Proving that a word is a calque sometimes requires more documentation than does an untranslated loanword because, in some cases, a similar phrase might have arisen in both languages independently. This is less likely to be the case when the grammar of the proposed calque is quite different from that of the borrowing language, or when the calque contains less obvious imagery.
|
|
Rioplatense vocabularies diverges from Peninsular Spanish. Rioplatense Spanish is highly influenced by Italian and tends to borrow (or calque) technical words from American English. Peninsular Spanish tends to calque them from French and other European languages.
|
|
The Chinese lexical item 热狗 règǒu "hotdog" consists of 热 rè "hot" and 狗 gǒu "dog", and is thus an etymological calque of the English lexical item hotdog. Those making the calque (as well as Chinese speakers) are completely aware that when they eat a 热狗 règǒu "hotdog" they do not eat dog meat. Nonetheless, they chose to retain the English etymology within the Chinese neologism. Therefore, règǒu is an etymological calque.
|
|
In linguistics, a calque () or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal word-for-word or root-for-root translation. When used as a verb, "to calque" means to borrow a word or phrase from another language while translating its components, so as to create a new lexeme in the target language. The term calque itself is a loanword from the French noun ('tracing, imitation, close copy').Knapp, Robbin D. 27 January 2011.
|
|
The etymology of the English lexical item cocktail is maintained and visible within the Chinese etymological calque 鸡尾酒 jīwěijiǔ "cocktail". The Chinese lexical item 鸡尾酒 jīwěijiǔ "cocktail" means literally "chicken tail alcohol", and is thus an etymological calque of the English lexical item cocktail.
|
|
"Hebraism" may also refer to a lexical item with Hebrew etymology, i.e. that (ultimately) derives from Hebrew."Hebraism," Merriam- Webster online. For example, the English word stiff-necked, meaning "stubborn", is a calque of Greek σκληροτράχηλος, which is a calque of Hebrew קשה עורף qeshēh ʿōref "hard of neck; stubborn".
|
|
The term Mixed music is probably a calque of the French musique mixte which connotes the same material and stylistic implications.
|
|
The word "liverwurst" is a partial calque of German Leberwurst 'liver sausage', and "liver sausage" a full calque.Oxford English Dictionary, s.v.
|
|
Aircraft cavern, a calque of the German word Flugzeugkaverne, is an underground hangar amongst others used by the Swiss Air Force.
|
|
"Egg puffs" is an English calque translation of the German Eierschöberl. In Polish, these are known as groszek ptysiowy, or "puff peas".
|
|
The Greek word is a calque translating the Akkadian nēš qaqqari, "ground lion". This lends to the common English name of "panther chameleon".
|
|
Et cetera is a calque of the Koine Greek () meaning 'and the other things'. The typical Modern Greek form is (), 'and the remainder'.
|
|
A calque is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word or root-for-root translation. For example, the English phrase to lose face is a calque from the Chinese "丟臉/丢脸". A subcategory of calques is the semantic loan, that is, the extension of the meaning of a word to include new, foreign meanings.
|
|
If there is both a foreword and a preface, the foreword appears first; both appear before the introduction, which may be paginated either with the front matter or the main text. The word foreword was first used around the mid-17th century, originally as a term in philology. It was possibly a calque of German Vorwort, itself a calque of Latin praefatio.
|
|
Scott Barry Kaufman sees well-being as influenced by happiness and meaning. The Oxford English Dictionary traces the term "well being" to a 16th-century calque of the Italian concept benessere.
|
|
The Burmese term pattala is a calque of Sanskrit (ဝါဒျ, "musical instrument") and Mon (ကလာ, "chest"). The Mon equivalent is called patkala (ဗာတ်ကလာ). In the Karen languages, it is called paw ku.
|
|
"Lobster Cave" is a calque of the cave's Chinese name. It supposedly derives from lobsters who lived there over a century ago that were driven out by the island's residents during a night raid..
|
|
The name Flatbush is a calque of the Dutch language Vlacke bos (vlacke or vlak, meaning "flat"; "Flatbush" meaning "flat woodland" or "wooded plain"), so named from woods that grew on the flat country.
|
|
Together with other settlers, they helped create Cajun culture. A number of common Cajun surnames have German origins: for example, Schexnayder (various spellings), LaBranche (a calque of Zweig), and Trosclair (a phonetic macaronic of Troxler).
|
|
Hemda Ben-Yehuda’s 1904 neologism אופנה ' "fashion" is an etymological calque - deriving from אופן ' "mode" – of the internationalism móda "fashion" (e.g. moda in Italian), which can be traced back to the Latin lexical item modus "mode".
|
|
A calque or loan translation is a word or phrase borrowed from another language by literal, word-for-word (Latin: "verbum pro verbo") or word-for- word translation. This list contains examples of calques in various languages.
|
|
It was occasionally also known as ,. a calque of its old Dutch name '. The city's tourism department ascribes the name to Vase Rock's supposed resemblance to a lion,. but it actually honors the slaughtered crew of the '..
|
|
The Ukrainian word nehr () is widely used and is a calque- form of the .Melnychuk (2003), Etymolohichnyi slovnyk Ukraïnsʹkoï movy (Etymological Dictionary of the Ukrainian Language), Kyiv: Naukova Dumka, p 63. It is considered a neutral term.
|
|
Orion into the night sky, the Dog Star Sirius can be easily located in the heavens by following the line created by the prominent asterism Orion's Belt. The English name is a calque of the Latin ' (."the puppy days"), itself a calque of the ancient Greek .. The Greeks knew the star α Canis Majoris by several names, including Sirius "Scorcher" (, Seírios), Sothis (, Sôthis, a transcription of Egyptian Spdt), and the Dog Star (, Kúōn).. The last name reflects the way Sirius follows the constellation Orion into the night sky.
|
|
The Turkish name of Thermes is ılıca which means "spa". In Bulgarian, the community is known as Lydža (Лъджа) or Banja (Баня), the former a version of the Turkish name and the latter a calque also meaning "spa".
|
|
Emrich "Imre" Lichtenfeld () (May 26, 1910 – January 9, 1998) was a Hungarian- born Israeli martial artist who founded the Krav Maga self-defense system. He was also known as Imi Sde-Or (), the Hebrew calque of his surname.
|
|
Former names of the Taiwan Strait include the or from a dated name for Taiwan; the or Fujian, from the Chinese province forming the strait's western shore; and the , a calque of the strait's name in Hokkien and Hakka.
|
|
II xi. 181. where it is a calque on the German name Nußknacker,See, for example, Brehms Thierleben. Allgemeine Kunde des Thierreichs, Fünfter Band, Zweite Abtheilung: Vögel, Zweiter Band: Raubvögel, Sperlingsvögel und Girrvögel. Leipzig: Verlag des Bibliographischen Instituts, 1882.
|
|
The historian James Lockhart, however, suggests that Tenepal might be derived from or "somebody's tongue". In any case, it seems that 'Malintzin Tenepal' was intended to be a calque of Spanish , with ("the interpreter", literally "the tongue") being her Spanish sobriquet.
|
|
Modern Malayalam is replete with calques from English. The calques manifest themselves as idioms and expressions and many have gone on to become clichés. However standalone words are very few. The following is a list of commonly used calque phrases/expressions.
|
|
The name comes from the Slavic root targ ("trade") + the Slavic placename suffix -ishte, "market town" (a calque of the Ottoman Turkish Eski Cuma, "old market", though the Turkish name may be derived from the earlier Bulgarian Sborishte "gathering place").
|
|
"Bourekas film" (Hebrew: סרטי בורקס ) are a type of Israeli movie from the 1970s dealing with certain cultural aspects of Israelis, especially lower-class Mizrahi Israelis and their conflicts with the Ashkenazi establishment. The term is a calque on Spaghetti Western.
|
|
The Greek exilarch is a calque of the Hebrew (), literally 'head of the exile'. The position was similarly called in Aramaic ( or ) and Arabic ( . The people in exile were called (, ) or (). The contemporary Greek term was (), literally 'leader of the captives'.
|
|
The English common name of L. canarium, "dog conch", is a calque of the Malay. In the Malay Peninsula, the species is known by the Malay name siput gonggong, where siput means "snail" and gonggong is an onomatopoetic word for a dog's bark.
|
|
Some English- language sources, in historic contexts, speak of "palatinates" rather than "voivodeships". The term "palatinate" traces back to the Latin palatinus ("palatine"). More commonly used now is "province" or "voivodeship". The latter is a loanword-calque hybrid formed on the Polish "województwo".
|
|
The term "politburo" in English comes from the Russian Politbyuro (), itself a contraction of Politicheskoye Byuro (, "Political Bureau"). The Spanish term Politburó is directly loaned from Russian, as is the German Politbüro. Chinese uses a calque (), from which the Vietnamese (), and Korean ( Jeongchiguk) terms derive.
|
|
Shellac comes from shell and lac, a calque of French laque en écailles, "lac in thin pieces", later gomme-laque, "gum lac". Most European languages (except Romance ones and Greek) have borrowed the word for the substance from English or from the German equivalent Schellack.
|
|
The British called these devices air-mines,Taylor, Fredrick; Dresden Tuesday 13 February 1945, Pub Bloomsbury (first publication 2004, paperback 2005). . Page 120. a calque of the German term Luftmine. These types were used also during air raids on Malta, especially on its harbour areas.
|
|
Ennead is a borrowing via Latin of the Greek name Enneás (), meaning "the Nine".. The term was a calque of the Egyptian name, written ' and also meaning "the Nine". Its original pronunciation is uncertain, since hieroglyphs do not record vowels. Egyptologists conventionally transcribe it as Pesedjet.
|
|
The province's original Khmer name was Srok Kh'leang, meaning "silver depository" because it was where the Khmer king's silver treasury was located. Under the Nguyễn Dynasty emperor Minh Mạng, it was given the Sino-Vietnamese name Nguyệt Giang (月江), a calque of "Sông Trăng" (Moon River).
|
|
The word consonant comes from Latin oblique stem , from 'sounding-together (letter)', a calque of Greek (plural , ).Robert K. Barnhart, ed., Chambers Dictionary of Etymology, Previously published as The Barnhart Dictionary of Etymology, originally ©1988 The H.W. Wilson Company; Edinburgh, reprinted 2001: Chambers Harrap Publishers Ltd., p. 210.
|
|
In linguistics, an etymological calque is a lexical item calqued from another language by replicating the etymology of the borrowed lexical item although this etymology is irrelevant for the meaning being borrowed.Zuckermann, Ghil'ad (2003), Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew. Palgrave Macmillan. / Most calques are not etymological.
|
|
4 For example, the name of the Irish digital television service "Saorview" is a partial calque of that of the UK service "Freeview", translating the first half of the word from English to Irish but leaving the second half unchanged. Other examples include "liverwurst" (< German ) and "apple strudel" (< German ).
|
|
The Russian word (padyézh) is a calque from Greek and similarly contains a root meaning "fall", and the German and Czech simply mean "fall", and are used for both the concept of grammatical case and to refer to physical falls. The Finnish equivalent is , whose main meaning is "position" or "place".
