Ross can easily be cast as a Wall Street robber baron.
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Now the city is attracting the attention of a new, aspiring robber baron.
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These novels are based on the life of the robber baron Charles Yerkes.
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Shark that looks like a robber baron caught, subsequently eaten by Japan's mega-wealthy?
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They are portraying him as a robber baron whose company is rife with labor violations.
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Before starting, students should define "robber baron" and "monopoly" in the context of the Gilded Age.
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The 19th century robber baron Andrew Carnegie gave away most of his wealth later in life.
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After completing all 231 lessons, you'll be well on your way to becoming a dropshipping robber baron.
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Many people worried about a new "robber baron" era, akin to America's in the late 19th century.
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Then it elevated the "robber baron" (again, the clue is in the name) tycoons of the Gilded Age.
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Why would these folks believe that a modern-day robber baron would have their best interests at heart?
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For we aren't just living in a second Gilded Age, we're also living in a second robber baron era.
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MacFarland's biggest case was a suit against the robber baron Jay Gould after the collapse of the Erie Railroad.
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She was described in leaked American diplomatic cables as a "robber baron" and the least popular person in the country.
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Gossip Girl's steely robber baron Bart Bass returns from the dead in the penultimate season, a classic soap opera trope.
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About 100 years ago, socialism became popular in this country, as the economic inequality of the robber-baron era peaked.
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Jia refused to sell his shares, cueing endless, argumentative board meetings over what to do with the Chinese robber baron.
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That's what happened to 19th century robber baron Jay Gould, who was once one of the richest men of all time.
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Incensed unions saw Arnold not as a reformer but as a robber baron trying to take away their members' hard-earned retirement benefits.
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Unlike great robber-baron bibliophiles such John Pierpont Morgan and Andrew Carnegie, today's super-wealthy prefer to build art collections rather than libraries.
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A United States diplomatic cable released by WikiLeaks in 2010 described Ms. Karimova as "a robber baron" who "crushed" many businesspeople in Uzbekistan.
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I've been thinking about doing [one painting] for a while that's gonna include a fat-cat robber-baron type who's dancing the can-can.
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Fraser's piece ostensibly targeted the robber-baron philanthropy of the Gilded Age, but she was also implicating museums' current embrace of free-market capitalism.
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The steelworkers union initially looked like it had won a bloody battle against a ruthless figure of the Robber Baron era, steel titan Andrew Carnegie.
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Hopefully, William McKinley and his robber baron cronies will be left to sleep peacefully in their graves; along with the deceptive "Full Dinner Pail" motto.
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And yet, the centerpiece of a clean and growing industry is under attack by a president with a robber baron view of the natural world.
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The president is out of step with the congressional leadership of his party, who long ago abandoned the protectionist GOP history of the robber-baron era.
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Bankruptcy Court Judge Robert Drain cited that criticism Thursday, noting some consider Lampert a cross between a 19th-century robber baron and a bumbling sitcom character.
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The rich and the powerful have sullied the word "socialism," as our country has become an oligarchy that resembles the robber-baron era in many ways.
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Billions may veer in a more cynical direction someday too, but for now the show seems to be hoping disenchanted Americans will root against a robber baron.
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Choosing the $135 tasting menu one night, I got a seven-course tour of robber-baron dishes as interpreted by Mr. Colicchio and Bryan Hunt, the executive chef.
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Gradually, I discovered the regional flavors of ugly mansions: Cleveland suburbs weirdly favor medieval or chateau style, Long Island loves the look of a Gilded Age robber baron estate.
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The term Robber Baron characterizes this group as a bunch of ruthless men who amassed vast fortunes while they trampled over workers' rights and stabbed competitors in the back.
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Meanwhile, Zuckerberg is portrayed in the book as somewhere "between naive genius and robotic robber baron," according to Carr, who added that Zuckerberg "is consumed by his public image."
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You, the trust fund benefactor, the robber baron heir, the second-generation tech disruptor, can be the proud owner of Tiffany & Co.'s new "tin can" for a mere $1,000.
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What could be more cleansing, after literary immersion in the seamy and squalid arena of robber-baron America, than an adventure story about an idyllic boyhood on the Mississippi River?
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You may push back against that, but I do think there's been an ebb and flow, and we are definitely at the height of a kind of robber baron era.
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Stanford, who made a fortune from railroads during the mid 1800s, fell under the umbrella of a "Robber Baron," a negative term for the powerful industrialists of the Gilded Age.
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Within her own country, she is considered a "robber baron," who would "crush business people or anyone else who stands in her way," according to a leaked American diplomatic cable.
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Hearst demanded satisfaction and Al, unwilling to deliver Trixie to the robber baron, took it upon himself to slit the throat of another flaxen-haired woman who worked at the Gem.
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Anti-regulation conservatives currently in power should keep in mind that the trust-busting politicians and the New Deal itself was largely a result of the excesses of the robber baron era.
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As presented here, Wotan and his wife, Fricka (the rich-voiced mezzo-soprano Tanja Ariane Baumgartner), could be a wealthy robber baron in the late 19th century and his entitled-acting spouse.
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Tichi, who teaches American studies and English at Vanderbilt, adopts a more detached approach to the Old Money-Robber Baron clashes that shaped our country at the turn of the 20th century.
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Drain said Lampert was "subject to substantial verbal abuse" during the proceedings, noting that critics had characterized the Sears chairman in ways that evoked a ruthless robber baron and a blowhard sitcom character.
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Annie Annie is a plucky Depression-era orphan, but one who can sing and dance, which earns her a place in the household of robber baron Oliver Warbucks and his beautiful enabler, Grace.
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A full set of the Robber Baron collection by Studio Job — gilded bronze objects freighted with social commentary, like a safe topped with a Jack in the Box — could run you upward of $2100,000.
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That Shonibare remixes the identities that many of us in the United States associate with inherited power and wealth, only somewhat blunts the force of the trauma caused by the robber baron or planter class.
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The movie, a remake of the classic 1960 John Sturges Western of the same name, starts when a villainous robber baron, Bartholomew Bogue (Peter Sarsgaard), threatens a small mining town and the villagers vow to resist.
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In her 4003s, Laura works as a wedding coordinator — of all things, considering that marriage has never appealed to her — at the Library, a museum that was once the home of her robber baron great-grandfather.
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Montana and the West love a massive faux log cabin with lots of stuffed animal heads; Scottsdale, Arizona, is a real grab bag of styles; Dallas does a Texas version of the Long Island robber baron look.
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But many of his positions are so regressive they'd trigger a new robber-baron era: deregulation of corporations; dismantling of Social Security, Medicare, public education, and programs to lift people out of poverty; support for the TPP.
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Consider "Cabinet" (2006-7), from its "Robber Baron" series, a sculpture of an 18th-century French armoire made of polished, patinated and gilded bronze with a black hole through it, suggesting the explosive path of a cannonball.
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The moment you arrive in town, a tanuki robber baron named Tom Nook informs you that you've just taken out an enormous loan from him to buy your home, and it's now your job to pay it off.
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The United States has never been a socialist country, even when it most likely should have been one, during the robber baron tyranny of the Gilded Age or the desperation of the Great Depression, and it never will be.
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If Uzbekistan wants to show that it believes in the rule of law, which is so important to investors, it will need to show that even a "robber baron"—as a WikiLeaks cable once dubbed Ms Karimova—gets a fair trial. ■
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Live like a robber baron for a night with Airbnb Luxe The price varies from $600 to $1 million per night, and what you get ranges from castles in France to award-winning homes in New Zealand and South Africa. 6.
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The script, written by the artist and later published in the journal October, careens from snobbish talk about taste and culture to a scathing critique of how 19th-century robber baron gave their money to art institutions instead of the poor.
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"And when he got going on economic reform, it turned out that he didn't know what he was doing," he adds, pointing to Mr Yeltsin's record of galloping inflation, a sovereign default and robber-baron privatisation which created the oligarchy.
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The team gazes through magnifying devices (used for the then-fledgling science of "finger marks") and later through opera glasses in order to spy on Commissioner Roosevelt and his companions — an aging Mayor William Lafayette Strong and the philandering robber baron J.P. Morgan.
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It was a subject of much concern at the Trilateral Commission, a kind of Rotary Club for members of the international power elite that Brzezinski had co-founded in 2000 with David Rockefeller, head of Chase Manhattan and grandson of the famous robber baron.
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Mr. Lampert, a billionaire hedge fund manager, could avoid becoming the "cartoon character" his critics have painted him as, Judge Robert Drain said — a cross between Jay Gould, the Gilded Age robber baron, and Barney Fife, the blustery gullible sheriff on the "Andy Griffith" show.
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In her heyday Ms. Karimova was a ruthless businesswoman, diplomat (as ambassador to Spain), Harvard student, mother, socialite and, in the words of an American Embassy cable unearthed by WikiLeaks, a "robber baron" who seized companies from others on a whim, her father's power making her untouchable.
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The Seven are called upon by Emma Cullen (Haley Bennett), who watches as her husband is gunned down during the film's opening scene by Bartholomew Bogue (Peter Sarsgaard), a mustache-twirling (figuratively) robber baron determined to pillage a community of non-violent farmers living on a literal gold mine.
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"There was the downtown, music-driven club world," Mr. Netto said, "and the uptown, neo-Gilded Age, neo-Rothschild fantasy" that was erupting along Park Avenue, where Mr. Buatta and Mr. Hampton were creating blood red habitats with acres of damask and armies of old masters for their robber baron clients.
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In its place emerged a left-wing narrative that stands in judgment on the racist-misogynist-robber baron past, and a mainstream liberal narrative that has room for Lin-Manuel Miranda's Alexander Hamilton (as opposed to the slightly more Trumpish genuine article) and Emma Lazarus, but feels unsure about the rest.
