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"res publica" Definitions
  1. COMMONWEALTH, STATE, REPUBLIC
  2. COMMONWEAL
"res publica" Synonyms
body politic country nation state land commonwealth electorate constituency polity the people kingdom realm domain sovereignty federation empire power superpower confederation union

254 Sentences With "res publica"

How to use res publica in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "res publica" and check conjugation/comparative form for "res publica". Mastering all the usages of "res publica" from sentence examples published by news publications.

type: All Declarative Interrogative Exclamative

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For Res Publica, Editor-in-Chief Win McCormack examines whether civic republicanism can help save
For Res Publica, Editor-in-Chief Win McCormack explores individual freedom and the public square in
For Res Publica, Editor-in-Chief Win McCormack explains how a vital term in U.S. political life lost
But in the second, we're fully out in the public square— the forum—where the sanctity of the res publica is at stake.
The Roman republic in its waning years managed this tension by creating a zone of self-enrichment that was outside the res publica.
For Res Publica, Editor-in-Chief Win McCormack examines how those with private interests will always prey on public resources in "A Commons Problem".
What all of the Progressive reform efforts had in common was that they sought to strengthen the res publica—the "public thing"—and were therefore profoundly republican in nature.
But the Romans equally prized the opposite realm, the res publica, or "public thing," where matters of concern to the community as a whole were addressed: the realm of politics.
"Until now Kaczynski has kept the power of different factions in check," said Wojciech Przybylski, the editor in chief of Visegrad Insight and chairman of Res Publica Foundation in Warsaw.
It is highly likely that the new coalition will be formed by the Social Democrats and right-wing Pro Patria/Res Publica (IRL) in addition to the Centre Party, previously in opposition.
After the modern world embraced the concept of "individual sovereignty," however, the role of the res publica had to be reconceptualized as the primary means to help citizens realize their individual freedom.
The government was formed after elections in April 2015 with his center-right Reform Party, Social Democrats, and the conservative-nationalist Pro-Patria and Res Publica Union holding 59 seats in the 101-seat parliament.
The current government was formed in April 2015 with an uneasy alliance between Roivas' Reform Party, Social Democrats, and the conservative-nationalist Pro-Patria and Res Publica Union holding 59 seats in the 101-seat parliament.
On Monday, the Social Democrats and Pro-Patria and Res Publica Union called on the prime minister to resign, saying there was too little trust between the coalition partners and they wanted the formation of a new majority government.
On Monday, the Social Democrats and Pro-Patria and Res Publica Union called on the prime minister to resign, saying there was too little trust between the coalition partners and that they wanted the formation of a new majority government.
There's a restoration-departure as well: a last-page column, once a signature of the magazine, newly named and dedicated to what we could summarize as historical consciousness—"Res Publica"—the first of which begins the vital archaeological work of excavating a tradition in political thought that will be central for TNR in the years to come.
The party was founded under the name Union for the Republic – Res Publica (Ühendus vabariigi eest – Res Publica), but was commonly referred to as simply Res Publica and changed its name to Res Publica Party. The party won its first parliamentary elections (in 2003) after being established. Their election slogans were "Vote for new politics" ("Vali uus poliitika") and "Choose order" ("Vali kord"). They formed a coalition with the Reform Party and the People's Union.
The issue remains unsolved and is the focus of European-level discussions. On 4 April 2006, Fatherland Union and Res Publica decided to form a united right-conservative party. The two parties joining was approved on 4 June by both parties in Pärnu. The joined party name is Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit (Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica).
Res publica could also be used in a generic meaning, referring to "public affairs" and/or the general system of government of a state. In this usage res publica translated the Greek concept politeia (which originally meant the state organisation of a city-state). Also, for a Roman politician engaging himself in the res publica, a translation can often be the even more generic "being occupied in politics".
"A Defence of the Asymmetry in Population Ethics". Res Publica. 18 (2): 145–57.
From 2013 to 2014, Alender belonged to conservative Pro Patria and Res Publica Union.
The centre published a journal, Res Publica, which ran from the early 1990s until 2009.
In April 2006, Res Publica decided to merge with the national-conservative Pro Patria Union party.
Res Publica Party () was a political party in Estonia that self-identified as conservative and therefore member of the International Democrat Union, but considering its vague platform for 2003 election, the genuineness of this ideology is disputed. Established as a party on 8 December 2001, the political organisation Res Publica was founded already as early as 1989 and existed as a community of young conservatives, mostly associated with the Pro Patria Union party during the 1990s. Res Publica was a member of the EPP (European People's Party) on the European level. It merged with Pro Patria Union in 2006 to form the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union.
Parliamentary elections were held in Estonia on 2 March 2003. Two opposing parties won the most seats, with both the Centre Party and Res Publica Party winning 28 seats in the Riigikogu. Res Publica was able to gain enough support in negotiations after the elections to form a coalition government.
Various right-wing parties, particularly the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, stated their opposition to same-sex marriage.
In 1958, Res Publica University was established as Baperki University by Baperki, an organization of Indonesians of Chinese descent.
Politeia is the original title of the book by Plato now commonly known in English as The Republic. Cicero translated politeia as res publica (see also: De re publica), from which the modern word republic comes. Note that the meanings the ancient Romans attached to res publica were also multiple and only partially overlapping with the Greek politeia, and further that few of the multiple meanings of politeia or res publica are much of an equivalent to republic as it is understood in modern political science.
Wybór i opracowanie Jan Tomasz Gross, Irena Grudzińska-Gross. Wyd. I krajowe Warszawa 1990, Wyd. Res Publica i Wyd. Libra .
She is a founder member of the European Council on Foreign Relations. As a Senior Fellow and a board member of the London-based Institute for Jewish Policy ResearchSee JPR Board of Directors. she has been working on a project of "Jewish voices for the European res publica".See Voices for the Res Publica.
"Pärnu eksmeeri romaan ajas linnaisad marru" Õhtuleht, 07.1.2011 He later was a city council member again from 2007 to 2010. From 2002 to 2007, he was a part of the Res Publica Party, which later became the Fatherland and Res Publica Union Party. From 2007 to 2010, he was a member of the Reform Party.
It features a large single star emanating rays, with an eye within, it is surrounded by a wreath of 13 smaller stars, and they are encircled by the motto STELLA QUARTA DECIMA which translates as the 14th star. Subsequent issues altered the inscription on the obverse, variously using VERMONTIS. RES. PUBLICA. and VERMONTENSIUM. RES. PUBLICA.
On 4 April 2006, representatives of the Pro Patria Union and the representatives of Res Publica decided to merge the two parties. A decision was made to form a new party, named Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit), after approval by general assemblies of both merging political forces. Approval was given by the general assemblies on 4 June 2006. The union took third place in the 2007 elections, which, though they resulted in a loss in the combined parties' strength in Parliament, was a stronger than expected showing.
Roman authors would also use the phrase res publica in the sense of the era when Rome was governed as a republic, that is the era between the Roman Kingdom and the Roman Empire. So in this case res publica does distinctly not refer to the Roman Empire, but to what is generally described as the Roman Republic.
Republika was a Polish rock band which began in 1978 in Toruń, Poland. Originally, the band was founded and fronted by Jann Castor under the name Res Publica. (See the links and notes below). The name took its origin from "Rzecz Pospolita" (Res Publica), but under the communist regime at the time the name was censored and not allowed.
' To the early Byzantines (up until around the 11th century) the term "Greeks" or "Hellenes" was offensive as it downplayed their Roman nature and furthermore associated them with the ancient Pagan Greeks rather than the more recent Christian Romans.' The idea of the res publica remained an important imperial concept for centuries. In the Frankish king Childebert II's letters to Emperor Maurice, the emperor is called the princeps Romanae reipublicae and through the 6th and 8th centuries, terms such as res publica and sancta res publica was still sometimes applied to the Byzantine Empire by authors in Western Europe.
53 The party served in government again from March 1999 to December 2001 in a tripartite government with Pro Patria Union and People's Party Moderates, from January 2002 to March 2003 with the Estonian Centre Party, from March 2003 to March 2005 with Res Publica and People's Union, from March 2005 to March 2007 with the Centre Party and People's Union, from March 2007 to May 2009 with the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union and the Social Democratic Party. From May 2009 the Reform Party was in a coalition government with the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union.
In one of these works, De re publica, Cicero linked the Roman concept of res publica to the Greek politeia. The modern term "republic", despite its derivation, is not synonymous with the Roman res publica. Among the several meanings of the term res publica, it is most often translated "republic" where the Latin expression refers to the Roman state, and its form of government, between the era of the Kings and the era of the Emperors. This Roman Republic would, by a modern understanding of the word, still be defined as a true republic, even if not coinciding entirely.
Isamaa held the name Pro Patria and Res Publica Union until June 2018, when the party changed its name to Isamaa, meaning literally "Fatherland".
Siim Valmar Kiisler (born 6 November 1965 in Tallinn) is an Estonian politician, a member of the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (IRL).
The current mayor of Harku Parish is Erik Sandla from the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica. Current chairman of the council () is Kalle Palling MP.
Res Publica University was founded in Jakarta in 1960. It was sponsored by the group Baperki (Badan Permusjawaratan Kewarganegaraan Indonesia), an organization mainly of Indonesian citizens of Chinese descent including members of the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI). The university was established in response to ethnic quotas on university enrollment implemented in the 1950s. After a coup attempt in Indonesia, the Res Publica campus was attacked by anti-communists in 1965.
Ene Ergma (born 29 February 1944, in Rakvere) is an Estonian politician, a member of the Riigikogu (Estonian parliament), and scientist. She was a member of the political party Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica and, before the two parties merged, a member of Res Publica Party. On 1 June 2016, Ergma announced her resignation from the party, because the party had lost its identity and turned populist.
After the Roman Empire collapsed in the West, the idea of res publica disappeared, as foreign to the barbarians of the Migrations Period: whenever Gregory of Tours refers to res publica, it is the Eastern Empire of which he is speaking.Noted by Michel Rouche, "Private life conquers state and society", in Paul Veyne, ed. A History of Private Life: I. From Pagan Rome to Byzantium (Harvard University Press) 1987:419.
Ed. Maryanne Cline Horowitz. Vol. 5. Detroit: Charles Scribner's Sons, 2005. p. 2099 It was most often used by Roman writers to refer to the state and government, even during the period of the Roman Empire. In subsequent centuries, the English word "commonwealth" came to be used as a translation of res publica, and its use in English was comparable to how the Romans used the term res publica.
Current chairman of the council () is Margus Miller from the electoral coalition "Minu Kohila". Current mayor () is Andrus Saare from the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica.
The translations of the quotations below are copied without alteration from existing non-copyrighted material. Other translations might differ, but they all serve to illustrate the many aspects of the res publica concept in ancient Rome. The Latin original texts are given concurrently with the translations, in order to show that only the context of the text allows to interpret the res publica concept in each instance. From these examples it also follows that probably there was also a gradual shift of meaning of the res publica concept throughout the Roman era: the "(Roman) Republic" connotation of res publica is something that rather occurs with retrospect to a closed period (so less appararent in Cicero's time, who never knew the era of the Emperors, and could only compare with the epoch of the Kings); on the other hand the translation of the Greek "politeia" concept appears to have nearly completely worn off in late antiquity.
Prior to the merger, there was an extreme drop in public support for Res Publica after the government led by Juhan Parts was forced to step down, and Pro Patria had also been relatively marginalized after the fall of their own governing coalition. There was also concern among conservatives about splitting the vote between two parties with largely similar ideologies and being unable to oppose the much more cohesive left wing electorate, which was mostly rallied behind the Centre Party. On 4 April 2006, representatives from the Pro Patria Union and Res Publica decided to merge the two parties, which took place officially on 4 June 2006. Although originally the name For Estonia (Eesti Eest) was considered for the newly formed party, it was rejected, and the provisional name was used until the new name was adopted in 2018.. On 15 November 2006 the parties were officially merged as Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (Erakond Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit).
Taking everything together that is of public interest leads to the connotation that the res publica in general equals 'the state'. For Romans this equalled the Roman Empire and all its interests, so Res Publica could as well refer to the Roman Empire as a whole, regardless of whether it was governed as a republic or under imperial reign. In this context scholars suggest commonwealth as a more accurate and neutral translation of the term, while neither implying republican nor imperial connotations, just a reference to the state as a whole. But even translating res publica as 'republic' when it clearly refers to the Roman Empire under Imperial reign occurs (see quotes below).
Not all cities were prepared to be absorbed into the Roman res publica (e.g., Heraclea and Naples). Other foederati lay beyond Italy: Gades (Cádiz) in Spain; and Massilia (Marseilles).
With his base of power secure, he now turned his attention to Rome's greatest problems—recovering the vast territories lost over the previous two decades, and reforming the res publica.
Translations of Ancient Roman writers' works to English have on occasion translated "Res publica", and variants thereof, to "the commonwealth", a term referring to the Roman state as a whole.
Võrno is a member of the Isamaa ja Res Publica Liit political party. He was a member of Riigikogu, Estonia's parliament, in 2003, but resigned to work as TV host.
Priit Sibul in 2015 Priit Sibul (born 31 December 1977 in Valga) is an Estonian politician, member of the Riigikogu, and Secretary General of Pro Patria and Res Publica Union.
Toivo Maimets Toivo Maimets (born 29 December 1957 in Tartu) is an Estonian biologist. From 2003 to 2005 he was the Minister of Education of Estonia, representing the Res Publica Party.