|
|
Some cases of alleged joke theft are ambiguous, due to the possibility of simultaneous and coincidental discovery. Some comics have defended their re-use of other people's jokes as satire or as a calque (word- for-word translation). Other comics have claimed that their re-use was a type of "borrowing".
|
|
Ustnie istorii tatoyazichnikh armyan o sobitiyakh nachala 20 veka. (in Russian). There are traces of an Armenian phonological, lexical, grammatical and calque substratum in the dialect of Tat-speaking Armenians. There are also Armenian affricates (ծ, ց, ձ) in words of Iranian origin, which do not exist in the Tat language.
|
|
The word badlands is a calque from Canadian French as the early French fur traders called the White River badlands or 'bad lands to traverse', perhaps influenced by the Lakota people who moved there in the late 1700s and who referred to the terrain as , meaning 'bad land' or 'eroded land'.
|
|
Novotroitsk, a monotown in Orenburg Oblast, Russia A monotown (a calque from Russian моногород, monogorod; gorod meaning "town") is a city/town whose economy is dominated by a single industry or company. This means that most employments (except for service to residents like schools and shops) are by the main company.
|
|
Adjective comes from Latin ', a calque of .Mastronarde, Donald J. Introduction to Attic Greek. University of California Press, 2013. p. 60. In the grammatical tradition of Latin and Greek, because adjectives were inflected for gender, number, and case like nouns (a process called declension), they were considered a type of noun.
|
|
"Central Range" or "Central Mountain Range" is a calque of the range's Chinese name, the Zhōngyāng Shānmài or Shānmò. It is also sometimes simply called the Zhongyang or in English. During the Qing Dynasty, the range was known as the , from the Wade-Giles romanization of the Chinese name Dàshān, meaning "Big Mountains".
|
|
The British term is taken from Italian semibreve, itself built upon Latin -semi "half" and brevis "short." The American whole note is a calque of the German . Some languages derive the name of the note from its round shape, such as Catalan rodona, French ronde, and Spanish redonda. The Greek name means "whole".
|
|
The Romance languages, deriving directly from Latin, did not need to calque their equivalent words for 'translation'. Instead, they simply adapted the second of the two alternative Latin words, . The English verb 'to translate' was borrowed from the Latin , rather than being calqued.Christopher Kasparek, "The Translator's Endless Toil", The Polish Review, vol.
|
|
Still-life painting as an independent genre or specialty first flourished in the Netherlands in the last quarter of the 16th century, and the English term derives from stilleven: still life, which is a calque, while Romance languages (as well as Greek, Polish, Russian and Turkish) tend to use terms meaning dead nature.
|
|
The English term outvasion was coined by the Icelandic media as a calque on the Icelandic term útrás. Út means 'out'; rás, in this context, means 'a rush, race, sprint, expansion'; and útrás correspondingly means outward rush. It was used to describe the Icelandic bankers as brave Vikings raiding the world via acquiring businesses.
|
|
A dragon coils down a pillar in front of the altar dedicated to Mazu. The main altar inside the pagoda is dedicated to Mazu. Her Vietnamese name ' is a transcription of her Chinese epithet Tianhou, meaning "Empress of Heaven". She is also known as ', a calque of her Cantonese epithet A-ma, meaning "Beloved Mother".
|
|
Page 4 a large percentage of the vocabulary (now at around 15% of modern French vocabulary Pope, Mildred K. (1934). From Latin to Modern French with Especial Consideration of Anglo-Norman Phonology and Morphology. Manchester: Manchester University Press.) including the impersonal singular pronoun on (a calque of Germanic man), and the name of the language itself.
|
|
The term "ghost station" is a calque of the German word (plural ). The German term was coined to describe certain stations on Berlin's and metro networks that were closed during the period of Berlin's division during the Cold War because they were an integral part of a transit line mostly located on the other side of the Berlin Wall.
|
|
Vatroslav Lisinski (Zagreb, 8 July 1819 – Zagreb, 31 May 1854) was a Croatian composer. Lisinski was born Ignatius Fuchs to a German Jewish family. He would later change his name to Vatroslav Lisinski, which is a Croatian calque of his original name. For a time he worked as a clerk at the Tabula Banalis in Zagreb.
|
|
A good example of this phenomenon is found in the word "communion". The Jesuits, using their agglutinative strategy, rendered this word "", a calque based on the word "", meaning God. In modern Paraguayan Guaraní, the same word is rendered "". Following the out-migration from the reductions, these two distinct dialects of Guarani came into extensive contact for the first time.
|
|
For example, the English compound basketball was calqued, conventionally, into Standard Chinese as 篮球 lánqiú, which means "basketball". The lexical item 篮球 lánqiú consists of 篮 lán "basket" and 球 qiú "ball". Therefore, lánqiú is a calque. On the other hand, the English compound hotdog was etymologically calqued into Standard Chinese as 热狗 règǒu "hotdog".
|
|
Intertextuality is the shaping of a text's meaning by another text. It is the interconnection between similar or related works of literature that reflect and influence an audience's interpretation of the text. Intertextuality is the relation between texts that are inflicted by means of quotations and allusion. Intertextual figures include: allusion, quotation, calque, plagiarism, translation, pastiche and parody.
|
|
This is teenager-specific. Lexical calques take an English expression, like killer application, and produce , which does mean "an application that kills" just as in English. Readers need to know the equivalent English term to understand this. Some speakers, especially those in frequent contact with the English language have created a grammatical calque of the English you-impersonal.
|
|
The name comes from the Greek (, 'circle' or 'turn'), and is a calque of the Turkish word , from , also meaning "turn".Babiniotis, Λεξικό της Ελληνικής Γλώσσας It was originally called () in Greece. The word was criticized in mid-1970s Greece for being Turkish.Γιάκωβος Σ. Διζικιρικής, Να ξετουρκέψουμε τη γλώσσα μας 'Let Us De-Turkify our Language', Athens 1975, p.
|
|
Middle Scots (plural ) is the equivalent of English maker. The word functions as a calque (literal translation) of Ancient Greek term () "maker; poet". The term is normally applied to poets writing in Scots although it need not be exclusive to Scottish writers. William Dunbar for instance referred to the English poets Chaucer, Lydgate and Gower as .
|
|
Judaeo- Spanish follows Spanish for most of its syntax. (That is not true of the written calque language involving word-for-word translations from Hebrew, which some scholars refer to as Ladino, as described above.) Like Spanish, it generally follows a subject–verb–object word order, has a nominative- accusative alignment, and is considered a fusional or inflected language.
|
|
When tuna is canned and packaged for sale, the product is sometimes called tuna fish (U.S.), a calque (loan translation) from the German Thunfisch. In the United States, 52% of canned tuna is used for sandwiches; 22% for tuna salads; and 15% for tuna casseroles and dried, prepackaged meal kits, such as General Mills's Tuna Helper line."Tuna". Modern Marvels, 4 February 2010.
|
|
Hot springs such as those at Aquae Granni (today's Aachen) are thought to have been dedicated to Grannus. Grand, dedicated to Apollo. The name of Grand has been linked to Grannus. One of the god's most famous cult centres was at Aquae Granni (now Aachen, Germany). Aachen means ‘water’ in Old High German, a calque of the Roman name of "Aquae Granni".
|
|
In the Burmese language, Indians are typically called kalar (, spelt kula:). The origins of the term itself are disputed. The Myanmar Language Commission officially traces the etymology of the word kalar to the Pali term (ကုလ), which means "noble," "noble race", or "pure." Folk etymology ascribes the origins of this term to a calque of two Burmese words: ကူး+ လာ (lit.
|
|
The free estate, on the other hand, is at the discretion of a testator to be distributed by will on death to whomever he or she chooses. Takers in the forced estate are known as forced heirs (Germ Pflichtteilserben, Noterben, Fr réservataires, It legittimari, Sp herederos forzosos). The expression comes from Louisianan legal language and is ultimately a calque of Spanish sucesión forzosa.
|
|
Chemical Analysis of Firearms, Ammunition, and Gunshot Residue. CRC Press. 2008. p. xxiii The term is a calque of Maschinenpistole, the German word for submachine guns. Machine pistols were developed during World War I and originally issued to German artillery crews who needed a self-defense weapon that is lighter than a rifle but more powerful than a standard semi- automatic pistol.
|
|
In French it is called ' (literally "four-leafed marsilea") and ' (literally "little Marsilea"), the latter appearing to be a calque with the Latin botanical name. In Chinese it is (), literally "southern field word grass," referencing the similarity of the leaflet shape to the Chinese character for "field." The Koch Rajbongshi people and Garo people call it '. It is called ('shushni shak') in Bengali.
|
|
Light tank Mk VII Tetrarch Mk I with Littlejohn adaptor. The Littlejohn adaptor was a device that could be added to the British QF 2 pounder (40 mm) anti-tank gun. It was used to extend the service life of the 2-pounder during the Second World War by converting it to squeeze bore operation. "Littlejohn" came from the calque, i.e.
|
|
The Dadu River is named after a former port near its mouth, now the Dadu District of Taichung. It is also known as the , a calque of its Hokkien name. The same name appears in English as the the pinyin romanization of its Mandarin pronunciation. It received the name from the many black-winged birds that used to live along the river.
|
|
Matter is the substrate from which physical existence is derived, remaining more or less constant amid changes. The word "matter" is derived from the Latin word māteria, meaning "wood", or “timber”, in the sense "material", as distinct from "mind" or "form".Oxford English Dictionary: "matter" The image of wood came to Latin as a calque from the Greek philosophical usage of hyle (ὕλη).
|
|
Sorgenfri Palace (; lit. "Sorrow free", a direct calque of Sans Souci) is a royal residence of the Danish monarch, located in Lyngby-Taarbæk Municipality, on the east side of Lyngby Kongevej, in the northern suburbs of Copenhagen. The surrounding neighbourhood is called Sorgenfri after it. Only the cellar and foundations survive of the first Sorgenfri House, which was built in 1705 to design by François Dieussart.
|
|
Tolkien may have based Rivendell on his 1911 visit to the Lauterbrunnental in Switzerland. The Rivendell valley may be based upon the Lauterbrunnental in Switzerland, where Tolkien had gone hiking in 1911. Rivendell is a direct translation or calque into English of the Sindarin Imladris, both meaning "deep valley". The name Rivendell is formed by two English elements: "riven" (split, cloven) and "dell" (valley).
|
|
The French term now used in Canada is (president, chairperson, or presiding officer); the term , a calque (literal translation) of "speaker" and formerly the term used in France for the Speaker of the House of Commons of the United Kingdom, was used until a few decades ago. By convention, Speakers are normally addressed in Parliament as "Mister Speaker", for a male, and "Madame Speaker", for a female.
|
|
The sixteen geomantic figures. The word "geomancy", from Late Greek geōmanteía, translates literally to "foresight by earth"; it is a calque translation of the Arabic term ‛ilm al-raml, or the "science of the sand". Earlier Greek renditions of this word borrowed the Arabic word raml ("sand") directly, rendering it as rhamplion or rabolion. Other Arabic names for geomancy include khatt al-raml and darb al-raml.