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A truculent MJ fan might think it's just because the socialists are trying to spread the wealth while robbing the G.O.A.T. Robber Baron of his due; the same seems to have happened to James, the current generation's greatest player, who has been so persistently amazing that it stifles the media's urge to reward him.
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When the luxury rail car tycoon George Pullman died in 1897, so fierce was the animosity directed at him from the underclasses, and toward the entire robber-baron population, that his family buried him in a grave lined with steel-reinforced concrete and covered with asphalt for fear that former workers would desecrate it.
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The festivities, however, bring back two personalities that threaten to unsettle things, in different ways: Alma Garret (Molly Parker), the steely heiress with whom Bullock exchanged smoldering looks, and then more; and robber baron George Hearst (Gerald McRaney), whose ascent into Congress as a senator from California hasn't quelled his appetite to use Deadwood to further enhance his fortune.
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After the war, as cotton prices plunged, it belonged to John Calhoun, namesake and descendant of the southern ideologue, and then to Austin Corbin: a robber-baron financier and railroad speculator, who, as a founding member of the American Society for the Suppression of the Jews, barred them from the hotel he built on Coney Island.
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And so Bezos, who also owns The Washington Post and private space firm Blue Origin, has become the subject of an increasingly ferocious campaign by Sanders in recent months painting the e-commerce mogul as a 21st century robber baron who hoards his wealth while nickel-and-diming his own employees, some of whom rely on government assistance. Sen.
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And so Bezos, who also owns The Washington Post and private space firm Blue Origin, has become the subject of an increasingly ferocious campaign by Sanders in recent months painting the e-commerce mogul as a 21st century robber baron who hoards his wealth while nickel-and-diming his own employees, some of whom rely on government assistance.
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" (A 2008 edition originally listed for $180,000 sold out.) Mr. Smeets imagines that the table might even be bought by such a magnate, oblivious to its critical edge but entranced by its price tag and the sheer splash it makes in a living room, "and then he might put that 'Robber Baron' piece next to a very kitschy patinated bronze panther.
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Local robber baron and Insys founder, John Kapoor, seen leaving an Arizona district court after being arrested on racketeering charges last year Photo: APThe State of North Carolina is suing a pharmaceutical manufacturer for allegedly bribing doctors and defrauding insurers in order to sell more of its powerful fentanyl spray, fanning the flames of the opioid crisis that has millions addicted and is shortening lifespans.
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By the time Jenny died in 1973, at 50, she had accompanied her husband, Paul Moore Jr., who bucked his robber-baron blood and became the Episcopal bishop of New York, from Jersey City to Indianapolis to Washington to Manhattan; published a well-received memoir; written a play; separated from her husband; moved back to Washington; been accepted into a master's degree program in fiction at Johns Hopkins; and raced through pages of another memoir while dying of cancer.
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Ocasio-Cortez, who has become a national spokesperson for anti-Bezos sentiment and a leading light of a left-wing insurgency in the Democratic Party, took to Twitter again on Tuesday: "Now what I DON'T want is for our public funds to be funding freebie helipads for Amazon + robber baron billionaires, all while NYCHA and public schools go underfunded & mom+pops get nowhere near that kind of a break," she said, capturing criticism of some of the most comical parts of the Amazon deal as brokered by de Blasio and Cuomo.
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It is a troglobite that lives its whole life in akarst cave. It is known only from Robber Baron Cave in Bexar County, a cave which runs underneath a heavily urbanized area. The cave is owned by the Texas Cave Management Association. This cave is also the only home for the Robber Baron cave meshweaver (Cicurina baronia), a spider.
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Retrieved 12 July 2011. This characterization contrasts with that of the robber baron, a business leader using political means to achieve personal ends.
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The castles is now in private ownership. The castle has nothing to do with the robber baron, Eppelein von Gailingen, who was hanged in 1381.
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Panyit from the kindred Hahót (; died after 1272) was a Hungarian robber baron, who became infamous for his violent actions and plunderings against neighboring estates in the 1250s and 60s.
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Over time, he became a robber baron, raiding the ships on the Danube. Hence his nickname, "Schreckenwald", (wordplay on his family name, Scheck von Wald, meaning "Terror Forest"), which is said to have been given to him because of his cruelty towards the population. In 1463 the castle was besieged again by another robber baron, Georg von Stain. He defeated Scheck von Wald and took over the castle as collateral, since the Duke was said to owe him money.
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As president of Central Pacific Railroad, beginning in 1861, and later Southern Pacific, he had tremendous power in the region and a lasting impact on California. He is widely considered a robber baron.
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Texella cokendolpheri is a rare species of arachnid known by the common name Cokendolpher Cave harvestman. It may also be called the Robber Baron cave harvestman.USFWS. Draft Bexar County Karst Invertebrate Recovery Plan. March 2008.
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Eppelein in prison. Eppelein von Gailingen, latinized as Apollonius von Gailingen (born c. 1315 in Illesheim, Middle Franconia; died 15 May 1381 in Neumarkt in der Oberpfalz) was a famous German robber baron in the Middle Ages.
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This assumption was clearly implicit in almost > all of the criticism of the period.John Tipple, "The anatomy of prejudice: > Origins of the robber baron legend." Business History Review 33#4 (1959): > 510–523, quoting pp 510, 521.
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Allan Nevins, John D. Rockefeller: The Heroic Age of American Enterprise, 2 vols., New York, C. Scribner's sons, 1940. In 1958 Bridges reported that, "The most vehement and persistent controversy in business history has been that waged by the critics and defenders of the "robber baron" concept of the American businessman."Bridges, "The robber baron concept in American history." p 1 Richard White, historian of the transcontinental railroads, stated in 2011 he has no use for the concept, which has been killed off by historians Robert Wiebe and Alfred Chandler.
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Lee Van Cleef returns to the role of Sabata, who goes to a small Texas town and seeks revenge on a robber baron, determined to steal back some money that the man has stolen from the towns people.
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William saw no option but to become a robber baron. Hynek Krušina of Lichtenburg acquired the Duchy of Münsterberg in 1440. The Estates, however, rejected him as their sovereign. After length negotiations, they elected William of Opava as their new Duke.
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She was the daughter of financier Kingdon Gould, Sr., granddaughter of financier George Jay Gould I, and great-granddaughter of Jay Gould the robber baron. She appeared as an actress in the 1946 Broadway production of Agatha Christie's play Hidden Horizon.
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Matthew Josephson (February 15, 1899 – March 13, 1978) was an American journalist and author of works on nineteenth-century French literature and American political and business history of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Josephson popularized the term "robber baron".
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Historian John Tipple has examined the writings of the 50 most influential analysts who used the robber baron model in the 1865–1914 period. He argues: > The originators of the Robber Baron concept were not the injured, the poor, > the faddists, the jealous, or a dispossessed elite, but rather a frustrated > group of observers led at last by protracted years of harsh depression to > believe that the American dream of abundant prosperity for all was a > hopeless myth. ... Thus the creation of the Robber Baron stereotype seems to > have been the product of an impulsive popular attempt to explain the shift > in the structure of American society in terms of the obvious. Rather than > make the effort to understand the intricate processes of change, most > critics appeared to slip into the easy vulgarizations of the "devil-view" of > history which ingenuously assumes that all human misfortunes can be traced > to the machinations of an easily located set of villains—in this case, the > big businessmen of America.
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Neoleptoneta microps. The Nature Conservancy. The main threat to this and other local troglobites is the loss of their karst cave habitat. The nine other listed Bexar County invertebrates include the Robber Baron cave meshweaver (Cicurina baronia), the Cokendolpher cave harvestman (Texella cokendolpheri), and the Madla cave meshweaver (Cicurina madla).
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Acts of the One Hundred and Forty-Sixth Legislature of the State of New Jersey, pp. 106-107. New Jersey Secretary of State, 1922. Accessed October 17, 2015. "Chapter 56 - An Act to incorporate corbin City and fix the boundaries thereof" The borough was named for robber baron Austin Corbin.
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Frazer Lee was born in Rochford, South East Essex and formed his first production company, Robber Baron Productions, in 1998. His guest speaking engagements have included The London Screenwriters Festival and The Guerilla Filmmakers Masterclass. He is Head of Creative Writing at Brunel University London and resides in Buckinghamshire, UK with his family.
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Stokes's nephew, Edward Stiles Stokes, was found guilty of the manslaughter in 1872 of the notorious "robber baron" James Fisk. W. E. D. Stokes had persuaded his father, James Stokes, to contribute towards Edward Stokes's defence costs. Despite this, W. E. D. and his cousin Edward became bitter enemies in later years.
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John Cleveland Osgood (March 6, 1851 - January 3, 1926) was a self-made man who founded the Colorado Fuel and Iron Company and Victor-American Fuel Company but has been referred to as a robber baron."The Redstone Story re- lives the industrialization of the West" Redstone, Colorado website, history He also created Redstone, Colorado.
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Upon his death in 1554, his son John Frederick II succeeded him as "Duke of Saxony", residing at Gotha. His attempts to regain the electoral dignity failed: in the course of the 1566 revolt instigated by the robber baron Wilhelm von Grumbach, the duke was banned and imprisoned for life by Emperor Maximilian II.
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Hambach Castle is located on the mountain Schlossberg (literally translated "Castle mountain"; elevation: 325m) in the eastern outskirts of the Palatine Forest. The estate ruled both as a protection castle and as a robber baron castle over the trade roads and the northern route of the Anterior Palatinate section of the Way of St. James.
