The self-styled protector was in purdah and he resented it.
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Saudi Arabia's princes used to shrink from Britain's press like women in purdah.
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Peshawar lies in the highly conservative province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa where strict purdah is observed.
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Acronyms abound—VEIL, PURDAH, ALISS—as do chewy ideas that Stephenson manages to render accessible.
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He said she lived in the palace's zenana, the women's quarters, in strict purdah, or seclusion.
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This was hardly the first occasion when a party had locked its politicians in purdah to preserve their chastity from a predatory rival.
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On May 27, the so-called "purdah period" officially began, during which the UK government is prohibited from officially intervening in the EU debate.
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When men are in the building, newspaper is stuck on the windows to respect "purdah"—the religious practice of screening women from men or strangers.
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You would hardly ever see images of queens in India with jewelry as they believed in the purdah, or veiled system, that kept women secluded.
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When a general election approaches, officials enter a period known as purdah, during which they avoid announcements that risk influencing the outcome of the coming vote.
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Rajasthan is known as much for its beautiful palaces, camel-back desert safaris and colourful apparel as for its age-old customs like purdah, or veiling, of women.
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"Given that the government goes into Purdah next Thursday, any announcement would need to be made in the coming days," analysts at investment bank Jefferies said in a note.
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In his letter, the Labour leader asked for clarification around the rules of purdah, designed to prevent a government from making major policy decisions during a general-election campaign.
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They kept their dupattas pulled all the way down over their faces, following the medieval tradition of purdah, or veiling, but men in skullcaps lingered in the doorways anyway, gawking.
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"I am therefore writing to seek your urgent clarification on the proper application of 'Purdah' rules in such a scenario and the constitutional implications of failing to abide by those rules."
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The "Out" campaign, instead, stole the initiative with the beginning of "purdah" - a four week period when the government is banned from making announcements that could sway the vote, he said.
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And Walt Baranger, who circled the globe many times over as a news technology editor for The Times, returned from helping establish a bureau in Kabul in 2001 with a stray named Purdah.
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These included accepting a pre-vote period of official government "purdah", constraining what it could publish; allowing cabinet ministers to back Leave without resigning; and avoiding direct "blue-on-blue" attacks on fellow Tories.
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No. 15 jodhpur, India This novel, set in the late 1800s, follows Jaya, a princess who after spending most of her life in purdah must step into the role of Maharani when her husband dies.
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"After spending around four and half years in purdah, an incremental 400 million pounds of FCF (free cash flow) would allow Rolls-Royce to take a significant step toward meeting its financial targets," Jefferies analysts said.
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But the announcement on Tuesday of a general election in June could mean the response is not finalised before the government enters its pre-election "purdah" period, when it cannot announce significant legislative changes and initiatives.
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"I love to just put a line through the diary and go into purdah," he said of his appetite for seclusion while writing — a capacity he attributes to the experience of growing up an only child.
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More difficult will be improving operational performance, boosting market share in its U.S. consumer arm, explaining its aspirations for Mexico and generally articulating where Citi sees itself now that it has graduated from stress-test purdah.
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I had been returning to the city of my birth regularly for the past eight years, but my experiences were always screened by the purdah of wealth, protected by tinted windows and uniformed guards waving metal-detecting wands at every entrance.
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By his own admission — or at least one variation of it — he has "communicated" with Julian Assange, the WikiLeaks founder, who has spent the last five years in paranoia and purdah behind the walls of the Ecuadorian embassy in London.
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When word spread that he had agreed to send Prabhati and Shashi, the village elders convened emergency meetings to determine whether this violated "purdah," or separation between the sexes, and whether this would damage the marriage prospects of their own daughters.
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"She was often reprimanded by her own relatives in her village for having abandoned the purdah and for coming out on the streets and joining protest rallies," he said, referring to women being secluded from men and wearing veils in public.
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However, few expect London to act now, given its own 'purdah' rules which say a government should not make international appointments - including for the EU - during an election campaign and before a new government is in place following an election.
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EU officials refuse to discuss even basic practicalities for the talks with London before the vote - in part in retaliation for Britain's refusal to sign off on some EU budget amendments, citing a pre-election "purdah", or freeze on decision-making.
