First, the protective epidermis is formed, then the thicker and deeper epidermis, mimicking the natural structure of human skin.
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Essentially, it's trying to heal itself by sloughing away the epidermis.
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A first-degree burn harms only the epidermis or the outermost layer of skin; a second-degree burn penetrates the dermis, the middle layer; and a third-degree burn affects epidermis, dermis and the innermost layer, the subcutis.
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But computers are breaching the epidermis, and may one day enter the brain cavity itself.
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It's like a daily immunity shot for your epidermis — but it costs over $1,000 per jar.
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Most nerves and blood vessels are located in the dermis, the layer of skin underneath the epidermis.
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So, Dr. Jart+ Ceramidin Cream helps your epidermis to hydrate itself by working to fix those leaks.
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As a child, you probably thought "YOUR EPIDERMIS IS SHOWING" was the funniest joke in the world.
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Don't get me wrong, I love any excuse to look inward — but I'm literally stopping at my epidermis.
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So, Dr. Jart+ Ceramidin Cream helps your epidermis to hydrate itself by working to fix those leaks. Pros:
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I wish I knew to be gentle with my epidermis when I was 20 and had oily skin.
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Researchers agree that a well-pigmented epidermis is better protected than Caucasian skin against the harmful aspects of sunlight.
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Second-degree burns involve the first two layers of skin, the epidermis and dermis, according to the Mayo Clinic.
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Over the course 21 months, four-fifths of the boy's epidermis regenerated, creating a new layer of healthy skin.
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And it's not just my face: From skin care to makeup to body products, my epidermis does not discriminate.
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This isn't the first time researchers have tried to turn our "dumb" epidermis into the equivalent of a touchscreen.
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Committing to the life of couch potato-dom doesn't mean your epidermis has to feel like an actual potato.
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The skin is made up of three distinct layers: the outermost epidermis, the dermis in the middle and the hypodermis.
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"As the epidermis sheds, the skin often develops a whitish, cracked and hazy appearance before subsequently peeling off," Dr. Lin says.
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They can't get much farther, though, so show up like a stray strand of reddish-purple wool just under the epidermis.
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This happens the same way as other heat rashes do, but it technically occurs a bit lower in the epidermis, she says.
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The dermis and epidermis is thickest on the buttocks and thinnest on places such as the thighs and middle of the back.
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"My father understood that skin had to be respected, and he wanted to create something to rebuild the epidermis," Dr. Allouche says.
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To create the desired functionality, batches of cells were produced to replicate real skin, including the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous fat layer.
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The disease affects the protective outer layer of the skin, called the epidermis, but often not the inner layer, called the dermis.
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De Luca, who in prior experiments had successfully grafted small patches of epidermis for a couple of patients, agreed to join them.
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The outermost layer of the skin is called the epidermis, and within that layer are even more layers including the stratum corneum.
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When the upper layers of the epidermis become dehydrated, it can prevent the penetration of other topical ingredients — even very hydrating ones.
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He and his co-authors describe this as a "living" layer, and it acts like the live skin layered under your epidermis.
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This protein is essential to developing a healthy epidermis, and without it the skin is fragile and prone to infection and skin cancer.
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In extreme cases, you can get sweat trapped in the dermis, the layer below your epidermis, which causes milaria profunda, Dr. Rogers says.
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These microscopic marks can reveal what activity a tool was for, whether to weave cloth or baskets — or, perhaps, to poke the epidermis.
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A thin layer of dermis called the green zone forms between the abnormal dermis (deeper layer of skin) and epidermis (top layer of skin).
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Some of us wake up dreading the breakout brewing beneath our epidermis...this is not self-hate; this is loving the skin I'm in.
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The Allouches wanted to create something to help speed it up, while reinforcing the strength of the epidermis and the skin's natural protective functions.
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Dr. Hextall says that, like retinoic acid, continued use of citric acid will result in a thicker epidermis over time, meaning stronger, healthier skin.
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JEB makes the epidermis fragile, causing it to blister easily and eventually creating open untreatable wounds that can lead to infections, cancer and death.
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Think of it like a soaked sponge that sits under the surface of the epidermis, and steadily drip-feeds skin with moisture throughout the day.
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This prompts your body to send collagen to the epidermis, which, as you probably already know, is an important building block of healthy, radiant skin.
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While Miller might look rigid from the outside, he's got a soft cushy spot for educated Neo-Nazis behind all of his layers of lizard epidermis.
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"Microneedling strengthens the epidermis and jumpstarts the building of collagen and elastin and makes for better product absorption of nutrients," explains Tabe of the treatment benefits.
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What they found: "His epidermis is stable, robust, and doesn't blister at all, and his functionality is quite good," De Luca said during the conference call.
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They also learned that only a few stem cells contribute to the long-term maintenance of the epidermis, shedding light on cellular hierarchy in this regard.
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Hair and oil-producing glands Two years ago, researchers in the UK announced that they had produced a single layer, the epidermis, from reprogrammed human stem cells.
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While similar results had been seen with different drugs when tested on mice in the past, the human epidermis is five times thicker than that of mice.
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Today, it's well understood that excessive sun exposure damages skin both on the surface and deep beneath the epidermis, and that damage is cumulative throughout your lifetime.
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The single cells were grown and cultivated on plastic and fibrin substrate, which is used to treat large skin burns, to form a large piece of epidermis.
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The anonymous Samaritan known only as Tweezist is doing the lord's work, posting macro videos of thick, dark ingrown hairs being gently coaxed out from within the epidermis.
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Instead of having that Tacky Glue–like consistency, this stuff is lightweight yet still shields your epidermis from harmful rays as you sweat through your beach volleyball game.
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At the earliest stages, melanoma may be found only in the outer layer of skin or epidermis, when it's unlikely to spread to other parts of the body.
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Water is supplied to the skin by blood flowing through the dermis, the inner layer of skin; water is lost from the epidermis, especially in a dry environment.
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Ross AndelProfessor, School of Aging Studies, University of South FloridaThere are obvious and visible changes to the epidermis, the main layer of the skin, that make the skin less flexible.
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The 16-year-old has a rare condition called lamellar ichthyosis that causes the epidermis to grow quickly, dry up into scale-like formations, and fall off every six weeks.
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It works by peering through the gaps between the pixels in an OLED display (LCDs wouldn't work because of their need for a backlight) and scanning your uniquely patterned epidermis.
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Why this matters: This is the first time researchers have been able to regenerate virtually the entire epidermis and also provides a blueprint for other stem cell and gene therapies.
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And instead of delicately applying masks and creams, she uses her whole (petite) body to essentially force them into your epidermis — at times politely, yet firmly, slapping them into your face.
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"Una temperatura corporal central fresca y epidermis agradablemente cálida es lo mejor para dormir", afirmó Roy Raymann, que cuenta con un doctorado y es vicepresidente de ciencias del sueño en SleepScore Labs.
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Cells called keratinocytes in the epidermis (the outer layer of skin) are constantly dividing to produce a supply of cells that move up through this layer and are shed from its surface.
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The process creates tiny microwounds that trigger the body to fill them with collagen, but leave the epidermis intact, said Dr. S. Tyler Hollmig, an assistant professor of dermatologic surgery at Stanford.
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By the time the skin cells were sent back to Germany and his doctors were able to administer the first treatment, the boy had lost 80% of his epidermis — the outer layer of skin.
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Second degree burns, also known as partial thickness burns, occur when both the epidermis and the dermis layers of the skin are burnt, and can be caused by scald injuries as well as sunburns.
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If a daily gratitude practice isn't quite cutting it for you on a superficial level, then there's a whole emerging category of skin-care products that promise to act as CBT for your epidermis.
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Microneedling "strengthens the epidermis and jumpstarts the building of collagen and elastin and makes for better product absorption of nutrients," Tabe told PEOPLE at the time of the process, which requires no downtime for recovery.
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In the study, PPD exposure resulted in damage to the epidermis, or outer layer of skin, which plays a crucial role in preventing allergens from entering the body and causing damage, the study team notes.
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Those with dry and puffy skin around the eyes should look for "creams [that] contain ingredients like hyaluronic acid and glycerin, which can moisturize the epidermis to minimize the appearance of fine lines," Dr. Engelman says.
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Seven years ago, Kirby had surgery to remove basal cell carcinoma, a type of skin cancer caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells arising from the squamous cells in the epidermis, the skin's outermost layer.
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The Caribbean island, which is situated so close to the Equator that you can feel the sun burning your epidermis the second you step onto the airport tarmac, counts aloe as one of its main exports.
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Dusko Ilic, a stem cell researcher at King's College London and one of the scientists behind the epidermis created in 2014, was disappointed by the study because it didn't explain the mechanism behind the skin's growth.
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When the epidermis, the thick outermost layer of skin, is damaged, cells from the softer layer underneath migrate to the top to heal the injury, hardening and becoming dead cells to protect the live layers beneath.
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As it turns out, squamous cell carcinoma — the second most common type of skin cancer — is not that big a deal, especially in my case, since the patch on my skin hadn't penetrated beneath the epidermis.
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"By that time, he had lost 60% of his epidermis, the upper skin layer, and had 60% open wounds all over his body," said Dr. Maximilian Kueckelhaus of the Department of Plastic Surgery at Bochum's Burn Center.
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"It is well known that retinoid esters, such as the active ingredient in this product, do not have as much efficacy in smoothing the epidermis and growing collagen in the dermis as pure retinol," notes Dr. Jegasothy.
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The sensory neurons that mediate fly larval nociception have some similarity to ours (most specifically, vertebrate C-fiber nociceptors)—they play similar sensory roles, they look the same (naked dendritic projections to the epidermis), and they are unmyelinated.
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The main point of difference with tattooing is that the pigment is placed in the epidermis—the outer layer of the two layers of skin—and not the deeper dermis—the depth at which tattoos ink is deposited.
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As for topical creams, Dr. Bowe explained that because collagen is produced in the deeper level of the skin, called the dermis (which is lower than the epidermis), it is very hard for topical collagen to actually make it there.
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"It's usually rough as a result of intrinsic defects in that area of the skin, like a weakened moisture barrier, low density of oil glands, or deficiencies of filaggrin," a protein that's crucial for maintaining the structure and strength of the epidermis.
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"When you take the real skin out of someone and make it look almost plastic, you start to look inhuman, slightly alienated," said Sophie Harris-Taylor, the photographer behind "Epidermis," a series of beauty shots using models who struggle with skin acceptance.
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Lecithin has the ability to penetrate the epidermis down to the cellular level to protect each individual cell membrane, whereas linoleic acid works by maintaining the skin's natural oil barrier; together, both lock in moisture, boost hydration, and keep the skin looking fresh.
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To complicate the picture even more, when mammals and birds grow in embryo, their hair and feathers develop from a similar primordial structure called a "placode"—a thickening of the epidermis with columnar cells that leads to the expression of certain genes.
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Type: Hair static Signature Move: Thunder boop The only sight more haunting than the world's most unchill insect is one with the face of an alien toddler that cannot stop smiling, even as it spins up its drill arm and prepares to tear through your epidermis.
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And so, after centuries of people scrubbing their epidermis with salt (a technique called salabrasion) or undergoing "excisions" (as in, throwing the baby out with the bathwater and removing all the tattooed skin), advances in technology have led to the existence of highly effective laser tattoo removal.
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In the new research published Wednesday in the journal Nature, researchers from Italy's University of Modena and Reggio Emilia describe using gene therapy to regenerate a fully functional epidermis covering approximately 80 percent of the body in a young boy with a life-threatening case of the disease.
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Then she undermined the receded gum line with a tool, to create a little pocket, made an incision in the epidermis of the roof of my mouth and from within it, cut out a rectangle of connective tissue sized to cover the exposed roots and deftly sewed the flap shut.
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Looking to dismantle that illusion and break down the stigma around skin conditions like cystic acne, psoriasis, and rosacea, London-based photographer Sophie Harris-Taylor shot and interviewed makeup-free women from across the U.K. for a series called Epidermis, in an effort to highlight and celebrate the variations in our skin.
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Whereas creams sit on top of the skin to form a protective barrier of hydration, serums are typically made from active ingredients that contain molecules small enough to penetrate the outer layer of the skin and deliver intensive doses of collagen builders, antioxidants, and other anti-aging ingredients deeper in the epidermis.
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Gamora's (Zoe Saldana) green skin is brighter than Drax's (Dave Bautista) army green epidermis, and both characters are of a different shade than the verdant green in the film's opening scenes in Missouri, or the emerald shades on Ego's home planet, which is awash in a hue that would make Willy Wonka blush.
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Cellular mechanisms for regulating water and sodium levels (ENaCs) are found in all layers of the epidermis. The word epidermis is derived through Latin , itself and . Something related to or part of the epidermis is termed epidermal. The human epidermis is a familiar example of epithelium, particularly a stratified squamous epithelium.
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The epidermis contains no blood vessels and is nourished by diffusion from the dermis. The main type of cells that make up the epidermis are keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. The epidermis helps the skin regulate body temperature.
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Only the epidermis in the head is competent to respond to the signal from the optic vesicles. Both the optic vesicle and the head epidermis are required for eye development. The competence of the head epidermis to respond to the optic vesicle signals comes from the expression of Pax6 in the epidermis. Pax6 is necessary and sufficient for eye induction.
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The hardening of seed coats during ripening often occurs through sclerification, when the secondary cell walls are thickened in the epidermis and below the epidermis. Leguminous seeds are examples of such sclerification. Larger sclereids form columns in the epidermis of pea, bean, and soybean seeds, and bone-shaped osteosclereids occur beneath the epidermis. In the seedcoats of coconuts, sclereids possess numerous bordered pits.
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The presence of Immunoglobulin G, A, or M in the epidermis is normal. Detection in other locations such as intercellular and areas below the epidermis (subepidermal), as well as along the dermoepidermal junction (area that joins the epidermis and dermis), suggests paraneoplastic pemphigus.
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Molting stage is composed of a series of successive processes including hypodermal cells activating, ecdysial fluid secreting, cuticular chitin and exoskeleton degrading, new epidermis formation, and old epidermis exuviation.
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In zoology, the epidermis is an epithelium (sheet of cells) that covers the body of a eumetazoan (animal more complex than a sponge). Eumetazoa have a cavity lined with a similar epithelium, the gastrodermis, which forms a boundary with the epidermis at the mouth. Sponges have no epithelium, and therefore no epidermis or gastrodermis. The epidermis of a more complex invertebrate is just one layer deep, and may be protected by a non-cellular cuticle.
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The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Nourishment is provided to these layers by diffusion from the dermis, since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95 percent of the epidermis.
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The eyes are dorsolaterally oriented, covered by epidermis, and not directly visible. The coloration is relatively uniform. Where the outer epidermis has been lost, the color is rich brown dorsally, grading to a paler brown ventrally. Where the epidermis is intact, the color is closer to slate-gray than brown, presumably better reflecting the coloration in life.
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Phloem I 5\. Sclerenchyma (bast fibre) 6\. Cortex 7\. Epidermis A cortex is an outer layer of a stem or root in a plant, lying below the epidermis but outside the vascular bundles.
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'Staphylococcus' - bunch of grape-like berries, 'epidermidis' - of the epidermis.
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The epidermis of the leaves are used as cigarette papers.
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3D medical illustration showing major layers of skin The epidermis is the most superficial layer of skin, a squamous epithelium with several strata: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Nourishment is provided to these layers via diffusion from the dermis, since the epidermis is without direct blood supply. The epidermis contains four cell types: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells. Of these, keratinocytes are the major component, constituting roughly 95% of the epidermis.
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The epidermis also consists of stomata(singular:stoma) which helps in transpiration.
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The epidermis is loosened and much wrinkled, pale brownish and speckled.
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The human skin (integument) is composed of at least two major layers of tissue: the epidermis and dermis. (The hypodermis or subcutaneous layer is not part of the skin.) The epidermis is the outermost layer, providing the initial barrier to the external environment. It is separated from the dermis by the basement membrane. The epidermis contains melanocytes and gives color to the skin.
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In botany, Epiblem is a tissue that replaces the epidermis in most roots and in stems of submerged aquatic plants. It is usually located between the epidermis and cortex in the root or stem of a plant.
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Desmoglein-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG1 gene. Desmoglein-1 is expressed everywhere in the skin epidermis, but mainly it is expressed in the superficial upper layers of the skin epidermis.
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The seeds are black, with a shiny epidermis and an angular shape.
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SEM image of the leaf epidermis of Nicotiana alata, showing trichomes (hair-like appendages) and stomata (eye-shaped slits, visible at full resolution). The epidermis is the outer layer of cells covering the leaf. It is covered with a waxy cuticle which is impermeable to liquid water and water vapor and forms the boundary separating the plant's inner cells from the external world. The cuticle is in some cases thinner on the lower epidermis than on the upper epidermis, and is generally thicker on leaves from dry climates as compared with those from wet climates.
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Species in the family Kenkiidae are characterized by a thickened marginal epidermis, i.e., the epidermis of the body margins have larger cells provided with bigger rhabdites than the epidermis of the rest of the body. Kenkiidae species have the testicles situated anterior to the pharynx, feature also common in the Dugesiidae and Planariidae. They have an anterior adhesive organ, which is also found in the family Dendrocoelidae.
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The species' leaves have an epidermis that is made of a single layer of epidermal cells arranged in a cross-section. The upper and lower cell walls of these cells are thicker than the side cell walls. The outer surface of the epidermis is covered in a thick cuticle. The stem also has a slightly thinner cuticle and also has a single-layer epidermis.
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Between the epidermis and the gastrodermis there is a parenchymatous tissue or mesenchyme.
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When the imago emerges the pupa case is thrust through the upper epidermis.
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As its base gets dissolved away, the old cuticle begins to separate from the epidermis in a process called apolysis. Early in the process of apolysis the epithelial cells release enzymatic moulting fluid between the old cuticle and the epidermis. The enzymes partly digest the endocuticle and the epidermis absorbs the digested material for the animal to assimilate. Much of that digested material is re- used to build the new cuticle.
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The organs are embedded in the thickened epidermis. The receptor cells lie buried in the deeper layers of the epidermis where they expand into a pocket in the superficial layers of corium. The sense organ is surrounded by a basement membrane which separates corium from epidermis. Epithelial cells form a loose plug over the sensory receptors, allowing capacity-coupled current to pass from the external environment to the sensory receptor.
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The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. It is named for its finger-like projections called papillae, which extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a "bumpy" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin. In the palms, fingers, soles, and toes, the influence of the papillae projecting into the epidermis forms contours in the skin's surface.
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Stomata therefore play the important role in allowing photosynthesis without letting the leaf dry out. In a typical leaf, the stomata are more numerous over the abaxial (lower) epidermis than the adaxial (upper) epidermis and are more numerous in plants from cooler climates.
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The shell has a conical shape with a high spire. It is carinated and umbilicated. The base of the shell is inflated. The shell is covered with a thin, extremely persistent, smooth, fibrous epidermis, The epidermis swells up and becomes pustulated in water.
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Desmoglein-3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DSG3 gene. In the skin epidermis Desmoglein-3 is expressed in the basal lower layers of the epidermis, and dominates in terms of expression on mucosal surfaces compared to Desmoglein-1.
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In primary neurulation, the layer of ectoderm divides into three sets of cells: the neural tube (future brain and spinal cord), epidermis (skin), and neural crest cells (connects epidermis and neural tube and will migrate to make neurons, glia, and skin cell pigmentation).
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The outermost layer of the epidermis consists of 25 to 30 layers of dead cells.
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Under the temporal lesions the skeletal muscle is almost in direct continuity with the epidermis.
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Colour: Theshell has a brownish yellow colour, but below the epidermis there is a thin pure white porcellanous layer, through which and the epidermis the sheen of the nacreous layer gleams. The base is whiter, the epidermis there being very thin. Inside, the aperture shows an exquisite roseate nacre. The spire is high, with a slightly concave contour, the lines of which are hardly swollen out by the slight tumidity of the body whorl.
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The epidermis is the outermost cell layer of the primary plant body. In some older works the cells of the leaf epidermis have been regarded as specialized parenchyma cells,Hill, J. Ben; Overholts, Lee O; Popp, Henry W. Grove Jr., Alvin R. Botany. A textbook for colleges. Publisher: MacGraw-Hill 1960 but the established modern preference has long been to classify the epidermis as dermal tissue, whereas parenchyma is classified as ground tissue.
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Tacalcitol reduces excessive cell turnover in the epidermis by interacting with vitamin D receptors on keratinocytes.
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The mine has the form of a long mine just under the epidermis of the branch.
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In humans, C3 is predominantly synthesised by liver hepatocytes and to some degree by epidermis keratinocytes.
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The entire epidermis is replaced by new cell growth over a period of about 48 days.
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The entire surface of the plant consists of a single layer of cells called epidermis or surface tissue. The entire surface of the plant has this outer layer of the epidermis. Hence it is also called surface tissue. Most of the epidermal cells are relatively flat.
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The term also refers to a layer of cells lying immediately below the epidermis of plants. The hypodermis is beneath the dermis which is beneath the epidermis. It is used mainly for fat storage. A layer of tissue lies immediately below the dermis of vertebrate skin.
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This keeps the epidermis regenerating from the bottom while the top layer of cells on the epidermis are constantly being "sloughed" off the body. Additionally, stromal cells play a role in inflammation responses, and controlling the amount of cells accumulating at an inflamed region of tissue.
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The plant epidermis is specialised tissue, composed of parenchyma cells, that covers the external surfaces of leaves, stems and roots. Several cell types may be present in the epidermis. Notable among these are the stomatal guard cells that control the rate of gas exchange between the plant and the atmosphere, glandular and clothing hairs or trichomes, and the root hairs of primary roots. In the shoot epidermis of most plants, only the guard cells have chloroplasts.
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The mechanical layer may prevent water penetration and germination. Amongst the barriers may be the presence of lignified sclereids. The outer integument has a number of layers, generally between four and eight organised into three layers: (a) outer epidermis, (b) outer pigmented zone of two to five layers containing tannin and starch, and (c) inner epidermis. The endotegmen is derived from the inner epidermis of the inner integument, the exotegmen from the outer surface of the inner integument.
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Galls may be so numerous that the leaf expansion is inhibited. The gall on the lower epidermis.
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Hyperkeratosis, a thickening of the stratum corneum (top cell-layer of the epidermis), has also been reported.
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The epidermis of land planarians is composed by a simple epithelium of cubic or columnar cells. The cells are ciliated only on a ventral region, called creeping sole, which the animal uses to glide over surfaces. Numerous secretory cells open throughout the epidermis, the most characteristic ones being the rhabditogen cells, which produce a secretion in the form of small rod-like structures, the rhabdites. Rhabditogen cells are very numerous on the dorsal epidermis, but rare on the ventral side.
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A new epidermis has formed and is now thicker and stronger than the previous epidermis. Directly beneath the epidermis of the wound, phagocytes can be observed ingesting any bacteria or extra cells which are not necessary for regeneration. Morula cells are also present; these cells focus on wound healing and repairing the extracellular matrix. When the arm is completely repaired, myocytes can be ingested by phagocytes, used a direct source for new cells, or used as a source of energy.
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Ophidiomycosis lesions on Hoplocephalus bungaroides from O. ophiodiicola infection Infection begins in the outer most layer of the skin stratum corneum and progresses into the epidermis. Once the infection reaches epidermis, the snake's immune response becomes activated and immune cells are recruited at the site of infection, causing the epidermis to become necrotic and thickened after a few days. Lesions begins at the edge of individual scales and progress to adjacent scales. As lesions progress scales became rough and hyperpigmented.
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The encoded protein is involved the later stages of cell envelope formation in the epidermis and hair follicle.
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The epidermis is indistinct. The color is translucent bluish white. The surface is not glossy.Verrill, A. E. 1884.
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The epidermis is fragmented, with the exoderm of flat cells composing from one to two layers without thickening.
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Man getting a tattoo Tattooing involves the placement of pigment into the skin's dermis, the layer of dermal tissue underlying the epidermis. After initial injection, pigment is dispersed throughout a homogenized damaged layer down through the epidermis and upper dermis, in both of which the presence of foreign material activates the immune system's phagocytes to engulf the pigment particles. As healing proceeds, the damaged epidermis flakes away (eliminating surface pigment) while deeper in the skin granulation tissue forms, which is later converted to connective tissue by collagen growth. This mends the upper dermis, where pigment remains trapped within successive generations of macrophages, ultimately concentrating in a layer just below the dermis/epidermis boundary.
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The wingspan is . The larvae feed on Vaccinium vitis-idaea and Vaccinium uliginosum. Young larvae make a frass-filled corridor, widening it into a blotch. They then cut an elongated piece of epidermis out of the upper and lower epidermis of this blotch and use it to construct the first case.
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The mine has the form of a long winding gallery just under the epidermis of young trunks and branches.
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The epidermis serves several functions: protection against water loss by way of transpiration, regulation of gas exchange and secretion of metabolic compounds. Most leaves show dorsoventral anatomy: The upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. The epidermis tissue includes several differentiated cell types; epidermal cells, epidermal hair cells (trichomes), cells in the stomatal complex; guard cells and subsidiary cells. The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized and form the majority of the epidermis.
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The epidermis is the outermost of the three layers that make up the skin, the inner layers being the dermis and hypodermis. The epidermis layer provides a barrier to infection from environmental pathogens and regulates the amount of water released from the body into the atmosphere through transepidermal water loss. The epidermis is composed of multiple layers of flattened cells that overlie a base layer (stratum basale) composed of columnar cells arranged perpendicularly. The rows of cells develop from stem cells in the basal layer.
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The epidermis primarily consists of keratinocytes (proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal), which comprise 90% of its cells, but also contains melanocytes, Langerhans cells, Merkel cells, and inflammatory cells. Epidermal thickenings called Rete ridges (or rete pegs) extend downward between dermal papillae.TheFreeDictionary > rete ridge Citing: The American Heritage Medical Dictionary Copyright 2007, 2004 Blood capillaries are found beneath the epidermis, and are linked to an arteriole and a venule. The epidermis itself has no blood supply and is nourished almost exclusively by diffused oxygen from the surrounding air.
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The skin consists of two primary layers: an inner layer, the dermis, comprising largely connective tissue, and an outer, thinner epidermis. The thickness of the epidermis ranges from 0.08 mm to greater than 0.6 mm (from 0.003 to 0.024 inches). The epidermis comprises five strata; from outer to inner, they are the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. The highest concentrations of 7-dehydrocholesterol are found in the epidermal layer of skin—specifically in the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.
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Below the stratum corneum lies the viable epidermis. This layer is about ten times as thick as the stratum corneum; however, diffusion is much faster here due to the greater degree of hydration in the living cells of the viable epidermis. Below the epidermis lies the dermis, which is approximately one millimeter thick, 100 times the thickness of the stratum corneum. The dermis contains small vessels that distribute drugs into the systemic circulation and to regulate temperature, a system known as the skin's microcirculation.
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It forms a boundary between the plant and the external environment. The epidermis serves several functions: it protects against water loss, regulates gas exchange, secretes metabolic compounds, and (especially in roots) absorbs water and mineral nutrients. The epidermis of most leaves shows dorsoventral anatomy: the upper (adaxial) and lower (abaxial) surfaces have somewhat different construction and may serve different functions. Woody stems and some other stem structures such as potato tubers produce a secondary covering called the periderm that replaces the epidermis as the protective covering.
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Just like the cornified layer of epidermis and of any mammalian nail, the hoof capsule is created only from epidermis, the outer living layer of the skin. From a microscopic point of view, epidermis is a multi-layered, specialised cornifying epithelium. It overlays the dermis, and it is separated from it by a basal lamina. It has no blood vessels and living cells acquire their oxygen and nutrients by fluid exchanges and molecular diffusion, from underlying dermis, flowing into microscopical spaces among individual cells.
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Similar to most rusts, CWR has 4 stages of infection: (i) Basidospore lands on susceptible plant. Development of germ tube and infection peg begins. (ii) Formation of small vesicles inside the host epidermis. (iii) Formation of elongated fungal vesicles inside the host epidermis (iv) Formation of septate fungal vesicles with branching hyphae.
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Before a larva leaves a mine to start a new one, it often detaches the upper epidermis by cutting along the sides of the mine. The detached epidermis either falls off or dries and curls. Full-grown larvae can be found in August in Great Britain and in October in continental Europe.
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Trichohyalin is highly expressed in the inner root sheath cells of the hair follicle and medulla. It was also detected in the granular layer and stratum corneum of normal epidermis, newborn human foreskin epidermis, the hard palate, in the nail matrix, the filiform papillae of dorsal tongue epithelium and in rodent forestomack.
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Neutral lipids are instead stored in the intestine, epidermis, and embryos. The epidermis corresponds to the mammalian adipocytes by being the main triglyceride depot. The pharynx is a muscular food pump in the head of C. elegans, which is triangular in cross- section. This grinds food and transports it directly to the intestine.
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The epidermis of a higher vertebrate has many layers, and the outer layers are reinforced with keratin and then die.
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It finally re-emerges through the epidermis on the side of the obtuse angle, adjacent to the initial entry point.
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Plant Pathology. 5th Edition, pp. 564-565. In midsummer, aecia appear on the epidermis of spruce needles as orange pustules.
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Epidermis and dermis of human skin The epidermis is the top layer of skin made up of epithelial cells. It contains blood vessels. Its main functions are protection, absorption of nutrients, and homeostasis. In structure, it consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium; four types of cells: keratinocytes, melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Langerhans cells.
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Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum basale labeled near bottom. The stratum basale (basal layer, sometimes referred to as stratum germinativum) is the deepest layer of the five layers of the epidermis, the external covering of skin in mammals. The stratum basale is a single layer of columnar or cuboidal basal cells.
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The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as from the stratum basale of the epidermis. The dermis is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the papillary region, and a deep thicker area known as the reticular region.
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Foliar feeding is a technique of feeding plants by applying liquid fertilizer directly to the leaves. Plants are able to absorb essential elements through their leaves. The absorption takes place through their stomata and also through their epidermis. Transport is usually faster through the stomata, but total absorption may be as great through the epidermis.
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To be absorbed through the skin, a chemical must pass through the epidermis, glands, or hair follicles. Sweat glands and hair follicles make up about 0.1 to 1.0 percent of the total skin surface. Though small amounts of chemicals may enter the body rapidly through the glands or hair follicles, they are primarily absorbed through the epidermis. Chemicals must pass through the seven cell layers of epidermis before entering the dermis where they can enter the blood stream or lymph and circulate to other areas of the body.
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Internal anatomy of a segment of an annelid Annelids' cuticles are made of collagen fibers, usually in layers that spiral in alternating directions so that the fibers cross each other. These are secreted by the one-cell deep epidermis (outermost skin layer). A few marine annelids that live in tubes lack cuticles, but their tubes have a similar structure, and mucus-secreting glands in the epidermis protect their skins. Under the epidermis is the dermis, which is made of connective tissue, in other words a combination of cells and non-cellular materials such as collagen.
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MAMPs, also known as PAMPs, are microbial associated molecular patterns, small molecular elements such as proteins, carbohydrates, and lipids present on or in a given pathogen. In addition, cytokine production by melanocytes can be triggered by cytokines secreted by other nearby immune cells. Melanocytes are ideally positioned in the epidermis to be sentinels against harmful pathogens. Melanocytes reside in the stratum basale, the lowest layer of the epidermis, but they use their dendrites to interact with cells in other layers, and to capture pathogens that enter the epidermis.
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Evert, Ray F; Eichhorn, Susan E. Esau's Plant Anatomy: Meristems, Cells, and Tissues of the Plant Body: Their Structure, Function, and Development. Publisher: Wiley-Liss 2006. The epidermis is the main component of the dermal tissue system of leaves (diagrammed below), and also stems, roots, flowers, fruits, and seeds; it is usually transparent (epidermal cells have fewer chloroplasts or lack them completely, except for the guard cells.) The cells of the epidermis are structurally and functionally variable. Most plants have an epidermis that is a single cell layer thick.
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Rhabditophorans are characterized by the presence of lamellated rhabdites, rodlike granules secreted in the cells of the epidermis and consisted of concentric lamellae. They are absent in the clade Neodermata, most likely due to a secondary loss of this feature because their epidermis is turned into a syncytium in adult forms. Scheme of the duo-gland adhesive system of the rhabditophoran Macrostomum lignano: red = adhesive gland; green = releasing gland; blue = anchor cell; ep = epidermis; acmv = anchor cell microvilli. Another important synapomorphy of the group is the duo-glandular adhesive system.
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The larvae feed on Quercus species including holm oak (Quercus ilex), feeding gregariously in the upper epidermis making conspicuous white blotches.
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The pupa is formed under a flat nearly circular semi-transparent web, the upper epidermis is thrown into a longitudinal fold.
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Tephrocactus (from Greek tephra, "ash", referring to the color of these plants' epidermis) is a genus of the cactus family (Cactaceae).
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The cocoon is connected by a silken tube to the spot in the lower epidermis where the imago is to appear.
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The larva separates the epidermis from the other leaf tissues to form a kind of pocket in which pupation takes place.
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Superficial () describes something near the outer surface of the organism. For example, in skin, the epidermis is superficial to the subcutis.
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This rare species might, but for the rugose and pileous epidermis and more depressed form, readily be confounded with the preceding.
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Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum spinosum labeled slightly below center. The stratum spinosum (or spinous layer/prickle cell layer) is a layer of the epidermis found between the stratum granulosum and stratum basale. Their spiny (Latin, spinosum) appearance is due to shrinking of the microfilaments between desmosomes that occurs when stained with H&E.
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After hatching they mine in the lower epidermis of the leaf. When the larva changes into a tissue-feeder, it feeds in the palisade parenchyma. An oblique pore is made in the lower surface, through which frass is ejected. The mine has the form of a digitate blotch under the upper epidermis along the midrib or lateral rib.
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Pagetoid (seen peripherally to a melanoma in situ. Pagetoid is a term used in dermatology to refer to "upward spreading" of abnormal cells in the epidermis (ie from bottom to top). It is uncommon and a possible indication of a precancerous or cancerous condition. Cells display pagetoid growth when they invade the upper epidermis from below.
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3(6): 485–494. In general CPsV-EG-infection affects the upper epidermis of the leaf which is composed of non-tabular parenchyma cells covered by a thin layer of cuticle. Crystal idioblast (CI) containing cells are lacking in the palisade layer and protrude into the epidermis. The oil glands are lacking compared with healthy leaf.
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The mine is enlarged in a concentric pattern. There is much granular frass, that is glued to the upper epidermis and gives most of the central area of the mine a dark appearance. The full- grown larvae make a semicircular exit slit in the upper epidermis to leave the mine. Pupation takes place within a cocoon.
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The leaf spots gradually become bigger and turn a reddish-brown color. The uredia develop underneath the epidermis where the leaf spots are present. When the uredia become big enough, they break through the epidermis to form the characteristic rust pustules from which uredospores are borne. These pustules can coalesce, resulting in large areas of dead tissue.
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Reptiles, including snakes, possess extensive keratinization of the epidermis in the form of epidermal scales. A snake's epidermis is composed of four layers. The outer layer of a snake's skin is shed periodically, and is therefore a temporary layer, and is highly keratinized. Beneath the outer layer is the corneal layer (stratum corneum), which is thickened and flexible.
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With continuing maturation the cells enlarge in the outer integument. While the inner epidermis may remain a single layer, it may also divide to produce two to three layers and accumulates starch, and is referred to as the colourless layer. By contrast the outer epidermis becomes tanniferous. The inner integument may consist of eight to fifteen layers.
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The skin of larger individuals develops dermal warts underneath the epidermis. Females grow to a length of about and males to about .