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Moreover, the robber baron period, hailed by the right and despised by the left as a heyday of laissez-faire, was not characterized by laissez-faire at all, but it was in fact a time of massive state privilege accorded to capital.Kolko, Gabriel (1977). The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916. New York: Free.
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In the general election, the incumbent called the Democrat a "robber baron," "Carpetbagger," and a "Connecticut Yankee" who raised money from outside the state. Mark Warner tried to compete in the Southern part of the state, which is traditionally Republican territory. He earned the endorsement from the Reform Party of Virginia. In June, the incumbent was leading 58%–24%.
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Hans Thomas von Absberg (1477 - 3 July 1531) was a Frankish knight of the Absberg family, known as a robber baron. He kidnapped important travellers like royal legates or merchants from Nuremberg or Augsburg. He was supported by several Frankish knights, who helped to hide the hostages, e.g. members of the houses of Sparneck or the Guttenberg.
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The Forgotten King consists of two wilderness miniscenarios, in which the player characters must save the kingdom of Pellham. To do this, they must first find the ancient druidic Wheel of Time and figure out how to use it, and then acquire the keys to the tomb of the forgotten king from the robber baron Krell.
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This path is called the "Raubrittersteig" ("Robber Baron Climb") and is one of the most attractive walks in the Mulde Valley. Very close to the Isenburg, but on the opposite bank of the Mulde, is the Prince's Cave. The path continues further upstream towards Bad Schlema where a radium spring is reached after about 1 kilometre.
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The ′Rittersprung′ is a rock on the Northern entrance to the village Ouren- Peterskirchen. According to the legend a knight fell in the river Our with his mistress in order to escape his persecutors. The legend tells of a robber baron who fell in love with the wife of the Lord of Ouren. Thus, he made a ploy to abduct the noble lady.
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In his Legend of Kätterli, the writer Otto Uehlinger tells of a robber baron many centuries ago who lived with his wife and seven sons in Castle Radegg. The pious wife died during the birth of their first daughter. The girl was christened Kätterli. After the death of his kindhearted wife, the knight lost all sense of chivalry and decency.
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But she did not want to leave her family and the prisoners. A year later, the nobleman allowed Kätterli to bring a blue- flowering rose bush back to Radegg Castle where she planted it. Whenever she was overcome with grief and sorrow, she would secretly visit this rose bush. Meanwhile, the robber baron and his sons were growing ever bolder.
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Robber Baron: The Life of Charles Tyson Yerkes. Urbana: University of Illinois Press; p. 209. Other collectors soon followed including the tastemaking Potter Palmers of Chicago and Isabella Stewart Gardner (1840–1924) of Boston, all arranged by Sarah Hallowell. In appreciation for her efforts at unlocking the American market, Rodin eventually presented Hallowell with a bronze, a marble and a terra cotta.
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Historian Steve Fraser says the mood was sharply hostile toward big business: > Biographies of Mellon, Carnegie and Rockefeller were often laced with moral > censure, warning that "tories of industry" were a threat to democracy and > that parasitism, aristocratic pretension and tyranny have always trailed in > the wake of concentrated wealth, whether accumulated dynastically or more > impersonally by the faceless corporation. This scholarship, and the cultural > persuasion of which it was an expression, drew on a deeply rooted > sensibility–partly religious, partly egalitarian and democratic–that > stretched back to William Jennings Bryan, Andrew Jackson and Tom Paine.Steve > Fraser, "The Misunderstood Robber Baron: On Cornelius Vanderbilt: T.J. > Stiles's The First Tycoon is a gilded portrait of the robber baron Cornelius > Vanderbilt," The Nation Nov. 11, 2009 However, contrary opinions by academic historians began to appear as the Depression ended.
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Little Me, a mock biography documenting the life of fictional actress Belle Poitrine, features more than 150 of Alexander's photographs. It featured photos of his partner Shaun O'Brien, and would become a camp classic. Alexander also wrote the novel's preface. Dennis's First Lady: My Thirty Days at the White House told the story of Martha Dinwiddie Butterfield, wife of a fictional robber baron president.
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"Robber baron" is a derogatory metaphor of social criticism originally applied to certain late 19th-century American businessmen who were accused of using unscrupulous methods to get rich, or expand their wealth. The term was based on an analogy to the German robber barons, local feudal lords, or bandits in Germany who waylaid travelers through their ostensible territory, claiming some tax or fine was owed.
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The couple was confronted by its persecutors on a cliff that cut short steeply to the River Our and hence were trapped. In order to escape from captivity, the robber baron actuated his horse that jumped exceedingly from the cliff. The lovers fell into the river – nevertheless they survived – only the horse broke its legs. In return for the wondrous rescue the knight swore to found a chapel.
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In the near future, virtual economies play a key role in geopolitics. These economies share a common virtual world known as “game-space”, essentially a more evolved form of the Internet with no borders or separate countries. However, in game- space, income inequality is staggeringly high and exacerbated by the exploitative practices of robber baron-type figures, including Boss Wing and Mr Banerjee. Matthew Fong lives in Shenzhen, China.
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For this, Luther said he should be "generally hated". However, some of his opponents were not so respectful. He was twice besieged in his palaces by Protestant brigands; once at Fürstenwalde by the robber-baron Nickel von Minkwitz, an event which drew Martin Luther into the controversy, and once at Ratzeburg. At Fürstenwalde the Bishop escaped through a window in disguise, while his brother Matthias held the place.
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In Russia the village co-operative (obshchina or mir), operated from pre-serfdom times until the 20th century. Raiffeisen and Schultz-Delitsch developed an independently formulated co-operative model in Germany, the credit union. The model also moved abroad, reaching the United States by the 1880s and the Knights of Labour's projects. Leland Stanford, the railroad magnate and Robber Baron, became a Senator and advocated for co-operatives.
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In 1274 Bishop Berthold II pledged the castle to Count Reinhard I of Hanau, whom he needed as an ally. In 1276 it was illegally occupied and used as a robber baron castle. It was destroyed by order of King Rudolph I in 1276. He issued a decree on 14 October 1276 which ordered that "the Steckelburg is to be demolished and is not to be rebuilt without imperial leave.".
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Legendary Raubritter Eppelein von Gailingen (1311–1381) during his escape from Nuremberg Castle. A robber baron or robber knight () was an unscrupulous feudal landowner who, protected by his fief's legal status, imposed high taxes and tolls out of keeping with the norm without authorization by some higher authority. Some resorted to actual banditry. The German term for robber barons, Raubritter (robber knights) was coined by Friedrich Bottschalk in 1810.
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Castel Henriette in a 1914 postcard, after removal of the lookout tower Castel Henriette had historicising elements. Art historians have judged it variably. In 1962 Robert Schmutzler, a specialist in the development of the style, found it "[reminiscent] of the medievalistic robber-baron castles of the prosperous upper bourgeoisie" and judged that it "[could] scarcely be said to represent Art Nouveau at its best".Robert Schmutzler, Art Nouveau, trans.
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One infamous stronghold that remains the focal point of many anecdotes is the castle of a robber baron located in nearby Gripekoven. The castle with its walls and swampy trenches was deemed impregnable until 1354, when it was successfully besieged and razed. Today, only a small hill hints at its former location. From 1543 on, Wegberg was divided between the duchy of Geldern (Guelders) and the duchy of Jülich.
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The magazine was founded by former editors of Vanity Fair, which went out of business in 1863. They found four investors willing to provide $5000 each—though they did not disclose that those four were robber baron Jay Gould, financial buccaneer Jim Fisk, and corrupt politicians Boss Tweed and Peter B. Sweeny. It ceased publication within a year. The magazine's main illustrator was Henry Louis Stephens, who produced a full-page cartoon every week.
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Punker told the Count Palatine of several raids by the robber knight at the Lindelbrunn, whereupon the Count Palatine sent his troops to the castle. But the castle was well defended and the attack went nowhere. Then Punker climbed a nearby rock, which was higher than the castle and managed to fire an arrow into the heart of the robber baron of Lindelbrunn. Punker continued to fire and hit all the defenders of the castle.
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The post had been vacant since the death of robber baron Jim Fisk in January 1872. Claflin's candidacy was widely mocked by the press. The men of the Ninth Regiment ignored Claflin's offer, but Commander Thomas J. Griffin invited Claflin to run for the colonelcy of the newly organized Eighty-Fifth Regiment for black soldiers. Aware of her past advocacy and her professional success, the members of the Eighty-Fifth elected Claflin colonel.
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In 1420, Mikuláš fell off his horse and died. The abandoned castle was taken and plundered by the robber baron Habart from Hrádek, or Lopata from Budějovice, known as "The merchant of the Golden Trail". On September 8, 1441, landowners from surrounding towns joined together to attack and burn the castle. In 1455, the Knight Smílek from Lnáře sold his allegiance to Ulrich II of Rosenberg bringing Husinec under the rule of Winterberg.
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In 1487, Masachika responded to a request for military aid from shōgun Ashikaga Yoshihisa, who was attempting to suppress the robber baron Rokkaku Tokoyori in Ōmi Province. In the absence of Masachika and his army, Rengo, Renkō, and Rensei, three sons of Rennyo, instigated a revolt. Between one hundred thousand and two hundred thousand members rebelled against Masachika. Masachika quickly returned from his military expedition, and at first was successful at defeating the ikki armies.
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In 1869 at age 41, Olivia Slocum married Russell Sage, a widower, financier and robber baron who was 12 years older than she. They had no children. She became involved in activities defined by her role as his wife. "Mrs. Russell Sage Digital Collection", Auburn University Libraries, accessed 3 May 2012 In 1906, Sage died and left his entire fortune of about $70 million to Olivia, without controlling how she would use it.
