (May 2006).

The Florida redbelly can be distinguished from other similar turtles by its distinctive red-tinged plastron (belly) and two cusps (like teeth) on its upper beak. Like most Pseudemys turtles, this species is a fairly large river turtle. Carapace length in mature turtles can range from . Females, which average in carapace length and weigh , are noticeably larger than males, which are around and in mass.

I. trispinosa is a slender cumacean which grows up to 10 mm long. The carapace is approximately twice as long as it is high, and in the male, which has a rounded pseudorostrum, rather smooth. The female has two to six small serrations in the middle of the dorsal ridge of the carapace, and a sharply leading pseudorostrum. Both males and females are strongly pigmented.

Stone crabs have a hard exoskeleton shell which is brownish red with gray spots on top but a tan underside. They have two large and unequally-sized chelae (claws), which have black tips. The stone crab's carapace, or main shell, is and nearly wide. The males have a smaller carapace than females of a similar age, but males generally have larger chelae than females.

Males are also smaller than females, with a shell length of 12.7 to 24 cm. Females are 24 to 48 cm in length, with a dark carapace and a small tail that doesn't go beyond the edge of their carapace. Their feet are webbed for swimming, with their toes ending in claws. They often have oxymoronic rings, similar to the featherquill porcupine or rubbertooth shark.

The coloration on the neck, chin, and inner legs is more vibrant in males than in females who display a pale yellowish color in those areas. Hatchlings range in size from in length (straight carapace measurement). The plastrons of hatchlings are dull gray to brown. Their tail usually equals the length of the carapace and their neck and legs lack the bright coloration found in adults.

G. hamiltonii is mainly black with small yellowish spots, and a much-elevated carapace, with three interrupted keels or series of nodose prominences corresponding to the vertebral and costal shields. The posterior border of the carapace is strongly serrated in young, but feebly in the adult. The nuchal is moderate, broader posteriorly than anteriorly. The first vertebral is not or scarcely broader anteriorly than posteriorly.

P. bibroni is the among the largest species of freshwater turtle, surpassed or matched only by other species of Pelochelys, as well as certain Chitra, Rafetus, and Macrochelys species. P. bibroni can reach up to in straight carapace length, and in weight. It has a soft, subdermal carapace with a slightly flexible posterior region.Rhodin, Anders G. J.; Spring, Sylvia; Pritchard, Peter C. H. (1980).

The skin beneath the head and between the limbs is a lighter pinkish color. The name box turtle refers to C. flavomarginata's ability to bring the plastron to the edges of the carapace. This is enabled by a hinge on the plastron and ligaments connecting the carapace and plastron, which allows for limited movement. The forefeet have five claws, while the rear have four.

The Blue Mountains funnel-web spider has a similar coloration to most other Australian funnel-web spiders, namely a shiny black carapace and black to dark brown legs and chelicerae. The abdomen of the male has a pale dorsal patch, and that of the female is maroon- brown. The carapace in the male is slightly longer than wide and is roughly square in the female.

Reconstruction of Pasternakevia podolica Pasternakevia is a genus of synziphosurine, a paraphyletic group of fossil chelicerate arthropods. Pasternakevia was regarded as part of the clade Planaterga. Fossils of the single and type species, P. podolica, have been discovered in deposits of the Silurian period in Podolia, Ukraine. The prosoma of Pasternakevia covered by a smooth, semicircular carapace with rounded genal cornua (posterolateral corner of carapace).

Adult males do not exceed a length of 155 mm or a weight of 550 g. Females are smaller, not growing beyond 135 mm in carapace length or a weight of 410 g. Hatchlings have a carapace length of 24–29 mm and weigh between 3.2 and 6.6 g. The colour of the western swamp turtle varies dependent on age and the environment where it is found.

Although it cannot be genetically determined what dictates minimum and maximum post-puberty sizes of Macropodia Rostrata, scientists believe it is the result of varied ecological histories. Interestingly, it was expected that the males of the species Macropodia Rostrata would show modification of the gential papillae and the first intromittent organs coinciding with the molt of puberty, however it was observed that the size of carapace length and gential papillae did not correlate. For male Macropodia Rostrata, the largest pre puberty carapace lengths are 18mm, while the mean is generally 16.4mm. Male macropodia Rostrata can reach a maximum post-puberty carapace length of 23mm.

Close examination of the partially formed carapace revealed similarity to the fully formed carapace in crown turtles such as the lack of intercostal muscles and limited rib mobility. Furthermore, it is made up of modified forms of laterally expanded and broadened ribs without ossification, similar in structure to the modern turtle embryo. The addition of South Africa's 260-million-year-old Permian stem reptile Eunotosaurus africanus, the hypothesized earliest stem turtle predating the O. semitestacea by 40 million years, revealed the early stages of carapace evolution. Histological data characterized E. africanus and Proganochelys ribs as homologous structures, both broadened and T-shaped in cross-section.

Liocarcinus marmoreus, sometimes known as the marbled swimming crab, is a species of crab found in the northern Atlantic Ocean and North Sea. It may be found on sand and gravel in the sublittoral and lower littoral zones, down to a depth of , from the Azores and the Alboran Sea (the westernmost section of the Mediterranean Sea) as far north as the Shetland Islands. It reaches a carapace length of , and is distinguished from other similar species by the presence of three similarly-sized teeth on the edge of the carapace, between the eyes, and by the marbled colouration on the carapace. L. marmoreus is sometimes parasitised by the barnacle Sacculina.

Gecarcinus quadratus in Panama The carapace of G. quadratus may reach a length of . It has a pair of largely purple claws, red-orange legs, and an almost entirely black carapace with a pair of yellow, orange or reddish spots behind the eyes, and an additional pair of whitish spots on the central-lower carapace. This nocturnal crab digs burrows – sometimes as long as – in the coastal rainforests of Central America, and is common along the coasts of Costa Rica, Panama, and Nicaragua. It lives in the forest at least some of its adult life, but needs to return to the ocean to breed.

Strobilopteridae is an extinct family of eurypterids that lived in the Silurian and Devonian periods. The family is one of three families contained in the superfamily Eurypteroidea (along with Dolichopteridae and Eurypteridae), which in turn is one of the superfamilies classified as part of the suborder Eurypterina. The family contains two genera, Buffalopterus and Strobilopterus. Strobilopterids were eurypterines with semicircular carapaces, a short appendage VI that barely projected from beneath the carapace, ornamentation on the carapace radiating from the lateral eyes and curving around the margins of the carapace and a row of angular scales across the posterior of the tergites on the metasoma.

The lone specimen, officially labeled as MN6919-v now resides in the Museu Nacional da Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro. The turtle skeleton found consisted of parts of the turtle's carapace, a few vertebral elements and a matching femur and pelvis. Since most of the elements used to systematically classify a fossil turtle in the Pleurodira (such as the skull) were missing, the species’ affiliation was determined by the attachment of the specimen's pelvis to its carapace. Closer approximation and analysis of its carapace elements have shown that Caririemys is closely related to the turtle Euraxemys essweini from the same geographic locality and strata.

The shell star-pattern of the radiated tortoise Growing to a carapace length of up to 16 in (41 cm) and weighing up to 35 lb (16 kg), the radiated tortoise is considered to be one of the world's most beautiful tortoises. This tortoise has the basic "tortoise" body shape, which consists of the high-domed carapace, a blunt head, and elephantine feet. The legs, feet, and head are yellow except for a variably sized black patch on top of the head. The carapace of the radiated tortoise is brilliantly marked with yellow lines radiating from the center of each dark plate of the shell, hence its name.

Sizes (carapace lengths) have been recorded as ranging from 7.6-10.2 cm (3–4 in) in males and 10.2-19.1 cm (4-7.5 in) in females.

"The lobster carapace carotenoprotein, a-crustacyanin." A possible role for tryptophan in the bathochromic spectral shift of protein-bound astaxanthin. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 May 2010.

The Jackson ratio is expressed as a graph of minimum and optimum weights for a given carapace length. This exhibits the same principle without the maths.

The male clasps the lower margin of the female's shell and swims while holding her above him. Females carry up to 200 eggs under the carapace.

The carapace length is about in males and in females. The entire body and the long and slender legs are covered densely with curving yellow hair.

2nd Edition. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press. (Graptemys geographica, pp. 293-302.) Males have a narrower carapace with more distinct keel, narrower head, and a longer, thicker tail.

Sea turtles have a carapace and plastron of bone and cartilage which is developed from their ribs. Infrequently a turtle "shell" will wash up on a beach.

Plenocaris plena is a crustacean-like arthropod with a bivalved carapace, and is known from the Burgess shale and Chengjiang. It probably lacked pleopods, but had uropods.

P. argus may reach up to long, but typically around , and is fished throughout its range. Sexual maturity in females is reached at a carapace length of .

Adeliini are small, non-cyclostome braconids with the first two to four tergites fused to form a carapace. Wing veination is relatively reduced compared to other Chelonines.

The pallid ghost crab, Ocypode pallidula, is a small ghost crab that digs burrows in beaches of the Indo-Pacific region. Its carapace is usually about wide.

The largest recorded specimen is , but a maximum weight of is considered typical. The average accepted form of measurement, that of the carapace, is from in length.

On the other hand, Hughmilleria had certain resemblance to the basal adelophthalmid Eysyslopterus, sharing a triangular anterior carapace margin, possibly a plesiomorphic (of a common ancestor) trait.

The male has a convex carapace long and an abdomen long. It is generally brown in colour, with white patterns on the abdomen and some yellow legs.

The pale brown and whitish disruptive coloration as well as the spines and bristles on the carapace make it difficult to discern the features of this shrimp.

The Brazilian snake-necked turtle is a small species reaching a straight carapace length of between with a weight of . The carapace of the adult is oval in shape varying in color from dark gray, through to dark or light brown. The plastron is a yellow or cream color. The species has a moderate-sized head with a small snout and yellowish jaws, with no barbels on the chin.

Marginals 1, 2, and 8-10 are slightly expanded but not flared, and 3-7 are often slightly upturned. The carapace is highest just behind the center and broadest at the level of the anterior part of the eighth marginals; its posterior rim may be weakly serrated. The carapace is dark to blackish brown, but may be light brown in some. Juveniles often have lighter brown radiations on their carapacial scutes.

S. salvinii is typically much larger than other species of Kinosternidae, attaining a straight carapace length of up to 38 cm (15 inches), with males being significantly smaller than females. It is typically brown, black, or green in color, with a yellow underside. The carapace is distinguished by three distinct ridges, or keels which run its length. The giant musk turtle tends to be quite aggressive, agile and energetic.

A little turtle, S. depressus can have a straight carapace length of as an adult, with a record length of . Both the common name and specific name refer to the fact that the species' carapace (upper shell) is much lower and flatter than those of the other members of the genus Sternotherus. In fact the flattened musk turtle looks as if someone had accidentally stepped on it, hence the common name.

Horseshoe crabs have two large compound eyes on the sides of its head. An additional simple eye is positioned at the rear of each of these structures. In addition to these obvious structures, it also has two smaller ocelli situated in the middle-front of its carapace, which may superficially be mistaken for nostrils. A further simple eye is located beneath these, on the underside of the carapace.

T. birsteini resembles a typical lobster, with two large claws, four other pairs of pereiopods, and a long pleon (tail). The carapace is granular, especially in the front half, and it bears a rostrum which divides into two points at its tip. The total length may range from , with the carapace being long. Smaller individuals are found in shallower waters, and larger individuals are found at greater depths (up to ).

Metanephrops challengeri is a slender lobster, typically long, but exceptionally up to , and weighing up to each. Its chelipeds (legs bearing the main chelae, or claws) are long, narrow, and slightly unequal. The second and third pairs of pereiopods also end in small claws, but the fourth and fifth pairs do not. The carapace is smooth, and extends forwards into a long, narrow rostrum, only slightly shorter than the carapace.

Atergatis subdentatus from Karwar, India. Atergatis subdentatus has a compact shape, and may appear either uniform crimson in colour, or may have an irregularly mottled yellow on a crimson background. It has a broadly subquadrilateral carapace which grows to about wide, and has finely punctulated by the anterior and antero-lateral borders. It normally has an orange spot in the centre of the carapace, often with two small, white 'eyes' within.

It is named in honor of arachnologist Fred R. Wanless, who described more than a dozen salticid genera from 1970 to 1990. W. sedgwicki males are about long. Both the carapace and legs are yellowish-brown, though the carapace has irregular black markings and a lighter area around the fovea. The opisthosoma is yellow to white with similar markings near the rear, and is covered with amber-grey hairs.

Oregonia gracilis have three body segments: head, thorax and abdomen. Like many crustaceans, the head and thorax combine into a cephalothorax and are completely covered in a continuous exoskeleton called a carapace. The carapace is heart shaped, a brown, tan or grey color and 5 cm in length with five long thin walking legs (pereopods) attached to it. The first three pereopods are called maxipelleds and are used for feeding.

The northern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider has a glossy black carapace, and matte black or dark brown chelicerae, legs and abdomen. The dorsolateral surface of the abdomen may have a plum- or purplish tinge. The carapace of both sexes is longer and thinner than other members of the genus Hadronyche. With a body length of 40-50 millimetres, it is the largest member of the funnel-web subfamily Atracinae.

Henodus, like many other placodonts, had a superficial resemblance to a turtle. Like turtles, it had a shell formed from a plastron on the underside and a carapace on top. The carapace extended well beyond the limbs, and was made up of individual plates of bony scutes covered by plates of horn. However, the shell was composed of many more pieces of bone than that of turtles, forming a mosaic pattern.

Macrocheira kaempferi is a giant crab with a pear-shaped carapace that is 350 mm when measured on the median line. Its surface is covered in small like projections or tubercles. The spine of an adult giant crab is short and curves outward at the tip. On the other hand, the spines in young giant crabs are long compared to their carapace, along with a non-curved spine.

Size comparison of the well- known species of Parahughmilleria. The first fossil remains of Parahughmilleria were found in the Shawangunk Mountains, New York. John Mason Clarke described and assigned them in 1907 to Eurypterus maria. The carapace of this species was somewhat elongate, regularly rounded and with subparallel (almost parallel) lateral margins with subcentral (near the centre of the carapace) eyes of a crescentic (half moon shaped) form.

It is large, its size varying between , with well-developed anterolateral teeth on the carapace in adults and with laterally compressed dactyli on the walking legs. The carapace is 1.4 times broader than long, very inflated and strongly convex from front to back. It possesses a median pair of long and sharp frontal teeth, separated by a narrow, V-shaped emargination. The carapace's surface is finely granular posterolaterally.

Juveniles (both sexes) also have six long spines on either side of the rear carapace, similar to adult males. The carapace which shields the prosoma also bears two pairs of eyes – a pair of simple eyes at the front, and a pair of compound eyes positioned laterally. In common with other horseshoe crabs, T. gigas also has ventral eyes near the mouthparts, and photoreceptors in the caudal spine.

Females bear eggs from March to August around the British Isles, and from February to September in the Mediterranean Sea. Young Pisidia longicornis go through two zoeal (larval) stages before reaching the megalopa (post-larval) stage. The zoea larvae bear "exceptionally long" spines on the carapace, one directed forwards, and two directed backwards. The second zoeal stage may reach a length of , while the megalopa has a carapace width of .

Corystes cassivelaunus, the masked crab, helmet crab or sand crab, is a burrowing crab of the North Atlantic and North Sea from Portugal to Norway, which also occurs in the Mediterranean Sea. It may grow up to long (carapace length). The name "masked crab" derives from the patterns on the carapace which resemble a human face, in a similar manner to heikegani. It is the only species in the genus Corystes.

Females of G. p. kohni are considerably larger than males, the adult male being 3.5 to 5 inches (about 9 to 13 cm) in straight carapace length, and the adult female from 6 to 10 inches (about 15 to 25 cm) in straight carapace length. Males have a leaner look, more like juveniles, but females have a larger, bulkier build. Their grey shells are covered in yellow lines resembling contour lines.

It is locally common. This reddish crab is sexually dimorphic; the males have larger claws and are overall larger than the females. The carapace of the largest males can reach , while their claws can span . Like other members of the family, most P. cuvieri in their natural habitat carry an object, typically a living sessile invertebrate such as a sponge or deep-water coral, over the carapace in the small hindlegs.

The four-eyed turtle can grow to a carapace length of . Its carapace typically ranges in color from a yellowish- tan to a deep chocolate-brown, and all turtles have a distinct pattern of lines. The turtle's head is often colorful with yellow or green eyes, yellow stripes, and a pink or red throat. Two (sometimes four) eye-like ocelli occur on the back of the head, hence the turtle's name.

The average growth rate is about per year on wild, but in captivity it can grow faster being able to grow over in a year. The females can grow up to carapace and weight over , while the male can only grow carapace. When the males reach sexual maturity (after 2 years), they acquire a dark color while the females keep the same green after maturity (at 5 years).

The prosoma of Camanchia covered by a smoothly curved subtriangular carapace with broad doublure (ventral thickening run through the margin of carapace). Detail of the 6 prosomal appendage pairs (chelicerae+5 leg pairs) obscure, at least the first leg pair (appendage II) have spur-like terminations. Opisthosoma is externally 10-segmented with tergites possses blunt pleurae (lateral extension). The last 3 opisthosomal segments forming a narrow postabdomen with short pleurae.

Ixa monodi has a transversely ovoid carapace which is laterally stretched to form a process on each side which is cylindrical and covered in tubercles. The forehead is forked and the orbits are deep and completely overhang the eyes with three indentations in their outer margins. The posterior margin bears two granulose tubercles. The dorsal surface of the carapace has two longitudinal grooves which fork before the long.

This is the site of the male gonopore (the female's gonopore is on the sixth thoracic appendage). The first pleopod of the female is greatly enlarged and almost encloses the enlarged carapace. This is assumed to be a chamber in which the eggs are fertilised and retained until hatching. The more streamlined carapace and pleopods of the male make it more hydrodynamic, so fewer males are caught than females.

The carapace is a mottled dark yellow/brown colour transitioning to a lighter edge, and bears a single pair of compound eyes. At the front of the abdomen are one or more (up to three) pairs of feelers. Under the body are 41–46 (average 44) pairs of paddle-like limbs used for swimming. Males are readily identifiable by the lack of ovisacs, and also have subtle differences in the carapace.

The carapace (hard upper shell) is punctuated and slender, with a width of 0.5 to 0.6 mm and a depth of 0.5 to 0.6 mm. The cephalon (the head) has a few tubercles ventrally. The branchiostegites are uninflated, with a few tubercles along the ventral cervical groove. The rostrum (spinelike anterior median prolongation of the carapace) is slender and triangular, with a length of 1.0 to 1.6 mm.

Mangrove horseshoe crab in Bako National Park, Malaysia The basic body plan of a horseshoe crab consists of three parts: the prosoma, the opisthosoma and the tail (telson). The prosoma is the large, dome-shaped frontal part at the carapace. The smaller rear carapace with spines on the edge is the opisthosoma. The rear extension that looks like a spike is the telson, which is commonly described as the tail.

Like the other species, females grow larger than males. The largest females of the tri-spine horseshoe crab can be as much as long, including their tail. On average in Sabah, Malaysia, females are about long, including a tail that is about , and their carapace (prosoma) is about wide. In comparison, the average for males is about long, including a tail that is about , and their carapace is about wide.

The carapace may be mainly black with a brownish- pink border, or the dark area may be broken up into a "starburst" pattern with pale orange–yellow elsewhere.

These spiders have a white carapace with black spots, and long black and white striped legs. Females can grow up to long, but the males are generally smaller.

Diachasma is a genus of the Opiinae subfamily of insects and is characterized by the lack of a carapace-like metasoma and clypeal structures that other opiines share.

Chaceon crosnieri differs from C. affinis in that the carapace is more inflated, the outer orbital and the suborbital teeth are stronger, the subdistal tooth on the merus of the cheliped is stronger and the cheliped is smoother dorsally; the carpus of the walking legs lacks dorsal spinules, and the merus of the walking legs has a strong distal dorsal spine. It differs from C. chuni in being much larger up to , the carapace is more inflated, the gap between the first and second anterolateral tooth of the carapace is larger; the frontal teeth of the carapace are stronger, the suborbital spine is smaller, and the carpus of the cheliped lacks an outer spine. Chaceon crosnieri is a smoother species than C. bicolor, with shorter and stouter legs, the suborbital spine is lower and blunter, and the distal projection on the merus of the walking legs is much less developed in larger specimens. This species is named after Alain Crosnier.

The fourth leg is the longest, measuring in the type male and in a female. The legs and palps are black to reddish black with three distinctly colored rings, deep orange on the part of the patellae closest to the body with pale orange–yellow further away, pale orange–yellow on the lower part of the tibiae, and yellowish-white at the end of the metatarsi. Adult males have light greyish-red around the border of the carapace with a darker reddish-black marking from the middle of the carapace to the front of the head; the upper surface of the abdomen is black. Adult females vary more in carapace color and pattern.

Chinlechelys can be distinguished from both derived amniotes and primitive turtles based on the below features, noticed by Joyce et al.: the presence of a plastron, carapace and multi- element neck and tail armour; a dorsal centra hourglass-shaped, platycoelous, and with a distinct ventral keel; dorsal ribs in contact two dorsal vertebrae; the appearance of compressed dorsal ribs that are oriented vertically and only lightly associated with overlying dermal armour; a double contact between the dorsal vertebrae and dorsal ribs only incipient; the carapace and most of plastron laminar in thickness; a carapace with distinct medial ridge that widens towards the end; a plastron with a sloping inguinal notch; and neck armour prongs forming an angular cone.