In September 2006, Laar announced that he will come out of political retirement to run for the candidacy for Prime Minister of the new Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica party. Mart Laar was Mont Pelerin Society member. On 26 May 2007 he was elected a Chairman of the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica. On 18 February 2012 Mart Laar suffered from a stroke and stepped down as Defence Minister three months later.
From this virtually unimpeachable office, unique in the Estonian Constitution, he frequently criticised the government and became somewhat of a popular figure in Estonian politics. Parts became the chairman of a new party, called Res Publica, which he was instrumental in starting. It is an ideology-free, largely technocratic party which can be described as an economically liberal party of young administrators. Res Publica now is a member of the right-of-centre European People's Party organisation.
Jean-Pierre Chevènement at the Salon du livre in Paris, 23 March 2014. In 2004 he established the Foundation "Res Publica", which aims to promote the 'republican model' (le modèle républicain) and to define a long-term political vision. Chevènement states, however, that Res Publica is not a political party. In the Senate election held on 21 September 2008, Chevènement was elected as a Senator from the Territory of Belfort, defeating his opponent, Socialist candidate Yves Ackerman.
There could be no virtue in exploiting one's manliness in the pursuit of personal wealth, for example. Virtus is exercised in the pursuit of gloria for the benefit of the res publica resulting in the winning of eternal "memoria". According to D.C. Earl "Outside the service of the res publica there can be no magistratus and therefore, strictly speaking, no gloria, no nobilitas, no virtus". For the nobility virtus lies not only in one's personal "acta" but also that of one's ancestors.
In 2000, he joined the "Pro Patria" party. From 2001 to 2004 he was chairman of "Noor-Isamaa", the party's youth organisation. From 2001 to 2003 he was a member of Tartu city council. From 2003 to 2006 he was the party's political secretary. After the affiliation of the "Pro Patria" and "Res Publica" parties, to form the "Pro Patria ja Res Publica Liit" party, he was secretary general from 2007 to 2010, and political secretary from 2010 to 2013.
Even when limited to its "political" connotations, the meanings of the term res publica in ancient Rome are diverse and multi- layered, and differing from the Greek politeia in many ways (that is: from the several interwoven meanings the word politeia had). However, it is also the customary Latin translation of politeia; the modern name of Plato's The Republic comes from this usage. In some contexts the "state organisation system" meaning of res publica derives into something like "constitution", although "constitution", properly speaking, is a much more modern concept. Ancient Romans would use the expression "Twelve Tables" instead of res publica, when referring to their constitution at the time of the "republic", and the "inalterable laws installed by the divine Augustus", for their equivalent of a constitution in the era of the early Empire.
Jüri Ratas' cabinet was the 49th cabinet of Estonia, in office from 23 November 2016 to 29 April 2019. It was a centre-left coalition cabinet of Centre Party, Social Democratic Party and conservative Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. It was preceded by the Second Cabinet of Taavi Rõivas, a cabinet that ended when Social Democrats and the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica joined the opposition's no confidence vote against the cabinet. This was the first time since 1999 the liberal centre-right Reform Party were out of the government.
Ansip's first cabinet took office on 12 April 2005 after being approved by Riigikogu by 53 members out of 101. His cabinet was formed with pragmatic calculations, as it consisted of ministers from free market liberal Reform Party of Estonia, populist and personalist Estonian Centre Party and agrarian People's Union of Estonia. Reform Party and People's Union had participated in the previous government led by Juhan Parts (of conservative Res Publica). Parts resigned on 24 March 2005 after his Minister of Justice Ken-Marti Vaher (also member of Res Publica Party) was sacked by Riigikogu.
He was first a member of the Res Publica party, which led the parliamentary group, and then joined the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (IRL). He was re-elected to the legislature on 4 March 2007, and named Vice-Minister of Economic Affairs and Communications, under Juhan Parts. On 23 January 2008, Siim-Valmar Kiisler became Minister of Regional Affairs in the second government of Prime Minister Andrus Ansip. He continued in the same capacity also in the third government of Andrus Ansip that was in office until 26 March 2014.
Vardo Rumessen (8 August 1942 – 24 August 2015) was an Estonian pianist, musicologist and politician for the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica. He is best known for his work with Eduard Tubin's music. He was born in Pärnu.
Kaia Iva (born 28 April 1964) is a Pro Patria and Res Publica Union politician.Estonian President site She has been Minister of Social Protection of Estonia since 23 November 2016. She served as member of Riigikogu from 2007 to 2015.
Taavi Rõivas' second cabinet was the cabinet of Estonia, in office from 9 April 2015 to 23 November 2016. It is a coalition cabinet of liberal centre- right Estonian Reform Party, Social Democratic Party and conservative Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. On 7 November 2016, the Social Democratic Party and Pro Patria and Res Publica Union announced that they were asking Prime Minister Taavi Rõivas to resign and were planning on negotiating a new majority government. The announcement came soon after the opposition had submitted a motion to express lack of confidence in Rõivas’ government.
Res Publica's campaign focused on the need to address crime and corruption and they portrayed themselves as being a change to the older political parties. Res Publica had performed strongly in the 2002 local elections after being formed from the youth wings of some of the other right wing political parties. A leading issue in the election was the tax system with the Centre Party pledging to scrap the flat tax and change it to a progressive tax system. Both Res Publica and the Reform Party opposed this, with the Reform Party calling for the tax rate to be cut significantly.
The new party was named Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica and was led by two chairmen – Tõnis Lukas and Taavi Veskimägi. At the congress that took place on 26 May 2007 Mart Laar was elected a new chairman of the party and Taavi Veskimägi continued to serve in capacity of a member of the party board. From 2003 until 2005 Taavi Veskimägi was the Minister of Finance of the Republic of Estonia. In 2003 Taavi Veskimägi became a member of the Estonian Parliament and leader of the Res Publica parliamentary group before he was appointed Estonian Minister of Finance.
Ken-Marti Vaher (born 5 September 1974) is a leading member of the Estonian Pro Patria and Res Publica Union party. He has served twice as a Minister: as Minister of Justice (2003–2005) and as Minister of the Interior (2011–2014).
In February 2004, she joined Estonia's ruling Res Publica Party. Kass ran for the European Parliament after her homeland joined the European Union in May 2004. She won 2,315 votes from the Estonian electorate, but was not elected to the European Parliament.
Gradel, 3, 15. Official cults were state funded as a "matter of public interest" (res publica). Non-official but lawful cults were funded by private individuals for the benefit of their own communities. The difference between public and private cult is often unclear.
Fields, p. 41, citing Sallust, Iugurthinum 86.2. However, other scholars have argued that as the Republic was meant to be res publica—the essential thing of the people—the poor and disenfranchised cannot be blamed for trying to redress their legitimate and legal grievances.
287–300; fol. 117r and unpublished fragments of the Latin writer Pelagonius in Cod. Verona, Biblioteca civica, 658.Un nuovo testimone frammentario di Pelagonio e alcune considerazioni sulla tradizione manoscritta e sul testo dell'Ars ueterinaria, in Res Publica Litterarum 21, 1998, pp. 13-44.
The governing Res Publica Party and People's Union polled poorly. The voter turnout in Estonia was one of the lowest of all member countries at only 26.8%. A similar trend was visible in most of the new member states that joined the EU in 2004.
One vote was blank and two were disqualified. Ilves was supported by the ruling Estonian Reform Party and Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica, as well as the Social Democratic Party, to which he formerly belonged. Tarand was supported by the Estonian Centre Party.
Merle Jääger is a member of the Tartu City Council and serves on the council's Cultural Committee, having belonged to the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union Party and Estonian Free Party.Postimees Merle Jääger kandideerib Tartus VIKi nimekirjas. 24 August 2013.delfi.ee Riigikogu valimistulemused.
Avaaz.org was co-founded by Res Publica, a "community of public sector professionals dedicated to promoting good governance, civic virtue and deliberative democracy," and MoveOn.org, an American non-profit progressive public policy advocacy group. It was also supported by Service Employees International Union, a founding partner.
Due to his international activity he has been responsible for fostering relationships, comparison and exchange of ideas between various countries and especially between Italy, Germany and America. In 1978 he founded the magazine "Res Publica Litterarum. Studies in the Classical Tradition", which he directed until 1991.
Juhan Parts (born 27 August 1966) is an Estonian politician who was Prime Minister of Estonia from 2003 to 2005HighBeam and Minister of Economic Affairs and Communications from 2007 to 2014. Juhan Parts is a member of the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica party.
As the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union was the biggest loser in the elections with 9 seats lost, Reinsalu announced he would resign as party chairman after the party's congress in June. On 6 June 2015, he was replaced by Margus Tsahkna in the post.
The party lost 13 of its 17 seats in Tallinn City Council and was forced into opposition in the capital. In April 2006 plans were unveiled for merging Res Publica with Pro Patria Union. The annual congresses voted in favour of the merger on 4 June 2006.
Lotman was awarded the Medal of the Order of the White Star on February 2, 2001. In recent years, Lotman has been active in politics, serving as Member of Riigikogu for the conservative Res Publica Party. In 2010, Lotman defended Sofi Oksanen's novel Puhdistus against its opponents in Estonia.
While the magistrates had potestas, the prudentes exercised auctoritas. It is said that auctoritas is a manifestation of socially recognized knowledge, while potestas is a manifestation of socially recognized power. In Roman political theory, both were necessary to guide the res publica and they had to inform each other.
The second cabinet of Andrus Ansip was approved by the Riigikogu on 5 April 2007, and it consisted of representatives of the Estonian Reform Party, Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica and Social Democratic Party. As in the dire economic situation the government turned out incapable to solve the problem of required budget cuts the Social Democratic Party left from the coalition on 21 May 2009 and its three ministers were relieved from their posts. Coalition talks with the People's Union of Estonia were derailed on 1 June 2009 by councils of the People's Union and of the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica. Therefore, from 4 June 2009 the cabinet continued as a minority cabinet.
From 2001 to 2002 he served as a Treasurer of the party and was elected a Chairman in 2005 after the resignation of the former Chairman and Prime Minister of Estonia, Juhan Parts. During his time in politics, he was a member of two Estonian Parliaments, serving as leader of the parliamentary group and as Vice-President of Parliament. As the Chairman of the Res Publica he faced the difficult task to restore the reputation of his party that was lost during the last 2 years in government or to lead the party into merger with another right-wing party. Local elections on 16 October 2005 showed a declining support for Res Publica.
Internal struggles between regional leaders resulted in bloody conflicts and the alignment of regions along two opposing parties: the Fetkeapers and Skieringers. On 21 March 1498,Markus Meumann, Jörg Rogge (Hg.). Die besetzte "res publica". Zum Verhältnis von ziviler Obrigkeit und militärischer Herrschaft in besetzten Gebieten vom Spätmittelalter bis zum 18.
Andrew Molson is Chairman of the Res Publica Group since 1997. He also sits on the Board of Directors of the Molson Coors Brewing Company and is a member of the Board of Directors of the Deschênes Group, Dundee Corporation and CH Group Limited Partnership, owner of the Montreal Canadiens.
Tunne Kelam at the "Europeana 1989 Collection Day" in June 2013. Tunne-Väldo Kelam (born 10 July 1936) is an Estonian politician and former Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from Estonia. He is a member of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, part of the European People's Party.
Einstein came on a visit to Oslo in June 1920. He would give three public lectures about the theory of relativity after the invitation by the Student Society. Jebsen was also there, but it is not clear if he met him personally.N. Voje Johansen, Einstein i Norge, Res Publica, Oslo (2010). .
Publius Cornelius Dolabella (c. 85–69James K. Finn, Frank J. Groten; Res publica conquassata - page: 190 BC – 43 BC) was a Roman general, by far the most important of the Dolabellae. He arranged for himself to be adopted by a plebeian so that he could become a plebeian tribune.Oxford Classical Dictionary.
Res publica usually is something held in common by many people. For instance a park or garden in the city of Rome could either be 'private property' (res privata), or managed by the state, in which case it would be part of the res publica.Haakonssen, Knud. 'Republicanism.' A Companion to Contemporary Political Philosophy.
Cicero, Off. i. n, 35 All we know of their subsequent political condition is that after the Social War the folk of Cliternia and Nersae appear united in a res publica Aequiculorum, which was a municipium of the ordinary typeC.I.L. ix. p. 388 located in what is now the municipality of Pescorocchiano.
He held the position of Vice President of the Parliament from 2005 to 2006 and worked both in the parliamentary financial committee and parliamentary committee of European Union affairs. Until 2007 he was the co- chairman of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, the main centre-right political party in Estonia.
Later Taagepera admitted that one of the reasons why he ran, despite having little chance to win, was to take away votes from Rüütel and thus help Meri rise to the presidency. In 2003, Taagepera agreed to serve for half a year as the founding chairman of a new political party, Res Publica, which won the general elections that year and lead the governing coalition under Prime Minister Juhan Parts until April 2005. Taagepera tried to hold the party more or less in the middle of the spectrum (Taagepera even suggested he was centre-left politician). In 2005, Taagepera resigned his Res Publica membership, frustrated with the party's leadership style and move to the right (refer to his essay, Meteoric trajectory).
President Toomas Hendrik Ilves and President George W. Bush, in Estonia 2006 Ilves was nominated by the Reform Party, Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica and his own Social Democratic Party on 23 March 2006, as a candidate for the 2006 presidential election. On 29 August, Ilves was the only candidate in the second and the third round of the presidential election in Riigikogu, the Parliament of Estonia (he was supported by an electoral coalition consisting of the governing Reform Party plus the Social Democrats and the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica which form the parliamentary opposition). Ilves gathered 64 votes out of 65 ballots. Therefore, one deputy of the three party alliance supporting Ilves did not vote in favour of his candidacy.