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They eat the folded leaf from the inside, leaving the upper epidermis untouched. A single larva may fold one or two leaves.
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The mine has the form of a brown, irregular, elongated upper blotch-mine, with the upper epidermis drawn into a longitudinal ridge.
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The larvae feed on Viburnum species, including Viburnum dilatatum and Viburnum furcatum. They create an irregular case of several layers of leaf epidermis.
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Eggs can take up to 10 days to emerge and will feed on the underside of the leaf's epidermis until their first molt.
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Five epidermal layers shown as various strata The human skin has a dense laminar organization. The outer epidermis has four or five layers.
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The echinoderm skeleton is an endoskeleton that is enclosed by the epidermis. These structures are made of interlocking calcium carbonate plates, which can either fit tightly together, as in the case of sea urchins, or can be loosely bound, such as in the case of starfish. The epidermis or skin covering the calcium carbonate plates are able to uptake and secrete nutrients in order to support and maintain the skeleton. The epidermis usually also contains pigment cells to give the organism color, can detect motion of small creatures on the animal’s surface, and also generally contain gland cells to secrete fluids or toxins.
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The breast skin is in three (3) layers: (i) the epidermis, (ii) the dermis, and (iii) the hypodermis. The epidermis is 50–100 μm thick, and is composed of a stratum corneum of flat keratin cells, that is 10–20 μm thick; it protects the underlying viable epidermis, which is composed of keratinizing epithelial cells. The dermis is mostly collagen and elastin fibers embedded to a viscous water and glycoprotein medium. The fibers of the upper dermis ("papillary dermis") are thinner than the fibers of the deep dermis, thus the skin envelope is 1–3 mm thick.
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The epidermis is typically 10 to 30 cells thick; its main function is to provide a waterproof layer. Its outermost cells are constantly lost; its bottommost cells are constantly dividing and pushing upward. The middle layer, the dermis, is 15 to 40 times thicker than the epidermis. The dermis is made up of many components, such as bony structures and blood vessels.
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The male and female of the bisexual generation emerge in June from the currant galls and after mating the fertilised eggs are laid in the lower epidermis of the oak leaves. The spangle galls develop over the winter and the insects emerge in April, laying their eggs in the catkins or lower epidermis. The cycle, an alternation of generation, then begins again.
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Histopathological image of dyshidrotic dermatitis, showing focal spongiotic change in the epidermis. Spongiosis is mainly intercellular edema (abnormal accumulation of fluid) in the epidermis,Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelso; Abbas, Abul (2004) Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Saunders. Page 1230. . and is characteristic of eczematous dermatitis, manifested clinically by intraepidermal vesicles (fluid-containing spaces), "juicy" papules, and/or lichenification.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather large roundish blotch mine on the upperside of the leaf. At first the mine is a flat blotch, and the loosened epidermis is white, sparsely speckled with brown. Later, by contraction of the epidermis, the mine becomes roomy and tentiform and the leaf is completely folded over.
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Desmoglein 1 haploinsufficiency leads to striate palmoplantar keratoderma, a disease which causes extreme thickening of the epidermis. Loss of desmoglein 4 leads to defective hair-follicle differentiation. Epidermolysis bullosa simplex is an epidermal blistering disease caused by mutations in genes coding for keratin 5 and 14, which attach to desmoplakin. This disease manifests as rupture of the basal epidermis when stress is applied.
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They feed singly, eating the lower epidermis and parenchyma, leaving the upper epidermis. They fold together the leaflet with a web to create a hiding place, often along the midrib. Sometimes a portion of the margin of the blade is folded over, or contiguous leaflets are fastened together. Full-grown larvae are about 9 mm long and uniform leaf- green.
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Macrostomum hystrix is capable of hypodermic insemination. In this process, sperm is injected through the epidermis into the parenchyma of the mating partner. This is done by a needle-like stylet, which is the male copulatory organ. The stylet has a rigid and pointed distal thickening, as well as a subterminal stylet opening which can puncture the epidermis of the mating partner.
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In moulting, first the old cuticle separates from the epidermis (apolysis). Enzymatic moulting fluid is released between the old cuticle and epidermis, which separates the exocuticle by digesting the endocuticle and sequestering its material for the new cuticle. When the new cuticle has formed sufficiently, the epicuticle and reduced exocuticle are shed in ecdysis.. (2002). A Survey of Entomology. iUniverse. .
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The larvae emerge from the mine to form an oval cocoon, which is located on the outer surface of the dead epidermis of the leaf covering the larval mine. The epidermis is cut around at a slight distance from the cocoon so that it falls easily out of the leaf carrying the cocoon with it.
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Topically applied sodium hyaluronate can facilitate the absorption of biomacromolecules, i.e. pharmaceuticals, and function like a nanocarrier. Its effects on skin depend on the hyaluronate formulation and skin health: In barrier-deficient skin it restricted the delivery of biomacromolecules to the stratum corneum and viable epidermis. In normal skin, low-molecular weight hyaluronate (5 kDa) enhanced penetration into the epidermis.
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The pathophysiology of Kyrle disease is unclear. Some scientists believe that it may be a variation of prurigo nodularis. The theory that most scientists agree upon is that Kyrle disease is an elimination of keratin and other cellular material across the epidermis. Keratinization in Kyrle disease form at the basilar layer that is lower than the normal proliferation region in the epidermis.
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Breslow's depth is measured from the granular layer of the epidermis down to the deepest point of invasion (sometimes involving detached nests of cells).
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It is off-white to light brown in color. The oldest part of the case is warty and includes parts of the plant epidermis.
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In plants with secondary growth, the epidermis of roots and stems is usually replaced by a periderm through the action of a cork cambium.
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Developmental changes in epidermis and fat body are delayed to the same extent, thus maintaining proper temporal spacing of events required for successful exuviation.
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Older larvae feed externally, peeling away and rolling up the lower epidermis, eating irregular patches of leaf tissue. Pupation takes place in a white cocoon.
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The larvae feed by attaching the case to a leaf, feeding through the epidermis at the point of attachment, and then hollowing out the leaf.
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With each passing week more tone-free whiskers sprout colourlessly from the epidermis of my face and I look ever more 'distinguished', they tell me.
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Rhabdites (from Greek, rhabdos, rod) are rodlike structures in the cells of the epidermis or underlying parenchyma in certain turbellarians, and in the epidermis of nemerteans. They are discharged in mucous secretions. They are a defensive mechanism, which dissolve in water, and they are distasteful to most animals who would prey on rhabditid worms. In nemerteans, rhabdites form mucus on which the animals glide.
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The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis by a basement membrane. It also harbours many nerve endings that provide the sense of touch and heat. It contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels.
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Photoageing has two main concerns: an increased risk for skin cancer and the appearance of damaged skin. In younger skin, sun damage will heal faster since the cells in the epidermis have a faster turnover rate, while in the older population the skin becomes thinner and the epidermis turnover rate for cell repair is lower, which may result in the dermis layer being damaged.
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Wind carries teliospores to pines shoots that then germinate under cool humid conditions, producing germ tubes with up to three side branches that act as basidia. The basidium directly penetrate the cuticle and epidermis. Other pines rusts like Cronartium ribicola and C. comandrae infect through the stomata. After penetration and establishment of a intracellular infection structure, primary hyphae are produced, infecting the epidermis and cortex intercellularly.
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The arrangement of polyps and the branching of the stem is characteristic of the species. Some species have the polyps budding directly off the stolon which roots the colony. The polyps are connected by epidermis which surrounds a gastrovascular cavity. The epidermis secretes a chitinous skeleton which supports the stem and in some hydroids, the skeleton extends into a cup shape surrounding the polyp.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The larvae emerge from the mine to form an oval cocoon, which is made on the surface of the mine, the dead epidermis being cut around a little distance from the cocoon so that it readily falls away carrying the cocoon with it. The silk of the cocoon is light brownish resembling the dead epidermis of the mined leaf.
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The epidermal cells are the most numerous, largest, and least specialized. These are typically more elongated in the leaves of monocots than in those of dicots. Diagram of moderate scale leaf anatomy Trichomes or hairs grow out from the epidermis in many species. In the root epidermis, epidermal hairs termed root hairs are common and are specialized for the absorption of water and mineral nutrients.
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In that model, the dermis was mimicked by collagen type 1 and normal human dermal fibroblasts, while epidermis was mimicked by keratinocytes and Muse cell-derived melanocytes. Furthermore, Muse cell- derived melanocytes showed melanin production. Moreover, when Muse cell- derived melanocytes was transplanted onto the back skin of severe combined immunodeficient mice, they integrated to the basal layer of the epidermis producing melanin in vivo.
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Eimer's organs are sensory organs in which the epidermis is modified to form bulbous papillae. First isolated by Theodor Eimer from the European mole in 1871, these organs are present in many moles, and are particularly common in the star-nosed mole, which bears 25,000 of them on its unique tentacled snout. The organs are formed from a stack of epidermal cells, which is innervated by nerve processes from myelinated fibers in the dermis, which form terminal swellings just below the outer keratinized layer of epidermis. They contain a Merkel cell-neurite complex in the epidermis and a lamellated corpuscle in the dermal connective tissue.
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The epidermis appears thin and has effaced rete ridges as well as excess amounts of keratin clogging the openings of the follicles. The basal layer of the epidermis sometimes appears to have holes in it since some of the cells in this layer have broken apart. The remains of skin cells that have died through a process called apoptosis are visible in the upper layer of the dermis and the basal layer of the epidermis. The differential diagnosis includes actinic keratoses, sebborheic dermatitis, lupus vulgaris, sarcoidosis, drug rash, Bowen’s disease, lichen planus, tertiary syphilis, polymorphous light eruption, lymphocytic infiltration, psoriasis, and systemic lupus erythematosus.
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When completed, the upper epidermis on the blotch-part is strongly contracted with silken threads to form an upward- folded leaflet. The larvae are often gregarious.
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The mine has the form of a yellowish and brownish blotch mine on the upperside of the leaf. There is a single wrinkle in the epidermis.
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The mine is found just under the epidermis of the twigs. On occasion, it may also mine the fruit of Malus species, hence its common name.
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While the dermis contains blood vessels and lymphatics, the epidermis is totally devoid of these vessels and is supplied with nutrients by transudation from dermal vessels.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is oblong to ovoid, occasionally circular. The epidermis is opaque, green yellow. Mines usually cross the midrib.
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In response to the release of IL-33 by the epidermis, ILC2s secrete high levels amphiregulin, a critical epidermal growth factor, therefore contributing to cutaneous wound healing.
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1069 This proliferation of cells in the epidermis is responsible for the 'buckshot scatter' pattern. This is a typical feature of superficial spreading type of Malignant Melanoma.
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The white shell is covered under a yellowish or brownish epidermis. Its length measures 7 mm. It is longitudinally plicate and transversely grooved. The sutures are channeled.
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Crop Knowledge Master. University of Hawaii. The life cycle of the fly is up to 21 days. It lays eggs in the leaf epidermis of host plants.
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Large underground roots make up much of the plant; the stem grows close to the soil (or even below it) and has a thick upper surface (epidermis).
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This usually produces a split- thickness skin graft, which contains the epidermis with only a portion of the dermis. The dermis left behind at the donor site contains hair follicles and sebaceous glands, both of which contain epidermal cells which gradually proliferate out to form a new layer of epidermis. The donor site may be extremely painful and vulnerable to infection. There are several ways to treat donor site pain.
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Calmodulin-like protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CALML5 gene. This gene encodes a novel calcium binding protein expressed in the epidermis and related to the calmodulin family of calcium binding proteins. Functional studies with recombinant protein demonstrate it does bind calcium and undergoes a conformational change when it does so. Abundant expression is detected only in reconstructed epidermis and is restricted to differentiating keratinocytes.
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Prickle Cells Drawing - Artist: Sandy G Phillips-Long Spinous cells, or prickle cells, are keratin producing epidermal cells owing their prickly appearance to their numerous intracellular connections. They make up the stratum spinosum (prickly layer) of the epidermis and provide a continuous net-like layer of protection for underlying tissue. They are susceptible to mutations caused by sunlight and can become malignant. Histologic image showing a section of epidermis.
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A: Cuticle and epidermis; B: Epicuticle detail . 1: Epicuticle; 1a: Cement layer; 1b: Wax layer; 1c: Outer epicuticle; 1d: Inner epicuticle. 2: Exocuticle; 3: Endocuticle; 2+3: Procuticle; 4: Epidermis; 5: Basement membrane; 6: epidermal cell; 6a: Pore canal; 7: Glandular cell; 8: Trichogen cell; 9: Tormogen cell; 10: Nerve; 11: Sensilia; 12: Hair; 13: Gland opening. Time series photos of a Tibicen Dog Day Cicada moulting in Ohio USA.
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Instead, as waste accumulates, part of the gut starts to balloon out until it touches the outer layer, or epidermis. The gut then fuses with the epidermis, forming an anal opening. Once excretion is complete, the process is reversed and the anus vanishes. The animals defecate at regular intervals: once an hour in the 5-centimetre-long adults, and once every 10 minutes or so in the larvae.
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When feeding on Ligularia tussilaginea, the larva usually eats the leaf from the upper surface and the lower epidermis is left untouched. Rarely, the larva eats the leaf from the under surface. The pupa is usually attached to the upper surface of a leaf. When feeding on Ligularia fisheri, the larva eats the leaf from the upper or under surface and eats large patches, here the epidermis is not left.
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Blistering diseases such as pemphigus vulgaris (PV) and pemphigus foliaceus (PF) are autoimmune diseases in which auto-antibodies target desmogleins. PV is caused by circulating autoantibodies (IgG) that target Dsg3 (Desmoglein 3) and sometimes Dsg1. PV is manifested by suprabasal acantholysis, or blisters in the mucous membrane and blisters in the epidermis. PF patients have autoantibodies that target Dsg1 with superficial blisters on the epidermis with no mucous membrane issues.
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Plutella capparidis is a moth of the family Plutellidae endemic to the Hawaiian islands of Kauai and Oahu. It was first described by Otto Swezey in 1920. Plutella capparidis feeding damage to Capparis sandwichiana The light green larvae feed on Capparis sandwichiana. They mostly feed on the surface of the leaves, eating one epidermis and the parenchyma and leaving the other epidermis, which shows as dead spots in the leaves.
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Vacuolar interface dermatitis, with lymphocytes in the dermis and epidermis (black arrow indicates one), and vacuolization (white arrow) at the dermoepidermal junction. Micrograph of a vacuolar interface dermatitis with dermal mucin, as may be seen in lupus. H&E; stain. Vacuolar interface dermatitis (VAC, also known as liquefaction degeneration, vacuolar alteration or hydropic degeneration) is a dermatitis with vacuolization at the dermoepidermal junction, with lymphocytic inflammation at the epidermis and dermis.
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The lines of growth are irregular, quite evident. The epidermis is thin, andolivaceous. The whorls are slightly shouldered. The protoconch and the first few small whorls are whitish.
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The straight siphonal canal is very short and rather broad. The columella is sigmoid and regularly incurved. The epidermis is thin and greenish white. Verrill, A. E. 1882.
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The top whorls are very closely and microscopically corrugated in the same direction. The colour is uniform milk-white. There is no epidermis perceptible . The spire is tapering.
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This species is prevalent in Australia, New Zealand, southern Africa, and the Americas. Sarcoptes mites (the dark circular objects) burrowing in epidermis (of tail of a rat host).
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These fully matured, or cornified, alpha-keratin cells are the main components of hair, the outer layer of nails and horns, and the epidermis layer of the skin.
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In the epidermis of third-year leaves, the densest silica deposition was observed in silica cells of both the adaxial and abaxial epidermises as in first-year leaves.
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Expression was strongest in the epidermis of the procephalic lobes and labrum, and no staining was found within cephalic and labrum regions where the neuronal cells are present.
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In the initial phase of moulting, the animal stops feeding and its epidermis releases moulting fluid, a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle. This phase begins when the epidermis has secreted a new epicuticle to protect it from the enzymes, and the epidermis secretes the new exocuticle while the old cuticle is detaching. When this stage is complete, the animal makes its body swell by taking in a large quantity of water or air, and this makes the old cuticle split along predefined weaknesses where the old exocuticle was thinnest. It commonly takes several minutes for the animal to struggle out of the old cuticle.
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Exocytosis is infiltration of the epidermis by inflammatory or circulating blood cells.Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelso; Abbas, Abul (2004) Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Saunders. Page 1230. .
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Below the epidermis there are circular muscles surrounding the body which, as the coelomic canals, are marked on the surface, making the animal's surface be marked by rectangular ridges.
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The SAMPUS category includes certain atypical junctional melanocytic proliferations and proliferations in both the epidermis and papillary dermis that are not accompanied by intradermal tumorigenic architecture or cell mitosis.
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Hemimetabolous insects, those with incomplete metamorphosis, change gradually by undergoing a series of molts. An insect molts when it outgrows its exoskeleton, which does not stretch and would otherwise restrict the insect's growth. The molting process begins as the insect's epidermis secretes a new epicuticle inside the old one. After this new epicuticle is secreted, the epidermis releases a mixture of enzymes that digests the endocuticle and thus detaches the old cuticle.
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The cells are attached to each other and to the overlying stratum spinosum cells by desmosomes and hemidesmosomes. The nucleus is large, ovoid and occupies most of the cell. Some basal cells can act like stem cells with the ability to divide and produce new cells, and these are sometimes called basal keratinocyte stem cells. Others serve to anchor the epidermis glabrous skin (hairless), and hyper-proliferative epidermis (from a skin disease).
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Sonophoresis is a drug delivery method where ultrasound is used to increase the absorption of topical compounds into the epidermis, dermis and skin appendages. The medication usually consists of hydrophilic molecules and macromolecules. Sonophoresis occurs because ultrasound waves stimulate micro- vibrations within the skin epidermis and increase the overall kinetic energy of molecules making up topical agents. This technology has been found to be most effective at low frequencies (less than 100 kHz).
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The ectoderm produces tissues within the epidermis, aids in the formation of neurons within the brain, and constructs melanocytes. The ectoderm generates the outer layer of the embryo, and it forms from the embryo's epiblast. The ectoderm develops into the surface ectoderm, neural crest, and the neural tube. The surface ectoderm develops into: epidermis, hair, nails, lens of the eye, sebaceous glands, cornea, tooth enamel, the epithelium of the mouth and nose.
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Often a secondary covering called the periderm forms on small woody stems and many non-woody plants, which is composed of cork (phellem), the cork cambium (phellogen), and the phelloderm. The periderm forms from the phellogen which serves as a lateral meristem. The periderm replaces the epidermis, and acts as a protective covering like the epidermis. Mature phellem cells have suberin in their walls to protect the stem from desiccation and pathogen attack.
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Older phellem cells are dead, as is the case with woody stems. The skin on the potato tuber (which is an underground stem) constitutes the cork of the periderm. In woody plants the epidermis of newly grown stems is replaced by the periderm later in the year. As the stems grow a layer of cells form under the epidermis, called the cork cambium, these cells produce cork cells that turn into cork.
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It must be said that in vertebrates the equivalent to Dpp are Bone Morphogenetic Proteins, and the mammalian equal to Wg might be integrin-beta 4. The first one (Wg) controls cell proliferation and differentiation during embryos development, specifically in epidermis, whereas the latter (Dpp) plays a role in the imaginal discs’ growth. Dpp and Wg are mutually antagonistic in patterning genitalia. Concretely, dally selectively regulates both Wg signalling in epidermis and Dpp in genitalia.
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In general, feeder roots tend to show both positive hydrotropic and negative heliotropic behaviors. Characteristic of roots in philodendrons is the presence of a sclerotic hypodermis, which are cylindrical tubes inside the epidermis that can be one to five cells long. The cells that line the sclerotic hypodermis are elongated and tend to be hardened. Underneath the epidermis is a unique layer of cells in a pattern of long cells followed by short cells.
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Within the skin, melanocytes are present in the basal layer of the epidermis; from these melanocytes originate dendrites that reach keratinocytes. Melanosomes along with the melanin they contain are transferred from melanocytes to keratinocytes when keratinocytes are low in the epidermis. Keratinocytes carry the melanosomes with them as they move towards the surface. Keratinocytes contribute to skin pigmentation by holding the melanin originated in melanocytes and inducing melanogenesis through chemical signals directed at melanocytes.
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The ovate shell has a subconical shape. It is strongly symmetrical, porcellaneous, and thin. The blunt apex is curved backward, downward, and to the left. The shell has no epidermis.
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Together with the type I enzyme, this enzyme may also play a role in terminal differentiation of the epidermis. This gene exists in a cluster with four other paralogous genes.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is ovoid. The epidermis is opaque, brown. All mines cross the midrib and consume 60%-90% of the leaf surface.
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Colour: deep purple or reddish-grey, sometimes with a few white dots. The apex is usually pink. The epidermis is thin, often shining, easily rubbed off. The spire is conical.
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Laboratory culture of keratinocytes to form a 3D structure (artificial skin) recapitulating most of the properties of the epidermis is routinely used as a tool for drug development and testing.
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The case is gradually enlarged by the addition of rings that are cut out of the lower epidermis of the mine. In Great Britain, the larvae live for two years.
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The length of the shell attains 136 mm, its diameter 52 mm. The turreted, fusiform shell is white. The epidermis is more or less assumed. The spire is elongated and acuminate.
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The thin shell has a turbinate or subtrochoid shape. It is translucent, the outer layer very slight, somewhat nacreous in fresh specimens. There is no epidermis. The shell contains spiral carinations.
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Later the infiltrate is replaced with new bone tissue which lead to tail kinks and hind-foot deformities. The cmo mice also develop ear inflammation in the epidermis, dermis and cartilage.
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The mine has the form of a rather small whitish blotch mine on the upperside of the leaf, with one or two wrinkles in the epidermis at the time of pupation.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is ovoid. The epidermis is opaque, yellow green. Mines normally cross the midrib and consume 30%-95% of the leaf surface.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the upperside of the leaf. It is ovoid to triangular. The epidermis is opaque with a yellow tan.
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The mine has the form of a broad tract, with loosened epidermis. It is somewhat greenish at first, but later turns brown. It is found on the upperside of the leaf.
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Part of the frass is ejected through a slit in the lower epidermis. Pupation takes place outside of the mine in a silken cocoon spun between leaves or in leaf folds.
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Pitcher of Nepenthes distillatoria. A: Honey-gland from attractive surface of lid. B: Digestive fluid from interior of pitcher, in pocket-like depression of epidermis, opening downwards. C: Transverse section same.
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Drawing of the bat wing skin showing the fibers of "mesh like scaffolding"A closeup view of the felt like fiber pattern seen in elephant skin Bats rely on skin on their wings to generate lift and thrust used in flight. Therefore, the structure of the bat wing skin is different from the skin of the bat body. Bat wing skin consists of two thin layers of epidermis with a thin layer of dermis/hypodermis located between the epidermal layers whereas the skin of the bat body consists of a single layer of epidermis with a thicker layer of dermis internal to the epidermis. Within the dermal and epidermal layer of bat wing skin, the connective tissue and muscle fibers provide the structural support.
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The Spemann-Mangold organizer was first described in 1924 by Hans Spemann and Hilde Mangold. Prior to its discovery, it had been hypothesized by multiple groups that there exists a portion of the developing embryo that serves as a “organization center”. In 1918 and 1921, Hans Spemann showed that transplanting presumptive epidermis into the area of presumptive neural tissue would change the fate of the transplanted cells to that of their new destination, and likewise when he transplanted presumptive neural tissue to where the presumptive epidermis was forming. Spemann also showed that by transplanting a piece from the upper blastopore lip into an area of presumptive epidermis, a secondary embryonic primordium formed, including a secondary neural tube, notochord and somites.
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In the absence of mutations of the COL7A1 gene, an autoimmune response against type VII collagen can result in an acquired form of epidermolysis bullosa called epidermolysis bullosa acquisita. There exist other types of inherited epidermolysis bullosa, junctional epidermolysis bullosa and epidermolysis bullosa simplex, which are not related to type VII collagen deficiency. These arise from mutations in the genes encoding other proteins of the epidermis or the basement membrane at the junction between the epidermis and the dermis.
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The lamina densa is a component of the basement membrane zone between the epidermis and dermis of the skin, and is an electron-dense zone between the lamina lucida and dermis, synthesized by the basal cells of the epidermis, and composed of (1) type IV collagen, (2) anchoring fibrils made of type VII collagen, and (3) dermal microfibrils.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 5-6. .
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of an oval or elliptical blotch mine occurring upon the upper side of the leaf, usually on the leaf vein. It is flat and somewhat transparent through the upper epidermis at a young stage, then discoloured into white and deformed into a tentiform type with a finely shrunk upper epidermis at maturity. Pupation takes place inside the mine-cavity without a particular cocoon.
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Hemicentin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HMCN1 gene. This gene encodes a large extracellular member of the immunoglobulin superfamily. A similar protein in C. elegans forms long, fine tracks at specific extracellular sites that are involved in many processes such as stabilization of the germline syncytium, anchorage of mechanosensory neurons to the epidermis, and organization of hemidesmosomes in the epidermis. Mutations in this gene may be associated with age-related macular degeneration.
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TGM5 mutations can cause acral peeling skin syndrome, an autosomal recessive genodermatosis characterized by the shedding of the outer epidermis. In the acral form, the dorsa of the hands and feet are predominantly affected. Ultrastructural analysis has revealed tissue separation at the junction between the granular cells and the stratum corneum in the outer epidermis. Genomewide linkage analysis in a consanguineous Dutch kindred mapped the gene to 15q15.2 in the interval between markers D15S1040 and D15S1016.
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During this phase, the cuticle, a tough outer layer made of a mixture of chitin and specialized proteins, is released from the softer epidermis beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle. At the end of each instar, the larva moults, the old cuticle splits and the new cuticle expands, rapidly hardening and developing pigment. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar. Caterpillars have short antennae and several simple eyes.
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The gall forms a bulge on the upper epidermis where the pigment colour is usually light yellow to start with and brown later on in the year. The appearance on the lower epidermis is a concavity with cream or white coloured felt-like mat which later turns brown.Hancy, Page 83Redfern, Page 274 The bulge is due to the erinae or hairs being wider at their top. In purple- leaved varieties of the sycamore the patches are pink.
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Running along the body, the female uses its posterior legs to push its body upward by an angle between 45–90 degrees. Penetration then starts, beginning with the proboscis going through the epidermis. By stage 2 (days 1–2), penetration is complete and the flea has burrowed most of its body into the skin. Only the anus, the copulatory organs, and four rear air holes in fleas called stigmata remain on the outside of the epidermis.
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Peloids are widely used in cosmetology in the form of facial masks. Peloid mask applications result in mild exfoliation, short term hydration and changes in the oil content of the most superficial layer of the skin, the epidermis which consists of dead sloughed poorly compacted cells. However, there is no scientific evidence of any effect on the underlying deeper skin layers below the epidermis or on longer term skin health, such as wrinkle formation, dyspigmentation and loss of elasticity.
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Examples of neural inducers are the molecules noggin and chordin. When embryonic ectodermal cells are cultured at low density in the absence of mesodermal cells they undergo neural differentiation (express neural genes), suggesting that neural differentiation is the default fate of ectodermal cells. In explant cultures (which allow direct cell-cell interactions) the same cells differentiate into epidermis. This is due to the action of BMP4 (a TGF-β family protein) that induces ectodermal cultures to differentiate into epidermis.
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The epidermis of an embryo, young, or half-grown Crocodilia contains the rete Malpighii: a single layer of short, cylindrical cells. Over the rete are somewhat flattened, disk-shaped cells formed by transverse division of the underlying rete cells. On the outside lies the epitrichial layer, a mosaic of polygonal cells each with an oval nucleus near its middle. Between the epitrichial cells are small oval holes, not unlike the stomata in the epidermis of plant tissues.
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Colour: porcellanous - white. The thin, membranaceous epidermis is yellowish. The conical spire is high, about the same height as the aperture. The protoconch is blunt, rounded and contains 2 smooth globular whorls.
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The siphonal canal is narrow and somewhat elongated, a little curved. The color of the shell is bluish white. The epidermis is very thin, pale grayish or yellowish white.Verrill, A. E. 1884.
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876–878 All the ossicles, even those that protrude from the body wall, are covered by a thin layer of epidermis but functionally they act more like an exoskeleton than an endoskeleton.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a digitate blotch under the epidermis of the upper surface. It is pale green or pale greyish brown.
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Penetration then starts, beginning with the proboscis going through the epidermis. By stage 2 (day 1–2), penetration is complete and the flea has burrowed most of its body into the skin.
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Ortegocactus macdougallii is a species of cactus and the sole species of the genus Ortegocactus. The plant has a greenish-gray epidermis and black spines. It is only known from Oaxaca, Mexico.
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Pages 1, 11–12. . The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and extrafibrillar matrix.Marks, James G; Miller, Jeffery (2006).
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The colour of the shell is bluish-black or black. Beach-worn specimens may be reddish or brownish. It has no spots. The epidermis is fairly thick and solid, shining in fresh specimens.
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The thin epidermis is caducous, and pale yellowish-brown. The spire is usually rather depressed, but variable. The four ; whorls are flattened above, rapidly enlarging. The slit is long and narrow, nearly central.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is ovoid to quadrate. The epidermis is opaque yellow tan. All mines cross the midrib and consume 60%-95% of the leaf surface.
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There are 95–101 primary annuli (segments). The head is bluntly rounded. The eyes are dorsolaterally oriented and covered by epidermis. The coloration is relatively uniform, slate gray dorsally and slightly lighter ventrally.
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After a moult the larva works itself to the upper surface of the leaf and begins to make a blotch and soon after a tentiform mine running along the midrib. The mine contracts very strongly, causing the epidermis to develop strong folds, and the leaf to double, almost concealing the mine. Shortly before pupation the larva eats a window in the floor of the mine, leaving only the lower epidermis intact. The pupa is made in a white cocoon within the mine.
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The dermis or corium is a layer of skin between the epidermis (with which it makes up the cutis) and subcutaneous tissues, that primarily consists of dense irregular connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. It is divided into two layers, the superficial area adjacent to the epidermis called the papillary region and a deep thicker area known as the reticular dermis.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders.
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Elafin on the contrary has never been found in the basal layer in any type of epithelial tissue. Indeed, elafin is virtually absent in normal human epidermis. The other known elastase inhibitor, SLP1, however, has been reported to be expressed in the basal keratinocytes suggesting that this may be the major elastase inhibitor in normal epidermis. Alpha 1-antitrypsin and alpha-2-macroglobulin are human serum protease inhibitors that completely inhibit the general proteolytic activity of pancreatic elastase 1 and 2.
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While rare, skin lesions may occur in the acquired form of the disease, including roseola and erythema multiforme-like eruptions, prurigo-like nodules, urticaria, and maculopapular lesions. Newborns may have punctate macules, ecchymoses, or "blueberry muffin" lesions. Diagnosis of cutaneous toxoplasmosis is based on the tachyzoite form of T. gondii being found in the epidermis. It is found in all levels of the epidermis, is about 6 by 2 μm and bow-shaped, with the nucleus being one-third of its size.
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Wounds to the skin will be repaired in part by the migration of keratinocytes to fill in the gap created by the wound. The first set of keratinocytes to participate in that repair come from the bulge region of the hair follicle and will only survive transiently. Within the healed epidermis they will be replaced by keratinocytes originating from the epidermis. At the opposite, epidermal keratinocytes, can contribute to de novo hair follicle formation during the healing of large wounds.
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The outer surface of the epidermis is normally formed of epithelial cells and secretes an extracellular matrix which provides support to the organism. An endoskeleton derived from the mesoderm is present in echinoderms, sponges and some cephalopods. Exoskeletons are derived from the epidermis and is composed of chitin in arthropods (insects, spiders, ticks, shrimps, crabs, lobsters). Calcium carbonate constitutes the shells of molluscs, brachiopods and some tube-building polychaete worms and silica forms the exoskeleton of the microscopic diatoms and radiolaria.
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Betty needed his help in order to prove that the epidermis produced collagen, which was an idea that she and Jean-Paul Revel originally postulated. They used avian corneal epithelium rather than salamander epidermis in order to provide more examples of epithelium secreting collagen. They produced a monograph of their findings, which was published in 1969. Steve Meier joined soon after, and in about 1974, their lab was becoming known for promoting the new idea that the ECM interacted with cells.
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The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone. Structural components of the dermis are collagen, elastic fibers, and ground substance also called extra fibrillar matrix. Within these components are the pilosebaceous units, arrector pili muscles, and the eccrine and apocrine glands.
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GDF6 has been shown to play an important role in the patterning of the epidermis and bone and joint formation. GDF6 induces genes related to the development of the epidermis and can bind directly to noggin, a gene that controls neural development, to block its effect. GDF6 interacts with bone morphogenetic proteins (BMPs) to form heterodimers that may work to regulate neural induction and patterning in developing embryos. By developing a GDF6 “knockout” model, scientists repressed expression of GDF6 in developing mice embryos.
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Pathogenically, it is a type II hypersensitivity reaction where circulating complement-fixing IgG antibodies bind to an antigen (a 180-kDa protein, BP-180) in the hemidesmosomes (attach basal cells of epidermis to the basal lamina and hence to dermis) of the dermoepidermal junction, leading to blister formation as loss of hemidesmosomes causes the epidermis to separate from dermis. The immune response is even more highly restricted to the NC16A domain. The primary site of autoimmunity seems not to be the skin, but the placenta, as antibodies bind not only to the basement membrane zone of the epidermis, but also to that of chorionic and amniotic epithelia. Aberrant expression of MHC class II molecules on the chorionic villi suggests an allogenic immune reaction to a placental matrix antigen, thought to be of paternal origin.
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It differs, however, in being covered with a paler epidermis, in having below the suture a raised girdle formed by a depression or constriction around the whorls, and also in the style of coloration.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is oblong to ovoid and the epidermis is opaque, yellow green. Most mines cross the midrib and only mature mines have a single fold.
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The tegument thickness increase, and the epidermis transforms from a transparent to opaque appearance. At 2 cm in length, the coloration fades to a brown that is characteristic of an adult brown sea cucumber.
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The length of the shell attains 60 mm, its diameter 20 mm. The shell has a fusiform shape. Its color is white, but the epidermis is assumed yellowish. The spire is acuminate and turreted.
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JSA #28 (Nov. 2001) The original version possesses a metal epidermis, which confers superior strength and durability. Calhoun is also capable of raising the temperature of his armored form to several hundred degrees Celsius.
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The mine contains little or no frass. The full grown larva frees the cocoon from the mine by making a circular cut in the upper epidermis of the leaf and hibernates in the fallen cocoon.
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The inner wall will be called the archenteron; the primitive gut. The archenteron will open to the exterior through the blastopore. The outer wall will become the ectoderm. Later forming the epidermis and neural crest.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is irregular and oblong to quadrate. The epidermis is opaque, yellow green. All mines cross the midrib and consume 50%-90% of the leaf surface.
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The mine has the form of a large tentiform mine on the underside of the leaf. The loosened lower epidermis is white and so much wrinkled at maturity that the leaf is closely rolled over.
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The case is widest in the middle. The mouth angle is 0°. The fleck mines are rather large. The flaps of tissue that serve to enlarge the case are cut out of the upper epidermis.
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To date, it is thought to be caused by mutations in genes encoding for connexin channels proteins in the epidermis, leading to the misregulation of homeostasis in keratinocytes.Richard, Gabriela. (2000). Exp Dermatol. Page 77-96.