Ashtoret lunaris has a carapace which has a finely grained texture as well as has six tubercles in the middle of the dorsal surface, and also a linear tubercle along the middle of the posterior of the carapace. The front has straight lobes, with a lateral and slightly emarginated rostrum which is located in the centre and the front lateral margin has five small tubercles followed by three larger deltoid tubercles. The lateral spine is equalt in length to a fifth of the carapace width. Chelipeds have a five-lobed ridge in the middle of the palm, the second and fourth lobes of which are pointed with the second lobe being the largest.

Metepeira labyrinthea, the labyrinth orbweaver, is an American dollar coin- sized spider, with thin legs and a round, bulbous abdomen It is a member of the genus Metepeira in the family Araneidae. The female’s length is 5.3 mm, its carapace 2.3 mm, abdomen 3.3 mm, and extended legs 18.4 mm. The carapace is brown or gray, and the abdomen is dark with a white pattern. The legs alternate pale brown and dark brown, and the sternum is dark brown with a longitudinal yellow mark. The male spider is three-quarters of the female’s length, or slightly larger, with a darker carapace and with greater contrast between dark and light areas of the legs.

Ibacus ciliatus is a broad slipper lobster, with a carapace length of up to , and a total length up to . It is typically a uniform reddish brown in colour; the tail fan (uropods and telson) can be a browner or a yellower hue. I. ciliatus is very similar to Ibacus pubescens, and can only be distinguished by the lack of pubescence (hairiness) on the carapace, and by the number of teeth along the edges of the carapace; in I. ciliatus there are typically 11 (occasionally 10 or 12), while in I. pubescens there are typically 12 (ranging from 11 to 14). The larvae of I. ciliatus are the typical phyllosoma larvae found in all slipper lobsters and spiny lobsters.

The End # "Slapped With An X" - Vision of Disorder vs. The Tyrant # "Bring It" - Judge vs. Bill Youngman # "Stalwart Carapace" - Youth Of Today vs. Edgey # "Deathbed" - Bleeding Through vs.

The placement of "Bunaia" heintzi (known only by a single carapace from the Silurian period in the United States) within this genus had been questioned and required further investigation.

Members of this family are tiny, soft-bodied crabs commonly known as pea crabs. Males of this species have carapace widths of up to and females of up to .

Iliella spinosa is an extinct species of kazacharthran branchiopod crustaceans from the Lower Jurassic of Kazakhstan. It had a unique carapace that was shaped like a spiny double-oval.

Powell et al. (2016). The carapace is at least twice as long as it is high. Body mass averages , with a range of .Wildlife as Canon sees it . canon.

This is the largest of the South American Acanthochelys species, growing to in carapace length. It has a broad, oval to moderately elongated, deep carapace with a shallow dorsal groove extending along the second to fourth vertebrals. The first and fifth vertebral scutes are very broad, the second through fourth may be slightly longer than broad, and the fifth is laterally expanded. Vertebral and pleural scutes may be rugose with growth annuli.

The Fitzroy River turtle is light to dark brown in color and grows to approximately 260 mm in carapace length. The shells of hatchlings (up to 95 mm long) are highly serrated while adults have rounded, smooth-edged shells. The plastron is lighter in color and tapers anteriorly and posteriorly. The carapace is highly reticulated to the naked eye, but this resolves as a series of parallel ridges with occasional cross ridging under low magnification.

There is an obvious preorbital spine on the tip of the rostrum, which is sharply down- curved and deeply notched at its tip. The carapace is covered in short spines, or tubercles. The longest legs, the second pair of walking legs, is longer than the carapace is wide, so sheep crabs can reach an overall width of . While the exoskeleton, or shell, is reddish, brown, or blue-green, this is often masked.

Platykotta is characterised by a broad, triangular sternum, unlike the very narrow sternum seen in Astacidea (true lobsters and freshwater crayfish) and Glypheoidea. A similar sternal form is seen in the spiny lobsters and slipper lobsters, and also several families of Anomura, including Galatheidae and Chirostylidae (squat lobsters), and Aeglidae. Unlike other anomurans, however, the carapace is considerably longer than wide. The pattern of grooves on the carapace indicates clear affinities with the Anomura.

The kazacharthrans are distinguished from tadpole shrimp in that they were much larger (carapace length ranging from 0.6 to 5 centimeters), had uniquely shaped, heavily sclerotized, heavily mineralized carapaces, and plate-shaped telsons The carapace, or headshield had a distinctive pattern of tubercles, typically with a central-anteriorly located tubercle that may or may not have housed the compound eyes, and other, distinctively shaped tubercles that may represent attachment sites for mandibles.

Reconstruction of Clausocaris The Thylacocephala (from the Greek or ', meaning "pouch", and or ' meaning "head") are a unique group of extinct arthropods, with possible crustacean affinities. As a class they have a short research history, having been erected in the early 1980s. They typically possess a large, laterally flattened carapace that encompasses the entire body. The compound eyes tend to be large and bulbous, and occupy a frontal notch on the carapace.

This sea turtle's dorsoventrally flattened body is covered by a large, teardrop- shaped carapace; it has a pair of large, paddle-like flippers. It is usually lightly colored, although in the eastern Pacific populations parts of the carapace can be almost black. Unlike other members of its family, such as the hawksbill sea turtle, C. mydas is mostly herbivorous. The adults usually inhabit shallow lagoons, feeding mostly on various species of seagrasses.

Portunus sayi grows to a length of about . Its smooth, shiny carapace is nearly twice as broad as it is long and has six frontal teeth on each side. The chelipeds (claws) are larger in males than in females and the spines they bear have orange margins. The carapace, claws and legs are usually pale brown with large white or flesh-coloured blotches but the brown colour may have a purplish or greenish tinge.

However, the braincase walls were quite thick and well armoured. The carapace of Psephoderma was made up of two parts, one of which covered the rib cage and thorax and the other of which covered the pelvis. Both parts of the carapace were made of partially fused scutes, roughly hexagonal or circular in shape. Its tail was quite long, up to about 80 cm, and had scutes all the way down it.

The chicken turtle is similar in appearance to the eastern painted turtle (Chrysemys picta picta), but has an unusually long, striped neck that is close to the length of its shell, with a yellow stripe on both the forelegs and rear legs. It has webbed feet to help it swim. It has a distinguishable net-like pattern on its carapace. The carapace is pear-shaped, and is an olive to dark brown.

Mictyris guinotae has a well-defined subglobular body, slightly less wide than long, a relatively smooth carapace, and long thin legs. They range in color from pale to dark blue, with occasional pale pink variants; they tend to be darker when they are younger and lighter when they are older. The adult male specimens observed had carapaces between 8 and 16 mm long; adult female carapace lengths ranged from 6 to 14 mm.

Supplementary information In C. oculatus, the eyes were semilunar in shape (almost moon-shaped) and placed near the middle of the carapace, with small ocelli (light-sensitive simple eyes) between them. Its carapace had small irregular prominences, a rounded anterior edge and an indented posterior edge. The thoracic segments (segments of the thorax) of the species were straight and narrow. The eyes of C. salmi were similar, being placed very close together.

In 1957, L. P. Pirozhnikov described two new species of eurypterids, N. schiraensis and Parahughmilleria matarakensis, and erroneously assigned them to the stylonurine genus Rhenopterus. This species is only known by a poorly preserved carapace which was semi-oval and elongated, with a narrow margin surrounding it. The posterior margin was slightly concave. There is only one preserved eye, which was reniform, large and rose slightly from the surface of the carapace.

Side view of a captive specimen, showing claws and lighter underside The marsh terrapin is typically a rather small turtle, with most individuals being less than in straight carapace length, but one has been recorded with a length of . It has a black or brown carapace. The top of the tail and limbs are a grayish brown, while the underside is yellowish. The male turtle is distinguished by its long, thick tail.

Brachynotus sexdentatus is a small crab, reaching a maximum carapace width of , but typically less than . The front of the carapace has two lobes and three lateral teeth on each side, each ending in a sharp point. The whole animal is olive green, with speckling in black, with the legs slightly paler or greyer. The claws are of similar side on either side of the body, but are much larger in males than in females.

In 1912 Walcott named Hurdia based on an isolated h-element, which he interpreted as the carapace of a crustacean. A Hurdia p-element was named Proboscicaris in 1962, and interpreted as the carapace of a bivalved arthropod. The Geological Survey of Canada initiated a revision of Burgess Shale fossils in 1966, overseen by Cambridge University paleontologist Harry B. Whittington. This revision would ultimately lead to the discovery of the complete radiodont body plan.

The carapace (top portion of the shell) is elliptical and flattened with two raised portions (keels) forming a trough (depression). The carapace is orange to yellow-brown and black in various amounts depending on subspecies. The plastron (lower portion of the shell) is dark brown or black in color while the bridge (side portion of the shell) is yellow with a black bar across. The consistency of these bars also depends on subspecies.

Northern crayfish, P. planifrons Koura, like all crustaceans, moult their exoskeletons to increase in size. During moulting, the carapace becomes soft with calcium being resorbed and the remaining outer shell shed. The new carapace forms underneath, where it takes a number of days to harden. Calcium for this new outer shell comes from gastroliths that line the stomach wall of the koura, and these produce around 10–20% of the calcium needs for exoskeleton production.

300px In common with other slipper lobsters, Ibacus peronii has a broad, flattened body and a large carapace. The carapace is reddish brown, and reaches lengths of , with the whole animal able to reach a length of , and a width of . The antennae are also long and broad, and the flattened form of the whole animal allows it to partly penetrates itself in soft substrates. There are huge claws on the eight pairs of legs.

Garcorops jadis is with a carapace that is . The carapace is a yellow-brown in color with some darker marking still visible and a coating of white hairs while the abdomen is also yellow-brown with some darker markings and pale pointed hairs. The legs are a similar in coloration to the body and show faint dark banded markings. The overall structure and positioning of the eyes indicates placement into the genus Garcorops.

In the females of Micrommata ligurina the body length can reach , while in the males it is about . The carapace is long and narrow and the abdomen is elongate. The cephalothorax and the long legs of the females are bright green, with a lighter green abdomen showing an almost indistinct median band. This spider is very similar to the green huntsman spider (Micrommata virescens), but the females have a black dot on the carapace.

The carapace length of the size ranges from typically and the normal weigh is (in the slightly larger females) . The record sized female measured in carapace length. The cooter is mainly herbivorous and inhabits lakes, sloughs, ponds, slow-flowing streams, and other still bodies of water with soft bottoms and abundant aquatic vegetation. However, it can be found in high densities in some Florida spring runs, usually in heavily vegetated areas with little flow.

There are two species of Meiolania known from the Australian continent: M. brevicollis and an unnamed species. The unnamed species could reach in carapace length, making it the second- largest known nonmarine turtle or tortoise, surpassed only by Megalochelys atlas from Asia, which lived in the Pleistocene. The smallest species in turn was M. mackayi from New Caledonia, with a carapace length of . Another insular species is known from Lord Howe Island, M. platyceps.

In some barnacles, the cement glands are fixed to a long, muscular stalk, but in most they are part of a flat membrane or calcified plate. A ring of plates surrounds the body, homologous with the carapace of other crustaceans. These consist of the rostrum, two lateral plates, two carinolaterals, and a carina. In sessile barnacles, the apex of the ring of plates is covered by an operculum, which may be recessed into the carapace.

The Sri Kurmam Temple in Andhra Pradesh, India, is dedicated to the Kurma avatar. Kurmavatara is also Kasyapa, the northern star, the first living being, forefather of Vishnu the protector. The plastron symbolizes the earthly world and the carapace the heavenly world. The Shatapatha Brahmana identifies the world as the body of Kurmaraja, the "king of tortoises", with the earth its plastron, the atmosphere its body, and the vault of the heavens its carapace.

The Jonah crab (Cancer borealis) is a marine brachyuran crab that inhabits waters along the east coast of North America from Newfoundland to Florida. Jonah crabs possess a rounded, rough-edged carapace with small light spots, and robust claws with dark brown-black tips. The maximum reported carapace width for males is 222 mm, while females rarely exceed 150 mm. It is the closest relative to the European brown crab in the Western Atlantic.

Notopus dorsipes has a carapace which is broadened anteriorly and regularly convex from side to side with no median dorsal carina. There is a transverse ridge of small spines between the larger antero-lateral spines on an otherwise smooth surface. The front border of the orbit is less than half the width of carapace at its widest point and has five fronto-orbital spines. The antero-lateral borders have a single spine.

P. marmoratus on the Adriatic Sea coastline P. marmoratus has a square carapace long, which is dark violet brown with marbling in yellow. It can be distinguished from related species of Pachygrapsus in the Mediterranean Sea (Pachygrapsus maurus and Pachygrapsus transversus) by the presence of three teeth on each side of the carapace. It is capable of very rapid movements, and it uses this ability to dart into crevices, making it difficult to catch.

L. tessellata is a small crab growing to a width of about . The carapace is trapezoid in shape and the margin has a distinct tooth-shaped projection on either side, just behind the short-stalked eye. The surface of the carapace is marked into several differently coloured, geometric regions by a network of dark lines giving it the appearance of stained glass. The chelipeds do not have the broad chelae (claws) typical of decapod crabs.

It is dorsally flattened and punctuated along the inner margins of the lateral carinae (narrow, longitudinal ridge extending along each side of carapace) and is smooth medially and bristly distally near the acumen (spine-like anterior median prolongation of the carapace). The lateral carinae are moderately developed, commencing at the base of the rostrum, terminating at the acumen, without tubercles or spines. The ventrolateral margins are bristly. The acumen is blunt and upturned.

Like the other species, females grow larger than males. On average in Peninsular Malaysia, females are about long, including a tail that is about , and their carapace (prosoma) is about wide. In comparison, the average for males is about long, including a tail that is about , and their carapace is about wide. There are significant geographic variations in the size, but this does not follow a clear north–south or east–west pattern.

Females typically reach maturity at a carapace width of about and males at . Females weigh and males . In addition to the difference in size, males' two front pairs of walking legs, prosomal appendages two and three, have hooks (they are scissor-like in females) and they have six (three in females) long spines on either side of the rear carapace. Juveniles (both sexes) also have six long spines on either side, similar to adult males.

Like other spider crabs, Libinia ferreirae has a roughly circular spiny carapace that extends forwards into a rostrum between the two, stalked eyes. It has five pairs of walking limbs.

The carapace is variable in colour, and can appear quite bright. Like T. schroederi, fewer larger eggs are produced than in most related species, and the spiderlings are correspondingly larger.

The chelae (claws) are unequal: the right claw is stouter, and the left claw is narrower. The carapace is olive-green to brown, but the tips of the claws are black.

Although Pilumnoides inglei resembles P. perlatus very closely, the carapace and chelae (claws) of P. inglei are smoother than in P. perlatus. The known adult specimens vary in size from to .

Soesiladeepakius is a spider genus of the jumping spider family, Salticidae. The type species S. aschnae is only known from male specimens. These are 2.4 mm long, with a brown carapace.

Similar to Limuloides, Bunodes was once though to have lateral eyes on the second pair of radiated ridges of its carapace, but later investigation did not find any evidence of it.

Sexual maturity in females is apparently attained between 115–130 mm carapace length. Clutch size is estimated to range from 2-4. Several clutches may be laid in a reproductive season.

Members of Chelidae have unique shell morphology. The carapace often has reduced surface exposure of neural bones, or even none at all.Thomson, S. & Georges, A. (1996). "Neural bones in chelid turtles".

There have been reported instances of late clutches over- wintering and hatching in the spring. A hatchling will have a round carapace, about diameter, that is green with bright yellow markings.

Hottentotta conspersus can reach a length of . Body is sparsely hirsute, with granulated mesosoma and carapace and with seventh metasomal segment. Telson is granulated and very bulbous. Chelae are very narrow.

They discover that while the Skitters have tough leathery skin and carapace armor, their internal structure isn't that much different from terrestrial vertebrates, including an endoskeleton, cardio-vascular system, and nervous system. Anne then confirms her fears when she saws through the armored carapace of the Skitter's back, and finds that it has a harness attached to its spine, identical in structure to the ones attached to the human children. The implications to Anne are clear: the Skitters were themselves harnessed, and might not always have been Skitters. Particularly because the harness was found within their outer carapace, it seems that they used to be some other kind of lifeform, captured by the tall humanoid aliens who used the harnesses to mutate them into shock-troops.

There are some geographic variations in the average size, but most are similar to, or somewhat smaller, than the ones from Sarawak. An outlier are individuals from West Bengal in India where the average carapace width only is about and in females and males respectively. The largest females of the species reach a total length of more than and can weigh more than . In addition to their smaller size, males have a paler and rougher carapace, act as hosts to a greater number of epibionts, have six (instead of three) long spines on either side of the rear carapace, and their two front pairs of walking legs, prosomal appendages two and three, have hooks (they are scissor-like in females).

Restoration of the carapace of Eysyslopterus patteni based on Størmer's of 1934 Eysyslopterus is only known from one single specimen (and is therefore the holotype, AMNH 32720, housed at the American Museum of Natural History) which preserves the carapace. This fossil was collected by the American biologist and zoologist William Patten during his extensive explorations at the Rootsikula Formation in Saaremaa, Estonia (then part of the Soviet Union). During a meeting between Patten and the Norwegian paleontologist and geologist Leif Størmer in 1932, Størmer observed Patten's private collection of eurypterids, among which he recognized a carapace of a new unknown species. He described it in 1934 as belonging to the genus Hughmilleria patteni, named after Patten, who died months after the meeting.

Aphonopelma marxi is generally dark brown to black in colour, very hairy, with some orange to red hairs on the abdomen. The mature male's carapace ranges from long, the mature female being larger, with a carapace from long. The total body length of a female, including the chelicerae, is around . A. marxi can be distinguished from other species of the genus living in the same places by its dark colour, overall hairy appearance, size and habitat.

The walking legs are also densely covered on tubercules, with larger conical tubercles on the upper surface of the carpus and propodus. The dorsal surface of the carapace is yellowish with obvious purple-brown blotches on the orbital and cardiac regions. The claws and walking legs show a similar pattern although the fingers of the claws are dark brown to black in the males but are paler in the female. It can grow to 19.7 mm in carapace breadth.

Studies of two ancestral turtles, the polka dot turtle ancestor and the Late Triassic turtle Proganochelys have postulated the ancestral form of the carapace. It was hypothesized that the carapace was originated from scattered osteoderms that cover an incompletely developed outer shell. The scattered osteoderms would first fuse with each other and then fuse with the underlying endoskeletal vertebrae and ribs in evolution. This osteoderm pattern embedded in the skin is also shown in many other reptiles.

Notostracans are long, with a broad carapace at the front end, and a long, slender abdomen. This gives them a similar overall shape to a tadpole, from which the common name tadpole shrimp derives. The carapace is dorso-ventrally flattened, smooth, and bears no rostrum; it includes the head, and the two sessile compound eyes are located together on top of the head. The two pairs of antennae are much reduced, with the second pair sometimes missing altogether.

Size comparison of Willwerathia (A) and other synziphosurines. As a synziphosurine, Willwerathia is unusually large and so far the largest known synziphosurine, with largest carapace measured about 90mm in width. Prosoma of Willwerathia covered by a vaulted carapace with pointed genal spines, recurved (M-shaped) opthalmic ridges and pairs of dorsal nodes. Tergites of the opisthosoma are either incomplete or disarticulated in available fossil materials, making it difficult to reveal the original number of opisthosomal segments.

Measurements of males are known from the male holotype specimen, with a body length of , and a carapace of 18x17 mm. The longest legs (the fourth or rearmost pair) are 60 mm long, and the jaws are 5 mm long. The pedipalps bear four spines, and the first walking legs bear two. The color in alcohol preserved specimens is brown with gold or bronze hairs on the carapace, and light reddish brown hairs on the legs and abdomen.

The species is a pale, slightly purplish pink shrimp with the carapace yellow or whitish by the presence of its internal organs shining through. The carapace has a darker red spot behind the rostrum, and a less distinct one near the middle of the posterior margin. The abdomen is pink with a transverse orange- red band over the first tergite, and a narrow median longitudinal streak on the fourth somite. On its tail fan there are several red spots.

Females are about 8 to 9 mm long, males about 7 to 8.5 mm long. Most sexes are brown, with some darker parts, such as of the front of the carapace (the upper surface of the cephalothorax), the ends of the legs and the chelicerae. The abdomen (opisthosoma) is mottled grey or grey–black, with indistinct paler chevrons towards the rear. Males have an orange-yellow area towards the back of the carapace, darkening to brown at the front.

This process takes at least 12 days at a temperature of , during which time the larvae grow from around from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the dorsal spine, to long ( carapace length). After a further five days, the larva moults into the megalopa phase (instar that uses the appendages of the abdomen for movement), and after five more days, moults into the first crab-like phase, at a carapace length of around .

Archived from the original. Retrieved 4 June 2018. The box turtle also has the ability to create a tight seal by closing the plastron upward to fit snugly against the carapace through a movable hinge between its pectoral and abdominal structures assuring the closure of the shell (Figure 1). Other characteristics include a continuous middorsal yellow line on its carapace and the plastron is solid brown with yellow spots and has mottling on its head and legs.

It is found further offshore than the common blue crab, and has a smoother granulated carapace. Males of the lesser blue crab also have mottled white coloration on the swimming legs, and females have areas of violet coloration on the internal surfaces of the claws. C. sapidus can be distinguished from another related species found within its range, C. ornatus, by number of frontal teeth on the carapace. C. sapidus has four, while C. ornatus has six.

On the dorsal side of the latter are two large crescent- shaped compound eyes. They also possessed two smaller light-sensitive simple eyes (the median ocelli) near the center of the carapace on a small elevation (known as the ocellar mound). Underneath the carapace is the mouth and six appendages, usually referred to in Roman numerals I-VI. Each appendage in turn is composed of nine segments (known as podomeres) labeled in Arabic numerals 1–9.