|
|
In Byzantine times, the name was Hellenized to () or (), hence the names Butella used by William of Tyre and Butili by the Arab geographer al-Idrisi. The Aromanian name is . The Modern Greek name for the city (, ), also meaning "monastery", is a calque of the Slavic name. The Turkish name () is derived from the Greek name, as is the Albanian name (), and the Ladino name ( ).
|
|
The French concept of double articulation was first introduced by André Martinet in 1949.André Martinet, Éléments de linguistique générale, Colin, 1961. The English calque double articulation is sometimes replaced by duality of patterning. According to Charles F. Hockett and other linguists, this duality is an important property of human languages, since it allows for the expression of a potentially infinite number of meaningful language sequences.
|
|
Traditionally, the term "Middle Malay" (a calque of Dutch term Midden- Maleisch) is used when referring to this cluster. Later, to avoid misidentification with a temporal stage of Malay language (i.e. the transition between Old Malay and Modern Malay), the term "Central Malay" is used. McDonnell (2016) uses the term "South Barisan Malay" instead, referring to the southern region of Barisan Mountains where these isolects are spoken.
|
|
The word derives from Italian fustagno 'fustian' and -ella (diminutive), the fabric from which the earliest fustanella were made. This in turn derives from Medieval Latin fūstāneum, perhaps a diminutive form of fustis, "wooden baton". Other authors consider this a calque of Greek xylino (ξύλινο), literally "wooden" i.e. "cotton";. others speculate that it is derived from Fostat, a suburb of Cairo where cloth was manufactured.
|
|
A Sveticism () is a grammatical construction, loanword or calque originating from the Swedish language. Sveticisms are particularly found in the Finnish language, because Finland's governing bureaucracy was mostly Swedish-speaking until the 20th century. The use of Swedish grammatical constructions in official speech is a particularly persistent habit. The Swedish kommer att future tense is an example, being translated to tulla + third infinitive in illative case, e.g.
|
|
German troops destroyed the concrete bridge on 9 February 1945, but the Soviet Red Army entered Neusalz on 13/14 February 1945. A number of buildings burnt down, including the Catholic Church. The town was placed under Polish administration according to the post-war Potsdam Conference and renamed Nowa Sól – a calque of its original German name. Germans remaining in the town were expelled and replaced with Poles.
|
|
These forces marched south in a great expeditionThe term is a calque of the parallel French Grande expédition, that indicates, in French scholarly usage, the 279 BC surge of military campaigns on Greece. to Macedon and central Greece. Under the leadership of Cerethrius, 20,000 men moved against the Thracians and Triballi. Another division, led by BrennusBrennus is said to have belonged to an otherwise unknown tribe called the Prausi.
|
|
By contrast, teikyū and tenisu both translate as 'tennis', where the gairaigo is more common. Note that neither of these is a calque – they translate literally as 'field ball' and 'garden ball'. ('Base' is rui, but ruikyū is an uncommon term for 'softball', which itself is normally sofutobōru). Finally, quite a few words appear to be Sino-Japanese but are varied in origin, written with — kanji assigned without regard for etymology.
|
|
In People's Republic of Poland a similar title was przodownik pracy (translated into English as "model worker"),Lebow, K. A. (2001) "Public Works, Private Lives: Youth Brigades in Nowa Huta in the 1950s," Contemporary European History. Cambridge University Press, 10(2), pp. 199–219. doi: 10.1017/S0960777301002028. a calque from another Soviet/Russian term peredovik proizvodstva, literally "leader in production", which was also a formal title of merit.
|
|
Pasiphae sits on a throne, mosaic from Zeugma, Gaziantep Museum . In Greek mythology, Pasiphaë (; Pasipháē, "wide-shining" derived from πᾶς pas "all, for all, of all" and φάος/φῶς phaos/phos "light")An attribute of the Moon, as Pausanias remarked in passing (i.43.96): compare Euryphaessa; if Pasipháē is an ancient conventional Minoan epithet translated into Greek, it would be a "loan translation", or calque. was a queen of Crete.
|
|
Because neologisms originate in one language, translations between languages can be difficult. In the scientific community, where English is the predominant language for published research and studies, like-sounding translations (referred to as 'naturalization') are sometimes used. Alternatively, the English word is used along with a brief explanation of meaning. The four translation methods are emphasized in order to translate neologisms: transliteration, transcription, the use of analogues, calque or loan translation.
|
|
An earworm, sometimes known as a brainworm, sticky music, stuck song syndrome, or Involuntary Musical Imagery (IMI), is a catchy piece of music that continually repeats through a person's mind after it is no longer playing. Phrases used to describe an earworm include "musical imagery repetition" and "involuntary musical imagery". The word earworm is a calque from the German ', which has had this sense since the mid-20th century."earworm", wordspy.
|
|
East and South Slavic languages referred to the city as Tsarigrad or Carigrad, 'City of the Tsar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words tsar ('Caesar' or 'Emperor') and grad ('city'). Cyrillic: Царьград, Цариград. This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as Βασιλέως Πόλις (Basileos Polis), 'the city of the emperor [emperor]'. The term is still occasionally used in Bulgarian, whereas it has become archaic in Russian, and Macedonian.
|
|
In addition, in 2006 Pravda Magazine, it recognized "afigenai"Note: "Afigenai" is a calque from the Russian colloquial adjective "ofigenny" (офигенный), with the general meaning of "impressive", "stunning", from the colloquial verb офигеть, "become stunned". to be the best neologism of year 2005."Išrinkti „Pravda naujokai" ("Pravda Newcomers" Selection) The group garnered their popularity primarily over the internet: radio stations did not play their songs due to the liberal use of obscenities. In 2006 the group authored two albums, 001001 and 002.002 In 2007 one of them claimed to become gold and one platinum. In 2007 NL was disbanded amid a dispute,"Grupė „Naujieji lietuviai“ išsiskyrė" and Egidijus Remeikis and Egmontas Bžeskas, together with entrepreneur Ugnius Kiguolis, created the Tipo Grupe group."Po „Naujųjų lietuvių” Bžeskas atgaivą rado „Tipo grupėje” "Note: "Tipo Grupe" may be loosely translated as "Kinda Group", where "tipo" is also a calque from Russian slang expression tipa (типа).
|
|
The English word company has its origins in the Old French term compagnie (first recorded in 1150), meaning a "society, friendship, intimacy; body of soldiers",12th century: which came from the Late Latin word companio ("one who eats bread with you"), first attested in the Lex Salica (English: Salic Law) ( 500 CE) as a calque of the Germanic expression gahlaibo (literally, "with bread"), related to Old High German galeipo ("companion") and to Gothic gahlaiba ("messmate").
|
|
Housecarl is a calque of the original Old Norse term, húskarl, which literally means "house man". Karl is cognate to the Old English churl, or ceorl, meaning a man, or a non-servile peasant. The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle uses hiredmenn as a term for all paid warriors and thus is applied to housecarl, but it also refers to butsecarls and lithsmen. It is not clear whether these were types of housecarl or different altogether.
|
|
Old English ' and its cognate Old High German ' (glossing ' and '; also ') may be related to the verb ' "to create, form" (Old Norse ', Old High German '; Modern English shape), from Proto-Germanic ' "form, order" (from a PIE ' "cut, hack"), perfectly parallel to the notion of craftsmanship expressed by the Greek ' itself;suggested e.g. by Alexander 1966 Köbler (1993, p. 220) suggests that the West Germanic word may indeed be a calque of Latin '.
|
|
The Latinate ' is derived from the Portuguese ', which is a calque of the Chinese and Cantonese name , literally meaning "The Tiger Gate".Taylor 1898, p. 70 The name Bogue is also a corruption of the Portuguese Boca. The name comes from the impression given by Tiger Island, situated about above the Hengdang Islands in the middle of the strait, of a tiger couchant or at least of a tiger's head on its eastern side.
|
|
Simon Stevin (; 1548–1620), sometimes called Stevinus, was a Flemish mathematician, physicist and military engineer. He made various contributions in many areas of science and engineering, both theoretical and practical. He also translated various mathematical terms into Dutch, making it one of the few European languages in which the word for mathematics, wiskunde (wis and kunde, i.e., "the knowledge of what is certain"), was not a loanword from Greek but a calque via Latin.
|
|
Menopause literally means the "end of monthly cycles" (the end of monthly periods or menstruation), from the Greek word pausis ("pause") and mēn ("month"). This is a medical calque; the Greek word for menses is actually different. In Ancient Greek, the menses were described in the plural, ta emmēnia, ("the monthlies"), and its modern descendant has been clipped to ta emmēna. The Modern Greek medical term is emmenopausis in Katharevousa or emmenopausi in Demotic Greek.
|
|
The name dönüm, from the Ottoman Turkish dönmek (, "to turn") appears to be a calque of the Byzantine Greek stremma and had the same size. It was likely adopted by the Ottomans from the Byzantines in Mysia-Bithynia.Ménage, op.cit. The Dictionary of Modern Greek defines the old Ottoman stremma as approximately 1,270 m2,Λεξικό, 1998 but Costas Lapavitsas used the value of 1,600 m2 for the region of Naoussa in the early 20th century.
|
|
Mute English is a term coined in the People's Republic of China to describe a phenomenon where people can read and understand English as a second language but cannot speak it well. The phrase is a calque of the Chinese phrase "哑巴英语" (yǎbā yīngyǔ in pinyin). The phenomenon is sometimes referred to as Dumb English. Mute English occurs primarily due an emphasis on literacy, grammar, and correctness in language education.
|
|
An alternative theory is that y'all is a calque of Gullah and Caribbean creole una via earlier dialects of African-American English. Y'all is an original form, deriving from indigenous processes of grammar and morphological change, not from input from other English dialects. Y'all appeared at different times in different dialects of English, including Southern American English and South African Indian English, and hence it is a parallel independent development in those dialects.Hickey, Raymond.
|
|
In German, it is spelled Döner Kebab, which can also be spelled Doener Kebab if the ö character is not available; the sandwich is often called ein Döner. Particularly in British English, a döner kebab sandwich may be referred to simply as "a kebab". A Canadian variation is "donair". In Greek, it was originally called döner () but later came to be known as gyros, from ("turn"), a calque of the Turkish name.
|
|
The term worldview is a calque of the German word Weltanschauung , composed of Welt ('world') and Anschauung ('perception' or 'show'). The German word is also used in English. It is a concept fundamental to German philosophy, especially epistemology and refers to a wide world perception. Additionally, it refers to the framework of ideas and beliefs forming a global description through which an individual, group or culture watches and interprets the world and interacts with it.
|
|
The name is derived from Old English Wōdnesdæg and Middle English Wednesdei, "day of Woden", reflecting the religion practised by the Anglo-Saxons, the English equivalent to the Norse god Odin. In some other languages, such as the French mercredi or Italian mercoledì, the day's name is a calque of dies Mercurii "day of Mercury". Wednesday is in the middle of the common Western five-day workweek that starts on Monday and finishes on Friday.