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They spin a slight web for mutual protection, being covered by this and their excrement which is caught and retained by the web. They eat the lower epidermis and the parenchyma of the leaf, leaving the upper epidermis, making it look like dead spots in the leaf where they have fed. When about half grown, they eat the whole substance of the leaf making a ragged appearance. At this point they become more separated and roll up the edge of the leaf to create a retreat.
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When the limb of the salamander is cut off, a layer of epidermis covers the surface of the amputation site. In the first few days after the injury, this wounded epidermis transforms into a layer of signaling cells called the Apical Epithelial Cap (AEC), which has a vital role in regeneration. In the meantime, fibroblasts from the connective tissue migrate across the amputation surface to meet at the center of the wound. These fibroblasts multiply to form a blastema, the progenitor for a new limb.
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In both groups, the epidermis is renewed from mesodermal stem cells. The nervous system of acoelomorphs is formed by a set of longitudinal nerve bundles beneath the ciliated epidermis. Close to the anterior end, these bundles are united by a ring commissure, but do not form a true brain, although it is hypothesized that such organization was the precursor of the cephalization of the nerve system in more derived bilaterians. After decapitation, such a "brain" (rather, a cerebroid ganglion) regenerates in a few weeks.
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However, CSP expressing secretions and tissues are not only the female moth pheromone gland, but also antennal branches, mandibles and salivae, cephalic capsula, eyes, proboscis, thorax and abdomen, head, epidermis, fat body, gut, wings and legs, i.e. a wide range of reproductive and non reproductive, sensory and non-sensory fluids and tissues of the insect body [28-31]. Nearly all CSPs are up regulated in most of all tissues from the insect body, particularly in the gut, epidermis and fat body, following insecticide exposure [32].
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For example, the ncRNAs HIS-1 and BIC have been implicated in cancer development and growth control, but their function in normal cells is unknown. In addition to cancer, ncRNAs also exhibit aberrant expression in other disease states. Overexpression of PRINS is associated with psoriasis susceptibility, with PRINS expression being elevated in the uninvolved epidermis of psoriatic patients compared with both psoriatic lesions and healthy epidermis. Genome-wide profiling revealed that many transcribed non-coding ultraconserved regions exhibit distinct profiles in various human cancer states.
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In other words, the regeneration of the limb is achieved when differentiated cells begin to dedifferentiate and become stem cells. In 1957, Don Fischman started as a medical student at Cornell and immediately joined Betty's laboratory due to his undergraduate experience of working with amphibian limb regeneration. They traced the blastema cells with titrated thymidine and discovered that the epidermis did not enter the blastema. The blastema was the formed internal tissues, not the reserve cells or the epidermis, that gave rise to the regenerating limb.
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The immune system has the ability to differentiate between the body's own cells and foreign cells. However, in the dogs affected by auto-immune disease, the immune system loses the ability to distinguish between body's own cells and foreign cells, causing their immune system to attack the body's own cells.Auto-immune Diseases Autoimmune diseases in the base layer of the epidermis are characterized by damage to the connective tissue and vesicle formation located below the epidermis layer and the dermis layer below it.Papadogiannakis EI. 2005.
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The lunula can best be seen in the thumb and may not be visible in the little finger. The nail bed is the skin beneath the nail plate. Like all skin, it is made of two types of tissues: the deeper dermis, the living tissue which includes capillaries and glands, and the epidermis, the layer just beneath the nail plate, which moves toward the finger tip with the plate. The epidermis is attached to the dermis by tiny longitudinal "grooves" called matrix crests (cristae matricis unguis).
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A distinguishing feature of verruciform xanthoma is the presence of large numbers of lipid-laden foamy histiocytes in the lesion, and essentially limited to, the connective tissue papillae in the lesion. The lesions are solitary, raised, or polypoid with cup-shaped craters filled with parakeratotic cells that blend into keratinocytes of an acanthotic and papillomatous epidermis. There is a neutrophilic infiltrate of varying intensity between plump parakeratotic cells and keratinocytes, near the surface of the epidermis. The xanthoma cells contain periodic acid Schiff positive, diastase resistant granules.
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The upper whorls are often longitudinally plaited. The epidermis is thin and greenish. The smooth aperture is yellowish. The columella is slightly elongated, twisted at its extremity, and provided outwardly, at its origin, with two keels.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the upperside of the leaf. It has an irregular shape. The epidermis is opaque, red brown and usually extends across the leaf midrib.
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A hard scald of 58 °C (136.4 °F) for 2.5 minutes will remove the epidermis of poultry, and this is commonly used for carcasses that will be frozen so that their appearance is white and attractive..
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The whorls show an angulated shoulder bearing nodulous terminations of about ten short oblique ribs. There is no spiral sculpture. The color of the shell is burnt-brown, under an olivaceous epidermis. The nodules are whitish.
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Histologically, the lesions are characterised by ischemic necrosis of the epidermis and superficial dermis, heavy infestation of endothelial cells with acid-fast bacilli, and endothelial proliferation and thrombosis in the larger vessels of the deeper dermis.
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The larvae feed on Daphne gnidium. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a full depth corridor. The frass is glued to the upper epidermis, giving the mine a blackish appearance.
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The loosened epidermis of the mine is very thin and whitish at first. Later it turns brownish. The parenchyma is either almost entirely consumed over about half the mine, or irregularly eaten over the whole mine.
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Worn away, as the epidermis on some shells. Erosive. Capable of erosion. Excavated. Hollowed out, as the columella of some snails. Excurrent. Referring to the siphon which carries out the waste matter of the body. Exoskeleton.
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Molting is common, and results in the entire outer layer of epidermis being lost. For more about molting, see the Snake page. For more about the epidermal scales of the snake, see the Snake scale page.
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The length of the shell varies between 35 mm and 67 mm. The smooth shell is ovate, oblong and ventricose. Its ground color is whitish with some slightly apparent, transverse-brown bands. The epidermis is reddish brown.
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The aperture is short. The sinus broad and large. The color of the shell is whitish, covered with a saffron- olive epidermis. G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol.
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Sloughing of the epidermis and exposure of the dermal layer clinically characterize moist desquamation. Outside of medical therapy, when moist desquamation is seen in the setting of nuclear warfare, the condition is generally thought to be fatal.
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The height of the shell reaches 1 mm. The shell has a heliciform shape. The thin spire is short, narrowly perforate, and semi- pellucid. It has a white color with a caducous rather thick pale olive epidermis.
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The mine has the form of a large, irregular blotch-mine on the upperside of the leaf, leaving the very thin upper epidermis semitransparent whitish, while the underside of the leaf shows no sign of the mine.
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The mine has the form of a grayish blotch mine, with the upper epidermis loosened and elevated, but at no stage wrinkled. This leads to a somewhat inflated mine in which most of the parenchyma is consumed.
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Muktuk drying at Point Lay, Alaska. June 24, 2007. Muktuk (mangtak in Yukon, Unaliq-Pastuliq, Chevak, mangengtak in Bristol Bay) is the traditional meal of frozen raw beluga whale skin (dark epidermis) with attached subcutaneous fat (blubber).
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The larvae feed on Rhododendron species, including Rhododendron occidentale. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a tentiform mine on the underside of the leaf. The lower epidermis is wrinkled.
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The height of the shell attains 65 mm, its diameter 60 mm. The shell has an oval or subrhomboidal outline. It is ventricose, solid, imperforate, and covered with a strong olivaceous epidermis. The short spire is acute.
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The surface of the shell carries a yellowish opaque thin epidermis. The whorls are moderately rounded. The base of the shell is subconical. The siphonal ; canal is short, rather large, slightly recurved and flaring at the tip.
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Once the invading microorganisms have been brought under control, the skin proceeds to heal itself. The ability of the skin to heal even after considerable damage has occurred is due to the presence of stem cells in the dermis and cells in the stratum basale of the epidermis, all of which can generate new tissue. When an injury extends through the epidermis into the dermis, bleeding occurs and the inflammatory response begins. Clotting mechanisms in the blood are soon activated, and a clot of scab is formed within several hours.
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In these stages the mine occupies a thin layer just above the lower epidermis of the leaf and is whitish-green in colour. In the third and fourth instars, the larva feeds on the upper layers of the tissue within the blotch-mine made during the preceding instar. At the same time, it wrinkles up the lower epidermis of the leaf to form a tentiform mine. After the consumption of the tissues within the mine, the larva leaves the mine through a round exit hole to form a cocoon.
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The fruit of Elaeocarpus angustifolius also show structural colour that come arises from the presence of specialised cells called iridosomes which have layered structures. Similar iridosomes have also been found in Delarbrea michieana fruits. In plants, multi layer structures can be found either at the surface of the leaves (on top of the epidermis), such as in Selaginella willdenowii or within specialized intra-cellular organelles, the so-called iridoplasts, which are located inside the cells of the upper epidermis. For instance, the rain forest plants Begonia pavonina have iridoplasts located inside the epidermal cells.
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They usually fold three or four terminal leaves of the host plant and feed on the folded leaves from the inside, or fold a leaf and feed on patches of the under green tissue of the under surface, leaving the upper epidermis untouched. It may also refrain from folding a leaf, but feed directly on the under surface of a leaf, also leaving the upper epidermis untouched. Pupation usually takes place on the upper surface of the midrib of a leaf and directs to the base of a leaf.
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Within the epidermis keratinocytes are associated with other cell types such as melanocytes and Langerhans cells. Keratinocytes form tight junctions with the nerves of the skin and hold the Langerhans cells and intra-dermal lymphocytes in position within the epidermis. Keratinocytes also modulate the immune system: apart from the above-mentioned antimicrobial peptides and chemokines they are also potent producers of anti-inflammatory mediators such as IL-10 and TGF-β. When activated, they can stimulate cutaneous inflammation and Langerhans cell activation via TNFα and IL-1β secretion.
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This enables the contact area and the adhesion force between surface and droplet to be significantly reduced, resulting in a self-cleaning process. This hierarchical double structure is formed out of a characteristic epidermis (its outermost layer called the cuticle) and the covering waxes. The epidermis of the lotus plant possesses papillae 10 μm to 20 μm in height and 10 μm to 15 μm in width on which the so- called epicuticular waxes are imposed. These superimposed waxes are hydrophobic and form the second layer of the double structure.
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Due to its capability to penetrate skin, glycolic acid finds applications in skin care products, most often as a chemical peel. Physician-strength peels can have a pH as low as 0.6 (strong enough to completely keratolyze the epidermis), while acidities for home peels can be as low as 2.5. Once applied, glycolic acid reacts with the upper layer of the epidermis, weakening the binding properties of the lipids that hold the dead skin cells together. This allows the stratum corneum to be exfoliated, exposing live skin cells.
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The epidermis contains only a single layer of cells, each of which bears multiple cilia ("hairs") and microvilli (tiny "pleats") that penetrate through the cuticle. The stolons and stalks of colonial species have thicker cuticles, stiffened with chitin. There is no coelom (internal fluid-filled cavity lined with peritoneum) and the other internal organs are embedded in connective tissue that lies between the stomach and the base of the "crown" of tentacles. The nervous system runs through the connective tissue and just below the epidermis, and is controlled by a pair of ganglia.
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Sarcoptic mites feed by burrowing within the living layers of the epidermis, mainly stratum spinosum. Demodectic mites feed in a position technically external to the skin, between the epidermis and the hair shaft in hair follicles. Dermanyssid and trombiculid mites feed whilst external to the skin by piercing the skin with, respectively, their chelicerae or a stylostome feeding tube. Mites at other sites feed by using their chelicerae to scrape either at the skin surface, or at base of feather, or to penetrate and scrape at internal tissue such as air-sac or lung.
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The epidermis is 50–100 µm thick, and is composed of a stratum corneum of flat keratin cells, that is 10–20 µm thick; it protects the underlying viable epidermis, which is composed of keratinizing epithelial cells. The dermis is mostly collagen and elastin fibers embedded to a viscous water and glycoprotein medium. The fibers of the upper dermis ("papillary dermis") are thinner than the fibers of the deep dermis, thus the skin envelope is 1–3 mm thick. The thickness of the hypodermis (adipocyte cells) varies from woman to woman, and body part.
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The lipids in our skin serve as poor conductors of electricity and can hence protect us from electrical currents if the need so arises. There are two important layers to the human skin: (1) the Epidermis and (2) the Dermis. For transdermal delivery, drugs must pass through the two sublayers of the epidermis to reach the microcirculation of the dermis. The Stratum corneum is the top layer of the skin and varies in thickness from approximately ten to several hundred micrometres, depending on the region of the body.
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A plant's first line of defence against infection is the physical barrier of the plant's “skin”, the epidermis of the primary plant body and the periderm of the secondary plant body. This first defence system, however, is not impenetrable. Viruses, bacteria, and the spores and hyphae of fungi can still enter the plant through injuries or through the natural openings in the epidermis, such as stomata. Once a pathogen invades, the plant mounts a chemical attack as a second line of defence that destroys the pathogens and prevents their spread from the site of infection.
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The length of the shell varies between 7 mm and 20 mm. The shell is whitish or flesh-white, under a livid olivaceous epidermis. It is smooth, or with fine spiral striae. The aperture is violaceous to white.
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The size of an adult shell varies between 9 mm and 40 mm. The solid shell is white, with traces of thin yellowish epidermis. There are no longitudinal ribs. The outer lip is deeply excavated below the suture.
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The length of the shell attains 12.3 mm, its diameter 3.5 mm. (Original description) The shell is turreted and contains 7 whorls. It is white, with a strong waxen yellow epidermis. It is thin, with a strong sculpture.
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The colour of the shell is white, under a thin brownish- yellow smooth persistent membranaceous epidermis. The base is long and gradually contracted,. The snout is broad and lop-sided. The sinus lies close up to the suture.
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The length of the shell attains 50 mm, its diameter 24 mm. (Original description) The elongate, turreted shell is rather solid, imperforate. Its color is white, the epidermis a thin, pale olive-green. The shell contains six whorls.
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The upper whorls and the nucleus are eroded in our examples. The epidermis is yellowish horn color and closely adherent. The shell is bluish white within the aperture. The operculum is well-developed, ovate and dark horn-colored.
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The shell is moderately solid, with a thick epidermis, very globosely conoid, rounded below. The umbilicus almost hidden. The sculpture is small. Elongate papillae arearranged longitudinally, and differing from all the other species collected in the Dafla Hills.
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The shell is globose with oblique columellar margin. The shell of the type specimen is not fully grown. The sculpture is very smooth, with a thick shining epidermis with indistinct striation. The color is light ochraceous olive-green.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is oblong to ovoid. The epidermis is opaque to green yellow. Mines are all located to one side of the midrib on the lower half of the leaf.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of an irregular yellowish blotch mine on the upperside of the leaf. The larva hibernates on a slight bed of silk beneath the folded epidermis.
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H&E; stained 250x250px EMPD occurs due to an invasion of the epidermis by Paget cells. The cause of the disease is still under debate with recent research indicating that the disease may be associated with Toker cells.
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On both surfaces, the epidermis is covered by a thick cuticle. The inflorescences are dense, erect, terminal racemes, up to 5 cm long. The flowers appear in autumn. They are bisexual, actinomorphic, and 5 to 10 mm wide.
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In the end this blotch may occupy the entire leaf. The mine is filled with black frass that is glued to the upper epidermis, only leaving the sides free and transparent. Pupation takes place outside of the mine.
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The white shell has a bulimiform or subglobose shape. It is polished, without epidermis or nacre, variegated with bright colors. The heavy operculum is calcareous, internally paucispiral, with a nucleus near the basal margin. It is externally convex.
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Some are spiny. They almost always have urticating hairs, often on bumps in the epidermis. These are stiff, stinging trichomes with swollen bases. The leaves are variable in shape and venation, and help in the identification of species.
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Above this the angle is spirally striated with numerous striae. Near the apex it is very slightly granular. The interior of the aperture has a beautiful pink color, white near the margin. The epidermis is thin, smoothish and compact.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the upperside of the leaf. It has an irregular shape, either circular or ovoid. The epidermis is opaque greenish yellow and often found across a midrib.
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The mine has the form of a narrow serpentine track on the upper side of the leaf, later broadening into a large irregular blotch mine. The upper epidermis turns white and makes the mines very noticeable at a distance.
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Finally, five lateral canals run along the inside of the test and converge at the aboral pole. Along this entire distance, tube feet emerge from the lateral canal through the test to outside the epidermis of the sea urchin.
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Under Wood's lamp, excess melanin in the epidermis can be distinguished from that of the dermis. This is done by looking at how dark the melasma appears, dermal melasma will appear darker than epidermal melasma under the Wood's lamp.
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It starts near the margin of the leaf and extends in an irregular serpentine or tortuous gallery. Larvae may migrate from one leaf to another. Full-grown larvae split the upper epidermis of the leaf to leave the mine.
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The small shell of these deep-water species is relatively thin. It is white under a golden brown or olive brown epidermis. It contains few, convex whorls, forming an elevated spire and large body whorl. The suture is distinct.
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BMP4 also limits the extent to which neural differentiation in xenopus embryos occurs by inducing epidermis. They can aid in inducing the lateral characteristics in somites. Somites are required for the development of things such as muscles within limbs.
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Desquamation, the process of cell shedding from the surface of the stratum corneum, balances proliferating keratinocytes that form in the stratum basale. These cells migrate through the epidermis towards the surface in a journey that takes approximately fourteen days.
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The size of the shell attains 55 mm. The smooth shell is ovate and oblong. Its ground color is whitish, marked with longitudinal reddish lines. The epidermis which covers it, is pretty thick, and of a beautiful chestnut color.
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The length of the shell varies between 35 mm and 52 mm. The solid, ovate shell is inflated. It is covered with a fawn colored or reddish epidermis. The short spire is slightly obtuse and pointed at its summit.
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M. membranacea can eat food particles such as bacteria, flagellates, diatoms, and other small, planktonic organisms by extracting them from the water with their lophophore. They can also supplement their diet with dissolved organic nutrients through the absorptive epidermis.
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The shell is thin, mostly external, calcareous, auriform, paucispiral and invested by a velvety epidermis. The spire is lateral and diminutive. The suture is well impressed. The aperture is very large and rounded with the thin, almost continuous lip.
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The length of the shell varies between 4 mm and 6.4 mm. The teleoconch of the smooth shell contains eight flatly convex whorls. The color of the shell is white, under a light brown epidermis. The columella is flexuously plicate.
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They are trees, shrubs or lianas, which may be armed or unarmed. Where they have spines, these are modified stipules. In some, prickles arise from the stem's cortex and epidermis. The leaves are bipinnate or are modified to vertically oriented phyllodes.
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The length of the shell varies between 40 mm and 80 mm. The ovate-conical shell is ventricose. Its color is of a reddish white, marked with undulated brown spots with red edges. The epidermis has a bright brown color.
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The female of the species has a body length of about , while the male is smaller and reaches at best. Only the female spider's bite is dangerous (either for humans or cattle) as the male cannot penetrate the relatively thick epidermis.
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Cutaneous lymphoma can be classified as epitheliotropic (closely conforming to the epidermis) or non-epitheliotropic. The epitheliotropic form is typically of T-cell origin and is also called mycosis fungoides. The non-epitheliotropic form is typically of B-cell origin.
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Cortex penetration, and the naming as red rust of tea are marked differentiators of C. parasiticus from its relative C. virescens which does not penetrate the epidermis. It has been renamed several times as more phylogenetic information has become available.
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The hindwings are whitish grey or grey. The larvae feed on Symplocos anomala and Symplocos sumuntia. They mine the leaves of their host plant. They mine the adaxial (toward the center) epidermis of the leaf, forming a narrow, long serpentine mine.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the underside of the leaf, occupying a comparatively small area in which the leaf substance is almost entirely eaten out. The lower epidermis is closely wrinkled at maturity.
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The infection challenges hosts’ osmoregulation and respiration. Secondary bacterial and fungal infections are common due to the disturbance of epithelial linings. When trophonts burst out of the epidermis, non-protected (non-mucous cell lined) cells become accessible to other pathogens.
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The forewings are dark reddish brown mixed with black scales. The hindwings are pale grey. The larvae feed on Sauropus androgynus. Young larvae feed in a tunnel made under the epidermis of a young stem or sprout of the host plant.
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They are distributed on various areas of the skin, but concentrated in areas especially sensitive to light touch, such as the fingers and lips. More specifically, they are primarily located in glabrous skin just beneath the epidermis within the dermal papillae.
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The length of the shell varies between 2.8 mm and 5.8 mm. The smooth shell has a light brownish epidermis. The 5-6 whorls of the teleoconch show an impressed revolving line below the suture. The periphery is obtusely angulated.
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Histopathologic examination of the skin from a suspected patient commonly shows hyperkeratosis, hyper-granulosis and acanthosis. The presence of cells in the basal and suprabasal layers of the epidermis containing variably sized vacuoles with accumulated lipids is pathognomonic for the disease.
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The gene encodes a lipase that is highly expressed in granular keratinocytes in the epidermis, and plays a role in the differentiation of keratinocytes. Mutations in this gene are associated with lamellar ichthyosis type 4. [provided by RefSeq, Dec 2011].
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The rash is due to an exotoxin, not the Streptococcus bacteria, and is found in areas where no symptoms are present; e.g., the infection may be in the nasopharynx, but the rash is found usually on the epidermis and superficial lymphatics.
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They are helpful in identification of snake species. Chromatophores in the dermis yield coloration when light shines through the corneal layer of the epidermis. There are many kinds of chromatophores. Melanophores yield brown pigmentation, and when paired with guanophores, yield grey.
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Salicylic acid works as a keratolytic, comedolytic and bacteriostatic agent, causing the cells of the epidermis to shed more readily, opening clogged pores and neutralizing bacteria within, preventing pores from clogging up again and allowing room for new cell growth.
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A typical arthropod exoskeleton is a multi-layered structure with four functional regions: epicuticle, procuticle, epidermis and basement membrane. Of these, the epicuticle is a multi-layered external barrier that, especially in terrestrial arthropods, acts as a barrier against desiccation. The strength of the exoskeleton is provided by the underlying procuticle, which is in turn secreted by the epidermis. Arthropod cuticle is a biological composite material, consisting of two main portions: fibrous chains of alpha-chitin within a matrix of silk-like and globular proteins, of which the best-known is the rubbery protein called resilin.
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Before the old exoskeleton is shed, the cuticle separates from the epidermis through a process called apolysis. New cuticle is excreted by the underlying epidermis, and mineral salts are usually withdrawn from the old cuticle for re-use. After the old cuticle is shed, the arthropod typically pumps up its body (for example, by air or water intake) to allow the new cuticle to expand to a larger size: the process of hardening by dehydration of the cuticle then takes place. A newly molted arthropod typically is pale in colour; in that state it is said to be teneral or a callow.
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The hyphae are partly densely interconnected to rhizomorphs that have a pigment in their outer membrane. The emanating hyphae mostly lack "contact septae" (fully developed simple septae) and contact clamps, and the rhizomorph hyphae vary markedly in diameter. The Hartig net (a network of hyphae that extend into the root) formed by T. vaccinum grows more deeply towards the epidermis, is composed of more rows of hyphae and has more tannin cells in close proximity to the epidermis, and consequently, fewer cortical cells in this position. It is here that the rhizomorphs make the closest contact with the rootlets.
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ILC3s and ILC2s are recruited to the wounded dermis in both mice and humans in order to aid in the healing process, by recruiting effector cells to the damaged epidermis. Evidence shows ILC3s and ILC2s are recruited to the wounded dermis in both mice and humans, via epidermal Notch1 signalling. The ILC3s secrete IL-17F, which plays a role in the immune, and epithelial cellular responses during wound healing, by recruiting macrophages to the site. The expression of TNF also plays a role in wound healing as it directs localization of ILC3s to the damaged skin epidermis.
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Ultrahydrophobicity is conferred by the usually dense layer of papillae on the surface of the Nelumbo leaves, and the small, robust, waxy tubules that protrude off each papillae. This helps reduce the area of contact between the water droplet and the leaf. Ultrahydrophobicity is said to confer a very important evolutionary advantage. As an aquatic plant with leaves that rest on the water's surface, the genus Nelumbo is characterized by its concentration of stomata on the upper epidermis of its leaves, unlike most other plants which concentrate their stomata on the lower epidermis, underneath the leaf.
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Dermal fibroblasts are cells within the dermis layer of skin which are responsible for generating connective tissue and allowing the skin to recover from injury. Using organelles (particularly the rough endoplasmic reticulum), dermal fibroblasts generate and maintain the connective tissue which unites separate cell layers. Furthermore, these dermal fibroblasts produce the protein molecules including laminin and fibronectin which comprise the extracellular matrix. By creating the extracellular matrix between the dermis and epidermis, fibroblasts allow the epithelial cells of the epidermis to affix the matrix, thereby allowing the epidermal cells to effectively join together to form the top layer of the skin.
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Larvae of the question mark butterfly, like all lepidopteran larvae, mature through a series of stages called instars. Near the end of each instar, the larva undergoes a process called apolysis, in which the cuticle, a tough outer layer made of a mixture of chitin and specialized proteins, is released from the softer epidermis beneath, and the epidermis begins to form a new cuticle beneath. At the end of each instar, the larva moults the old cuticle, and the new cuticle expands, before rapidly hardening and developing pigment. Development of butterfly wing patterns begins by the last larval instar.
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Chloroplasts contain the green pigment chlorophyll which is needed for photosynthesis. The epidermal cells of aerial organs arise from the superficial layer of cells known as the tunica (L1 and L2 layers) that covers the plant shoot apex, whereas the cortex and vascular tissues arise from innermost layer of the shoot apex known as the corpus (L3 layer). The epidermis of roots originates from the layer of cells immediately beneath the root cap. The epidermis of all aerial organs, but not roots, is covered with a cuticle made of polyester cutin or polymer cutan (or both), with a superficial layer of epicuticular waxes.
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The skin is a dynamic organ that contains different cells which contains elements of the innate and the adaptive immune systems which are activated when the tissue is under attack by invading pathogens. Shortly after infection, the immune adaptive response is induced by dendritic cells (Langerhans cells) present in the epidermis; they are responsible for the capture, processing, and presentation of antigens to T lymphocytes in local lymphoid organs. As a result, T lymphocytes express the CLA molecule. Lymphocytes move to the epidermis where they reside as memory T cells, they will thus be activated and will trigger an inflammatory response.
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IL-1α is constitutively produced by epithelial cells. It is found in substantial amounts in normal human epidermis and is distributed in a 1:1 ratio between living epidermal cells and stratum corneum. The constitutive production of large amounts of IL-1α precursor by healthy epidermal keratinocytes interfere with the important role of IL-1α in immune responses, assuming skin as a barrier, which prevents the entry of pathogenic microorganisms into the body. The essential role of IL-1α in maintenance of skin barrier function, especially with increasing age, is an additional explanation of IL-1α constitutive production in epidermis.
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A thick pad of epidermis may have grown from the V-shaped pitted notch at the tip of the nasal horncore. The growth direction of the nasal pad would have been towards the front. The supraorbital bosses may have had a thick pad of epidermis, which grew at a sideways angle similar to the curved horncores of Coronosaurus, as indicated by the orientation of the "fins" or ridges on the bosses. That the supraorbital bosses lacked a sulcus (or furrow) at their bases indicates that their horn pads stopped at the wrinkled edges of the bosses.
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The suture is deeply impressed. The colour of the shell is olive- buff, with irregular tawny dashes. The epidermis is thin and fibrous. The sculpture of the earlier whorls show a double row of prominent peripheral beads, arranged about ten to a whorl.
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The length of the shell attains 12.2 mm, its diameter 4 mm. (Original description) The elongated shell is acute. It is pale yellowish, paler toward the extremities, with a dehiscent thin fibrous epidermis. Its axial line is somewhat convex toward the right.
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Histologic image showing a section of epidermis. Stratum granulosum labeled near center. The stratum granulosum (or granular layer) is a thin layer of cells in the epidermis.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005) Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders.
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The colour of the shell is porcellanous white, under a straw-coloured membranaceous epidermis. The spire is high, conical and subscalar. The protoconch is very small and (apparently, for the tip is broken) sharp. Two whorls remain, 1½ to 2 have been broken.
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The aperture is elliptical. The thin outer lip is rounded, incurved at the base of the siphonal canal, which is narrow, but very short, and straight. The columella is nearly straight in the middle. The epidermis is thin, lamellose, but not ciliated.
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The larvae feed on Ceanothus species. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a small irregular brownish blotch. Older larvae live freely, feeding on the lower surface of the leaf leaving the upper epidermis intact.
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Acervulus morphology. cu: cuticle, co: conidium, cf: conidiophore, ps: pseudo-parenchymatic stroma, hi: hypha. An acervulus (pl. acervuli) is a small asexual fruiting body that erupts through the epidermis of host plants parasitised by mitosporic fungi of the form order Melanconiales (Deuteromycota, Coelomycetes).
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is ovoid and the epidermis is opaque, tan. All mines cross the midrib and consume 70%-95% of the leaf surface. The mines are solitary and usually have two folds, but often one.
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The mine has the form of a short linear mine, ending in a small blotch with either the upper or lower epidermis loosened. Later, the leaf is rolled downwards, first from one side, then from the other, and then from the tip.
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Alpha-2-macroglobulin-like 1 abbreviated as α2ML1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the A2ML1 gene. α2ML1 is a large, 180 kDa protein found in the epidermis. It is able to the inhibit the chymotryptic activity of KLK7.
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It transports epidermoside, a glucosylceramide, out of the keratinocytes of the stratum corneum of the epidermis. The ABCA12 gene is located on the long (q) arm of chromosome 2 between positions 34 and 35, from base pair 215,621,772 to base pair 215,828,656.
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The base of the shell is tessellated with yellowish and brown. The epidermis is very thin, the pearly inner layer shining partly through it. The spire is conic with its height greater than that of the aperture. The sides are very slightly convex.
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Both the venom-secreting tissues and vasodentin are enveloped in an epidermis that tears open when the barb is plunged into a victim. Some spines may break off as the barb exits the wound and stay within the victim, causing prolonged envenomation.
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Trichophyton rubrum is rarely isolated from animals. In humans, men are more often infected than women. Infections can manifest as both chronic and acute forms. Typically T. rubrum infections are restricted to the upper layers of the epidermis; however, deeper infections are possible.
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Corneocytes are terminally differentiated keratinocytes and compose most if not all of the stratum corneum, the outermost part of the epidermis. They are regularly replaced through desquamation and renewal from lower epidermal layers, making them an essential part of the skin barrier property.
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The height of the shell attains 3 mm, its diameter 4 mm. The smooth, whitish shell is covered with an extremely thin epidermis which rises in microscopic blisters. The rounded, depressed spire has a distinct suture. It consists of three or four whorls.
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Depending on the clinical signs, histology of a skin biopsy may vary. There may be oedema in the epidermis with a dense superficial and deep lymphocytic infiltrate without vasculitis. Recently appearing lesions may show neutrophils. Spongiosis and vesicle formation may also be present.
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The outer layers are non-cellular and are secreted by the epidermis. The cuticle layer protects the nematodes so they can invade the digestive tracts of animals. Nematodes have longitudinal muscles along the body wall. The muscles are obliquely arranged in bands.
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The shell of this species is orbiculate-globose, lightly striate, hardly shining, covered with a corneous epidermis. The shell is composed of 5 convex whorls. The spire is obtuse. The suture is hardly impressed, not marginate, bordered below by a blackish band.
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A Spitz nevus is a benign skin lesion. A type of melanocytic nevus, it affects the epidermis and dermis.LeBoit, PE, Burg G, Weedon D, Sarasin A. (Eds) World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Skin Tumours. Lyon: IARCPress. 2006.
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The dark red-brown operculum is multispiral with a not quite central nucleus. A pale straw-coloured epidermis covers the whole surface uniformly.Melvill & Standen (1912), The Marine Mollusca of the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. v.
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Young larvae are found on the underside of the leaves of their host plant. Later, they can also be found on the upperside. Young larvae eat out the parenchyma, leaving the epidermis. First instar larvae are entirely white, except for the claws and mandibles.
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The size of an adult shell varies between 25 mm and 50 mm. The ovate shell is short and ventricose. It is clothed with a thick, dark olive-colored epidermis. The whorls are angulated above, the angle having a row of scale-like tubercles.
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The species is smaller and lower-spired than the other Dominican Helicina species, and always has a dull brown colour, a paler aperture and a hairy periostracum; ‘covered with a velvety epidermis’, weakly keeled, with a columellar denticle. Its size is 5-8.5 mm.
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The size of the shell varies between 10 mm and 20 mm. The ovate, oblong shell is smooth, shining, and of a reddish or whitish yellow. It is ornamented with small longitudinal lines, waved, vermiculated or flexuous, of a chestnut color. The epidermis is greenish.
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The adult shell grows to a length of 50 mm. The white shell has seven hardly inflated whorls with a deep suture and a low spire. The shell is covered with a hirsute epidermis. The sculpture shows numerous narrow primary ridges with channeled interspaces.
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The shell of the species in this genus is narrowly bucciniform and turriculated. The protoconch is somewhat conical, containing 2 whorls. The whorls are somewhat flattened, longitudinally ribbed with long, flexuous ribs, and have a thick epidermis. The ribs lack subsutural or peripheral processes.
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The larvae feed on Alnus semdata. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a slender thread, its early part filled with black frass. Older larvae live freely, eating irregular patches of leaf tissue, leaving the upper epidermis intact.
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In the finger pads, sweat glands pores are somewhat irregularly spaced on the epidermal ridges. There are no pores between the ridges, though sweat tends to spill into them. The thick epidermis of the palms and soles causes the sweat glands to become spirally coiled.
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Sweat builds up in the duct, causing enough pressure to rupture the duct where it meets the epidermis. Sweat also escapes the duct to adjacent tissues (a process called milaria). Hypohydrosis then follows milaria (postmiliarial hypohydrosis). ; Osmidrosis: Often called bromhidrosis, especially in combination with hyperhidrosis.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a tentiform mine on the underside of the leaf. The mine is roundish and the loosened epidermis is much wrinkled, resulting in the leaf being rather arched at this place.
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Subsequent wing maturation is disrupted if the process of cell death is inhibited or delayed somehow. Bursicon is released just after eclosion and induces epidermis cell death. At the same time it hastens the tanning reaction, and hardens the newly expanded cuticle of the wing.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a blotch mine on the upperside of the leaf. There are numerous longitudinal folds in the loosened epidermis at maturity, causing the opposite halves of the leaf to approach one another.
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Completed mines can be found from July to early September and February to April. The larvae feed on Quercus agrifolia, Quercus wislizeni and Quercus kelloggii. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is serpentine and located in the upper epidermis and mesophyll.
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These markings are often interrupted into spiral series of articulations. The epidermis is thin, shining, and easily rubbed off. The spire is elevated conic. Its sides are straight or slightly concave, more or less eroded, and showing the iridescent green nacre at the tip.
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It is uniaxial with an apical cell and whorled cells coming from the axial towards the exterior of the algae. The pith is compacted with apical cells and the epidermis is formed by rounded whorled cells. G. amansii is being studied as a cheap biofuel.
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Young larvae mine the leaves of their host plant, creating a mine between the upper and lower epidermis. The mine is filled with frass. Young larvae reach a length of about 1.4 mm. They have a yellowish, somewhat transparent body and a yellow head.
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The length of the shell varies between 75 mm and 240 mm. The large, solid, imperforate shell has an ovate-conic shape with an acute spire. The color of its epidermis is castaneous or olive. The eight whorls are rounded and increase regularly in size.
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The minute, depressed, porcellanous shell has a thin horny operculum. It consists of comparatively few whorls. The shell is imperforate, but with a depression bounded by a riblet in the umbilical rib outside of the columella. The few whorls have a thin fugacious epidermis.