Baltocteniza kulickae is in length when the chelicerae are included in the measurement. Of that length the carapace is and the abdomen is . The shape and general structure of the carapace indicates a close relationship to the modern genus Latouchia of Asia and the coeval Electrocteniza also known only from Baltic amber. The shape of the tubercle in Baltocteniza is unlike that found in most modern genera of Ctenizidaeforms the major difference between Baltocteniza, Electrocteniza and Latouchia.

At maturity, males, who reach a maximum straight carapace length of , are larger than females, who have been recorded to reach . Males also have larger claws, a larger head, a concave plastron, a more dome-like carapace, and longer tails than females. The plastron of females and juveniles is flat while in males it gains concavity with age. The posterior marginal scutes of females and juveniles (of either sex) radiate outward more than in mature males.

Major characteristics include a soft leathery abdomen, a wide carapace narrowing at the anterior end much like a trapezoid, similar shaped chelae, and coloration ranging from a clouded green to reddish sometimes with banding along the legs. The name of this decapod is derived from the scale like pattern that covers its legs and partially covers its carapace. The odd structure of the chelae which are spoon-like in nature and are largely covered in setae.

There are two divergent rostral spines, which have a length of two-thirds of the carapace in males but are much smaller in females. The retractable eyestalks are small. The chelipeds are the same length as the carapace, the merus has nodules in its proximal portion while the claw is smooth and glabrous. The merus of the pereopods also bear nodules, while the posterior border of the dactyl is spiny, the spines becoming successively larger distally.

River terrapins of different age cohorts: (from top to bottom) hatchling of about a week old, one year old and two years old. The northern river terrapin is one of Asia's largest freshwater and brackwater turtles, reaching a carapace length of up to 60 cm and a maximum weight of 18 kg. Its carapace is moderately depressed, with a vertebral keel in juveniles. The plastron is large, strongly angulate laterally in the young, convex in the adult.

Plexippus paykulli is robust, with a high carapace. It is covered with short greyish hairs with sometimes dramatic accents of red in the male. The female is slightly larger than the male, ♀ 10mm ♂ 9mm. The sexes are easy to tell apart as the males have a black carapace and abdomen with a broad white central stripe, another broad white stripe on either side and a pair of white spots near the posterior end of the abdomen.

In the film, Immortan Joe is the "ruler of the wasteland... He wears a clear, plastic carapace — chest armor — over oozing sores, his long, white hair flaring around a skeleton-smile mask he uses to hide a breathing apparatus." Several versions of his carapace, which display medals made from car and mobile phone parts, were created at Artisan Armours in the United Kingdom. Immortan Joe's third son, Scabrous Scrotus, was introduced in a spin- off video game.

Callinectes ornatus is a species of swimming crab in the genus Callinectes. It can be distinguished from the closely related Atlantic blue crab (Callinectes sapidus) by the presence of six frontal teeth on the carapace, compared with only four for C. sapidus. C. ornatus is also smaller, at a maximum carapace width of only , compared to in C. sapidus, and is therefore not commercially exploited. Their shells are light yellow-brown to red-brown in color.

Also known as a “sawback” turtle, the carapace features a vertebral row of low spines, and is serrated on the posterior rim. The carapace is olive to brown in color with light yellowish markings with dark borders. The plastron color varies from cream to yellow and is patterned with dark lines along the seams in juveniles. The body color of the false map turtle is grayish brown to blackish and is marked with light brown, yellow, or whitish stripes.

Those from West Bengal in India average somewhat smaller than those from Peninsular Malaysia, with a carapace width of about and in females and males respectively. Elsewhere it averages even smaller, with the smallest reported from the Balikpapan and Belawan regions in Indonesia where the carapace width of females is about and in males . The largest females of the species may reach up to in length, including the tail. Uncommon for chelicerates, horseshoe crabs have two compound eyes.

Painted turtle's yellow face-stripes, philtrum (nasal groove), and foot webbing The painted turtle's shell is long, oval, smooth with little grooves where the large scale-like plates overlap, and flat-bottomed.All turtle lengths in this article refer to the top shell (carapace) length, not the extended head to tail length. The color of the top shell (carapace) varies from olive to black. Darker specimens are more common where the bottom of the water body is darker.

Soesilarishius is a spider genus of the jumping spider family, Salticidae. The type species S. amrishi is only known from male specimens, which are 3.1 mm long, with a dark brown carapace.

Decapod Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 20 August 2012. The muscular abdomen has six segments and has a thinner shell than the carapace. Each segment has a separate overlapping shell, which can be transparent.

Geological Magazine 149(4):675-695 It contains only the holotype, ZDM 3009, which consists of a complete shell with an articulated carapace and a complete plastron and possibly another, older specimen.

Brachycerus bufo reaches a length of about . The body is black, with yellowish spots. The abdomen is rounded. "Bufo," meaning toad, is so named because of the irregular surface of its carapace.

The tunnelling mud crab, Austrohelice crassa, is a marine large-eyed crab of the family Grapsidae, endemic to the sea coasts of New Zealand. Their carapace width is up to 40 mm.

Lundgren, Mette, and Henning Blom. "Phylogenetic relationships of the cyathaspidids (Heterostraci)." GFF 135.1 (2013): 74-84. The typical tolypelepid had a carapace formed from dorsal and ventral plates, and a scaly tail.

NIWA: Taihoro Nukurangi. Version 1. pp. 3–5, 43. The carapace, or shell, of the crab can range from pale orange to light gray, and can be spotted with brown and red.

P. steindachneri exhibits sexual dimorphism. Females of this freshwater turtle reach up to in straight carapace length, while males only reach up to . However, males have a longer tail than the females.

Callinectes danae is a species of swimming crab. The carapace is olive-brown and up to long; the walking legs are blue. The species is common in Brazil and the West Indies.

Heterocarpus is characterised by the highly unequal second pair of pereiopods: one side is long and thin and the other is short but stronger, besides the carapace with one or more longitudinal carinae.

Chiromantes eulimene has a light brown carapace with light orange-yellow chelae. They can be distinguished from the closely related Parasesarma catenatum by the absence of fur around the hinges of the chelae.

Galathea balssi is a species of squat lobster found throughout the tropical waters of the central Indo-Pacific. Galathea balssi is a small crustacean, growing up to in carapace length, including the rostrum.

The males (no females have been observed yet) are 7 (A. chrysophaeus) to 9 millimeters (A. calamistratum) long, with a dark brown carapace. The hairs on A. calamistratum are white or brownish-orange.

Remaining area is occupied by Deccan Traps and Lametas. The entire has a thick carapace of laterite. Thickness of laterite cover varies from a few metres to more than 30m. at several places.

Carapace and valves of Potamocypris arcuata. Potamocypris arcuata is a species of ostracod crustacean in the family Cyprididae, subfamily Cypridopsinae. It is mainly known from the southern areas of the Palaearctic.Meisch 1985, p.

Munidopsis tuberosa is a species of squat lobster, first isolated from deep waters off Taiwan. M. tuberosa is similar to M. granosicorium, but it differs by the configuration of its carapace and rostrum.

The octopus then injects saliva into the crab and the digestive enzymes contained in that saliva break down the crab's internal attachments to its shell, allowing the octopus to easily remove the carapace.

The species is easily distinguishable by other tiger spiders due to greenish yellow or purplish carapace in dorsal surface. Ventrally, there is a proximal white spot on femur of fourth pair of legs.

The female Gigantocypris has a brood pouch, located inside the carapace, in which the eggs and embryos develop. When "born", the young resemble miniature adults. Adult males are uncommon compared to adult females.

Anterior row of eyes occupying the full width of carapace. Maxilla are nearly parallel. All legs with spines and hair. Female is larger than male, usually about 6.55 to 8.25 mm in length.

Metazygia is a genus of orb-weaver spiders first described by F. O. Pickard- Cambridge in 1904. They physically resemble members of Nuctenea, but they do not have fine setae on the carapace.

Munidopsis andamanica is a species of squat lobster that lives in the deep sea and eats dead wood. It has long chelipeds (claw-bearing legs), which are twice as long as the carapace.

Myra fugax can reach a size of . Carapace is rounded, globose, with a finely granulate dorsal surface. Chelipeds and legs are long and slender. The color varies from pale pink to pale yellow.

The carapace of this loggerhead is reddish brown; five vertebral scutes run down the turtle's midline bordered by five pairs of costal scutes. The loggerhead sea turtle is the world's largest hard-shelled turtle, slightly larger at average and maximum mature weights than the green sea turtle and the Galapagos tortoise. It is also the world's second largest extant turtle after the leatherback sea turtle. Adults have an average weight range of , averaging about , and a straight-line carapace length range of .

Like other crabs in the genus Calcinus, C. verrillii has a robust, calcified carapace, eight thoracic segments and six or seven abdominal segments. The carapace and legs are spotted with purple and orange, the eyes have slender eyestalks and the front three pairs of walking legs are smooth and hairless. The soft abdomen is coiled and fits into the mollusc shell which the hermit crab uses for protection, the uropods at the tip of the abdomen gripping the inside of the shell.

Males of this species grow to a total length of about with a carapace length of while females may attain a total length of . Like other rock lobsters, it lacks chelae (claws) on its front pair of walking legs. The carapace is armoured with large flat spines, about as wide as they are long, mixed with small spines. The first few abdominal segments are sculptured with fine transverse grooves at the front of each segment with a smoother area behind.

In the first zoeal stage the carapace has a singular dorsal spine and the eyes are sessile, whereas in the second zoeal stage there are multiple small dorsal spines and eyes are slightly stalked. In the megalopa stage, the carapace lacks spines but is larger and more prominently lobed. After reaching the initial crab stage, it takes approximately 3 months for P. tuberculata to reach adulthood. There is no clear difference in body size or weight between adult males and females.

Cancer pagurus, commonly known as the edible crab or brown crab, is a species of crab found in the North Sea, North Atlantic Ocean, and perhaps the Mediterranean Sea. It is a robust crab of a reddish-brown colour, having an oval carapace with a characteristic "pie crust" edge and black tips to the claws. A mature adult may have a carapace width up to and weigh up to . C. pagurus is a nocturnal predator, targeting a range of molluscs and crustaceans.

The carapacial ridge has been found to play an essential role in the development of the turtle shell. Embryological analyses show that the carapacial ridge initiates the formation of the turtle shell. It causes axial arrest which causes the ribs to be dorsalized, the shoulder girdle to be rearranged and encapsulated in the rib cage, and the carapace to develop. Odontochelys semitestacea presents evidence of axial arrest that is observed in embryos but lacks fan-shaped ribs and a carapace.

Tasmanian giant freshwater crayfish have extremely slow maturation rates, with females reaching sexual maturity at approximately 14 years of age, a weight of and a carapace length of . Males are thought to reach maturity more quickly at around 9 years, and carapace length. Females mate and spawn once every two years in autumn after a summer moult, producing 224–1300 eggs proportional to its size. Gestation of the eggs takes about nine months, with females carrying the eggs on their tail through winter.

In 1961, Kjellesvig-Waering suggested that the fragmentary and dubious Slimonia species S. stylops might be synonymous with Salteropterus abbreviatus. The known fossil of S. stylops consists of a single carapace that could potentially belong to any of those species found in Herefordshire that lack a known carapace. In particular, Hughmilleria acuminata and Salteropterus are good candidates as those are close relatives. Kjellesvig-Waring considered Salteropterus to be the best candidate as it is the most closely related to Slimonia itself.

Cancrocaeca xenomorpha is a small crab with long legs. It has no eyes or even vestiges of eyestalks, and has only vague depressions where the orbits of the eyes might be expected; this is the greatest degree of ocular degeneration of any crab. The carapace is rounded in outline, without any rostrum, and is slightly wider than it is long. The five pairs of legs are very long, at up to 3.7 times the width of the carapace in length.

They are called "softshell" because their carapaces lack horny scutes (scales), though the spiny softshell, Apalone spinifera, does have some scale-like projections, hence its name. The carapace is leathery and pliable, particularly at the sides. The central part of the carapace has a layer of solid bone beneath it, as in other turtles, but this is absent at the outer edges. Some species also have dermal bones in the plastron, but these are not attached to the bones of the shell.

Various sessile organisms such as barnacles are sometimes attached to their carapace and legs, and small commensal amphipods may live in their carapace. They are occasionally the victims of parasitic snailfish of the genus Careproctus, which lay their egg mass in the gill chamber of the crab, forming a mobile "home" until they hatch. Conversely, some juvenile Neolithodes have a commensal relationship with Scotoplanes sea cucumbers. To protect itself from large predators, the young crab hides under the sea cucumber.

The adult female reaches a length of 8mm and the smaller male 5mm. The colour varies from light cream, dark brown to greyish with a dark triangle on the carapace which ends in sharp, defined point. The abdomen has a broad middle band fringed by two darker rows of triangular marks which extends back to about two thirds of the carapace length from the posterior row of eyes. This cryptic colouration is used to blend in with its normal environment of dried leaves.

Laurentaeglyphea is known from a single adult female specimen, with a carapace in size. In life, the animal is whitish and marked with red patches, especially on the abdomen and the distal segments of the first pereiopods; the markings are much fainter on the carapace. Laurantaeglyphea has large reniform (kidney-shaped) eyes, more developed in the lower half than the upper. The epistome, behind the two pairs of antennae on the ventral side, is large, but considerably shorter than that of Neoglyphea.

K. spekii has an elongated carapace, up to in straight length, which is distinctly flattened, allowing it to seek refuge in rock crevices and under logs (the co-occurring pancake tortoise is even more flattened). Its carapace has a weak, disrupted medial keel, and posterior marginals that are neither strongly serrated nor reverted. This species has a well-developed hinge at the rear end of the upper part of its shell, permitting the protection of its rear legs after they have been retracted.nlbif.eti.uva.nl .

They closely resemble the red-footed tortoise, and can sometimes be difficult to tell apart, especially as a preserved specimen, which led to quite a bit of confusion over the names and ranges. The carapace (shell top) is a long oval with parallel sides and a high-domed back that is generally flat along the vertebrals (scutes or shell scales along the top of the carapace) with a slight peak near the hind end. There are five vertebral scutes, four pairs of costals, eleven pairs of marginals, no nuchal scute (the marginal over the neck) and a large, undivided supracaudal (the marginals over the tail). The front and rear marginals (scutes along the edge of the carapace) are slightly serrated in front and rear of young yellow-footed tortoises.

The neuralia and pleuralia–the bony portions of the carapace–are particularly thin, and the ribs, especially the first rib, and the shoulder girdle are unusually heavy and may have had to carry extra stress to compensate, a condition seen in ancient ancestral turtles. Archelon has osteosclerotic structures, where the bone is dense and heavy, which probably served as ballasts in life similar to the limb bones of whales and other open-ocean animals. The carapace, in life, probably featured a row of ridges along the midline over the chest region, perhaps totaling in seven ridges, with each ridge peaking at either . In the absence of firmly jointed neck and pleural plates, the skin over the carapace was probably thick, strong, and leathery in order to compensate and properly support the shoulder girdle.

Its elongated, tapered head ends in a beak-like mouth (from which its common name is derived), and its beak is more sharply pronounced and hooked than others. The hawksbill's forelimbs have two visible claws on each flipper. alt=Profile photo of animal head with prominent beak protruding above lower jaw, a faceted head covering surrounds the eye One of the hawksbill's more easily distinguished characteristics is the pattern of thick scutes that make up its carapace. While its carapace has five central scutes and four pairs of lateral scutes like several members of its family, E. imbricata posterior scutes overlap in such a way as to give the rear margin of its carapace a serrated look, similar to the edge of a saw or a steak knife.

Dromia dormia, the sleepy sponge crab or common sponge crab, is the largest species of sponge crab. It grows to a carapace width of and lives in shallow waters across the Indo-Pacific region.

It cannot swim. The carapace of this large crab measures up to , making the entire animal similar in size to a dinner plate. Its diet includes benthic (bottom-dwelling) organisms like mollusks and worms.

Kunyangella is genus of Cambrian arthropod known for being a member of the Chengjiang biota, containing the single species K. cheni. It has a bivalved carapace and has tenatively been referred to the Bradoriida.

In 2007, O. Erik Tetlie cast doubt on the assignment of P. impacatus to Pterygotus as the shape of the eyes and carapace was similar to how these body parts are shaped in Erettopterus.

It most closely resembles P. lividus but its mtDNA differs from the former by between 7.4 and 7.8%. It is further distinguished by its unique suite of carapace characters, besides its colouration and size.

They fold neatly underneath the carapace. Chelipeds have a rough and pitted surface and curve inwards. They are purple in colour with a white inner surface. The antennules are usually a pale yellow colour.

The carapace of females is more strongly arched from front to back and the protogastric regions are noticeably more inflated. The species is named as such because of its colour patter, purple an tan.

The heart is located to the rear of the carapace above the gut, which is basically a straight tube consisting of the stomodeum, or foregut, the mesenteron, or midgut, and the proctodeum, or hindgut.

It can be distinguished from other species in the genus by the lack of post-cervical spines on the carapace, and by the presence of only transverse grooves on the body segments of the abdomen.

The carapace may be mainly bluish black with a light brown border, or the dark area may be broken up into a "starburst" pattern or almost reduced to two dark patches in the eye area.

The thoracic limbs are jointed and used for swimming or walking. The common ancestor is thought to have had a carapace, and most living species possess one, but it has been lost in some subgroups.

Biology Letters: rsbl20090700. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0700. ISSN 1744-9561. PMID 19828493. Supplementary information Pittsfordipterus had a broad carapace (dorsal shield of the head) with elongated and narrow eyes placed away from the head margin.

Adult males have very long front legs where the claws are located, but they are still shorter than the ambulatory legs of females, located in the back of the carapace and are used to move.

Alligator Snapping Turtle. People.wcsu.edu. Retrieved on August 22, 2012. Excluding exceptionally large specimens, adult alligator snapping turtles generally range in carapace length from and weigh from .Moore DB, Ligon D, Fillmore BM, Fox SF (2013).

Cancer irroratus (common name the Atlantic rock crab or peekytoe crab) is a crab in the genus Cancer. It is found from Iceland to South Carolina at depths up to , and reaches across the carapace.

Jewel spiders are sexually dimorphic. Females are about twice as large as males, reaching in total length. Their carapace (upper part of cephalothorax) is squarish, usually around long and wide. Males are usually only around .

Paralomis africana is a species of king crab found off the coast of Namibia. It has been found from . Its carapace is pentagonal and has been measured to a width of and a length of .

The younger spiders of this genus are much brighter in abdominal colouration, with a central longitudinal stripe of black and several other stripes of black meeting with the central stripe. The carapace is brown-black.

Desis marina is long, with a brown carapace and a light grey abdomen. Its chelicerae are proportionally large. This species is notable for its complex branched tracheal systems and its adaptations to a marine environment.

Nsens derives from the English word "nonsense", once the letters of the word "one" have been deleted. Literally nsens is nonsense - one. This in its turn links to "crap a ace" ("crap" meaning "nonsense", Greek prefix a meaning "without" and "ace" meaning "one" in dice games). "Crap a ace" is derived from a metathesis of "carapace", a typical Kraepelin-word for German Schild in Firmenschild. In short four association steps link Schild to nsens: Schild= (1) carapace - (2) crap ace= (3) nonsense without one - (4) nsens.

The spotted turtle (Clemmys guttata), the only species of the genus Clemmys, is a small, semi-aquatic turtle that reaches a carapace length of Spotted Turtle , Natural Resources Canada upon adulthood. Their broad, smooth, low dark-colored upper shell, or carapace, ranges in its exact colour from black to a bluish black with a number of tiny yellow round spots. The spotting patterning extends from the head, to the neck and out onto the limbs. Sexually mature males have a concave plastron and a long, thick tail.

The Okavango mud turtle is the largest species of the genus Pelusios. The carapace is oval and elongated, with a pronounced dome, and is evenly rounded at the edges which allows the turtle to appear as a smooth rock. The carapace is very dark, often almost black, and lightens up to yellow or orange only at the sides. The plastron is well developed and can close the shell completely, with a rounded front lobe that comes together to form the hinge that is characteristic of the genus.

Ten thoracic vertebrae were found, increasing in size until the sixth then rapidly decreasing, and they have little connection with the carapace. The three vertebrae of the sacrum are short and flat. It probably had eighteen tail vertebrae; the first eight to ten (probably in the same area as the carapace) had neural arches, whereas the remaining did not. Its tail likely had a wide range of mobility, and the tail is thought to have been able to bend at nearly a 90° angle horizontally.

Females range from , have extremely large heads for crushing snails and mollusks, and lose a majority of their markings and patterns, becoming drabber than juveniles and males. Carapace (upper half of shell) color can be olive to dull green with a slightly visible black stripe in adults. Juveniles exhibit a dark stripe running down a more olive carapace. The outermost edge on the upper half of the shell usually contains light reticulate markings and the scutes (scale-like structure) contain a yellowish bar or semicircle.

In 2015, egg clutches were identified in six specimens from the Burgess Shale. The clutch sizes were small, only containing up to 24 eggs, but each egg was relatively large, with an average diameter of . They were tucked inside the carapace, attached along the inner surface. Along with Kunmingella douvillei from the Chengjiang biota (around 7 million years older than the Burgess Shale), which also had fossilized eggs preserved inside the carapace, they constitute the oldest direct evidence of brood care and of K-selection among animals.

In 2003, it was suggested that T. marina was a synonym of the related turtle Palaeomedusa, which was based on a unknown but restored region of the original carapace. Thalassemys heusseri was validly named in 1924 by Oertel for a partial carapace from the Kimmeridgian or Tithonian of Holzen, Germany, a different spelling from the invalid name "T. heuseri" he used previously in 1815. As the type specimen was lost, the species cannot be distinguished from others of the genus, and is therefore a nomen dubium.

Pagurus dalli has a smooth, partially calcified carapace up to long, and a curved abdomen. The legs are light tan with white stripes, and it is the broad white band on the merus segment of the chelae (claws) that gives this hermit crab its common name. The dorsal surface of the carapace has a network of white, red, light and dark brown markings and is rimmed with red, and the flagellae (terminal segments) of the second pair of antennae are reddish-brown and white.