|
|
Väinämöinen, the central character in Finnish folklore and the main character in the national epic Kalevala by Elias Lönnrot, is an old and wise demigod, who is possessed a potent, magical singing voice. Picture of the Väinämöinen's Play by Robert Wilhelm Ekman, 1866. The English term "demi-god" is a calque of the Latin word , "half-god". The Roman poet Ovid probably coined semideus to refer to less important gods, such as dryads.
|
|
Plainsong (calque from the French « plain-chant »; hence also plainchant; ) is a body of chants used in the liturgies of the Western Church. Though the Catholic Church (both its Eastern and Western halves) and the Eastern Orthodox churches did not split until long after the origin of plainsong, Byzantine chants are generally not classified as plainsong. Plainsong is monophonic, consisting of a single, unaccompanied melodic line. Its rhythm is generally freer than the metered rhythm of later Western music.
|
|
Bogdan or Bohdan (Cyrillic: Богдан) is a Slavic masculine name that appears in Bulgaria, Russia, Ukraine, Serbia, North Macedonia, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, Moldova, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Montenegro, the Czech Republic and Poland. It is derived from the Slavic words Bog/Boh (Cyrillic: Бог), meaning "god", and dan (Cyrillic: дан), meaning "given". The name appears to be an early calque from Greek Theodore (Theodotus, Theodosius) with the same meaning. The name is also used as a surname.
|
|
The concept of an otherworld in historical Indo-European religion is reconstructed in comparative mythology. Its name is a calque of orbis alius (Latin for "other Earth/world"), a term used by Lucan in his description of the Celtic Otherworld. Comparable religious, mythological or metaphysical concepts, such as a realm of supernatural beings and a realm of the dead, are found in cultures throughout the world.Gods, goddesses, and mythology, Volume 11, C. Scott Littleton, Marshall Cavendish, 2005, , .
|
|
John McLean called the cascades the ,. as the Churchill River at that time was usually still known as the Grand River as a calque of its indigenous name. The Innu had a separate name for the falls, Patshishetshuanau ("Place where the Current Makes Clouds"). Captain William Martin's 1821 renaming of the river after Labrador's colonial governor Charles Hamilton gradually became more common but the falls continued to be known as the "Grand Falls" or less often as the .
|
|
88 , Modern Uyghur: , Uyghur Xanliqi, Tang era names, with modern Hanyu Pinyin: or ) was a Turkic empire that existed for about a century between the mid 8th and 9th centuries. They were a tribal confederation under the Orkhon Uyghur () nobility, referred to by the Chinese as the Jiu Xing ("Nine Clans"), a calque of the name Toquz Oghuz or Toquz Tughluq. Its capital was Ötüken and later Ordu-Baliq. It was succeeded by Yenisei Kyrgyz Khaganate.
|
|
The origin of cross-language idioms is uncertain. One theory is that cross-language idioms are a language contact phenomenon, resulting from a word-for-word translation called a calque. Piirainen says that this may happen as a result of lingua franca usage; speakers incorporate expressions from their own native tongue, exposing them to speakers of other languages. Other theories suggest they come from a shared ancestor language or that humans are naturally predisposed to develop certain metaphors.
|
|
It is uncertain when or why British sailors first applied the name to Quanzhou. Its Arabic name Zaiton. or "Zayton". (), once popular in English, means "[City] of Olives" and is a calque of Quanzhou's former Chinese nickname Citong Cheng meaning "tung-tree city", which is derived from the avenues of oil-bearing tung trees ordered to be planted around the city by the city's 10th-century ruler Liu Congxiao.. Variant transcriptions from the Arabic name include Caiton,.
|
|
Reeves Castle and the townland of Reeves near Celbridge take their name from Anglo-Norman rive, meaning "riverbank." A further source of place names of other origin is places names after religious sites outside Ireland. Examples are Lourdes Road in Dublin and Pic du Jer Park in Cork. The baronies of North Salt and South Salt are derived from Saltus Salmonis, a Latin calque of the town name of Leixlip (from Norse Lax Hlaup, "salmon leap").
|
|
Catalan uses the singular pronouns (informal) and (formal), while (informal) and (formal) are used for two or more addressees. The form , used instead of to address someone respectfully, follows the same concordance rules as the French (verbs in second person plural, adjectives in singular), and follows the same concordance rules as the Spanish (verbs in third person). originated from as a calque from Spanish, and replaced the original Catalan form . In some dialects, is no longer used.
|
|
Queen Mother of the West is a calque of Xiwangmu in Chinese sources, Seiōbo in Japan, Seowangmo in Korea, and Tây Vương Mẫu in Vietnam. She has numerous titles, one of the most popular being the Golden Mother of the Jade or Turquoise Pond. She is also known in contemporary sources as the Lady Queen Mother. In the Maternist current of Chinese salvationist religions she is the main deity and is called upon as the Eternal Venerable Mother.
|
|
The Hungarian word for tip is (literally "intended for wine", a loose calque from ) or colloquially (from bakhshesh), often written in English as backsheesh. Tipping is widespread in Hungary; the degree of expectation and the expected amount varies with price, type and quality of service, and also influenced by the satisfaction of the customer. As in Germany, rounding up the price to provide a tip is commonplace. Depending on the situation, tipping might be unusual, optional or expected.
|
|
For instance, in Nahuatl there was a tendency to incorporate nouns into verbs as sorts of adverbial modifiers which is losing productivity (Hill & Hill, 1986, 259). One could tortilla-make for instance. Verbs generally were accompanied by a wide variety of objective, instrumental, tense, and aspect markers. One commonly would agglutinatively indicate directional purposivity, for instance, but such constructions are now more commonly made with a periphrastic Spanish calque of the form GO + (bare) INF (a la ir + INF).
|
|
In English-speaking countries, similar institutions may be called premiers or first ministers (typically at the subnational level) or prime ministers (typically at the national level). The plural is sometimes formed by adding an s to minister and sometimes by adding an s to president. The term is used, for instance, as a translation (calque) of the German word Ministerpräsident.common nouns are capitalized in German, though they are sometimes lowercased when referred to in English texts.
|
|
"Frijolero" is a song from Molotov's 2003 record Dance and Dense Denso. Its lyrics comprise an exchange where characters trade racially loaded barbs at the Mexico–US border. "Frijolero" is a facetious calque of "beaner", an insulting American English term for a Mexican; the American character is described as "pinche gringo puñetero" (roughly, "fucking gringo wanker"). The group won a Latin Grammy for the colorful rotoscoped video in the field of Best Short Form Music Video.
|
|
The Latin word is a calque of Greek (mesógeios; "inland"), from (mésos, "in the middle") and (gḗinos, "of the earth"), from (gê, "land, earth"). The original meaning may have been 'the sea in the middle of the earth', rather than 'the sea enclosed by land'.Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd ed, 2001, s.v. Ancient Iranians called it the "Roman Sea", in Classic Persian texts was called Daryāy-e Rōm (دریای روم) which may be from Middle Persian form, Zrēh ī Hrōm (𐭦𐭫𐭩𐭤 𐭩 𐭤𐭫𐭥𐭬).
|
|
Turów power plant Today Bogatynia is one of the richest towns per capita in Poland, due to its two principal enterprises: the Turów Coal Mine, a large open-pit on the grounds of the former Rybarzowice village (Reibersdorf), and the associated thermal power station, Elektrownia Turów, operated by the Polska Grupa Energetyczna, the third-largest of the country. The word bogaty in Polish describes a rich or wealthy person - a calque from the town's original German name, Reichenau (reich: "rich").
|
|
In Arabic, the city was sometimes called Rūmiyyat al-Kubra (Great City of the Romans) and in Persian as Takht-e Rum (Throne of the Romans). In East and South Slavic languages, including in medieval Russia, Constantinople has been referred to as Tsargrad (Царьград) or Carigrad, 'City of the Caesar (Emperor)', from the Slavonic words tsar ('Caesar' or 'King') and grad ('city'). This was presumably a calque on a Greek phrase such as (Vasileos Polis), 'the city of the emperor [king]'.
|
|
By and large, the Guaraní of the Jesuits shied away from direct phonological loans from Spanish. Instead, the missionaries relied on the agglutinative nature of the language to formulate calque terms from native morphemes. This process often led the Jesuits to employ complicated, highly synthetic terms to convey Western concepts. By contrast, the Guarani spoken outside of the missions was characterized by a free, unregulated flow of Hispanicisms; frequently, Spanish words and phrases were simply incorporated into Guarani with minimal phonological adaptation.
|
|
Crema foam can take on multiple colors and appearances. "Caffè crema", and the English calque "cream coffee", was the original term for modern espresso, produced by hot water under pressure, coined in 1948 by Gaggia to describe the light brown foam (crema) on espresso. The term has fallen out of use in favor of "espresso". As a colorful synonym for "espresso", the term and variants find occasional use in coffee branding, as in "Jacobs Caffè Crema" and "Kenco Café Crema".
|
|
Ironically, Dutch (and Afrikaans) later used a calque of the English word, and now also call it a white rhino. This suggests the origin of the word was before codification by Dutch writers. A review of Dutch and Afrikaans literature about the rhinoceros has failed to produce any evidence that the word wijd was ever used to describe the rhino outside of oral use. An alternative name for the white rhinoceros, more accurate but rarely used, is the square-lipped rhinoceros.
|
|
Manchu books were published in Beijing. The Qianlong Emperor commissioned projects such as new Manchu dictionaries, both monolingual and multilingual like the Pentaglot. Among his directives were to eliminate directly borrowed loanwords from Chinese and replace them with calque translations which were put into new Manchu dictionaries. This showed in the titles of Manchu translations of Chinese works during his reign which were direct translations contrasted with Manchu books translated during the Kangxi Emperor's reign which were Manchu transliterations of the Chinese characters.
|
|
The common English phrase flea market is a loan translation of the French ('market with fleas')."flea market", The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language, fourth edition, 2000 Many other languages also calque the French expression (directly, or indirectly through some other language). Another example of a common morpheme-by-morpheme loan-translation, is of the English word skyscraper, which may be calqued using the word for 'sky' or 'cloud' and the word, variously, for 'scraping', 'scratching', 'piercing', 'sweeping', 'kissing', etc.
|
|
1st Rzeczpospolita 2nd Rzeczpospolita 3rd Rzeczpospolita, shown within the European Union (member since 2004) Rzeczpospolita () is a traditional and official name of the Polish State. It is a compound of "thing, matter" and "common", a calque of Latin res publica (res "thing" + publica "public, common"), i.e. republic, in English also rendered as commonwealth. In Poland, the word Rzeczpospolita is used exclusively in relation to the Republic of Poland, while any other republic is referred to in Polish as a republika, e.g.