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The shell is imperforate, globosely conoidal, white, under a brownish-yellow epidermis. The incremental striae are regular, stronger on the spire than on the body whorl. The number of whorls is 8. The shell has a narrow, aperture with a deep-seated strong basal lamella.
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An abrasion is a partial thickness wound caused by damage to the skin and can be superficial involving only the epidermis to deep, involving the deep dermis. Abrasions usually involve minimal bleeding.McCurnin, D.M. & Bassert, J. M. (2010) Clinical Textbook for Veterinary Technicians. 7th Edition.
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High level of serum IgE is typical for human dermatitis too. The lesional skin shows hyperkeratosis in the epidermis. Another trade mark is heavy cell infiltrate in the dermis. This infiltrate consists mainly of CD4 positive T lymphocytes with less CD8 positive lymphocytes and macrophages.
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Sculpture: Rather distant spiral lirae, sometimes obsolete, crossed by oblique growth-lines. Colour: purplish-black or black, unicoloured, or sparsely dotted, especially on the base, with yellow. The epidermis is solid, not easily eroded. The spire is low and arched, or conical with rounded apex.
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Hagen, R. H., and J. F. Chabot. 1986. Leaf anatomy of maples (Acer) and host use by Lepidoptera larvae. Oikos 47:335 – 345. Similarly, the cotton leaf perforator selectively avoids eating the epidermis and pigment glands of their hosts, which contain defensive terpenoid aldehydes.
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The larvae feed on Pyrola species and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. They create a greyish black tubular composite leaf case of about . The case is composed of numerous rings, each cut out of the lower epidermis of the hostplant. The rear end is strongly curved.
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Elsinoe mangiferae produces brownish ascocarps in the host epidermis. Globular asci are dispersed in ascocarps, and contain 1-8 hyaline ascocarps. Host tissues are not most susceptible when young, and they usually decrease in susceptibility as they mature. Rainy weather promotes sporulation of the fungus.
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Conophytum breve has small, smooth, rounded heads, and offsets to form irregular clumps. The epidermis is a chalky grey to glaucous green, without any spots or markings. It resembles very closely its relative Conophytum calculus, but is much smaller and forms more uneven clusters.
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Based predominantly on the presence of its mRNA, human ALOX12 is distributed predominantly in blood platelets and leukocytes and at lower levels in the basal layer of the epidermis (particularly in the skin lesions of psoriasis), islets of Langerhans within the pancreas, and certain cancers.
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Salicylic acid works as a keratolytic, comedolytic, and bacteriostatic agent, causing the cells of the epidermis to shed more readily, opening clogged pores and neutralizing bacteria within, preventing pores from clogging up again by constricting pore diameter, and allowing room for new cell growth.
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Bug Guide They skeletonize the leaves of their host plant. They fasten two or more leaves together and feed within on the epidermis. With the frass, they form a tube which is open on both sides. The larvae reach a length of about 8 mm.
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Repetin is an extracellular matrix protein expressed in the epidermis. In humans it is encoded by the RPTN gene. Repetin is part of the S100 fused-type protein family and contains an EF hand structural domain. It functions in the cornified cell envelope formation.
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Refrax (Kurt Pastorius) was created to replace Chamber, who had his chest and the lower half of his face destroyed when his powers emerged. Buff (Arlee Hicks) was created to replace Husk, who sheds her skin revealing an epidermis of a different composition beneath.
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They remain substantially unaltered (except in size) throughout life, and therefore determine the patterns of fingerprints, making them useful in certain functions of personal identification. The dermal papillae are part of the uppermost layer of the dermis, the papillary dermis, and the ridges they form greatly increase the surface area between the dermis and epidermis. Because the main function of the dermis is to support the epidermis, this greatly increases the exchange of oxygen, nutrients, and waste products between these two layers. Additionally, the increase in surface area prevents the dermal and epidermal layers from separating from each other by strengthening the junction between them.
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The extent to which the tail of a bat is attached to a patagium can vary by species, with some having completely free tails or even no tails. The skin on the body of the bat, which has one layer of epidermis and dermis, as well as hair follicles, sweat glands and a fatty subcutaneous layer, is very different from the skin of the wing membrane. The patagium is an extremely thin double layer of epidermis; these layers are separated by a connective tissue centre, rich with collagen and elastic fibres. The membrane has no hair follicles or sweat glands, except between the fingers.
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TGM5 is a transglutaminase enzyme. TGM5 encodes one member of the multigene transglutaminase family. Transglutaminases (TGs) are involved in protein cross-linking by catalyzing the formation of gamma-glutamyl-lysine isodipeptide bonds between adjacent polypeptides (Candi et al. 2005; Eckert et al. 2005). This process is particularly important in the terminal differentiation of the epidermis, where TGs heavily cross-link keratins and a range of differentiation-specific structural proteins, such as involucrin, loricrin, filaggrin, and small proline-rich proteins, in the formation of the cornified cell envelope in the biogenesis of the stratum corneum, the outermost, “dead” layer of the epidermis (Kalinin et al. 2002).
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Slate grey nevus is a congenital developmental condition—that is, one existing from birth—exclusively involving the skin. The blue colour is caused by melanocytes, melanin-containing cells, that are usually located in the surface of the skin (the epidermis), but are in the deeper region (the dermis) in the location of the spot. Usually, as multiple spots or one large patch, it covers one or more of the lumbosacral area (lower back), the buttocks, sides, and shoulders. It results from the entrapment of melanocytes in the lower half to two-thirds of the dermis during their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis during embryonic development.
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Corneocytes are keratinocytes in their last stage of differentiation. Keratinocytes in the stratum basale of the epidermis will multiply through cell division and migrate toward the skin surface. During that migration keratinocytes will undergo multiple stages of differentiation to finally become corneocytes once they reach the stratum corneum. As corneocytes are continually eliminated through desquamation or through rubbing, skin washing or detergents they are also continually formed through keratinocyte differentiation. Corneocytes, also referred to as squames (from Latin squama, meaning a “thin flake” or “scales”) are terminally differentiated, anucleated cells of keratinocyte lineage that constitute the majority of stratum corneum, the outermost layer of the epidermis.
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While just below this point, where the lines marking the lower edge of the sinus run, the surface is almost free of spiral threads. The colour of the shell is a porcellanous white. The epidermis is extremely thin, smooth, pale yellowish. The spire is high, narrow, subscalar.
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The length of the shell varies between 20 mm and 40 mm; maximum diameter 14 mm. The fusiform shell contains 10 slightly convex whorls. The shell is clothed with a smooth, thickish, olive epidermis. The shell is covered with very narrow spiral striae and incremental flexuous stripes.
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These threads are strongest on the snout, feeble on the body, and very faint in the sinus-area. Colour: whitish under a yellowish epidermis, which is a rough but thin and persistent membrane. The spire is high, scalar and conical. The apex is eroded, but evidently small.
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The whorls are usually narrowly shouldered above. The shell is whitish under a light olivaceous, thin epidermis, with several revolving series of square chestnut spots. The base is constricted, with a few engraved striae. The shouldered form is Pusionella nifat scalarinaGeorge Washington Tryon, Manual of Conchology vol.
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Australian Insects The larvae feed on Mimosa asperata, Mimosa pigra, Neptunia oleracea and Neptunia plena. Mimosa pigra is the main larval host plant. The larvae bore the stem of their host plant, not merely under the epidermis but actually boring into the pith of the stem.
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The length of the shell attains 31.5 mm, its diameter 11.5 mm. (Original description) The small, slender shell is fusiform. The columella is suffused with yellowish pink, the exterior white, with a thin, pale epidermis. The shell contains seven or eight whorls, without counting the protoconch.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a large, circular blotch without a trace of a preceding corridor. Around the dark centre the frass, glued to the upper epidermis, is found in distinct arcs. Pupation takes place outside of the mine.
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Pathologically, the lesion is described to be a microabscess of the dermis with marked necrosis and inflammatory infiltrate not involving the epidermis. They are caused by septic emboli which deposit bacteria, forming microabscesses.Mandell, Douglas, Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases, 7th ed., Churchill Livingstone (2009).
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The larvae feed on Cryptomeria fortunei and Cryptomeria japonica. The species overwinters as a young larva within the leaves of dying branches. The larvae begin to be active early April of the following year. Newly hatched larvae usually feed on leaf flesh and only the epidermis remains.
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The outer root sheath of the hair follicle encloses the inner root sheath and hair shaft.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005) Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology (10th ed.). Saunders. Page 8. . It is continuous with the basal layer of the interfollicular epidermis (skin).
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Rhizodermis plays an important role in nutrient uptake by the plant roots. In contrast with the epidermis, rhizodermis contains no stomata, and is not covered by cuticle. Its unique feature is the presence of root hairs. Root hair is the outgrowth of a single rhizodermal cell.
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Papillomatosis of skin is skin surface elevation caused by hyperplasia and enlargement of contiguous dermal papillae.Kumar, Vinay; Fausto, Nelso; Abbas, Abul (2004) Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease (7th ed.). Saunders. Page 1230. . These papillary projections of the epidermis form an undulating surface under microscopic examination.
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There is no sculpture, but there are some harsh and irregular lines of growth. The semi-transparent shell has a white color beneath a yellow epidermis. The spire is slightly raised, and more or less subscalar. The apex is very small, and the extreme tip is tabulated.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the underside of the leaf. The larva consumes the entire leaf substance within the mine and at maturity creates several folds in the lower epidermis between which numerous fine wrinkles can be found.
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H. ducreyi is an opportunistic microorganism that infects its host by way of breaks in the skin or epidermis. Inflammation then takes place as the area of infection is inundated with lymphocytes, macrophages, and granulocytes. This pyogenic inflammation causes regional lymphadenitis in the sexually transmitted disease chancroid.
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The Interleukin-28 receptor is found in skin cells, specifically keratinocytes and melanocytes found in the epidermis. It binds to the cytokine interleukin-28 that is produced by immune cells, specifically regulatory T cells and maturing dendritic cells, and other skin cells that have been virally infected.
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During early in development in Xenopus, the transcription factor FoxI1e/Xema activates epidermal differentiation and represses endoderm and mesoderm specific genes in animal caps (Suri et al., 2005). It is suggested that FoxI1e is active before the ectoderm differentiates into epidermis and the central nervous system.
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During dandruff, the levels of Malassezia increase by 1.5 to 2 times its normal level. Oleic acid penetrates the top layer of the epidermis, the stratum corneum, and evokes an inflammatory response in susceptible people which disturbs homeostasis and results in erratic cleavage of stratum corneum cells.
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The cutaneous receptors' are the types of sensory receptor found in the dermis or epidermis. They are a part of the somatosensory system. Cutaneous receptors include cutaneous mechanoreceptors, nociceptors (pain) and thermoreceptors (temperature).Lincoln R. J., Boxshall G. A. (1990): Natural history - The Cambridge illustrated dictionary.
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The lower leaf surface is densely covered with felt-like hairs, appearing bright white or silver; when viewed under magnification, these hairs are without tubercles (ashy hydrangea has numerous tubercles). These hairs are so thick that the lower surface of the leaf 's epidermis cannot be seen.
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Full-grown larvae cut an exit hole in the stem, leaving only a thin layer of epidermis to cover the exit hole. After cutting the exit hole, the larva retreats a short distance into its tunnel and pupates. Full-grown larvae are about long and orange.
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This is an imperfect fungus and its teleomorph has not been described. Disease symptoms appear on tubers, but not on the haulm (vine) or roots, and are limited to the periderm, composed of phellem, phelloderm and cortical layers that replace the epidermis of the tuber.Fahn A, ed.
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The symbiotic bacteria are located between the cuticle and epidermis, and also in vacuoles within epidermal cells, which often show signs of lysis. The bacteria are absent from the anterior part of the worm and the pygidium, but are found from segment VII or VIII onwards.
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Halothamnus somalensis has epidermis walls with an outer cutinized layer in addition to the cuticle itself. It is the only species of the genus that shows this anatomical feature.Gabriele Kothe- Heinrich: The genus Halothamnus (Chenopodiaceae) in Southwest Asia. - Flora et Vegetatio Mundi 9, 1991, p.43-52.
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Reproduction and propagation of the Neosho mucket, Lampsilis rafinesqueana. MS Thesis, Southwest Missouri State University, Springfield. 65pp The low umbones project only slightly or not at all above the dorsal side of the shell. The relatively smooth shell epidermis is colored brown to dull yellowish green.
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Eosinophilic dermatosis is a form of dermatosis characterized by a preponderance of eosinophils in the dermis or epidermis. Although it does not always imply a specific etiology, it is still commonly used as a classification in dermatology when more information about the condition is not known.
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Dose response experiments in fiddler crabs have shown that seven-day exposure to diethyl phthalate at 50 mg/L significantly inhibited the activity of chitobiase in the epidermis and hepatopancreas. Chitobiase plays an important role in degradation of the old chitin exoskeleton during the pre-moult phase.
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The larvae are 110–130 mm long. Early instars feed on the surface of the petiole, scratching the epidermis and then perforating the interior. They create sinuous tunnels with irregular borders. These interrupt the flow of water and nutrients, causing premature senescence of the flowers or fruits.
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The clear fluid will be reabsorbed as new cells develop and the swollen appearance will subside. Painful blisters located on hands (palmar surface) and feet (plantar surface) are due to tissue shearing deeper in the epidermis, near nerve endings. Lower tissues are more susceptible to infection.
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Under the corneal layer is intermediary zone (stratum granulosum) and the basal layer (stratum basale), respectively. The dermis of a snake resides beneath the epidermis. The dermis of snakes is generally fibrous in nature, and not very prominent.The dermis houses pigment cells, nerves, and collagen fibers.
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Thick epidermis in the soles and palms consists of five strata; from outer to inner, they are: the stratum corneum, stratum lucidum, stratum granulosum, stratum spinosum, and stratum basale. Vitamin D is produced in the keratinocytes of two innermost strata, the stratum basale and stratum spinosum.
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Madagasikara johnsoni was originally discovered and described (under the name Melanatria johnsoni) by Edgar Albert Smith in 1882. The shell is large, elongate-pyramidal, turreted, thick, covered with an olive epidermis. It is closely lineated or strigate with longitudinal lines of a darker tint. The shell has nine whorls.
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The difference in melanin content becomes visually apparent at 60 days of age. The epidermis is thinner in the albinos and contains fewer melanocytes. Albino individuals are similar to normal individuals in growth rate, digestion rate and fertility. Astaxanthin is the main carotenoid in marine crustaceans (and fish).
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George Washington Tryon, Manual of Conchology vol. VI p. 316; 1884 (described as Daphnella circinata) (Original description) The shell is slender, elongate and covered with a brownish epidermis. It contains six whorls , with a single, sharp, narrow carina, about the middle of the whorl in the upper whorls.
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The colour of the shell is white under a yellow epidermis. The spire is high, narrow, conical, with profile-lines interrupted by the straight-lined contraction of the shell between the keels of the successive whorls. The apex (eroded) is small and rounded. The spire contains 6-7 whorls.
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The siphonal canal is nearly straight, a little prolonged, distinctly constricted at its base by the incurvature of the outer lip. The columella is straight, tapering anteriorly, its inner edge forming a well-marked sigmoid curve. The epidermis is indistinct. The color of the shell is translucent bluish white.
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In the class Turbellaria, only the species of the order Temnocephalida are parasitic and possess an adhesive disc. The sucker is present at the posterior end on the ventral side. It is lined with syncytial epidermis and numerous microvilli. Beneath the apical membrane are many vacuoles and dense bodies.
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The interior is yellow or pink. The epidermis is dark brown, fibrous, with distant revolving series of tufted spots. The broad-striped state is Conus regius; that with the stripes obsolete is Conus lineolatus.G.W. Tryon (1884) Manual of Conchology, structural and systematic, with illustrations of the species, vol.
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The length of the shell attains 59 mm. (Original description) The thin shell has a fusiform shape. Its color is white with a very thin straw-colored epidermis. The 1½ whorls in the protoconch are white and vitreous, polished, nearly smooth with faint spiral lines and lines of growth.
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The outer and lateral walls of the cell are often thicker than the inner walls. The cells form a continuous sheet without intercellular spaces. It protects all parts of the plant. The outer epidermis is coated with a waxy thick layer called cuticle which prevents loss of water.
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Cephaleuros parasiticus is a plant pathogenic member of the chlorophyta, or green algae. It infects several commercially important crops including tea. Unlike the majority of pathogenic Cephaleuros species it penetrates the epidermis of plants, and is not constrained to subcuticular growth. It has sometimes been misidentified as Cephaleuros virescens.
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The outer root sheath corresponds with the stratum mucosum (Stratum germinativum and Stratum Spinosum) of the epidermis, and resembles it in the rounded form and soft character of its cells; at the bottom of the hair follicle these cells become continuous with those of the root of the hair.
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The small shell is very solid, subcylindrical or claviform. The sculpture consists of nodose ribs that do not attain the suture, and fine spiral threads which are most dense at the summit of the whorl. There is no epidermis. The protoconch consists of two smooth and elevate whorls.
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Uebelmannia buiningii grows with greenish to reddish brown, spherical to short cylindrical bodies that reach diameters of up to 8 centimeters. The epidermis is rough due to wax deposits. The 18 straight ribs are spaced 15 millimeters apart. They are divided into about 5 millimeters distant downward cusps.
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This gene belongs to the CFAP53 family. It was found to be differentially expressed by the ciliated cells of frog epidermis and in skin fibroblasts from human. Mutations in this gene are associated with visceral heterotaxy-6, which implicates this gene in determination of left-right asymmetric patterning.
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The larvae feed protected by a web. When there are no more sporangia, they feed on the undersurface of the frond, eating away the parenchyma and leaving the upper epidermis which then shows as dead spots. Pupation takes place within a cocoon alongside of the midrib of a pinna.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the upperside of the leaf. The shape is oblong to quadrate and the epidermis is opaque with a yellow tan. The mine is located in a lobe or at the base adjacent to the midrib.
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The mine is found on the underside of the leaf. The lower epidermis has many longitudinal folds. Larval behaviour in using leaf vibration to avoid parasitism has been studied. The larvae use the vibrations to avoid the ovipositor of its parasitoid Sympiesis sericeicornis that is ejected into the mine.
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Melanin is a derivative of the amino acid tyrosine. Eumelanin is the dominant form of melanin found in human skin. Eumelanin protects tissues and DNA from radiation damage by UV light. Melanin is produced in specialized cells called melanocytes, which are found in the lowest level of the epidermis.
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During suction blistering, the lamina lucida of the skin is cleaved from the underlying layers. This separates the epidermis from the dermis. With the use of small vacuum pumps, little fluid-filled blisters are created, typically on the abdomen. Blisters are usually formed within 2 to 3 hours.
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The size of the shell varies between 33 mm and 75 mm. The solid, umbilicate shell has a depressed-globose shape. It is bright green, longitudinally strigate with white under a brown epidermis. The color pattern is sometimes unicolored green, or with the white strigations broken into tessellations.
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Keratinized surfaces are protected from absorption by keratin protein. Keratinized epithelium has keratin protein deposited on the surface which makes it impermeable and dry. Examples of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium include skin, epidermis of the palm of the hand and sole of the foot, and the masticatory mucosa.
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The larvae feed on Rhus typhina and Rhus aromatica. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The loosened epidermis is bright green at first, later yellowish, and is marked by a broad blackish frass line nearly as broad as the mine. The larvae are very bright green.
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The larvae feed on Camellia sinensis, Camellia assamica and Camellia oleifera and are a well-known serious pests of tea trees. They feed on the young leaves and remove the epidermis. Larvae can be found from March to April, May to June, July to August and October to November.
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A wound is a type of injury which happens relatively quickly in which skin is torn, cut, or punctured (an open wound), or where blunt force trauma causes a contusion (a closed wound). In pathology, it specifically refers to a sharp injury which damages the epidermis of the skin.
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Spirals — over the whole surface are strong, but unequal, rather distant, sharpish threads. Those in the sutural area are, with two or three exceptions, weaker than those elsewhere. About three at the periphery are somewhat prominent. The colour of the shell is porcelain-white under a thin yellow epidermis.
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In this case they overwinter. After hibernation, the larva makes a new case in the same manner. It hibernates for the second time and constructs yet another case. The case of the full-grown larva is a spatulate leaf case of , composed of two elongates pieces of epidermis.
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The youth case is long, laterally compressed, composed of the epidermis, distally narrowed and curved. Later, they create a very slender composite leaf case of length, composed of 7-9 leaf fragments. The mouth angle is about 45°. Full-grown larvae can be found from June to April.
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The formation of adipose tissue appears to be controlled in part by the adipose gene. Adipose tissue was first identified by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner in 1551. # The skin envelope. The breast skin is in three (3) layers: (i) the epidermis, (ii) the dermis, and (iii) the hypodermis.
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The body wall consists of an epidermis and a dermis and contains smaller calcareous ossicles, the types of which are characteristics which help to identify different species. Inside the body wall is the coelom which is divided by three longitudinal mesenteries which surround and support the internal organs.
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Sclereids can also form part of or the entire epidermis of foliar structures such as the clove scales of Allium sativum. Especially interesting are the sclereids in olive leaves. They are typically in length and are thus named fiberlike sclereids. These sclereids permeate the mesophyll as a dense mat.
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In many cases the oblique folds are not apparent, and sometimes the transverse striae have wholly disappeared. The epidermis is of a deep brown. It varies also in its coloring, which in some specimens is of a bright yellow or violet, surrounded with one or several reddish bands.Kiener (1840).
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Within the latter type, hairs in structures called pilosebaceous units have a hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle. In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands are from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.
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Periocular sebaceous gland carcinoma exhibits pagetoid (intraepithelial) spread, an upward growth of abnormal cells invading the epidermis, it is most often seen in the lid margin and/or conjunctiva. Periorbital SGC also presents with multicentric origins, in the upper and lower eyelids, increasing the risk of local recurrence.
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The caterpillar is a voracious defoliator of Tylophora indica. They feed on both soft tender leaves and mature tough leaves. Early instars (first and second) only feed on the epidermis of the leaves, but late instars attack entire leaf tissue. Pest attacks were observed from May to October.
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To make an organoid, an embryoid (tissue that has some embryonic features) grown from natural stem cells is used. Embryos have three layers: endoderm, mesoderm and ectoderm. Each turns into various body parts. The nervous system grows from the ectoderm (which also contributes dental enamel and the epidermis).
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Nerve fibers extend into the snake epidermis and anchor near scales, generally at the rostral, or head, end of the snake. Specifically, nerves anchor to sensory spines and pits, which are touch and thermal detection organs, respectively. The hypodermis is below the dermis. This layer mainly stores fat.
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Neural plate border specifiers are induced as a set of transcription factors. Distalless-5, PAX3 and PAX7 prevent the border region from becoming either neural plate or epidermis. These induce a second set of transcription factors called neural crest specifiers, which cause cells to become neural crest cells.
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Keratohyalin is a protein structure found in cytoplasmic granules of the keratinocytes in the stratum granulosum of the epidermis. Keratohyalin granules (KHG) mainly consist of keratin, profilaggrin, loricrin and trichohyalin proteins which contribute to cornification or keratinization, the process of the formation of epidermal cornified cell envelope. During the keratinocyte differentiation, these granules maturate and expand in size, which leads to the conversion of keratin tonofilaments into a homogenous keratin matrix, an important step in cornification. Keratohyalin granules can be divided in three classes: globular KHG (found in quickly dividing epithelia, such as the oral mucose), stellate KHG (found in the slowly dividing normal epidermis) and KHG of Hassall's corpuscles or type VI epithelioreticular cells of the thymus gland.
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However, some authors have used the term "Grandry corpuscle" to refer to corpuscles in non-aquatic species. Idé and Munger (1978) pointed out that mammalian Merkel corpuscles are unlike the avian form in that they are slowly adapting and located in the epidermis, whereas avian Grandry and Merkel corpuscles are both fast adapting and found in the dermis. Idé and Munger therefore referred to chicken Merkel cells as Grandry cells and proposed using "Grandry corpuscle" to describe all avian Merkel-like corpuscles, reserving the term Merkel corpuscle for sensory organs found in the epidermis, like in mammals. One problem with this usage is that in mammals and reptiles, Merkel cells are also sometimes found in the dermis.
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As a soil borne pathogen, Phymatotrichopsis omnivore enters the plant host via the roots. It penetrates the host by growing infectious hyphae that cover the host plant root's epidermis and eventually infects epidermis and cortical cell junctions of plant host instead of having specialized penetration organs like an appressoria. From there the fungal pathogen infects root vascular system and begin cause cortical root lesions, which is most pronounced in cotton Microarray analysis and gene expression profiling revealed that certain pathways related to plant defense such as jasmonic acid, ethylene, and flavonoid production were reduced at later infectious stages. This suggests that in order to avoid plant defense Phymatotrichopsis omnivore suppresses the production of these phytochemical defenses to ensure success.
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Mouse colon impacted by acute graft-versus-host disease. Micrographs of grades of skin graft-versus- host-disease: Ranging from grade I GvHR (with minimal vacuolization in the epidermis) to grade II GvHR (with vacuolization and dyskeratotic bodies) to grade III GvHR (with sub epidermal cleft formation) and finally to grade IV GvHR (with separation of the dermis from the epidermis). In the clinical setting, graft-versus-host-disease is divided into acute and chronic forms, and scored or graded on the basis of the tissue affected and the severity of the reaction. In the classical sense, acute graft-versus-host-disease is characterized by selective damage to the liver, skin (rash), mucosa, and the gastrointestinal tract.
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The bodies of all types have two main parts. The cystid consists of the body wall and whatever type of exoskeleton is secreted by the epidermis. The exoskeleton may be organic (chitin, polysaccharide or protein) or made of the mineral calcium carbonate. The body wall consists of the epidermis, basal lamina (a mat of non-cellular material), connective tissue, muscles, and the mesothelium which lines the coelom (main body cavity) – except that in one class, the mesothelium is split into two separate layers, the inner one forming a membranous sac that floats freely and contains the coelom, and the outer one attached to the body wall and enclosing the membranous sac in a pseudocoelom.
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The cortex is the primary tissue of stems and roots. In stems the cortex is between the epidermis layer and the phloem, in roots the inner layer is not phloem but the pericycle. Tree cross section diagram From the outside to the inside of a mature woody stem, the layers include: # Bark ## Periderm ### Cork (phellem or suber), includes the rhytidome ### Cork cambium (phellogen) ### Phelloderm ## Cortex ## Phloem # Vascular cambium # Wood (xylem) ## Sapwood (alburnum) ## Heartwood (duramen) # Pith (medulla) Tecpán, Guatemala. In young stems, which lack what is commonly called bark, the tissues are, from the outside to the inside: # Epidermis, which may be replaced by periderm # Cortex # Primary and secondary phloem # Vascular cambium # Secondary and primary xylem.
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First, extracellular signaling molecules, secreted from the adjacent epidermis and underlying mesoderm such as Wnts, BMPs and Fgfs separate the non-neural ectoderm (epidermis) from the neural plate during neural induction. Wnt signaling has been demonstrated in neural crest induction in several species through gain-of-function and loss-of- function experiments. In coherence with this observation, the promoter region of slug (a neural crest specific gene) contains a binding site for transcription factors involved in the activation of Wnt-dependent target genes, suggestive of a direct role of Wnt signaling in neural crest specification. The current role of BMP in neural crest formation is associated with the induction of the neural plate.
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They used this treatment on the boy by taking a sample from his remaining healthy skin and then genetically modifying the skin cells, using a virus to deliver a healthy version of the LAMB3 gene into the nuclei. The patient underwent two operations in autumn 2015, where the new epidermis was attached. The graft had integrated into the lower layers of skin within a month, and the modified epidermal stem cells sustained this transgenic epidermis, curing the boy. The introduction of genetic changes could increase the chances of skin cancer in other patients, but if the treatment is deemed safe in the long term, scientists believe the approach could be used to treat other skin disorders.
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The siphonal canal is short and broad, not constricted at the base by any incurvature of the outer lip. The columella is strongly concave or excavated, in the middle, sigmoid anteriorly. The color of shell is pale greenish white, covered by a thin epidermis of similar color. Verrill, A. E. 1882.
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The collagen fibers are loose and dispersed, and the elastic fibers are always fragmented. However, the epidermis is not affected. Although some patients present clinical features similar to those of progeria and metageria, they do not usually show generalized atherosclerosis. Therefore, they do not usually have premature myocardiac or coronary disease.
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Canker lesions, though rare, may develop on the stem. These cankers are necrotic regions where the epidermis is gone. As the bacteria continues its colonization, the canker will deepen and expand. In terms of fruit development, tomatoes may fail to develop altogether or may look marbled because they are ripening unevenly.
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The colour is dull porcellaneous white. The epidermis is quite gone. The spire is rather short, conical, very slightly scalar, cylindrical toward the top. The apex consists of two smooth embryonic whorls, swollen and roundedly pressed down, with a deepish suture, rather more prominent than the regular whorl which follows.
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The length of the shell varies between 30 mm and 40 mm. The shell is ovate and ventricose. It is of a uniform whitish or reddish color, furnished with ten or twelve longitudinal folds upon each whorl, and crossed by numerous transverse striae. It is covered with a thin, brown epidermis.
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Nails grow from a thin area called the nail matrix at an average of 1 mm per week. The lunula is the crescent-shape area at the base of the nail, lighter in color as it mixes with matrix cells. Also, the stratum corneum is the top part of the epidermis.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is short and more or less contorted. The larvae leave the mine to feed externally, skeletonizing irregular patches, with the upper epidermis remaining intact. Pupation takes place in a cocoon which is usually spun on the upper side of the leaf.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is very fine and linear and is much contorted. Older larvae live freely, causing one or two very minute feeding patches of leaf in which the upper epidermis is left intact. In all subsequent feeding, the entire leaf substance is consumed.
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The name is derived from the Greek root "pemphix", meaning "pustule". In pemphigus, autoantibodies form against desmoglein. Desmoglein forms the "glue" that attaches adjacent epidermal cells via attachment points called desmosomes. When autoantibodies attack desmogleins, the cells become separated from each other and the epidermis becomes detached, a phenomenon called acantholysis.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mines are relatively large. No gallery is visible and the mine has the form of a large blotch, with a roundish patch of reddish frass near the beginning, probably attached to the upper epidermis, and dispersed black frass throughout the mine.
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18, 18.98-18. 106.Meena N, Saxena AK, Sinha S, Dixit N. Aplasia cutis congenita with fetus papyraceus. Indian J Paediatr Dermatol 2015;16:48-9. It is the most common congenital cicatricial alopecia, and is a congenital focal absence of epidermis with or without evidence of other layers of the skin.
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Although not directly connected to sensory neurons, the mantle's chaetae probably send tactile signals to receptors in the epidermis of the mantle. Many brachiopods close their valves if shadows appear above them, but the cells responsible for this are unknown. Some brachiopods have statocysts, which detect changes in the animals' position.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a brownish-yellow tentiform mine on the upperside of the leaf. The loosened epidermis is brownish yellow, somewhat puckered, and often covering nearly the entire leaf..The larvae feed together in a gregarious fashion, forming large mines.
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Where ascospores stick to the host material, they produce a germ tube and directly penetrate the epidermis, and not through stomata. Affected leaflets often remain on the tree, weathering to a grey colour with dark cavities where spent apothecia have either shrivelled or fallen out. No anamorphic stage is known.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a roomy tent-shaped mine on the underside of the leaf. The lower epidermis is much wrinkled longitudinally. Pupation takes place in an elongate white cocoon suspended at both ends like a hammock inside the mine.
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The mine has the form of a very long, irregular, winding, serpentine mine just under the upper epidermis of the leaf. There are three behaviorally and morphologically distinct larval forms. There are six to eight sap-feeding and two non-feeding, structurally differentiated instars. The early instars are legless sap feeders.
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Both chordin and noggin are antagonists of BMPs. They bind BMPs preventing the binding of the ligand to the receptor. It has been demonstrated that Chordin and Noggin dorsalize mesoderm. They are both found in the dorsal lip of Xenopus and convert otherwise epidermis specified tissue into neural tissue (see neurulation).
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Mesophytes do not have any special internal structure. Epidermis is single layered usually with obvious stomata. Opening or closing of stomata is related to water availability. In sufficient supply of water stromata remain open while in limited supply of water stomata are closed to prevent excessive transpiration leading to wilting.
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Tanapox virus in humans produces increased thickening of the epidermis with extensive degeneration of the prickle cell layer. The cytoplasm of the swollen epidermal cells is filled with large, pleomorphic, eosinophilic B-type inclusion bodies. Nuclei of infected cells are also swollen, with chromatin being concentrated at the nuclear periphery.
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There are, typically, two squamodiscs, one ventral and one dorsal, located on the haptor of the monogenean. Squamodiscs are usually made up of scales embedded in the epidermis, which appear from the outside as rodlets arranged in rows.Oliver, G. (1987). Les Diplectanidae Bychowsky, 1957 (Monogenea, Monopisthocotylea, Dactylogyridea). Systématique. Biologie. Ontogénie. Écologie.
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The third instar larva feeds on the epidermis and some mesophyll on the upper surface of the leaf. When full-grown the larva descends to the ground by silk or moves to some convenient place, and spins an elongate cocoon on the twig, the trunk or lower surface of the leaf.
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Moths from the overwintering pupae emerge in May and June. The larvae feed on Acer saccharum and Acer rubrum. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is long and serpentine, in which the loosened epidermis is pale green and a black line of frass extends through the middle.
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Parnassiaceae are rhizomatous perennial herbs (Parnassia) or winter annuals without a rhizome (Lepuropetalon). The youngest part of the stem has three collateral vascular bundles. On the stems, leaves, and flowers, the epidermis has sacs filled with tannin. The leaves are alternate or subopposite, without stipules, and the margins are entire.
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Lentigo maligna is a histopathological variant of melanoma in situ. Lentigo maligna is sometimes classified as a very early melanoma, and sometimes as a precursor to melanoma. When malignant melanocytes from a lentigo maligna have invaded below the epidermis, the condition is termed lentigo maligna melanoma. Last Update: May 18, 2019.
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Adult weevils create brown, rice-sized feeding pits. They chew through the leaf epidermis, and if prolonged feeding continues can create small holes in the leaves. Large weevil infestations can also cause severe leaf browning. Weevil larvae are internal miners and will eat the midrib of the leaf as they mature.
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Infections produce linear, orange-yellow pustules appear on leaves and/or heads. As the disease progresses, pustules coalesce to form long stripes between leaf veins. On susceptible cultivars, entire leaf blades may be covered with pustules. The black spore stage develops as linear black pustules covered by the leaf epidermis.
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Lipase assays are done using a lipid agar with a spirit blue dye. If the bacteria has lipase, a clear streak will form in the agar, and the dye will fill the gap, creating a dark blue halo around the cleared area. Staphylococcus epidermis results in a positive lipase assay.
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In the epidermis of the sick plants characteristic structures can be seen easily with a microscope. Virus ID: Tobamovirus group. Temperature inactivation in juice 90 °C Transition: seed 8–10% from the beginning which is enough to star the silent infection. Aphids and other sucking insects do not transmit the virus.
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Apertural view of a shell of Vertigo alpestris The shell is subcylindrical, thin and semitransparent, closely and rather strongly striate in the line of growth. Its color is very glossy, a pale yellowish-horn-color. The periphery is rounded: epidermis thin. The shell has 4½ convex whorls, but slightly compressed.