The Alamos mud turtles are slightly less than average in size compared to other members of the same genus. Males tend to be larger than females, with matured females having an average carapace length of 95–100 mm, compared to an average of 90–120 mm with their male counterparts. When males are compared to females, there are a few notable differences. Males have a much narrower carapace, a shorter plastron, a shorter plastral hind lobe, narrower plastral lobes, a shorter bridge, and a shorter interanal seam.

In the early 20th century, phytoplankton was dominated by green algae, diatoms, and carapace flagellates with a smaller amount of cyanobacteria, a normal distribution for lakes rich in nutrients. By 2000, the biomass was almost exclusively composed of cyanobacteria, most of them non-poisonous "thin filaments" and anabacena the only species being able to fixate nitrogen. Today, the only reminder of the 1990s is the relatively frequent occurrence of the carapace flagellate Ceratium hirundinella. Zooplankton, moderate levels of rotifers and copepods, have shown insignificant variations with time.

The adult female Pennsylvania funnel-web spider has an overall length from 9.35 to 14.00 mm. Its carapace width is around 2.38 to 4.88 mm by 1.32 to 2.65 mm at its widest and narrowest points, respectively. The adult male has an overall length of 7.64-12.82 mm, while its carapace is 2.55 to 4.50 mm wide at its widest point and 1.54 to 2.25 mm at its narrowest point. The male of this species distinguishes itself from other males of the genus by its coiling embolus.

In addition to the great variety in habitat, carideans vary greatly in form, from species a few millimetres long when fully grown, to those that grow to over a foot long. Except where secondarily lost, shrimp have one pair of stalked eyes, although they are sometimes covered by the carapace, which protects the cephalothorax. The carapace also surrounds the gills, through which water is pumped by the action of the mouthparts. Most carideans are omnivorous, but some are specialised for particular modes of feeding.

Tasmanian giant crab in Sydney Aquarium, Australia The Tasmanian giant crab is one of the largest crabs in the world, reaching a mass of and a carapace width of up to . Among crabs only the Japanese spider crab (Macrocheira kaempferi) can weigh more. Male Tasmanian giant crabs reach more than twice the size of females, which do not exceed . Males have one normal-sized and one oversized claw (which can be longer than the carapace width), while both claws are normal-sized in the females.

Bertmainius tingle is less than 10 millimetres long, the female carapace length is 2.6 - 3.1 mm. The carapace and legs are black and shiny. Western Australian species of the family Migidae remained undiscovered until 1990 and were first described and named in the genus Moggridgea by Dr Barbara Main in 1991. B. tingle was discovered by accident in a laboratory analysis of another arachnid and the bark in which it was living, the spider was noticed when it emerged as the sample was discarded.

The vertebral and costal scutes (the scutes along the center and sides of the carapace) are black or dark brown with a pale yellow areole in the center. The marginals (scutes along the edge of the carapace) 'tuck under' along the sides and flare slightly over the limbs. They are dark with the pale aureole along the middle of the lower edge. The nuchal scute (the marginal over the neck) is absent, and the marginals over the tail are joined as one large supracaudal.

The carapace of O. ocellatus is slightly wider than long, at wide, and long. This distinguishes it from other crabs in the family Portunidae, which often have elongated lateral spines. The carapace is yellow-grey or light purplish, with "leopardlike clusters of purple dots", and 3–5 spines along the edge behind each eye. O. ovalipes is almost identical to O. floridanus, which lives in the Gulf of Mexico, but can be separated from the sympatric O. stephensoni by the purple spots, which O. stephensoni lacks.

However, the opisthosoma is most likely 11-segmented in origin, with the first segment being highly reduced (a synapomorphy of euchelicerates) and possibly covered by the preceding carapace. The last 3 segments form a narrow postabdomen and lacking lateral nodes. Fossil with preserved appendages Compared to other synziphosurines with only scarce or no discovery of any evidence of appendages, the appendages of Weinbergina are exceptionally well-preserved in many described fossil materials. Underneath the carapace are small chelicerae and pairs of well-developed, 8-segmented walking legs.

While this specimen hails from the same locality, it was actually procured by the museum eight years prior, in 1993. A fragmentary third specimen was identified in 2007 as belonging to C. placidoi. The specimen, MN-6760-V, consisted of a rather complete fossilized carapace and plastron measuring some 20 cm long. The species was identified as a pleurodire based on a number of distinguishing anatomical characteristics – mainly the arrangement of skeletal elements in its skull and the attachment of its pelvic girdle to its carapace.

The long looped ducts of these glands can be seen in the carapace. The role of the maxillary glands is primarily osmoregulatory. Nitrogen, in the form of ammonia, is lost by diffusion across the gill surfaces.

Their carapace width typically reaches about , and has three spines. Before developing into juvenile crabs, larval brush-clawed crabs spend almost one month floating in the ocean. This allows them to find food and new habitats.

The general body form is like those of other species in the genus. The carapace is dark orange. On the blackish eye area there are two dark spots. There are many white hairs on the sides.

Anaspidids have stalked eyes, long antennae and antennules, and a slender body with no carapace. The two species of Allanaspides and the single species of Paranaspides are all listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.

Nephropsis atlantica is relatively small for a lobster, growing to a maximum total length of . The eyes are unpigmented, in contrast to shallow-water species, and the carapace, abdomen and chelae are covered in setae (bristles).

Cuora species are characterized by a low- (e.g. Cuora pani) to high- (e.g. Cuora picturata) domed shell, which usually has three keels on the carapace. They are reddish, yellowish, brown, grey, and/or black in color.

It can be told apart from the more distantly related C. sapidus by the number of teeth on the front edge of the carapace, there being six in C. similis and only two in C. sapidus.

The sutures in trilobites' cephalons were unusual because it seems their main function was to create weaknesses which made it easy for this part of the carapace ("armor") to split when the animal needed to molt.

There are about 1,600 members of the Cumacea, these are small burrowing crustaceans which have a characteristic large bulbous carapace (covering three thoracic segments) and an elongated abdomen which finishes in a pleotelson with stylus-like uropods, in fact due to their peculiar shape they are sometimes called hooded shrimp. Tanaidacea is a group of 1,500 species which are small burrowing or tube-dwelling crustaceans with a short carapace (covering two thoracic segments) that possess a pair of chelate second thoracopods (gnathopods). Only three extant and two fossil speleogriphacean species have been found, these are blind cave- dwelling species with a short carapace (one thoracic segment); while the Mictacea is a group erected only two decades ago, and to date, five species have been found, Mictocaris halope (cave dwelling) and four species in the family Hursutiidae, in the genera Hirsutia (at 1,000 meter depths) and Thetispelecaris (submarine caves), these blind species lack a carapace but have a well-developed headshield, and have reduced pleopods. This enigmatic group is believed by some authors not to be monophyletic, in fact one author proposed that Mictocaris halope should be grouped with the Spelaeogriphacea, forming the Cosinzeneacea.

Olin has long and projected chelicerae, and a relatively broad and low carapace, with the maxillae long and nearly parallel, with depressions laterally. There is little sexual dimorphism and no elongation on the fourth trochanter or coxae.

The family is permeated with unusual morphological traits, many of which are limited to males. Examples include heavily modified mouthparts (e.g. Coxapopha, Xyccarph), sternal pouches (sometimes alternatively called holsters; e.g. Grymeus) and extensions of the carapace (e.g.

Ananteris sabineae is a species of scorpions. It has a pale pigmentation of its pedipalps and legs, and a dark pigmentation of its carapace. It also has less yellow spots. It is closely related to Ananteris pydanieli.

The fifth leg reaches about half the propodus beyond the scaphocerite. The eggs are numerous and small, measuring to in diameter. The carapace lengths of the animals vary between . Its body is transparent and sprinkled with chromatophores.

Most of A. magnificus have a transparent body, except on the carapace and segments of the abdomen, which have bands of white specks outlined in red. The tail and the hump on the abdomen are also white.

A Greek tortoise shell opened to show the skeleton from below The carapace is the dorsal (back) convex part of the shell structure of a turtle, consisting primarily of the animal's rib cage, dermal armor, and scutes.

Ocypode cursor can reach a carapace width of . O. cursor can be distinguished from O. ceratophthalma and other species of Ocypode by the presence of a tuft of setae (bristles) extending from the tips of the eyestalks.

Its carapace is dark brown, ovoid, and lacks patterns in adults. The plastron is dark brown to black with or without dense, black, radiating lines. The head is greenish yellow. The throat and neck are uniformly dark.

It is found throughout Northern Europe. The body length excluding legs is about . The carapace is dark brown. The abdomen typically has black pattern with gold spots, and the legs are annulated, distinguishing it from similar species.

Each nest can contain up to 32 eggs. The eggs are white, and have a diameter of . When hatching the young have a carapace length of . In some regions a female may nest twice in a season.

The first chelipeds are large. The chela (claw) length exceeds the carapace length. The distal merus (fourth limb segment distally from body) reaches the end of the scaphocerite. The outer margin of the chela is moderately convex.

The carapace is almost entirely black or dark brown with black radiating patterns. The plastron (the ventral shell) is not hinged and has a shallow U-shaped notch in the pair of anal scutes. The bridge (the parts connecting the abdominal and pectoral scutes of the plastron to the carapace) is approximately the same length as the rear part of the plastron (consisting of the femoral and anal scutes). Both the bridge and the plastron can be entirely black, dark brown, or yellowish with splotches or patterns of darker colors.

The safest way to pick up a common snapping turtle is by grasping the carapace above the back legs. There is a large gap above the back legs that allows for easy grasping of the carapace and keeps hands safe from both the beak and claws of the turtle. It can also be picked up with a shovel, from the back, making sure the shovel is square across the bottom of the shell. The easiest way, though, is with a blanket or tarp, picking up the corners with the turtle in the middle.

The fourth leg is the longest, measuring in the type male and in a female. The legs and palps are bluish black with three distinctly colored rings: dark reddish orange on the part of the patellae closest to the body with light yellowish pink further away, pale yellowish pink on the lower part of the tibiae, and pinkish white at the end of the metatarsi. Adult males have a yellowish brown carapace; the upper surface of the abdomen is black. Adult females vary more in carapace color and pattern.

Carapace is keelless and contains a varying number of yellow spots The spotted turtle is small and has a gray to black base color. Its upper shell (carapace) is smooth, does not have a central ridge running down the middle (called a "keel"), and grows to in length. It is also totally black and contains anywhere from zero to about one hundred yellow spots, which are a defining characteristic of this turtle. Although perhaps inconsequential, it has been found that the left side of the upper shell has more spots than the right.

Adults are mostly white, but the front half of the rostrum, and the sides of the abdomen, are pink. Bright red bands extend across the base of the rostrum, the posterior edge of the carapace, the chelipeds, and each of the abdominal segments. The dorsal parts of the abdomen are brown, and there are two brown saddles on the dorsal carapace. M. challengeri is considered to have the most primitive morphology of any species of Metanephrops, having even fewer novelties than the oldest known fossil species, M. rossensis.

The leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea) was once thought to be its closest living relative, but now, Protostegidae is thought to be a completely separate lineage from any living sea turtle. Archelon had a leathery carapace instead of the hard shell seen in sea turtles. The carapace may have featured a row of small ridges, each peaking at in height. It had an especially hooked beak and its jaws were adept at crushing, so it probably ate hard-shelled crustaceans and mollusks while slowly moving over the seafloor.

Actea savignii has an oval carapace which is slightly convex on the dorsal surface with a flat median region and a width which is about 1.3 times its length; the dorsal regions of the carapace have a covering of large, smooth, rounded, petal-shaped, dense tubercles. The anterolateral margin is slightly curved and is divided into four vaguely defined, tuberculate, rounded lobes while the anteriormost is barely marked. The posterolateral margin is shorter and slightly concave. The posterior margin is straight and bears a prominent row of tubercles.

The carapace of Calcinus tubularis is bluish in colour, with many red spots, and extends forwards as a short, triangular rostrum. The eyestalks are white with similar red spotting, as is the last segment of each of the walking legs, and both the fixed and movable fingers of the claws. The colour scheme exists in a dark form and a light form, which appears to be linked to camouflage, particularly for females. C. tubularis is of "normal size" for a Calcinus species, frequently exceeding a carapace width of .

Attulus inexpectus females have a body length of about , males being slightly smaller at about . The fourth leg is the longest, about in females and about in males. Both sexes are generally brown to dark brown in overall coloration, males being darker than females. Both the carapace and abdomen have stripes and patterns formed by whitish or otherwise paler hairs, the carapace pattern being more distinct in males, with three longitudinal whitish stripes and a similarly coloured lateral border with the posterior part having a short line extending inwards.

L. bellus is a small crab with a carapace width of up to . The carapace is more rounded than some related species and the upper side is covered with low, rounded projections known as tubercles. There are more prominent tubercles on the fifth, sixth and seventh segments of the chelipeds; the legs are covered with setae (bristles) and have black claws. The color of this crab is quite variable; its color range includes off-white, various combinations of bluish- black and red, dull dark red and nearly black, the underside is usually whitish.

Triops cancriformis "Beni-Kabuto Ebi Albino" showing translucent carapace. As the animal grows the carapace will become more opaque but will never take on the color pattern normally associated with T. cancriformis Captive Triops cancriformis (left) and Triops longicaudatus (right) feeding on carrot The species is considered a human ally against the West Nile virus, as the individuals consume Culex mosquito larvae. They also are used as a biological pest control in Japan, eating weeds in rice paddies. The Beni-Kabuto Ebi Albino variant of T. cancriformis is particularly valued for this purpose.

C. rossignonii has a big head, lengthy tail, pointed snout, and a coarse carapace with three easily seen ridges. Its carapace comes in different colors, such as brown to olive or olive to black, while its small plastron can be either cream to yellow or tan to gray. This turtle's shell sometimes also has algae growing on it, which helps it to camouflage. The skin is either gray or black all over on adults, while juveniles have white speckles on their skin; the skin is also covered in long tubercles near the turtle's neck area.

The three Aldabra- Seychelles giant tortoise subspecies can be distinguished based on carapace shape, but many captive animals may have distorted carapaces, so they may be difficult to identify. Arnold's giant tortoise is flattened, smooth, and with a relatively high opening to the shell; it is usually black. This subspecies usually has a depression on the suture between the first and second costal scutes, this may be a shallow depression or a distinctive pit. The plastron is less variable than the carapace and usually provides a good indication of the subspecies.

Metastoma of Bassipterus Bassipterus is almost completely known, with the first to fifth pair of limbs and type B genital appendage being the only unknown body parts. The body had a lanceolate (lance-shaped) and streamlined shape. The prosoma ("head") was long, rounded and tray-shaped. The carapace (dorsal plate of the head) was surrounded by a narrow marginal rim, with eyes placed frontally, placed intramarginally (within the margin) and unusually long. PE 6139, a 15.2 millimeter (0.6 inch) long carapace, had eyes 4.5 mm (2 in) long and 2.2 mm (0.1 in) wide.

Erik N. Kjellesvig-Waering classified this species as part of the subgenus Hughmilleria (Nanahughmilleria) in 1961 along many other species. In 1884, James Hall described another species of Eurypterus, E. prominens, based on a single carapace from the Clinton Group, a geological formation of the United States. This species differs from the others by the anterior position of its eyes placed in a submarginal (almost in the margin) point, unlike other species of Nanahughmilleria and Parahughmilleria. In addition, the carapace of this species was long and with ocelli placed forward.

The first species of the genus was an adult female found in a cave in Tanzania. Instead of being completely adapted to cave life like many species of Telema, A. oculata still retains characteristics of life outside caves, including retaining its eyes, at least partial skin pigmentation, and relatively short legs. The abdomen is white, though parts of the carapace, mouth, colulus, and some other parts are red to brown. The carapace is slightly longer than wide, truncated in the rear, and convex toward the middle, slowly sloping in the thoracic part.

Jasus lalandii may grow up to a total length of , with a carapace length of . It is widely caught for its meat, with over 6,500 t being caught annually in lobster pots and hoop nets. In order to prevent overfishing, individual fishing quotas are allocated by the Republic of South Africa to fishermen and companies, totalling 1,700 t. There is also a closed season from 1 June to 15 November, a size limit of 80 mm (carapace length) and a ban on catching ovigerous females (females which are brooding their eggs).

Like many Australian funnel-web spider species, both sexes of the Port Macquarie funnel-web spider have a shiny black carapace and dark brown to black legs, chelicerae and abdomen. The carapace is slightly longer than it is wide; in the male averages around 0.97 cm long and 0.91 cm wide, and around 1.1 cm long and 0.93 cm wide in the female. The legs of the male are around long each, and the female around long. The abdomen is around 1.1 cm long in the male and 1.4 cm long in the female.

P. barbouri occurs on continental and insular slopes from Florida, the Bahamas and the Gulf of Mexico, to parts of the Caribbean Sea, perhaps extending as far south as Surinam. P. barbouri lives on steeply sloping soft muddy bottoms, sometimes mixed with sand, at depths of 400–800 m, where the temperature ranges from . Adults have a carapace length of , with the total length of the animal, from the tip of the rostrum to the tip of the tail, being up to 5.5 times longer than the carapace.

Albunea carabus is typically up to long. In common with other species of Albunea, it has a quadrangular carapace with a concave rear edge, and flattened legs, which it uses for digging in sand. The first pair of pereiopods are subchelate (forming a claw with one movable finger pressing onto a solid edge, rather than a fixed finger), and all five pairs are flattened into shovels and are effective at digging. The pleon (abdomen) is shorter than the carapace, and bears four pairs of pleopods in females, but none in males.

Among the smallest of the long-nosed armadillos, individuals of the southern species measure about in head-body length, with a tail about long. With no discernible sexual dimorphism, both males and females weigh about . The upper body, tail, and upper surface of the head are covered by a dark grey carapace of bony scales and have very little hair. The central part of the carapace is divided into a number of movable bands; there are usually seven such bands, but many individuals have just six, while a few have eight.

Snow crabs have equally long and wide carapaces, or protective shell-coverings, over their bodies. Their tubercles, or the bodily projections on their shells, are moderately enclosed in calcium deposits, and they boast hooked setae, which are rigid, yet springy, hair-like organs on their claws. Snow crabs have a horizontal rostrum at the front of the carapace; the rostrum is basically just an extension of the hard, shell covering of the carapace and it boasts two flat horns separated by a gap. They have triangular spines and well- defined gastric and branchial regions internally.

Wiedopterus was a eurypterid of medium size, the holotype and only known specimen preserving somewhere around half the animal and measuring about 40 mm in length, that can be differentiated from other eurypterids by several distinct features. These features include its trapezoid carapace with a narrow marginal rim, lateral eyes in a position close to the center of the carapace, a rounded and wide preabdomen with reduced tergites anteriorly, the tergites possessing narrow anterior articulation facets, a marked constriction between the preabdomen and the postabdomen and that the dorsal preabdomen lacks any prominent ornaments.

Also, the scapulae of the examined specimens were identified to lack acromion processes. Taken together, these anatomical differences have been interpreted by the discoverers to mean that Odontochelys has some of the most primitive features ever seen in a turtle and is somewhat of a transitional fossil. Evidence that the plastron evolved before the carapace, as indicated by the lack of carapace in Odontochelys semitestacea, is often viewed as an indication of the aquatic origin of turtles. The fossil was found in marine deposits, further supporting that the primitive turtle frequented shallow marine water.

This crustacean has a hard rounded-triangular shell, or carapace, that is covered in hair-like projections that vary in size. The shell's length is 1.3 times the size of its width, the shell's surface has many tubercles with spines running to the front of the shell going to the sides. The edges of the carapace have nine outward directed sharp spines: 3 supraorbital, 3 hepatic and 3 brachial. Two spines at the front of the crab's head form a V-shape and are covered with small bristles.

The genus Cambarus is the second largest freshwater crayfish genus inhabiting the Northern Hemisphere, with only sixty fewer species than the genus Procambarus. Though Cambarus are varied across species, the two terminal elements that make up the male form I gonopod form ninety degree angles with the central appendage, allowing for their identification. Unlike the genus Procambarus whose first pleopod tends to have three processes at the tip, Cambarus has only one or two. Cambarus reach 17–26 mm carapace lengths in their first year, while average adult carapace length ranges from 55–62 mm.

Smaller than some other armadillos, males measure an average of in head-body length, and weigh around , while females are larger, measuring and weighing . The tail measures around in both sexes, and has only tiny scales in its skin, unlike the larger scutes found in most other armadillo species. The upper body is covered by a dark grey bony carapace of squarish scutes. In the mid part of the body, this carapace is divided into a series of ten to thirteen mobile rings, giving the animal some degree of flexibility.

Carapace olive, that of young with some black spots, especially on the posterior edge of the first three vertebrals; an orange vertebral band and a narrow yellow margin; carapace more uniform in the adult; plastron orange or red, with black spots, or brown with a yellowish anterior and lateral border to each shield, in one specimen uniform yellow. Head blackish; jaws and sides of crown orange; neck with numerous yellow lines on a blackish ground; limbs dark olive, spotted with yellow. Length of shell up to nearly 9 inches.Boulenger, G. A. 1890.

P. buchlii is named after the late Harro Buchli, and the species name prodontus is from the Greek meaning "tooth in front". Two other species were found in 1971, and are very similar to the first, though the genus as a whole is quite distinct from any other in general form and characteristics. It probably became isolated from the more widespread genera Myrmecium and Castianeira. While the similar genera Myrmecium and Sphecotypus also have an indented carapace, Psellocoptus has a rounded anterior end and a relatively unsegmented red-brown, shiny, slightly granulated carapace.