|
|
The aim of one side may be to take control of the country or a region, to achieve independence for a region or to change government policies.James Fearon, "Iraq's Civil War" in Foreign Affairs, March/April 2007. For further discussion on civil war classification, see the section "Formal classification". The term is a calque of Latin bellum civile which was used to refer to the various civil wars of the Roman Republic in the 1st century BC. Most modern civil wars involve intervention by outside powers.
|
|
A number of vocabulary items are peculiar to Meridional French: for example, péguer (Occitan pegar), "to be sticky" (Standard French poisser), chocolatine (Southwest), "pain au chocolat", or flute (a larger baguette, known as a pain parisien (Parisian loaf) in Paris). Some phrases are used with meanings which differ from those they have in Standard French. For example, s'il faut, literally meaning "if necessary", is used to mean "perhaps" (which would be rendered in Standard French as peut-être). This is a calque of the Occitan se cal.
|
|
11 If a ray is placed so that its endpoint is on a line and the adjacent angles are equal, then they are right angles.Wentworth p. 8 The term is a calque of Latin angulus rectus; here rectus means "upright", referring to the vertical perpendicular to a horizontal base line. Closely related and important geometrical concepts are perpendicular lines, meaning lines that form right angles at their point of intersection, and orthogonality, which is the property of forming right angles, usually applied to vectors.
|
|
In Chinese, Mahayana is called 大乘 (dasheng), which is a calque of maha (Great 大) yana (Vehicle 乘). There is also a transliteration 摩诃衍那.容易讀錯的字和詞 《现代汉语词典》、《远东汉英大辞典》 The term appeared in some of the earliest Mahayana texts, including Emperor Ling of Han's translation of the Lotus Sutra.Nattier, Jan (2003), A few good men: the Bodhisattva path according to the Inquiry of Ugra: pp.
|
|
It owes its name, meaning "seven rivers" (literally "seven waters") in Kazakh and Persian, to the rivers which flow from the south-east into Lake Balkhash. When the region was incorporated into the Russian Empire in the 19th century, it became known in Russian (and, to an extent, in European languages) as Semirechye (), which is a Russian calque of the Kazakh "Zhetysu". The name has also been transcribed as Semiryechye, Semirech'e, Semirechiye, Semirechie, Semirechensk or Semireche. Zhetysu falls into today's Almaty Region, which is part of Kazakhstan.
|
|
' was a calque of the Greek name rendered in Latin. In ancient Mesopotamia, Antares may have been known by various names: Urbat, Bilu-sha-ziri ("the Lord of the Seed"), Kak-shisa ("the Creator of Prosperity"), Dar Lugal ("The King"), Masu Sar ("the Hero and the King"), and Kakkab Bir ("the Vermilion Star"). In ancient Egypt, Antares represented the scorpion goddess Serket (and was the symbol of Isis in the pyramidal ceremonies). It was called _t_ ms n _h_ ntt "the red one of the prow".
|
|
Ludogorie is a relatively new name, a Slavic calque of the older Turkish name Deliorman; it was officially introduced in 1950. In 1942, the name had been changed to Polesie, a Slavic toponym meaning "place by the woods", but this name never entered common use. The Turkish name is etymologically and semantically akin to the name of Teleorman County in southern Romania. The Ludogorie mostly belongs to Razgrad Province, with a western part in Ruse Province, and has a mixed population of Bulgarians, Turks and Romani.
|
|
Apel, 919. A double voice exchange has the pattern: Voice 1: a b Voice 2: b a A triple exchange would thus be written: Voice 1: a b c Voice 2: c a b Voice 3: b c a The first use of the term "Stimmtausch" was in 1903-4 in an article by Friedrich Ludwig, while its English calque was first used in 1949 by Jacques Handschin.Ernest H. Sanders, "Voice Exchange," in New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Staley Sadie, ed, vol. 20. London: MacMillan, 1980, 65-66.
|
|
"Please" is a shortening of the phrase, if you please, an intransitive, ergative form taken from if it please you, which is in turn a calque of the French s'il vous plaît, which replaced pray. The exact time frame of the shortening is unknown, though it has been noted that this form appears not to have been known to William Shakespeare, for whom "please you" is the shortest form used in any of his works.James A. H. Murray, ed., A new English dictionary on historical principles (1905), Vol. 7, Part 2, p. 985.
|
|
Association football, in its modern form, was exported by the British to much of the rest of the world and many of these nations adopted this common English term for the sport into their own language. This was usually done in one of two ways: either by directly importing the word itself, or as a calque by translating its constituent parts, foot and ball. In English, the word "football" was known in writing by the 14th Century, as laws which prohibits similar games back to at least that century.
|
|
300px The penultimate issue of Scînteia, 21 December 1989. The headline reads: "Comrade Nicolae Ceaușescu's speech for radio and television stations" (official answer to the outbreak of the Romanian Revolution) Scînteia ("The Spark"; the initial spelling of the name in Romanian was Scânteia until the change of the orthography in 1953, as it would have been again, the orthography having officially reverted in 1993) was the name of two newspapers edited by Communist groups at different intervals in Romanian history. The title was a calque from the Russian Iskra.
|
|
"Orchid Island" is a calque of the Chinese name, written in traditional characters although technically the latter character refers to an islet rather than a proper island. The name honors the local Phalaenopsis orchids and was established by the ROC government on 24 November 1946. It is also sometimes known as Lanyu or , derived from romanization of the name's Mandarin pronunciation. It had previously been known to the Chinese as "Redhead Island" (Hung-t'ou Yü) taking from the island's northwestern mountain peaks which resemble red human heads when illuminated by the setting sun.
|
|
The story begins in 600 BC with the landing in a calque of a Phocéenne galley commanded by the warrior Honorius who, married by mistake the daughter of the Ligurian king, will found the city of Marseille. Honor, the first Marseilles, gives way to Honorius to tell us the hero-comic adventures of the siege of Marseille by the legions of Julius Caesar, which will lead to the invention of the petanque. Through successive leaps over the centuries, and in songs, Honoré tells us the history of the city of Phocea.
|
|
Dione does not appear throughout the rest of the Iliad, in which Zeus's consort is instead the goddess Hera. Burkert therefore concludes that Dione is clearly a calque of Antu. The most direct equivalent to Anu in the Canaanite pantheon is Shamem, the personification of the sky, but Shamem almost never appears in myths and it is unclear whether the Canaanites ever regarded him as a previous ruler of the gods at all. Instead, the Canaanites seem to have ascribed Anu's attributes to El, the current ruler of the gods.
|
|
In the parts of North American Lutheranism that use it, the term "Divine Service" supplants more usual English-speaking Lutheran names for the Mass: "The Service" or "The Holy Communion." The term is a calque of the German word Gottesdienst (literally "God-service" or "service of God"), the standard German word for worship. As in the English phrase "service of God," the genitive in "Gottesdienst" is arguably ambiguous. It can be read as an objective genitive (service rendered to God) or a subjective genitive (God's "service" to people).
|
|
Fiscal pedaling (a calque from , or simply ) is a governmental creative accounting technique involving the use of state-owned banks to front funds required for paying general government obligations without officially declaring a loan, thus hiding these transfers from public scrutiny and delaying repayment from the Treasury to these banks. As such it is a kind of "overdraft" implying a positive balance sheet that does not really exist. Sometimes the term fiscal backpedaling is used. The term gained popularity with the Brazilian Presidential election of 2014, in which President Rousseff was reelected.
|
|
In 280 BC a great army, comprising about 85,000 warriors,Venceslas Kruta, Les Celtes, histoire et dictionnaire, p. 493. coming from Pannonia and split in three divisions, marched southThe Ancient Celts, Barry Cunliffe pp. 80–81 in a great expeditionThe term is a calque of the parallel French Grande expédition, that indicates, in French scholarly usage, the 279 BC surge of military campaigns on Greece. to the Greek mainland against Macedonia and then further south to central Greece as far south as Delphi during a failed and short-lived campaign against the Greek city-states.
|
|
32-41, 159-62. Physical and mental experimentation could then be contrasted: Mach asked his students to provide him with explanations whenever the results from their subsequent, real, physical experiment differed from those of their prior, imaginary experiment. The English term thought experiment was coined (as a calque) from Mach's ', and it first appeared in the 1897 English translation of one of Mach's papers.Mach, Ernst (1897), "On Thought Experiments", in Knowledge and Error (translated by Thomas J. McCormack and Paul Foulkes), Dordrecht Holland: Reidel, 1976, pp. 134-47.
|
|
The word lieutenant derives from French; the lieu meaning "place" as in a position (cf. in lieu of); and tenant meaning "holding" as in "holding a position"; thus a "lieutenant" is a placeholder for a superior, during their absence (compare the Latin locum tenens). In the 19th century, British writers who considered this word either an imposition on the English language, or difficult for common soldiers and sailors, argued for it to be replaced by the calque "steadholder". However, their efforts failed, and the French word is still used, along with its many variations (e.g.
|
|
Sun cross Sun wheel cross A sun cross, solar cross, or wheel cross is a solar symbol consisting of an equilateral cross inside a circle. The design is frequently found in the symbolism of prehistoric cultures, particularly during the Neolithic to Bronze Age periods of European prehistory. The symbol's ubiquity and apparent importance in prehistoric religion have given rise to its interpretation as a solar symbol, whence the modern English term "sun cross" (a calque of ). The same symbol is in use as a modern astronomical symbol representing the Earth rather than the Sun.
|
|
A checked tone, commonly known by the Chinese calque entering tone (), is one of the four syllable types in the phonology in Middle Chinese. Although usually translated as "tone", a checked tone is not a tone in the phonetic sense but rather a syllable that ends in a stop consonant or a glottal stop. Separating the checked tone allows -p, -t, and -k to be treated as allophones of -m, -n, and -ng, respectively, since they are in complementary distribution. Stops appear only in the checked tone, and nasals appear only in the other tones.
|
|
The province of Ontario and the Northwest Territories provide two years of kindergarten. Within the French school system in the province of Ontario, junior kindergarten is called maternelle and senior kindergarten is called jardin d'enfants, which is a calque of the German word Kindergarten. Within the province of Quebec, junior kindergarten is called prématernelle (which is not mandatory), is attended by 4-year-olds, and senior kindergarten (SK) is called maternelle, which is also not mandatory by the age of 5, this class is integrated into primary schools.
|
|
It has traditionally been called the white-throated clawed gecko or white-throated gecko in English, which is a calque of its scientific name. The name yellow-headed gecko is now commonly used for this species in the United States, but it originally applied to Gonatodes fuscus, now G. albogularis fuscus, which is the subspecies formerly found as an introduced species in Florida. In Venezuela it is known as mea-mea or machurito in Spanish. In La Guajira, where the language is the Arawakan Wayuunaiki or heavily influenced by it, this gecko is called curumachár or culumasár.
|
|
"Dig"; or, it may instead come from Irish tuig, according to Random House Unabridged, 2001 jazz, tote, and bad-mouth, a calque from Mandinka. cited in Rickford and Rickford, Spoken Soul, 240. AAVE also has words that either are not part of most other American English dialects or have strikingly different meanings. For example, there are several words in AAVE referring to white people that are not part of mainstream American English; these include gray as an adjective for whites (as in gray dude), possibly from the color of Confederate uniforms; and paddy, an extension of the slang use for "Irish".