Senatus consultum ultimum ("final decree of the Senate" or Final Act, often abbreviated SCU), is the modern term given to a decree of the Roman Senate during the late Roman Republic that was passed in times of emergency. It expressed the opinion that to preserve the republic, an urgent threat needed countering. Although an SCU could grant rhetorical or argumentative support to the use of state power, it did not change a magistrate's legal powers or deprive a Roman citizen of his right to a trial. The form was usually consules darent operam ne quid detrimenti res publica caperet or videant consules ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat ("let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm").
Józef Czapski, , Konstanty Jeleński. In 1945-48 he belonged to staff of „Kuźnica”.In the years 1949-52 he was the head of the editorial board of classical Russian literature at the State Publishing Institute, 1954-1959 he was a member of the editorial committee of the Dictionary of the Polish Language, and in the years 1955-1978 and 1979-1982 he co-edited "Rocznik Literacki", in 1978 he joined the editorial board of the journal " Res Publica" (then "Nowa Res Publica "), in 1990 he belonged to the editorial board of Tygodnik „Solidarność”. In 1957 he was one of the initiators and members of the editorial board of the monthly "Europa" (the magazine was suspended by the authorities before the first issue was published).
Virtus applies exclusively to a man's behaviour in the public sphere, i.e. to the application of duty to the res publica in the cursus honorum. His private business was no place to earn virtus, even when it involved courage or feats of arms or other qualities associated to it if performed for the public good.
Recently British philosopher Phillip Blond has risen to prominence as an exponent of traditionalist philosophy, more specifically progressive conservatism, or Red Toryism. In Blond's view, Red Toryism would combine civic communitarianism with localism and traditional values as a way to revitalize British conservatism and British society. He has formed a think tank, Res Publica.
He also served as Inspector General and Secretary General of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After the end of his public career, Hennekinne joined the Fondation Res Publica, founded by Jean-Pierre Chevènement, and was on its scientific council. He served as an advisor to Arnaud Montebourg during the 2017 French Socialist Party presidential primary on foreign policy issues.
The name "University Res Publica" was taken from a presidential address delivered by President Sukarno, and means "for the public interest". The school was destroyed after the attempted coup in Indonesia, Baperki banned, and Trisakti University established to replace the destroyed university. Many former students were banned over allegations of ties to the Indonesian Communist Party (PKI).
During the reign of emperor Septimius Severus the name of the town was changed to "Res Publica Polensis". The town was the site of Crispus Caesar's execution in 326 AD and Gallus Caesar's execution in 354 AD. In 425 AD the town became the centre of a bishopric, attested by the remains of foundations of a few religious buildings.
229 The meddling met strong opposition in Skieringer held Westergo and ended in a call for foreign help. On 21 March 1498,Markus Meumann, Jörg Rogge (Hg.) Die besetzte "res publica" Zum Verhältnis von ziviler Obrigkeit und militärischer Herrschaft in besetzten Gebieten vom Spätmittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert, Pg. 137 Papers from a conference held 20-21 Sept.
David Mardiste (4 March 2014), Estonian PM submits resignation: president's spokesman Reuters. Ansip was once again charged by President Toomas Hendrik Ilves to form a government. The Reform Party continued in a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica. Ansip's third term as Prime Minister began on 6 April 2011, when Riigikogu approved his third cabinet.
Obverse of the 1785 design shows a plow and the sun rising over the Green Mountains. The Latin motto VERMONTS. RES. PUBLICA. can be translated to mean the republic, or commonwealth, of Vermont. Reverse of the 1785 and 1786 design features an "all-seeing eye" with 13 stars encircled by the Latin motto STELLA. QUARTA. DECIMA.
Taavi Veskimägi (born 20 November 1974, Eidapere) is a former Estonian state official and politician and the managing director of the Estonian electric power transmission system operator Elering. He is a former Minister of Finance (2003–2005) and one of the two former co-Chairmen of the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (2006–2007).
He sang with Birgit Õigemeel, winner of the Eesti otsib superstaari. In 2015 parliamentary election, Tsahkna was re-elected to the parliament with 2,267 individual votes. He was chosen the chairman of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union on 6 June 2015. In April 2017, Tsahkna announced that he would not seek re-election as chairman.
Marko Pomerants (born 24 September 1964) is an Estonian politician. He has been the Minister of the Environment since 9 April 2015. Previously, Pomerants has served as the Minister of Social Affairs from 2003 to 2005 and as the Minister of the Interior from 2009 to 2012. Pomerants is a member of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union.
Signs that occurred without deliberately being sought through formal augural procedure were auspicia oblativa. These unsolicited signs were regarded as sent by a deity or deities to express either approval or disapproval for a particular undertaking. The prodigy (prodigium) was one form of unfavourable oblativa.Veit Rosenberger, "Republican nobiles: Controlling the res publica", in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 293.
In October 2014 Farsky was one of 14 Czechs included in a list of the 100 best innovators in Central and Eastern Europe, published by The Financial Times, the International Visegrad Fund, Google and Polish Res Publica magazine. He was also named Personality of the Year for 2014 by Erik Best's Final Word in recognition of his anti-corruption efforts.
Rouche 1987:421. Oral law sufficed as long as the warband was not settled in one place. Germanic law made no provisions for the public welfare, the res publica of Romans. The language of all these continental codes was Latin; the only known codes drawn up in any Germanic language were the Anglo- Saxon laws, beginning with the Laws of Æthelberht (7th century).
In the 1970s, she also started cooperation with various undergrounds opposition newspapers, including Więź, Znak, and Res Publica. After the legalization of the Solidarity movement, Anna Radziwiłł became one of its advisers. As such, she took part in various conferences between the communist authorities and the democratic opposition. The exact effect of these consultations was a reform of history education in Polish schools.
Pille Lill is a board member of the Estonian Chamber of Culture from 2015 and a board member of Finnish-Estonian Culture Fund from 2016. From 2003-2009 she was a board member of the Association of Estonian Professional Musicians. From 2017 Pille Lill is a part of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union and the spokesperson of their Cultural Policy Council.
She studied Russian language and literature at Northwestern University and law at Loyola University Chicago School of Law. For over twenty years, she worked as a lawyer. She was an attorney and executive of the Field Museum in Chicago and she was a consultant for the Res Publica Group. She is married to Daniel Levin, and she is the mother of two children.
Postimees 23 May 2009 9:47: Ivari Padar: Eesti saab majoneesivalitsuse He became unexpectedly important as a potential swing voter after the Estonian Social Democratic Party left the government, leaving a governing coalition consisting of Estonian Reform Party and Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica. In this structure, the two coalition parties hold 50 of 101 Riigikogu seats -- a very narrow minority.
Ladõnskaja in August 2013. Viktoria Ladõnskaja (born 20 July 1981 in Anapa) is an Estonian politician and a member of its parliament, or Riigikogu. She represents the Tallinn constituency of Kesklinn, Lasnamäe and Pirita as a member of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union party. Ladõnskaja was elected to the Riigikogu in the 2015 election with 1,393 personal votes.
Parek participated in the presidential elections in Estonia on 20 October 1992, taking fourth place with 4.3% of the vote. In the radical pro- reform government of Prime Minister Mart Laar Parek was appointed Minister of the Interior. On 27 November 1993 she resigned because of the Pullapää crisis, which involved charges of mutiny against a company of military rangers. Parek was a member of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union party, formed in 1995 through the merger of ERSP and the National Coalition Party along with the "Fatherland" Party, to create the "Isamaaliit" ("Fatherland Union"), and then in 2006, she was a member of the Pro Patria Union and Res Publica Party. She is author of the book «Mina ei tea, kust ma rõõmu võtan. Mälestused »(« I do not know where I get joy. Memories ». Kirjastus Kunst, Tallinn, 2010, 424 pages).
2007 Estonia election. Social Democratic Party (Red), Estonian Reform Party (yellow), Estonian Center Party (green), Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (Blue), People's Union of Estonia (brown) The island is part of the B7 Network, a loose grouping of the major island of the Baltic Sea. There is a large percentage of Estonian Swedes living on the island. Smoked cooked plaice is a traditional summertime delicacy.
372x372px Benny Gatot Setiono (October 31, 1943 - January 17, 2017) is an Indonesian historian. Setiono was born in Caracas, Kuningan, West Java, Indonesia. His father, Endang Sunarko (Khouw Sin Eng), was also a writer, including of New China, Friend or Foe and for the magazine 'Pantjawarna' and `Sin Po daily '. Setiono studied at the Faculty of Economics, Res Publica University, (now known as Trisakti University), Jakarta.
Res Publica is a quarterly peer-reviewed academic journal of moral, legal, social, and political philosophy. It was established in 1995 and is published by Springer Science+Business Media. The editors-in-chief are Philip Cook (University of Edinburgh) and Sune Lægaard (Roskilde University). It is the official journal of the Association for Social and Political Philosophy (formerly the Association for Legal and Social Philosophy).
In September 2000 Rear Admiral Kõuts was appointed commander of the Estonian Defence Forces. Having been promoted to the rank of vice admiral in 2002, Kõuts retained the position until 2006, when he stepped down to move into politics. He joined the right-wing Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica and successfully ran for a seat in the parliament in the 2007 elections.
During this time, Cochrane published articles in Res Publica, Utilitas and Political Studies presenting aspects of his interest-based theory of animal rights,Cochrane 2007a; Cochrane 2009a; Cochrane 2009b. which is defended in the final chapter of An Introduction to Animals and Political Theory.Cochrane 2010, chap. 8. The book was Cochrane's first, and the political theorist Robert Garner acted as an important discussant during the writing process.
The Vetkopers have a powerful ally in Groningen and control the south and east of Friesland. On 21 March 1498,Markus Meumann, Jörg Rogge (Hg.) Die besetzte "res publica" Zum Verhältnis von ziviler Obrigkeit und militärischer Herrschaft in besetzten Gebieten vom Spätmittelalter bis zum 18. Jahrhundert, Pg. 137, Papers from a conference held Sept. 20-21, 2001, at the Martin- Luther-Universität Halle-Wittenberg.
Consequently, Augustus could only present his new order, which amounted to the establishment of a monarchy, as a restoration of the old order (res publica restituta). As a historian he has claimed to write narrative history. Meier always looks beyond the boundaries of his subject. For example, he dealt with modern democracy and the politics of the Federal Republic of Germany, especially in the course of reunification.
"Machiavelli and Florentine Republican Experience" in Machiavelli and Republicanism Cambridge University Press, 1993. While Bruni and Machiavelli used the term to describe the states of Northern Italy, which were not monarchies, the term res publica has a set of interrelated meanings in the original Latin. The term can quite literally be translated as "public matter"."Republic"j, New Dictionary of the History of Ideas.
Jann Castor (27 June 1954 – 21 April 2016), sometimes spelt Jan Castor, was a Polish Australian musician and composer. His soundtrack album for the tv series Red Express was nominated for the 1992 ARIA Award for Best Original Cast or Show Album. Castor was born as Wiesław Ruciński in Włocławek, Poland. In the late 70s he established the band Res Publica which later morphed into Republika.
Republika is a Serbian magazine (periodical), published from 1989 to 2015 in Belgrade. The magazine was started by a group of Yugoslavian intellectuals, members of the Association for Yugoslav Democratic Initiative. The periodical has been published by the cooperative Res Publica. First editor-in-chief was its founder Nebojša Popov until 2010, his successor became Zlatoje Martinov and one of the editorial staff members was Mirko Đorđević.
The republican sense of the term derives from libera res publica (literally, "the free public thing/affair"), a term used by Roman historians for the period of the Roman Republic, though not all "free states" have been republics. The historical German free states and the Orange Free State of Southern Africa were republican in form, however the Congo Free State and Irish Free State were governed under forms of monarchy.
Christians were viewed as incapable of acting on their obligations as Roman citizens, and the edict of 303 resulted in the "Great" Persecution.Digeser, The Making of a Christian Empire, pp. 52–55. Galerius halted the persecutions in 311 with an edict that made it a duty for Christians to support the state (res publica) through their own forms of worship.Digeser, The Making of a Christian Empire, p. 56.
Early father of international law, Spanish philosopher Francisco de Vitoria (c. 1483–1546) is considered the "founder of global political philosophy". De Vitoria conceived of the res publica totius orbis, or the "republic of the whole world". This came at a time when the University of Salamanca was engaged in unprecedented thought concerning human rights, international law, and early economics based on the experiences of the Spanish Empire.
In 2015 parliamentary election, IRL lost 9 seats and managed to keep 14. It joined the Reform Party and Social Democrats to form the government under Taavi Rõivas. As the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union was the biggest loser in the elections, chairman Urmas Reinsalu announced he would resign as party chairman after the party's congress in June 2015. On 6 June 2015, he was replaced by Margus Tsahkna.
Urmas Reinsalu (born 22 June 1975) is an Estonian politician who has been the minister of foreign affairs since April 2019. Previously, Reinsalu has served as the minister of defence between 2012 and 2014 and minister of justice from 2015 to 2019. Reinsalu is a member of the Isamaa ("Fatherland") political party (Formerly called the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union) and was party leader from 2012 to 2015.
From 2007 to 2013, Reinsalu was a member of the Riigikogu. On 28 January 2012, Reinsalu became the chairman of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, replacing Mart Laar. He elected chairman with an absolute majority in the first round of voting at the party congress held in Tallinn. On 11 May 2012, Reinsalu was appointed minister of defence, replacing Mart Laar who resigned from office due to health reasons.