The external features of lophogastrids include stalked compound eyes, a carapace that covers the head and thorax, and a muscular cylindrical abdomen. The carapace often extends beyond their heads to form an elongated rostrum. As with other peracarids, lophogastrids are distinct from Caridean shrimp in that they carry their developing embryos and young in a brood pouch, or marsupium, and thus lack a separate planktonic larval stage. Previously, Lophogastrida was classified as a suborder of a broader peracaridan order, Mysidacea, together with Mysida and Stygiomysida, but that taxon has been generally abandoned.

The carapace (upper surface of the cephalothorax) is about 5 mm long by 4 mm wide. The abdomen is also about 5 mm long, slightly narrower at about 3.5 mm wide. The front end of the carapace is narrowed and raised, separated from the rest of the cephalothorax by shallow grooves, and bearing the eyes at the front. Pocock's description and drawing show in addition to the grooves separating the head from the rest of the thorax, three further pairs of radiating grooves, with the fovea towards the rear.

The four ambulacry, when not too much decorated, are creamy color with brown bands. In the majids, the decoration is fixed on the carapace and legs via hooked hairs.D Jones & G Morgan, "A field guide to crustaceas of australian waters", Western Australian Museum, 2002 The claws are quite small and are also used to decorate themselves. The reason they cover their body is to camouflage themselves from potential predators, especially during the day; C. tuberculata fixes sea anemones of the family Discosomatidae to its carapace, and soft corals of the family Xeniidae to its legs.

Atergatis floridus has an oval, relatively narrow carapace which has a smooth surface and smooth margins. The carapace is greenish or greenish-blue-brown and is marked with a pattern which resembles lace and is made up of a fine network of fine white or yellow lines white, resembling a shawl. It has large claws which are equal sizes and which are smooth with black spoon-shaped tips and which may be larger in males than females. The pereiopods are squarish in shape and quite thick with lilac edges and lack hair.

There are significant geographic variations in the size, but this does not follow a clear north–south or east–west pattern. The largest are from the Kota Kinabalu region in Malaysia where the average carapace width is about and in females and males respectively. The smallest are from Zhoushan region in China where the average carapace width is about and in females and males respectively. Intermediate average sizes, ranging from in females and in males, have been reported from Imari in Japan, Xiamen in China, the Philippines, and Manado, Tarakan, Padang and Sibolga in Indonesia.

Dardanus pedunculatus usually attain a maximum size of . The carapace is mottled in tan and cream, while the eyestalks are white with red bands. The sexes are similar. The left claw is much larger than the right claw.

In males, the carapace is darker than in females. The legs and palps are a dark reddish brown. The chelicerae are also dark reddish brown and sometimes black. The abdomen is also coloured similarly to that of females.

The carapace is less than half the length of the chelipeds in male specimens. There is a double fringe of hairs present on the last two segments of the walking legs. This species appears similar to Pyromaia cuspidata.

Macrobrachium formosense, the crane river prawn, is a species of freshwater shrimp in the family Palaemonidae. It lives in streams and rivers in Taiwan and southern Japan, including the Ryukyu Islands. Macrobrachium formosense reaches a carapace length of .

Females are 10–18 mm, males 10–13 mm. The carapace (the upper surface of the prosoma) is brownish with a darker border. The abdomen (opisthosoma) is hairy and similarly coloured. The posterior median eyes are closely spaced.

Approximately two hundred individual sea anemones were present in grooves in the carapace that had been caused by the blades of a propeller; these depressions provided a relatively sheltered habitat for this species which is intolerant of turbulence.

Juvenile P. esculentus live in seagrass beds, and reach sexual maturity at a carapace length of around . Adults grow up to long, and resemble Penaeus monodon, albeit smaller and browner. They live offshore at depths of up to .

The body was elongate-oval in form and gradually attenuated into the abdomen. The compound eyes were broadly crescentic and convex, and as in the rest of the pterygotioids, they were located in the margin of the carapace.

The Florida softshell also exhibits significant sexual size dimorphism. Adults females are often 3-5x larger than males. Males have a carapace length and body weight averaging about 35 cm (14 in) and 2.68 kg (5.9 lb) respectively.

Their weight is generally . The average straight carapace length is , though adult females are larger than males. Adult males can also be distinguished from females by having slightly longer tails, and a concave belly (plastron).Baard EHW (1994).

Unlike prawns and lobsters which have narrow bodies with long tails, paddle crabs have also developed a wide body (carapace) and very short tail (abdomen), which is usually tucked underneath to its body making it compact and wide.

Like the carapace, the plastron is made up of many bony elements. The plastron is divided into five parts. At the anterior end of the plastron, the first part is the epiplastron. Following the epiplastron is the entoplastron.

The carapace of C. gemeli lacks patterns in adults. It is elongated and relatively flat, with nearly parallel sides. The plastron is unpatterned and dark brown. The head is brown, and the throat and neck are uniformly dark.

With a body length of 6 cm and a 15 cm legspan it is a fairly large species of Ceratogyrus. It has a horn on the carapace pointing straight up. The abdomen is tan colored with black spots.

Adult male carapace, chelicerae and legs are brown and covered by pinkish setae, except for the tarsi and a stripe on metatarsi that are black. Abdomen is a vivid orange-red, there is no vestige of any pattern.

In life, odd-clawed spiders have a yellowish brown carapace, darker around the eye regions. The mouthparts are reddish brown. The sternum is reddish brown at the sides, paler in the middle. The legs are also yellowish brown.

Chelonian Research Monographs 5 (26): 1-6. It is one of the smallest Brazilian freshwater turtles reaching a maximum straight carapace length of . The species prefers streams with sandy and rocky bottoms and clear water in forests above elevation.

Calappa japonica is a large crab, and has a yellow and red colouration. The length of carapace is approximately .65 times the width, with a tuberculated surface. Seven sharp teeth are located around the margins of each clypeiform expansion.

The natural coloration of this crab is yellow to light orange, with dark-red rosettes extending from their flat carapace to the ambulatory legs. Often, they have red-tipped claws and legs, but may also show no red coloration.

Munidopsis echinata is a species of squat lobster, first found in deep waters off Taiwan. M. echinata is similar to M. colombiana, but differs by lacking an antennal spine on its carapace and having a rather longer antennal peduncle.

Symptoms include white spots on the carapace and a red hepatopancreas. Infected shrimp become lethargic before they die.Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission: Non- Native Species Summaries: White Spot Syndrome Baculovirus Complex (WSBV), 2003. URL last accessed June 23, 2005.

Juveniles are not gregarious at first and are generally found in shallower water than adults. They are slow-growing and reach a carapace length of about in eighteen months. The animals first breed at around five years of age.

The carapace is pale yellow with a dark line in the centre and at the edges; the abdomen is paler with a short thin black line near the cephalothorax and two black patches in the middle of the underside.

Eucarida is a superorder of the Malacostraca, a class of the crustacean subphylum, comprising the decapods, krill, Amphionides and Angustidontida. They are characterised by having the carapace fused to all thoracic segments, and by the possession of stalked eyes.

Male and female specimens on display in the Australian Museum The southern tree-dwelling funnel-web spider has a glossy black carapace, matte black or dark brown chelicerae and legs, and a light maroon-brown to dark brown abdomen.

Kemp's ridley is the smallest of all sea turtle species, reaching maturity at carapace length and weighing only .Conant R (1975). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition. Boston: Houghton Mifflin.

Juveniles are between 1.2 and 1.6 inches (3.2 and 4 cm) upon hatching. Unlike the yellow coloration of the adults, the juveniles are a white to an off-white shade. Juveniles attain the high-domed carapace soon after hatching.

They further differ from most harvestmen in that the first 8 opisthosomal tergites and the prosomal carapace are fused together in what is known as a scutum completum, although this feature is also known from the unrelated family Sandokanidae.

Chaceon bicolor differs from all species of the genus in color pattern, with the anterior part of the body purplish rather than reddish. In addition to color pattern, C. bicolor also differs from C. granulatus in having compressed rather than depressed dactyli on the walking legs; also, the hepatic region of the carapace in C. granulatus is coarsely granular, whereas it is smooth in C. bicolor. Juvenile specimens differ from adults in many features: the teeth of the carapace are much larger and sharper, there is a sharp spine on the carpus of the cheliped and a distal spine on the merus of each walking leg, plus the legs are longer and slenderer. Adult females differ from males in having much sharper anterolateral teeth on the carapace, sharper suborbital spines, and much shorter legs, with less trace of a distal dorsal projection on the merus.

This leathery carapace is also seen in the leatherback sea turtle. The spongy makeup is similar to the bones seen in open-ocean going vertebrates such as dolphins or ichthyosaurs, and was probably also an adaptation to reduce overall weight.

The species was described in 2011 based on a single male holotype; the type locality was near Prieska, Northern Cape. It is small, with a yellow-orange carapace long and an abdomen long which is pale yellow with black spots.

They usually have squarish carapaces with forward-pointing spines along the upper front edges. The animal's chelipeds are shorter than their other legs (the back pair are short, thin and doubled back on themselves). The animal's carapace grows to long.

Charybdis japonica has a hexagonal, concave carapace around wide, the whole animal being pale green to olive green in colour. It occurs naturally in the waters around Japan, Korea and Malaysia, but has become an invasive species in New Zealand.

These ant-like spiders are three to five millimeters long. The carapace is flattened. E. raptor males have enlarged first legs, giving them a raptorial appearance. The genus Rarahu from the same subfamily is rather similar, as is Sobasina (subfamily Synemosyninae).

Species of Gaius are large spiders, usually dark brown or black. Females have a body length of around , males around . The carapace has a dense fringe of hairs (setae) along the sides. The abdomen is oval, densely covered with hairs.

Hirasawa, T., H. Nagashima, and S. Kuratani. 2013. The endoskeletal origin of the turtle carapace. Nature Communications 4. However, analysis of the transitional fossil, Eunotosaurus africanus shows that early ancestors of turtles lost that intercostal muscle usually found between the ribs.

Terrapene mexicana can reach a length of about . The carapace is long and dome-shaped, with rather variable color and markings. The adult males show gray-blue nuances on the head and red or orange nuances on the front legs.

The northern smooth shore crab, Cyclograpsus insularum, is a marine crab of the family Varunidae, found around Lord Howe Island, Norfolk Island, the Kermadec Islands and in New Zealand from North Cape to East Cape. Their carapace width is up to .

In 2008, 4,386 t of H. gammarus were caught across Europe and North Africa, of which 3,462 t (79%) was caught in the British Isles (including the Channel Islands). The minimum landing size for H. gammarus is a carapace length of .

Alpheus fasqueli is a crustacean belonging to the family of snapping shrimp. It was first isolated in Sri Lanka. It counts with a setose carapace, an acute and carinate rostrum, and unarmed orbital hoods. Its basicerite has a strong ventrolateral tooth.

K. cyclophthalmus, differentiated by its wider carapace and slightly larger and more circular palpebral lobes along with its larger ocelli, is known only from one almost complete specimen, NMS G.1885.26.72P, that lacks most of the prosomal appendages and the telson.

Meri of its posterior walking legs has a distinct distal dorsal angled projection, spined in juveniles. The dactyli of walking legs are laterally compressed. The anterior part of the carapace is predominantly purple, its branchial regions tan and its legs yellowish.

Nesting adult females were found to average in weight and measure in carapace length, with the record weight documented at .Meylan, P.A.; Schuler, R.; Moler, P. (2002). "Spermatogenic cycle of the Florida softshell turtle, Apalone ferox ". Copeia 2002 (3): 779–786.

The regions of the carapace are usually not clearly defined. The "whip" of their antennules (antennular flagella) are small or rudimentary. They fold back into the body diagonally or almost vertically. The plate between them (the interantennular septum) is broad.

Liocarcinus pusillus is a small, colourful species with a broad, suboval carapace having a maximum width of . However, most specimens are usually less than . This species occurs in a wide range of colours. The front has three sharpened tusks, directed forward.

P. spectabilis is relatively small, with a carapace of up to 3 cm in width. The shell is typically bright orange, with bilaterally symmetrical patches of cream with blue rims and dots. This brilliant appearance leads to the crab's common name.

Dorsally, carapace has greenish yellow or purplish tinge. Femur is greenish tinge with a purplish tinge. Tibia has two parallel lines of oblong yellow spots. All legs possess reddish brown setae and setae are more prominent on pedipalps and chelicerae.

The spider is small and resembles both Asemonea maculata and Asemonea tanikawai. The male has been identified and typically measures in length. It has a whiteish yellow carapace with a black pattern and a black abdomen with a light pattern.

P. clarkii is typically dark red, with long claws and head, small or no spines on the sides of its carapace just below the head, and rows of bright red bumps on the front and side of the first leg.

Eurynome aspera, the strawberry crab, is a species of crab in the family Majidae.It is small (1–2 cm) and sometimes a vague strawberry colour. The carapace and legs are often encrusted with algae and mud which act as camouflage.

The rostrum is bipartite, forming a double point. The two points are widely separated, each broad at the base and tapering forwards. The postorbital spine is laterally expanded and the antorbital spine is absent. Many areas of the carapace have tubercles.

The atrodrostral crest and groove, the carina, extends beyond the epigastral tooth with the post-rostral carina almost reaching to the rear of the carapace. The maximum total length is 180mm for males and 228mm for females, weighing up to 130g.

Carapace of Dardanus arrosor can reach a length of . The color varies from bright red to bright orange. The eyestalks are robust, not very long, dilated at the tip and alternately streaked with red and white. The eyes are bluish.

The carapace is more convex. Postorbital region concave. Suture between thoracic sternites 2 and 3 are not clearly visible, where they can be seen as a groove without lateral borders. Abdomen of the male is much robust in shape and triangular.

The carapace is convex. Postorbital region slightly concave. Suture between thoracic sternites 2 and 3 are clearly visible as a shallow groove not reaching to lateral borders. Abdomen of the male is T-shaped where sixth abdominal segment is square-shaped.

The species is greatly similar to Oziotelphusa ceylonensis in their external morphology. So the two species are easily misidentified. The main difference is the straight G1 of male in O. stricta when compared to O. ceylonensis. The carapace is convex.

The carapace was held in place with the aid of a small and hinged triangular "locking" mechanism placed anteriorly. The eyes were reniform (bean-shaped) and the small ocelli were located between, or slightly behind (depending on the species), the larger eyes. The metastoma (a large plate part of the abdomen) of Adelophthalmus was oval in shape, with the first opisthosomal (the opisthosoma refers to all segments after the carapace, essentially the abdomen) having a reduced length and being tapered laterally. The body of Adelophthalmus ended with a long and sharp styliform telson (the posteriormost segment, here in the shape of a spike).

The moulted carapace of a lady crab found on the beach at Long Beach, Long Island, New York State Shell of horseshoe crab on a beach Many arthropods have sclerites, or hardened body parts, which form a stiff exoskeleton made up mostly of chitin. In crustaceans, especially those of the class Malacostraca (crabs, shrimps and lobsters, for instance), the plates of the exoskeleton may be fused to form a more or less rigid carapace. Moulted carapaces of a variety of marine malacostraceans often wash up on beaches. The horseshoe crab is an arthropod of the family Limulidae.

Ocypode convexa eyestalks and anterior profile of the carapace (top); and the stridulating ridge (a row of 19 to 24 tubercles) on the larger claw (bottom). Like other ghost crabs, the eyestalks of golden ghost crabs are large and swollen, with the cornea occupying the lower surface. Their tips do not extend into a spike (style) making them easy to distinguish from the similarly-sized horned ghost crab (Ocypode ceratophthalma) which also occurs in Western Australia. The upper margins of the eye orbits curve around the bases of the eyestalks, then gently curve again towards the sides of the carapace.

The degree of ornamentation on the surface of the carapace also varies widely, and there are almost always at least a few setae (bristles), which can be iridescent in some members of the Galatheidae and Munididae. A pair of compound eyes also project on stalks from the front of the carapace; these are made up of ommatidia with square facets, which is typical of the "reflecting superposition" form of eye. Many deep-sea species have reduced eyes, and reduced movement of the eyestalks. In the families Munididae and Galatheidae, there is often a row of setae close to the eyes, forming "eyelashes".

Size comparison of the unequivocal Nanahughmilleria species. The first species of what today is recognized as Nanahughmilleria was described in 1859 by John William Salter as "Eurypterus pygmaeus". Although Richard Banks first mentioned this species in 1856, this act is currently considered as nomen nudum ("naked name", a name coined without an adequate or completely missing description of it). The fossils mentioned by Banks consisted of two specimens, the first of which included carapace with the first five tergites (dorsal parts of the body segments) and the 8th and 9th segments of the swimming leg and the second including another nearly complete carapace.

S. seticornis off Hispaniola The body of S. seticornis is triangular, and the rostrum is drawn out into a long point with serrate edges. The legs are also long and thin, up to across, and the animal's carapace may be up to long. Colouration is variable in this species; the body may be golden, yellow or cream, marked with brown, black or iridescent-blue lines; the legs are reddish or yellow, and the claws are blue or violet. This species presents as diagnostic features: triangular body with long pointed snout (rostrum), carapace decorated with fine dark lines and claws often have violet tips.

Usually very old males comprise the specimens that weigh in excess of per most population studies. Among extant freshwater turtles, only the little-known giant softshell turtles of the genera Chitra, Rafetus, and Pelochelys, native to Asia, reach comparable sizes. Alligator snapping turtle using its vermiform appendage to lure prey. (Peckham's mimicry) Head of a young alligator snapping turtle Alligator snapping turtle with carpet of algae In "mature" specimens, those with a straight carapace length over , males and females can be differentiated by the position of the cloaca from the carapace, and by the thickness of the base of the tail.

Neoscona oaxacensis is a relatively large spider, females being about 9–18 mm (0.35–0.7 in) long overall, with a carapace of about 4–8 mm (0.15–0.3 in) long by 3–6 mm (0.1–0.25 in) wide. Males are smaller, being about 6–13 mm (0.25–0.5 in) long overall, with a carapace of about 3–6 mm (0.1–0.25 in) long by 3–5 mm (0.1–0.2 in) wide. Specimens from the Galápagos are among the largest found. The black-and-white pattern on the upper (dorsal) surface of the abdomen is considered to be distinctive.

Size comparison of T. boylei Like the other onychopterellids, Tylopterella was a small eurypterid. The total size of the only known specimen is estimated at only 7.5 centimetres (2.9 inches). Tylopterella is a little-known genus; the type specimen of T. boylei, which conserves the dorsal part of the body, represents its only record thus far. The carapace (dorsal plate of the prosoma, head) had a semiovate (nearly oval) shape, was rounded anteriorly and truncated (shortened as by cutting it) posteriorly and bordered by an highly raised, narrow rim more marked at the sides of the carapace.

It is a large Chaceon, its size varying from to , with small anterolateral teeth on the carapace and laterally-compressed dactyli on the walking legs. Its median pair of frontal teeth is narrower than the laterals, separated by a U-shaped emargination. The carapace has a distinct granulation medial to the fifth tooth and on protogastric, cardiac, and branchial regions; its hepatic region is smooth; protogastric region inflated in large specimens, especially in females. Its cheliped is lightly tuberculate dorsally; upper margin of merus with a sharp subdistal spine; the carpus lacking an outer spine in adults; propodus unarmed distally.

H. cordiformis lives in intertidal mangroves, and in estuaries, where it is the most abundant crab species, usually living among the roots of the mangroves. H. cordiformis can breathe both in air and in water. While out of the water, H. cordiformis moves its carapace up and down; this capability allows the crab to breathe air without losing the water held in the gill chamber under the carapace. H. cordiformis is primarily a deposit feeder, sifting through the sediment for organic matter and the detritus from mangroves, but also has large mandibles that it uses to eat larger pieces of plants and animals.

These patterns and colors in the skin and shell fade with age until the carapace is a muted olive green to orange brown or brown and the plastron is a dull yellow or darker. Some sliders become almost black with few visible markings. The carapace is oval with a bit of rounding and a central crest with knobs, but these features soften and fade with age, adults being smoother and flatter. For determining an adult slider's sex, males typically have much longer front claws than adult females, while females usually have shorter, more slender tails than males.

The underside, also called the plastron, has a much lighter coloration of a pale yellow. The flatback sea turtle has an average carapace length ranging from 76 to 96 cm (30 to 38 in), and weighs from 70 to 90 kg (about 155 to 200 lb). The females of this species are larger than the males in adulthood and also have been found to have longer tails than their male counterparts. Features of this sea turtle which help contribute to its recognition are the single pair of prefrontal scales on the head, and the four pairs of coastal scutes on the carapace.

Anole's reptilian mutation gives him green scaly skin, a spiked head carapace instead of hair, a prehensile sticky tongue, the ability to stick to solid surfaces, and enhanced agility, speed, reflexes/reactions, coordination, and balance. He can also rapidly camouflage himself through physiological color change to his surroundings to become "invisible." He can grow back lost limbs and damaged body parts but they appear larger, scaled and reptilian like his carapace and grant him a higher level of physical ability. A new arm he regenerated has sharp claws at the ends of his fingers that he can use for attack purposes.

Other characteristics include the possession of a single pair of maxillipeds (rarely 2–3), of mandibles with an articulated accessory process between the molar and incisor teeth in the adults (called the lacinia mobilis), and of a carapace which is often reduced in size and is not fused with the posterior thoracic somites. In some orders, the young hatch at a post-larval, prejuvenile stage called a manca which lacks the last pair of legs. In the underground order Thermosbaenacea, there are no oostergites and the carapace of the female is expanded to form a dorsal marsupium.

This deep red crab is covered in spines, which are long and robust in large adults, and very long and thin in young. It has a carapace length ("nose" to "rump") that is up to , a leg span up to and can weigh as much as . Females are somewhat smaller than males; in a study off Canada average carapace length for healthy adults was about for females and males respectively. They are often victims of Briarosaccus callosus (family Peltogastridae), a parasitic barnacle that causes sterility in the crab and also will use many other king crab species around the world as a host.