|
|
The second meaning of the word conjugation is a group of verbs which all have the same pattern of inflections. Thus all those Latin verbs which have 1st singular -ō, 2nd singular -ās, and infinitive -āre are said to belong to the 1st conjugation, those with 1st singular -eō, 2nd singular -ēs and infinitive -ēre belong to the 2nd conjugation, and so on. The number of conjugations of regular verbs is usually said to be four. The word "conjugation" comes from the Latin , a calque of the Greek syzygia, literally "yoking together (horses into a team)".
|
|
The present site of Devils Lake is historically territory of the Dakota people. The Sisseton, Wahpeton, and Cut-Head bands of Dakotas were relocated to the Spirit Lake Reservation as a result of the 1867 treaty with the United States that established a reservation for Dakotas who had not been forcibly relocated to Crow Creek Reservation in what is now called South Dakota. The name "Devils Lake" is a calque of the Dakota words mni (water) wak’áŋ (literally "pure source", also translated as "spirit" or "sacred"). The Dakota consider it holy because they believe it is the home of the underwater serpent Unktehi.
|
|
The linguist Leonid Madan was assigned the task of establishing a literary standard, based on the Moldavian dialects of Transnistria and Bessarabia, as well as Russian loanwords or Russian-based calque. In 1932, when in the entire Soviet Union there was a trend to move all languages to the Latin script, the Latin script and literary Romanian language was introduced in Moldavian schools and public use. Madan's books were removed from libraries and destroyed. This movement, however, was short lived, and in the second half of the 1940s a new trend of moving languages to the Cyrillic script started in the Soviet Union.
|
|
Iuvara's theories had emerged into broader public awareness in 2000, during a round-table discussion conducted at the Turin Book Fair that year. According to Juvara, the name Shakespeare was adopted as a pseudonym by this Michelangelo Florio, born in Messina in 1564 to a couple named Giovanni Florio and Guglielma Crollalanza. The father was a Calvinist who placed the family in difficult circumstances by writing a heretical pamphlet. The son, Michelangelo, sought sanctuary in Venice, and then subsequently took flight to England, where he assumed a new name, "Shakespeare", this being an English calque on crolla(shake/collapse) and lanza(spear).
|
|
The German and Dutch term (Middle High German stat-halter) is a parallel but independent formation (a calque of lieutenant) corresponding to obsolete English stead holder (stede haldare 1456; also stedys beryng (1460), sted- haldande (1375) steadward, steadsman). In medieval times, the steward was initially a servant who supervised both the lord's estate and his household. However over the course of the next century, other household posts arose and involved more responsibilities. This meant that in the 13th century, there were commonly two stewards in each house—one who managed the estate and the other, the majordomo, to manage domestic routine.
|
|
The colour and method could be added: talo maalataan punaiseksi harjalla "the house will be painted red with a brush". But nothing can be said about the person doing the painting; there is no simple way to say "the house will be painted by Jim". There is a calque, evidently from Swedish, toimesta "by the action of", that can be used to introduce the agent: Talo maalataan Jimin toimesta, approximately "The house will be painted by the action of Jim". This type of expression is considered prescriptively incorrect, but it may be found wherever direct translations from Swedish, English, etc.
|
|
Burkert therefore concludes that Dione is clearly a calque of Antu. British classical scholar Graham Anderson notes that, in the Odyssey, Odysseus's men kill the sacred cattle of Helios and are condemned to death by the gods for this reason, much like Enkidu in the Epic of Gilgamesh. M. L. West states that the similarities run deeper than the mere fact that, in both cases, the creatures slain are bovines exempt from natural death. In both cases, the person or persons condemned to die are companions of the hero, whose death or deaths force the hero to continue his journey alone.
|
|
It is a reference to the Low Countries' downriver location at the Rhine–Meuse–Scheldt delta near the North Sea. From 1551, the designation Nederlands received strong competition from the name Nederduits ("Low Dutch;" Dutch is used here in its archaic sense that covers all continental West Germanic languages). It is a calque of the aforementioned Roman province Germania Inferior and an attempt by early Dutch grammarians to give their language more prestige by linking it to Roman times. Likewise, Hoogduits ("High German") came into use as a Dutch exonym for the German language, spoken in neighboring German states.
|
|
The "Clark" of its common name—and its specific epithet clarkii—honors John Henry Clark, a 19th-century American surveyor who was also a naturalist and collector. The genus name Aechmophorus comes from the Ancient Greek words αἰχμά (transliterated "aichme"), meaning 'point of a spear', and φόρος ("phoros"), meaning 'bearing'; together translating as 'spear point bearer' and referring to the bird's long, dagger-like beak. In Mexico it is called achichilique pico naranja (the western grebe is called the achichilique pico amarillo). A common name advocated in Spain for this bird is the calque achichilique de Clark.
|
|
A grand tourer (GT) is a type of sports car that is designed for high speed and long-distance driving, due to a combination of performance and luxury attributes. The most common format is a front-engine, rear-wheel-drive two- door coupé with either a two-seat or a 2+2 arrangement. Grand tourers are most often the coupé derivative of luxury saloons. The term is a near-calque from the Italian language phrase gran turismo which became popular in the English language from the 1950s, evolving from fast touring cars and streamlined closed sports cars during the 1930s.
|
|
Lexicalization is the process of adding words, set phrases, or word patterns to a language – that is, of adding items to a language's lexicon. Whether or not word formation and lexicalization refer to the same process is a source of controversy within the field of linguistics. Most linguists assert that there is a distinction, but there are many ideas of what the distinction is. Lexicalization may be simple, for example borrowing a word from another language, or more involved, as in calque or loan translation, wherein a foreign phrase is translated literally, as in marché aux puces, or in English, flea market.
|
|
"Nowhere girls" or "Mei Nu" () is a neologism coined to describe women who have no money, no job, no education, no prospects, no looks, no friends and no sophistication. The pinyin and pronunciation of "nowhere girls" is the same as that of "beautiful girls" in Putonghua. The term is used to characterise those women who refuse to conform to male expectations and are therefore thought to be unattractive by men, and has strong pejorative connotations. A calque of a South Korean term, it spread to Hong Kong via China, and became popularised through its use in a reality show called Nowhere Girls, which was broadcast by Television Broadcasts Limited.
|
|
At the end of his career he wrote two books that sum up his ideas on writing and designing: How Typography Works (And why it is important) and L'Effet Gutenberg. His work is characterised by its simplicity and legibility. “It is for the sake of the letter, for the sake of reading and ultimately for the sake of the reader that printing was invented now five hundred years ago”. His typography can be described as dynamic due to his so-called ‘scissors and paste’ work method. He always supplied one or more lay-outs, often done in ‘calque’, with information about where to place the illustrations and other things.
|
|
Versions in several languages for Christians and Jews used variants of the word "constitution": konstitutsiya in Bulgarian, σύνταγμα (syntagma) in Greek, konstitusyon in Judaeo-Spanish, and ustav in Serbian. The Bulgarian version used a term in Russian, the Greek version used a calque from the French word "constitution", the Judaeo-Spanish derived its term from the French, and the Serbian version used a word from Slavonic. The Armenian version uses the word sahmanadrut‘iwn (also Sahmanatrov;ivn, ; Eastern style: ). Those in Ottoman Turkish, Arabic, and Persian used a word meaning "basic law", Kanun-i esasi in Turkish, al-qānūn al-asāsī in Arabic, and qānūn-e asāsī in Persian.
|
|
In a 1904 paper, Jan Baudouin de Courtenay emphasised the need to distinguish between language similarities arising from a genetic relationship (rodstvo) and those arising from convergence due to language contact (srodstvo). Nikolai Trubetzkoy introduced the Russian term (; "language union") in a 1923 article. In a paper presented to the first International Congress of Linguists in 1928, he used a German calque of this term, Sprachbund, defining it as a group of languages with similarities in syntax, morphological structure, cultural vocabulary and sound systems, but without systematic sound correspondences, shared basic morphology or shared basic vocabulary. Later workers, starting with Trubetzkoy's colleague Roman Jakobson, reprinted in R. Jakobson: Selected writings, vol.
|
|
The first page of Frédéric Chopin's "Fantaisie-Impromptu," one of the best known character pieces Character piece is a calque of the German Charakterstück, a term, not very precisely defined, used for a broad range of 19th-century piano music based on a single idea or program. The term is less frequently applied to music for another instrument (never voice) with piano accompaniment, but very seldom for larger ensembles. Character pieces are a staple of Romantic music, and are essential to that movement's interest in the evocation of particular moods or moments. What distinguishes character pieces is the specificity of the idea they invoke.
|
|
In contemporary Israel, where Yiddish has virtually disappeared as a spoken language among the general public, it is cultivated and extensively used by some Haredi groups - partly in protest against Hebrew, the traditional sacred language having been "profaned" by Zionism, making it the main language of modern secular Israeli society. Moreover, in these circles Yiddish is associated with the memory of the great Torah sages of Eastern Europe, who spoke it and whose communities were destroyed in the Holocaust. Among the Sephardim Ladino, a calque of Hebrew or Aramaic syntax and Castilian words, was used for sacred translations such as the Ferrara Bible. It was also used during the Sephardi liturgy.
|
|
The modern district of Abbassia is named after Abbas Helmy Pasha and was built upon an older Coptic village called p-Sovt em-p-Hoi ( "the wall of the moat") or later Shats ( "the moat") which is a calque on the latter Arabic al-Khandaq ( "the moat"). In 1865 an observatory, principally for meteorological work, was founded at Abbassia, by the Khedive Isma'il Pasha, and maintained continuously there for nearly forty years. The building lay on the boundary between the cultivated Nile Delta and the desert but then with urban encroachment, it was decided in 1904, to move the meteorological work to Helwan. The Observatory at Abbassia was an empty monument until 1952.
|
|
In his childhood, the Qianlong Emperor was tutored in Manchu, Chinese and Mongolian, arranged to be tutored in Tibetan, and spoke Chagatai (Turki or Modern Uyghur) and Tangut. However, he was even more concerned than his predecessors to preserve and promote the Manchu language among his followers, as he proclaimed that "the keystone for Manchus is language." He commissioned new Manchu dictionaries, and directed the preparation of the Pentaglot Dictionary which gave equivalents for Manchu terms in Mongolian, Tibetan and Turkic, and had the Buddhist canon translated into Manchu, which was considered the "national language". He directed the elimination of loanwords taken from Chinese and replaced them with calque translations which were put into new Manchu dictionaries.
|
|
Martin Haspelmath, The World Atlas of Language Structures, page 569, Oxford University Press, 2005, The learned components of the vocabularies of Khmer, Mon, Burmese and Thai/Lao consist of words of Pali or Sanskrit origin. Indian influence also spread north to the Himalayan region. Tibetan has used Ranjana writing since 600 AD, but has preferred to calque new religious and technical vocabulary from native morphemes rather than borrowing Indian ones. The Cham empires, known collectively as Champa, which were founded around the end of 2nd century AD, belonged directly to Indosphere of influence, rather than to the Sinosphere which shaped so much of Vietnamese culture and by which Chams were influenced later and indirectly.