Terms Res Publica Iasorum and Municipium Iasorum referred to both the administrative center of the region; and the area that was under its jurisdiction. Other terms for the region (and town) include Jasoru Republic, Respublik Iasoru and Respublica Jassorum,Dunja Brozović-Rončević, O jednom "iranizmu" u hrvatskom, Zavod za lingvistička istraživanja HAZU, Zagreb, 1993. (Jassorum) while other terms for the town itself included Aquae Balissae, Jasi and Jazora.
Mihkelson in 2011. Marko Mihkelson (born 30 November 1969) is an Estonian politician representing the Reform Party in the Parliament of Estonia. Mihkelson was born in Valga, and was first elected to the parliament in 2002 as a member of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. On 26 June 2017, he and the former leader of the party Margus Tsahkna announced that they were leaving the party.
The extent of the Roman Empire under Trajan, AD 117 The precise end of the Republic is disputed by modern historians; Roman citizens of the time did not recognize that the Republic had ceased to exist. The early Julio- Claudian Emperors maintained that the res publica still existed, albeit under the protection of their extraordinary powers, and would eventually return to its full Republican form. The Roman state continued to call itself a res publica as long as it continued to use Latin as its official language. Rome acquired imperial character de facto from the 130s BC with the acquisition of Cisalpine Gaul, Illyria, Greece and Hispania, and definitely with the addition of Iudaea, Asia Minor and Gaul in the 1st century BC. At the time of the empire's maximal extension under Trajan (AD 117), Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean as well as Gaul, parts of Germania and Britannia, the Balkans, Dacia, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, and Mesopotamia.
While already the Latin version of the title of this work is given in two versions (De re publica and De Republica), depending on source, the translation of the title of this work show even more variants, often based on the choice of the translator: the expression "res publica" (which appears in the title of this work) is notoriously difficult to translate. Its modern English cognate, republic, (also similar terms in many other languages) has acquired quite different connotations from the original Latin meaning (res publica = most literally "the public thing"), rendering the term here problematic if not outright anachronistic in its implications. Because of the difficulties the title affords, there is no general consensus on how best to retain the sense of the Latin in translating the title. It is helpful to note that Cicero almost certainly had in mind the title of Plato's celebrated dialogue Republic (Greek: Πολιτεία, Politeia) when naming his dialogue.
Republic is still an alternative translation of the traditional name of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. Wincenty Kadłubek (Vincent Kadlubo, 1160–1223) used for the first time the original Latin term res publica in the context of Poland in his "Chronicles of the Kings and Princes of Poland". The name was used officially for the confederal country formed by Poland and Lithuania 1569–1795. It is also often referred as "Nobles' Commonwealth" (1505–1795, i.e.
Jüri Adams (born 22 November 1947, Tartu, Estonia) is an Estonian politician. He formerly was the Justice Minister of Estonia from 1994 to 1995. He has been a member of numerous political parties, including the Estonian National Independence Party, Pro Patria Union and later the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. From October 15, 2014 onward, he has been a member of the Estonian Free Party and a member of the Riigikogu.
While the Vermont coppers bore the legend Vermontis. Res. Publica (Latin for "Republic of Vermont"), the constitution and other official documents used the term "State of Vermont". It referred to its chief executive as a "governor". The 1777 constitution refers to Vermont variously: the third paragraph of the preamble, for example, mentions "the State of Vermont", and in the preamble's last paragraph, the constitution refers to itself as "the Constitution of the Commonwealth".
Copy inscribed in marble of a letter from Antoninus Pius to the Ephesians, from the Bouleuterion at Ephesus, 140–144 AD, explaining how the emperor resolved a dispute between the Roman cities of Ephesus and Smyrna. British Museum, London. Antoninus tried to portray himself as a magistrate of the res publica, no matter how extended and ill-defined his competencies were. He is credited with the splitting of the imperial treasury, the Fiscus.
His thesis, supervised by Fabre with Paul Kelly acting as an advisor, was entitled Moral obligations to non-humans. In that year, Cochrane published his first peer-reviewed research article: "Animal rights and animal experiments: An interest-based approach". The paper, a reworked version of chapter five ("Non-human animals and experimentation") of Moral obligations to non-humans, appeared in Res Publica, and was the winner of the journal's second annual postgraduate essay prize.
Isamaa is a national-conservative, Christian-democratic political party in Estonia. It was founded on 4 June 2006 by the merger of two conservative parties, Pro Patria Union and Res Publica Party. Up to the 2007 parliamentary elections, the party held 32 seats out of 101 in the Riigikogu (the Estonian parliament) and one of Estonia's six seats in the European Parliament. The party is a member of the European People's Party (EPP).
Later, he was a professor at Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso (PUCV) and Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile (PUC) since 1954. Among the many works published by Herrera Cajas, one of his more important articles are "Tacitus' Germany. The problem of the meaning of the shield" (1957) and "Res Privata–Res publica–Imperium" (1977). The first article cited is considered by experts as a pioneering study of history of mentalities in Chilean historiography.
The voter turnout in Estonia was one of the lowest of all member countries at only 26.8%. A similar trend was visible in most of the new member states that joined the EU in 2004. The biggest winner was the Social Democratic Party, due to the popularity of their leading candidate Toomas Hendrik Ilves, who received the vast majority of the party's votes.Distribution of mandates, Estonian National Electoral Committee The governing Res Publica Party and People's Union polled poorly.
It is a poem that details the civil war between Julius Caesar and the forces of the Roman Senate, led by Pompey the Great. Early in the epic Julius Caesar repudiates Roma herself, Caesar does not share the ideas of the goddess of Roma. His destructive progress through the poem inevitably ends with a mistress in Egypt. The poet identifies Roma and the res publica with the Roman matrona, a man who rejects either one is not truly Roman.
For De Balie she led the project Res Publica about the meaning of the Constitution of the Netherlands for the modern society. She also joined the programme committee of the Labour Party for the 1998 election. She also published the book Land in zicht: een cultuurpolitieke benadering van de Ruimtelijke Ordening ("Land ho, cultural-political essays about spatial planning") with Maarten Hajer. She was asked to be a candidate for the Labour Party in the 1998 election.
He had them executed without trial with the backing of a final decree of the Senate – a decree the senate issued at times of emergency.Senatus consultum ultimum in modern terminology, senatus consultum de res publica defendenda, (decree of the Senate about defending the Republic) in the terminology used by the Romans.Tatum, J. W., The final Crisis (69–44), p.195-6 This was done because it was feared that the arrested men might be freed by other plotters.
The last ordinary dictator was appointed in 202 BC. After 202 BC, extreme emergencies were addressed through the passage of the senatus consultum ultimum ("ultimate decree of the senate") which suspended civil government, and declared something analogous to martial law.Abbott, p. 240 It declared "videant consules ne res publica detrimenti capiat" ("let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm") which, in effect, vested the consuls with dictatorial powers. There were several reasons for this change.
The coalition broke in 2005 as a result of opposition to the policies of Res Publica's minister of justice Vaher. At the time of its merging with Pro Patria, it was led by Taavi Veskimägi, a former Minister of Finance. The previous chairman Juhan Parts was also Prime Minister from 10 April 2003 until 23 March 2005. Until the 2007 parliamentary elections, Res Publica was the largest party in the Riigikogu, with 28 of 101 seats.
Idleness (desidia) had derogatory implications and unqualified otium was a problem for Cicero's elite group of followers. Its break away from civic affairs contrasted with negotia publica, participation in civic affairs of the republican aristocracy.Cicero, off. 3.1; Brut. 7–9 To distinguish between plain "idleness" and aristocratic otium homestum, otium liberale or otium cum dignitate, writers of the day said that literary and philosophical pursuits were worthwhile activities and that they had benefit to res publica (the general public).
From 1996 to 1997, Reinsalu worked as a specialist in public law in the Ministry of Justice and as an advisor to then Estonian President from 1996 to 1998. In 1998, Reinsalu was appointed Director of the Office of the President of Estonia when Lennart Meri was in office. From 2001 to 2002, he worked as the political secretary of the Res Publica Party. From 2002 to 2003, Reinsalu was a lecturer in the Estonian Academy of Security Sciences.
Before the 2016 presidential election, 14 public figures, including Jüri Käo, Mihhail Lotman and Peeter Volkonski, signed a letter in support of Jõks' candidacy. Following the letter, Jõks announced his intention in running for president. Two parties, Pro Patria and Res Publica Union and the Free Party, decided to support his nomination. In the first two rounds of the election, Jõks gained 25 and 21 votes in the Parliament, thus not advancing to the third round.
In traditional Roman religion, a hermaphroditic birth was a kind of prodigium, an occurrence that signalled a disturbance of the pax deorum, Rome's treaty with the gods.Veit Rosenberger, "Republican nobiles: Controlling the Res Publica," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 295. But Pliny observed that while hermaphrodites were once considered portents, in his day they had become objects of delight (deliciae) who were trafficked in an exclusive slave market.Plutarch, Moralia 520c; Dasen, "Multiple Births in Graeco-Roman Antiquity," p. 61.
A commonwealth is a traditional English term for a political community founded for the common good. Historically it has sometimes been synonymous with "republic". The noun "commonwealth", meaning "public welfare general good or advantage", dates from the 15th century. Originally a phrase (the common- wealth or the common wealth – echoed in the modern synonym "public wealth") it comes from the old meaning of "wealth", which is "well-being", and is itself a loose translation of the Latin res publica (republic).
1st Rzeczpospolita 2nd Rzeczpospolita 3rd Rzeczpospolita, shown within the European Union (member since 2004) Rzeczpospolita () is a traditional and official name of the Polish State. It is a compound of "thing, matter" and "common", a calque of Latin res publica (res "thing" + publica "public, common"), i.e. republic, in English also rendered as commonwealth. In Poland, the word Rzeczpospolita is used exclusively in relation to the Republic of Poland, while any other republic is referred to in Polish as a republika, e.g.
Islamic states also rarely employed primogeniture, instead relying on various forms of election to choose a monarch's successor. The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth had an elective monarchy, with a wide suffrage of some 500,000 nobles. The system, known as the Golden Liberty, had developed as a method for powerful landowners to control the crown. The proponents of this system looked to classical examples, and the writings of the Italian Renaissance, and called their elective monarchy a rzeczpospolita, based on res publica.
Thus, Enlightenment philosophers saw the Roman Republic as an ideal system because it included features like a systematic separation of powers. Romans still called their state "Res Publica" in the era of the early emperors because, on the surface, the organization of the state had been preserved by the first emperors without significant alteration. Several offices from the Republican era, held by individuals, were combined under the control of a single person. These changes became permanent, and gradually conferred sovereignty on the Emperor.
Other journals that have taken the same approach include Res Publica and Horizons. Scholar Chaohua Wang locates Xueren's origins in "the self-examination of intellectuals intimately involved in the ferment of the eighties": > The project of its editors [. . .] was to retrieve the history of modern > Chinese scholarship (xueshu shi), a tradition they felt was in danger of > being obscured or forgotten under the pressure of imported theories. In > doing so, they wanted to clarify their own intellectual identity and > responsibilities.
It would declare "videant consules ne res publica detrimenti capiat" ("let the consuls see to it that the state suffer no harm"). In effect, the consuls would be vested with dictatorial powers. After the establishment of the Principate, the old magistracies (consuls, praetors, censors, aediles, quaestors and tribunes) lost the majority of their actual powers, effectively being reduced to municipal officers in charge of various games and holidays. The vast majority of actual political and administrative work was transferred into the emperor.
In 1999, Sester joined Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. From 2002 to 2003, he was deputy chairman of the financial committee in Tallinn city council. From 2003 to 2007, as a member of Riigikogu he was deputy chairman of the economic affairs committee. In 2009 he worked in the economic affairs committee and then became chairman of the financial committee of parliament.Sester says ESM draft law ‘reasonable’, The Baltic Times, 8 August 2012 He serves as a board member of his party.
Cornova's principal contribution to historical scholarship is the new edition of Paul Stransky's "Res publica Boiemorum" and the translation of it into German, adding numerous supplementary notes. His further publications included a monograph about Bohuslav Hasištejnský z Lobkovic. His surviving works on Philosophy include handwritten lecture notes about the methodologies of History teaching at Prague University. Although Ignaz Cornova was influenced by Voltaire, but an earlier and more profound influence came from Herder, who impacted his approach to the role of the Slavic nations.
In 173 under Marcus Aurelius was created "Practntura Italiae et Alpinunum" which included Istria and Liburnia. Albona was elevated to "Res Publica" or State. In 7BC, Augustus divided Italy into 11 Regions; I Latuum et Campania, II Apulia et Calabria, III Lacania et Bruttium, IV Smnium, V Picenum, VI Umbria et Ager Gallicus, VII Etruria, Viii Aemilia, IX Liguria, X Venetia et Histria, XI Transpadena. Under Emperor Antoninus Pius they created the military Region "Praefecturae Italiae et Alpinum" which included Itria and all of the Liburia.
The English title of Plato's dialogue is derived from Cicero's De re publica, written some three centuries later. Cicero's dialogue imitates Plato's style and treats many of the same topics, and Cicero's main character Scipio Aemilianus expresses his esteem for Plato and Socrates. Res publica is not an exact translation of Plato's Greek title politeia. Rather, politeia is a general term for the actual and potential forms of government for a Polis or city-state, and Plato attempts to survey all possible forms of the state.