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Variegation in alt= Reflective variegation in Pilea cadierei. Some variegation is due to visual effects caused by reflection of light from the leaf surface. This can happen when an air layer is located just under the epidermis resulting in a white or silvery reflection. It is sometimes called blister variegation.
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Food travels through the muscular manubrium while the radial canals help disperse the food. There is a middle layer of mesoglea, gastrodervascular cavity with gastrodermis, and epidermis. There is a nerve net that is responsible for contractions in swimming muscles and feeding responses. Adult medusae can have diameters up to .
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The larvae feed on Chrysalidocarpus lutescens, Cocos nucifera, Hyophorbe amaricaulis, Kentia and Pritchardia species. It is a pest of coconut and some other palms. During a heavy attack, several thousand larvae may infest a single palm tree. The feeding is confined to the epidermis on the underside of the leaves.
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The stalk is muscular and produces a characteristic nodding motion. In some species it is segmented. Some solitary species can move, either by creeping on the muscular foot or by somersaulting. The body wall consists of the epidermis and an external cuticle, which consists mainly of criss-cross collagen fibers.
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Another distinguishing feature of the disease are papillate surface of mature lesions that can be seen with a hand lens since the fungal papillae breaks through or replaces the epidermis. The first symptoms of the disease are seen around late May and occur on the sides of young leaf blades.
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Most freshwater species are parthenogenetic. The smooth or complex cuticle has a variable number of adhesive tubes, and the pharyngeal lumen of Chaetonotids is Y-shaped. A valve may be present at the junction of the pharynx and midgut. The epidermis in most organisms in this order is partly syncytial.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a very indistinct whitish linear mine ending in a small underside blotch. The parenchyma is consumed and the epidermis somewhat wrinkled. When the mine is at the margin of the leaf, the edge is folded under.
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It is smooth and glossy, but retains traces of a ruddy epidermis with minute spiral threads. The shell contains 6 whorls in all. These are of regular but rapid increase, rather high and broad, convex, but sloping, and not tumid. The body whorl is very long and full, though not tumid.
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A blister may form when the skin has been damaged by friction or rubbing, heat, cold or chemical exposure. Fluid collects between the upper layers of skin (the epidermis) and the layers below (the dermis). This fluid cushions the tissue underneath, protecting it from further damage and allowing it to heal.
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Heinrich Wilhelm Waldeyer in Strasbourg. His doctoral work was on the subject of the histology and development of the epidermis, and was published in 1876. The thesis contained a set of new ideas and aspects that were met with hard criticism. They were accepted only after some corrections were made.
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Hydra has two main body layers, which makes it "diploblastic". The layers are separated by mesoglea, a gel-like substance. The outer layer is the epidermis, and the inner layer is called the gastrodermis, because it lines the stomach. The cells making up these two body layers are relatively simple.
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The mine starts as an epidermal, sometimes branched, lower-surface corridor, later a lower-surface tentiform mine, which is almost invariably at the leaf margin, with folded epidermis. The mine is eaten out until only the veins remain. Pupation takes place outside of the mine in a small dirty white, transparent cocoon.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts as a linear or slightly curved passage to the leaf margin. It is then quickly enlarged to an inflated, full-length blotch. Full-grown larvae leave the mine through a slit in the upper leaf epidermis and drop to the ground.
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The size of an adult shell varies between 50 mm and 75 mm. The color of the shell is yellowish brown, nexuously lineated with chestnut, under a thick olivaceous brown epidermis. The whorls are constricted above, slightly nodulously longitudinally plicate below, and flexuously longitudinally striate. The color of the aperture is brownish.
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Short term fluorescent patterning and signaling is controlled by the nervous system. Fluorescent chromatophores can be found in the skin (e.g. in fish) just below the epidermis, amongst other chromatophores. Epidermal fluorescent cells in fish also respond to hormonal stimuli by the α–MSH and MCH hormones much the same as melanophores.
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Actinulida are an order of hydrozoans in the subclass Trachylinae. Very small, medusoid Hydrozoa without polyp phase, living in the sand interstitial, solitary, bell entirely or very much reduced, epidermis ciliated, 1-2 whorls of tentacles, statocysts present or not, club shaped and derived of ecto- and entodermal tissue; cnidome may include stenoteles.
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The size of the shell varies between 30 mm and 75 mm. The shell is white, covered by square-shaped, dark chocolate or nearly black spots, which sometimes by their juxtaposition indicate two bands. The spire is tubercuiated. The epidermis, as in the other species of the group, is very thin and translucent.
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The size of an adult shell varies between 12 mm and 34 mm. The shell is coronated, with a rather depressed spire, granular striae towards the base. The color of the shell is white, under a thin, light yellowish brown epidermis, obsoletely maculated or occasionally spotted with chestnut. The base is violaceous.
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There are skin benefits of both these lipids, as a deficiency in omega 6 leads to a reduced ability to heal and a higher risk of infection, which also diminishes skin health. Lipids in general benefit skin health of dogs, as they nourish the epidermis and retain moisture to prevent dry, flaky skin.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather large, irregularly star-like mine occurring upon the upper surface of the leaf. The upper epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is brownish and somewhat orbicularly swollen in the centre where pupation takes place.
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In various tissues, such as the skin, the release of bioactive tachykinins by sensory nerve fibers C, that extend from the dorsal root ganglia into the epidermis, directly influence the activity of keratinocytes. Inflammation, tissue healing and cell proliferation have been linked to both SP and neurokinin A release into surrounding tissues.
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The inside is lined with silk, but the mine remains completely flat. The larva makes a discoid cocoon, where it rests when not feeding. The mine contains practically no frass, which is removed through a cut in the upper epidermis near the margin of the mine. Pupation takes place within the mine.
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A single leaf may contain twenty or more mines. They are long, linear and much- contorted. After mining, the larvae leave the mines and form scattered small eaten patches with the upper epidermis intact. Later, the leaf may be riddled with holes when a number of larvae feed on a single leaf.
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In human anatomy, the eponychium, or cuticle, is the thickened layer of skin surrounding fingernails and toenails. It can also be called the medial or proximal nail fold. Its function is to protect the area between the nail and epidermis from exposure to bacteria. The vascularization pattern is similar to that of perionychium.
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Microscopic image of direct immunofluorescence using an anti-IgG antibody. The tissue is skin from a patient with Pemphigus vulgaris. Note the intercellular IgG deposits in the epidermis and the early intraepidermal vesicle caused by acantholysis. Pemphigus ( or ) is a rare group of blistering autoimmune diseases that affect the skin and mucous membranes.
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A fleshy cone (megastrobilus); chiefly relating to those borne by junipers and cypresses, and often mistakenly called a berry These cones (galbuli) are formed by fleshy cone scales which accrete into a single mass under a unified epidermis. Although originally used for the cypresses, the term is more applicable to the junipers.
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Cellular receptors for collagens belong to the family of β1 integrins. Collagen XXIII interacts in an ion-and conformation-dependent manner with integrin α2β1. Integrin α2β1 is a collagen-binding integrin present at the epidermis, therefore this is the location where the interaction takes place. Both proteins co-localize on basal keratinocytes surface.
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Two other artist participate in these series: Vera Chaves Barcellos (Porto Alegre , 1937) and Regina Silveira (Porto Alegre, 1939). This series were photographs of human body enlarged in close. They are epidermal landscapes and also an escape from an entire internal problematic. It’s the surface work, at the level of the epidermis.
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Relative incidence of cutaneous cysts. Milia is labeled at bottom right. A milium (plural milia), also called a milk spot or an oil seed, is a clog of the eccrine sweat gland. It is a keratin-filled cyst that can appear just under the epidermis or on the roof of the mouth.
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Keeled scales of Buff-striped keelback alt=Section of body of a snake is shown. It has brown, black and buff coloured scales. The vretebral scales form a buff-coloured row in which the keels are prominently seen. Snake scales are formed by the differentiation of the snake's underlying skin or epidermis.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is oblong and the epidermis is opaque yellow tan. The mines are usually restricted to one side of midrib, running parallel to it or the mines overlap the midrib at the apex. The mines are solitary and have one or two short folds.
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An histological view of skin tumors in the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin. It is the most common type and diverse range of lymphoma. Normally, it occurs with a B cell becoming abnormal, but also occurs when a T cell becomes abnormal. The mutated cell then divides to create multiple cells.
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Mutations in 12 different genes that code for parts of the hemidesmosome have led to epidermolysis bullosa. There are three types of EB: EB simplex (EBS), dystrophic EB (DEB) and junctional EB (JEB). In epidermolysis bullosa simplex, layers of the epidermis separate. EBS is caused by mutations coding for keratin, plectin and BPAG1e.
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Kamino bodies are eosinophilic globoids. Kamino bodies are commonly observed microscopically with the condition spitz nevi, a benign melanocytic nevus, a type of skin lesion, affecting the epidermis and dermis.LeBoit, PE, Burg G, Weedon D, Sarasin A. (Eds) World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Skin Tumours. Lyon: IARCPress. 2006.
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The term Xenoturbella derives from the Ancient Greek word (), meaning "strange, unusual", and from the Latin word turbella meaning "stir, bustle". This refers to the enigmatic, unusual taxonomic status of the animal, initially considered as related to turbellarians, a group of flatworms whose aquatic species stir microscopic particles close to their ciliated epidermis.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts as a narrow corridor along the midrib, not far from the leaf tip. Later, a large full-depth blotch is made that can occupy the entire leaf. The brown frass is glued to the upper epidermis, only leaving the sides transparent.
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The shell is purplish- black. The upper whorls are iridescent, mostly with dark red spiral bands or green transverse bands, 1 or 2 on the spire whorls, 4 to 5 on the body whorl. Sometimes there are a number of whitish zigzag bands near the aperture. The epidermis is very thin and shining.
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The distribution of the blood vessels in the skin of the sole of the foot. The dermis is referred to as corium. The skin can be divided into three main layers including the epidermis, the dermis, and the subcutaneous tissue. Blood is supplied to the skin mainly by two networks of blood vessels.
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American eel, Anguilla rostrata (Lesueur). Sandy Hook Laboratory. US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration The scales are small, rudimentary, cycloid, relatively well embedded below the epidermis and therefore often difficult to see without magnification.Hardy, J.D., Jr. (1978) Development of Fishes of the Mid-Atlantic Bight: An Atlas of Egg, Larval, and Juvenile Stages.
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Due to a high moisture content, the tubers may shrivel and lose condition during storage and transportation. Another solution to shrivelling could be a thicker epidermis. It is important to avoid a damage to the tubers while harvesting. If damaged, they are susceptible to attacks by fungi, mainly by Rhizobus stolonifer, Cladosporium sp.
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The juveniles use their rasping teeth to feed on the scales and epidermis of other fishes. The females attain sexual maturity when they reach a fork length of at around 4–5 years old. In Australia spawning occurs from August to March. In the Persian Gulf spawning occurs between March and June.
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Parapodia with elongate acicular lobes are present, with both acicula penetrating the epidermis in notopodium but not neuropodium. The notochaetae are stout, with few rows of spines and slightly notched tip. The neurochaetae are more slender and more numerous, have faint rows of spines distally, and feature minutely bidentate or simple (unidentate) tips.
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Spores will then bud and divide, and hyphae will branch out . The initial infection is symptom-less as the pathogen spreads. However, once the pathogen becomes necrotrophic, necrotic lesions will appear . Pycnidia formation begins with hyphae near the epidermis in lesions forming a cavity followed by the production of dark hyphal cells.
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The mine consists of an upper- surface blotch without a preceding gallery. The blotch is nearly circular, but may have broad lobes. The black frass is deposited in indistinct arcs or spirals, glued to the upper epidermis and forming a dark central patch. The larvae may leave a mined leaf and restart elsewhere.
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Feathers develop from the dermal papillae. Feathers begin to form from feather follicles, which are invaginations starting in the epidermis down to the dermis. It is in the dermis that the follicle and the pulp cavity begin to form the feather. The pulp cavity is the space that contains the feather follicle.
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Coloration of snakes is largely due to pigment cells and their distribution. Some scales have lightly colored centers, which arise from regions with a reduced cuticle. A thinner cuticle indicates that some sensory organ is present. Scales in general are numerous and coat the epidermis, and they come in all shapes and colors.
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In most turtles, the shell's outer layer is covered by horny scales called scutes that are part of its outer skin, or epidermis. Scutes are made up of the fibrous protein keratin. Keratin also forms the scales of other reptiles. These scutes overlap the seams between the shell bones and add strength.
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Blood flows nearly continuously back into the atrium, which acts as the receiving chamber, and from here through an opening into the left ventricle. Most blood flows passively into the heart while both the atria and ventricles are relaxed, but toward the end of the ventricular relaxation period, the left atrium will contract, pumping blood into the ventricle. The heart also requires nutrients and oxygen found in blood like other muscles, and is supplied via coronary arteries. Mammal skin: 1 — hair, 2 — epidermis, 3 — sebaceous gland, 4 — Arrector pili muscle, 5 — dermis, 6 — hair follicle, 7 — sweat gland, 8 (not labeled, the bottom layer) — hypodermis, showing round adipocytes The integumentary system (skin) is made up of three layers: the outermost epidermis, the dermis and the hypodermis.
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Fiona Watt’s major research contribution has been to elucidate how the outer covering of mammalian skin, the epidermis, is maintained through self-renewal of stem cells and terminal differentiation of their progeny. Using cultured human epidermis and genetically modified mice, she pioneered the identification of stem cell populations and elucidated the roles of integrin, Notch, Wnt and receptor tyrosine kinase signalling in regulating their behavior. She identified the first marker, integrin extracellular matrix (ECM) receptors, that could be used to isolate epidermal stem cells – researchers have subsequently found that this marker enriches for stem cells in a wide range of tissues. In addition, others have amply confirmed her original concept that the ECM is a key component of the stem cell niche.
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The ILCs present in the epidermis of patients with atopic dermatitis, and the effector cells and cytokines involved in causing the pathophysiology of the disease. Psoriasis, another inflammatory skin disease, causes epidermal thickening, forming plaques which are mainly populated with T cells and dendritic cells. The T cells portray a type 1 immune response; however, the thickening and inflammation of the epidermis is thought to be caused by the production of IL-22, IL-17A, and IL-17F by other T cells such as Th17 or γδ T cells. However, more recent data suggests that ILC3s in fact produce a large number of these cytokines, with an increase in the number of ILC3s in the peripheral blood of patients with psoriasis.
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PSORS1 is located on chromosome 6 in the MHC, which controls important immune functions. Three genes in the PSORS1 locus have a strong association with psoriasis vulgaris: HLA-C variant HLA-Cw6, which encodes an MHC class I protein; CCHCR1, variant WWC, which encodes a coiled coil protein overexpressed in psoriatic epidermis; and CDSN, variant allele 5, which encodes corneodesmosin, a protein expressed in the granular and cornified layers of the epidermis and upregulated in psoriasis. Two major immune system genes under investigation are interleukin-12 subunit beta (IL12B) on chromosome 5q, which expresses interleukin-12B; and IL23R on chromosome 1p, which expresses the interleukin-23 receptor, and is involved in T cell differentiation. Interleukin-23 receptor and IL12B have both been strongly linked with psoriasis.
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The larvae feed on Hippocratea volubilis. Young larvae feed on the upper or lower epidermis and mesophyll of the leaves of their host plant. During development they form small, loose protective structures on the host plant from silk, frass, and surrounding leaves. Later instars silk together larger clusters of whole, partially eaten, and dead leaves.
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The larvae hid in a web spun between adjacent leaves and along the stem. They ate one surface and mesophyll of the leaf, leaving the other epidermis. Fully grown larvae were about 15 mm long and light yellowish, with blackish stripes. The pupa was formed in a slight cocoon amongst the leaves on the ground.
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These receptors are abundant and distributed all over the epidermis. Each receptor shows a slightly elevated cuticle which covers a group of tall, slender and columnar receptor cells. These cells bear small hairlike processes at their outer ends and their inner ends are connected with nerve fibres. The epidermal receptors are tactile in function.
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Spinous cells are found in the superficial layers of the skin. They are found in the stratum spinosum (prickly layer, spinosum layer), which lies above the stratum basale (basal layer) and below the stratum granulosum (granular layer) of the epidermis. The spinous cells are arranged several layers thick to form a net-like covering.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a fine thread, at first lying alongside the vein, then sharply diverging from it. Older larvae leave the mine and live freely on the leaf, which is eaten in patches, leaving the upper epidermis. Full-grown larvae are greenish red.
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A fourth subtype, the hemangiolymphangioma is also recognized. ;Capillary lymphangiomas :Capillary lymphangiomas are composed of small, capillary-sized lymphatic vessels and are characteristically located in the epidermis. ;Cavernous lymphangiomas :Composed of dilated lymphatic channels, cavernous lymphangiomas characteristically invade surrounding tissues. ;Cystic hygromas :Cystic hygromas are large, macrocystic lymphangiomas filled with straw-colored, protein-rich fluid.
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Body dorsoventrally flattened, short, with 26 segments and 12 pairs of elytra on segments 2, 4, 5, 7, 9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, and 23. Prostomium with three antennae; lateral antennae continuous with prostomium, laterally to median antenna. Parapodia with elongate acicular lobes with both acicula penetrating epidermis. Notochaetae slender and densely serrated.
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The length of the shell attains 9 mm, its diameter 3 mm. This is a thin species that is abysmal in its distribution. It has a milky-white or bluish colour, with an olive-brown fugitive epidermis. It is 8-whorled, three being only very slightly costellate, and crossed with coarsish distant raised lines .
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Metastasis of Paget cells from the epidermis to distant regions is a multistep process that involves: # Invasion of local lymph nodes and venous system # Movement out from lymph nodes and venous system # Proliferation at new site Protein molecules HER2 and mTOR expressed in Paget cells are responsible for providing characteristics of proliferation and survival.
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It is common in epithelial cells of the epidermis and intestine, liver hepatocytes, bone marrow cells, and fibroblasts. It occurs to a lesser extent in bone, cartilage, and smooth muscle cells. Hormonal hyperplasia occurs mainly in organs that depend on estrogen. For example, the estrogen- dependent uterine cells undergo hyperplasia and hypertrophy following pregnancy.
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There are two different kinds of melasma, epidermal and dermal. Epidermal melasma results from melanin pigment that is elevated in the suprabasal layers of the epidermis. Dermal melasma occurs when the dermal macrophages have an elevated melanin level. Melasma is usually diagnosed visually or with assistance of a Wood's lamp (340 - 400 nm wavelength).
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The larvae feed on Comptonia peregrina. Young larvae construct a small silken case and feed on the epidermis and mesophyll of the leaf. Then the larvae move to the stems and construct hibernacula in which they overwinter. After overwintering, they leave the hibernacula and construct frass-covered silken cases, and feed on the leaves.
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Its skeletal remains are plentiful in freshwater sediments in western Bohemia, in Geiseltal (west Germany) and in east Germany. They are sometimes preserved very well indeed, with impressions of internal organs, muscles, nerves, blood vessels and epidermis, and with traces of coloring. Tadpoles and eggs have also been found. These frogs lived permanently in water.
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Coleophora murinella is a moth of the family Coleophoridae. It is found from Fennoscandia and northern Russia to the Alps and from Germany to the Baltic states and Poland. The larvae feed on Vaccinium vitis-idaea. They create a spatulate leaf case of 6–8 mm long, composed of two elongates pieces of epidermis.
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The larva burrows throughout the epidermis of the stem for nearly a year before it pupates, causing damage to the plant. The moth was introduced to California for the purpose of controlling Scotch broom in 1960. It is now established in parts of the western United States. It was introduced to Australia in 1990.
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The epidermis of fish consists entirely of live cells, with only minimal quantities of keratin in the cells of the superficial layer. It is generally permeable. The dermis of bony fish typically contains relatively little of the connective tissue found in tetrapods. Instead, in most species, it is largely replaced by solid, protective bony scales.
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Page, RC; Schroeder, HE. "Pathogenesis of Inflammatory Periodontal Disease: A Summary of Current Work." Lab Invest 1976;34(3):235-249 Scar tissue lacks rete pegs and scars tend to shear off more easily than normal tissue as a result. Also known as papillae, they are downward thickenings of the epidermis between the dermal papillae.
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The first two whorls are rounded, destitute of spines or carina. The last three whorls are somewhat geniculate, angled at location of carina. The body whorl is large, sometimes with an occasional spine below the carina. The epidermis is light horn in color, nearly white at apex, with microscopic longitudinal revolving striae and shining.
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Stomata are pores in the plant epidermis that are surrounded by two guard cells, which control the opening and closing of the aperture. These guard cells are in turn surrounded by subsidiary cells which provide a supporting role for the guard cells. Stomata begin as stomatal meristemoids. The process varies between dicots and monocots.
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When paired with guanophores and lipophores, yellow results, and when guanophores and allophores are added to melanophores, red pigment results. Carotenoids also help produce orange and red colors. Dark snakes (dark brown or black in color) appear as such due to melanocytes that are active in the epidermis. When melanin is absent, albino individuals result.
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Earthworms are a major source of food for Pollenia rudis. The main species of earthworm that these cluster flies infect are Aporrectoda caliginosa, Aporrectoda chlorotica, Eisenia lucens, Lumbricus rubellus, and Lumbricus terrestris. Immediately after the larvae hatch, they begin looking for worms. The first instar larvae eat their way through the integument section of the earthworm’s epidermis.
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Epidermolysis bullosa dystrophica, also known as Dystrophic EB (DEB) is a chronic skin condition caused when anchoring fibrils are abnormal, diminished, or absent. This causes a weak dermoepidermal junction, where the epidermis easily separates from the dermis causing much pain. This condition is caused by a mutation of COL7A1, the gene that codes for a type of collagen 7.
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It absorbs the insects' poisons into its body, which is immune to the poison. The poison is stored in skin glands just beneath the frog's epidermis. The poison seeps through open wounds and orifices, and, it is believed, through the pores. This defense is especially effective against mammalian and avian predators, and, to a lesser extent, reptilian ones.
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Two other parichnos channels can be found on Lepidodendron stem surfaces, though these do not occur in the Diaphorodendraceae. Above the leaf scar is a mark from a former ligule. A waxy cuticle covered the stem surface, including leaf cushions but not including the stem scars. The simple epidermis lacks specialized cells like trichomes or epidermal glands.
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The inner lip extends forward on the body whorl in a broad, regular curve, defined by a thin layer of enamel. The operculum is apparently wanting. The whorls in the protoconch are eroded, but are small, regularly spiral, and without any strongly marked sculpture. The color is grayish white, with a pale yellowish green epidermis, which is easily deciduous.
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The epidermis is indistinct. The color of the shell is white, with the exception of the light yellowish brown protoconch.Verrill A. E. (1884). Second catalogue of mollusca recently added to the fauna of the New England Coast and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of deep sea species, with notes on others previously recorded.
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Young larvae are well hidden by the dense woolly material which covers the leaf surface. They eat one side of the leaf and the mesophyll and leave the opposite epidermis. Full-grown larvae are about 27 mm long, rather slender and pale whitish green. Pupation takes place in a slight cocoon in the same place where the larvae lived.
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TMEM98 is expressed highly in retina, adipose tissue, embryo, ovary, umbilical cord, uterus, prostate, large and small intestines, lung, medical olfactory epithelium, nasal organ, stomach, bladder, and adrenal gland tissues. It is expressed very low in fertilized egg, oocyte, B cell, skeletal muscle, tongue epidermis, and thymus tissues. It is also more highly expressed later embryonic stages.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather small occurring upon the upper surface of the leaf. It is oval or elliptical and always elongate along the middle vein. The upper epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is brownish-white, with a longitudinal ridge in accomplished condition.
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Swimmer's Itch is a skin condition that occurs to people who partake in open-water activities. Swimmer's itch may happen in any body of water in the world and is not exclusive to one specific region. The condition involves the cercarial dermatitis to penetrate the skin, while dying in the epidermis, causing the itching sensation (Blankespoor et al., 2004).
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Peeling Skin Syndrome 1 is caused by a genetic defect in the Corneodesmosin(CDSN) gene. This gene localizes to the human epidermis and other epithelia. The protein experiences a chain of cleavages during corneocyte maturation. Its symptoms include short stature, abnormality of metabolism/homeostasis, scaling skin, pruritus, erythema, asthma, brittle hair, and abnormality of hair texture.
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The major cell of the epidermis is the keratinocyte, which produces keratin, a fibrous protein that aids in skin protection. An overwhelming amount of keratin can cause disease by giving rise to eruptions from the skin that will protrude outwards and lead to infection. Keratin is also a waterproofing protein. Millions of dead keratinocytes rub off daily.
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The entire host's body may be consumed by the braconid larvae, except for the head capsule and epidermis. The larvae complete their development within two or three weeks. Ten species of wasps in the family Ichneumonidae attack sawfly populations, although these species are usually rare. The most important parasitoids in this family are species in the genus Collyria.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a brick red, upper- surface blotch, not preceded by a corridor. Almost all frass is ejected through a slit in the upper epidermis, at the margin of the mine. There is a characteristic pattern of fine concentric lines around the site of oviposition (egg laying).
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Lympho-epithelial Kazal-type related inhibitor 2 (LEKTI-2) is a protein encoded by the SPINK9 gene in humans. LEKTI-2 is an inhibitor of KLK5, a serine protease expressed in the epidermis and responsible for coordinating skin homeostasis and desquamation. SPINK9 is a member of a gene family cluster located on chromosome 5q33.1, which includes SPINK5 and SPINK6.
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Their stomachs have three chambers, but they are not true ruminants. The living species are smooth-skinned and lack both sebaceous glands and sweat glands. The outer epidermis is relatively thin, so hippos dehydrate rapidly in dry environments. Both the incisors and canines are large and tusk-like, although the canine tusks are by far the larger.
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Tannins are found in leaf, bud, seed, root, and stem tissues. An example of the location of the tannins in stem tissue is that they are often found in the growth areas of trees, such as the secondary phloem and xylem and the layer between the cortex and epidermis. Tannins may help regulate the growth of these tissues.
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The larvae feed on Dichanthelium clandestinum. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is an irregular longitudinal blotch mine with the frass ejected at one end. At maturity the larva cuts a circular piece out of the epidermis of its mine, which it bends lengthwise and uses for a cocoon exactly like the genus Cycloplasis.
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Within this cavity, which is silk-lined, pupation takes place. Beyond the pupation chamber, the mines extends a short distance forwards, but is scarcely visible except at its end, where the epidermis is almost eaten through, permitting the emergence of the imago. Adults fly in June and July in the North, early April to June farther South.
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Head and body posterior to eyes with sides parallel to each other. Eyes directed slightly dorsolaterally, bulbous, and entire eye visible through epidermis due to dearth of pigmentation. Nares closed, narial depressions visible, located immediately anterior to two small concentrated patches of pigment, anterodorsolaterally directed, and closer to snout tip than to pupils. Nasolacrimal duct apparent.
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BPDCN is suggested by a biopsy of skin lesions which reveals the infiltration by medium-sized blast (i.e. immature) cells into the dermis while sparing the epidermis. These cells exhibit irregular nuclei, fine chromatin, and at least one small nucleolus. Such blast cells may also be observed in the circulation, bone marrow, or other tissues and suggest BPDCN.
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The forewings have light brown spots toward the apical margin very close to the middle, forming an irregular band. The hindwings have smaller spots. The larvae feed on the leaves of Fraxinus excelsior and are considered a pest. The newly hatched caterpillars mostly feed on the lower epidermis and parenchyma tissue, leaving a network of veins.
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All kalyptorhynchs have an anterior muscular proboscis which is used to capture prey. The proboscis is located inside an invagination of the epidermis called the proboscis-sheath that is closed by a sphincter at the tip of the body. Another synapomorphy supporting the group is the incorporation of the axonemes within the cell body of sperm cells during spermiogenesis.
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Pilomatricoma, is a benign skin tumor derived from the hair matrix. These neoplasms are relatively uncommon and typically occur on the scalp, face, and upper extremities. Clinically, pilomatricomas present as a subcutaneous nodule or cyst with unremarkable overlying epidermis that can range in size from 0.5-3.0 cm, but the largest reported case was 24 cm.
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TSLP-activated Langerhans cells of the epidermis induce the production of pro- inflammatory cytokines like TNF-alpha by T cells potentially causing atopic dermatitis. It is thought that understanding the mechanism of TSLP production and those potential substances that block the production, one may be able to prevent or treat conditions of asthma and/or eczema.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a tentiform blotch-mine occurring upon the upper side of the leaf, usually situated on the disc between two lateral veins. It is oval or elliptical in outline. The upper epidermis of the mine is brownish, with a longitudinal, strong wrinkle at maturity.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a blotch mine on the upperside of the leaf. As many as four or five may occur in one mine. The hibernating larvae pass the winter in circular silken-lined chambers, the outline appearing on the upper epidermis as a circular narrow ridge.
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Lymphoma cells can be distributed all over the body and into various tissues. Lutzner cells are found in skin tissue, more specifically, the epidermis and dermis layers. An accumulation of Lutzner cells in the layers of the skin can cause cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Cutaneous cell lymphoma is the second most common form of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.
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The mine has the form of a whitish, tentiform mine. In the end, the parenchyma is almost entirely consumed and the loosened epidermis is drawn into one heavy and several fine wrinkles. It is usually found in the middle of the leaf, but sometimes at the tip of one of the lobes, which is then bent under.
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Invertebrates, such as crabs and mollusks, show a variety of clinical signs. Crabs had increasingly weak motor control, especially in legs and claws, and were lethargic. They had poor balance and tetany, or muscle spasms, in the claws. Finally, they had tissue necrosis, which caused deterioration of the epidermis, connective tissue, heart, hepatopancreas, nervous system, and gills.
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However, they have several types of sensitive nerve endings in their epidermis, and are able to sense chemicals in the water, touch, and even the presence or absence of light. Moreover, tube feet may sense light as well as odors. These are especially found at the ends of their arms, detecting light and retreating into crevices.
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They mine the twigs of their host plant. The mine has the form of a very long, narrow, irregular serpentine, going upward or downward very near the surface just under the epidermis in the twig. The larva is very flat, much incised between the segments, tapering backward. At maturity it assumes a wine-red coloration of transverse bands.
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The epidermis is divided into several layers, where cells are formed through mitosis at the innermost layers. They move up the strata changing shape and composition as they differentiate and become filled with keratin. They eventually reach the top layer called stratum corneum and are sloughed off, or desquamated. This process is called keratinization and takes place within weeks.
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Shells of Vertigo substriata. Scale is in mm. The shell is oval or subfusiform, rather thin, and semitransparent, glossy, pale yellowish-horn-color, very strongly and obliquely striate and almost ribbed in the line of growth, but less so on the body whorl, which is faintly striate spirally, periphery is rounded. The epidermis is rather thick.
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The size of the shell varies between 11 mm and 22 mm. The ovate, conical shell is slightly ventricose, attenuated at summit and base, pretty solid and nearly smooth. Its ground color is bluish ash, ornamented with a deeper band upon each whorl, and upon the lowest, with two others, distant, and more obvious. The epidermis is greenish.
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Epidermolytic ichthyosis (EI), also known as bullous epidermis ichthyosis (BEI), epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK), bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma (BCIE), bullous ichthyosiform erythrodermaFreedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. . or bullous congenital ichthyosiform erythroderma Brocq, is a rare and severe form of ichthyosis this skin disease affects around 1 in 300,000 people.
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Toxins and toxicants can move through the layers by passive diffusion. The stratum corneum is the outermost layer of the epidermis and the rate-limiting barrier in absorption of an agent. Thus, how quickly something passes through this thicker outer layer determines the overall absorption. The stratum corneum is primarily composed of lipophilic cholesterol, cholesterol esters and ceramides.
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The ADS directs electromagnetic radiation, specifically, high-frequency microwave radiation, at a frequency of 95 GHz, which causes the water in the upper epidermis to boil, stimulating a "burning" sensation in the nerve endings and generating intense pain. Dazzler lasers are directed-energy weapons that use intense light to cause temporary blindness or disorientation of rioters.
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Drosophila melanogaster is the model for experiments in multiple dendritic (MD) neurons which compose the stereotyped pattern of peripheral nervous system. Dendritic arborization neurons are the major subtype of MD neurons group and presents highly branched dendrites underneath the epidermis. Sugimura et al.Sugimura K, Yamamoto M, Niwa R, Satoh D, Goto S, Tanigushi M, Hayashi S, Uemura T, 2003.
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The fusion requires the regulation of cell adhesion molecules. The neural plate switches from E-cadherin expression to N-cadherin and N-CAM expression to recognize each other as the same tissue and close the tube. This change in expression stops the binding of the neural tube to the epidermis. Neural plate folding is a complicated step.
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Eventually the gall swells and bursts out the epidermis of the tuber, releasing the spores back into the soil. Gall severity depends on inoculum level, environment, and potato skin type. Infection is most prevalent in the early stages of tuber formation while the potato tissue is unsuberized. But, infection can occur at all stages on development.
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High egg concentrations will result in more male than female ratios as well as vice versa. It does not mean that the eggs will all become one sex but rather have a higher ratio in one of the two sexes present. Mucous cells within epidermis are found in both the non-sexually mature and sexually mature adult stages.
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Its colour is cinereous, pink, or pinkish-brown, usually with white markings near the suture or tessellated with white. Sometimes a broad dark-brown band encircling the periphery of the whorls, and one on the centre of the base. White zigzagbands are sometimes adorning the last 2 or 3 whorls. The epidermis is thin, slightly shining, easily worn off.
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Complete clearance has been reported in about 50% of patients. Imiquimod (Aldara) is an immune response modifier that has been studied for the treatment of actinic cheilitis. It promotes an immune response in the skin leading to apoptosis (death) of the tumor cells. It causes the epidermis to be invaded by macrophages, which leads to epidermal erosion.
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The vermilion border (sometimes spelled vermillion border), also called margin or zone, is the normally sharp demarcation between the lip and the adjacent normal skin. It is where lipstick is sometimes applied. It represents the change in the epidermis from highly keratinized external skin to less keratinized internal skin. It has no sebaceous glands, sweat glands, or facial hair.
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Most specimens are preserved as hollow, cuticular sheaths that often exhibit an epidermis-like cellular pattern. The cuticles bear structures which have been described as representing stomata. Spores are sometimes preserved between its layers of cuticle. A reconstruction looks similar to the extant fern Pilularia globulifera (Marsileaceae) in the water with a creeping rhizome and naked, upright axes.
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The surface of an acrochordon may be smooth or irregular in appearance and is often raised from the surface of the skin on a fleshy stalk called a peduncle. Microscopically, an acrochordon consists of a fibrovascular core, sometimes also with fat cells, covered by an unremarkable epidermis. However, tags may become irritated by shaving, clothing, jewellery or eczema.
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It lacks a well-defined cortex (a protective layer covering the thallus, analogous to the epidermis in plants), but rather, a loose layer of hyphae cover the photobionts. The photobiont associated with the reindeer lichen is Trebouxia irregularis. It grows on humus, or on soil over rock. It is mainly found in the taiga and the tundra.
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A dense bed of individual Conophytum burgeri plants, propagated from seed. An onion- shaped, single-bodied, succulent plant, it is possibly the most unusual of all the species of the genus Conophytum. It has a tiny fissure at the top of its body. Its epidermis is smooth, shiny and translucent, and its colour is light green to purple.
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Scanning electron micrograph of a frozen intact zoospore and sporangia of the chytrid fungus (Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis), CSIRO B. dendrobatidis infects the keratinized skin of amphibians. The fungus in the epidermis has a thallus bearing a network of rhizoids and smooth-walled, roughly spherical, inoperculate (without an operculum) sporangia. Each sporangium produces a single tube to discharge spores.