The peninsula cooter is an average sized member of the family Emydidae, typically reaching carapace lengths of 9-13 in (23-33 cm) and weights of 5-15 lbs (2.27-6.8 kg). However, they are capable of surpassing 20.0 in (50.8 cm) and 35 pounds (15.876 kg). Peninsula cooters can be identified be distinguished from the Florida red-bellied cooter (Pseudemys nelsoni) by their lack of a reddish plastron and the presence of dozens of yellow stripes on their carapace, limbs, head, and tail. Males can be distinguished from females by not only their smaller size, but their greatly elongated front claws.

Lauridromia dehaani is a plump crab and has a carapace (shell) that is slightly wider than it is long, with three sharply- pointed teeth on the rostrum (between the eyes) and four antero-lateral teeth at the side of the shell. The first three antero-lateral teeth are close together and the fourth more widely separated. The carapace has a covering of coarse hairs and some shaggy bristles near the margins. The pereiopods (walking legs) are smooth and the inner margin of the dactylus (seventh segment) of the second and third pair bear 16 to 20 minute spines.

The St. Matthew stock is rebuilding but the fishery remains closed, while the Pribilof stock has not drastically improved. Diomede blue king crabs have never been harvested commercially, but support a subsistence fishery for the Native Village of Diomede, Alaska, population 170. Colder water slows the rate of crab growth and crabs at northern latitudes are often smaller than more southern crabs. Commercial harvest of blue king crabs at the Pribilof Islands is limited to males with a carapace width (CW) over and St. Matthew Island is limited to crabs with CW greater than , corresponding to crabs over carapace length (CL).

Like other hermit crabs, D. pugilator conceals its soft abdomen inside an empty gastropod mollusc shell; the abdomen is twisted to fit the contours of the shell. The carapace protects the anterior part of the crab and can be up to long; it is squarish in shape, has triangular projections along the front edge, and is clad with hairs on the front two corners. The eyes are on stalks which are about half as long as the width of the carapace. The left chela (claw) is very much larger than the right one, and both claws are covered with short hairs.

A small crab, H. nudus reaches sizes of approximately . Its dorsal shell (carapace) is generally a dark purple in color, although it may be olive green or red, with white or cream markings. The color of the legs matches the color of the carapace but the white-tipped claws (chelipeds) are a lighter color with purple or red spots – these spots allow H. nudus to be distinguished from a similar looking crab, the lined shore crab, Pachygrapsus crassipes, whose chelipeds lack spots. The legs of H. nudus lack setae, a distinguishing feature of the otherwise similar H. oregonensis.

Calappa hepatica grows to a carapace width of about ; the length is always less than two thirds of its width. The posterior portion of the shell has broad extensions with several blunt teeth on the margin, and these largely conceal the walking legs. The carapace and the exposed parts of the chelae (pincers) are a mottled greyish-brown colour, and are covered with small raised tubercles of various sizes, making the crabs well-camouflaged when semi-submerged in the sand. The chelae are large and powerful, and specially adapted to the crab's feeding behaviour, the crushing and eating of molluscs.

' The results of the analysis showed that all the genera featured (including Adelophthalmus), with the exception of Nanahughmilleria, where the basal species N. patteni was assigned to the new genus Eysyslopterus, were (or had the potential to be) monophyletic. The monophyly of Adelophthalmus was supported by several synapomorphies, including the presence of an anterior triangle on the carapace (the function of which is uncertain), a central circular area of the carapace being raised, the eyes being further away from the margin of the carapace than from the ocelli, an oval metastoma, a long telson and the presence of epimera on the preabdomen.' A. sievertsi was recovered as more basal than other species, which fits with it also being the earliest known species in the fossil record, mainly due to the broad swimming appendage being similar to the broad appendages of Parahughmilleria and Nanahughmilleria. All other species of Adelophthalmus where this appendage is known possess one that is thinner.

They are distinguished from Austrarchaea by a notably shorter carapace, the distribution of long hairs (setae) on the male chelicerae, and by the shape of the conductor of the male palpal bulb. The Australian Alps may be a barrier dividing the two genera.

Ebalia tumefacta is a small, roughly diamond-shaped crab, with noticeably bulbous branchial regions. The carapace is wider than it is long, and has minute bumps, giving it a somewhat rough texture. It grows to about long and wide. The colouration varies greatly.

Rochinia crassa has a spiny, elongate-triancular carapace. The rostrum comprises two short, stout spines. The chelipeds are very long and thin, and in adults can be approximately four times the length of the carpace. The walking legs are also long and slender.

The eastern swamp crayfish (Gramastacus lacus) is a species of small freshwater crayfish from coastal New South Wales, Australia. It is distinguished from related species by large genital papilla on the males, large raised postorbital ridges, a laterally compressed carapace, and elongated chelae.

Graptemys versa is a smaller map turtle; females only attain a carapace length of 12.5 cm (5.0 in).Conant, R. 1975. A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and Central North America, Second Edition Houghton Mifflin. Boston. xviii + 429 pp.

Corumbella is an extinct genus of terminal-Ediacaran cnidarians. It is the only genus in the monotypic family Corumbellidae, and is represented by a single species Corumbella werneri.Hahn et al., 1982 It possessed a carapace made up of thick polygonal ringsPacheco et al.

Orcanopterus' genital operculum was located on the underside of the second segment after the carapace. It was made up of two segments and the furca, but appears to be comparatively without ornament. The first pair of sternites after the genital operculum are unfused.

Linuparus meridionalis males grow to a carapace length of , with females only slightly smaller, at . The body is "generally half brownish red and half white". The second to fifth somites of the abdomen are generally white, at least in the posterior half.

As with other species of boxfish, the scrawled cowfish's bony carapace gives it a distinctly angular appearance; its oblate form has been compared to a frisbee.Cara Giaimo, "How the World's Squarest Fish Gets Around", in The New York Times, 15 Apr. 2020.

Ceratogyrus brachycephalus (greater horned baboon tarantula) is an old world terrestrial tarantula that grows to a legspan of up to 5 inches (12 cm).Eight: Greater Horned Baboon The common name comes from the "horn", or protuberance,babboon horns? - Arachnoboards on the carapace.

Front eyes are larger than rear eyes. Males have light brown legs, with some hairs. The carapace is yellow with very few hairs. Difference from close relatives Different from Nephila clavate, this species Nephila pilipes has a horn-like bulge on its tergum.

They are given the common name "map turtle" due to the map-like markings on the carapace. Map turtles are known for intricate head markings and strong sexual dimorphism with mature females twice the length and 10 times the mass of mature males.

There are small white spots on the carapace and abdomen and a pair of larger white spots near the outer edge of the first abdominal segment. The legs are dark green or red with yellow longitudinal stripes. The antennules are not banded.

The claws are smaller and less hairy in females. Young crabs are less than in size, and are chalky white all over. The front edge of the carapace has five teeth on either side, with the first two being smaller than the others.

O. sinica is a distinctive species, with stripes on the legs, and prominent eyespots on the carapace; the females' abdomen is unusually narrow, leaving the vulvae exposed. The legs are flattened at the end, and this is an adaptation to digging, not swimming.

The thorax has six pair of biramous appendages, while the abdomen has four segments and a terminal telson with a caudal furca. This arrangement is similar to that seen in copepods. In addition, there is a bivalved carapace, which is expanded in females.

Mating speckled tortoises, in captivity in the Prague Zoo. The males of C. signatus measure in straight carapace length, while the larger females measure up to almost ;Branch, Bill (1998). Field Guide to Snakes and other Reptiles of Southern Africa. Third edition.

The known species of this genus resemble each other in appearance and behavior. The carapace is long and wide. Females are uniformly colored, with some dusky stripes on the dorsum of the abdomen. Colors range from yellowish red to dark reddish brown.

Oreochima ellioti is an archaeomaenid pachycormiform fish from Lower Jurassic- aged freshwater strata of Antarctica. Fossils come from the Lower Jurassic Carapace Formation(Pliensbachian-Toarcian) of Storm Peak, Antarctica, where a freshwater lake system once existed.Schaeffer, Bobb. "A Jurassic Fish from Antarctica".

The carapace of this species is reddish brown, ovoid to elongated, with or without fine, radiating, black patterns. The plastron is mostly yellow with or without fine, radiating, black lines. The head is speckled and the throat is yellow. The neck is striped.

Argoctenus is a genus of South Pacific long-legged sac spiders first described by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1878. They are found in Australia, New Zealand, and New Guinea. They resemble wolf spiders except for the narrowed carapace and the eye arrangement.

A large crab with 15–20 cm of maximum length. Greyish green carapace is very broad and characterized by 3 red spots in posterior half. A strong spine can be seen on each side. Swimming legs are flattened and claws are long.

Hardella thurjii has a shell with a large, moderately flat, dark brown or black carapace (dorsal surface) and a yellow or black plastron (ventral surface).Boulenger GA (1889). Catalogue of the Chelonians, Rhynchocephalians, and Crocodiles in the British Museum (Natural History). New Edition.

Jewel spiders have a distinctive appearance that makes them relatively easy to identify. The cephalothorax is black in colour with a bluish metallic sheen. It is covered with small white hairs (setae). The carapace (upper part of the cephalothorax) is rectangular in shape.

Dorsally black, white and grey cryptic markings all over the legs and body. Carapace has two black lines. Opisthosoma has a light grey foliate median band runs the entire length of opisthosoma. Inside large foliate markings, there is a slightly darker median band.

The species sometimes has almost an entire dorsal surface of carapace yellow with submarginal brown.Chace & Hobbs (1969), pp. 156–160. Its shell has a cervical meandering curve which does not quite touch the edge of the shell. About 24 cubicles are well defined.

Females grow larger than males. Their body is suspended within a semi- translucent, globular carapace. Depending on the exact species, living individuals typically are orange, orange-red or violet-red, but they can also be colourless. Specimens preserved in alcohol become whitish.

H. epheliticus grows to across the carapace, which is covered in large patches of red color, which may join up into lines or other patterns. The spots are outlined in a darker color; in some crabs, only the darker rings are visible.

Ascyltus pterygodes is a cosmopolitan jumping spider of the Pacific. The spider belongs to the genus Ascyltus, a group of jumping spiders easily identified by their relatively large size and the iridescent scales on their carapace. The population density of this species is unknown.

It is about long and can be distinguished by the distinctly ringed legs. The pedipalps and the outer membrane of the carapace are yellowish orange with black marks. The legs are black with distinctive yellow rings. The tarsi and coxae are almost completely yellow.

Adanson's mud turtle is a medium- sized turtle that lives in freshwater. The turtle's shell can grow up to (straight carapace length) and is known to be sharp and rigid, with dark brown spots and dashes. The ventral part of the shell (plastron) is yellow.

They have a greenish-brown cephalothorax and yellowish-brown legs. Their abdomen is about twice as long as the carapace, and is mostly light brown and hairy with several stripes of various colors. The species name is derived from one of the specimen's collectors.

Atelecyclus undecimdentatus is often very dirty which can alter its appearance. It has short antennae, being only about a quarter of the length of the carapace. The claws are similar to each other, with black tips. Both the claws and legs have many bristles.

Unlike other closely related species, the legs are stout and densely hairy, but devoid of the long spines. The body covering, carapace is rough (granulated) and lacks setae. The abdomen is almost rounded and yellowish-grey in colour. The abdominal setae are also similarly coloured.

The thumbnail crab, Thia scutellata, is a species of crab whose carapace resembles a human thumbnail. It is found in the North Sea, north-east Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. It is the only extant species in the genus Thia, although two fossil species are known.

Mongolicosa gobiensis is a species of wolf spider only known from a single female collected in Khürmen district, Ömnögovi Province, Mongolia. This spider, 6.8 mm in length, has a blackish-brown carapace and a dark grey, sparsely hairy abdomen. The legs have pale banding.

The carapace is dark brown while the abdomen is brown/grey with hairs resembling the body of a mouse, hence the common name of 'mouse spider'. The legs are brown with thick pubescence. The male has a small scutum on the dorsum of the abdomen.

The group races after Pip, who disappears near a towering and darkened mansion. A man named Carapace Clavicle Moundshroud greets them inside. Moundshroud expresses disappointment that none of the children know what their costumes symbolize. He reveals that he is after the ghost of Pip.

In the view of Lamsdell, specimens of the type species C. oculatus are not well preserved enough to determine the precise structure of the eyes and because fossils of its carapace are either flattened or incomplete, its shape can not be ascertained with complete accuracy.

An enclosure for sunburst diving beetles The adult beetle has a length of , with females slightly larger than males. The sunburst diving beetle has a black and streamlined carapace covered with bright yellow or golden spots. The male has a suction disk on each foreleg.

Phlogiellus xingping is a small species of terrestrial tarantula in the genus Phlogiellus first documented in 2008. It is quite peaceful and often stays in its own burrow. It is covered with dense hair, less on the carapace. It is only found in Hong Kong.

Their armored exoskeletons help protect them from larger predators such as octopuses, but giant spider crabs also use camouflage. The crab's bumpy carapace blends into the rocky ocean floor. To further the illusion, a spider crab will adorn its shell with sponges and other animals.

Illithids often create symbionts, a kind of living item eventually adapted for the Eberron campaign setting. Illithids use these symbionts for themselves and their slaves. These symbionts help their general offensive and defensive capabilities. Known illithid symbionts include the mnemonicus, wriggler, and carapace symbionts.

The carapace of an adult P. hirsutiusculus may measure up to in length, and the animal's body may grow to in northern populations. Populations further south than Puget Sound are smaller and less hairy, and have been recognized as a separate subspecies, P. h. venturensis.

The Burmese star tortoise has radiating star-shaped patterns on its strongly domed carapace. It has bumps on its shell that look like stars. This tortoise can easily be distinguished from the more common Indian star tortoise by comparing the plastrons of the two species.

Males have no pleopods. The flagellum of the second antenna does not reach further than the hindmost edge of the carapace. Females have a very small second antenna (much smaller than the first). They also have no exopods (outer branches) on their third maxillipeds.

One specimen also appears to include an associated Hurdia-like carapace. Putative lobopodian species Aysheaia prolata from the Cambrian Wheeler Formation (Utah, United States) was reinterpreted as an isolated frontal appendage of a member of the genus Stanleycaris by Pates, Daley & Ortega-Hernández (2017).

E. kingii is a medium-sized trilobite with a smooth sub-ovate carapace that is tapered towards the rear. Thorax is usually 13 segments. Pygidium has four axial rings and a long terminal piece. Posterior margin of the pygidium has a long broad medial notch.

Clinical signs of WSS include a sudden reduction in food consumption, lethargy, loose cuticle and often reddish discolouration, and the presence of white spots of 0.5 to 2.0 mm in diameter on the inside surface of the carapace, appendages, and cuticle over the abdominal segments.

Plastron of a painted wood turtle Painted wood turtles can grow to a maximum length of 20 cm. It has a dome-shaped carapace and the plastron has a continuous ventral line. It has red stripes on its body and it has webbed feet.

Paralithodes camtschaticus P. camtschaticus can reach a leg span of . The red king crab is the largest species of king crab. Red king crabs can reach a carapace width up to , a leg span of , and a weight of . Males grow larger than females.

Today, red king crabs infrequently surpass in carapace width and the average male landed in the Bering Sea weighs . It was named after the color it turns when it is cooked rather than the color of a living animal, which tends to be more burgundy.

Crangon allmani body length is up to 77 mm. It has a brownish-gray to reddish-gray colour. The short rostrum is about half as long as the eyes and is small with a rounded end. The carapace is smooth except for some small items.

Drawing of an adult Sternotherus odoratus by E.A. Woodbury. Photograph of a juvenile Sternotherus odoratus. The stinkpot is a small black, grey or brown turtle with a highly domed shell. It grows to a straight carapace length of approximately and averages in weight at .

The male is very slender. Its carapace is orange-red, with a narrow bluish-white, iridescent transverse stripe between the eyes. The robust chelicerae do not point forward. The long scutum of the opisthosoma is dark brown and covered with dense, bronze-colored hairs.

The head is rather small, with a pointed and upwards-tending snout. The legs have band- like scales. The upper surface of the carapace and the soft parts are generally olive-brown, while the plastron is yellowish. Head and neck are brown with reddish bases.

The gray to black carapace is intermediate in shape between the saddle-backed species and the domed species. It has only a shallow cervical indentation; the anterior carapacial rim is not appreciably upturned, and the posterior marginals are flared, slightly upturned, and slightly serrated.

Adults have no eyes, and are missing the last segment of the first pereiopod, which is therefore unable to form a claw. They also have reduced gills and mouthparts, and no exopods on the pereiopods. The carapace is enlarged, and forms a tall rostrum.

Cosmophasis baehrae has the inner two forward looking eyes greatly enlarged, typical of the jumping spider family, Salticidae. Diagnostic for this species is a white bar on the carapace just behind the rearmost pair of eyes. The body length of the male is and female .

Myrmarachne aurantiaca, is a species of spider of the genus Myrmarachne. It is endemic to Sri Lanka. The species was first found from Ethagala range of Kurunegala District. The species can easily identified by the reddish orange- coloured carapace and dorsally flat chelicerae of male.

The postorbital carinae are almost obsolete, unarmed anteriorly, excavated with well-separated punctations, commencing close to orbital margin of the carapace, medially curved anteriorly, and diverging posteriorly. The cervical groove is bristly. The branchiocardiac grooves are obsolete. Its eyes are large, globular, and well-pigmented.

For instance, actor Arnold Schwarzenegger, who played protagonist 'Dutch' Schaeffer, was homaged with both Predatoroonops schwarzeneggeri and Predatoroonops dutch. Two species groups within Predatoroonops were proposed, based on the presence or absence of a median furrow in the frontal median area of the male chelicerae. The schwarzeneggeri group presents both median and subdistal furrows, and a long lateral sclerotized groove at the anterior lateral border of the carapace in males; the peterhalli group lacks the median and distal furrows, and its species have the anterior lateral border of the carapace with an attenuated groove. The closest relatives of Predatoroonops are in the genera Orchestina and Cavisternum.

Planes minutus is a small crab, reaching a maximum carapace length of , and typically less than . It has conspicuous eyes in wide orbits at the corners of the wide front edge of the carapace. The first pair of pereiopods (walking legs) bear a symmetrical pair of chelae with cutting teeth; the other four pairs are adorned with spines on the last two segments of each leg. It differs from the larger P. major in that males have a broadly triangular abdomen, rather than one which narrows abruptly after the third segment, and from P. marinus in having flattened legs with a fringe of setae that aid in swimming.

A female edible crab with eggs on scrap The first developmental stage after hatching is a planktonic larva (1 mm) called the zoea that develops into a postlarva (megalopa), and finally a juvenile. The first juvenile stage is characterised by a well-developed abdomen, which in time becomes reduced in size and folded under the sternum. Juveniles settle to the sea floor in the intertidal zone, where they stay until they reach a carapace width of , and then migrate to deeper water. The growth rate in males slows from an increase in carapace width of 10 mm per year before it is 8 years old, to 2 mm per year thereafter.

Occacaris oviformis is an extinct nektonic predatory arthropod from the Lower Cambrian Maotianshan shale Lagerstätte. It bears a superficial resemblance to the Cambrian arthropod, Canadaspis, though, was much smaller, and had a pair of "great appendages", with which it may have grasped prey. It had a bivalved carapace that covered most of its body, leaving only the last two tergites of its trunk, with the telson jutting out of the posterior end of the carapace, and the eyes, antennae, and great appendages jutting out of the anterior end. The spines of the great appendages are paired, setting it apart from its relatives, Fortiforceps foliosa, and Forfexicaris valida.

This species is easily distinguished from other members of the genus Psalmopoeus by it unique coloration, that is having vibrant red on the backside (abdomen and legs III & IV) and dark coloration on the front legs, along with a green carapace, females reach roughly 6.5 inches by diagonal leg span. P. victori is sexually dimorphic, with males appearing much more slender, legs matching the green coloration of the carapace, and red abdomen. Like other species in the genus Psalmopoeus, the species lacks urticating hairs. This species is extremely reclusive, when searching at night, the time tarantulas are most active, it can still prove difficult to observe any specimen.

Periclimenes pholeter, is a species of shrimp belonging to the family Palaemonidae. The species is closest to Periclimenes indicus, P. obscurus and P. toloensis, resembling these species in the presence of an epigastric tooth on the carapace, the shape of the abdomen, the spinulation of the carapace, and the unarmed fingers of the first chelipeds. P. pholeter most resembles P. indicus by the elongatecarpus and long fingers of the second pereiopods, differing in these features from P. toloensis, which has the fingers slightly less than half as long as the palm. In P. obscurus the fingers are shorter than the palm, but the carpus is about as long as the palm.

This correlates with the observation that saddleback males are more aggressive than domed males. The shell distortion and elongation of the limbs and neck in saddlebacks is probably an evolutionary compromise between the need for a small body size in dry conditions and a high vertical reach for dominance displays. The saddleback carapace probably evolved independently several times in dry habitats, since genetic similarity between populations does not correspond to carapace shape. Saddleback tortoises are, therefore, not necessarily more closely related to each other than to their domed counterparts, as shape is not determined by a similar genetic background, but by a similar ecological one.

Triops longicaudatus is usually greyish yellow or brown in color, and differs from many other species by the absence of the second maxilla. Apart from Triops cancriformis, it is the only tadpole shrimp species whose individuals display as many as three reproductive strategies: bisexual, unisexual (parthenogenetic), and hermaphroditic; see below. Triops cancriformis is easily recognizable by its yellow carapace with dark spots, whilst T. longicaudatus individuals have a uniform carapace. The species also appeared about 50 million years later, and, as its name suggests, its elongated tail structures (cercopods) are often nearly as long as the rest of the body; including the cercopods, the body may reach in length.