Res publica is a Latin phrase, loosely meaning 'public affair'. It is the root of the word 'republic', and the word 'commonwealth' has traditionally been used as a synonym for it; however translations vary widely according to the context. Res is a nominative singular Latin noun for a substantive or concrete thing—as opposed to spes, which means something unreal or ethereal—and publica is an attributive adjective meaning 'of or pertaining to the public, people'. Hence a literal translation is, 'the public thing, affair'.
The same committee was retained to select a motto for the coins, and to oversee design. The design of the obverse, on the initial 1785 and 1786 coins, featured a sun rising above the Green Mountains and a plow in the foreground encircled by the inscription VERMONTS. RES. PUBLICA., which can be translated as the republic, or commonwealth, of Vermont. The design of the reverse of the coin is an almost wholesale appropriation of an earlier 1783 American coin called the Nova Constellatio (new constellation) design.
The third century BC may have also seen the resurgence of conflicts between the patrician and the plebeian classes. When the Roman Republic (res publica) was founded in 509 BC, it attempted to readjust the balance of power in favour of the people. However, the patrician class, made up of elite families, quickly began to dominate the political scene at the expense of the majority, the plebeians. The conflicts between the patricians and plebeians came to be known as the Conflict of the Orders.
In Ancient Greece, several philosophers and historians analysed and described elements we now recognize as classical republicanism. Traditionally, the Greek concept of "politeia" was rendered into Latin as res publica. Consequently, political theory until relatively recently often used republic in the general sense of "regime". There is no single written expression or definition from this era that exactly corresponds with a modern understanding of the term "republic" but most of the essential features of the modern definition are present in the works of Plato, Aristotle, and Polybius.
In Tallinn the candidates of the People's Union ran in the list of the Social Democratic Party which has fueled speculations about the possible merger of the two parties. Chairmen of both parties have declared those speculations groundless. Following the People’s Party’s poor performance in the March 2007 parliamentary elections, it was not reappointed to the coalition government, which continued to be led by the Reform Party. The Center Party and the People’s Party were replaced by the Social Democrats and Pro Patria/Res Publica.
The most commonly chosen province for the proconsulship was Cisalpine Gaul. It would not be uncommon for the patrician consulars of the early republic to intersperse public office with agricultural labour.Jehne, M. (2011) ‘The rise of the consular as a social type in the third and second centuries BC’ in Beck et al. (eds.) Consuls and Res Publica (Cambridge) 212 In Cicero’s words: in agris erant tum senatores, id est senes:Cic. Sen. 56 ‘In those days senators—that is, seniors—would live on their farms’.
The political system of Italy Article 1 of the Italian Constitution states: Italy is a democratic Republic, founded on labour. Sovereignty belongs to the people and is exercised by the people in the forms and within the limits of the Constitution. By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the article solemnly declares the results of the constitutional referendum which took place on 2 June 1946. The State is not a hereditary property of the ruling monarch, but it is instead a Res Publica, belonging to everyone.
In ancient Rome, res divinae, singular res divina (Latin for "divine matters," that is, the service of the gods), were the laws that pertained to the religious duties of the state and its officials. Roman law was divided into the res divina and res publica, the divine and public or political spheres, the latter phrase being the origin of the English word "republic." Res divina also means, as a technical term, ritual sacrifice. In the Roman system of belief, religio was the acknowledgement of superiors through honores (honours).
Bruno Blumenfeld The Political Paul: Democracy and Kingship in Paul's Thought, Sheffield Academic Press, 2001 pp. 45–83Michael Davis,The Politics of Philosophy: A Commentary on Aristotle's Politics, Rowman & Littlefield 1996 pp. 15–32 The concept was used by Roman writers, such as Cicero, where it referred to the ancient notion of a republic (res publica). It re-entered into Western political discourse following one of the late medieval translations of Aristotle's Politics into Latin by Leonardo Bruni who as a first translated koinōnía politikḗ into societas civilis.
This act removed the sovereignty and independence from the signatory local communities, replacing them with the jurisdiction of a common government. This government was then called the res publica, "public affair" or in the Greek world the koinon, "common affair." The term municipium began to be used with reference to the city-states of Italy brought into the city-state of Rome but not incorporated into the city. The city of Romulus synoecized the nearby settlements of Latium, transferring their populations to the seven hills, where they resided in typically distinct neighborhoods.
On 24 March Prime Minister Juhan Parts announced his resignation following a vote of no confidence in the Riigikogu against Minister of Justice Ken-Marti Vaher, which was held on 21 March. The result was 54 pro (Social Democrats, Social Liberals, People's Union, Pro Patria Union and Reform Party) with no against or neutral MPs. 32 MPs (Res Publica and Centre Party) did not take part. On 4 April 2005, President Rüütel nominated Reform party leader Andrus Ansip as Prime Minister designate and asked him to form a new government, the eighth in twelve years.
Cornelius Sisenna and the early first century B.C.', CQ 29/2 (1979), p. 327R. Morstein-Marx, 'Consular appeals to the army in 88 and 87', in H. Beck, A. Duplá, M. Jehne, and F. Pina Polo (eds), Consuls and res publica (2011), p. 271. Despite his wide readership, few direct judgements on Sisenna survive. Cicero states that Sisenna was a learned man dedicated to his studies (doctus vir et studiis optimis deditus), and claims that his history 'far surpassed all its predecessors' (facile omnis vincat superiores).Cic. Brut.
A view of Genoa and its fleet by Christoforo de Grassi (1597 copy, after a drawing of 1481); Galata Museo del Mare, Genoa.It was officially known as Repubblica di Genova (Latin: Res Publica Ianuensis, Ligurian: Repúbrica de Zêna) and was nicknamed by Petrarch as La Superba, in reference to its glory and impressive landmarks. For over eight centuries the republic was also known as la Dominante (English: The Dominant one), la Dominante dei mari (English: the Dominant of the Seas), and la Repubblica dei magnifici (English: the Republic of the Magnificents).
Opponents also argued that Estonia should not go straight from one union, the Soviet Union, into the EU. The Yes campaign had strong media, political and financial backing with the Estonian Centre Party being the only leading party against entry into the EU. Posters for the Yes campaign predominated, with one poster handed out by the Res Publica Party calling for Estonians to vote Yes 'for access to millions of sexier men'. As the vote neared, polls showed increasing support for the Yes camp with one poll showing 70% support for EU entry.
Prior to the 2006 presidential election, the Conservative People's Party of Estonia (EKRE) and Estonian Centre Party leaders mandated a ban on their party members from voting in the presidential election.Peeter Kuimet "Rahvaliit ja Keskerakond hääletamisel ei osale" PM, 28.08.2006 Opinions on the decision were controversial: EKRE's chairman said that the decision was made on possible attempts to acquire money, while Tõnis Lukas, the co-chairman of Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, expressed his opinion that the EKRE would undermine the free will of the MEPs.Peeter Kuimet "Reiljan: rahvaliitlasi võidakse ära osta" PM, 28.08.
From 2007-2012 he was Member of the Supervisory Board of KredEx SA (Credit and Export Agency). Currently he is a member of the Supervisory Board at Gambling Tax Council and at the Environmental Investment Centre Kabrits is a member of the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (IRL) from 14 May 1999. He was a council member of the IRL and the IRL's Tallinn city center department chairman. In 2009 he was a candidate in municipal elections in Tallinn and he became a member of the Tallinn city council (2009-2011).
A graduate of Polish philology at the University of Warsaw, she completed doctoral studies at the School of Social Sciences at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences, where she wrote a doctorate under the direction of Maria Janion. In 2008-2009 she lectured in postgraduate gender studies at the Institute of Literary Research of the Polish Academy of Sciences. She has published in “Res Publica Nowa”, “Biuletyn OSKa”, “Czas Kultury”, “Gazeta Wyborcza”, and in several edited academic volumes on women and gender.
A similar sentiment was expressed by the Cambridge classicist Arthur Woollgar Verrall, who wrote that while the episode was meant to be a "show piece", it comes across as "a poor mixture of childish rhetoric and utter commonplace".Verrall (1913), p. 630. Between lines 5.709–10, there is a large lacuna, meaning that at least some of the work is missing, and then the last few lines of the book concern stars and other stellar phenomena. The book ends with a simile about the "res publica of stars".
The term originates from the Latin translation of Greek word politeia. Cicero, among other Latin writers, translated politeia as res publica and it was in turn translated by Renaissance scholars as "republic" (or similar terms in various western European languages). The term politeia can be translated as form of government, polity, or regime and is therefore not always a word for a specific type of regime as the modern word republic is. One of Plato's major works on political science was titled Politeia and in English it is thus known as The Republic.
Pescorocchiano (Sabino: ) is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region Latium, located about northeast of Rome and about southeast of Rieti. Pescorocchiano borders the following municipalities: Borgorose, Carsoli, Collalto Sabino, Fiamignano, Marcetelli, Petrella Salto, Sante Marie, Tornimparte, Varco Sabino. It is located not far from the Lago del Salto and is a typical agricultural municipality, renowned for the production of chestnut. The frazione (separated hamlet) of Civitella di Nesce, was most likely the seat of the Res publica Aequiculorum, an ancient Roman municipium in the former territory of the Aequi.
During the Parliamentary elections of 2011, Kross ran for the seat in Parliament in the list of Estonian Greens candidates as number one in Pärnumaa, and number two in all-state list of the party. He received 3579 votes – the biggest number of votes in the entire list of Estonian Greens candidates - 8,8% of all votes in his electoral district, but did not make it to the Parliament. On 5 December 2011 Kross joined the liberal conservative Pro Patria and Res Publica Union (IRL). In January 2012 the IRL Congress elected Kross to the Executive Board of the party.
A republic is a form of government in which the country is considered a "public matter" (Latin: res publica), not the private concern or property of the rulers, and where offices of states are subsequently directly or indirectly elected or appointed rather than inherited. The people, or some significant portion of them, have supreme control over the government and where offices of state are elected or chosen by elected people.Montesquieu, The Spirit of the Laws (1748), Bk. II, ch. 1. A common simplified definition of a republic is a government where the head of state is not a monarch.
In 2007 Bujak published Around The World in 100 Years, which was a celebration of the centenary of Montessori and its worldwide appeal. Prior to 2018, Bujak wrote, and contributed to, several articles published in The Daily Telegraph, The Independent, The Guardian, Evening Standard, and other publications. He is also a commentator on Anglo-Polish relations and history of the Polish people in the UK. He was a regular contributor to Res Publica and Visegrad Insight – two academic journals published from Warsaw. In 2019, Philip Bujak won the best newcomer prize in the journalistic section of the Koestler Awards 2019.
The Camunni are mentioned by classical historiographical sources from the 1st century BC, corresponding to the Iron Age in Val Camonica (from the 12th century BC until about Romanization). In ancient Greek, Strabo referred to them as (Kamounoi), while Cassius Dio called them (Kamounnioi). Conquered by Rome at the beginning of the 1st century AD, the Camunni were gradually incorporated into the political and social structures of the Roman Empire as a self-governing polity called the Res Publica Camunnorum. They were granted Roman citizenship from the second half of the 1st century, with a rapid process of Latinization.
Roscoe, "Priests of the Goddess," p. 204. In traditional Roman religion, a hermaphroditic birth was a kind of prodigium, an occurrence that signalled a disturbance of the pax deorum, Rome's treaty with the gods, as Diodorus indicated.Veit Rosenberger, "Republican nobiles: Controlling the Res Publica," in A Companion to Roman Religion (Blackwell, 2007), p. 295. Livy records an incident during the Second Punic War when the discovery of a four-year-old hermaphrodite prompted an elaborate series of expiations: on the advice of the haruspices, the child was enclosed in a chest, carried out to sea, and allowed to drown.
245 As in contemporary portraits of couples, Europa regina has her head turned to her right and also holds the orb with her right hand, which has been interpreted as facing and offering power to her imaginary husband, the emperor. More general, Europe is shown as the res publica christiana, the united Christendom in medieval tradition, and great or even dominant power in the world. A third allegory is the attribution of Europe as the paradise by special placement of the water bodies. As contemporary iconography depicted the paradise as a closed form, Europa regina is enclosed by seas and rivers.
The Frankish realm underwent many partitions and repartitions, since the Franks divided their property among surviving sons, and lacking a broad sense of a res publica, they conceived of the realm as a large extent of private property. This practice explains in part the difficulty of describing precisely the dates and physical boundaries of any of the Frankish kingdoms and who ruled the various sections. The contraction of literacy while the Franks ruled compounds the problem: they produced few written records. In essence, however, two dynasties of leaders succeeded each other; first the Merovingians and then the Carolingians.
After the merger of the parties on 4 June 2006 he became one of the two co-Chairmen of the new Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica. At the party congress on 26 May 2007 Mart Laar was elected a new Chairman of the Union and Tõnis Lukas became one of the three Vice-Chairmen elected to assist Mart Laar. From 5 April 2007 to 6 April 2011, he again served as the Minister of Education and Research. He returned to the government in April 2019, becoming the Minister of Culture in Jüri Ratas' second cabinet.
In the classical period itself the term republicanism did not exist, but the term res publica, which translates literally as "the public thing" or "the public affair," was in usage. There were a number of theorists who wrote on political philosophy during this period such as Aristotle, Polybius, and Cicero,scholar James Hankins would oblige us to include Sallust, Livy, and Virgil, and adds "above all" for Cicero. see "The 'Baron Thesis' after Forty Years and some Recent Studies of Leonardo Bruni," Journal of the History of Ideas 56, no. 2 (April 1995), 309–332, at 330.