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Under the stewardship of Steve Baker, one of those behind the attempted coup against Mrs May, they forced Mr Cameron to retreat over the terms of the Brexit referendum, bullying him into enforcing purdah (when the government stops introducing new measures during election campaigns).
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The British government claimed that because it is currently in a purdah period thanks to the upcoming election, it could not approve the changes, which involved the "shuffling of the EU budget to priority areas, such as the migration crisis," according to the Guardian.
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"Mrs May still appears to be in cherry-picking mode," says John Kerr, a former British ambassador to the EU. The commission was irritated by Mrs May's refusal to accept a rejigging of the current EU budget, citing "purdah" rules that bar such decisions during election campaigns.
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British officials said the "reserve" imposed via a Tuesday night email on a package of measures due to have been approved by EU ambassadors on Wednesday morning was a simple procedural matter prompted by the "purdah" period before elections, during which ministers prefer not to take "sensitive" decisions.
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The current U.K. government also only recently published what appear to be the final versions of its operational cases setting out justification for the intrusive surveillance powers set out in the IP Act — likely putting these online ahead of civil service purdah after the Prime Minister called a surprise election for June 8.
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British officials said it was due to the election that its diplomats informed the EU on Tuesday that they could not approve a package of some 6 billion euros ($6.5 billion) in spending measures on Wednesday, out of respect for the pre-vote "purdah" when ministers hold off deciding on "sensitive issues".
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A woman's withdrawal into purdah usually restricts her personal, social and economic activities outside her home. The usual purdah garment worn is a burqa, which may or may not include a yashmak, a veil to conceal the face. The eyes may or may not be exposed. Purdah was rigorously observed under the Taliban in Afghanistan, where women had to observe complete purdah at all times when they were in public.
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Purdah is an independent documentary film directed by Jeremy Guy, starring Kaikasha Mirza, Saba Mirza, and Al Heena Mirza. The title, Purdah, refers to a veil or screen and can also refer to something that Muslim women wear to keep hidden. The documentary is filmed in a cinéma vérité style. Purdah premiered at the Cinequest Film Festival in March 2018.
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Only close male family members and other women were allowed to see them out of purdah. In other societies, purdah is often only practised during certain times of religious significance. Married Hindu women in parts of Northern India observe purdah, with some women wearing a ghoonghat in the presence of older male relations on their husbands' side; some Muslim women observe purdah through the wearing of a burqa. A dupatta is a veil used by both Muslim and Hindu women, often when entering a religious house of worship.
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By restricting women's mobility, purdah places severe limits on women's ability to participate in gainful employment and to attain economic independence. The ideology of purdah constricts women in the domestic sphere for reproductive role and places men in productive role as breadwinners who move through public space. However, due to economic needs and shifts in gender relations, some women are compelled to break purdah to gain income. Across countries, women from lower socioeconomic backgrounds tend to observe purdah less because they face greater financial pressures to work and gain income.
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Caubul (1848 lithograph, by James Rattray) showing the lifting of purdah in zenana areas – Oriental and India Office Collection, British Library Pardah or purdah (from , meaning "curtain") is a religious and social practice of female seclusion prevalent among some Muslim and Hindu communities. It takes two forms: physical segregation of the sexes and the requirement that women cover their bodies so as to cover their skin and conceal their form. A woman who practices purdah can be referred to as ' or '. The term purdah is sometimes applied to similar practices in other parts of the world.
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Muslim rule of northern India during the Mughal Empire influenced the practice of Hinduism, and the purdah spread to the Hindu upper classes of northern India. The spread of purdah outside of the Muslim community can be attributed to the tendency of affluent classes to mirror the societal practices of the nobility; poor women did not observe purdah. Lower class women in small villages often worked in fields, and therefore could not afford to abandon their work to be secluded. During the British colonialism period in India, purdah observance was widespread and strictly-adhered to among the Muslim minority.
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Globalization and Muslim women returning from diasporas has influenced Pakistani women's purdah practice in areas outside of religious significance. One major influence is the desire to be modern and keep up with the latest fashions, or refusal to do so as a source of autonomy and power. Simultaneously, due to modernization in many urban areas, purdah and face- veiling are seen as unsophisticated and backwards, creating a trend in less strict observance of purdah. For the Muslim South Asian diaspora living in secular non-Muslim communities such as Pakistani-Americans, attitudes about purdah have changed to be less strict.