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In young stems, adventitious roots often form from parenchyma between the vascular bundles. In stems with secondary growth, adventitious roots often originate in phloem parenchyma near the vascular cambium. In stem cuttings, adventitious roots sometimes also originate in the callus cells that form at the cut surface. Leaf cuttings of the Crassula form adventitious roots in the epidermis.
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Papulae (sing. papula; also occasionally papulla, papullae), also known as dermal branchiae or skin gills, are projections of the coelom of Asteroidea that serve in respiration and waste removal. Papulae are soft, covered externally with the epidermis, and lined internally with peritoneum. They extend through the mesodermal ossicles and are protected from microscopic larvae by pedicellariae.
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Parapodia with elongate acicular lobes with both acicula penetrating epidermis; neuropodia with a supra-acicular process. Notochaetae stout with distinct rows of spines and blunt tip. Neurochaetae more numerous and more slender, with distinct rows of spines distally and exclusively unidentate tips. The genus was described in 1865, with a modern redescription in Barnich & Fiege (2010).
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This gives the mound the ability to keep a stable temperature. CH2 uses similar strategies with its system by effectively using natural convection, ventilation stacks, thermal mass, phase change material, and water for cooling. Another strategy used taken from nature is the skin system. The façade is composed of an epidermis (outer skin) and dermis (inner skin).
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The larvae feed on Centaurea jacea, Centaurea scabiosa and Cirsium species. They mine the leaves of their host plant. Young larva make a number of tiny corridor mines. Older larvae make a number of very sloppy fleck mines by working the front half their body under the lower epidermis of the leaf and then devouring most leaf tissue.
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Kallikrein-related peptidase 5 (KLK5), formerly known as stratum corneum tryptic enzyme (SCTE), is a serine protease expressed in the epidermis. In humans it is encoded by the KLK5 gene. This gene is one of the fifteen kallikrein subfamily members located in a cluster on chromosome 19. Its expression is up-regulated by estrogens and progestins.
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Later, the leaves extend up to , when in full growth. In the mesophyll (between the upper and lower layers of epidermis) of the leaves, hexagonal crystals have been found. It has a stem that is between tall, making it the 2nd tallest Hermodactyloide Iris after Iris tuberosa. The stem has several green, inflated spathes (leaves of the flower bud).
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There are two types described, based on their color: clear fluid and hemorrhagic. The difference lies in the level of the shear. Clear fluid blisters have separated within the epidermis, and hemorrhagic blisters separate at the dermal- epidermal junction. The clinical difference is healing time; clear blisters take about 12 days and hemorrhagic blisters heal in about 16 days.
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As they become slightly larger, they eat the whole substance, eating from the edge, and not leaving the epidermis. When the leaflet is mostly eaten, they migrate to other leaflets. Larvae are full grown in about four weeks from hatching. Full-grown larvae are 32–35 mm long and dull greenish, with two dorsal whitish lines.
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Sawyer, Roy T., Adrian R. Lawler, and Robin M. Oversrteet. " Marine leeches of the eastern United States and the Gulf of Mexico with a key to the species." Journal of Natural History 9.6 (1975): 633-667. Both possess a light or slightly pink coloration and sometimes dark spots form from ingested blood visible through the epidermis.
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The host in turn is powered by the symbiote's alien chemistry resulting in its wearer being granted superhuman strength, the ability to leap tall buildings in a single bound, and substantial invulnerability. The symbiote's most devastating weapon in its alien arsenal is a force blast that is discharged by the wearer short- circuiting the symbiote membrane's bio-circuit epidermis.
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There seems to be a particularly important role for the enzyme in skin. Deficiency of the enzyme leads to the characteristic dry and scaly skin seen in ichthyosis. Recent research indicates that the skin abnormalities seen in XLI may be due to accumulation of cholesterol sulfate in the outer epidermis, leading to abnormal barrier function and corneocyte retention.
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The bright gloss of buttercups is produced by thin-film reflection by the epidermis supplemented by yellow pigmentation, and strong diffuse scattering by a layer of starch cells immediately beneath. Structural coloration has potential for industrial, commercial and military application, with biomimetic surfaces that could provide brilliant colours, adaptive camouflage, efficient optical switches and low-reflectance glass.
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Kallikrein-related peptidase 7 (KLK7) is a serine protease that in humans is encoded by the KLK7 gene. KLK7 was initially purified from the epidermis and characterised as stratum corneum chymotryptic enzyme (SCCE). It was later identified as the seventh member of the human kallikrein family, which includes fifteen homologous serine proteases located on chromosome 19 (19q13).
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Philophthalmus gralli reaches sexual maturity in a bird and produces eggs. Fully embryonated eggs are shed into the water from the definitive host's eyes. Miracidium is induced to hatch when ripe eggs are released from the worm into water. Upon contact with a snail, the miracidium perforates the host epidermis with the aid of secretions and the anterior cilia.
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Feathers are products of the epidermis and keratinizing system. They are non-vascular and non- nervous. They have a tubular central shaft called the rachis; coming off either side of the rachis are the veins, which have a series of barbs with interlocking connections that are called barbules. The rachis and attached veins make up the spathe.
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In plants, sloughing occurs during root growth, where cells from the root cap are shed to the soil where they are biologically processed by microorganisms. Also, when a root undergoes secondary growth (transition from a primary root to a "woody" root), the cortex and epidermis become isolated from the rest of the root and are eventually sloughed.
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Filaggrin monomers are tandemly clustered into a large, 350kDa protein precursor known as profilaggrin. In the epidermis, these structures are present in the keratohyalin granules in cells of the stratum granulosum. Profilaggrin undergoes proteolytic processing to yield individual filaggrin monomers at the transition between the stratum granulosum and the stratum corneum, which may be facilitated by calcium-dependent enzymes.
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Chemical peels are chemicals which destroy the epidermis in a controlled manner, leading to exfoliation and the alleviation of certain skin conditions, including superficial acne scars. Various chemicals can be used depending upon the depth of the peel, and caution should be used, particularly for dark-skinned individuals and those individuals susceptible to keloid formation or with active infections.
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The main body mass is enclosed in the mantle, which has a swimming fin along each side. These fins are not the main source of locomotion in most species. The mantle wall is heavily muscled and internal. The visceral mass, which is covered by a thin, membranous epidermis, forms a cone-shaped posterior region known as the "visceral hump".
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The tentacles of cydippid ctenophores are typically fringed with tentilla ("little tentacles"), although a few genera have simple tentacles without these sidebranches. The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. Colloblasts are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis, and have three main components: a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk. The function of the spiral thread is uncertain, but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape, and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart.
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This stratified squamous epithelium is maintained by cell division within the stratum basale, in which differentiating cells slowly displace outwards through the stratum spinosum to the stratum corneum, where cells are continually shed from the surface. In normal skin, the rate of production equals the rate of loss; about two weeks are needed for a cell to migrate from the basal cell layer to the top of the granular cell layer, and an additional two weeks to cross the stratum corneum. The dermis is the layer of skin between the epidermis and subcutaneous tissue, and comprises two sections, the papillary dermis and the reticular dermis. The superficial papillary dermis interdigitates with the overlying rete ridges of the epidermis, between which the two layers interact through the basement membrane zone.
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Staphylococcus gallinarum is a Gram-positive, coagulase-negative member of the bacterial genus Staphylococcus consisting of single, paired, and clustered cocci. Strains of this species were first isolated from chickens and a pheasant. The cells contain cell walls with chemical similarity to those of Staphylococcus epidermis. Since its initial discovery, S. gallinarum has also been found in the saliva of healthy human adults.
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The larva vacates the mine by an opening in the lower epidermis and lives freely in a leaf margin that has been folded downwards. Within this fold, the larva starts feeding in the apical section, working downwards. The frass is deposited in the oldest part of the fold. During feeding pauses, the larva rests still untouched central part of the fold.
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The shell grows to a length of 75 mm. The slender, elongate shell is covered with a brownish epidermis. There are six evenly rounded whorls, but with a sharp carina, above which they are smooth, whilst below it they are grooved, with wider interspaces. The anal sinus is deep, about one-third of the way from the carina to the suture.
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His name is associated with Kyrle disease, being also known as "hyperkeratosis penetrans". In 1916 Kyrle referred to this condition as hyperkeratosis follicularis et parafollicularis in cutem penetrans. It is characterized by keratotic plugs that develop in hair follicles and eccrine ducts, penetrating the epidermis and extending into the dermis. This disorder is often associated with diabetes mellitus and kidney failure.
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The epidermis is thin, not very distinct. The color of the fresh alcoholic specimens is pale giayish or greenish white, more or less translucent. Verrill A. E. (1884). Second catalogue of mollusca recently added to the fauna of the New England Coast and the adjacent parts of the Atlantic, consisting mostly of deep sea species, with notes on others previously recorded.
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Blood vessels soon grow into the dermis, restoring circulation. If the injury is very minor, the epithelial cells eventually restore the epidermis once the dermis has been regenerated. In major injuries, the repair mechanisms are unable to restore the skin to its original condition. The repaired region contains an abnormally large number of collagenous fibers, and relatively few blood vessels.
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Ancylostoma braziliense eggs are passed into the environment through the faeces of cats and dogs. The eggs incubate on warm, moist soil, where they hatch into larvae. The infective juvenile penetrate the skin of the host. At this stage, the larvae are present in the epidermis, hair follicles, and glands of the skin, sometimes extending to sebaceous glands where they form coils.
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The oblong shell is ovate The whorls are compressedly gibbous, forming a round shoulder, constricted and with revolving striae towards the base. Otherwise, the shell is smooth, except that the upper whorls of the spire are slightly longitudinally plicate. The color of the shell is whitish, under a very thin, smooth, yellowish brown epidermis. The inside of the aperture is often yellowish brown.
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They are usually carried to the alternative host by wind. Once basidiospores arrive on a leaf of the alternative host, they germinate to produce a haploid mycelium that directly penetrates the epidermis and colonises the leaf. Once inside the leaf the mycelium produces specialised infection structures called pycnia. The pycnia produce two types of haploid gametes, the pycniospores and the receptive hyphae.
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The thick, elongated shell has a pyramidal shape. It is red brown below the epidermis. The pyramidal spire is elongated and it lacks a tumid part anterior to the obtuse and not very prominent angle. The shell lacks a tumid varix at the top of each of the 12 whorls, which can be found in other species of this genus.
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The papaya mealybug inserts its stylet into the epidermis of the leaf or the skin of fruit or stem and feeds on the plant sap. At the same time it injects a toxic substance into the plant which results in chlorosis, distortion, stunting, early leaf and fruit fall, the production of honeydew, sooty mould and possibly the death of the plant.
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Wilting may eventually spread to all leaves and these leaves, along with their petioles, may also show distorted, curled growth. One way to diagnose a severe vascular infection is to pinch the stem. If the epidermis and outer layer of the cortex separate from the inner stem then there is severe vascular infection. These exposed parts will have a soapy feel.
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The length of the shell attains 73 mm, its diameter 30 mm. (Original description) The large, fusiform shell is of a rich reddish brown. It is deepest on the columella, with a closely adherent, very thin, polished epidermis. The shell contains seven whorls, without the protoconch, which is lost in the specimen, while the outer coat of the apical whorls is much eroded.
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D-Erythrulose (also known as erythrulose) is a tetrose carbohydrate with the chemical formula C4H8O4. It has one ketone group and so is part of the ketose family. It is used in some self-tanning cosmetics, in general, combined with dihydroxyacetone (DHA). Erythrulose/DHA reacts with the amino acids in the proteins of the first layers of skin (the stratum corneum and epidermis).
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The first US. patent for desonide was US4185100A was granted on January 22, 1980. The patent was for topical anti-inflammatory treatment using desonide. The patent defends the suitability of the anti-inflammatory for the treatment of cutaneous disorders or disruptions characterized by skin inflammation and/or hyperproliferative activity in the epidermis. Side effects and the mechanism of action are both disclosed.
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The epidermis is greenish. The slightly pointed spire is composed of six whorls, which are slightly convex, and united by a pretty delicate regular suture. The aperture is oblong ovate and effuse towards the base. The outer lip is smooth and white, marked interiorly, at a short distance from the edge, with sixteen or eighteen transverse striae of a reddish brown.
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The lamina lucida is a component of the basement membrane which is found between the epithelium and underlying connective tissue (e.g., epidermis and dermis of the skin). It is a roughly 40 nanometre wide electron-lucent zone between the plasma membrane of the basal cells and the (electron-dense) lamina densa of the basement membrane.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005).
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The length of the shell attains 30 mm, its diameter 10 mm. The shell is dark brown under an olivaceous epidermis, with about ten curved longitudinal ribs, obsoletely nodulous on the periphery, with the whorls usually slightly constricted above it. The ribs are generally obsolete on the body whorl of adult specimens. The suture is narrowly corded, noduled and spotted.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a tentiform blotch-mine on the underside of the leaf, usually situated on the space between the lateral veins or rarely along the leaf-margin. It is very large, and elliptical in outline. The lower epidermis of the mining part is constricted, with five to eight longitudinal wrinkles.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a very elongate, tentiformed blotch occurring upon the lower side of the leaf, always situated along the leaf-margin. The lower epidermis of the leaf at the mining part is dark brownish and much wrinkled in the well-matured stage, causing the leaf to fold almost downward.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather small, tentiformed occurring upon the lower surface of the leaf, always situated on the space between two lateral veins. The lower epidermis of the leaf on the mining part whitish, very much wrinkled longitudinally, while without any distinct ridges even in fully developed condition.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather small, elongate, tentiformed blotch occurring upon the lower surface of the leaf, usually situated on the space between two lateral veins. In fully developed state, the upper epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is brownish, much constricted longitudinally, with five or more moderate ridges.
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Immunodermatology methods reveal normal autoantibodies that react in psoriatic scales and relevant cellular responses.Beutner, E.H., Lever, W.F., Witebsky, E. Jordon, RE. & Chertock, B., (1965) Autoantibodies in Pemphigus Vulgaris, Response to an Intercellular Substance of the Epidermis. JAMA, 192, pp. 682-688; Jordon, RE., Beutner, E.H. Witebsky E., Blumenthal B., Hale, W.L. & Lever, W.F. (1967) Basement Zone Antibodies in Bullous Pemphigoid.
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Weapon VII, a.k.a. Project: Homegrown, experimented on human soldiers during the Vietnam War. Some of the known participants who died in Project: Homegrown included Andrew Perlmutter, Michael Labash, John Walsh, James MacPherson and fourteen other unknown recruits. The only known successful subject of Project: Homegrown was Nuke, who had armored implants under his epidermis and was addicted to powerful narcotics.
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A thick external cell wall influences the direction of growth by impeding expansion towards the outside of the cell and instead promote expansion parallel to the epidermis layer.. Data suggest that waviness of pavement cells may be initiated by compressive mechanical stresses in a feedback loop that solidifies and augments cell shapes resulting in local reinforcement of the cell wall .
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Peeling Skin Syndrome 6 is caused by a genetic defect in the Filaggrin (Filaggrin Family Member 2) gene. The function for this gene is vital for normal cellular-cell adhesion within the cornified cell layers. It is also critical for the integrity and mechanical strength of the stratum corneum of the epidermis. Its symptom include dryness of the skin, peeling of the skin.
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Tobin, D. J., Hagen, E., Botchkarev, V. A., & Paus, R. (1998). Do Hair Bulb Melanocytes Undergo Apotosis During Hair Follicle Regression (Catagen)? Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 111(6), 941-947. doi:10.1046/j.1523-1747.1998.00417.x With vitiligo, he and his colleagues challenged the prevailing view that all melanocytes were lost/destroyed in epidermis of patients with this skin-depigmenting disorder.
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SdCPS2 catalyzes the first committed reaction in the biosynthesis of salvinorin A by producing its characteristic clerodane scaffold. A series of oxygenation, acylation and methylation reactions is then required to complete the biosynthesis of salvinorin A. Biosynthesis of Salvinorin A Similar to many plant-derived psychoactive compounds, salvinorin A is excreted via peltate glandular trichomes, which reside external to the epidermis.
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Pleiotropic Drug Resistance ABC transporters are hypothesized to be involved in stress response and export antimicrobial metabolites. One example of this type of ABC transporter is the protein NtPDR1. This unique ABC transporter is found in Nicotiana tabacum BY2 cells and is expressed in the presence of microbial elicitors. NtPDR1 is localized in the root epidermis and aerial trichomes of the plant.
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Main description of the leaves of this species include slim petioles, the join being approximately 1-4 cm long. The leaves tend to be up to 10 cm and ranging from 1.5-3 cm wide. Leaves tend to form an oblong shape with a rounded base. Leaves of Fuchsia excorticata have a smooth epidermis with the exception of the margin and veins.
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It results from the entrapment of melanocytes in the dermis during their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis during embryonic development. Among those who are not aware of the background of the Mongolian spots, it may sometimes be mistaken for a bruise indicative of child abuse.Mongolian Spot - English information of Mongolian spot, written by Hironao NUMABE, M.D., Tokyo Medical University.
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When feeding, the parasite attaches its anterior end to the fish with cephalic glands. It everts its pharynx through the mouth and releases a digestive solution with proteolytic enzymes which dissolves the salmon skin. Mucus and dissolved skin are then sucked into the gut. Attachment of many parasites can cause large wounds, damaging the epidermis of the host fish, which allows secondary infections.
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They consume the epidermis and mesophyll and leave the venous skeleton of the leaf intact. The larvae then build their first communal nest by folding these consumed leaves and securing them with silken strands. The larvae are a bright green and mildly fuzzy when they hatch, but turn brown and less pubescent as they grow. There are in total six larval instars.
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Gli2 is expressed in the interfollicular epidermis and the outer root sheath of hair follicles in normal human skin. This is significant as Shh regulates hair follicle growth and morphogenesis. When inappropriately activated causes hair follicle derived tumors, the most clinically significant being the BCC. Of the four Gli2 isoforms the expression of Gli2beta mRNA was increased the most in BCCs.
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Most gnathostomulids measure in length. They are often slender to thread-like worms, with a generally transparent body. In many Bursovaginoidea, one of the major group of gnathostomulids, the neck region is slightly narrower than the rest of the body, giving them a distinct head. Like flatworms they have a ciliated epidermis, but in contrast to flatworms, they have one cilium per cell.
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The 3½ to 4 whorls show a very rapid increase. They are well rounded, but a little flatter and more sloping above than below. They are scored by the old canal, which lies about halfway between the periphery and the suture, presenting no ridge, but scored across as usual with concave lines. The epidermis is yellow, membranaceous, and rather thick.
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Bacteriophage adhering to mucus provide a non–host-derived immunity PNAS 2013 and viruses. Most of the mucus in the body is produced in the gastrointestinal tract. Amphibians, fish, hagfish, snails, slugs, and some other invertebrates also produce external mucus from their epidermis as protection against pathogens, and to help in movement. Mucus is also produced in fish to line their gills.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather small tentiform mine on the underside of the leaf. It is located either at the edge of the leaf or between two veins, the loosened epidermis being thrown into numerous longitudinal wrinkles. The pupa is enclosed in a rather large semi-transparent oval silken cocoon.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of an oval or elliptical blotch-mine occurring on the lower side of the leaflet. It is rather large, light brownish on the mining part in the lower view and mottled with pale green in the upper view. It is slightly tentiform, but without wrinkles on the lower epidermis.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is oblong and the epidermis is opaque yellow tan. The mines are usually found on both sides of the midrib or, rarely, to one side of the midrib on larger leaves. The mines are always solitary, with one or two short longitudinal folds, always at the edge of the leaf.
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The spermalege structure serves to reduce the wounding and immunological costs of traumatic insemination. The piercing wound typically occurs in the exocuticle of the mesospermalege, and is repaired by "scarring substance" developed in the epidermis. At least nine species of bacteria and fungi have been identified from the male intromittent organ, and the mesospermalege reduces the likelihood of infection from such pathogenic organisms.
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Additional cell divisions occur, which leads to the sixteen cell stage. The four domains are still present, but they are more defined with the presence of more cells. The important aspect of this stage is the introduction of the protoderm, which is meristematic tissue that will give rise to the epidermis. The protoderm is the outermost layer of cells in the embryo proper.
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A field of the soft coral Callogorgia sp. with its brittle star symbionts Like all echinoderms, the Ophiuroidea possess a skeleton of calcium carbonate in the form of calcite. In ophiuroids, the calcite ossicles are fused to form armor plates which are known collectively as the test. The plates are covered by the epidermis, which consists of a smooth syncytium.
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The spreading and prickly shrub typically grows to a height of . It has glabrous to subglabrous branchlets with a light grey coloured epidermis and spinose long stipules. The sessile, patent, rigid green phyllodes have a slightly inequilaterally narrowly oblong to narrowly oblong-elliptic or lanceolate shape that is sometimes linear. The phyllodes are in length and wide with a prominent midrib.
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Epidermoid cysts commonly result from implantation of epidermis into the dermis, as in trauma or surgery. They can also be caused by a blocked pore adjacent to a body piercing. They are also seen in Gardner's syndrome and Nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome on the head and neck. They can be infected by bacteria and form a pimple-like shape.
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Limb regeneration occurs when a part of an organism is destroyed, and the organism must reform that structure. The general steps for limb regeneration are as follows: epidermis covers the wound which is called the wound healing process, the mesenchyme dedifferentiates into a blastema and a apical ectodermal cap forms, and the limb re-differentiates to form the full limb.
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Epidermal cells at the wound margins migrate to cover the wound and will become the wound epidermis. No scar tissue forms, as it would in mammals. The mesenchymal tissues of the limb stump secrete matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs). As the MMPs are secreted, the wound epithelium thickensand eventually becomes an apical ectodermal cap (AEC) that forms on the tip of the stump.
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The adult female injects a neat line of minute eggs in the epidermis of new leaf buds on eucalyptus trees. The leaf tissue may exude a whitish sap, which covers the oviposition site. Heavy wasp infestations can kill new buds on the trees. If the bud survives it develops a layer of corky tissue within one to two weeks of oviposition.
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It aids in normal mammary gland development. It is necessary for maintenance of the mammary bud. Loss of PTHrP or its receptor causes the mammary bud cell fate to change back into epidermis. In lactation, it may regulate in conjunction with the calcium sensing receptor the mobilization and transfer of calcium to the milk, as well as placental transfer of calcium.
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Some of the proteins of the BMP family are BMP4 and BMP7. BMP4 promotes bone formation, causes cell death, or signals the formation of epidermis, depending on the tissue it is acting on. BMP7 is crucial for kidney development, sperm synthesis, and neural tube polarization. Both BMP4 and BMP7 regulate mature ligand stability and processing, including degrading ligands in lysosomes.
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Cells that move through the center of the streak will become the heart and kidneys. The lateral plate and the extraembryonic mesoderm arise from the cells that enter at the posterior end of the primitive streak. Epiblast cells near the primitive streak form the neural plate and other dorsal structures, while the epiblast cells far from the streak become epidermis.
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They evolved in the sea at the beginning of the Silurian Period, some 50 million years before the first sharks appeared. Eventually competition from bony fishes proved too much, and the spiny sharks died out in Permian times about 250 Ma. In form they resembled sharks, but their epidermis was covered with tiny rhomboid platelets like the scales of holosteans (gars, bowfins).
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Xenoturbella bockii longitudinal section Xenoturbella has a very simple body plan. It consists of dorsoventrally flattened acoelomate animals, with an anterior circumferential furrow. It shows two ciliated epithelial layers: an external epidermis and an internal gastrodermis lining the simple sac-like gut. The multiciliated epiderm displays unique interconnected ciliary rootlets and mode of withdrawal and resorption of worn epidermal cells.
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In the nervous system of sea urchins the spines, podia, and pedicellariae all act as sensors. A circular nerve ring encircles the esophagus, and radial nerves extend inside of the test parallel to the lateral canals of the water vascular system. Sensory neurons in the epidermis can detect touch, chemicals, and light, and are usually associated with pedicellariae or spines.
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They are evergreen monoecious, hermaphrodite, trees or rarely bushes. Leaves lax at the apex of the branches, without papillae on the abaxial epidermis of the leaves. The leaves are alternate or opposite but rarely opposite, entire, subcoriaceous in some species of Central America as Nicaragua, glabrous on the upper, glabrous or pubescent on the underside, pinnatinervium. Flowers in panicles terminating in a top.
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Husk (Paige Guthrie) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Guthrie is a superhero associated with the X-Men. A mutant, Husk has the ability to remove one layer of skin - or "husk" - revealing an epidermis of a different composition beneath. She often changes into metal or stone form, but can shift into a variety of substances.
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Burns, Tony; et al. (2006) Rook's Textbook of Dermatology CD-ROM. Wiley-Blackwell. . Within the latter type, the hairs occur in structures called pilosebaceous units, each with hair follicle, sebaceous gland, and associated arrector pili muscle. In the embryo, the epidermis, hair, and glands form from the ectoderm, which is chemically influenced by the underlying mesoderm that forms the dermis and subcutaneous tissues.
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Land plants maintain adequate tissue hydration by means of an outer waterproof layer. In soft or green tissues, this is usually a waxy cuticle over the outer epidermis. In older, woody tissues, waterproofing chemicals are present in the secondary cell wall that limit or inhibit the flow of water. Vascular plants also possess an internal vascular system that distributes fluids throughout the plant.
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Diagram of the internal structure of a leaf Palisade cells are plant cells located on the leaves, right below the epidermis and cuticle. In simpler terms, they are known as leaf cells. They are vertically elongated, a different shape from the spongy mesophyll cells beneath them. The chloroplasts in these cells absorb a major portion of the light energy used by the leaf.
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This detail of a Glyptodon displays its scutes. From the collection of the Children's Museum of Indianapolis. leopard tortoise Scutes are similar to scales and serve the same function. Unlike the scales of lizards and snakes, which are formed from the epidermis, scutes are formed in the lower vascular layer of the skin and the epidermal element is only the top surface .
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Fruits attacked by the codling moth caterpillars have developed methods of resisting the caterpillars. Methods of resistance include thickening of the epidermis of the fruit and using stony cells to protect the seed. Fuzziness of the fruit has also been observed to deter codling moth caterpillars. Stony cells, which are present in some pears, have shown to help in resisting codling moth caterpillars.
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CEDNIK syndrome is a rare congenital condition that presents as severe developmental failure of the nervous system and the epidermis. Clinical manifestations include microcephaly, cerebral dysgenesis, facial dysmorphism, palmoplantar keratoderma, and ichthyosis. These children usually have a normal intrauterine life and normal birth. The first symptoms to appear are abnormal eye movements, poor head and trunk control and failure to thrive.
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A small fire is lit beside the corpse to enhance dehydration and prevent insect infestation, as insects are a vital component of normal corpse decomposition. The corpse is then secured in Fowler's position, via ceremonial scarves or blankets, to a "death chair". Community elders then remove the epidermis. Finally, juice from the leaves of native plants is applied to the freshly exposed dermis.
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A person's complexion is a biological trait. The family of biological pigments known as melanin is mainly responsible for variation in tone. Melanocytes insert granules of melanin called melanosomes into the other skin cells of the human epidermis. The melanosomes in each recipient cell accumulate atop the cellular nucleus, where they protect the nuclear DNA from mutations caused by the sun's ionizing radiation.
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Onions have particularly large cells that are readily observed under low magnification. Forming a single layer of cells, the bulb epidermis is easy to separate for educational, experimental, and breeding purposes. Onions are therefore commonly used in science education to teach the use of a microscope for observing cell structure. Onions are toxic to dogs, cats, guinea pigs, and many other animals.
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The oral half is tubular, while the rear part strongly laterally compressed. The mouth angle is about 30°. The case looks like a sheath case, but is in fact a composite leaf case. The larva cuts off mined leaves, after having removed the complete leaf margin: what is left is an upper and a lower epidermis, connected by the stub of the petiole.
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The sensory organs include a statocyst – which presumably helps them orient to gravity –, and, in some cases, ancestral pigment-spot ocelli capable of detecting light. Acoelomorphs are simultaneous hermaphrodites, but have no gonads and no ducts associated with the female reproductive system. Instead, gametes are produced from the mesenchymal cells that fill the body between the epidermis and the digestive vacuole.
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The eggs are inserted into the tubular punctures on the bottom surface of the host leaf, just below the epidermis. This is where the larva will create its mine upon hatching. Oftentimes, the mother will make multiple punctures before selecting the ideal spot. Oviposition rate is significantly increased for female L. trifolii located on ideal host plants such as celery.
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When it is ready, the ball of the old leaf-pair shrivels and dries out, before it is split open by the new leaf-pair ball. The epidermis (and therefore the dried leaf sheath too) is thick and strong. The plants are extremely long-lived, and have been kept in captivity for over 50 years. They offset slowly, forming clumps.
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Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is an inherited variant affecting the skin and other organs. Dystrophic epidermolysis bullosa is caused by genetic defects (or mutations) within the human COL7A1 gene encoding the protein type VII collagen (collagen VII). DEB-causing mutations can be either autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive. Epidermis bullosa pruriginosa and Albopapuloid epidermolysis bullosa (Pasini's disease) are rare subtypes of this disease.
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Penetration depth of infrared radiation in our skin is dependent of wavelength. IR-A is the most penetrating, and reaches some millimeters, IR-B penetrates into the dermis (about 1 mm), and IR-C is mostly absorbed in the external layer of the epidermis (stratum corneum). For this reason the infrared lamps used for therapeutic purposes produce mainly IR-A radiation.
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Psorergates bovis causes pruritus, but little clinical harm to cattle. In contrast, Psorergates ovis feeding on sheep induces inflammatory and hypersensitive reactions in the epidermis, resulting in intense pruritus and formation of scabs. Further damage to the skin and fleece of sheep occurs when the sheep groom compulsively. Economic loss is incurred by damage and depilation of the wool fleece.
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Demodecosis in cattle caused by Demodex bovis can occur as dense, localized infestations with inflammation of the epidermis in hair follicles. This leads to pustular folliculitis and indurated (thickened) plaques within the skin. On cattle, these localized foci of infestation can become so large as to be clearly visible externally. The value of the hides from cattle infested this way is reduced.
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During the fourth week of human development the neuropore in a normally developing fetus closes. When this process is either interrupted or never initiated, acrania occurs. The desmocranium becomes a membranous coverage instead of forming the epidermis of the scalp. Whether from being blocked by amniotic bands or by just not initiating, the migration of mesenchyme under the ectoderm does not occur.
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During secretion, the venom penetrates the epidermis and mixes with the mucus to release the venom on its victim. Typically, other venomous organisms create and store their venom in a gland. The stingray is notable in that it stores its venom within tissue cells. The toxins that have been confirmed to be within the venom are cystatins, peroxiredoxin, and galectin.
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Melanin colours the skin of many species, but in fish the epidermis is often relatively colourless. Instead, the colour of the skin is largely due to chromatophores in the dermis, which, in addition to melanin, may contain guanine or carotenoid pigments. Many species, such as flounders, change the colour of their skin by adjusting the relative size of their chromatophores.
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It has a water-repellent and sun-reflecting waxy epidermis. Cladodes that are 1–2 years old produce flowers, the fruit's colours ranging from pale green to deep red. The plants flower in three distinct colours: white, yellow, and red. The flowers first appear in early May through the early summer in the Northern Hemisphere, and the fruits ripen from August through October.
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Adults have black thoraxes and yellow to dark brown abdomens, but at the ends of their abdomens, they have an orange coloured tip. Greenhouse thrips have a 10-segmented abdomen. The bodies of the H. haemorrhoidalis are covered with cuticles that have an average thickness of 7.5 micrometers. Their epidermis is made up of flattened cells and have a thickness of 3 micrometers.
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Through its life cycle, Obelia take two forms: polyp and medusa. They are diploblastic, with two true tissue layers—an epidermis (ectodermis) and a gastrodermis (endodermis)—with a jelly-like mesoglea filling the area between the two true tissue layers. They carry a nerve net with no brain or ganglia. A gastrovascular cavity is present where the digestion starts and later becomes intracellular.
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Zooids within a colony can communicate via pores in their interconnecting walls, through which coelomic fluid can be exchanged. The internal, living portion of the zooid is known as the polypide, whose walls are formed by the outer epidermis and inner peritoneum. The lophophore, a ring of ciliated tentacles, protrudes from the polypide to feed.De Burgh, M.E. and P.V. Fankboner (1978).
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Keratin that is present in the hair, scales and in the epidermis of the skin is hydrolyzed in the presence of alkali (at pH values greater than 11.5). The disulfide bridges found in keratin protein are cleaved but can be reformed. Long periods of liming will result in hair removal. The main removal of keratin is performed during the unhairing operation.
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However, the thyroid gland needs no more than 70 micrograms per day to synthesize the requisite daily amounts of T4 and T3. The higher recommended daily allowance levels of iodine seem necessary for optimal function of a number of other body systems, including lactating breasts, gastric mucosa, salivary glands, oral mucosa, arterial walls, thymus, epidermis, choroid plexus and cerebrospinal fluid, among others.
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The larva are about 3 mm long when they first hatch and will grow to 50 or 90 mm. Gypsy moth larva (caterpillar) eating leaves The larva will first feed on the leaf hairs and then move onto the leaf epidermis. Feeding occurs in the daytime, primarily in the morning and late afternoon. As the larva grow, the feeding becomes a nocturnal activity.
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The thin, ovate shell is white to light ashy, covered under an ash-colored epidermis. The whorls of the protoconch are decollated. There are four rapidly increasing whorls in the teleoconch. These are inflated, gently curved over the anterior two-thirds of the whorl between the sutures and more strongly so on the posterior third this portion forming an evenly curved shoulder.
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Proteolysis of corneodesmosomes is required for desquamation, the shedding of corneocytes from the outer layer of the epidermis. This indicates a role for KLK7 in maintaining skin homeostasis. Both KLK5 and KLK14, other skin-expressed proteases, also cleave corneodesmosomal proteins. KLK5 is able to undergo autoactivation, as well as activating KLK7 and KLK14, suggesting a KLK skin cascade is responsible for coordinating desquamation.
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Colloblasts are a cell type found in ctenophores. They are widespread in the tentacles of these animals and are used to capture prey. Colloblasts consist of a coiled spiral filament that is embedded in the epidermis and an axial filament with a granular dome. The apical surface of these cells consist of eosinophilic granules that are thought to be the source of adhesion.
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An erosion is a superficial breach of the epithelium, with little damage to the underlying lamina propria. A mucosal erosion is an erosion which specifically occurs on a mucous membrane. Only the superficial epithelial cells of the epidermis or of the mucosa are lost, and the lesion can reach the depth of the basement membrane. Erosions heal without scar formation.
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It is found in boreal forest, especially bogs, and is both diurnal and nocturnal. Early instar larvae prefer to feed on the epidermis of leaves of Vaccinium vitis-idaea, but is polyphagous when reared. In Scandinavia the larva overwinters twice. In Minnesota this species occurs in raised bogs with Vaccinium vitis-idaea suggesting that this is the foodplant in North America.
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Chloriridovirus is a genus of viruses, in the family Iridoviridae. Diptera with aquatic larval stage, mainly mosquitoes, lepidoptera, and orthoptera insects serve as natural hosts. There are currently five species in this genus including the type species Invertebrate iridescent virus 3. Diseases associated with this genus include: yellow-green iridescence beneath the epidermis (early mosquito larval stages are most susceptible to infection).
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Puppies are more susceptible to infestation at this age because their immune systems are immature. All dogs will become infested in this way but usually only low levels of infestation persist, without pruritus or other signs of clinical disease. Some dogs become heavily infested, likely because of an immune dysfunction. This results in severe inflammation of the epidermis with acanthosis.