Torres, p. 78: “de uno, de permanente, de estável. Representava a ordem jurídica, a unidade de todos os brasileiros, além das variações de região, classes, partido, raça, representava a Nação em sua totalidade” The monarch was in reality a type of "minister of a republic", in the philosophical sense of that last word, from res publica, and not a sovereign by divine right.Torres, p. 81 His function as a representative of the nation, of its legitimacy, derived not from being elected, but acclaimed, as had traditionally happened for centuries after the death of the previous monarch in homage to his successor.
There are some credible theories. The use of koinon, Latin res publica, to refer to the Ionians under Aristagoras suggests that the former Ionian League, also termed a koinon, had been restored again with Aristagoras as chief officer:. In a second theory, pointing out that Histiaeus was arrested by the Chians as a Persian agent, and asserting "Histiaeus at Susa was not a pampered political prisoner," Georges attributes the influence of Miletus to Darius himself, in support of Histiaeus: . One can only assume a leadership role of some kind of Aristagoras over the other tyrants, whether personal or according to some unspecified convention.
Adrian construed it to mean that Charlemagne should take an elastic concept of the "res publica Romana" to the extent of giving up not only the conquests of Aistulf in the exarchate and in the Pentapolis, but also earlier conquests of the Lombards in Central Italy, Spoleto and Benevento. But Charles would not listen to any such interpretation of the document. As both parties were anxious to come to an understanding, an agreement was reached in 781. Charlemagne acknowledged the sovereignty of Adrian in the Duchy of Rome and in the States of the Church founded by Pepin's donations of 754-756.
By stating that Italy is a democratic republic, the article solemnly declares the results of the constitutional referendum which took place on 2 June 1946. The State is not a hereditary property of the ruling monarch, but it is instead a Res Publica, belonging to everyone. The people who are called to temporarily administer the republic are not owners, but servants; and the governed are not subjects, but citizens. And the sovereignty, that is the power to make choices that involve the entire community, belongs to the people, in accordance with the concept of a democracy, from the Greek demos (people) and kratìa (power).
Laar's political career began when he became a member of the conservative Pro Patria Union party (which later merged with the more technocratic Res Publica Party in 2006). He was elected prime minister by the Riigikogu on 21 October 1992. In barely two years, from 1992 to 1994, the radical reforming Estonian government of Mart Laar was the first in Europe to introduce the flat tax, privatized most national industry in transparent public tenders, abolished tariffs and subsidies, stabilized the economy and balanced the budget. Laar claims the only book on economics he had read before becoming prime minister at the age of 32 was Free to Choose by Milton Friedman.
XLIII-490 (Praecepta gerendae rei publicae; An seni sit gerenda res publica; De capienda ex inimicis utilitate; De se ipsum citra invidiam laudando; Maxime cum principibus philosopho esse disserendum; Ad principem ineruditum; De unius in republica dominatione, populari statu et paucorum imperio; De exilio) • Plutarco, Vite di Lisandro e Silla, Fondazione Lorenzo Valla, 1997 (in collaboration with Maria Gabriella Angeli Bertinelli, Mario Manfredini, Luigi Piccirilli) • For the Mondadori Oscar he published the following texts: • Consigli politici, 1994, pp. V-XL, 1-148 • La serenità interiore, 1995, pp. 1–95 • L'arte di ascoltare, 1995, pp. 1–90 • Come educare i figli, 1996, pp. 1–127.
Additional organizations have become increasingly popular in recent years, particularly the Roman Republic: Res Publica Romana organization. Gaius Glenn Atkins, Modern Religious Movements (2016) As usually grouped in Italian literature, the Italian movements may not correspond precisely with the English-literature notion of reconstructionism, but to a more encompassing notion of "Roman Pagan tradition[alism]".Del Ponte, «Le correnti della tradizione pagana romana in Italia», Algiza, 7 (aprile 1997), pp. 4-8. web version Loosely influenced by Julius Evola and Arturo Reghini's Ur Group of the 1920s, various other groups have appeared in Italy, most notably the Movimento Tradizionale Romano and Curia Romana Patrum in the 1980s, which unified some calendars.
Taavi Rõivas, former prime minister of Estonia Following the resignation of Andrus Ansip, a new cabinet was installed on 24 March 2014, with Taavi Rõivas of the Reform Party serving as Prime Minister in coalition with the Social Democratic Party (SDE). In the 2014 European elections held on 25 May 2014, the Reform Party won 24.3% of the national vote, returning 2 MEPs. In the 2015 parliamentary election held on 1 March 2015, the Reform Party received 27.7% of the vote and 30 seats in the Riigikogu. It went on to form a coalition with Social Democratic Party and Pro Patria and Res Publica Union.
200px Dariusz Gawin (born February 2, 1964) is a Polish historian and sociologist, deputy director of the Warsaw Uprising Museum (Muzeum Powstania Warszawskiego) dedicated to the memory of the Warsaw Uprising of 1944, and located in the Wola district of Warsaw, Poland. Gawin serves as an Adiunkt at the Institute of Philosophy and Sociology of the Polish Academy of Sciences. He is a contributor to leading Polish magazines such as Przegląd Polityczny, Res Publica Nowa, Tygodnik Powszechny and Rzeczpospolita, as well as historical and scientific journals such as Teologia Polityczna and Krytyka Polityczna. He was the host of a TV programme Trzeci punkt widzenia at TVP Kultura.
Opinion polls showed the Centre Party led by the mayor of Tallinn, Edgar Savisaar, with a small lead in the run up to the election. They were expected to gain support from among those who had not benefited from the rapid economic reforms that had taken place over the last decade. However their populism and their lack of a clear policy on whether Estonia should join the European Union meant they were likely to struggle to form a coalition after the election. The leading critics of the Centre Party were from the new conservative Res Publica Party, which had only been formed in 2002.
He was replaced by Tõnis Palts of Res Publica. In January 2002, the Centre Party and the Estonian Reform Party formed a new governmental coalition where Centre Party got 8 ministerial seats (Minister of Defense, Education, Social Affairs, Finances, Economy & Communications, Interior, Agriculture and Minister of integration and national minorities). The coalition stayed until the new elections in 2003, in which the party won 28 seats. Though the Centre Party won the greatest percent of votes, it was in opposition until March, 2005 when Juhan Parts' government collapsed. In 2003, the majority of the party's assembly did not support Estonia's joining the European Union (EU).
Ancient Merovingian basilica in Metz, capital of the Austrasia kingdom The Merovingian king redistributed conquered wealth among his followers, both material wealth and the land including its indentured peasantry, though these powers were not absolute. As Rouche points out, "When he died his property was divided equally among his heirs as though it were private property: the kingdom was a form of patrimony." Some scholars have attributed this to the Merovingians' lacking a sense of res publica, but other historians have criticized this view as an oversimplification. The kings appointed magnates to be comites (counts), charging them with defense, administration, and the judgment of disputes.
Daruvar town center Daruvarske Toplice Park Archaeological findings here, (stone axes), could be traced back to the Stone Age. The history of Daruvar could be traced to the 4th century BC, when the first organized habitation emerged near the warm geothermal spas in today's Daruvar valley. Celtic - Pannonian tribes living here and familiar with water treatments benefiting health, were Iassi, (meaning healers), so called by both Greek and Roman writers. As allies of the Roman Empire, the tribes provided support to Emperor Augustus during the siege of Siscia, (today's Sisak), and in year 35, Iassi were granted local autonomy known as Res Publica Iasorum.
Taavi Veskimägi is the Chairman of the Board of the Estonian electricity and gas transmission system operator Elering since the company’s set-up as an independent TSO in 2009. Under his leadership Elering acquired a gas transmission network, becoming a joint electricity and gas system operator in early 2016. Previously, Taavi Veskimägi worked as an official at the Ministry of Finance, where he served as the head of the public administration department and as a ministerial advisor. In 2001, Taavi Veskimägi joined the Estonian political party, Res Publica. At first it was a socio-political organisation, becoming a political party only on 8 December 2001.
Reverence for Roman republicanism was strong among the Founding Fathers of the United States and the Latin American revolutionaries; the Americans described their new government as a republic (from res publica) and gave it a Senate and a President (another Latin term), rather than make use of available English terms like commonwealth or parliament. Similarly in Revolutionary and Napoleonic France, republicanism and Roman martial virtues were upheld by the state, as can be seen in the architecture of the Panthéon, the Arc de Triomphe, and the paintings of Jacques-Louis David. During the revolution, France itself followed the transition from kingdom to republic to dictatorship to Empire (complete with Imperial Eagles) that Rome had undergone centuries earlier.
This work had a huge impact on the Polish political doctrine of the 14th and 15th centuries as luminaries such as Stanisław of Skarbimierz created as well as on later works of Wawrzyniec Grzymała Goślicki. These ideas led to the Nobles' Democracy in Poland for it is in his works that for the first time the terms res publica (see Commonwealth and Rzeczpospolita) were used in the context of Poland. Some suggest that the book was written at the request of Prince Casimir II; others suggest that it was made at the request of Prince Leszek while Kadłubek was a bishop; still others claim that it was not written until after his retirement.
Epigraphic inscriptions reveal BALSA as a Latin Right Municipality (ius Latii Municipium) during the 2nd century CE, most probably promoted by Domitian (81-96 CE). A Roman Cippus found in Balsa with an inscription honoring an Annius Primitivus for having financed a naval and athlete fight. Now at display at Faro's Museum. All main aspects of provincial Romanisation are documented locally: A res publica with a ordo decurionica IRCP 75, local prominence of the gens Manlia , magistrates (duunvir belonging to the QUIRINA tribe '), sexvir ', public slaves (balsensium dispensator, '), evergetism (spectacle of and ', collective construction of a circus and other unidentified monuments '), imperial cult IRCP 90 and a large proportion of Greek and North African names.
At first they were assigned the status of peregrinus, and then they obtained Roman citizenship; in the Flavian Age they were assigned to the Quirina tribe, while they maintained a certain self-government; in fact, a Res Publica Camunnorum has been recorded. Romanization proceeded from Civitas Camunnorum (Cividate Camuno), a city founded by the Romans around 23 BC, during the principate of Tiberius. Beginning in the 1st century, the Camunni were included in stable Roman political and social structures, as evidenced by the numerous legionaries, artisans, and even gladiators of Camunian origins in several areas of the Roman Empire. Camunian religion went through the process of interpretatio Romana, forming a syncretic combination with Roman religion.
Jochen Gerz (born 4 April 1940 in Berlin, Germany) is a German conceptual artist who has spent most of his life in France (1966 to 2007). His work involves the relationship between art and life, history and memory, and deals with concepts such as culture, society, public space, participation and public authorship. After beginning his career in the literary field, Gerz has in the meantime explored various artistic disciplines and diverse media. Whether he works with text, photography, video, artist books, installation, performance, or on public authorship pieces and processes, at the heart of Gerz's practice is the search for an art form that can contribute to the res publica and to democracy.
In a joint effort, the Financial Times, Google, Res Publica and Visegrád Group recognized StopFake and its founder in their 2016 New Europe 100 list, commending "central and eastern Europe’s brightest and best people—plus the organisations who are changing the region’s societies, politics or business environments and displaying innovation, entrepreneurialism and fresh approaches to prevailing problems". StopFake won the "Best Project in Russian Award" in Deutsche Welle's 2014 BOBs awards. Mashable described the organization as a "Snopes for Ukraine". The New York Times states that StopFake "is highly respected in journalistic circles here in Kyiv, the Ukrainian capital, for its specialty of debunking fake news", and it "reported some of the biggest nonstories of the war" in Ukraine.
The highlight of his career as Minister was the transfer of the Ministry of Education from Tallinn to Tartu, justified as decentralisation of power and fostering regional development, while the critics see in it a result of successful lobby by University of Tartu. When the government fell on 28 January 2002 Tõnis Lukas returned to Riigikogu and was re-elected to the parliament in 2003, serving currently as a member of the Parliamentary Committee for Cultural Affairs. After the resignation of Tunne Kelam he was elected the Chairman of Pro Patria Union on 16 April 2005. In November 2005 he unveiled plans of merger between Pro Patria Union and Union for the Republic - Res Publica.
To preserve public order and out of security concerns, the police helped the group to leave the area, along with their Estonian flag, and let the veterans' meeting with the Soviet symbols continue. On the next day, Estonian nationalist Jüri Liim said he would blow up the monument unless the authorities removed it promptly. In the same month, the tensions rose again and the police kept a 24-hour patrol in place, cordoning off the area until early September 2006. Estonian journalist Paavo Kangur in an opinion piece suggested that the confrontations were intentionally provoked to increase the support of Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica and "Estonian Nazi sympathizers" having been manipulated by Russian FSB service.
He is a member of the New York Bar Association and the Council on Foreign Relations. He is a founding board member of Timap for Justice Sierra Leone and Res Publica. He is an affiliate expert with the United Nations Commission on Legal Empowerment, a member of the editorial board of the Harvard Journal of Health and Human Rights, a member of the advisory council of the International Development Law Organization Community Land Titling Project, and a member of the board of the Ebou Fund. Vivek serves on the international advisory council of the Commonwealth Human Rights Initiative, the boards of IDinsight, the Constitutional Accountability Center and the International Senior Lawyers Project.
Six seats were up for taking in this election: two of them were won by the Estonian Centre Party. Estonian Reform Party, Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica, Social Democratic Party and an independent candidate Indrek Tarand all won one seat each. The election result was remarkable in that the independent candidate Indrek Tarand gathered the support of 102,460 voters, only 1,046 votes less than the winner of the election, Estonian Centre Party, surpassing the results of all other major and minor parties. Another independent candidate, eurosceptical Martin Helme, surprised also in gaining 9,832 votes and thus surpassing one parliament party - People's Union of Estonia - and gaining only 1,019 less than the next best on the list, Estonian Greens.