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Moreover, the robber baron period, hailed by the right and despised by the left as a heyday of laissez-faire, was not characterized by laissez-faire at all, but it was a time of massive state privilege accorded to capital.On partnerships between the state and big business and the role of big business in promoting regulation, see Kolko, Gabriel (1977). The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916. New York: Free.
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At this meeting, he probably came into contact with the robber baron Jan Kolda of Žampach, who held Rychmberk Castle and the Lordship of Hummel illegally. These possessions were legally Hynek's, as he had purchased them from Anna of Koldice in 1440. Discord remained between Hynek and Bishop Konrad, probably because of Hynek's utraquist sympathies and his Hussite past. Over the next few years, it led to military conflicts in which other Silesian princes were involved.
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For 1478 the payment is recorded in a deed issued by Countess Jakobine of Ruppin. Cf. N.N., „Historische Daten im Überblick“, in: 636 Jahre „casa Banzendorp“: 1365–2000, Banzendorf: Gemeinde Banzendorf, 2000, pp. 6–16, here p. 6. In 1422 the foreign robber baron Rehmer von Plessen from the close-by Duchy of Mecklenburg ravaged the village, then called Banzendorppe, with 30 armed men (among them members of the families of Blücher and Feldberg) also shooting dead the Schulze.
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The first, titled Little Me, recounts the escapades through life and love of glamour girl Belle Poitrine "as told to Patrick Dennis". His wife, Louise, appeared as Pixie Portnoy in the book's photographic illustrations, which included their children and an employee as well. The second "bio", titled First Lady (1964), is the life story of Martha Dinwiddie Butterfield, oblivious wife of a robber baron who "stole" the U.S. presidency for 30 days at the turn of the century.
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This involves a great robber baron whose name has not been recorded, and who hence is called l'Innominato, the Unnamed. Gertrude, blackmailed by Egidio, a neighbor (acquaintance of l'Innominato and Gertrude's lover), persuades Lucia to run an errand which will take her outside the convent for a short while. In the street Lucia is seized and bundled into a coach. After a nightmarish journey, Lucia arrives at the castle of the Unnamed, where she is locked in a chamber.
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The > timing of the chorus with the pictorial representation is capable of > amendment. Full justice is done by the orchestra to Prof. Humperdinck's > music. Stephen W. Bush, reviewing "Reinhardt's Miracle" in The Moving Picture World after its US première, had some observant criticisms among the plaudits: > When the Nun danced before the Robber Baron the voices behind the screen > sounded more like an animated quarrel in an East Side saloon than the > rumblings of a licentious mob.
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It was later found that a provision in the couple's prenuptial agreement creating a life trust transferable to their children had protected her Highland Patent inheritance from the 1779 bill of attainder. In 1809 the Morris heirs finally received from American robber baron John Jacob Astor £20,000 sterling for their rights to the disputed lands. Mary died in York, England at the age of 96. A monument is erected over her grave at St Saviour’s Church there.
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They aimed to use race as a wedge issue, splitting the Democratic New Deal coalition of the white working class, African Americans, and coastal liberals. The book traces the role of racial demagoguery in American politics in creating hostility towards liberalism and in facilitating the return of U.S. robber baron era policies. Haney López spoke at length about his findings over two full episodes with the journalist Bill Moyers. He also delivered a TEDx talk on the topic.
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Some 19th-century industrialists who were called "captains of industry" overlap with those called "robber barons". These include people such as Cornelius Vanderbilt, Andrew Carnegie, Andrew Mellon, Henry Ford, Leland Stanford, John D. Rockefeller. The term was coined by Thomas Carlyle in his 1843 book, Past and Present. The education division of the National Endowment for the Humanities has prepared a lesson plan for schools asking whether "robber baron" or "captain of industry" is the better terminology.
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The Taborites then conquered Hummel Castle, and used it as a base for their incursions into Kladsko/Glatz and Silesia. The Lordship of Hummel was ruled jointly by the Taborite captains Jan Holý and Mikuláš Trčka z Lípy. In 1440, the castle came into the hands of the Taborite robber baron Jan Kolda of Žampach. From 1444 to 1454, the Lordship belonged to Hynek Krušina of Lichtenburg, who was also the lien holder of the County of Kladsko/Glatz.
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Margaret Olivia Slocum Sage, known as Olivia Sage (September 8, 1828 – November 4, 1918), was an American philanthropist known for her contributions to education and progressive causes. In 1869 she became the second wife of robber baron Russell Sage. At his death in 1906, she inherited a fortune estimated at more than $63,000,000, to be used at her discretion. A former teacher, Sage strongly supported education, both with program and building grants to Syracuse and other universities.
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In October, the Democrat outspent the incumbent 5-1. The incumbent had to compete in a primary against a more conservative candidate because he had endorsed an independent in the 1994 U.S. Senate election, instead of controversial Republican nominee Oliver North. Despite this, North did endorse John Warner in the 1996 election. In the general election, the incumbent called the Democrat a "robber baron," "Carpetbagger," and a "Connecticut Yankee" who raised money from outside the state.
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Throughout cable operations both politics and business were very corrupt in many cities, including Chicago. Some politicians expected not only political support but also bribes. Dummy companies were created to extort the operators, and property owners often conspired to sell their consent to the routes. The CCR, well managed and first in operation, was affected least, while the North and West companies, controlled by robber baron Charles Tyson Yerkes, were involved in some unscrupulous business practices.
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He enacted a general amnesty for all but the most serious criminals, apologized on behalf of Czechoslovakia for the post-World War II expulsion of the Sudeten Germans and resisted demands for a more draconian purge of secret police collaborators. These things were not popular either. And as the government undertook privatization and restitution, Havel confronted pyramid schemes, financial corruption and robber baron capitalism. He saw his country fall apart (if bloodlessly), becoming in 1993 the Czech Republic and Slovakia.
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He walled in the upper and lower porches to add more rooms. He added a Queen Anne-style veranda on the front of the house and paneled the walls of the living room. Leonis came to Southern California as "an ignorant Basque sheep herder and blossomed into a robber baron holding feudal sway by the aid of a small army of vaqueros." The first land he acquired was the Rancho El Escorpión, in what is now the West Hills section of Los Angeles.
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While Martin von der Hude terrorised the area between the rivers Weser and Oste, Heinrich von Borch, another robber baron, covered the area eastwards thereof until the river Elbe. In 1309 the city of Bremen, John III of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst and a number of knights confederated themselves to defeat Martin von der Hude. Borch held the central prince-archiepiscopal Vörde Castle and the pertaining bailiwick. He abused the castle as starting point for his brigandages, earning him the epithet Isern Hinnerk (Iron Henry).
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The family received its name from the village of Absberg, today located in the district Weißenburg-Gunzenhausen in Middle Franconia. Famous members of the family were Henry IV of Absberg, Bishop of Regensburg, and Thomas von Absberg, a robber baron who kidnapped important travellers such as royal legates or merchants from Nuremberg or Augsburg. To punish the behaviour of Thomas of Absberg the Swabian League destroyed the family's castle seat in 1523. This was documented in a woodcut by Hans Wandereisen.
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32, rejects this supposition. In a Munich tax roll dated 1428, a “pernawin” is listed as a member of his royal household, which is probably a reference to Agnes Bernauer. In summer 1432 at the latest, Agnes Bernauer was an integral part of the Munich court. She took part in the capture of the robber baron Münnhauser, who had fled to the Old Court in Munich, and she annoyed the Palatine Countess Beatrix, Albert's sister, because of her self- assured manner.
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According to historian Michael L. Hadley, > Literature of World War II heightened the features that earlier cults of the > hero [of the German U-boat arm] had promoted. This was the era of the "grey > wolves" and "steel sharks", when wolf packs, officially designated by such > predatory names "robber baron" and "bludgeon", attacked the Allies' convoys. > Widespread popularization of the U-boat aces, of their images and deeds > propagated the cult of the personality which even today finds resonance in > the popular market.
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The legend, whose most common version comes from local author, August Becker (1857), goes like this: :Once a young maiden ventured into the Forest of Dahn to pick berries. When she was far away from home, a man suddenly burst out of the thicket, probably the robber baron, Hans Trapp from Berwartstein Castle. The man clearly intended to rob the virgin of her innocence. So the young maiden gathered up her skirts and took to flight, but the villain came ever closer to her.
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As the only survivor she travels to an old wise woman and asks her for advice, but to her surprise she is told she ought to become a mother in order to prevent the final extinction of the Amazons. Hundra seeks a father for her child. The first candidate has bad manners and it turns out that he is suffering from a sadistic personality disorder. While she continues her search she is confronted by a murderous robber baron who only wants to kill her.
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The Marienfels rock A large number of castles were built in the Bohemian Switzerland region in order to guard the trade routes. Several of these castles were also used as medieval robber baron hideouts. The region had been very sparsely populated since ancient times by a few Germanic, Slavic and Celtic tribes, but was finally colonised in the 12th century by German-speaking settlers. Until the end of the Second World War it was home to German Bohemians (later known as the Sudeten Germans).
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During the next several months, Lockwood worked with investor and robber baron Jay Gould, who was engaged in the Erie War for control of the Erie Railroad and wanted to divert all Lake Shore traffic to the Erie. On August 19, 1869, Lockwood and Gould rammed their plan through the Lake Shore's board of directors. Vanderbilt fought them, but his only victory was in securing the election of Amasa Stone to the Lake Shore's board. Stone served until his health failed again in 1875, when he resigned.