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The purdah period typically begins six weeks before the scheduled election, in each authority on the day the notice of election is published; for the 2017 elections to Combined Authority Mayors, purdah began on 23 March. For the 8 June 2017 General Election, purdah began on 22 April, and for the 12 December 2019 General Election, purdah commenced on 6 November. Purdah has been imposed in ministerial guidance since at least the early 20th century reflecting an earlier "self-denying ordinance", and has considerable moral authority, its breach carrying with it in worst cases the possibility of actions for abuse of power and misconduct in public office. Otherwise its lack of statute or common law means different local authorities adopt different standards as to the extent to which they observe the convention, and executives are always mindful of the possibility of decisions being open to judicial review on the grounds of legitimate expectations, breach of natural justice, or procedural impropriety if purdah is breached.
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Drakeford was required to delay his decision due to the 2019 Newport West by-election purdah.
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Some scholars argue that purdah was originally designed to protect women from being harassed and seen as sexual objects. In contemporary times, some men and women still interpret the purdah as a way to protect women's safety while moving in public sphere. Observing purdah is also seen as a way to uphold women's honor and virtuous conduct. However, critics point out that this view engages victim-blaming and places the onus of preventing sexual assault on women rather than the perpetrators themselves.
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Soldiers from the Nizam's army guarding the Purdah gate of the King Kothi palace The main entrance to Nazri Bagh always had a curtain draped across it, so it has come to be known as the purdah gate. When Nizam went out of the palace, the purdah was lifted to indicate the king was not home. The gate was guarded by Maisaram Regiment, police and Sarf-e-Khas Army bearing lances.The King Kothi Palace The Nizam lived here until his death in 1967.
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For instance, Begum Rokeya and Faizunnesa Choudhurani played a significant role in emancipating Bengali Muslim women from purdah.
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Anant Sadashiv Altekar (1959) "The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization.", p.175 Purdah became common in the 15th and 16th century, as both Vidyāpati and Chaitanya mention it.Anant Sadashiv Altekar (1959) "The Position of Women in Hindu Civilization.", p.175 Sikhism was highly critical of purdah; Guru Amar Das condemned it and rejected seclusion and veiling of women, which saw decline of purdah among most classes during this period. A Hindu bride with full veiling during Hindu wedding ceremony in Jaipur, Rajasthan, India.
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Practices that restricted women's mobility and behavior existed in India since ancient times and intensified with the arrival of Islam. By the 19th century purdah became customary among Hindu elites. Purdah was not traditionally observed by lower-class women. Physical segregation within buildings is achieved with judicious use of walls, curtains, and screens.
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Muslim Rajputs often retain common social practices (such as purdah [seclusion of women], which is generally followed by Hindu and Muslim Rajputs).
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As of 1988, the practice of purdah (the traditional seclusion of women) varied widely according to social milieu, but even in relatively sophisticated urban circles the core of the institution, the segregation of the sexes, persisted. In traditional circles, full purdah required the complete seclusion of women from the onset of puberty. Within the home, women inhabited private quarters that only male relatives or servants could enter, and a woman properly avoided or treated with formal respect even her father-in-law or her husband's older brother. Outside the home, a woman in purdah wore a veil or an enveloping, concealing outer garment.
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In rural Pakistan, unmarried women and girls had trouble accessing healthcare facilities even in their own villages due to purdah; all types of women had difficulty accessing facilities outside of their villages because they had to be accompanied. Along the same vein, studies of women's contraceptive use in Bangladesh shows that women with decreased observance of purdah and increased mobility are more likely to use contraceptives.
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Kaur worked to reduce illiteracy, and eradicate the custom of child marriages and the purdah system for women, which were then prevalent among some Indian communities.
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Bobby Lepire rated Purdah a 7 out of 10 in a review for Film Threat. Lepire writes that the film's "narrative in the first half lacks weight and context," but praised that "the film picks up later on, and the ending is uplifting and empowering, which makes the film worth watching." Purdah currently holds a 100% critic approval rating from critics on the online review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes.
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They take up work in a variety of sectors from agriculture to manufacturing to the sex trade. However, other studies found that purdah still plays a significant role in women's decisions to participate in the workforce, often prohibiting them from taking opportunities they would otherwise. The degree to which women observe purdah and the pressures they face to conform or to earn income vary with their socioeconomic class.