|
|
It is one beat in a bar of . The term "quarter note" is a calque (loan translation) of the German term . The names of this note (and rest) in many other languages are calqued from the same source; Romance languages usually use a term derived from the Latin meaning 'black': The Catalan, French, Galician, and Spanish names for the note (all of them meaning 'black') derive from the fact that the was the longest note to be colored in mensural white notation, which is true as well of the modern form. The Bulgarian, Chinese, Croatian, Czech, Japanese, Korean, Norwegian, Polish, Russian, Serbian and Slovak names mean "quarter" (for the note) and "quarter's pause" (for the rest).
|
|
It is not known exactly how far the kingdom of the Gododdin extended, possibly from the Stirling area to the kingdom of Bryneich (Bernicia), and including what are now the Lothian and Borders regions of eastern Scotland. It was bounded to the west by the Brittonic Kingdom of Strathclyde, and to the north by the Picts. Those living around Clackmannanshire were known as the Manaw Gododdin.Watson, 1926 Jackson, 1969 According to tradition, local kings of this period lived at both Traprain Law and Din Eidyn (Edinburgh, whose English name is ultimately a calque, with the Old English ' corresponding to the Welsh '; in Scottish Gaelic it is still known as '), and probably also at ' (Dunbar, Scottish Gaelic ').
|
|
German Stoßtruppen (shock troops) rising from trenches to attack, World War I Shock troops or assault troops are formations created to lead an attack. They are often better trained and equipped than other infantry, and expected to take heavy casualties even in successful operations. "Shock troop" is a calque, a loose translation of the German word Stoßtrupp.Although the German word Stoß is occasionally used to translate 'shock' or allude to a shock-like event, as in Erdstoß (seismic wave), in this case stoß derives directly from the verb stoßen (to push), referring to the original task of the Stoßtruppen, known in German as vorstoßen (roughly: to carry the attack forward, to penetrate the enemy lines).
|
|
In common or everyday parlance, especially by those speakers from outside of the island of Cebu, Cebuano is more often referred to as Bisaya. Bisaya, however, may become a source of confusion as many other Visayan languages may also be referred to as Bisaya even though they are not mutually intelligible with speakers of what is referred to by linguists as Cebuano. Cebuano in this sense applies to all speakers of vernaculars mutually intelligible with the vernaculars of Cebu island, regardless of origin or location, as well as to the language they speak. The term Cebuano (itself part of the Spanish colonial heritage, from "Cebu"+"ano", a Latinate calque) has garnered some objections.
|
|
Novels such as Shi Gong'an Qiwen (施公案奇聞) and Ernü Yingxiong Zhuan (兒女英雄傳) have been cited as the clearest nascent wuxia novels. The term "wuxia" as a genre label itself first appeared at the end of the Qing dynasty, a calque of the Japanese "bukyō", a genre of oft-militaristic and bushido-influenced adventure fiction. The term was brought to China by writers and students who hoped that China would modernise its military and place emphasis on martial virtues, and it quickly became entrenched as the term used to refer to xiayi and other predecessors of wuxia proper. In Japan, however, the term "bukyō" faded into obscurity.
|
|
Loan translations are common, such as the American Sign Language signs BOY and FRIEND, forming a compound meaning "boyfriend" or the Auslan partial-calque DON'T MIND, which involves the sign for the noun MIND combined with an upturned palm, which is a typical Auslan negation. When a loan translation becomes fully acceptable and considered as 'native' (rather than Contact Signing) is a matter over which native signers will differ in opinion. The process appears to be very common in those sign languages that have been best documented, such as American Sign Language, British Sign Language and Auslan. In all of the cases, signers are increasingly bilingual in both a sign and a "spoken" language (or visual forms of it) as the deaf signing community's literacy levels increase.
|
|
Archeological digs seem to show the area as inhabited by as early as 2000 BC, most notably in the modern quartiers of Fives, Wazemmes and Vieux Lille. The original inhabitants of the region were the Gauls, such as the Menapians, the Morins, the Atrebates and the Nervians, who were followed by Germanic peoples: the Saxons, the Frisians and the Franks. The legend of "Lydéric and Phinaert" puts the foundation of the city of Lille at 640. In the 8th century, the language of Old Low Franconian was spoken, as attested by toponymic research. Lille's Dutch name is Rijsel, which comes from ter ijsel (at the island) from Middle Dutch ijssel (“small island, islet”), calque of Old French l'Isle (“the Island”), itself from Latin Īnsula, from īnsula (“island”).
|
|
It is southwest of the city of Syracuse at the foot of the Iblean Mountains. It lends its name to the surrounding areaThe in is in Sicilian and in Italian a grammatically masculine term, and it does not refer to a 'Valley' as is usual in Italian geographical names, which are although always grammatically feminine, but to one of the Provinces or Governorates into which Sicily was administratively divided under Arab rule and up until the 1812 administrative reform. The corresponding Arabic term is (), and the Sicilian is akin to the Arab () or the Turkish (), used as it would be a calque of the English term shire Val di Noto. In 2002 Noto and its church were declared a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
|
|
Simon Syrenius (), a 17th-century Polish botanist, described "our Polish hogweed" as a vegetable that was well known throughout Poland, Ruthenia, Lithuania and Samogitia (that is, most of the northern part of Eastern Europe), typically used for cooking a "tasty and graceful soup" with capon stock, eggs, sour cream and millet. More interested in the plant's medicinal properties than its culinary use, he also recommended pickled hogweed juice as a cure for fever or hangover. Hogweed borscht was mostly a poor man's food. The soup's humble beginnings are still reflected in Polish fixed expressions, where "cheap like borscht" is the equivalent of "dirt cheap" (also attested as a calque in Yiddish and Canadian English), whereas adding "two mushrooms into borscht" is synonymous with excess.
|
|
Franz Liebkind (Liebkind being a humorous calque into German of the English idiom "love child") is a former Nazi who has penned an admiring musical tribute to Adolf Hitler, titled Springtime for Hitler. The two protagonists, Max Bialystock and Leo Bloom, purchase and produce this "worst play ever written" as part of a plot to defraud investors by overselling and staging a sure-fire flop. The part was originally cast for Dustin Hoffman, but Mel Brooks allowed him to audition for the film adaptation of The Graduate before shooting began for his own film in anticipation that he would be rejected. Instead, Hoffman was cast as the lead of the film directed by Mike Nichols and Brooks thus had to recast the Liebkind role.
|
|
This genus of blue- backed swallows is sometimes called the "barn swallows". The Oxford English Dictionary dates the English common name "barn swallow" to 1851, though an earlier instance of the collocation in an English-language context is in Gilbert White's popular book The Natural History of Selborne, originally published in 1789: > The swallow, though called the chimney-swallow, by no means builds > altogether in chimnies , but often within barns and out-houses against the > rafters ... In Sweden she builds in barns, and is called ladusvala, the > barn-swallow. This suggests that the English name may be a calque on the Swedish term. There are few taxonomic problems within the genus, but the red-chested swallow—a resident of West Africa, the Congo basin, and Ethiopia—was formerly treated as a subspecies of barn swallow.
|
|
The Soviet Tankmen's Song is a popular Russian song, the final variant of which was popularized by the Soviet 1968 film At War as at War ()Note: The title of the film is a Russian saying, which is a calque from French à la guerre comme à la guerre, which is commonly rendered in English as "All's fair in love and war". However literally it means "In the war like in the war" or "A war is a war", about the crew of an SU-100 (SU-85 in the basic novel) tank destroyer. The song has no official title and is referred to by its first line: Na Polye Tanki Grokhotali (). The song melody originated from the old Russian miners' song "Sirens Sounded Alarm" ("Гудки тревожно прогудели"), popularized in the 1940 film "Big life".
|
|
La Farce de maître Pathelin (in English The Farce of Master Pathelin; sometimes La Farce de maître Pierre Pathelin, La Farce de Pathelin, Farce Maître Pierre Pathelin, or Farce de Maître Pathelin) is a fifteenth-century (1457) anonymous medieval farce written originally in French. It was extraordinarily popular in its day, and held an influence on popular theatre for over a century. Its echoes can be seen in the works of Rabelais. A number of phrases from the play became proverbs in French, and the phrase "Let us return to our muttons" (revenons à nos moutons) even became a common English calque. In the play there are only five characters: the title character, his wife Guillemette, a clothier named Guillaume Joceaulme, a shepherd named Thibault l’Aignelet, and finally a judge.
|
|
Sebastian is a given name. It comes from the Greek name Sebastianos (Σεβαστιανός) meaning "from Sebastia" (Σεβάστεια), which was the name of the city now known as Sivas, located in the central portion of what is now Turkey; in Western Europe the name comes through the Latinized intermediary Sebastianus. The name of the city is derived from the Greek word σεβαστός (sebastos), "venerable",σεβαστός, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek- English Lexicon, on Perseus which comes from σέβας (sebas), "awe, reverence, dread",σέβας, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus in turn from the verb σέβομαι (sebomai), "feel awe, scruple, be ashamed".σέβομαι, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, on Perseus Sebastos was the Greek calque of the title Augustus, which was used for Roman emperors.
|
|
For a time after its wars with the Xiongnu, the Han Dynasty connected the lake with the legendary "Western Sea" assumed to balance the East China Sea, but as the Han Empire expanded further west into the Tarim Basin other lakes assumed the title. In English, Qinghai Lake was formerly known as Ch'inghai Lake or ; the Chinese Postal Map romanization was of the Mongolian name . As for the Mongolians, the color of the lake is unambiguously labeled blue, but classical Mongolian did not distinguish between lakes and larger bodies of water. The Chinese name is thus an overly literal calque of this name, used by the Qinghai Mongols, some of whom made up the local ruling class during the standardization of western Chinese toponyms in the Qing Dynasty.
|
|
The origin of the name snaphance is thought to come from the Dutch "Snaphaan" which roughly means "pecking rooster" and relates to the shape of the mechanism and its downward-darting action (and would also explain the name "cock" for the beak-shaped mechanism which holds the flint). In German, the calque Schnapphahn moved away from the earlier definitions and has traditionally referred to a mounted highwayman, who would have been likely to use a firearm of that nature. The French chenapan also changed its meaning in the seventeenth century to define a rogue or scoundrel. During the Second Northern and Scanian Wars, a "Snapphane" was a pro-Danish Guerilla-man in Scania, which had just been annexed by Sweden, as they wanted to belong to Denmark instead.