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According to US diplomats in Uzbekistan, Karimova "bullied her way into gaining a slice of virtually every lucrative business" in the country and is viewed as a "robber baron". Karimova was believed to control Uzdunrobita, Uzbekistan's national mobile telephone network, as well as the country's healthcare, and media sectors. However, since June 2007 Uzdunrobita has been totally owned by Mobile TeleSystems OJSC ("MTS" NYSE: MBT), the largest mobile phone operator in Russia and the CIS. December 2009, the Swiss magazine "Bilanz" described Gulnora Karimova as one of the ten richest women in the country.
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The Kent House, also known as Sydney Kent House or St. James Convent, is a Queen Anne style house located at 2944 South Michigan Avenue in Chicago, Illinois, United States. The house was designed in 1883 by Burnham & Root for Sidney A. Kent. From 1896 to 1906, it was the home of barbed-wire industrialist and robber baron John Warne Gates, better known as "Bet-a- Million" Gates for his gambling excesses. In the early 20th century, it served as the main building for what is today, National-Louis University.
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The Willis Brothers were a country music ensemble from Oklahoma, consisting of several brothers. Two of the Willis brothers (James, Charles) and Webb "Robber Baron" Cardwell played together as teenagers from the early 1930s under the name Oklahoma Wranglers. They were regulars on Shawnee, Oklahoma station KGFF through the decade, but in 1939, Joe married and exited the group. In 1958, Webb left the group and John (Vic) joined, and soon after the group moved to Kansas City, where they appeared on the Brush Creek Follies through 1942.
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Jeschke himself was able to escape capture. While his brother was rescued from captivity (as witnessed by the sale of Seifersdorf in 1387), his father died a prisoner. The private war between the Donins and the Körbitzes had wider repercussions. The robber baron activities of the Donins hindered trade between Saxony and Bohemia, and became a thorn in the flesh for Markgrave William I. However, the margrave saw the feud as a possibility for eliminating the burggraves of Dohna as competitors in the dispute over power and influence in the Saxon-Bohemian border area.
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Numerous other defects could be pointed out > such as the wearing of high heels by one of the leading and sacred > characters of the piece, the persistence with which the knight wore his full > armor even while courting the sister, the all-too sudden death of the robber > baron; but these defects disappear in the splendor and magnificence of the > whole. Rev. E. A. Horton, chaplain of the Massachusetts Senate, said:"'The Miracle' held my constant attention and gave me great reward in suggestion and pleasure." 5 April 1913, p. 68, col.
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In 1879, robber baron and gold- mining tycoon Bartholomew Bogue assumes control of the American frontier town of Rose Creek, and subjects its residents to forced labor in his mines. After a town church assembly denounces him, Bogue has the church torched and kills a group of rebellious locals led by Matthew Cullen. Matthew's widow, Emma Cullen, and her friend Teddy Q. ride in search of bounty hunters to help liberate the town. They recruit Sam Chisholm, an African-American U.S. Marshal, who expresses interest only after hearing of Bogue's involvement.
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Portrait of Louis Francois Menage Louis Francois Menage (August 3, 1850 – March 18, 1924) was a real estate speculator and prominent figure in early Minneapolis, Minnesota history. Born in Rhode Island, he settled in Minneapolis in 1874. Characterized as a "tycoon" and "robber baron," Menage earned a fortune developing land on the city's borders into residential housing and financing the mortgages to enable people to buy his properties. During the 1870s and 1880s, he developed large areas of South Minneapolis including much of the area around Lake Calhoun and Lake Harriet.
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In 1025, with the death of his eldest brother Hugh Magnus, he and Henry rebelled against their father and defeated him, forcing him back to Paris. In 1031, after the death of his father the king, Robert participated in a rebellion against his brother, in which he was supported by his mother, Constance of Arles. Peace was only achieved when Robert was given Burgundy (1032). Throughout his reign, he was little more than a robber baron who had no control over his vassals, whose estates he often plundered, especially those of the Church.
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Its name was mentioned for the first time in 1271 ("arx Mwran"), when Stephen V of Hungary ceded the castle to Gunig comes. One of its owners, the robber baron Mátyás Basó (or Bacsó, in Slovak: Matúš Bašo), transformed the castle into a stronghold of bandits who robbed merchants and looted villages. After a siege by the royal army, the castle fell in 1548 and Basó was executed. One of the oldest Slovak songs, The Song About The Castle of Muráň written by Martin Bošňák describe this batlle.
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An Eberhardus de Eckebretsteine was first mentioned in the records in a deed of gift by Duke Otto II of Merania in 1248. In 1308, King Henry VII of Germany enfeoffed the brothers Ulrich, Henry and Nickel, of the House of Sack, with the fortress of Epprechtstein; the Wilds were co-owners. In 1337 Emperor Louis the Bavarian enfeoffed Vogt Henry of Plauen with a small part of the castle. In 1352, the burgraves of Nuremberg stormed the robber baron castle and were given it as a fief.
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Successful jazz musician C.K. Dexter Haven (with a Newport "robber baron for a grandfather") is divorced from wealthy Newport, Rhode Island, socialite Tracy Samantha Lord, but remains in love with her. She, however, is about to marry a bland gentleman of good standing, George Kittredge. Spy Magazine, a fictional tabloid newspaper in possession of embarrassing information about Tracy's father, sends reporter Mike Connor and photographer Liz Imbrie to cover the nuptials. Tracy begins an elaborate charade as a private means of revenge, introducing her Uncle Willy as her proper father Seth Lord and the latter as her "wicked" Uncle Willy.
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Cave of Predjama Castle The castle became known as the seat of the knight Erasmus of Lueg (or Luegg, Luegger), lord of the castle in the 15th century and a renowned robber baron. He was the son of the imperial governor of Trieste, Nikolaj Lueger. According to legend, Erasmus came into conflict with the Habsburgs when he killed the commander of the imperial army, Marshal Pappenheim, who had offended the honour of Erasmus's deceased friend and famous condottiere Andrej Baumkircher of Vipava. Fleeing the vengeance of the Holy Roman Emperor Frederick III, Erasmus reached the family fortress of Predjama.
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Classic train games generally fall into two broad categories: 18XX games and "crayon rail" games: 18XX games originated in 1974 with the publication of Francis Tresham's 1829 and continued with such titles as 1830, 1856, and 1870. These games involve buying and selling stock in railway companies, laying track, and running locomotives to generate a profit. Most are hex map games in which cardboard tiles are laid to build sequences of railway track. Many 18XX games can be further divided into "1829 style games," which emphasize company development, and "1830 style games," which emphasize robber baron stock market manipulation.
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Game Manuals In this "Age of Steel", mammoth, floating, steam-powered battleships cruise the skies and gigantic armored locomotives carry cannons the size of railway cars. A military coup has occurred in the world's largest city, Dama ("Dama" in Asian markets, "Damd" in English versions) and power-hungry dictator, industrialist and robber baron General Styron ("Styron" in English versions, "Sauron" in Asian markets) rules by brute force and military might, his Goliath-like defenses carrying armor-piercing missiles and lethal aerial mines. With none strong enough to stand up against him, Styron sets his vision of steel and steam on the whole planet.
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New York: Morrow. Rothbard argued that the consensus view of American economic history, according to which a beneficent government has used its power to counter corporate predation, is fundamentally flawed. Rather, he argued, government intervention in the economy has largely benefited established players at the expense of marginalized groups, to the detriment of both liberty and equality. Moreover, the robber baron period, hailed by the right and despised by the left as a heyday of laissez-faire, was not characterized by laissez-faire at all, but it was in fact a time of massive state privilege accorded to capital.
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Eppelein took the opportunity to escape by galloping to the wall and forcing his horse to jump above it into the moat. On his flight from Nuremberg, he was met by a peasant who wanted to witness the execution of the famous robber baron and asked him if he would be in time to see the hanging. Eppelein's purportedly responded, "The Nurembergians will hang nobody - if they hadn't him before" ("Die Nürnberger hängen keinen – sie hätten ihn denn zuvor!"). In 1381 he was caught together with his men at a drinking feast in Postbauer-Heng and executed by breaking wheel.
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The book centers upon the life of Otto, the son of German warlord Baron Conrad. Otto's mother, Baroness Matilda, has died in premature labour, brought on by the sight of the Baron's battle wounds, prompting Conrad to take his newborn son to be raised in a nearby monastery. When Otto reaches the age of eleven his father returns to claim him from the gentle monks, taking him back to live in Castle Drachenhausen, ("Dragons' House", in German) the ancestral mountaintop fortress from which the Baron launches his attacks. Here Otto learns of and is horrified by his father's life as a robber baron.
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Otto is particularly horrified by the revelation of how Conrad killed a defeated, surrendering enemy, Baron Frederick. A rival robber baron, Baron Frederick had been with his men defending a column of merchants in return for the tribute they were paying him. Shortly thereafter, Baron Conrad obeys a summons to the Imperial Court, taking the vast majority of his men-at-arms with him as an impressive escort but leaving Castle Drachenhausen practically undefended as a result. The late Baron Frederick's heir, his nephew Baron Henry, then attacks the castle and burns it to the ground.
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Wilsnack in the Margraviate of Brandenburg was first mentioned in 1384. The town became a pilgrimage destination after being burned down on 15 August 1383 during a raid by the Mecklenburg captain and robber baron Heinrich von Bülow against the Bishopric of Havelberg. It was believed that aft the fire some hosts were found to have survived, but had the appearance of being bloodied. The Holy Blood of Wilsnack was authenticated when the Havelberg bishop Dietrich Man went to consecrate the hosts as a precaution, and the central one overflowed with blood, according to later accounts.