In 1968 Gerz pasted a small sticker with the words “Caution Art Corrupts” on Michelangelo's “David” in Florence (Attenzione l’Arte Corrompe). He thus “laid the cornerstone for creative activities which consciously attempt to stand apart from categories, and which dare to formulate interventions that respect no strict separation of genres. Caution Art Corrupts is a work that addresses art while also extending beyond it: a single sentence, a single gesture, which makes it clear that the conditions for art after 1968 can no longer be retrieved from art alone.”Marion Hohlfeldt: “Caution Art Corrupts: Reflections on the Meaning of Public Spaces in the Work of Jochen Gerz”, in: Jochen Gerz – Res Publica: Public Works 1968–99, Ostfildern 2000, p. 9.
He was appointed a member of the supervisory board of the Polish Information Agency and chairman of the "Open Res Publica" Association Against Anti-Seminitsm and Xenophobia. In 2009, he was awarded (together with Maciej Janowski and Magdalena Micińska) the Jerzy Giedroyc Prize for their collaborative work entitled Dzieje inteligencji polskiej do roku 1918 ("The History of the Polish Intelligentsia until 1918"). In 2011, President Bronisław Komorowski awarded him with the Commander's Cross of the Order of Polonia Restituta. In 2015, he received the Prize of the Foundation for Polish Science in the humanities and social sciences category for his "fundamental studies on the phenomenon of the intelligentsia as a social stratum and its role in modernization processes in Central and Eastern Europe".
Animal Rights Without Liberation is based upon Cochrane's doctoral thesis, completed at the London School of Economics (LSE) under the supervision of Cécile Fabre, with Paul Kelly acting as an advisor. The thesis was examined by Anne Phillips and Albert Weale, the former of whom suggested the title which was used for the book. The arguments in the book differ from the arguments in the thesis, however, and in preparing the manuscript for publication, Cochrane drew upon the advice of a number of academics, especially Robert Garner. In addition to presenting ideas used in the book at meetings of the Political Theory Group at LSE, Cochrane published an article entitled "Animal interests and animal experiments: An interest- based approach" in the journal Res Publica in 2006.
Spilna Sprava (, ) is a political party registered on March 19, 2015. The name of the organization is translated into Latin as Res publica and indicates the republican nature of the ideology of the movement, as well as symbolizes the active civic solidarity of Ukrainians in all regions. This is indicated by the slogan of the Organization "State above the Party, Nation above the Class." Resistance movement, which came into existence in December 2010 during the 2010 Maidan protests (22 November – 2 December 2010) in Kyiv against the fiscal policies of the Government of Ukraine. Рух «Спільна справа» почав реєстрацію спостерігачів за референдумом про Митний союз (Spilna Sprava started to register election observers for Tariff Union referendum), Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty, 8 September 2013.
During the 2015 Estonian parliamentary elections, the Estonian Free Party received 49,883 votes, constituting 8.7 percent of the total, which garnered it 8 seats in the 101-member parliament. The Estonian Free Party's candidate for prime minister, Artur Talvik, who received the most votes of all the Estonian Free Party candidates, was not a member of the party himself. The Estonian Free Party participated in coalition talks together with the Estonian Reform Party, Social Democratic Party, and Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, but were left out of the coalition because their proposals to change the tax system were considered unacceptable. The Estonian Reform Party's unwillingness to reduce the state funding for political parties was cited as an issue by the Estonian Free Party.
Rüütel held a poor command of the English language and was often criticised for his passive role in foreign affairs.Mcnamara, Eoin Micheál "Estonia's Next President Must Give Top Priority to Foreign Affairs" He was mostly supported by the Russian-speaking population, older voters, the least educated and by those living in the country's rural zones. The end of his term was overshadowed by a scandalous story shown on the Estonian Television about Rüütel's teenage granddaughters running orgies in the presidential palace. Consequently, younger generations perceived their president as weak and incompetent and showed preference for Toomas Ilves, who was nominated as a candidate for the 2006 presidential election by the Reform Party, Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica, and his own Social Democratic party.
Previously MP Kalle Laanet was expelled on 21 March for his criticism of the party leadership. The leaving politicians included MEPs Siiri Oviir and Vilja Savisaar-Toomast, MPs Inara Luigas, Lembit Kaljuvee, Deniss Boroditš and Rainer Vakra, and also Ain Seppik, Toomas Varek. In the local elections of 20 October 2013, the Center Party and its leader Edgar Savisaar were successful, obtaining the absolute majority in the city of Tallinn with 53% of votes, winning 46 seats out of 79 (2 more than the 2009 results), considerably more than the second party, the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union, which received 19% of votes and 16 seats. The Estonian Centre Party obtained a good result in the 2015 election, obtaining 24.8% of votes and electing 27 MPs.
The party remained in opposition to the new government of Taavi Rõivas, which was supported by the Estonian Reform Party, the Social Democratic Party and the Pro Patria and Res Publica Union. In Autumn 2016 Savisaar stepped down as party leader and Jüri Ratas was elected in his place. In November 2016 the Social Democratic Party and the Pro Patria Union withdrew from the government coalition and entered a no-confidence motion against the government, together with the Estonian Centre Party. On 9 November 2016 the Riigikogu approved the motion with a 63-28 vote and Rõivas was forced to resign; in a following coalition talk, the Centre Party, SDE and IRL formed a new coalition led by Center Party's chairman Jüri Ratas.
While being recognised as a hill-fort area since the Bronze Age, the settlement acquired relevance during the Roman era, between the first and second century BCE. . The foundation of the original colony in Aquileia dates back to 181 BCE, with a strategic role as crossroads for Res Publica merchants and soldiers. The ancient name Quadruvium (then Quadrupio) is supposedly derived from the four main contrade (quadrivio), which converged thanks to the meeting of two prominent Roman roads: the first , the Via Postumia, linked Aquileia to Genoa, while the second, the Via Julia Augusta, led from Mestre all the way to Norico and they both merged in Udine. Codroipo was a pagus in the municipality of Aquileia until its fall to Attila in 452.
The first written sources that could refer to these areas of southern Pannonia offer information about the Pannonian (Illyrian)-Celtic tribe of the Iasi. Iasi were autochtonic people of Pannonia, but there is possibility of their distant Iranian origin, due to the similarity of their ethnic name with name of Sarmatian Iazyges. The first contact of the Iasi with the Romans is attributed to the period of the latter's penetration to Segestica in 159 or 156 BC. After the repression of the major rebellion headed by Bato (6-9 AD), the Romans founded a military camp in the Daruvar basin, at the site previously occupied by the Iasian oppidum. Through the process of Romanization, the tribal civitas acquired the status of Res Publica Iasorum.
He was also the head of the state religion. In addition to the authority of the King, there were three administrative assemblies: the Senate, which acted as an advisory body for the King; the Comitia Curiata, which could endorse and ratify laws suggested by the King; and the Comitia Calata, which was an assembly of the priestly college that could assemble the people to bear witness to certain acts, hear proclamations, and declare the feast and holiday schedule for the next month. Representation of a sitting of the Roman Senate: Cicero attacks Catilina, from a 19th-century fresco The class struggles of the Roman Republic resulted in an unusual mixture of democracy and oligarchy. The word republic comes from the Latin res publica, which literally translates to "public business".
The 2007 parliamentary elections have shown an improvement in the scores of the Reform Party, gaining 12 seats and reaching 31 MPs; the Centre Party held, while the unified right-conservative Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica lost 16. Socialdemocrats gained 4 seats, while the Greens entered the Parliaments with 7 seats, at the expense of the agrarian People's Union which lost 6. The new configuration of the Estonian Parliament shows a prevalence of centre-left parties. The Centre Party, led by the mayor of Tallinn Edgar Savisaar, has been increasingly excluded from collaboration, since his open collaboration with Putin's United Russia party, real estate scandals in Tallinn,Savisaar's and Kruuda's mutual gifts and the Bronze Soldier controversy, considered as a deliberate attempt of splitting the Estonian society by provoking the Russian minority.
This time the Reform Party formed a coalition with the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica (IRL) and the Social Democratic Party. His second term as Prime Minister began on 5 April 2007. In May 2009, the Social Democrats left the government, and as coalition talks with the People's Union of Estonia failed, it was decided to continue with a minority government of the Reform Party and IRL. Ansip at the UK Nordic Baltic Summit in London, 20 January 2011 In March 2011, the Reform Party won 33 seats in the Riigikogu, remaining the largest party even after the country's economic output had fallen by 14 percent in 2009 due to the global financial crisis and the collapse of a real estate price bubble fueled by cheap and easy credit from Nordic banks.
During the Roman Empire, southern Gaul was more heavily populated and because of this more episcopal sees were present there at first while in northern France they shrank greatly in size because of the barbarian invasions and became heavily fortified to resist the invaders. Discussion of the size of France in the Middle Ages is complicated by distinctions between lands personally held by the king (the "domaine royal") and lands held in homage by another lord. The notion of res publica inherited from the Roman province of Gaul was not fully maintained by the Frankish kingdom and the Carolingian Empire, and by the early years of the Direct Capetians, the French kingdom was more or less a fiction. The "domaine royal" of the Capetians was limited to the regions around Paris, Bourges and Sens.
Werner (2009), p. 244 The most conspicuous reference to the Holy Roman Empire is the Carolingian hoop crown. Another connection to Charles V is the gown, which resembles the contemporary dress code at the Habsburg court, and the face of the queen, which some say resembles Charles V's wife Isabella.Werner (2009), p. 245 As in contemporary portraits of couples, Europa regina has her head turned to her right and she also holds the orb with her right hand, which has been interpreted as facing and offering power to her imaginary husband, the emperor. More general, Europe is shown as the res publica christiana, the united Christendom in medieval tradition, and great or even dominant power in the world. Another allegory is the attribution of Europe as the paradise by special placement of the water bodies.
The focal points of his research are classical Athens and the late Roman Republic, whose time of crisis and decline he described in his study Res publica amissa as a "crisis without alternative", meaning that the actors had no idea of a political order other than the existing one. The consequence, he said, was that they destroyed it without intending to do so and without working towards the establishment of a new political order. Rather, there was a consensus that the obvious crisis phenomena should be interpreted as a deterioration of the existing order, which should be countered with the aim of restoring it. In this respect, Meier does not consider it appropriate to apply the concept of revolution in the sense of a theory of revolution to the late republic.
Krier has written a number of essays − many first published in the journal Architectural Design, against modernist town planning and its principle of dividing up the city into a system of single use zones (housing, shopping, industry, leisure, etc.), as well as the resultant suburbia, commuting, etc. Indeed, Krier sees the modernist planner as a tyrannical figure that imposes detrimental megastructural scale more dictated by ideology than necessity.Leon Krier; 'Houses, Palaces, Cities', Architectural Design, London, 54, 7/8, 1984. Krier summons up his criticisms and pinpoints concepts in the form of series of drawings and didactic annotated diagrams, often in his own handwriting, eventually collected in his book Drawings for Architecture, like the concept of Urban in his 1983 diagram of a truly urban town= RES PUBLICA+RES PRIVATE.
The first two speeches mark the outbreak of the enmity between Mark Antony and Cicero. It is possible that Cicero wanted to invoke the memory of his successful denunciation of the Catiline conspiracy; at any rate, he compares Mark Antony with his own worst political opponents, Catiline and Clodius, in a clever rhetorical manner. In the 3rd and 4th speeches, of 20 December 44, he tried to establish a military alliance with Octavian; the primary objective was the annihilation of Mark Antony and the restoration of the res publica libera – the free republic; to reach this goal, he favoured military means unambiguously. As the Senate decided to send a peace delegation, in the 5, 6th, 7th, 8th and 9th speeches, he argued against the idea of an embassy and tried to mobilise the Senate and the Roman People to war.
The precision of this distinction is not always maintained. The use of "commons" for natural resources has its roots in European intellectual history, where it referred to shared agricultural fields, grazing lands and forests that were, over a period of several hundred years, enclosed, claimed as private property for private use. In European political texts, the common wealth was the totality of the material riches of the world, such as the air, the water, the soil and the seed, all nature's bounty regarded as the inheritance of humanity as a whole, to be shared together. In this context, one may go back further, to the Roman legal category res communis, applied to things common to all to be used and enjoyed by everyone, as opposed to res publica, applied to public property managed by the government.
Some philosophers have endorsed suffering-focused views because they consider that these are the only views that can solve some problems in the field of population ethics, in particular the asymmetry. According to this asymmetry, there is no obligation to bring into existence an individual who we can expect to have a good life, but there is an obligation not to bring into existence an individual who we can expect to have a bad life.Elstein, Daniel J. (2005) "The Asymmetry of Creating and Not Creating Life", The Journal of Value Inquiry, 39, 49–59. doi:10.1007/s10790-006-7256-4.Algander, Per (2012). "A Defence of the Asymmetry in Population Ethics", Res Publica, 18 (2): 145–57. doi:10.1007/s11158-011-9164-0Bradley, Ben (2013) "Asymmetries in Benefiting, Harming and Creating", The Journal of Ethics, 17,37–49. doi:10.1007/s10892-012-9134-6.