|
|
His title "Bilge" means wise or master. According to Klyashtorny, the element yuquq means "hidden, protected thing, value, treasure, jewelry", which is derived from the verb "yoq/yuq" meaning "to hide, to protect" (used in Uyghur legal documents); meanwhile, the other ton means "first"; thus his Chinese name 元珍 Yuánzhēn is a calque of his Turkic name Tonyuquq, both meaning "first treasure"S. G. Klyashtorny 1966, pp. 202-205 René M. Giraud read the name as tonïuquq, from ton "dress, clothes" with I possessive and yuquq (from the verb yuk- "to stick") and meaning "whose dress is blessed with oil"; Likewise, Jean-Paul Roux explained the name as "with oiled dress" while discussing the culinary culture of the Mongols and suggesting that they had dirty and stained clothes.
|
|
Clearwater Lakes, 2013 image by NASA Earth Observatory The Lac Wiyâshâkimî (the official name, in French, formerly Lac à l'Eau Claire), also called the Clearwater Lakes in English, is a calque of Wiyâšâkamî in Northern East Cree (changed form of wâšâkamî or wâšekamî in more southerly Cree dialects) and Allait Qasigialingat by the Inuit, are a pair of annular lakes on the Canadian Shield in Quebec, Canada, near Hudson Bay. The lakes are actually a single body of water with a sprinkling of islands forming a "dotted line" between the eastern and western parts. The name is due to the clear water it holds. There are actually 25 lakes with that name in the province (26 if the Petit lac à l'Eau Claire — the Small Clearwater Lake — is included).
|
|
The routes taken by the Gauls The Celtic military pressure toward Greece in the southern Balkans reached its turning point in 281 BC. The collapse of Lysimachus' successor kingdom in Thrace opened the way for the migration. The cause for this is explained by Pausanias as greed for loot, by Justin as a result of overpopulation, and by Memnon as the result of famine. According to Pausanias, an initial probing raid led by Cambaules withdrew when they realized they were too few in numbers. In 280 BC, a great army comprising about 85,000 warriors left Pannonia, split into three divisions, and marched south in a great expeditionThe term is a calque of the parallel French Grande expédition, that indicates, in French scholarly usage, the 279 BC surge of military campaigns on Greece.
|
|
When Sherring bought a copy of Thucydides' History of the Peloponnesian War in Salisbury, she found strange inscriptions in it; after she found his name in it, she wrote him a letter and asked him if the inscriptions were his, including the longest one on the back, which was in Gothic. In his reply to her he corrected some of the mistakes in the text; he wrote for example that hundai should be hunda and þizo boko (of those books), which he suggested should be þizos bokos (of this book). A semantic inaccuracy of the text which he mentioned himself is the use of lisan for read, while this was ussiggwan. Tolkien also made a calque of his own name in Gothic in the letter, which according to him should be Ruginwaldus Dwalakoneis.
|
|
The word "insect" comes from the Latin word ', meaning "with a notched or divided body", or literally "cut into", from the neuter singular perfect passive participle of , "to cut into, to cut up", from in- "into" and secare "to cut"; because insects appear "cut into" three sections. A calque of Greek ['], "cut into sections", Pliny the Elder introduced the Latin designation as a loan-translation of the Greek word (éntomos) or "insect" (as in entomology), which was Aristotle's term for this class of life, also in reference to their "notched" bodies. "Insect" first appears documented in English in 1601 in Holland's translation of Pliny. Translations of Aristotle's term also form the usual word for "insect" in Welsh (, from ' "to cut" and mil, "animal"), Serbo-Croatian (zareznik, from rezati, "to cut"), Russian ( nasekomoje, from seč'/-sekat, "to cut"), etc.
|
|
The word "realisieren" itself already existed before the borrowing took place; the only thing borrowed was this second meaning. (Compare this with a calque, such as antibody, from the German Antikörper, where the word "antibody" did not exist in English before it was borrowed.) A similar example is the German semantic loan überziehen, which meant only to draw something across, before it took on the additional borrowed meaning of its literal English translation overdraw in the financial sense. Note that the first halves of the terms are cognate (über/over), but the second halves are unrelated (ziehen/draw). Semantic loans may be adopted by many different languages: Hebrew kokháv, Russian zvezdá, Polish gwiazda, Finnish tähti and Vietnamese sao all originally meant "star" in the astronomical sense, and then went on to adopt the sememe "star", as in a famous entertainer, from English.
|
|
Saddam Hussein, associated with the popularization of the phrase "the mother of all…" in the West "The mother of all ", a hyperbole that has been used to refer to something as "great" or "the greatest of its kind", became a popular snowclone template in the 1990s. The phrase entered American popular culture in September 1990 at the outset of the Gulf War, when Saddam Hussein's Revolutionary Command Council warned the U.S.-led Coalition against military action in Kuwait with the statement "Let everyone understand that this battle is going to become the mother of all battles." The phrase was repeated in a January 1991 speech by Saddam Hussein. A calque from Arabic, the snowclone gained popularity in the media and was adapted for phrases such as "the mother of all bombs" and New Zealand's "Mother of all Budgets".
|
|
In Welsh legend, King Arthur is said to have fought his ninth battle against the Saxon invasion at the "city of the legions" and later came to the city to try and subjugate the Welsh bishops to his mission. In 616, Æthelfrith of Northumbria defeated a Welsh army at the Battle of Chester and probably established the Anglo-Saxon position in the area from then on. The Anglo-Saxons adopted the native name as the calque Legeceaster, which over time was shortened to Ceaster and finally corrupted to Chester. In 689, King Æthelred of Mercia founded the Minster Church of West Mercia on what is considered to be an early Christian site and known as the Minster of St John the Baptist, Chester (now St John the Baptist's Church), which later became the city's first cathedral.
|
|
Indeed, some scholars have hypothesized that the deities who were eventually conflated with Susanoo, Mutō Tenjin, and Gozu Tennō, may have had Korean origins as well, with the name 'Mutō' (武塔, historical orthography: mutau) being linked with the Korean word mudang "shamaness," and 'Gozu' being explained as a calque of 'Soshimori', here interpreted as being derived from a Korean toponym meaning 'Bull's (so) Head (mari)'.McMullin (1988). pp. 266-267. The name 'Susanoo' itself has been interpreted as being related to the Middle Korean title susung (transliterated as 次次雄 or 慈充), meaning 'master' or 'shaman', notably applied to Namhae, the second king of Silla, in the Samguk Sagi. Susanoo is thus supposed in this view to have originally been a foreign god (蕃神 banshin), perhaps a deified shaman, whose origins may be traced back to Korea.
|
|
The word Vükiped is unique among translations of the name Wikipedia because it conveys an adaptation of the original word's connotations while being composed entirely of existent Volapük morphemes. Instead of opting for an habitual calque of the English portmanteau of wiki and encyclopedia, the Volapük Wikipedia's community preferred to devise a neologism, because a borrowing of the prefix wiki- would be inconsistent with Volapük morphology. The resulting Vükiped is composed of morphemes vü- ("inter-", "among") and kiped ("to keep", "to preserve", "to maintain"), and has an implied meaning that roughly translates as: "the effort to maintain this Wikipedia is shared among a group of folks". The word was adopted in early 2004, for its autological conveyance of a central aspect of Wikipedia's nature and because it is both phonologically and orthographically similar to the original term Wikipedia.
|
|
The meaning of the English term "natural history" (a calque of the Latin historia naturalis) has narrowed progressively with time, while, by contrast, the meaning of the related term "nature" has widened (see also History below). In antiquity, "natural history" covered essentially anything connected with nature, or used materials drawn from nature, such as Pliny the Elder's encyclopedia of this title, published circa 77 to 79 AD, which covers astronomy, geography, humans and their technology, medicine, and superstition, as well as animals and plants. Medieval European academics considered knowledge to have two main divisions: the humanities (primarily what is now known as classics) and divinity, with science studied largely through texts rather than observation or experiment. The study of nature revived in the Renaissance, and quickly became a third branch of academic knowledge, itself divided into descriptive natural history and natural philosophy, the analytical study of nature.
|
|
According to the British gardening writer Nelson in 1866, Torreya species in general were known as "stinking cedars" or "stinking nutmegs" by the locals, though he himself recommended the name "strong-odoured yew" as preferred for British use. This specific species was called "stinking cedar" by the Americans according to him, although he recommended the name "mountain yew" for Britain -this is a calque of the (incorrect) Latin name he was using, he was apparently unaware of the fact that this species grows almost at sea level and nowhere near any mountains! In fact, of all species of Torreya, it is only the species which is never found in mountainous areas. Seed cone Although the vernacular name Florida torreya was formally recommended by most conservation works and internet databases, see also: RangeMap this was changed to Florida nutmeg in the late 2010s, after the IUCN invented a new name in 2010.
|
|
On January 9, 2014, the traditional Dungaw (a Tagalog calque of the rite's Spanish name Mirata, "to see" or "to view") was revived and reincorporated into the Traslación after the discovery of old documents attesting to its practise. The rite, which was discontinued in the early 1900s for still-unknown reasons, involves the Black Nazarene, coming from R. Hidalgo Street, being made to stop briefly at Plaza del Carmen, a square along the southwest flank of the neo-gothic Basílica Menor de San Sebastián, before proceeding towards Bilibid Viejo Street. After the recitation of the rosary by congregants inside San Sebastián, the resident Recollect priests remove the image of Our Lady of Mount Carmel from the principal niche of the retablo mayor. The image, which was given to the Recollects in 1617 by a Carmelite nunnery in Mexico City, is then solemnly and silently processed to a temporary scaffold erected at the southwest face of the church.
|
|
409, 1812 A second theory maintains that "flea market" is a common English calque from the French "marché aux puces" which literally translates to "market of the fleas", labelled as such because the items sold were previously owned and worn, supposedly containing fleas. The first reference to this term appeared in two conflicting stories about a location in Paris in the 1860s which was known as the "marché aux puces". The traditional and most-publicized story is in the article "What Is a Flea Market?" by Albert LaFarge in the 1998 winter edition of Today's Flea Market magazine: "There is a general agreement that the term 'Flea Market' is a literal translation of the French marché aux puces, an outdoor bazaar in Paris, France, named after those pesky little parasites of the order Siphonaptera (or "wingless bloodsucker") that infested the upholstery of old furniture brought out for sale." The second story appeared in the book Flea Markets, published in Europe by Chartwell Books, has in its introduction: There are flea markets in Japan.
|
|
The estampie is similar in form to the lai, consisting of a succession of repeated sections . According to Johannes de Grocheio, there were both vocal and instrumental estampies (for which he used the Latin calque "stantipes"), which differed somewhat in form, in that the vocal estampie begins with a refrain, which is repeated at the end of each verse . Also according to Grocheio, the repeating sections in both the vocal and instrumental estampie were called puncta (singular punctus) , in the form: :aa, bb, cc, etc.. The two statements of each punctus differ only in their endings, described as apertum ("open") and clausum ("closed") by Grocheio, who believed that six puncta were standard for the stantipes (his term for the estampie), though he was aware of stantipes with seven puncta . The structure can therefore be diagrammed as: :a+x, a+y; b+w, b+z; etc.. Sometimes the same two endings are used for all the puncta, producing the structure :a+x, a+y; b+x, b+y, c+x, c+y, etc.
|
|