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But the duo's bunglings and a run-in with a now insane marshal, who found them by following Clarise, result in the fort being burned to the ground. The following day, the fort commander Major Gaskill (Morgan) is relieved of his position while Amos and Theodore are placed in a military jail. But the "jail" turns out to be a cover for a robber baron named "Big Mac" (Jack Elam) who proceeds to recruit Amos and Theodore for an upcoming train robbery. Still determined to go straight, the boys attempt to extricate themselves from the situation by attempting to warn the local sheriff.
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The term robber baron derives from the Raubritter (robber knights), the medieval German lords who charged nominally illegal tolls (unauthorized by the Holy Roman Emperor) on the primitive roads crossing their lands or larger tolls along the Rhine river. The metaphor appeared as early as February 9, 1859, when The New York Times used it to characterize the business practices of Cornelius Vanderbilt. Historian T.J. Stiles says the metaphor "conjures up visions of titanic monopolists who crushed competitors, rigged markets, and the corrupted government. In their greed and power, legend has it, they held sway over a helpless democracy."T.
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Duke's father, Washington, had owned a tobacco company that his sons James and Benjamin (1855–1929) took over in the 1880s. In 1885, James Buchanan Duke acquired a license to use the first automated cigarette making machine (invented by James Albert Bonsack), and by 1890, Duke supplied 40% of the American cigarette market (then known as pre-rolled tobacco). In that year, Duke consolidated control of his four major competitors under one corporate entity, the American Tobacco Company, which was a monopoly as he controlled over 90% in the American cigarette market. His robber baron business tactics directly led to the Black Patch Tobacco Wars in 1906-1908.
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The story centers around Delos David Harriman, the lead character of The Man Who Sold the Moon. Harriman, a tycoon and latter-day robber baron, had always dreamed of going to the Moon, and had spent much of his career and resources making space flight a practical commercial enterprise. Unfortunately, his business partners prevented him from taking the early flights because they could not risk the public face of their company. Now an old man, Harriman has still not been to the Moon, a fact that frustrates him, since he lives in a world where space travel is so commonplace that carnivals have their own barnstorming spacecraft.
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In running through this ravine-like valley, the river passes historically important witnesses to the settlement of the Ore Mountains located on the left and right banks or in the nearby vicinity. These include the ruined castle of and the former robber baron castle of Liebenstein as well as the abandoned village of that may have been associated with it. Mouth of the Black Pockau on the Flöha in Pockau In the remote Pobershau scattered village of Hinterer Grund a hydropower station is fed by water from an artificial ditch or Kunstgraben. This is the location of the Pobershau conservation station, which offers support to those interested in nature.
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"Hoyt 1974, pp. 74-9 Scharnhorst indicates Alger's legacy resides not only in the several parodies and satires by William Dean Howells, Stephen Crane, F. Scott Fitzgerald, Nathanael West, John Seelye, Glendon Swarthout, and William Gaddis, but also in the Horatio Alger Awards and in the many young readers who embraced his moral and humanitarian philosophy and were disinclined to embrace robber baron capitalism. Scharnhorst writes "It would seem that Alger was either over-rated as an economic and political propangandist or - more probably - his books were simply not designed thematically to spread the gospel of orthodox capitalism and convert the readership of The Masses.Scharnhorst 1985, pp. 144–146.
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Historian Robert Gillis, has emphasized the strong interest of lumber men in long-term conservation of the natural resources they were harvesting. However he points out that most historians present a much more negative interpretation: :The prevailing attitude in Canadian historiography towards the lumber man is a mixture of maudlin romanticism and harsh, vitriolic condemnation. Along with most other businessmen the lumber operator is pictured as a crass, yet colourful, grasping individualist dedicated to the proposition of laissez faire. This approach, which might be called the 'robber baron' interpretation of the forest industry, was first adopted by A.R.M. Lower in The North American Assault on the Canadian Forest (1938).
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Poland has been cited by some as an example of the successful use of shock therapy, though this is disputed. When economic liberalism came to this nation, the government took Sachs' advice and immediately withdrew regulations, price controls and subsidies to state-owned industries. However, with respect to the privatization of the state sector (which may or may not be considered as part of shock therapy depending on the definition being used) the change was much more gradualist. Whereas many economic factors were immediately applied, privatization of state-owned enterprises was delayed until society could safely handle the divestiture, as contrasted with the 'robber baron' state of affairs in Russia.
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Despite the previous revolts having been easily suppressed, unrest continued to simmer in Kaga under Masachika's governance. The Ikkō-ikki who remained in Kaga grew bolder, refusing to pay taxes and even seizing tax revenue and land, despite Rennyo's continued protestations. In 1487, Masachika left with a large army for Ōmi Province in response to a call for aid from shōgun Ashikaga Yoshihisa, who was attempting to suppress the robber baron Rokkaku Tokoyori. In Masachika's absence, the Ikkō-ikki, led by Rengo, Renkō, and Rensei, three sons of Rennyo, launched their revolt and between one hundred thousand and two hundred thousand members took up arms.
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In academe, the education division of the National Endowment for the Humanities has prepared a lesson plan for schools asking whether "robber baron" or "captain of industry" is the better terminology. They state: > In this lesson, you and your students will attempt to establish a > distinction between robber barons and captains of industry. Students will > uncover some of the less honorable deeds as well as the shrewd business > moves and highly charitable acts of the great industrialists and financiers. > It has been argued that only because such people were able to amass great > amounts of capital could our country become the world's greatest industrial > power.
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Soon, the Utah and Northern Railway (U&NR;) was built, stretching north from Utah through Eagle Rock and crossing the Snake River at the same narrow gorge as Taylor's bridge. The railway would eventually connect to the large new copper mines at Butte, Montana. The U&NR; had the backing of robber baron Jay Gould, as Union Pacific Railroad had purchased it a few years prior.Colorado Rail Annual No. 15, 1981, pp 31-39. Grading crews reached Eagle Rock in late 1878, and by early 1879, a wild camp- town with dozens of tents and shanties had moved to Eagle Rock with a collection of saloons, dance halls, and gambling halls.
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Alberada of Buonalbergo was a duchess of Apulia as the first wife of Robert Guiscard, duke of Apulia (1059–1085), She married Guiscard in 1051 or 1052, when he was still just a robber baron in Calabria. As her dowry, she brought Robert Guiscard two hundred knights under her nephew Girard of Buonalbergo. She had two children with Guiscard: a daughter, Emma, mother of Tancred, Prince of Galilee, and a son, Prince Bohemond I of Antioch. In 1058, after Pope Nicholas II strengthened existing canon law against consanguinity and on that basis, Guiscard repudiated Alberada in favour of a then-more advantageous marriage to Sichelgaita, the sister of Prince Gisulf II of Salerno.
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The firm became fiscal agent for the conversion of existing war bonds to new ones and acted for years as fiscal agents for the Department of State and Department of the Navy. Soon after, Abraham Seligman opened a bank in New York City, followed by the London branch, established by Isaac and Leopold Seligman, and the Paris branch, established by William Seligman. In the post-Civil War robber baron era, the firm invested heavily in railroad finance, in particular acting as broker of transactions engineered by Jay Gould. Among the companies in the Seligman portfolio were The Missouri Pacific, the Atlantic and Pacific, the South Pacific, and the Missouri–Kansas–Texas railroad companies.
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Last but not least, havezates (or castles) arose in the area surrounding Ommen — especially at strategic points such as the banks of the Vecht (the Arendshorst on the northern bank and Beerze on the southern bank), the banks of the Regge (most notably at Eerde) or both banks ('t Laer) — from which robber barons dominated the surrounding area and could levy tolls on river commerce in defiance of the authority of the bishop.The History of 't Laer (in Dutch) These robber barons and the buurschappen formed a check on the influence of Ommen on the surrounding region — yet it was ironically due to one such robber baron that Ommen grew to become an outright city.
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Although Pope Honorius III protested against this act, Engelbert retained possession of his prize until his death in November 1225, when the castle went back into the hands of the Counts Palatine by Rhine. Following that, Duke Otto II of Bavaria appointed a knight, Berlewin, named Zurn, as the burgrave. Because Berlewin conducted himself as a robber baron and raided the Trier Land from his castle, Arnold II of Isenburg and Conrad of Hochstaden joined forces and besieged the castle in 1246 in the so-called Great Feud (Große Fehde). In 1248 the place was captured by them and, on 17 November that year, an expiatory treaty (Sühnevertrag) was signed that has unusually survived to the present day.
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The firm's predecessor, J. & W. Seligman & Co. was founded as an importing house by Joseph Seligman and his brothers in New York in 1846. After the American Civil War ended, the Seligman brothers decided to go into the banking business and a year later, Jesse Seligman went to Frankfurt, Germany, to open a bank, where they were the first American banking firm to sell United States Government bonds in Europe. In the post-Civil War robber baron era, the firm invested heavily in railroad finance, in particular acting as broker of transactions engineered by Jay Gould. Later, in 1876, the Seligmans joined forces with the Vanderbilt family to create public utilities in New York.
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The death of Otto II of Lippe during the Battle of Ane near Ommen (Frederik Zürcher, 1825–1876) On 25 August 1248, Ommen received city rights and fortification rights from Otto III, the Prince-Bishop of Utrecht, after the town was pillaged by local robber baron Rudolf of Coevorden and his militia of freemen in both 1215 and in the aftermath of the Battle of Ane of 1227. Ommen's location at the confluence of two rivers at the heart of the region made it the bishop's strategic and logistic basis in the defence of his domain Oversticht against the rebellious Drents.Unknown author, Quedam narracio de Groninghe de Trentis de Covordia et diversis alliis sub episcopis Traiectensibis (a.k.a. Narracio), published by Vereniging Herdenking Slag bij Ane (2000), folder.