The specimen preserves the carapace, the first two tergites, three partial appendages and what is possibly a coxa (the proximalmost limb segment). Hünicken wrongly identified the specimen as a mygalomorph spider (the group that includes tarantulae) based on the shape of the carapace, the wide circular eye tubercle (round outgrowth) located in the center of the head between the two eyes and a circular structure behind the first body segment which he identified as the "moderately hairy" abdomen. Hünicken's identification relied heavily on X-ray microtomography of the holotype. Additional hidden structures – such as a sternum and labium, coxae and cheliceral fangs – were also extrapolated from the X-radiographs.

Members of the Branchiopoda are unified by the presence of gills on many of the animals' appendages, including some of the mouthparts. This is also responsible for the name of the group (from the , gills, akin to , windpipe; , foot). They generally possess compound eyes and a carapace, which may be a shell of two valves enclosing the trunk (as in most Cladocera), broad and shallow (as in the Notostraca), or entirely absent (as in the Anostraca). In the groups where the carapace prevents the use of the trunk limbs for swimming (Cladocera, clam shrimp and the extinct Lipostraca), the antennae are used for locomotion, as they are in the nauplius.

The species name yueya comes from the Chinese characters 月 (yuè, meaning "Moon") and 牙 (yá, meaning "crescent"), referring to the crescentic shape of its carapace (the dorsal plate of the prosoma or head). Houia yueya was originally described as a species of the horseshoe crab genus Kasibelinurus (Kasibelinurus yueya) in 2013, with its narrow opisthosoma (the trunk section) being misinterpreted as incompletely preserved (lacking lateral regions). It was redescribed and replaced under its own genus Houia in 2015, being reinterpreted as a basal dekatriatan possesses both horseshoe crab and eurypterid-like features (e.g crescentic carapace for the former, and metastoma for the latter).

Supplementary information The telson (the most posterior segment of the body), which was lanceolate and styliform, is distinctly a Eurypterus-like feature. The marginal compound eyes, the relatively large chelae and the cordate (heart-shaped) metastoma (a large plate that is part of the abdomen) show a great resemblance to Pterygotus. The carapace was parabolic or subquadrate with oval marginal eyes, the chelicerae were able to extend beyond the carapace margin and the appendages II–V were spiniferous. The genus is in various ways similar to the more derived eurypterids of its superfamily, the Pterygotioidea, however, it lacked the expanded and flattened telson that the pterygotids and Slimonia had.

The hinges of the box turtle's lower shell The common box turtle (Terrapene carolina) gets its common name from the structure of its shell which consists of a high domed carapace (upper shell), and large, hinged plastron (lower shell) which allows the turtle to close the shell, sealing its vulnerable head and limbs safely within an impregnable box. The carapace is brown, often adorned with a variable pattern of orange or yellow lines, spots, bars or blotches. The plastron is dark brown and may be uniformly coloured, or show darker blotches or smudges. The common box turtle has a small to moderately sized head and a distinctive hooked upper jaw.

He had been brought specimens by J. Caldwell, and described them in 1865 under the name Astacus Caldwelli Bate, 1865. By the end of the 19th century, scientists had settled on the name Astacus madagascarensis, treating the others as synonyms, and to preserve nomenclatural stability, the name A. goudotii was suppressed by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature in 1958. The next new taxon to be described was the variety betsileoensis described by Georges Petit in 1923. In 1927, he divided the Malagasy crayfish into the "macrophthalmes", with large eyes, a convex carapace and flattened chelae, and the "microphthalmes", with small eyes, cylindrical carapace and more robust chelae.

The largest mid miocene deposits in Ukraine are situated near Ternopil city. Here several species of corals, crabs, mollusks and whales have been found. One of the most interesting discoveries is a daira speciosa carapace with a haliotis shell. Probably it had symbiotic relationship with this crab.

Females are about long, males . The black carapace is wider than long, very rugose and covered with sparse violet squamose hairs. There are four large white patches near the posterior eyes. The abdomen is elongate and also sparsely covered with violet hairs, with three white longitudinal stripes.

The carapace is orange to brown with a broad yellow band near the margin. The areas around the eyes are black, except for the front median eyes, where it is brown-black. The opisthosoma is yellowish with many grey spots. The legs are yellow with grey.

Females grow at about half the rate of males, probably due to the energetic demands of egg laying. Sexual maturity is reached at a carapace width of in females, and in males. Longevity is typically 25–30 years, although exceptional individuals may live up to 100 years.

The carapace is patterned in the female but plain and unmarked in the male. Both sexes have a reddish-brown heart-shaped mark and rows of white spots on the abdomen. It can only be distinguished with certainty from related species by details of the genitalia.

The largest crustaceans are crab Tasmanian giant crab ('Pseudocarcinus gigas) and a carapace width of up to . It is the only species in the genus Pseudocarcinus. Males reach more than twice the size of females. It has a white shell with claws that are splashed in red.

Neriene peltata is a species of spider belonging to the family Linyphiidae. It has a Holarctic distribution. Like other members of this family, this is a small spider: the body length excluding legs is about 5 mm. The carapace is brown with a black central stripe.

Females can reach about long, but are typically long and weigh ; males are slightly smaller at long and weighing . The carapace and abdomen are transversely banded with alternative red and white. The antennae are grayish brown. Brown pereiopods and pleopods are present with fringing setae in red.

K. maranjandu is distinguished from other crabs of the family Gecarcinidae by its distinctive carapace and the structure of the male abdomen, as well as its very long walking legs. The species is entirely arboreal, relying on water held in small hollows of trees for survival.

A short spine above the eye and the angled articulation of the second chelae with the carpus differentiate the California freshwater shrimp from other shrimp that occur California. A carapace length (reckoned from eye socket to tail-tip) of slightly more than five centimeters can be attained.

The formation is one of many formations that are from the Kirtlandian land-vertebrate age, and date from 74.0 million years ago. The holotype skull is nearly complete. No skeleton or carapace is known, but the material of "Naiadochelys" ingravata might be assignable to C. hutchisoni.

This allows the paler tortoise to stay in the desert heat for longer. It is also an effective camouflage in the desert. The carapace is light yellow, often with two dark triangles on each abdominal scute. The tortoise's scutes have dark edgings that fade with age.

Chubutemys was an extinct genus of meiolaniform turtle. It lived during the Early Cretaceous of Argentina, around the Albian-Aptian border, within the Puesto La Paloma Member of the Cerro Barcino Formation. It is known from most of the skeleton and carapace, and part of the skull.

Another weighing was housed at the Brookfield Zoo in suburban Chicago. Another large turtle reportedly weighed . The species generally does not grow quite that large. Breeding maturity is attained around , when the straight carapace length is around , but then the species continues to grow throughout life.

In the males the flagellum of the second antenna reaches beyond the carapace; moreover, they possess pleopods. In the females the second antenna is somewhat shorter than the first. There are exopods (outer branches) on the third maxilliped and strongly reduced or absent on the third pereopods.

The holotype of Australochelys includes a skull and a fragment of the carapace. The skull shares features with both the primitive turtle Proganochelys and Casichelydia, a group of derived turtles. The skull shows an advanced hearing mechanism, a feature thought to have evolved with modern turtles.

E. rathbunae exhibits an extreme form of sexual dimorphism, with tiny neotenous males attaching themselves to the female's appendages, "thus carrying the tendency for small males in this genus almost to the verge of parasitism". Sexually mature females are typically in carapace length, while males are only .

The holotype female is fossilized with her underside facing up. Portions of all but two of the legs are missing from the fossil. The carapace of the holotype is and the opisthosoma is . The total body length is approximately while the front legs reach about in length.

The carapace is flattened and covered in short fine hairs, length up to 12mm, width up to 12.5mm. Males appear dull reddish to tan brown, while females are greyish brown, often with small red spots. Chelae more slender than in P. elongatus, generally larger in the male.

Measuring just long, Mysmena wawuensis is one of the smallest spiders known. The carapace is round in the male and pear-shaped in the female. The cephalothorax is brown with dark margins, the sternum is black and the disproportionately large opisthosoma is black, with yellow flecks.

Breeding behaviour has been observed in captivity. Births take place throughout the year. After a gestational period of 60 to 64 days, a litter of one to three is born. Each newborn weighs , and has a hairless and soft carapace; it can give out soft clicks.

Males of Caponina papamanga have a generally brownish cephalothorax, although the central part of the sternum is cream. The legs are also brownish. The abdomen is grayish. The total body length of the holotype is 3.1 mm, of which the flat carapace makes up 1.15 mm.

Petrolisthes eriomerus is a species of marine porcelain crab found in the eastern Pacific Ocean. It is commonly known as the flattop crab. It is a flattened, rounded animal, with a carapace up to across. It is a filter feeder, and also sweeps food from rocks.

Neoepilobocera gertraudae differs from the other freshwater crabs of Cuba, all in the genus Epilobocera, by its longer legs and paler coloration, both of which are adaptations to living in caves. It is smaller than Epilobocera, reaching a carapace length of only , and with a flattened body.

The black stripes remain. In a next stage carapace is completely pink, as well as dorsum of coxae, trochantera and most femora. Remaining parts of legs retain the metallic green. The clear part of abdomen is now of a vivid red, and the black stripes remain.

The specific name psychedelicus refers to the word "psychedelia", referring to the adult's bright blue carapace and legs.Sanap, R. V. & Mirza, Z. A. (2014). "A new iridescent tarantula of the genus Thrigmopoeus Pocock, 1899 from Western Ghats, India". Comptes Rendus Biologies 337(7-8): 480-486. .

Adults average in size with a flattened oval-shaped carapace that is wide in the front with blunt lobed edges. This can be a rusty red to chocolate brown colour with light mottling. Underside may be a paler cream colour. The antennae are dark red to brown.

A small species compared with other Australian funnel-web spiders, the Victorian funnel-web spider has a similar coloration to most other Australian funnel-web spiders, namely a shiny black carapace and black to dark brown legs and chelicerae, with a matt abdomen with a maroon tinge.

As in other species in the genus Neoscona, there is a characteristic longitudinal groove on the carapace which separates them from species in Araneus. Females are long and are sparsely covered in short gray hairs. Males are about long and have a relatively small, linear abdomen.

Female is larger than male, and the average total length is about 8.8mm. Eyes are black, where eye region dark with blackish-red margins. The blackish carapace is much rounded and covered with fine hairs. The cephalothorax is also black and also covered with fine hair.

Xantho hydrophilus, the furrowed crab or Montagu's crab, is a species of crab from the family Xanthidae. It is yellowish-brown and grows to a carapace width of . It is a nocturnal Omnivore that lives in shallow marine waters from western Scotland to the Cape Verde Islands.

Adult females of K. baurii nest from September to June. The eggs, which are slightly over 2.5 cm (1 in) long, hatch 13 to 19 weeks later. The hatchlings are about 2.5 cm (1 inch) in straight carapace length and, unlike the adult turtles, have keeled carapaces.

Lepidurus packardi is about long. It has a shield-like carapace up to long. It has compound eyes, up to 48 pairs of phyllopods (swimming appendages), and two cercopods, pincer- like appendages at the end of its telson, or tail segment. It is similar to,Lepidurus packardi.

Chinese-stripe-necked turtles have a green body. As a juvenile, its carapace is grayish green and there are three distinctive ridges. As an adult, the color fades to a brown color and the two ridges gradually disappear. The plastron is ivory in color with small black spots.

Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Bulletin 70. pg. 115-121 The ribs and spines on the carapace are in front of the posterior margin, and are similar to those of other ostracods such as Bufina, Parabufina, and Healdia.Moore, R. ed. Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology.

There is conspicuous sexual dimorphism in T. maculatus which corresponds with the differing ecology of the two sexes. Males are typically less than in carapace width, and are able to leave the host. Females grow up to wide, and, having reached adulthood, spend their entire lives in the host.

The carapace has a dense covering of white hairs. The abdomen is roughly triangular and bright orange with 12 black spots arranged in two rows along the back and six black spikes around the margin, the two at the rear corners being much the longest, straight and pointed.

This species as an unusual carapace in that it is longer than it is wide. Males grow to about 5.2 cm long and 1.3 cm wide. Females grow to 3 cm wide and about 4.9 cm long. They have a reddish to reddish-brown body, with a reticulated pattern.

Vachonisia is a Devonian marrellomorph known from the Lower Devonian Hunsrück Shale. It grows in a similar fashion to the other Hunsruck marrellomorph, Mimetaster, and is closely related to the Silurian Xylokorys. It is known from 20 specimens; its whole body is covered by a shield-like carapace.

Incubation time is determined by temperature, but averages 90–100 days. Hatchlings generally emerge in August or September. There have been reported instances of late clutches over-wintering and hatching in the spring. A hatchling will have a round carapace, about diameter, that is green with bright yellow markings.

Galianora bryicola is a species of jumping spider (family Salticidae) from Ecuador. Males are about 4 mm long, adult females are not yet known. This species is brown with a generalized salticid body form. The carapace is brown to black with a pale central longitudinal stripe on the thorax.

Species of Cubanops can be distinguished from species of Nops by the lack of a dorsally extended inferior claw found in Nops species. They can be distinguished from members of Orthonops and Tarsonops by the distinct chevron patterns on their carapace, their widened labium, and a bisegmented fourth metatarsi.

Females are 6 to 9 mm long, males up to 10 mm. Bathippus is a colorful, long-legged genus, with long, thin bodies. The males have long, robust, forward-pointing chelicerae. The colors differ between species, but the carapace is in most species orange, sometimes with lighter stripes.

The average size varies over different parts of its range, with males growing to a carapace length of about and females . Males are in general more numerous, larger and heavier than females but this may be because of behavioural differences, with females feeding less during the breeding season.

An Argentine snake-necked turtle caught by mistake on a fishing hook in Brazil. H. tectifera is in the middle left. To the right of it, face to face, is the mata mata (Chelus fimbriatus). H. tectifera can reach up to 28 centimeters (11 inches) in straight carapace length.

Plagusia squamosa is a marine crab of the family Plagusiidae, formerly considered a subspecies of Plagusia depressa (as P. d. tuberculata). It is found in tropical Indo-Pacific oceans. P. squamosa's carapace is bumpy and quite coarse, seemingly scaly, leading to its common name: The Scaly Rock Crab.

The carapace is dark brown. The abdomen often has a distinctive pattern, usually with clear black spots, and T. tenuis is more slender than other species in the family.Savory, Theodore (1945) The Spiders & Allied Orders of the British Isles, Warne, p. 112. The legs are brown and lack annulations.

Ocypode brevicornis are large ghost crabs with deep bodies. The carapace in adults ranges from in length, and in width. It is almost trapezoidal in shape, with the rear end distinctly narrower than the front. It is wider than it is long and covered with scattered rough bumps (tubercles).

L. vannamei grows to a maximum length of , with a carapace length of . Adults live in the ocean, at depths to , while juveniles live in estuaries. The rostrum is moderately long, with 7–10 teeth on the dorsal side and two to four teeth on the ventral side.

Beyond human consumption, shrimp alkaline phosphatase (SAP), an enzyme used in molecular biology, is obtained from Pandalus borealis, and the species' carapace is a source of chitosan, a versatile chemical used for such different applications as treating bleeding wounds, filtering wine or improving the soil in organic farming.

Teeth and spines, including those of the rostrum, carapace, tailfan and scaphocerite, show brownish tips. On the abdomen, distinct red transverse bands are visible. The pleura of the first five abdominal somites also show red chromatophores. The eyestalks are reddish, and some chromatophores are visible on the antennular peduncle.

The carapace was parabolic and surrounded by a narrow marginal rim and with elongated eyes probably reniform. Only the fourth and fifth pair of prosomal appendages is known. These were of Hughmilleria-type and with rather small spines. The telson was small and wedge-shaped, known from fragmentary remains.

Brachynotus sexdentatus is a species of crab in the family Varunidae. It is native to the Mediterranean Sea and Black Sea, and became established for a time in Swansea Docks (United Kingdom). It grows to a maximum carapace width of , and lives in shallow water on muddy bottoms.

895 the Ipubi Formation contains little fossil material. Fossils of a Pelomedusoides turtle were found in the formation. The material, archived as CPCA 3560, consists of crushed fragments of the skull, a partial lower jaw and the carapace. The fossil was described in 2011 by Ribeiro Oliveira et al.

The carapace (upper surface of the cephalothorax) is light to dark brown and hairy. The legs are also hairy, with spines except on the femora. There are no stridulatory bristles. Neischnocolus species have modified Type I urticating hairs on the abdomen, similar to those of Proshapalopus and Citharacanthus livingstoni.

Both sexes have the same body characteristics. The length of the pale yellow-brown, smooth carapace ranges from 1.1 to 1.7 mm. The legs are pale yellow, with the first two pairs darker than the other two. The cylindrical, whitish opisthosoma is 2.3 mm long in the holotype specimen.

Pisidia longicornis, the long-clawed porcelain crab, is a species of porcelain crab that lives in the north-eastern Atlantic Ocean. It varies from reddish to white, and grows to a carapace width of . It was first named by Carl Linnaeus in 1767, although the etymology remains unclear.

They are relatively large lobsters with a cylindrical body covered with sharp spines (hence the genus name, meaning "spiny shrimp"). The carapace has a well-developed rostrum. The eyes are very small and lack pigment, while the antennae are long and whiplike. The telson and uropods are powerful.

The species is currently found in the Atlantic drainages of Central America, specifically southern Mexico, Belize and Guatemala. It is a relatively large-bodied species, with historical records of stright carapace length and weights of ; however, more recent records have found few individuals over in Mexico or in Guatemala.

Central animals, between Georgia and Cape Cod, are the largest. North from Cape Cod they gradually become smaller and south from Georgia they gradually become smaller. In Delaware Bay, females and males have an average carapace width of about and , respectively. In Florida, females average about and males .

The tooth tip of A. clarkae shows wear consistent with carrying prey with a hard carapace, such as beetles, or bony skeleton of fish; the body size of the species would make predation of fish at least possible. Australonycteris is thought to have been fully capable of flight.

The dorsal scutum consists of a single piece, with the carapace or peltidium entirely fused with abdominal scutum. The pedipalpus is usually robust and armed with strong spines. The ovipositor is short and unsegmented (derived character state shared with the Dyspnoi). The Penis is complex, with many sclerites.

This armor covers the back, sides, head, tail, and outside surfaces of the legs. The underside of the body and the inner surfaces of the legs have no armored protection. Instead, they are covered by tough skin and a layer of coarse hair. The vertebrae attach to the carapace.

In this species, the carapace is reddish brown, ovoid to elongated, with wide, radiating, black lines or large, black specks. The plastron is mostly yellow and may have short, fat lines, specks, or be uniformly colored. The head is speckled, with a yellow throat. The neck is striped.

The male holotype of Tliltocatl epicureanus has a total body length of 50 mm. The fourth leg is longest at 62 mm. The carapace and legs are brown; the abdomen is black with rusty-red hairs (setae). Plumose setae are present on the femur of the first leg.

Male anemone mysids grow to a length of about and females to a length of . A broad, bright red stripe extends from the tip of the antennae, past the eyes, along the top of the carapace and back, to the tail, dividing where it reaches the paired uropods.

Her work has been published in New Coin, New Contrast, Stanzas and Carapace and has been featured in Paris Lit Up magazine, The Atlanta Review, Mslexia, as well as a collection of poetry from South Africa translated into German, called Ankunft eines weiteren Tages, published by Afrika Wunderhorn.

Pancorius taiwanensis is a species of jumping spiders found only in Taiwan. It is a tiny spider with a total length (excluding legs) of only . The densely hairy carapace is dark brown with a large pale, roughly triangular patch centrally. The legs are dark brown with large, prominent spines.

In the waeringopterids, the fifth pair of appendages were spiniferous. The telson (the posteriormost segment of the body) was xiphous (long and pointed). The eyes of waeringopterid eurypterids were located close to the marginal rim of the carapace (the "head" plate). The waeringopterids were almost all small eurypterids.

Both sexes are one to two millimeters long. The carapace is grey-brown, lighter in the middle, and the eyes are surrounded black. The male opisthosoma is black-brown with small elongate light transverse patches, the female grey- brown with much larger patches. The legs are yellowish-grey.

P. bibroni has a natural predator in the saltwater crocodile (Crocodilus porosus), but its current status as a threatened species stems from human activity. Locals often hunt the animal for its meat and eggs, and tribal masks can be crafted from its carapace. No commercial hunting is present, however.

The two dark lateral bands on the carapace of Z. silvestris are broader than those on Z. spinimana and the prosoma on Z. silvestris is more contrastingly marked. Z. silvestris has two pairs of spines on metatarsi I and II, the other species of Zora in Britain have three.

S. latus can grow to a total body length about , although rarely more than . This is equivalent to a carapace length of up to . An individual may weigh as much as . As in all slipper lobsters, the second pair of antennae are enlarged and flattened into "shovels" or "flippers".

Within the 10-segmented opisthosoma, tergite of the first segment is reduced and usually hidden under the preceding carapace, while the second one is significantly arched and well-developed. All but the first tergite posses well-developed pleurae (lateral extension). A complete telson is yet to be discovered.

A. capensis has a smooth, slate-grey carapace, with a five-segmented pleon. The head bears short antennae and is triangular, the telson is rounded. The legs end in powerful hooks that are used to grip the parasitized fish. The well-developed uropods often extend well beyond the body.

The plastron of the turtle has dark spots, as well as the ridge of the carapace. Also, the plastron has bars or stripes of yellow. The turtle's legs in front have larger yellow stripes than most slider species. There is a yellow and orange stripe directly behind each eye.

The trunkfish has small diffuse white spots. Two areas, located on the pectoral region and halfway between gills and posterior end of carapace, contain dark-edged hexagonal plates that together form chain-like markings. It can reach a length of 30–50 cm and weigh up to 3.3 kg.