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The ovate shell is oblong, transverse, very inequivalve, inequilateral and very much inflated,. It ismarked with irregular lines of increase, entirely white, and covered with a grayish brown epidermis. The beaks of the valves are very large, protuberant and cordiform. The right valve, which is the larger, has its beak notched at its summit to receive the beak of the left valve.
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Saliva mixes with food, which travels through salivary tubes into the mouth, beginning the process of breaking it down. The stomatedeum and proctodeum are invaginations of the epidermis and are lined with cuticle (intima). The mesenteron is not lined with cuticle but with rapidly dividing and therefore constantly replaced, epithelial cells. The cuticle sheds with every moult along with the exoskeleton.
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The body of this peanut worm is divided into an unsegmented, bulbous trunk and a narrower, anterior section, called the "introvert". The tip of the introvert bears an elaborate "crown" of tentacles. The body wall is smooth and pale grey. When the worm is contracted, the body wall is slippery, possibly lubricated by secretions from glandular cells in the dermis and epidermis.
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The length of the shell attains 60 mm, its diameter 26 mm. (Original description) The large, solid shell is white and has a fusiform shape. It contains about five whorls (nucleus eroded) covered with a pale straw-colored epidermis. The whorls are rounded, with rather distinct lines of growth crossed by numerous very sharp, narrow, prominent subequal spiral ridges with about equal or narrower interspaces.
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Its neutral pH on the surface significantly reduces the protection against excessive bacterial growth. The epidermis and dermis are thinner than those of adults and the epidermal barrier is not yet fully developed. Consequences can for example be dry skin, infections, peeling, blister formation and poor thermoregulation. The application of different oils to the skin of the newborn is routinely practiced in many countries.
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The shell grows to a length of 40 mm, its width 7 mm. The shell is pinkish ash-colored under a light olivaceous epidermis. The lines of growth are sometimes rib-like, oblique and angulated at the periphery and lighter-colored, so that the interspaces appear like angulated lines of chestnut or reddish narrow stripes. The whole surface is covered by close revolving incised lines.
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Eacles imperialis caterpillar undergoing apolysis Apolysis ( "discharge, lit. absolution") is the separation of the cuticle from the epidermis in arthropods and related groups (Ecdysozoa). Since the cuticle of these animals is also the skeletal support of the body and is inelastic, it is shed during growth and a new covering of larger dimensions is formed. During this process, an arthropod becomes dormant for a period of time.
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Most are ectoparasites of plant roots.. They insert their stylets into root epidermis to feed. Some species live half-buried in the root tissue, and others penetrate the root and live inside. They lay eggs on, around, or inside the roots, and within two or three days the juveniles emerge to feed. The genus is found on a wide variety of host plant taxa.
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The larvae feed on Canavalia galeata, Dolichos lablab, Erythrina monosperma, garden bean, Mucuna gigantea and Strongylodon lucidum. They feed beneath a turned over portion of a leaf of their host plant or between leaves that are in close contact, which they web together. Then they feed on the leaf substance leaving only the outer epidermis. The larvae are about 22 mm long and dark green.
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The size of the shell varies between 11 mm and 48 mm. The spire is convexly elevated and tuberculated. The whole surface is covered by very fine minutely punctured revolving lines. The epidermis is yellowish olive, very thin, usually persistent in a very broad band upon the body whorl, but absent from the narrow shoulder and basal bands, which, with the spire, are white.
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Low frequency vibrations are sensed by mechanoreceptors called Merkel cells, also known as type I cutaneous mechanoreceptors. Merkel cells are located in the stratum basale of the epidermis. Deep pressure and vibration is transduced by lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, which are receptors with encapsulated endings found deep in the dermis, or subcutaneous tissue. Light touch is transduced by the encapsulated endings known as tactile (Meissner) corpuscles.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine consists of a narrow corridor, filled with frass, running along a vein (usually the midrib, but sometimes a lateral vein and then running in the direction of the midrib). The corridor widens into a blotch. The larva makes a slit in the lower epidermis of the blotch, by which part of the frass is ejected.
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Pemphigus foliaceus is the most common autoimmune disease of the dog. Blisters in the epidermis rapidly break to form crusts and erosions, most often affecting the face and ears initially, but in some cases spreading to include the whole body. The paw pads can be affected, causing marked hyperkeratosis (thickening of the pads with scale). Other autoimmune diseases include bullous pemphigoid and epidermolysis bullosa acquisita.
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Iyengar adapted her father's method of yoga to the specific requirements of women. Specific asanas, pranayama and sequences are given for different stages in a woman's life including menstruation, pregnancy, postpartum, and menopause. Like her father, Iyengar explains how yoga is used as a method to unify body and mind, and strengthen the respiratory system, circulatory system, nervous system, muscles, epidermis, and the mind.Iyengar, 2002.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of an elongate, narrow, tentiformed occurring upon the lower surface of the leaf, usually situated on the space between two lateral veins or rarely along the leaf-margin. The lower epidermis of the leaf on a fully developed mine is brownish-white with minute dark brown spots and with a single longitudinal central ridge.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather small, oblong or quadrate blotch occurring upon the lower side of the leaf, usually placed on the space between two lateral veins. The lower epidermis on the mining part is greenish-white in the early stage and brownish in fully developed stage, with many weak, longitudinal ridges in the tentiformed stage.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a very large, irregularly oblong, tentiformed blotch occurring upon the upper surface of the leaf, usually situated on the space between two lateral veins. The upper epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is brownish-white in colour, with one or two strong, longitudinal ridges in fully matured state.
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The gall's appearance on the upper surface is sub-spherical, smooth and may vary in colour from pale yellow-green to deep red. The adult mite lives on alder tree sap, sucked from the cell tissues. The galls cluster along the midrib in the angle of the veins. The wide opening and interior on the lower epidermis and is lined with large numbers of small hairs.
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The pathologist looks for an intraepidermal vesicle caused by the breaking apart of epidermal cells (acantholysis). Thus, the superficial (upper) portion of the epidermis sloughs off, leaving the bottom layer of cells on the "floor" of the blister. This bottom layer of cells is said to have a "tombstone appearance." Definitive diagnosis also requires the demonstration of anti-desmoglein autoantibodies by direct immunofluorescence on the skin biopsy.
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Seborrheic keratosis: Symptoms , from the Mayo Clinic website They can often come in association with other skin conditions, including basal cell carcinoma. Rarely seborrheic keratosis and basal cell carcinoma occur at the same location. At clinical examination the differential diagnosis includes warts and melanoma. Because only the top layers of the epidermis are involved, seborrheic keratoses are often described as having a "pasted on" appearance.
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The species is known for causing damage to crops. The damaged plants include sorghum, soybeans, sweet corn, small grains, and some vegetables.Pest They feed on both sides of a leaf (upper and lower parts), including epidermis and the veins. They also transmit Stewart's wilt; by removing the leaf tissue from the plant, they open a wound which allows the disease to begin spreading from plant to plant.
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Adult females lay one hundred or more eggs and these hatch in eight to twelve days. The first instar stage has legs and is known as a "crawler". The juveniles then develop through several other instar stages over a period of about twenty-eight days before reaching maturity. All life stages after the crawler stage feed on the host plant by piercing the epidermis and sucking sap.
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This fern has green leaves which may be up to 4-pinnate, that is, made up of leaflets that subdivide 3 times, such that the leaflets are layered with overlapping rounded segments. The leaves have a bumpy, cobbled look. The undersides of the leaves have scales which are lengthened outgrowths of the epidermis. Tucked under the scales are the sporangia, which make the spores.
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The non-feeding miracidia often swim through water searching for a suitable snail host, either until they reach the host or die. Most common intermediate hosts are snails belonging to the genera Bulinus, Planorbis, Physa Stagnicola and Pseudosuccinea. When sensing the soft outer surface of a snail, they attach and burrow through the epidermis and into the tissue. Young snails are more susceptible to such penetration.
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This anthropophilic dermatophyte preferentially infects humans and rarely infects animals, thus lab animal experiments are found to be unsuccessful. E. floccosum is more infective than most dermatophytes. Chronic infections are rare, therefore maintenance of the species relies on rapid transmission between hosts. The infection typically stays within the nonliving conidified layer of host epidermis, since the fungus cannot pierce through living tissues of individuals with normal immunity.
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The larvae feed on Quercus species, including Quercus alba, Quercus bicolor, Quercus castanea, Quercus ilicifolia, Quercus macrocarpa, Quercus prinoides, Quercus prinus and Quercus stellata. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The larva mines the underside of oak leaves, forming a tentiform mine, of which the loosened epidermis is slightly wrinkled at maturity. The pupa is suspended in a slight web of silk.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather large tentiform mine on the underside of the leaf. The loosened epidermis becomes much wrinkled in the later stages, and the mine is distinctly visible on the upper surface as a tubercular swelling. The larva, which is pale in the earlier stages, becomes dark brown just before pupation.
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Robbins & Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease, 9th Edition. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Health Sciences. This atypical form of T-lymphocytes contains T-cell receptors on the surface and is found in both the dermis and epidermis layers of the skin. Since Lutzner cells are a mutated form of T-lymphocytes, they develop in bone marrow and are transported to the thymus is order to mature.
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The first isozyme, pancreatic elastase 1, was initially thought to be expressed in the pancreas. However it was later discovered that it was the only chymotrypsin-like elastase that was not expressed in the pancreas. In fact, pancreatic elastase is expressed in basal layers of epidermis (at protein level). Hence pancreatic elastase 1 has been renamed elastase 1 (ELA1) or chymotrypsin-like elastase family, member 1 (CELA1).
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Munro's microabscess is an abscess (collection of neutrophils) in the stratum corneum of the epidermis due to the infiltration of neutrophils from papillary dermis into the epidermal stratum corneum. They are a cardinal sign of psoriasis where they are seen in the hyperkeratotic and parakeratotic areas of the stratum corneum. Munro microabscesses are not seen in seborrheic dermatitis. It is named for William John Munro (1863–1908).
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Hemidesmosomes are very small stud-like structures found in keratinocytes of the epidermis of skin that attach to the extracellular matrix. They are similar in form to desmosomes when visualized by electron microscopy, however, desmosomes attach to adjacent cells. Hemidesmosomes are also comparable to focal adhesions, as they both attach cells to the extracellular matrix. Instead of desmogleins and desmocollins in the extracellular space, hemidesmosomes utilize integrins.
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About 70% of all human protein-coding genes are expressed in the skin. Almost 500 genes have an elevated pattern of expression in the skin. There are less than 100 genes that are specific for the skin, and these are expressed in the epidermis. An analysis of the corresponding proteins show that these are mainly expressed in keratinocytes and have functions related to squamous differentiation and cornification.
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Nanoparticles of different materials have shown skin's permeability limitations. In many experiments, gold nanoparticles 40 nm in diameter or smaller are used and have shown to penetrate to the epidermis. Titanium oxide (TiO2), zinc oxide (ZnO), and silver nanoparticles are ineffective in penetrating the skin past the stratum corneum. Cadmium selenide (CdSe) quantum dots have proven to penetrate very effectively when they have certain properties.
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Dudleya pulverulenta grows a rosette of wide, flat fleshy leaves of pale green which age to a pinkish papery texture. It produces one to many tall erect stems which are similar in color. The epidermis of the plant is covered with a dense coating of chalky, powdery "wax". Its pale green or white nodding or erect inflorescences bear many pinkish flowers, each on a long pedicel.
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Both HSP70 and HSP47 were shown to be expressed in dermis and epidermis following laser irradiation, and the spatial and temporal changes in HSP expression patterns define the laser-induced thermal damage zone and the process of healing in tissues. HSP70 may define biochemically the thermal damage zone in which cells are targeted for destruction, and HSP47 may illustrate the process of recovery from thermally induced damage.
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As technology developed, outdated animal testing is being replaced with quicker, cheaper and more accurate methods. Critics point out that humane alternatives can be slow to implement, costly, and test only one compound at a time. Alternatives have shown positive results. For example, reconstructed human epidermis—which uses human skin donated from cosmetic surgery to replace the rabbit Draize skin test—is more relevant to human reactions.
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Extra cellular matrix (or "ECM") is the external structural framework that cells attach to in multicellular organisms. The dermis lies below the epidermis, and these two layers are collectively known as the skin. Dermal skin is primarily a combination of fibroblasts growing in this matrix. The specific species of ECM of connective tissues often differ chemically, but collagen generally forms the bulk of the structure.
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The primary function of keratinocytes is the formation of a barrier against environmental damage by heat, UV radiation, water loss, pathogenic bacteria, fungi, parasites, and viruses. Pathogens invading the upper layers of the epidermis can cause keratinocytes to produce proinflammatory mediators, particularly chemokines such as CXCL10 and CCL2 (MCP-1) which attract monocytes, natural killer cells, T-lymphocytes, and dendritic cells to the site of pathogen invasion.
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Keratinocytes contribute to protecting the body from ultraviolet radiation (UVR) by taking up melanosomes, vesicles containing the endogenous photoprotectant melanin, from epidermal melanocytes. Each melanocyte in the epidermis has several dendrites that stretch out to connect it with many keratinocytes. The melanin is then stored within keratinocytes and melanocytes in the perinuclear area as supranuclear “caps”, where it protects the DNA from UVR-induced damage.
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These ascidians have soft bodies but are covered by a hard, protective tunic as they are part of the subphylum tunicate. They are sessile intertidal organisms. The tunic contains hair like extensions of the epidermis known as ampullae, which are hollow and tubular. Ampullae grow shortly after the larvae settles in the sediments and are used to form a strong attachment to grains of sand.
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Potato tuber covered in powdery scabs S. subterranea is an obligate parasite phytomyxea that infects the below ground structures of the host. Infection leads to hypertrophy and hyperplasia of the host cells and eventual bursting. However, the mechanism behind this is still unknown. Zoospores infect the root hairs by attaching to the outer surface, encysting, and then penetrating the epidermis through lenticels and stomata.
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Micrograph of Melanin pigment (light refracting granular material—center of image) in a pigmented melanoma. Micrograph of the epidermis, with melanin labeled at left. Melanin (; from melas, "black, dark") is a broad term for a group of natural pigments found in most organisms. Melanin is produced through a multistage chemical process known as melanogenesis, where the oxidation of the amino acid tyrosine is followed by polymerization.
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Typical behaviour of clinically infected fish includes: · Anorexia (loss of appetite) · Increased breathing rate (hyperventilation) · Discoloration · Abnormal behaviour (inactivity, isolation) · Resting on the bottom · Flashing (rubbing and scratching against objects) · Balance disturbance. Upside-down swimming near the surface. Trophonts of Ichthyophthirius multifiliis (diameter 300 μm) in the epidermis of a rainbow trout tail fin (light microscopy with subillumination). The horseshoe-shaped macronucleus is visible.
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In crocodiles and turtles, the dermal armour is formed from the deeper dermis rather than the epidermis , and does not form the same sort of overlapping structure as snake scales. These dermal scales are more properly called scutes. Similar dermal scutes are found in the feet of birds and tails of some mammals, and are believed to be the primitive form of dermal armour in reptiles.
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Water beads on the waxy cuticle of kale leaves A plant cuticle is a protecting film covering the epidermis of leaves, young shoots and other aerial plant organs without periderm. It consists of lipid and hydrocarbon polymers impregnated with wax, and is synthesized exclusively by the epidermal cells.Kolattukudy, PE (1996) Biosynthetic pathways of cutin and waxes, and their sensitivity to environmental stresses. In: Plant Cuticles.
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Uredinia are linear, light orange, and occur mostly on the leaf blades but occasionally occur also on leaf sheaths, peduncles and awns. Extensive chlorosis is often associated with the uredinia. Telia are mostly linear, black to dark brown, and are covered by the host epidermis. Although infection by crown rust does not usually kill whole plants, it does kill individual leaves of the plants.
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Epithelium () is one of the four basic types of animal tissue, along with connective tissue, muscle tissue and nervous tissue. It is a thin, continuous, protective layer of cells. Epithelial tissues line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs. An example is the epidermis, the outermost layer of the skin.
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They are photopositive, which means they move towards light. This is adaptive because fruits tend to be located at the ends of the branches where there is most sunlight. Therefore, by following light, the larvae are able to move closer to fruits. Larva in apple fruit Once the caterpillar has located a fruit to feed on, it starts penetrating the epidermis of the fruit.
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M. roreri is a hemibiotrophic fungus that forms swollen irregularly shaped intercellular mycelia. The infection process starts when conidia of M. roreri land on the surface of the pods. Then they germinate and penetrate the pod directly through the epidermis, causing internal damage in the early stages of the disease. The initiation of the necrotrophic phase begins when asexual spore masses are produced on the pod surface.
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However, this alone was not sufficient; cacti with only these adaptations appear to do very little photosynthesis in their stems. Stems needed to develop structures similar to those normally found only in leaves. Immediately below the outer epidermis, a hypodermal layer developed made up of cells with thickened walls, offering mechanical support. Air spaces were needed between the cells to allow carbon dioxide to diffuse inwards.
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The outer surface of the beak consists of a thin horny sheath of keratin called the rhamphotheca, which can be subdivided into the rhinotheca of the upper mandible and the gnathotheca of the lower mandible. This covering arises from the Malpighian layer of the bird's epidermis,Campbell and Lack (1995), p. 47. growing from plates at the base of each mandible.Girling (2003), p. 4.
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The precursor of the melanocyte is the melanoblast. In adults, stem cells are contained in the bulge area of the outer root sheath of hair follicles. When a hair is lost and the hair follicle regenerates, the stem cells are activated. These stem cells develop into both keratinocyte precursors and melanoblasts - and these melanoblasts supply both hair and skin (moving into the basal layer of the epidermis).
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Sarcoptic mites as adults are microscopic, nearly circular in outline, and their legs are short, adapted for burrowing. The females, after mating with males on the surface of their host's skin, burrow into the living layers of the epidermis (mainly the stratum spinosum). They make tunnels horizontal to the surface of the skin. Here, eggs are laid and development of larvae and nymphs occurs.
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Vol I, Loricata and Testudines. p. 30. Snake scales are not discrete, but extensions of the epidermis—hence they are not shed separately but as a complete outer layer during each molt, akin to a sock being turned inside out. Snakes have a wide diversity of skin coloration patterns. These patterns are often related to behavior, such as a tendency to have to flee from predators.
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Intracytoplasmic inclusions may be seen in the epidermis and in conjunctival epithelium. Negative-stain electron microscopic examination can also used for diagnosis due to the large size and distinctive structure of poxviruses. This method allows rapid visualization of poxviruses, but does not allow specific verification of virus species or variants. Virus isolation remains the "gold standard" against which other methods of virus detection are compared.
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Although sclereids are variable in shape, the cells are generally isodiametric, prosenchymatic, forked, or elaborately branched. They can be grouped into bundles, can form complete tubes located at the periphery, or can occur as single cells or small groups of cells within parenchyma tissues. An isolated sclereid cell is known as an idioblast. Sclereids are typically found in the epidermis, ground tissue, and vascular tissue.
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Histology of the affected area commonly shows dense perivascular lymphocytic infiltration with reticulated degeneration of the epidermis. A study by Iwatsuki et al. detected Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) positive T-cells in the perivascular infiltration on biopsy in 28/29 patients tested. Antibody titers to EBV were measured in 14 of these patients and only five had abnormal antibody patterns consistent with chronic active EBV infection.
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Young larvae feed gregariously on the underside of the leaf of their host plant protected by a thin web of silk. At first they eat the substance of the leaf and leave the opposite epidermis. They soon scatter more or less, and make hiding places by fastening together the lower edges of coconut leaflets. Often several caterpillars can be found in the same place.
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The skin weighs an average of , covers an area of , and is made of three distinct layers: the epidermis, dermis, and subcutaneous tissue. The two main types of human skin are glabrous skin, the nonhairy skin on the palms and soles (also referred to as the "palmoplantar" surfaces), and hair- bearing skin.Burns, Tony; et al. (2006) Rook's Textbook of Dermatology CD-ROM. Wiley-Blackwell. .
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Skin of a sand lizard, showing squamate reptiles iconic scales Reptilian skin is covered in a horny epidermis, making it watertight and enabling reptiles to live on dry land, in contrast to amphibians. Compared to mammalian skin, that of reptiles is rather thin and lacks the thick dermal layer that produces leather in mammals.Hildebran, M. & Goslow, G. (2001): Analysis of Vertebrate Structure. 5th edition.
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Flattened squamous cells are more resistant to both abrasion and infection. The permeability of the epithelium allows for an effective response from the immune system since antibodies and other immune components can easily reach the surface. The vaginal epithelium differs from the similar tissue of the skin. The epidermis of the skin is relatively resistant to water because it contains high levels of lipids.
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Some have found relief in laser resurfacing that burns off the top layer of the epidermis, allowing healthy non-affected skin to regrow in its place.Secondary bacterial, fungal and/or viral infections are common and may exacerbate an outbreak. Some have found that outbreaks are triggered by certain foods, hormone cycles and stress. In many cases naltrexone, taken daily in low doses, appears to help.
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Segre came to the National Human Genome Research Institute of NIH in 2000 and was promoted to a senior investigator with tenure in 2007. Segre's laboratory studies how the epidermis interfaces between the body and the environment. Using genomic methodologies, Segre studies the bacteria and microbes of the skin microbiome. Segre's laboratory also develops genomic tools to track hospital-acquired infections of multi-drug resistant organisms.
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Martinex is a member of a genetically engineered offshoot of humanity whose traits were designed for survival under the cold conditions of the dwarf planet Pluto. He possesses enhanced strength, speed, and stamina, and superhuman durability. His epidermis is composed of a silicon-isotope organic crystal. Martinex has the ability to convert bodily energy into laser-like beams of energy which he can project from his hands.
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Ectodermal cells overlying the notochord develop into the neural plate in response to a diffusible signal produced by the notochord. The remainder of the ectoderm gives rise to the epidermis (skin). The ability of the mesoderm to convert the overlying ectoderm into neural tissue is called neural induction. The neural plate folds outwards during the third week of gestation to form the neural groove.
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It is known that Banana aphid (Pentalonia nigronervosa) transmits the virus from infected to healthy plants by feeding. Aphids feed on the plant phloem tissues by injecting their thin, flexible stylet into the epidermis of the plant tissue until it reaches the phloem of the leaves. Then the aphid injects saliva and sucks the cell contents. This ingestion of viral components is done inadvertently by the aphid.
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This causes an inflammatory response which results with the keratin, along with other cellular material and connective tissue, to be forced out the epidermis. Another reason for an inflammatory response may be due to an alteration of the dermal connective tissue. This is theorized because this step is a main reason for inflammatory responses in other skin diseases, such as, elastosis perforans serpiginosa and perforating collagenosis.
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The tentacles and tentilla are densely covered with microscopic colloblasts that capture prey by sticking to it. These are specialized mushroom-shaped cells in the outer layer of the epidermis, and have three main components: a domed head with vesicles (chambers) that contain adhesive; a stalk that anchors the cell in the lower layer of the epidermis or in the mesoglea; and a spiral thread that coils round the stalk and is attached to the head and to the root of the stalk. The function of the spiral thread is uncertain, but it may absorb stress when prey tries to escape, and thus prevent the collobast from being torn apart. In addition to colloblasts, members of the genus Haeckelia, which feed mainly on jellyfish, incorporate their victims' stinging cnidocytes into their own tentacles — some cnidaria-eating nudibranchs similarly incorporate cnidocytes into their bodies for defense.
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In human (and mouse) skin epidermis, 12(R)-HpETE is metabolized by Epidermis-type lipoxygenase, i.e. eLOX3 (encoded by the ALOXE3 gene), to two products: a) a specific hepoxilin, 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (i.e. 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 or 8R-OH-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3) and b) 12-oxo-5Z,8Z,10E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid (12-oxo-HETE, 12-oxoETE, 12-Keto-ETE, or 12-KETE); 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 is further metabolized by soluble Epoxide hydrolase 2 (sEH) to 8R,11R,12R-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid. 12(R)-HpETE also spontaneously decomposes to a mixture of hepoxilins and trihydroxy- eicosatetraenoic acids that possess R or S hydroxy and epoxy residues at various sites while 8R-hydroxy-11R,12R-epoxy-hepoxilin A3 spontaneously decomposes to 8R,11R,12R-trihydroxy-5Z,9E,14Z-eicosatetraenoic acid.
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According to Samantha Wilson of Skin Republic, dermatologist Paul Jarrod Frank, and Philippa Curnow of Elizabeth Arden, compared with the epidermis on the face, the epidermis on the cleavage and neck has fewer hair follicles and oil glands, little subcutaneous fat cushioning the area, a limited number melanocytes, and is much thinner and more fragile.Hannah Hempenstall, Anti-Ageing Secrets for the Décolletage, Who.com, 2018-11-15Chelsea Tromans, Why your décolletage needs its own set of skin care products, The Beauty Crew, 2019-04-04Jackie Danicki, The Skincare Keys to Killer Cleavage, The Observer, 2017-01-13 Skin in these areas can suffer from damage resulting in cleavage wrinkles, uneven skin tone, age spots, scars from heat rash, and female chest hairs, and may show loss of elasticity sooner. Some perfumes and colognes can cause a phototoxic rashes on the neck, wrists and cleavage that leaves patterned hyperpigmentation when healed.
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The immune system's role in the precise pathogenesis of TEN remains unclear. It appears that a certain type of immune cell (cytotoxic CD8+ T cell) is primarily responsible for keratinocyte death and subsequent skin detachment. Keratinocytes are the cells found lower in the epidermis and specialize in holding the surrounding skin cells together. It is theorized that CD8+ immune cells become overactive by stimulation from drugs or drug metabolites.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine starts as a serpentine mine in the upper epidermis of the leaf, proceeding along the leaf edge to the apical portion of the leaf where a full-depth, blotch-shaped mine is produced. Full-grown larvae cut a hole in the lower leaf surface and drop to the soil surface. There, they burrow into the soil and spin a cocoon.
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Protection from mechanical injury, chemical hazards, and bacterial invasion is provided by the skin because the epidermis is relatively thick and covered with keratin. Secretions from sebaceous glands and sweat glands also benefit this protective barrier. In the event of an injury that damages the skin's protective barrier, the body triggers a response called wound healing. After hemostasis, inflammation white blood cells, including phagocytic macrophages arrive at the injury site.
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This species has sessile glands located on the plant epidermis that are used to absorb nutrients. Other species of carnivorous plants, such as Cephalotus follicularis, use these glands to secrete enzymes to break down detritus and trap prey. However, C. berteroniana lacks enzyme production, so this plant breaks down materials using other methods. An important feature located on the leaves of Catopsis berteroniana is the presence of a white powder.
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Inflorescences emerge from the leaf axils arranged alternately on the main stem. Oftentimes during development they puncture the epidermis at the base of the leaves. A single inflorescence typically carries only 2 or 3 flowers at a time, however more has been observed. Flowers may emerge from the tip of the inflorescence from spring through summer, and continue to do so for many years until the stem dries up.
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It is white, with an ashy pale- brown epidermis. The aperture measures less than half the length of the shell. The suture is distinct, not channeled The anal notch is rather anterior, about as deep as wide, separated from the suture behind by a somewhat excavated area. The spiral sculpture consists of, in front of the suture, a plain, strong thread, in front of that three or four anteriorly diminishing threads.
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These are the mildest form of toners; they contain water and a humectant such as glycerine, and little if any alcohol (0–10%). Humectants help to keep the moisture in the upper layers of the epidermis by preventing it from evaporating. A popular example of this is rosewater. These toners are the gentlest to the skin, and are most suitable for use on dry, dehydrated, sensitive and normal skins.
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Dark coloration is due to abundant melanin pigment. The warts are made up of several tight, branching, threadlike epidermis processes connected by narrow tissue cores. These growth structures indicate that the growth occurs simultaneously at several different centers, causing the surrounding tissue to bulge from the growth's lateral pressure. The normal epithelium abruptly transitions into a narrow zone of rapidly thickening epithelial layers, made up of rapidly multiplying cells.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a tentiformed blotch occurring upon the upper surface of the leaf, usually very much elongated along the middle vein or sometimes along the lateral vein of the leaf. The upper epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is whitish with minute, brown to blackish-brown spots, much constricted longitudinally, with a single large central ridge.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a rather small blotch occurring upon the upper side of the leaves, usually situated along the leaf- margin or on the space between two lateral veins. It is oval or circular in form. The upper epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is whitish, blistered or weakly wrinkled and without any distinct ridges in accomplished condition.
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Palisade mesophyll cells can contain 30–70 chloroplasts per cell, while stomatal guard cells contain only around 8–15 per cell, as well as much less chlorophyll. Chloroplasts can also be found in the bundle sheath cells of a leaf, especially in C plants, which carry out the Calvin cycle in their bundle sheath cells. They are often absent from the epidermis of a leaf.Lawson T. and J. I. L. Morison.
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Red rust is not exclusive to tea, and is known to infect other plants, including mango, coffee, citrus, and guava. It should not be confused with either the fungal coffee leaf rust, a basidiomycete rust; or with coffee red leaf spot, caused by the related C. virescens. Similar symptoms and pathogenesis seem to be present on all hosts. The algae can penetrate the epidermis, although spores more readily spread through wounds.
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Helonias, Trillium, Veratrum) and Chionographis. The outer integument epidermis of the seed coat is cellular, and the phytomelanin pigment is lacking. The inner integument is also cellular and these features are plesiomorphic. The Liliales are characterised by (synapomorphies) the presence of nectaries at the base of the tepals (perigonal nectaries) or stamen filaments (Colchicum, Androcymbium) most taxa but the absence of septal nectaries, together with extrorse (outward opening) anthers.
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Their disposal tends to be similar to that of normal epidermis: immature/basal cells at the periphery, becoming more mature to the centre of the tumor masses. Tumor cells transform into keratinized squamous cells and form round nodules with concentric, laminated layers, called "cell nests" or "epithelial/keratinous pearls". The surrounding stroma is reduced and contains inflammatory infiltrate (lymphocytes). Poorly differentiated squamous carcinomas contain more pleomorphic cells and no keratinization.
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Also, it did not change the production and transportation of ECP in bacteria. ECP is a potent cytotoxic protein capable of killing cells of guinea pig tracheal epithelium, mammalian leukemia, epidermis carcinoma, and breast carcinoma, as well as non-mammalian cells such as parasites, bacteria, and viruses. Mature ECP is cytotoxic to human bronchial epithelial (BEAS-2B) cells by specific binding to cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) followed by endocytosis.
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The origin of gecko adhesion likely started as simple modifications to the epidermis on the underside of the toes. This was recently discovered in the genus Gonatodes from South America. Simple elaborations of the epidermal spinules into setae have enabled Gonatodes humeralis to climb smooth surfaces and sleep on smooth leaves. Biomimetic technologies designed to mimic gecko adhesion could produce reusable self- cleaning dry adhesives with many applications.
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Transgenic mice and frogs overexpressing Gli1 develop BCC like tumours as well as other hair follicle-derived neoplasias, such as trichoepitheliomas, cylindromas, and trichoblastomas. Expression of Gli1 in the embryonic frog epidermis results in the development of tumours that express endogenous Gli1. This suggests that overexpressed Gli1 alone is probably sufficient for tumour development Mutations leading to the expression of Gli1 in basal cells are thus predicted to induce BCC formation.
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Some have slits along the side of the head or grooves obliquely across the head, and these may be associated with paired cerebral organs. All of these are thought to be chemoreceptors, and the cerebral organs may also aiding osmoregulation. Small pits in the epidermis appear to be sensors. On their head some species have a number of pigment-cup ocelli, which can detect light but not form an image.
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CYP27C1 catalyzes 3,4-desaturation of retinoids, particularly all-trans-retinol (vitamin A1) to all-trans 3,4-dehydroretinal (vitamin A2). The enzyme is unusual among mammalian P450s in that the predominant oxidation is a desaturation and in that hydroxylation represents only a minor pathway - the enzyme catalyzes 3- and 4-hydroxylation as minor events. The enzyme is located in human skin epidermis. The function of the enzyme was only discovered in 2016.
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It mainly impacts myeloid cells and induces the release of T cell-attracting chemokines from monocytes and enhances the maturation of myeloid (CD11c+) dendritic cells. TSLP has also been shown to activate the maturation of a specific subset of dendritic cells located within the epidermis, called Langerhans cells. Within the thymus TSLP activation of both myeloid and plasmacytoid (CD123+) dendritic cells results in the production of regulatory T cells.
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Traditionally, mycosis fungoides has been divided into three stages: premycotic, mycotic and tumorous. The premycotic stage clinically presents as an erythematous (red), itchy, scaly lesion. Microscopic appearance is non-diagnostic and represented by chronic nonspecific dermatosis associated with psoriasiform changes in epidermis. In the mycotic stage, infiltrative plaques appear and biopsy shows a polymorphous inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis that contains small numbers of frankly atypical lymphoid cells.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of an oblong, tentiform blotch-mine placed on the space between two lateral veins of the lower side of the leaf. The lower epidermis of the mining part is strongly contracted by silken threads, with a longitudinal wrinkle as in most species of Phyllonorycter. Pupation takes place within a whitish, ellipsoidal cocoon, which is placed inside the mine.
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Early lesion development in the epidermis of a squash hypocotyl caused by Fusarium solani stained with tetrazolium salt, Magyarosy 1973. Fig. 5. Diagram of hypocotyl stem rot leading to "damping-off" caused by Rhizoctonia solani (Univ.Calif. Agr. Exp. Sta. Service Manual 23, 1957). The laimosphere is the microbiologically enriched zone of soil that surrounds below-ground portions of plant stems; the laimosphere is analogous to the rhizosphere and spermosphere.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant by digging an elongated, wrinkled "mine" on the underside of the leaf. Pupation takes place within a dense white cocoon, marked with longitudinal ridges. It is suspended hammock-like within the mine, by a single silken thread at the anterior end and by two diverging threads at the posterior end. When the imago emerges the pupa case is thrust through the upper epidermis.
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The mycelium of the fungus grows in the double-layered epidermis of the leaf of the host plant, and penetrates the mesophyll tissue in the center of the colony. Perithecia are up to 400 µm in diameter and are the same thickness as the leaf. The asci (spore-bearing cells) are up to 180 µm long and 15 µm wide. Ascospores are hyaline (translucent), and measure 20–25 by 10 µm.
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The Commelineae can be separated morphologically from its sister tribe, the Tradescantieae, through a number of technical characters. These include having six subsidiary cells with the terminal pair always being smaller than the second lateral pair, pollen with a spiny exine and a perforate tectum, primarily zygomorphic flowers, non-moniliform filament hairs, no silica in the epidermis, and small chromosomes. Molecular phylogenetics generally supports the separation of the two tribes.
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At the base of each floret are numerous pappus bristles of two lengths, the shorter ones white, scaly, persistent and about long. When mature, the dry, one-seeded, indehiscent fruits called cypselae are dark brown with a lighter margin, long and wide, narrowly obovate in outline, with a scaly epidermis, and loosely evenly silky hairy. Felicia fruticosa is a diploid having nine sets of homologue chromosomes (2n=18).
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The clitellum is part of the reproductive system of clitellates, a subgroup of annelids which contains oligochaetes (earthworms) and hirudineans (leeches). The clitellum is a thick, saddle-like ring found in the epidermis (skin) of the worm, usually with a light-colored pigment. To form a cocoon for its eggs, the clitellum secretes a viscous fluid. This organ is used in sexual reproduction of some annelids , such as leeches .