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Queer Episodes in Music and Modern Identity (Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press, 2002) pp. 109-110. Wesner's career was closely linked to the vaudeville impresario Tony Pastor, for whom she was the featured male impersonator, performing at Pastor's theater and touring in traveling shows he organized. Wesner's career was briefly derailed in 1873 when she abruptly left Pastor's shows to elope to Paris with the notorious Helen Josephine "Josie" Mansfield, who had been the mistress of Gilded Age Robber Baron "Diamond Jubilee" Jim Fisk as well as the mistress of his murderer, Edward S. Stokes. The event evoked considerable scandal; it was discussed in most of the major metropolitan newspapers and journals in New York, Chicago, and other major American cities.
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According to the tradition, he was baptised around 1300 in the chapel of nearby Ampleben Castle, whereupon the christening party proceeded to the local tavern. On the way home in the afternoon, Till's tipsy midwife, crossing a brook, slipped on the gangplank and together with the child fell into a mud puddle, baptising him for the second time. Neither the nurse nor the baby was harmed, however, Till was put into the bathtub at home, therefore baptised the third time that very day. The former robber baron castle of Ampleben was purchased by Duke Magnus I of Brunswick-Lüneburg in 1355, upon its slighting the surrounding estates including the Romanesque parish church were acquired by the city of Brunswick in 1454.
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Returning, Eudoric finds his promised bride has run off with a minstrel, and his feudal lord Baron Emmerhard disinclined to knight him for his heroic exploit; he consoles himself by pursuing a scheme to establish a stagecoach line like those in Pathenia. (This material first appeared as the short story "Two Yards of Dragon".) A subsequent rescue of Emmerhard from a magic spell finally secures him the knighthood, but he remains unlucky in love, as the baron's daughter Gerzilda also shuns his hand. (This material first appeared as the short story "The Coronet".) Next Eudoric pursues Maragda, daughter of Rainmar, a local robber baron who has been raiding his coach line. Rainmar tasks him with slaying the giant spider Fraka, and once again matters go awry.
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View of the Church of the Ascension from the road The present-day 18th century Hohne Manor is partly built on the walls of the old castle that the young robber baron from Gifhorn, Hendrik von Veltheim, is believed to have destroyed on 11 July 1372 during the Lüneburg succession conflict. Areas of cobbles and large stone fragments of old foundations can still be found under the present-day surface of the land (were embankments levelled out here?), which suggests that a small castle originally stood here. As at Hesleburg castle near Heeßel, and the castles of Depenau and Dachtmissen on the Aue in Flotwedel, the terrain was then wetter than today and inaccessible from Grethegau to the north. In the 20th century part of the building was moved to other locations in the estate.
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Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden, 1995 and 2008, (Schriftenreihe des Landschaftsverbandes der ehem. Herzogtümer Bremen und Verden; No. 7), part II: Mittelalter (1995), pp. 159-189, here p. 174. Meanwhile, Grand also fell out with the Bremian Chapter, the city of Bremen, the Bremian nobility and ministerialis, the neighboured rulers over (1) the high taxes to sanify the ruinous state budget, (2) the appointment of the former robber baron Martin von der Hude as officialis of the Prince- Archbishopric and bailiff of the castle in Langwedel (Count Otto II of Hoya and Count John III of Oldenburg-Delmenhorst protested, because Hude had earlier also ravaged their territories with his brigandages.), (3) a charge, preferred by the Bremian Chapter, that Grand ordered the arrest of the priest Ubbo, whom - once in jail - Grand allegedly put to death.
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This tradition has been recently associated with contemporary scholars such as Kevin Carson, Roderick T. Long, Charles W. Johnson, Brad Spangler, Sheldon Richman, Chris Matthew Sciabarra and Gary Chartier, who are critics of laissez-faire as commonly understood and instead argue that a truly laissez-faire system would be anti-capitalist and socialist.Nick Manley, "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part One".Nick Manley, "Brief Introduction To Left-Wing Laissez Faire Economic Theory: Part Two". Murray Rothbard, who coined the term anarcho- capitalism and advocated such philosophy, argued that the robber baron period, hailed by the right and despised by the left as a heyday of laissez-faire, was not characterized by laissez-faire at all, but it was in fact a time of massive state privilege accorded to capital.
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John D. Rockefeller Andrew Carnegie Henry Ford Modern business magnates are entrepreneurs that amass on their own or wield substantial family fortunes in the process of building or running their own businesses. Some are widely known in connection with these entrepreneurial activities, others through highly-visible secondary pursuits such as philanthropy, political fundraising and campaign financing, and sports team ownership or sponsorship. The terms mogul, tycoon and baron were often applied to late 19th and early 20th century North American business magnates in extractive industries such as mining, logging and petroleum, transportation fields such as shipping and railroads, manufacturing such as automaking and steelmaking, in banking, as well as newspaper publishing. Their dominance was known as the Second Industrial Revolution, the Gilded Age, or the Robber Baron Era.
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For the next 170 years hundreds of thousands of pilgrims came to visit the Holy Blood of Wilsnack. In 1385 fate turned savagely against Heinrich when of Prince Albrecht III, who was also the king of Sweden, formed an alliance with the powerful Free and Hanseatic City of Lübeck, and along with the Hanseatic League member cities Wismar und Rostock launched a punitive attack on the disruptive robber baron. Twenty of von Bülow's strongholds were sought out and destroyed by this alliance, led by the Mayor of Lübeck, Thomas Morkerke and Hinrich Westhof, another freeman member of Lübeck’s ruling class and a man who would himself later become its mayor. The destroyed strongholds included von Bülow’s main base at Castle Preensberg, and were presumably mostly Motte or Motte-and-bailey style fortifications.
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In 1854, Dearman and Abbotsford combined, and by popular vote adopted the name "Irvington", to honor the American author Washington Irving, who was still alive at that time and living in nearby "Sunnyside" - which is today preserved as a museum.Although Sunnyside was considered to be part of Irvington (or "Dearman") at the time, the neighboring village of Tarrytown incorporated first in 1870, two years before Irvington, and when the official boundaries were drawn, the estate ended up in Tarrytown rather than Irvington, as did Lyndhurst, the estate of robber baron Jay Gould. > Just how the change in our northern boundary occurred I could never find out > to my satisfaction. Some say this calamity happened over night, so to speak, > when our officials were napping or away on vacation.
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With her conversion complete, Volunteer underwent post-conversion acceptance trials in January 1943 and proceeded to Tobermory on the Isle of Mull for workups. After she completed these in February 1943, she was assigned to the 4th Escort Group - in which she joined Beverley, Highlander, the destroyer , and six Flower- class corvettes - based at Greenock, Scotland. In March 1943, Volunteer was the flagship of Commander G. J. Luther, commanding the escort - which also included Beverley and the corvettes and - of Convoy HX 229, consisting of 40 merchant ships. HX 229 and Convoy SC 122 came under attack by German submarines of the Raubgraf ("Robber Baron") and Dranger ("Harrier") wolfpacks on 16 March, and the action developed into the largest convoy battle of World War II, with 38 German submarines of three wolfpacks involved.
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His support of Kalakaua was immensely beneficial and the addition of his Hawaiian enterprise made Spreckels a multi-millionaire, with a fortune estimated at $12 to $25 million in the late 1880s.Claus Spreckels: Robber Baron and Sugar King (1828-1908) Uwe Spiekerman, German Historical Institute Bunker’s mother Kay was the fifth wife of Hollywood legend Clark Gable who, after marrying Kay in 1955, became Bunker’s stepfather. Gable was held in high esteem in Hawaii due to his close friendship with Duke Kahanamoku, the figure generally revered by the surf community as the father of modern surfing. Duke, amongst other roles, spent time as an actor following a successful period as an Olympic swimmer and competed against another Olympian turned actor, Johnny Weissmuller, in the 1924 Olympics in Paris.
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207 The location, according to Turner Classic Movies, enabled them to take advantage of the Newport Jazz Festival, established in 1954, incorporating it into the film by giving Crosby's character a background as a descendant of a Gilded Age robber baron who became a jazz composer and friend of jazz star Louis Armstrong, who plays himself in the film, and patron of the Festival. As name- checked by Crosby in the song "Now You Has Jazz", where each musician takes a small solo, Armstrong's band includes: Edmond Hall (clarinet), Trummy Young (trombone), Billy Kyle (piano), Arvell Shaw (bass), and Barrett Deems (drums). This film featured Kelly's final role before she became Princess of Monaco; it was released three months after her marriage to Prince Rainier III. In the film, Kelly wore the Cartier engagement ring given to her by Rainier.
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311 (Carolina Academic Press, 2001, 2011) Steven Siry stated: :Most important, his books have revised Charles Beard's economic interpretation of the Constitution, challenged the robber baron stereotype of American industrialists, offered a critical view of Thomas Jefferson's presidency, praised Alexander Hamilton's vision for America's economic development, and, as a co-author with Grady McWhiney, developed the Celtic thesis that offered a new perspective on the Civil War era.Steven R. Siry, "Recovering the Past: A Historian's Memoir (Book)" in History: Reviews of New Books (Fall 2004) 33#1 pp 7-8. Andrew Ferguson stated: :McDonald’s specialty was the Founding Fathers and he was unapologetically conservative. He once said the two facts were closely related, because a proper understanding of the Founders' concerns and intentions – particularly their obsession with constraining and dispersing political power – inevitably pointed one toward an appreciation of the conservative virtues.