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Irene, a female galactic agent, rescues a young woman, Zubeydeh, from a male-dominant culture of a colonized planet, Ala-ed-deen, where women are kept in purdah.
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Purdah had its film festival run in 2018 and 2019, premiering at the Cinequest Film Festival. Purdah went on to screen at the TCL Chinese Theatre in Hollywood as part of Dances With Films. The film subsequently played at several more festivals around the world, including the Indian Film Festival Stuttgart, Indian Film Festival of Melbourne, Chicago South Asian Film Festival, Indian Film Festival of Houston, Fünf Seen Filmfestival, South Asian Film Festival of Montreal, River to River Florence Indian Film Festival, Indian Film Festival Münster, Imagine India International Film Festival, and the Big Syn International Film Festival London. Purdah was also screened at the 2019 Association for Asian Studies Annual Conference to be used as an educational tool.
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Because the women of the Mughal court lived sequestered under purdah, the administration of their living quarters was run entirely by women. The division of the administrative tasks was dictated largely by the vision of Akbar, who organized his zenana of over 5,000 noble women and servants. The women tasked with the protection of the zenana were commonly of Habshi, Tatar, Turk and Kashmiri origin. Kashmiri women were selected because they did not observe purdah.
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By restricting women's mobility, purdah results in the social and physical isolation of women. Lack of a strong social network places women in a position of vulnerability with her husband and her husband's family. Studies have shown that in conservative rural Bangladeshi communities, adherence to purdah is positively correlated with the risk of domestic violence. The restriction on women's mobility limits their ability to access health care and family planning services, especially for unmarried girls.
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Purdah was reviewed by Phantom Tollbooth critic, Marie Asner, who rated the film 4 out of 5. Asner interprets the documentary by considering it to have two contrasting segments, separated by a three year gap in filming. The review highlights how the immersive camera "becomes part of the family and then part of the population," conveying emotion as well as context within India. Asner later included Purdah on her list of the best independent films of 2019.
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Guru (Prabhu Deva) is a graduate but cannot find a job because employers are looking for experience. He and his pickpocket and bike thief friend Indhu (Rambha) live along with the mechanic Nizam Bhai (Manivannan) and his wife. The couple is a Muslim, and the lady wears a purdah, and it is shown that whoever lifts her purdah and sees her face faints immediately. Nizam Bhai himself has seen his wife's face only during their first night.
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During his reign, Bhagvatsingh abolished all rates, taxes, customs, octroi, and export duties in the state making Gondal the only state to be tax-free. He not just removed the purdah system for women,Purdah Women TIME, Monday, 24 November 1930. but 'Zananas' or restricted women's wing were no longer built in subsequent palaces.Gondal By 1918, Gondal was the only state in the Western India States Agency to have compulsory education for girls in all villagesGondal Gealogy at Queensland University.
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The revival of purdah in modern times is sometimes perceived as a statement for progressive gender relations. Some women wear veils and head coverings as a symbol for protection and freedom of mobility. They perceive purdah as an empowerment tool, to exercise their rights to access public space for education and economic independence. For instance, in rural Bangladeshi villages, women who wear the burkha were found to have higher social participation and visibility, which overall contributes to an increase in women's status.
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In spite of being very religious minded, he was very liberal to other religions. He laid special emphasis on the upliftment of women. He was a staunch opponent of illiteracy, purdah and dowry system.
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French MPs back headscarf ban BBC News (BBC). Retrieved on 13 February 2009. In Pakistan, India, and Bangladesh where the word purdah is primarily used, the government has no policies either for or against veiling.
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A BBC documentary, Licence to Kill, covered Samia and some other honour killing cases which occurred in Pakistan. It was first broadcast on March 25, 2000 and won the RTS 2001 award for Best TV journalism. Licence to Kill is the follow- up to 1999's documentary, Murder in Purdah, on the killing of women in Pakistan. While 'Murder in Purdah' showed how casually women are killed in Pakistan, 'Licence to Kill' shows how state institutions endorse such killings and allow the killers to escape without punishment.
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Purdah has been more recently adopted in northern Nigeria, especially in areas affected by the Boko Haram uprising. It is also observed by Rajput clans of India and Pakistan as a social practice regardless of religion.