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In humans, milk lines form as thickenings of the epidermis of the mammary ridge, along the front surface of both sexes of mammals. Milk lines appear in the seventh week of embryonic development before human sexual differentiation, which explains why male humans have nipples. After initial development of the milk lines they go into remission. Most humans have two nipples, but in some cases more than two will develop.
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The fruit matures to a capsule diameter, usually globose, containing one to three seeds (often erroneously called a nut) per capsule. Capsules containing more than one seed result in flatness on one side of the seeds. The point of attachment of the seed in the capsule (hilum) shows as a large circular whitish scar. The capsule epidermis has "spines" (botanically: prickles) in some species, while other capsules are warty or smooth.
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Solar elastosis separates from the epidermis by a narrow band of normal- appearing collagen (grenz zone) with collagen fibers arranged horizontally. Actinic elastosis, also known as solar elastosis, is an accumulation of abnormal elastin (elastic tissue) in the dermis of the skin, or in the conjunctiva of the eye, which occurs as a result of the cumulative effects of prolonged and excessive sun exposure, a process known as photoaging.
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Phyllocnistis intermediella is a moth of the family Gracillariidae, known from Florida, U.S.A. The hostplants for the species include Mastichodendron foetidissimum, and Sideroxylon pallidum. They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is found on the underside of the leaf. It has the form of a long, whitish, irregular serpentine just below the epidermis, confined to one side of the leaf and not crossing the main rib.
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Diploria labyrinthiformis, a brain coral The skeleton of an individual scleractinian polyp is known as a corallite. It is secreted by the epidermis of the lower part of the body, and initially forms a cup surrounding this part of the polyp. The interior of the cup contains radially aligned plates, or septa, projecting upwards from the base. Each of these plates is flanked by a pair of mesenteries.
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Sphagnum palustre Sphagnum palustre forms firm plants up to 25 centimeter height. The plants are often light green to light brown with stem diameters of 0.6 to 1.2 millimeters. The epidermis (Hyalodermis) of the stem is built in three layers and their cells form 1 to 3 seldom more pores and contain much spiral fibers. The branches are tufted forming clusters of three to six on the little stems.
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Upon gastrulation, the transcription of BMP4 is limited to the ventrolateral marginal zone due to inhibition from the dorsalizing side of the developing embryo. BMP4 aids in ventralizing mesoderm, which guides the dorsal-ventral axis formation. In Xenopus BMP4 has been found to aid in formation of blood and blood islands. BMP4, initially expressed in the epidermis, is found in the roof plate during formation of the neural tube.
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Colonies of Amathia vidovici are like miniature trees and consist of a branching mass of individual zooids connected to each other by stolons. The zooids are in groups of four to eight pairs spiralling round the stolon. The colony is stiffened by an exoskeleton made of chitin which is secreted by the epidermis of the zooids. The stolon has a jointed appearance and consists of a series of specialised tubular zooids.
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Lizard head scales, from Boulenger 1890: 168. Lizard scales vary in form from tubercular to platelike, or imbricate (overlapping). These scales, which on the surface are composed of horny (keratinized) epidermis, may have bony plates underlying them; these plates are called osteoderms. Lizard scales may differ strongly in form on different parts of the lizard and are often of use in taxonomy to differentiate species (or higher taxa, such as families).
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Some geckos will eat their own shed skin. In the case of snakes, the complete outer layer of skin is shed in one layer. Snake scales are not discrete but extensions of the epidermis hence they are not shed separately, but are ejected as a complete contiguous outer layer of skin during each moult, akin to a sock being turned inside out. Moulting is repeated periodically throughout a snake's life.
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Infected bark may be covered in fungal fruiting structures giving the tissue a black sooty appearance. Leaf spots tend to be tan to gray and are often the result of previous damage such as freeze injury, scorching or mechanical wounds. Dark, disc or cushion-shaped acervuli are formed under the plant epidermis which then splits open revealing the fruiting structures. Conidia are produced on short simple conidiophores within the acervulus.
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The topical application of monobenzone in animals increases the excretion of melanin from melanocytes. The same action is thought to be responsible for the depigmenting effect of the drug in humans. Monobenzone may cause destruction of melanocytes and permanent depigmentation. The histology of the skin after depigmentation with topical monobenzone is the same as that seen in vitiligo; the epidermis is normal except for the absence of identifiable melanocytes.
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Nectonematids also possess a blindly-ending intestine and double rows of dorsal and ventral cuticular natatory bristles. In males, sperm sacs attached to the dorsal epidermis are the gonads, while females possess a vesicle-rich tissue called a gono-parenchyne during early developmental stages. Additionally, spines are formed on nectonematid eggs after they make contact with seawater. Like all horsehair worms, there is a lack of excretory organs or blood.
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One of the largest promoters of apoptosis is exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light. While UV light is essential to human life it can also cause harm by inducing cancer, immunosuppression, photoaging, inflammation, and cell death. Of the various components of sunlight, ultraviolet radiation B (UVB) (290-320 nm) is considered to be the most harmful. This type of radiation acts primarily on the epidermis, and in particular the keratinocytes.
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It is narrowly umbilicated, with a smooth epidermis, thin, but especially so on the base. The shell is more or less nacreous all over under a thin porcellanous upper layer. Sculpture: The first three whorls (after the embryonic apex) are reticulated by three sharp remote spirals, and rather stronger, slightly oblique longitudinals, which rise at their intersection into small sharp pyramidal tubercles. The interstices are a little broader than high.
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This allows direct cytoplasm-to-cytoplasm flow of water and other nutrients along concentration gradients. In particular, symplastic flow is used in the root systems to bring in nutrients from soil. It moves these solutes from epidermis cells through the cortex into the endodermis. Once solutes reach the endodermal cells through apoplastic flow, they are forced into the symplastic pathway due to the presence of the Casparian strip.
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Sugarcane rust is an autoecious rust, meaning it completes its entire life cycle on the same species of host plant. As mentioned above, uredospores are produced from the pustules that break through the epidermis on the underside of the leaves. Uredospores are the only infectious spores of Puccinia melanocephala. The uredospores disperse from the pustules via wind or rain onto the leaves of a new host sugarcane plant.
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The skin is black; the epidermis is thick and the dermis is thick. The hump is composed of fat bound together by fibrous tissue. There are no glands on the face; males have glands that appear to be modified apocrine sweat glands that secrete pungent, coffee- coloured fluid during the rut, located on either side of the neck midline. The glands generally grow heavier during the rut, and range from .
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As a result, tissues beyond the secondary phloem including the epidermis and cortex, in many cases tend to be pushed outward and are eventually "sloughed off" (shed). At this point, the cork cambium begins to form the periderm, consisting of protective cork cells containing suberin. In roots, the cork cambium originates in the pericycle, a component of the vascular cylinder. The vascular cambium produces new layers of secondary xylem annually.
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Cutaneous mycoses extend deeper into the epidermis, and also include invasive hair and nail diseases. These diseases are restricted to the keratinized layers of the skin, hair, and nails. Unlike the superficial mycoses, host immune responses may be evoked resulting in pathologic changes expressed in the deeper layers of the skin. The organisms that cause these diseases are called dermatophytes, the resulting diseases are often called ringworm, dermatophytosis or tinea.
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Preventative measures should be implemented by those who are most at risk of contracting Green Nail Syndrome due to their predisposition or lifestyle and workplace choices. Wearing waterproof gloves or gum boots can be effective in preventing prolonged exposure of the nails to water. Avoiding trauma that could lead to the destruction of the epidermis seal is on the nails is a priority in preventing green nail syndrome recurrences.
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Atretochoana, however, entirely lacks lungs, and has a number of other features associated with lunglessness, including sealed choanae, and an absence of pulmonary arteries. Its skin is filled with capillaries that penetrate the epidermis, allowing gas exchange. Its skull shows evidence of muscles not found in any other organism. The Vienna specimen of Atretochoana is a large caecilian at a length of , while the Brasília specimen is larger still at .
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Hydradermabrasion is a dermatological procedure which combines simultaneous dermal infusion of medicinal products and crystal-free exfoliation. Hydradermabrasion's mechanism of actions includes: (a) mechanical stimulation activates the basal layer, and (b) thickening and smoothing the epidermis. Fibroblast activity results in extracellular matrix deposition and dermal thickening. Antioxidants introduced through the procedure hydrate and decrease inflammation in the skin, reversing photo damage, while protecting lipid membranes, collagen fibers, and enzyme systems.
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They create a trivalved tubular silken case of 4.4-5.8 mm with a mouth angle of 35-45°. The case has a few indistinct length lines and the surface is roughened by sand grains of varying size that are spun into it and fragments of the epidermis of mined leaves. The larvae mine the leaves, but also feed on the fruit. Full-grown larvae can be found in August and September.
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KWE is characterized by a number of anomalies affecting the skin. Erythema causes redness of the skin, which is generally associated with inflammation and irritation. Including erythema and hyperkeratosis (thickening of the stratum corneum), naturally occurring keratolytic peeling and scaling, with increased manifestation in winter, are prevailing features of the disorder. Erythema in KWE has been attributed to necrobiosis (cellular death) within the Malpighian layer (the innermost layer of the epidermis).
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IKK-α has been shown to function in epidermal differentiation independently of the NF-κB pathway. In the mouse, IKK-α is required for cell cycle exit and differentiation of the embryonic keratinocytes. IKK-α null mice have a truncated snout and limbs, shiny skin, and die shortly after birth due to dehydration. Their epidermis retains a proliferative precursor cell population and lacks the outer two most differentiated cell layers.
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The epidermis is sometimes marked by light and dark lines of color, alternating. The shell of the species can grow to ~30 mm in height and 25 mm in width as a full grown adult. However, most individuals in a population only grow to approximately half the maximum size. The width of the shell is from 12–18 mm, and the height of the shell is 14–24 mm.
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There are photosensitive spots in the urchin's epidermis and if a shadow falls on the animal, it angles its secondary spines towards the intruder. These can cause a painful sting if they come into contact with bare skin. Near the apex of the test is a clearly visible anus surrounded by an orange ring and raised on a small projection. Radiating from this are five narrow, bright blue lines.
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Corneocytes are keratinocytes without nuclei and cytoplasmic organelles. They contain a highly insoluble cornified envelope within the plasma membrane, and lipids (fatty acids, sterols and ceramides) released from lamellar bodies within the epidermis. The corneocytes are interlocked with each other and organized as vertical columns of 10–30 cells to form the stratum corneum. Corneocytes in the lower part of the stratum corneum are bridged together through specialized junctions (corneodesmosomes).
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Initial TNT experiments showed that genes could be delivered to the skin of mice. Once this was confirmed, a cocktail of gene factors (ABM) used by Vierbuchen and collaborators to reprogram fibroblast into neurons was used. Delivery of these factors demonstrated successful reprogramming in-vivo and signals propagated from the epidermis to the dermis skin layers. This phenomenon is believed to be mediated by extracellular vesicles and potentially other factors [18].
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These organisms have a well- developed manubrium, a proboscis-like structure bearing the mouth and four long oral arms. Also the mesoglea, or jelly, is relatively thickened and well developed in this species. Sense organs, known as rhopalia in the scyphomedusae, are located around the umbrella margin in notches and alternate between tentacles. Cnidae are present in the epidermis and gastrodermis of the umbrella, as well as on the tentacles.
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One way people compare them is by the size, shape, and color of the roots. The more orange the flesh of a sweet potato root is, the more nutritious carotene it has. (Humans metabolize carotene into vitamin A.) The skin of a sweet potato root is a different color than the flesh. The biological word for the outer skin is epidermis; the flesh is called the pith or medulla.
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A large number of fruiting and ornamental trees act as hosts to this thrips. It is a significant pest of cacao and mango in the West Indies. The adults and nymphs insert their mouthparts into the epidermis of young leaves, killing the cells as they suck sap and causing leaf silvering or browning. The leaf margins crinkle and the leaves become distorted and covered with dark faecal pellets.
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Lentigo maligna melanoma is a melanoma that has evolved from a lentigo maligna, as seen as a lentigo maligna with melanoma cells invading below the boundaries of the epidermis. Last Update: May 18, 2019. They are usually found on chronically sun damaged skin such as the face and the forearms of the elderly. Lentigo maligna is the non-invasive skin growth that some pathologists consider to be a melanoma-in-situ.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine is mainly on the upper surface and progresses tortuously, ever widening. When the first instar is about completed an exit hole is cut through the upper epidermis and the larva leaves the inner tissue. When the feeding activities of this stage are finished the larva weaves a tiny circular web over some slight depression on the underside of the leaf.
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Overview of histological findings in trichodysplasia spinulosa. Top row (A1-A3) shows healthy control; bottom row (B1-B3) shows TS skin. Low-magnification-power overview (A1, B1); high-power representative examples of epidermis showing thickening of the skin (acanthosis) in TS (A2, B2); high-power representative examples of hair follicles showing enlarged and dysmorphic appearance in TS (A3, B3). Inset in B3 shows characteristic eosinophilic protein granules, probably trichohyalin (arrowheads).
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Additionally, crest cells have intrinsic contact inhibition with one another while freely invading tissues of different origin such as mesoderm. Neural crest cells that migrate through the rostral half of somites differentiate into sensory and sympathetic neurons of the peripheral nervous system. The other main route neural crest cells take is dorsolaterally between the epidermis and the dermamyotome. Cells migrating through this path differentiate into pigment cells of the dermis.
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To infect, it produces a conidiophore that then bears conidia. These conidia move along to a susceptible surface to germinate. Once these spores germinate, they produce a structure called a haustoria, capable of "sucking" nutrients from the plant cells directly under the epidermis of the leaf. At this point, the fungi can infect leaves, buds and twigs that then reinfect other plants or further infect the current host.
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To accommodate this finding, some authors extend the term 'Rotifera' to include the highly modified, parasitic 'acanthocephalan rotifers' alongside bdelloid, monogonont and seisonid rotifers. Others refer to the grouping of the four taxa as Syndermata, a term derived from their shared syncytial epidermis. The position of Bdelloidea within Syndermata (or Rotifera) is not entirely clear. Alternative possible phylogenetic relationships within the clade are illustrated by the accompanying cladograms.
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Thin film with diffuse reflector, based on the top two layers of a buttercup's petals. The brilliant yellow gloss derives from a combination, rare among plants, of yellow pigment and structural coloration. The very smooth upper epidermis acts as a reflective and iridescent thin film; for example, in Ranunculus acris, the layer is 2.7 micrometres thick. The unusual starch cells form a diffuse but strong reflector, enhancing the flower's brilliance.
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Corneodesmosin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CDSN gene. This gene encodes a protein found in corneodesmosomes, which localize to human epidermis and other cornified squamous epithelia. During maturation of the cornified layers, the protein undergoes a series of cleavages, which are thought to be required for desquamation. The gene is located in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class I region on chromosome 6.
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The mouth opens into a flattened pharynx. This consists of an in-folding of the body wall, and is therefore lined by the animal's epidermis. The pharynx typically runs for about one third the length of the body before opening into the gastrovascular cavity that occupies the remainder of the body. The gastrovascular cavity itself is divided into a number of chambers by mesenteries radiating inwards from the body wall.
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The interaction between stromal cells and tumor cells is known to play a major role in cancer growth and progression. In addition, by regulating local cytokine networks (e.g. M-CSF, LIF), bone marrow stromal cells have been described to be involved in human haematopoiesis and inflammatory processes. Stromal cells (in the dermis layer) adjacent to the epidermis (the top layer of the skin) release growth factors that promote cell division.
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The regrowth of the tail is not always complete and is made of a solid rod of cartilage rather than individual vertebrae. In snakes, the tail separates between vertebrae and some do not experience regrowth. Third, the scales in lepidosaurs are horny (keratinized) structures of the epidermis, allowing them to be shed collectively, contrary to the scutes seen in other reptiles. This is done in different cycles, depending on the species.
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Café au lait spots, or café au lait macules, are flat, pigmented birthmarks. The name café au lait is French for "coffee with milk" and refers to their light-brown color. They are also called "giraffe spots," or "coast of Maine spots," which refers to their jagged borders.coast of Maine spots - General Practice Notebook They are caused by a collection of pigment-producing melanocytes in the epidermis of the skin.
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Lymphatic obstruction due to any cause can increase the amount of proteins in the intravascular tissue, either by root osmotic pressure, or because it absorbs a little liquid. The further roteins increase the vascular fluid, fibroblasts and promote the ploriferation of mast cells which produce the clinical symptoms of nonpitting edema. The epidermis may be hyperkeratotic and warty and this predisposes to tissue cracks and allows secondary infection.
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The females, after mating with males on the surface of their host's skin, burrow into the living layers of the epidermis (mainly the stratum spinosum). They make long tunnels horizontal to the surface of the skin. Eggs are laid in the tunnels and development of larvae and nymphs occurs in such tunnels. The feeding of the mites and their excretory products irritates and inflames the skin, causing intense pruritus.
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Opening and Closing of Stoma. Guard cells are specialized plant cells in the epidermis of leaves, stems and other organs that are used to control gas exchange. They are produced in pairs with a gap between them that forms a stomatal pore. The stomatal pores are largest when water is freely available and the guard cells turgid, and closed when water availability is critically low and the guard cells become flaccid.
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The hyponychium is the area of epithelium, particularly the thickened portion, underlying the free edge of the nail plate on the nail. Its proximal border is immediately distal to distal limit of nail bed—a.k.a. the onychodermal band (the line along the interface of the nail bed and the nail plate). Its distal border the free edge of the nail plate—or where that edge would project downwards onto the epidermis.
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When a Hydra is cut in half, each half will regenerate and form into a small Hydra; the "head" will regenerate a "foot" and the "foot" will regenerate a "head". If the Hydra is sliced into many segments then the middle slices will form both a "head" and a "foot". Respiration and excretion occur by diffusion throughout the surface of the epidermis, while larger excreta are discharged through the mouth.
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The medusa (jellyfish) is free-living in the plankton. Dense nerve net cells are also present in the epidermis in the cap. They form a large ring-like structure above the radial canal commonly presented in cnidarians. Turritopsis dohrnii also has a bottom-living polyp form, or hydroid, which consists of stolons that run along the substrate and upright branches with feeding polyps that can produce medusa buds.
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The deficiency in anchoring fibrils impairs the adherence between the epidermis and the underlying dermis. The skin of DEB patients is thus highly susceptible to severe blistering. Collagen VII is also associated with the epithelium of the esophageal lining, and DEB patients may suffer from chronic scarring, webbing, and obstruction of the esophagus. Affected individuals are often severely malnourished due to trauma to the oral and esophageal mucosa and require feeding tubes for nutrition.
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The protoconch consists of 2½ rounded subcylindrical whorls rising to a small rounded point, where the extreme tip hardly projects and is bent down on one side. It is smooth and glossy, but retains traces of a ruddy epidermis with minute spiral threads. The shell contains 6 whorls in all, of regular but rapid increase, rather high and broad, convex, but sloping, and not tumid. The last is very long and full, though not tumid.
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The nematode starts to swell and get a swollen shape as it molts through the juvenile stages until the adult stage. Many eggs will be produced by the female nematode, and released in a gelatinous mass. M. exigua lays its eggs under the epidermis, unlike M.coffeicola that lays them outside of the roots. The juveniles that came out in the gelatinous mass will hatch and find a new feeding site and restart the cycle.
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The outer lip has a decided angle at the shoulder, below which the edge is well-rounded, and projects strongly forward, in the middle. The sinus, above the shoulder, is rather deep, wide, and evenly rounded within. The columella is strongly excavated in the middle, obliquely receding at the end. The shell is commonly greenish white and covered by a thin, close, greenish epidermis ; but some specimens are clear white, and rarely pinkish.
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The posterior sinus is broad and rather deep, with regularly rounded margins, corresponding to the lines on the subsutural band. Below the shoulder the lip projects considerably forward and then is somewhat flattened and recedes gradually to the base of the short and broad siphonal canal. The whorls of the protoconch are very small and generally eroded so far as to appear smooth. The shell is white or grayish white, without any distinct epidermis.
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Earthworms do not have eyes (although some worms do), however, they do have specialized photosensitive cells called "light cells of Hess". These photoreceptor cells have a central intracellular cavity (phaosome) filled with microvilli. As well as the microvilli, there are several sensory cilia in the phagosome which are structurally independent of the microvilli. The photoreceptors are distributed in most parts of the epidermis but are more concentrated on the back and sides of the worm.
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Sézary cell: pleomorphic abnormal T cell with the characteristic cerebriform nuclei (Peripheral blood - MGG stain). Sézary disease and mycosis fungoides are cutaneous T-cell lymphomas having a primary manifestation in the skin. The disease's origin is a peripheral CD4+ T-lymphocyte, although rarer CD8+/CD4- cases have been observed. Epidermotropism (lymphocytes residing in the epidermis) by neoplastic CD4+ lymphocytes with the formation of Pautrier's microabscesses is the hallmark sign of the disease.
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The elongate shell size varies between 13 mm and 19 mm. The shell is ashy olivaceous, covered with a shiny very thin epidermis, and is claret-brown within the aperture. The whitish apex is small and rather blunt. There are eight, moderately convex, smooth whorls with eleven short, somewhat oblique, slightly curved, strong axial ribs, more prominent on the periphery and fading away towards the sutures and not distinctly differentiated from the interspaces.
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The length of the shell varies between 19 mm and 35 mm. The ovate shell is thick, solid and bi- conical. It is whitish, covered with a reddish epidermis. It shows nine or ten longitudinal folds, more strongly marked upon the body whorl, rarely prolonged as far as the base, and regularly divided into tubercles by more prominent transverse striae, the interstices of which are furnished with other much finer and very approximate striae.
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It is most abundant in the cooler uplands. When sugarcane was brought to Hawaii, it added the plant to its list of food grasses and frequently becomes a pest to sugarcane. A recently hatched larva feeds in the folded together tip of a grass leaf which it has fastened with silk. It eats the surface of the leaf in spots, leaving the under epidermis, which gives the appearance of dead spots on the leaf.
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It extracts blood by cutting a hole in the host's epidermis, into which it inserts its hypostome and prevents the blood from clotting by excreting an anticoagulant or platelet aggregation inhibitor.Goddard (2008): p. 82 Ticks find their hosts by detecting animals' breath and body odors, or by sensing body heat, moisture, and vibrations. They are incapable of flying or jumping, but many tick species, particularly Ixodidae, lie in wait in a position known as "questing".
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Heteronemertea is a monophyletic order of about 500 species of nemertean worm. It contains genera such as Lineus and Cerebratulus, and includes the largest and most muscular nemerteans. Almost all heteronemerteans have three primary body-wall muscle strata: an outer longitudinal, a middle circular, and an inner longitudinal. The lateral nerve cords are outside the circular muscle, as in palaeonemerteans, but separated from the epidermis by the usually well- developed outer longitudinal muscle.
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The group includes genera such as Cephalothrix in which the nerve cords are inside the body-wall longitudinal muscle, and Tubulanus, in which the nerve cords are between the outer circular muscle and the epidermis. Tubulanids are commonly encountered in rocky areas of intertidal zones in the northern hemisphere. They are often bright orange or have very distinctive banding and or stripes and can be many metres long, although only a few millimetres thick.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a very small blotch occurring upon the lower surface of the leaf, situated on the space between two lateral veins or rarely along the leaf-margin. It is elliptical to quadrangular in form. The lower epidermis of the leaf on the mining part is dark brown, slightly constricted longitudinally, but without distinct wrinkles or ridges even in accomplished condition.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of a blotch mine occurring on the upper surface of the leaves, usually on veins. It is nearly circular in shape and blackish purple in colour. The upper epidermis of the mining part is strongly contorted to form a round dome, thus the lower side of the mine is longitudinally folded upwardly to form a round, dome-like mine-cavity.
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Sphingomyelin deacylase (, SM deacylase, GcSM deacylase, glucosylceramide sphingomyelin deacylase, sphingomyelin glucosylceramide deacylase, SM glucosylceramide GCer deacylase, SM-GCer deacylase, SMGCer deacylase) is an enzyme with systematic name N-acyl-sphingosylphosphorylcholine amidohydrolase. This enzyme catalyses the following chemical reaction : (1) an N-acyl- sphingosylphosphorylcholine + H2O \rightleftharpoons a fatty acid + sphingosylphosphorylcholine;; : (2) a D-glucosyl-N-acylsphingosine + H2O \rightleftharpoons a fatty acid + D-glucosyl-sphingosine The enzyme is involved in the sphingolipid metabolism in the epidermis.
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Like humans and other animals, fish suffer from diseases and parasites. Fish defences against disease are specific and non-specific. Non-specific defences include skin and scales, as well as the mucus layer secreted by the epidermis that traps microorganisms and inhibits their growth. If pathogens breach these defences, fish can develop inflammatory responses that increase the flow of blood to infected areas and deliver white blood cells that attempt to destroy the pathogens.
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Spinous cells serve “as a physical and biological barrier to the environment, preventing penetration by irritants and allergens and loss of water while maintaining internal homeostasis. They accomplish this in two ways. First, they are keratinocytes (keratin cells) whose primary function is to produce keratin, a strong structural protein. The keratin accumulates within each spinous cell as it moves upward through the epidermis layers, until the cell is almost completely filled with hardening keratin (keratinisation).
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It is a severe case of eczema that affects the epidermis, dermis and/or subcutaneous skin tissues. The three types of spongiotic are acute, subacute and chronic. A dermatologist can diagnose acute spongiotic by examining the skin during an office visit but a biopsy is needed for an accurate diagnosis of the type. It can be caused by several internal or external factors such as food, an insect bite, stress, medication or cosmetics.
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The female inserts her saw-like ovipositor into plant tissues and lays her eggs under the epidermis. The eggs are white at first, turning orange later, and hatch in four to five days. The larvae are white or yellowish and suck sap from the plant tissues. Two larval stages lasting about nine days in total are followed by the non-feeding prepupal and pupal stages which last four to seven days in total.
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The molecule of collagen XXIII can be found either in membrane-bond form or in shed form. Type XXIII collagen is expressed in both adult tissues and developing organs. It can be found in the epidermis and other epithelia such as those in tongue, gut and lung, but also in the brain, the kidney and the cornea. It has been shown that in prostate collagen XXIII expression is associated with tumor progression.
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All chaetognaths are carnivorous, preying on other planktonic animals. Some species are also reported to be omnivores, feeding on algae and detritus. The trunk bears one or two pairs of lateral fins incorporating structures superficially similar to the fin rays of fish, with which they are not homologous, however: unlike those of vertebrates, these are composed of a thickened basement membrane extending from the epidermis. An additional caudal fin covers the post-anal tail.
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Diplodasys rothei The body wall consists of a cuticle, an epidermis and longitudinal and circular bands of muscle fibres. In some primitive species, each epidermal cell has a single cilium, a feature shared only by the gnathostomulans. The whole ventral surface of the animal may be ciliated or the cilia may be arranged in rows, patches or transverse bands. The cuticle is locally thickened in some gastrotrichs and forms scales, hooks and spines.
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The body surface of the acanthocephala is peculiar. Externally, the skin has a thin tegument covering the epidermis, which consists of a syncytium with no cell walls. The syncytium is traversed by a series of branching tubules containing fluid and is controlled by a few wandering, amoeboid nuclei. Inside the syncytium is an irregular layer of circular muscle fibres, and within this again some rather scattered longitudinal fibres; there is no endothelium.
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Usually, one mine is found on a single leaf, but sometimes two or three may be found. The mine usually extends between two ribs of the leaf. The frass is blackish brown and is deposited in grains in a circle around the central area, although some frass is smeared inside of the epidermis of the central area of the mine. Larvae can be found feeding from the end of August to September.
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Moderate goose bumps The phrase "goose bumps" derives from the phenomenon's association with goose skin. Goose feathers grow from pores in the epidermis that resemble human hair follicles. When a goose's feathers are plucked, its skin has protrusions where the feathers were, and these bumps are what the human phenomenon resembles. It is not clear why the particular fowl, goose, was chosen in English, as most other birds share this same anatomical feature.
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This fern has leaves which are 3- to 4-pinnate, such that each leaflet is subdivided twice or three times into layers of overlapping rounded segments. The leaves have a bumpy, cobbled look. The underside bears scales, which are long outgrowths of the epidermis, as well as a coating of long hairs. The sporangia may be hidden beneath the scales and hairs and tucked under the curved lip of the leaf margin.
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When looked at under the microscope, the skin affected by dermatitis herpetiformis presents a collection of neutrophils. They have an increased prevalence in the areas where the dermis is closest to the epidermis. Direct IMF studies of uninvolved skin show IgA in the dermal papillae and patchy granular IgA along the basement membrane. The jejunal mucosa may show partial villous atrophy, but the changes tend to be milder than in coeliac disease.
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Bullous impetigo on the arm Bullous impetigo Bullous impetigo can appear around the diaper region, axilla, or neck. The bacteria causes a toxin to be produced that reduces cell-to-cell stickiness (adhesion), causing for the top layer of skin (epidermis), and lower layer of skin (dermis) to separate. Vesicles rapidly enlarge and form the bullae which is a blister more than 5mm across. Bullae is also known as Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mine has the form of an elliptical or oblong, typically tentiform blotch-mine found on the upper side of the leaf, usually on the leaf-vein, with the upper epidermis of the mining part having a longitudinal wrinkle in the middle. Pupation takes place inside the mine-cavity. The pupa is enclosed with a whitish, ellipsoidal cocoon, which is covered with grains of frass.
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Melanin is produced in specialized cells called melanocytes, which are found at the lowest level of the epidermis. Melanin is produced inside small membrane-bound packages called melanosomes. People with naturally-occurring dark skin have melanosomes which are clumped, large and full of eumelanin. A four-fold difference in naturally-occurring dark skin gives seven- to eight- fold protection against DNA damage, but even the darkest skin colour cannot protect against all damage to DNA.
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They mine the leaves of their host plant. The mines occur upon either the upper or lower surface of the leaves. In the upperside mines, the leaf is more contracted and the epidermis is thrown into more distinct folds than is the case in the lower side mines. The elongate white silken cocoon is attached at its posterior end by two fine threads, and at its anterior end by a rather broad band of silk.
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Lutzner cells begin developing in bone marrow then travel to the thymus via the secretion of the hormone thymosin. The secretion allows them to differentiate and mature. Once the mutated cell is developed, it patiently waits in the thymus until an antigen presents itself. When a cutaneous lymphocyte antigen is expressed in the skin, the CD4+ Lutzner cell travels to the epidermis and dermis layers of the skin in order to bind to the antigen.
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PTPIP51 is a member of the RMDN protein family and localizes to the outer mitochondrial membrane, cytoplasm, and nucleus. This protein is involved in cellular differentiation, proliferation, motility, cytoskeleton formation, and apoptosis. These biological functions thus serve to facilitate mammalian development through processes such as placental villi formation and angiogenesis. In particular, it is expressed in differentiated cells and tissues, such as follicular and inter-follicular epidermis, epithelia, skeletal muscle, testis, and nervous tissue.
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Chordin dorsalizes the developing embryo by binding ventralizing TGFβ proteins such as bone morphogenetic proteins (BMP) through its four cytosine rich regions. Chordin blocks BMP signaling by preventing BMP from interacting with cell surface receptors, which inhibits the formation of epidermis and promoting the formation of neural tissue. Chordin specifically inhibits BMP-2,-4,-7. Chordin function is improved by a few co-factors that include the Twisted Gastrulation gene (Tsg) and the zinc metalloprotease.
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These are sometimes known as "epidermal ridges" which are caused by the underlying interface between the dermal papillae of the dermis and the interpapillary (rete) pegs of the epidermis. These epidermal ridges serve to amplify vibrations triggered, for example, when fingertips brush across an uneven surface, better transmitting the signals to sensory nerves involved in fine texture perception. These ridges may also assist in gripping rough surfaces and may improve surface contact in wet conditions.
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The matrix is composed of mesogleal tissue, lined by a continuous epidermis and perforated by numerous tiny channels. The channels interconnect the gastrovascular cavities of the polyps, allowing water and nutrients to flow freely between all the members of the colony. The skeletal material, called coenenchyme, is composed of living tissue secreted by numerous wandering amoebocytes. Although it is generally soft, in many species it is reinforced with calcareous or horny material.
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Hardhead catfish respond to chemicals released by injured individuals with increased activity, illustrating communication among catfish. Their activity level was highest right after the onset of the chemical stimulus. They also respond to chemical cues from injured sailfin mollies, but this response was weaker than that of the response from their own species. After examining the epidermis of the hardhead catfish, the alarm substance cells apparently were similar to those of freshwater catfish.
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C fibers that carry nociceptive signals can be divided into two types: fibers that contain neuropeptides, like substance P, and fibers that do not contain neuropeptides. The two types terminate in very different areas. Non-peptidergic C fibers are linked to the skin, where they innervate the epidermis while peptidergic C fibers innervate other tissues and deeper parts of the skin. There are two main types of nociceptive signals: sensory and affective.
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This protein is only found in epidermis and parenchyma cells. Moreover, in these cells, P2 is localized in single viral electron-lucent inclusion bodies (ELIB). In host cells, viral protein P2 and P3 are first produced in numerous viral factories (electron- dense inclusion bodies), and are later exported and co-localize with microtubules, before concentrating in ELIB. CaMV specifically uses the microtubules to form the transmissible body and thus enable vector transmission.
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The pathogen hyphae will either infect the host root or form mycelium with a differentiated rind. Upon contact with host roots, P. omnivore forms a mycelial mantle on the root's surface. This leads to necrosis of epidermis and underlying cortical tissue, leading to root lesions. As the disease progresses, the roots are covered by the characteristic cinnamon-colored mycelial strands covered with acircular sterile hyphae, a diagnostic sign of Texas Root Rot.
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Although the Peperomia leaves are thick, one leaf does not provide enough food for the caterpillar. After consuming all of the mesophyll of one leaf, the larva breaks through the epidermis and eats its way into another leaf to finish its growth, and a third leaf may also be attacked. This behavior sets it apart from most leafminers, which remain in a single leaf while growing. Adults have been taken at flowers of Hoya species.
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A loose network of nerves called a "nerve net" is located in the epidermis. Although traditionally thought not to have a central nervous system, nerve net concentration and ganglion-like structures could be considered to constitute one in most species. A jellyfish detects stimuli, and transmits impulses both throughout the nerve net and around a circular nerve ring, to other nerve cells. The rhopalial ganglia contain pacemaker neurones which control swimming rate and direction.
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Scutes on a crocodile Reptile skin is covered with scutes or scales which, along with many other characteristics, distinguish reptiles from animals of other classes. Scales are made of alpha and beta-keratin and are formed from the epidermis (contrary to fish, in which the scales are formed from the dermis). They may be ossified or tubercular, as in the case of lizards, or modified elaborately, as in the case of snakes.Smith, Malcolm A. (1931).
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Entobdella soleae utilizes suction through a posterior disc-shaped haptor to achieve semi-permanent attachment to the sole's skin. E. soleae demonstrate host-specific behavior by attaching to the sole epidermis by the presence of sole mucous cells. The characteristic of the pad tegument might demonstrate a possible role in detachment of the parasite to the host. These features include an isolated tegument and the microvillus surface network of the pad tegument.
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Dermal fibroblasts require far higher concentrations of fibroblast growth factor (FGF) in order to undergo cell replication. Dermal fibroblasts are responsible for creating the ECM which organizes the stratified squamous epithelial cells of the epidermis into a unified tissue. Furthermore, dermal fibroblasts create long fibrous bands of connective tissue which anchor the skin to the fascia of the body. Therefore, without dermal fibroblasts, the largest and heaviest organ would not tightly adhere to body's frame.
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