His election broke the ten-year-rule fixed by the Lex Villia, which forbade iterations of a magistracy within ten years. Since Corculum's short-lived colleague in 162 Marcius Figulus was also elected consul in 156, both former consuls must have argued that they were not really concerned by the Lex Villia as their consulship had been cancelled.Astin, Scipio Aemilianus, p. 38.Martin Jehne, "The rise of the consular as a social type", in Consuls and Res Publica, p. 227 (note 75). Territory controlled by the Dalmatae (yellow) in the first half of the 2nd century BC. The Senate sent Marcellus against the Ligures, Corculum against the Dalmatae in Illyria.Livy, Periochae, 47. The First Dalmatian War had been triggered in 156 by an attack of the Dalmatae on the Illyrians, allied to Rome, and their treatment of an embassy of Gaius Fannius Strabo (consul in 161).
If Eusebius' oath- confirmed account of Constantine's vision and the role it played in his victory and conversion can be trusted, then a grand opportunity for the kind of political propaganda that the Arch was built to present was missed. Many historians have argued that in the early years after the battle, the Emperor had not yet decided to give clear public support to Christianity, whether from a lack of personal faith or because of fear of religious friction. The arch's inscription does say that the Emperor had saved the res publica INSTINCTV DIVINITATIS MENTIS MAGNITVDINE ("by greatness of mind and by instinct [or impulse] of divinity"). Continuing the iconography of his predecessors, Constantine's coinage at the time was inscribed with solar symbolism, interpreted as representing Sol Invictus (the Unconquered Sun), Helios, Apollo, or Mithras, but in 325 and thereafter the coinage ceases to be explicitly pagan, and Sol Invictus disappears.
The Gothic wars of the late 4th century saw a rapid series of major events: the entry of a large number of Goths in 376; the defeat of a major Roman army and killing of emperor Valens at the Battle of Adrianopolis in 378; and a subsequent major settlement treaty for the Goths which seems to have allowed them significant concessions compared to traditional treaties with barbarian peoples. While the eastern empire eventually recovered, the subsequent long- reigning western emperor Honorius (reigned 393-423) was unable to impose imperial authority over much of the empire for most of his reign. In contrast to the eastern empire, in the west the "attempts of its ruling class to use the Roman-barbarian kings to preserve the res publica failed". The Gothic wars were affected indirectly by the arrival of the nomadic Huns from Central Asia in the Ukrainian region.
See: Pardeep Sahni and Etakula Vayunandan, ibidem.– Both authors are professors at Indira Gandhi National Open University, Faculty of Public Administration in New Delhi. The recognition of the objective necessity of administrating ‘public things’ (in Latin: res publica) does not imply indifference to the question, ‘What sort of administration befits a democratic society?’ And therefore to such related questions as, ‘How can we, the people, make sure that administrative institutions serve us and respond to our needs, rather than vice versa?’ And furthermore, ‘How can we, the people, make sure that administrative institutions adapt to changing needs and arising challenges that society must deal with?’ - Diamant was convinced that if bureaucracies were unavoidable, at least they should not work against us or limit civil rights and the freedom of citizens unnecessarily; on the contrary, they should better our lot. And above all, they should be democratically controlled.
Suddenly, the monopoly of alum shifted to the Papacy, which controlled Tolfa; Pope Pius II placed its distribution solely in the hands of the Medici, with the explicit thought that the income from this monopoly should be devoted to the Christian res publica as the infidel Turk, elated by his victories, threatened to devour Christendom.Papal brief of 17 June 1472 commissioning Domenico Albergati to treat with the Flemish cloth towns, quoted in F. Saxl, "A Marsilio Ficino Manuscript Written in Bruges in 1475, and the Alum Monopoly of the Popes" Journal of the Warburg Institute 1.1 (July 1937), pp. 61-62. The possibility of alum profits financing a crusade against the Ottomans, pressed by Pius at the Council of Mantua (1459), was no longer an active possibility in 1472. Later, the monopoly in extraction of alum at Tolfa passed as a papal gift to Agostino Chigi.
Roman life, centered on the public events and cultural responsibilities of urban life in the res publica and the sometimes luxurious life of the self-sufficient rural villa system, took longer to collapse in the Gallo-Roman regions, where the Visigoths largely inherited the status quo in 418. Gallo-Roman language persisted in the northeast into the Silva Carbonaria that formed an effective cultural barrier with the Franks to the north and east, and in the northwest to the lower valley of the Loire, where Gallo-Roman culture interfaced with Frankish culture in a city like Tours and in the person of that Gallo-Roman bishop confronted with Merovingian royals, Gregory of Tours. Based on mutual intelligibility, David Dalby counts seven languages descended from Gallo-Romance: Gallo-Wallon, French, Franco- Provençal (Arpitan), Romansh, Ladin, Friulian, and Lombard.David Dalby, 1999/2000, The Linguasphere register of the world’s languages and speech communities.
As a result, the practice was altered and later dropped altogether after 202 BC. The senatus consultum ultimum, which replaced the dictatorship in the late 2nd century, does not have a specific name in the sources, where it is usually mentioned "by quoting what was obviously its opening advisory statements to the magistrate who had it passed". It is by that specific phrase the SCU can be traced through the years. Its short name in research literature derives from a section in Caesar's Commentarii de Bello Civili, where he writes: Since this is the shortest mention of the decree available, "the label [...] seems to have stuck". The actual wording of the decree was however longer, Gerhard Plaumann gives it as "de ea re ita censuere: uti [...] rem publicam defendant operamque dent (or videant) ne quid res publica detrimenti capiat", having distilled this from a number of sources writing about the decree.
The Estonian Reform Party is the strongest party in the area surrounding Tallinn, in north-western Estonia and across Tartu County in the east as illustrated by this map of the 2007 parliamentary election results The party is supported predominantly by young, well-educated, urban professionals. Unlike the Centre Party, which has disproportionate appeal among the Russian minority, and the Union of Pro Patria and Res Publica, which is overwhelmingly backed by ethnic Estonians, the Reform Party attracts votes from equally across populations.Berglund et al (2004), p 65 The Reform Party's vote base is heavily focused in the cities; although it receives only one-fifth of its support from Tallinn, it receives three times as many votes from other cities, despite them being home to fewer than 40% more voters overall. Its voter profile is significantly younger than average,Kulik and Pshizova (2005), p.
In 1975 he signed the Letter of the 59 protesting changes in Poland's constitution intended to subject Poland fully to the USSR.Andrzej Friszke, Otwarty sprzeciw, in: Znak 2011 nr 677. He then joined Zdzisław Najder in creating the Alliance for Polish Independence—Polish democratic opposition underground think tank. Since 1975 he collaborated with the Polish Section of Radio Free Europe.Andrzej Friszke, Opozycja polityczna w PRL 1945–1980, London 1994. In 1979, together with Marcin Król, he founded the independent journal Res Publica. Karpiński joined the Solidarity trade union in 1980. In 1981 he travelled to the United States on a Department of State Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs grant. When martial law was proclaimed in Poland on 13 December 1981, his name was on an official list of interned ‘extremist activists of Solidarity and other illegal organizations’ published by the government daily Trybuna Ludu (17 December 1981)—despite the fact that he was out of the country.
The liberal periodical Res Publica negotiated with the authorities its officially published release. In the 1987 Polish political and economic reforms referendum, 67% of the eligible voters participated and most of them approved the government-proposed reforms, but a popular mandate was formally missed because of the unrealistically stringent passage requirements self-imposed by the regime. The referendum debacle dealt a blow to the process of market-oriented economic reforms, which had been sought by Polish governments since the early 1980s. The ruling communist/military establishment slowly and gradually came to realize that a deal of some sort with the opposition would eventually be necessary and would have to include the leading Solidarity figures. Solidarity as such, a labor union representing workers' interests, was unable to reassert itself after the martial law and later in the 1980s was practically destroyed, but preserved in the national consciousness as a myth that facilitated social acceptance of systemic changes previously deemed unthinkable.
The word republic comes from the Latin term res publica, which literally means "public thing", "public matter", or "public affair" and was used to refer to the state as a whole. The term developed its modern meaning in reference to the constitution of the ancient Roman Republic, lasting from the overthrow of the kings in 509 BC to the establishment of the Empire in 27 BC. This constitution was characterized by a Senate composed of wealthy aristocrats and wielding significant influence; several popular assemblies of all free citizens, possessing the power to elect magistrates and pass laws; and a series of magistracies with varying types of civil and political authority. Most often a republic is a single sovereign state, but there are also sub-sovereign state entities that are referred to as republics, or that have governments that are described as "republican" in nature. For instance, Article IV of the United States Constitution "guarantee[s] to every State in this Union a Republican form of Government".
As the republican thinker and second president of the United States John Adams stated in the introduction to his famous Defense of the Constitution, the "science of politics is the science of social happiness" and a republic is the form of government arrived at when the science of politics is appropriately applied to the creation of a rationally designed government. Rather than being ideological, this approach focuses on applying a scientific methodology to the problems of governance through the rigorous study and application of past experience and experimentation in governance. This is the approach that may best be described to apply to republican thinkers such as Niccolò Machiavelli (as evident in his Discourses on Livy), John Adams, and James Madison. The word "republic" derives from the Latin noun-phrase res publica (thing of the people), which referred to the system of government that emerged in the 6th century BCE following the expulsion of the kings from Rome by Lucius Junius Brutus and Collatinus.
Pope Stephen had further ingratiated Pepin to his cause by bestowing the title "Patrician of the Romans" onto him and his son, which proved sufficient to elicit Frankish aide and opposition to Aistulf's claims of sovereignty over the Roman empire. Pepin then sent demands to Aistulf for him submit to the patrimony of St. Peter, which meant relinquishing his gains; the Lombard king refused Pepin's demands, thus beginning a Frankish military incursion into Italy. In the spring of 755, the newly anointed Pepin crossed the Alps at the head of his army, putting the Lombards to flight and forcing Aistulf's hand in returning papal lands and those belonging to the wider Roman res publica that he had occupied. While a treaty was signed between Aistulf and Pepin after the Franks laid siege to Pavia, which included the return of Roman lands and a lasting peace, Aistulf was not long in breaking the treaty once Pepin left Italy.
Damen, p. 22 During the repression by the Duke of Alba in 1567-68 the "secular" form was used by the Council of Troubles in about 1000 cases in the Netherlands as a whole. In the Digest the crime had been defined as: "any act with malicious intent by which the enemies of the Roman people may be assisted in their designs against the res publica" .Damen, p. 21 This had from the 12th century on been applied by learned jurists as a crime against the "majesty" of the sovereign lord, under the maxim rex in rego suo principes est (the king in his realm is the highest power). However, this application could not as easily be effected in the Dutch Republic after the States of Holland had drawn the mantle of sovereignty upon themselves in 1587, when they made the "Deduction" of François Vranck the law of the land. It was clear that the sovereign no longer was a single person (as the Count of Holland), but an assembly of legal entities (18 voting cities and the ridderschap or College of Nobles).
Tadeusz Dąbrowski, 2015 Tadeusz Dąbrowski (born 1979) is a Polish poet, essayist, and critic. He is also the editor of the literary bimonthly Topos and the art director of the European Poet of Freedom Festival. Dąbrowski has been published in many journals in Poland (among others: Tygodnik Powszechny, Zeszyty Literackie, Polityka, Rzeczpospolita, Dziennik, Twórczość, Odra, Chimera, Res Publica Nowa, Kresy) and abroad (The New Yorker, Paris Review, Boston Review, Agni, American Poetry Review, Ploughshares, Tin House, Harvard Review, Crazyhorse, Little Star, Little Star Weekly, Guernica, The Common, Tikkun, Poetry Daily, 3 Quarks Daily, Image, Body, Arc Poetry Magazine, Poetry Review, Modern Poetry in Translation, Poetry Ireland, Poetry London, The Reader, Shearsman, Poetry Wales, 3:AM, Seam, Other Poetry, iota, Salzburg Poetry Review, Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, Neue Zürcher Zeitung, Akzente, Sprache im technischen Zeitalter, EDIT, Ostragehege, manuskripte, Lichtungen, Karogs). He has been a recipient of stipends awarded by Literaturhaus Zürich (2016), Yaddo (USA, 2015), the Omi International Arts Center (USA, 2013), Vermont Studio Center (2011), Literatur Lana (Italy, 2011), Internationales Haus der Autoren Graz (2008), Polish Minister of Culture (2007, 2010), Literarisches Colloquium Berlin (2006, 2012), and the Baltic Centre for Writers and Translators (Visby, 2004, 2010).
Sign of the entering Zapatista autonomous territory The EZLN has placed a high priority on forging communication with the rest of Mexico and the world.Benjamin Ferron, La communication internationale du zapatisme (1994–2006), Rennes, Presses Universitaires de Rennes, Res Publica, 2015 In the first days of the uprising the EZLN issued a flurry of communiqués to Mexico's national press and soon after also to non-Mexican persons and entities, such as Rigoberta Menchú, and the president, congress and people of the United States. Within a few weeks Subcomandante Marcos, the EZLN's spokesperson, was granting interviews to journalists from both the national and international press, including reporters from The New York Times. In the years that followed, Marcos and the Zapatistas would issue hundreds of missives, hold encuentros (mass meetings), give numerous interviews, meet high-profile public and literary figures including Oliver Stone, Naomi Klein, Gael García Bernal, Danielle Mitterrand, Régis Debray, John Berger, Eduardo Galeano, Gabriel García Márquez, José Saramago and Manuel Vázquez Montalbán), participate in symposia and colloqiua, deliver speeches, host visits by thousands of national and international activists, and participate in two marches that toured much of the country.

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