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From 1972 he was a free-lance writer of magazine articles and books. Chandler's books include Brothers in Blood (1975), a history of the Cosa Nostra; The Natural Superiority of Southern Politicians, (1977); 100 Tons of Gold about a mysterious gold horde in New Mexico; Henry Flagler: The Astonishing Life and Times of the Visionary Robber Baron Who Founded Florida (1986); The Binghams of Louisville (1988), a controversial biography of Robert Worth Bingham (who married Flagler's widow a year before her death); and The Jefferson Conspiracies (1994), about the death of Meriwether Lewis (released several months after Chandler's death). He also ghost-wrote the autobiography of his friend, Lafayette Lawyer J. Minos Simon. Chandler lived in New Orleans during the late 1960s and 1970s where he resided in an apartment in a building owned by Clay Shaw.
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Thomas Alexander Scott (December 28, 1823 – May 21, 1881) was an American businessman, railroad executive, and industrialist. President Abraham Lincoln in 1861 appointed him to serve as U.S. Assistant Secretary of War, and during the American Civil War railroads under his leadership played a major role in the war effort. He became the fourth president of the Pennsylvania Railroad (1874–1880), which became the largest publicly traded corporation in the world and received much criticism for his conduct in the Great Railway Strike of 1877 and as a "robber baron." Scott helped negotiate the Republican Party's Compromise of 1877 with the Democratic Party; it settled the disputed presidential election of 1876 in favor of Rutherford B. Hayes in exchange for the federal government pulling out its military forces from the South and ending the Reconstruction era.
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" Having fallen into bankruptcy many times before, Little was a particularly sensitive debtor, and would often waive the debts held to him by others who fell on hard times; thus it came to be that, by the time of his death, Little was owed millions of dollars by others, of which only 150,000 was successfully collected by his friends and family, a modest sum given the size of his former wealth. However, the opinion of him held by most investors of the day was not quite so rosy. A reflection on the Erie Railroad Company coup published by The New York Times in 1882 all but accused him of being a robber baron: > "He drove Wall-street before him just as in his earlier days he would have > lashed a recalcitrant ox into obedience. No method was too severe for Jacob > Little.
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Claude Pepper Foundation: Evaluation of Tracy Danese's Claude Pepper and Ed Ball: Politics, Purpose, and Power by Steve Hach Ball was a main (but not the only) financer of the defeat of Claude Pepper's effort to be reelected to the United States Senate in 1950. Pepper's liberalism and Ball's conservatism feuded through much of the 1940s and 1950s, prompting a book to be written in 2000: Claude Pepper and Ed Ball: Politics, Purpose, and Power. According to a 1979 article in the New York Times, Edward Ball at various times was called a Robber Baron and a political power broker; a clever man with a dollar and a dangerous man to cross; a courtly Virginian with the ladies and a ruthless foe. He is known for "orneriness" but insists his reputation is undeserved; he claims he was just a trusted functionary who did his best for the institution he served.
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Presumed dead and feeling betrayed by both his true love and his best friend, Jesse takes a job as sheriff of the tiny town of Salvation, Texas, where he and his Deputy Cindy Dagget deal with domestic disputes, the KKK, and the robber baron of the town, the psychotic Odin Quincannon. He also discovers that the acerbic, one-armed owner of the local bar is his long lost (and presumed dead) mother, Christina (known in the town as Jodie). Before he leaves, having broken Quincannon's hold on the town and restoring it to freedom, Christina gives Jesse the one possession of his father's that she has kept: his Medal of Honor. Later, Jesse takes the peyote he kept with him, which causes him to remember the events in Monument Valley after his fall: how God saved him from death and asked him outright to give up his quest.
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Rothbard argued that the consensus view of American economic history, according to which a beneficent government has used its power to counter corporate predation, is fundamentally flawed. Rather, he argued that government intervention in the economy has largely benefited established players at the expense of marginalized groups, to the detriment of both liberty and equality. Moreover, the robber baron period, hailed by the right and despised by the left as a heyday of laissez-faire, was not characterized by laissez-faire at all, but it was in fact a time of massive state privilege accorded to capital.On partnerships between the state and big business and the role of big business in promoting regulation, see Kolko, Gabriel (1977). The Triumph of Conservatism: A Reinterpretation of American History, 1900–1916. New York: Free; Shaffer, Butler (2008). In Restraint of Trade: The Business Campaign Against Competition, 1918–1938.
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He was not only described later as a robber baron, but over the course of time became portrayed as figure of terror for children who, as the "Black Knight" (schwarzer Ritter), was a restless spirit who stalked through the Wasgau at night. Even in the Legend of the Jungfernsprung his name was associated with the fiend who wanted to take the young maiden's virginity. The Christ Child and Hans Trapp in Alsace (1863 illustration) In neighbouring Alsace at the time of Saint Nicholas the name of Hans Trapp was used to frighten children and he was the one who accompanied the saint, not the usual figure of Knecht Ruprecht.Alemannische Wikipedia: Hans Trapp The appearance and dress of Hans Trapp (white beard, pointed hat and rod) are described in an Alemannic German poem from the Alsace: :::D’r Hans Trapp :::Schoi, do kummt d’r Hans Trapp. Ar het a scheni Zepfelkapp’ Un a Bart wiss wie a Schimmel.
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William's claim to Münsterberg was based on two relationships: hiw mother had been the sister of John I, the last Duke of Münsterberg from the Piast dynasty, and he was married to Salome, a daughter of Půta III of Častolovice, who had been the lawful pledge lord of Münsterberg until he died in 1434. William accepted his election and changed from a robber baron into a defender of the peace. Together with Dukes NIcholas V (d. 1452) of Krnov, Przemyslaus II of Cieszyn and Henry IX of Żagań-Głogów he fought as captain of Wrocław against highway robbers and robber barons. In 1443, he formed an alliance with Archbishop Conrad of Wrocław and the Dukes of Wrocław, Jawor and Legnica against Hynek Krušina of Lichtenburg. Although Hynek had never given up his claims on Münsterberg, the dispute was resolved in 1444 and the Duchy of Münsterberg was granted to William, except the district of Ząbkowice Śląskie.
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"Monmouth Beach started in 1668 as a farm developed by a Quaker named Eliakim Wardell, who eventually became the first sheriff of Monmouth County. Two centuries later, the area was made accessible to wealthy New Yorkers with the arrival of the Long Branch and Sea Shore Railroad that connected to the steamboat terminal at Sandy Hook to the south.... Among those who constructed mansions, which they called 'cottages,' were the wireless pioneer Guglielmo Marconi; the apple juice magnate Samuel Mott; a United States vice president, Garret A. Hobart; a founder of Wells Fargo, William G. Fargo; a candy manufacturer, William H. Heide, whose company made Jujyfruits; and the robber baron Jay Gould." Monmouth Beach was incorporated as a borough on March 9, 1906, by an act of the New Jersey Legislature, when it was created from portions of Ocean Township.Snyder, John P. The Story of New Jersey's Civil Boundaries: 1606-1968, Bureau of Geology and Topography; Trenton, New Jersey; 1969. p. 182.
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Mary Philipse Morris (undated) in Women of the American Revolution (1846) Before wedding, Philipse and Morris had signed a prenuptial agreement that shared a life lease of the estate between husband and wife, transferred to their children after their death. After the war it was subsequently shown in court that as a result the Morris share of the Philipse Patent was vested in their children and had not been reached by New York's bill of attainder.Philipse Manor Hall State Historic Site and Museum website Unfortunately, a resolution ground along for decades before progress was made. In 1809 America's first robber baron, John Jacob Astor, bought the interest of the Morris heirs, which included Polly, for this property for £20,000 sterling, then brought suit against the State to recover the lands - or at least the rents due upon them - from the former tenant farmers who had been able to acquire their holdings from the Colonial government of New York for a fraction of their value during the dark days of the Revolution when the Continental Army was desperate for funds.
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Time Cover, 14 Apr 1924 The April 14, 1924, edition of Time said of Baker: Baker was “closely associated with” the late 19th-century and early 20th-century U.S. robber-baron, monopolist and Wall Street banker J.P. Morgan “in his manifold enterprises,” according to Richard Boyer and Herbert Morais’s 1955 book, Labor’s Untold Story. The same book also noted that “Morgan and associates organized super-trusts in steel (U.S. Steel), shipping (International Mercantile Marine), and agricultural machinery (International Harvester);” and it also “had its hands in other fields—the railroads (where…some 30,000 miles of railway were controlled), anthracite coal (where from two-thirds to three-quarters of the entire shipment was in Morgan hands).” In addition, other Morgan monopolies included electrical machinery (General Electric), communications (AT &T;, Western Union), traction companies (IRT in New York, Hudson & Manhattan), and insurance (Equitable Life).” The March 26, 1934, Time magazine article called him A 1934 article in Newsweek describes him as one of the most imposing figures in banking history.
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Robert E. Wright argued in Corporation Nation (2014) that the governance of early U.S. corporations, of which over 20,000 existed by the Civil War of 1861–1865, was superior to that of corporations in the late 19th and early 20th centuries because early corporations governed themselves like "republics", replete with numerous "checks and balances" against fraud and against usurpation of power by managers or by large shareholders.Robert E. Wright, Corporation Nation (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2014). (The term "robber baron" became particularly associated with US corporate figures in the Gilded Age—the late 19th century.) In the immediate aftermath of the Wall Street Crash of 1929 legal scholars such as Adolf Augustus Berle, Edwin Dodd, and Gardiner C. Means pondered on the changing role of the modern corporation in society.Berle and Means' The Modern Corporation and Private Property, (1932, Macmillan) From the Chicago school of economics, Ronald CoaseRonald Coase, The Nature of the Firm (1937) introduced the notion of transaction costs into the understanding of why firms are founded and how they continue to behave.
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