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As a recognition of her role in "leading rural Bangladeshi Muslim women from the constraints of purdah toward an equal citizenship and fuller family responsibility" Tahrunnesa Ahmed was awarded Ramon Magsaysay award for community leadership in 1978.
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History of Deccan mentions that until lady doctors arrived in 1884, gosha women of Hyderabad State were at the mercy of unqualified health practitioners. The Government Kasturba Gandhi Hospital for Women and Children of Chennai was earlier called The Victoria Caste and Gosha Hospital. Van Hollen sees purdah as an Orientalist "trope", which constructs the colonised other to legitimise colonial authority, she quotes Lal in pointing the contradiction in British policy, colonial discourse represented purdah as a sign of India's barbarism yet it accommodated it, as seen in the opening of the Gosha hospital.
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Purdah also continues after the election during the time in which new MPs and ministers are sworn in. In the event of an inconclusive election result, purdah does not end until a new government forms. When no party has an overall majority, it may take some time before a minority or coalition government is formed. Section 2 of the Local Government Act 1986 prohibits the publication by local authorities of material which, in whole or in part, appears to be designed to affect public support for a political party.
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The school was established on 10 December 1908 as Victoria May Girls High School for the education of the daughters of the elite, rulers of princely states, landed gentry, judges, etc. It was run on the pattern of an English public school and Englishwomen were recruited to work there. On 17 November 1911 the institution was upgraded and renamed Queen Mary College in honor of the Queen Consort of King George V of Great Britain. As most of the students observed purdah, the institution came to be known as the “Purdah School”.
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Another important aspect of purdah is modesty for women, which includes minimizing the movement of women in public spaces and interactions of women with other males. The specific form varies widely based on religion, region, class, and culture. For instance, for some purdah might mean never leaving the home unless accompanied by a male relative, or limiting interactions to only other women and male relatives (for some Muslims) or avoiding all males outside of the immediate family (for some Hindus). For Muslims, seclusion begins at puberty while for Hindus, seclusion begins after marriage.
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Ram Mohan Roy found women of Bengal "uneducated and illiterate, deprived of property rights, married before puberty, imprisoned in purdah,Purdah was a system wherein women were not allowed to come out in the open in front of other men. It effectively meant that they had to live entirely inside the house all their lives. and murdered at widowhood by a barbaric custom of immolation known as sati." By the time Satyendranath was born sati had been banned (in 1829), and the process of reformation had set in.
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Usually men and women are separated, either sitting in separate rooms or with a purdah (curtain) separating them. Luddi is a folk dance for celebratory occasions, when the music is often played on the dhol drum and shehnai oboe.
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Budget purdah, in the United Kingdom, is the period after plans have been prepared but before the Chancellor of the Exchequer's annual budget is announced, when they refrain from discussing any matters which have relevance to the forthcoming budget.
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Bibi Amtus Salam was born the daughter of Abdul Majid Khan and belonged to a conservative but aristocratic Muslim family of Patiala. She was denied an education owing to the family's observance of purdah which she shunned in 1925.
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During the Sikh revival movement of Singh Sabha beginning in the 1870s, the Singh Sabha raised its voice against the purdah system, female infanticide, child marriage, sati, bad conditions of widows, practice of dowry and extravagant expenditure during marriage.
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At one point, Sisters in Islam was taken more seriously abroad than at home in Malaysia. Purdah-clad women from Iran who listened incredulously to Malaysian Muslim officialdom defend polygamy, found common ground with Sisters in Islam on this issue.
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In Indian subcontinent, from 1st century B.C. societies advocated the use of the veil for married Hindu women which came to be known as Ghoonghat. Buddhists attempted to counter this growing practice around 3rd century CE. Rational opposition against veiling and seclusion from spirited ladies resulted in system not becoming popular for several centuries. Under the Medieval Islamic Mughal Empire, various aspects of veiling and seclusion of women was adopted, such as the concept of Purdah and Zenana, partly as an additional protection for women. Purdah became common in the 15th and 16th century, as both Vidyāpati and Chaitanya mention it.