As the largest species in the genus (up to in carapace width), Platythelphusa armata is subject to small- scale fishery. Adults live at depths of , while juveniles live at depths of , and often inhabit discarded Neothauma tanganyicense shells. The species is listed as Least Concern by the IUCN.

The hatching process occurs during the spring phytoplankton bloom in the Sea of Okhotsk. The zoea of this species can be mistaken for the two other species in the same Family, but E. isenbeckii zoea lack carapace spines and have shorter lateral spines on the fork of the telson.

The carapace length is typically about . It was originally described by Vincenz Kollar as Palaemon anophtalmus (a misspelling of "anophthalmus"), but this name was considered to be a nomen nudum for a long time. This name is, however, accompanied by a description, and predates Dormitzer's junior synonym Troglocaris schmidtii.

Regarding other chasmataspidids, Forfarella was considerably similar to Diploaspis casteri, although it had a longer postabdomen, perhaps because of a taphonomic distortion (that is, a defect product of the fossilization of the organism) of the specimen. The genus also resembled other Devonian chasmataspidids, but differed from the Ordovician Chasmataspis, which was much larger and had genal spines (spines protruding from the posterolateral corners of the carapace). What differentiated Forfarella from the rest of the chasmataspidids was the dimensions of its body, its size, the shape of its carapace and the distinctive subtrapezoidal preabdomen. Forfarella is a poorly preserved genus only known from one single specimen, and it has not been included to date in any phylogenetic analysis or cladogram.

Macrobrachium vollenhoveni is a large prawn which grows up to 189mm, but is more usually 100-150mm in length. It is generally a pale colour without any spots but with a thin dark longitudinal line on the carapace and transverse stripes across the abdomen and a thin line across the rear margin of the carapace. The third maxillipeds are bright yellow and the fingers of 2nd cheliped is dark blue with a yellow patch at the joint with the palm. Other identification features include the rostrum being equal to or shorter than the antennal scale; with the dorsal edge being convex over the eye and the tip having a short toothless portion.

Holbrook's North American Herpetology, 1842 The alligator snapping turtle is characterized by a large, heavy head, and a long, thick shell with three dorsal ridges of large scales (osteoderms), giving it a primitive appearance reminiscent of some of the plated dinosaurs, most notably Ankylosaurus. It can be immediately distinguished from the common snapping turtle by the three distinct rows of spikes and raised plates on the carapace, whereas the common snapping turtle has a smoother carapace. M. temminckii is a solid gray, brown, black, or olive-green in color, and often covered with algae. It has radiating yellow patterns around the eyes, serving to break up the outline of the eyes to keep the turtle camouflaged.

How the creatures see is uncertain; in Alien 3, a spherical lens was used to illustrate the Alien's point of view, so, when the film was projected anamorphically, the image exhibited severe distortion. In the novelization of the movie Alien, the creature is held mesmerized by a spinning green light for several minutes. In Aliens, the adult creatures have a more textured head rather than a smooth carapace. In the commentary for Aliens, it was speculated that this was part of the maturation of the creatures, as they had been alive far longer than the original Alien, although James Cameron stated that he simply left the carapace off because he liked them better that way.

Jasus edwardsii Although they superficially resemble true lobsters in terms of overall shape and having a hard carapace and exoskeleton, the two groups are not closely related. Spiny lobsters can be easily distinguished from true lobsters by their very long, thick, spiny antennae, by the lack of chelae (claws) on the first four pairs of walking legs, although the females of most species have a small claw on the fifth pair, and by a particularly specialized larval phase called phyllosoma. True lobsters have much smaller antennae and claws on the first three pairs of legs, with the first being particularly enlarged. Spiny lobsters typically have a slightly compressed carapace, lacking any lateral ridges.

Though Slimonia itself is very well known, the other genus of the family, Salteropterus, is less well known with its fossils only preserving the telson and the metastoma (a large plate part of the abdomen). As such it is difficult to establish exactly which traits distinguish the family as a whole from the other pterygotioid eurypterid families (Pterygotidae and Hughmilleriidae), even though several defining traits are known of Slimonia. Many of the unique traits of Slimonia are found in the carapace (the "head"), which is not known in Salteropterus. Among these is the quadrate (square) shape of the carapace itself and the placement of the compound eyes on the frontal corners. 1955\. Merostomata.

In fact, the carapace of Eysyslopterus and other basal genera belonging to superfamilies, Orcanopterus and Herefordopterus, were almost identical. In the waeringopteroid Orcanopterus, the eyes were separated from the margin by the marginal rim, whereas in Herefordopterus they were completely marginal, a feature present in all pterygotioid genera. In addition, the triangular anterior carapace margin present in Eysyslopterus was shared with Hughmilleria, indicating that it might be a plesiomorphic trait (a trait present in a common ancestor). These characteristics have led some authors to question whether Eysyslopterus really represents an adelophthalmid or the sister taxon of a group formed by Pterygotioidea and Adelophthalmoidea, but until more fossil material is found this can not be proven.

Scyllarides is placed in the subfamily Arctidinae, which is differentiated from other subfamilies by the presence of multiarticulated exopods on all three maxillipeds, and a three-segmented palp on the mandible. The only other genus in the subfamily, Arctides, is distinguished by having a more highly sculptured carapace, with an extra spine behind each eye, and a transverse groove on the first segment of the abdomen. The only other species of Scyllarides to occur in the Eastern Atlantic is Scyllarides herklotsii, which differs from S. latus mostly in the ornamentation on the carapace; while in S. latus the tubercles (lumps projecting from the surface) are high and pronounced, they are lower and more rounded in S. herklotsii.

The species is part of the large family Scarabaeidae, which also include the scarabs and dung beetles. This species is large with a smooth carapace. Colouration is variable but basically yellow with dark brown central area broken by yellow spots and a transverse yellow line across the rear of the elytra.

This turtle gets its name from its reddish plastron or undershell. They have flattened or slightly concave vertebral scutes with a red bar on each marginal scute. Their upper shell or carapace ranges from brown to black. An arrow-shaped stripe runs atop head, between the eyes, to their snout.

Males have a body length of about . The carapace is about long, is colored dark brown, and has several rows of white feathery setae. The head and back part of the opisthosoma also have several longer bristles. Their eyes span half the width of their head, both rows slightly procurved.

Austromegabalanus psittacus is a large sessile barnacle that lives in groups on hard substrates. It has a tall cone-shaped carapace composed of twelve large plates made of calcite microcrystals which are cemented together. The basal disc is firmly cemented to a hard surface. It grows to a height of .

Linyphia triangularis grows up to long. The carapace is pale brown with darker markins along the edges and down the centre line; the opisthosoma has a coarsely serrate brown band against a white background, with further brown markings along the sides. The legs are greyish brown, and bear many long spines.

Telamonia is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Tamerlan Thorell in 1887. They are colorful spiders, with patterns that vary considerably between sexes and species. Two longitudinal stripes along the abdomen are common, and the carapace is often colored. They have a slender opisthosoma and long legs.

Its carapace is orange-brown with a lighter patch towards the posterior margin. Around the front median eyes it is dark brown, the other eyes are surrounded black. The grey opisthosoma darkens posteriorly. The first two pairs of legs are dark orange with yellow tarsi, the other two pairs are lighter.

Argyrodes antipodianus in a flower Argyrodes antipodianus are generally between 2-3mm in length, with some variation between sexes and individuals. The carapace and legs are a dark brown colour whereas the abdomen is a striking bright silver colour (hence the "dew drop spider" common name) and has a conical shape.

Charybdis hellerii Charybdis hellerii is characterised by a hexagonal, concave carapace with a mottled brownish-grey colour. This crab originates from the Indo-West Pacific, from the Red Sea to New Caledonia. However this crab has now also successively invaded the Western Atlantic (Florida to Brazil) and the Mediterranean Sea.

Amphipoda is an order of malacostracan crustaceans with no carapace and generally with laterally compressed bodies. Amphipods range in size from and are mostly detritivores or scavengers. There are more than 9,900 amphipod species so far described. They are mostly marine animals, but are found in almost all aquatic environments.

However, this was contested by Tetlie and Peter Van Roy a year later, following the re-analysis of a specimen of A. dumonti which showed that its carapace in fact had a parabolic (approximately U-shaped) shape and a narrow marginal rim, unlike that shown in its original description in 1917.

Females are long and wide. The six abdominal spine-like projections on the abdomen are characteristic. The carapace, legs and underside are black with white spots under the abdomen. Variations occur in the colour of the upperside of the abdomen: a white or yellow colour with both featuring black spots.

Thoracica is a superorder of crustaceans which contains the most familiar species of barnacles found on rocky coasts, such as Semibalanus balanoides and Chthamalus stellatus. They have six well-developed limbs, and may be either stalked or sessile. The carapace is heavily calcified. The group includes free-living and commensal species.

Additional items that may have been placed in, or buried under the structure were a complete long shark skeleton, aligned east to west, a dolphin skull, and a complete carapace of a sea- turtle. Four human teeth were also found, though no other evidence pointed to its being a burial site.

Skinner has published seven collections of poems, the most recent of which was Liminal published by uHlanga in 2017. His poems have appeared in magazines in South Africa, The United Kingdom, America, Italy and France (including American Poetry Review, Carapace, Comparative Criticism, New Coin, New Contrast, Outposts, Stanzas, TriQuarterly and Verse).

Like other members of the family, these crabs are easily recognizable due to the complete absence of the last pair of walking legs (pereiopods). They thus only have six walking legs (excluding the claws), unlike the usual eight. Their carapace is subquadrate, wider than it is long, with a rounded anterior.

The ocularium, an elevated mound placed in the middle of the carapace, usually contains two simple eyes. Some species lack eyes. The prosoma can be smooth or armed with spines. In some members of the suborder Dyspnoi, the eyes are located on projections that form a hood covering the mouthparts.

Acampsohelconinae are non-cyclostome braconids with a carapace covering the metasoma. The outer hind tarsal claws are modified and much larger than the midtarsal claws. Canalicephalus has an Indo-Australian distribution, Afrocampsis has an Afrotropical distribution, and Urosigalphus is found mostly in the New World with one species found in Japan.

In its proximal half the rostrum is of almost uniform height, in the distal half it narrows to the acute tip. A slightly larger immovable hepatic spine is placed below and a considerable distance behind the antennal. No other spines are present on the carapace. The pterygostomian angle is bluntly rounded.

The sole known fossil remains of C. permianus, a massive incomplete carapace, suggests a very large eurypterid, potentially reaching lengths of 1.4 metres (4.6 feet).Lamsdell, James C.; Braddy, Simon J. (2009). "Cope's Rule and Romer's theory: patterns of diversity and gigantism in eurypterids and Palaeozoic vertebrates". Biology Letters: rsbl20090700. . . .

None of the legs shows a chela (claw). The ischium bears a large movable spine. The carapace lengths of ranges between , the total length between about . Maciolek (1974) described the species as the exoskeleton having a slight red pigmentation, particularly along the midline; with some black pigment associated with its eyes.

Behind the dentary was a moderately large mandibular fenestra. Individuals of Desmatosuchus were heavily armored. The carapace was made up of two rows of median scutes surrounded by two more rows of lateral scutes. The lateral scutes had well-developed spine-like processes which pointed out laterally and dorso-posteriorly.

These were semi-oval and were girded by a narrow edge. The trailing edge was slightly concave inward, towards the anterior part. The eyes were large, at 4 mm (0.16 in) long and 2 mm (0.07 in) wide. They were reniform, and rose slightly from the surface of the carapace.

The taxonomy in relations to the Pacific Gecarcinus quadratus is disputed, with many considering it and G. lateralis to be conspecific. Another closely related species, Gecarcinus ruricola, occurs together with G. lateralis in the tropical western Atlantic, but its carapace is typically almost entirely blackish, dark maroon, purplish or yellowish.

Leuconidae retain the original number of free thoracic somites, but do not possess a free telson. Their mandibles are truncated dorsally to the molar. In males, the flagellum of the second antenna reaches beyond the hindmost edge of the carapace. Their gills do not have gill plates or other supports.

The body length of P. bayrami is with a yellow carapace, grey abdomen, and yellow to brownish legs. The leg span is . It was discovered in Manaspoli Cave near humid clay where it spins its web among loose stones. This cave is the only known locality that this spider inhabits.

Rarer still is barred owl predation on turtles. Predation by this species was reported upon a very young river cooter, which had a carapace width of only , as well as on juvenile gopher tortoise and apparently diamondback terrapin.Peterson, S.W. (1989). Barred owl eats hatchling Turtle. Mississippi Kite, 19 (2): 4-5.

Juxtastenopus grows to a total body length of long (carapace length: ). In life, the animals are red or pinkish, but with white tips to the chelae (claws) on the enlarged third pereiopods (walking legs). Females are reproductive at lengths around , and carry between 27 and 132 eggs, each initially in diameter.

The animal is about 10 cm long and has a two piece carapace on its back. It was a bottom feeder, being able to walk on the sea floor, and to occasionally swim. The animal legs have endites which are small spikes on the legs. It has one pair of antennae.

Harriet was said to be very good-natured. She loved the attention of humans and enjoyed it when people patted her on the scutes (plates which make up the carapace, or upper shell). Harriet spent a majority of her day napping at her home pond. Her favourite food was hibiscus flowers.

Scytodes thoracica is a spitting spider, so called because it spits a venomous sticky silken substance over its prey. Its size ranges between . The carapace is unusual in sloping upwards towards its rear end, whereas the abdomen slopes downwards. It has six eyes instead of the eight spiders usually have.

D'Orbigny's slider has a life span between 30 to 100 years in captivity. They are usually found in water bodies such as lakes, marshes, streams and rivers. They have a preference for waters with low or moderate currents, soft bottoms and abundant aquatic vegetation. Babies are born weighing with a carapace.

Ovalipes catharus, commonly known as paddle crab, is a species of crab of the family Portunidae. It is found around the coasts of New Zealand, the Chatham Islands, and in south-eastern parts of Australia. Individuals from shallow waters, deep, have a carapace width of only , while those from are wide.

Sand bubbler crabs are small crabs, around across the carapace, and they are characterised by the presence of "gas windows" on the merus of the legs; in Dotilla, these windows are also present on the thoracic sternites. A similar system has evolved in parallel in the porcelain crab genus Petrolisthes.

In the enigmatic leaf turtle, the carapace is dark brown and slightly reddish, ovoid, and lacks patterns in adults. The plastron is dark brown to black with or without dense, black, radiating patterns. The head is tan to a light reddish-brown in color. The throat and neck are uniformly dark.

The single described female of Tliltocatl aureoceps has a body length of 55 mm. The fourth leg is longest at 54 mm. The basic colour is described as "dark chestnut". The carapace, legs and abdomen have fine golden brown hairs; the legs and abdomen have in addition longer yellowish hairs (setae).

L. scutata has an olive-brown to brown carapace with some dark spotting (in juveniles) or reticulations (in adults), and the first peripheral is smaller than the second. The head is olive to brown with an indistinct dark stripe extending backward from each orbit and another passing backward between the orbits.

Fritz, 1995c. This subspecies has narrow or fine reticulations on its carapace (which may be lost with age), and a totally black plastron and bridge. Age-related flavism may occur, resulting in a mainly yellow plastron with black reduced to the seams. This subspecies can be separated from melanistic M. c.

Charybdis natator, the ridged swimming crab, wrinkled swimming crab or rock crab, is a widespread Indo-Pacific species of swimming crab from the genus Charybdis . It gets its name from the ridges on the dorsal surface of the carapace. It is a crab species which is of minor importance in fisheries.

These turtles reach sexual maturity sometime between 4 and 6 years of age. They mate at the surface or under water. A male will hold the female's carapace with its forelimbs and may bite at her head, neck, and limbs. Females may retain sperm for almost a year after copulation.

Lithodes galapagensis is a species of king crab described in 2009 that lives around the Galapagos Islands, where known from depths of . The two specimens upon which it was described (the holotype male and a paratype female) had a carapace length of , and the species quite resembles L. wiracocha from Peru.

The western pond turtle (Actinemys marmorata or Emys marmorata) or Pacific pond turtle is a small to medium-sized turtle growing to approximately in carapace length. It is limited to the west coast of the United States of America and Mexico, ranging from western Washington state to northern Baja California.

Generic characters: frontal margin of carapace convex, angular; antennal scale with setae around all margins, segment 2 of maxilla 2 palp large, axe-shaped, with strong serrated spine-setae; pereiopods long, carpopropodus 7–9-segmented; male pleopod 4 5-segmented, segment 4 as long as segment 3; telson with cleft.

The loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta), is a species of oceanic turtle distributed throughout the world. It is a marine reptile, belonging to the family Cheloniidae. The average loggerhead measures around in carapace length when fully grown. The adult loggerhead sea turtle weighs approximately , with the largest specimens weighing in at more than .

The males measure 5.8-7.65mm in length, females 5.6-9.0mm. The female has a dark brown carapace with paler more yellow median and lateral stripes. The abdomen is dark grey with yellowish stripes and the legs are reddish brown. The normally smaller male is similar to female but has yellowish brown legs.

The bog turtle (Glyptemys muhlenbergii) is a critically endangered species of semiaquatic turtle in the family Emydidae. The species is endemic to the eastern United States. It was first scientifically described in 1801 after an 18th-century survey of Pennsylvania. The smallest North American turtle, its carapace measures about long when fully grown.

Austromegabalanus psittacus is a simultaneous hermaphrodite. Individual barnacles are fertilised by sperm passed through a slender tube extended by a neighbouring barnacle. The eggs are retained inside the carapace where they are incubated for about three or four weeks. They then hatch into free swimming nauplius larvae which form part of the plankton.

The carapace is approximately long, meaning that when fully grown, it would have been around long. The rounded anterior lobe is long, while the posterior lobe is long. The bridge between the two lobes is long. Since the domed pygal plate curves inwards, this indicates that the holotype individual was a male.

Phylogenetic relationships within the coral crab genus Carpilius (Brachyura, Xanthoidea, Carpiliidae) and of the Carpiliidae to other xanthoid crab families based on molecular sequence data. Mol Phylogenet Evol. 27:410–421. The C. maculatus has a smooth carapace and general appearance, with the exception of four protruding spines located between its eyes.

The shell cannot grow even if the animal inside it does. Like most other crabs, this species solves this issue by periodically molting its shell. It first forms a soft shell inside the existing exoskeleton. It then opens a slit at the rear of the carapace and backs out of the old shell.

215-223 to the bird. The unit will then naturally fall off when the bird next moults. In the case of reptiles such as crocodiles and turtles, gluing the unit onto the animal's skin or carapace using epoxy (or similar material) is the most common method and minimises discomfort.Godley, B.J., et al.

U. antonbruunii cleans the pufferfish Arothron meleagris in Maldives. Video clip Urocaridella antonbruunii can reach a body length of about . Like the other species of the genus Urocaridella, have very long rostrums curved upwards, transparent bodies, and numerous brightly-coloured red and yellow spots on the carapace and abdomen. Internal organs clearly visible.

Thymopsis nilenta is a species of lobster, and the only species in the genus Thymopsis. It is found around the Falkland Islands and South Georgia at depths of . It reaches a total length of , of which the carapace is about . It is known from a total of four specimens collected from two localities.

Females are up to 9 mm long, males 7 to 8. The spiders is generally dark colored. On the flattened carapace, there is a central whitish band, which is much larger in the female. On the opisthosoma there are four to five transverse, yellowish bands, and a light area near the spinnerets.

Arctinurus boltoni is a large (up to 30 cm) lichid trilobite of the mid- Silurian. This trilobite reached about eight inches in length, though the normal adult carapace was about four inches. It lived in moderately deep-water in semi-tropical regions. Arctinurus fossils have been found in Europe and North America.

311–340 These are joined by an area called the bridge. The actual suture between the bridge and the plastron is called the anterior bridge strut. In Pleurodires the posterior pelvis is also part of the carapace, fully fused with it. This is not the case in Cryptodires which have a floating pelvis.

Its carapace is strongly keeled, and it can also be distinguished by black and yellowish markings along its head and neck. Generally, the females are larger than the males which often have larger tails.Tortoise.org - Argentine Snake-necked Turtle URL accessed March 24, 2007.Turtles of the World URL accessed March 28, 2007.

She is the Chair of the South African Association of Canadian Studies. Between 1977 and 2006 de Kok's poems were published in numerous South African literary journals, including Upstream, Sesame, Staffrider, Contrast, New Contrast, New Coin, and Carapace. Occasionally poems have also appeared, translated into Afrikaans, in various South African Afrikaans newspapers.

C. sitchensis may be hard to spot due to its rough, rock-like exterior, but it is easily caught due to its slow movements. Found most commonly in the intertidal zone, this species feeds on coralline algae. The reason for the diverse colorations of its carapace may be camouflage with its surroundings.

Panulirus brunneiflagellum is a typical spiny lobster. Adults vary in carapace length in the range . The chief distinction between P. brunneiflagellum and related species of spiny lobster is in the colouration of the antennules (first antennae). In P. brunneiflagellum, the bases of the antennules are blackish purple, with white spots around the joints.

Ocypode brevicornis is a species of ghost crab native to the Indian Ocean, from the Gulf of Oman to the Nicobar Islands. They are relatively large ghost crabs with a somewhat trapezoidal body. The carapace reaches a length of and a width of . They are a mottled brown to yellow in coloration.

Haberma is genus of small mangrove or terrestrial crabs, typically less than across the carapace. The genus was established by Ng and Schubart in 2002 with the discovery of the species Haberma nanum in Singapore. A second species, Haberma kamora, was discovered in Papua. Most recently, Haberma tingkok was discovered in Hong Kong.

Placochelys looked remarkably similar to a sea turtle, and grew to about in length. It had a flat turtle-like carapace covered with knobbly plates, and a compact triangular skull. Its beaked skull had powerful muscles. It had only two pairs of palatal teeth, a large posterior pair, and a small rostral pair.