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According to the appellant, this contravened her right to religious practice on grounds that the wearing of the purdah was part of her religious practice as a Muslim. However, the court disagreed and held that the purdah was not considered a religious practice as it was not a requirement under Islam since there was no express mention of such a requirement in the Quran. However, in the Philippines, the courts have accorded the individual autonomy to decide what constitutes religious practice. It is up to the individual to decide what constitutes religious practice so long as such acts do not offend public interest.
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In 1900, they married. As she was a Zoroastrian by faith (colloquially known as Parsi), she converted to Islam to marry him. She took the name Nur Jahan Begum. After marriage, she left her medical profession and lived in purdah at Vikhar Manzil.
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Some women of Hindu and Muslim Multani-Punjabi people still wear the ghagra (long frock). The purdah (veil) custom has been in vogue among Bagri women. Men have worn mainly pant-shirt, kurta-payjama or dhoti (which the Punjabi call chadara) and kurta.
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174 Under the Islamic Mughal Empire, various aspects of veiling and seclusion of women was adopted, such as the concept of Purdah and Zenana, partly as an additional protection for women, they were abducted so to prevent the consequences veil became necessary.
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In Indonesia, a majority-Muslim secular nation, polygyny is rare. In 2018, it was practiced by approximately 1% of the population. Polygamy has always been rare among South Asian Muslims.Ansari, Sarah. “Polygamy, Purdah and Political Representation: Engendering Citizenship in 1950s Pakistan.” Modern Asian Studies, vol.
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Anees Jung (born 1944) is an Indian author, journalist and columnist for newspapers in India and abroad, whose most known work, Unveiling India (1987) was a chronicle of the lives of women in India, noted especially for the depiction of Muslim women behind the purdah.
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Retrieved 24 March 2015. Set in a Muslim household in Malabar, the film revolves around a lazy but innocent and vulnerable youth who happens to witness a murder and escapes to Mangalore.Radhika C Pillai (24 March 2015). "I love to wear Purdah: Rachana Narayanankutty".
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Women in India at this time were segregated under the purdah system, being confined to women's quarters known as a zenana, which men unrelated to them were forbidden to enter. The zenana missions were made up of female missionaries who could visit Indian women in their own homes with the aim of converting them to Christianity. The purdah system made it impossible for many Indian women, especially high status women, to access health care, and many were needlessly dying and suffering. By training as doctors and nurses, the women of the zenana missions could be accepted by the women of India in a way that men would not have been.
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Where observed by executive officers, purdah bars entering into any transactions or carrying out any works which would clearly or directly conflict with the stated intentional commitments (manifesto) of the cabinet or shadow cabinet in any authority. When local elections are being held at the same time as a general election, this higher standard is usually applied. At the national level, major decisions on policy are postponed until after the purdah period, unless it is in the national interest to proceed, or a delay would waste public money. The Cabinet Office issues guidance before each election to civil servants, including those in the devolved national parliaments and assemblies.
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He is advised by the foreigners at his court and the most prudent of his counsellors to proceed slowly with his reforms, but in his eagerness to Westernize the country he resolves to make the pace even more rapidly than his Turkish confrère. The first fruits of the tour are made apparent to their subjects a few days after their return when the queen sits through a state banquet without the purdah or religious veil. The mullahs are greatly scandalized and remonstrate with the king. He points out to them that the working women in the villages do not wear the purdah, and bids them see to their own flocks.
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It was because male members of Mughal society did not closely define the concept of purdah as a reflection of their own honor that wives, daughters, and particularly unmarried women in the upper-echelons of the empire were able to extend their influence beyond the physical structures of the zenana. That less-constrictive interpretation of purdah allowed the ladies of the Mughal court to indirectly participate in public life, most notably in civic building projects. Jahanara herself was responsible for the major alteration of Shahjahanabad, by constructing the now famous Chandni Chowk market. Altogether, wives, daughters, and even a courtesan were the primary patrons to 19 major structures in the city.
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She realises that a loveless marriage is just like prostitution except that there is only one client. Bholi, a courtesan, lives opposite Suman. Suman realises that Bholi is "outside purdah", while she is "inside it". Suman leaves her husband and becomes a successful entertainer of gentlemen.
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As it pertains to education and economic opportunities, these immigrant families hold less conservative views about purdah after moving to America; for the daughters who do choose to wear the veil, they usually do so out of their own volition as a connection to their Islamic roots and culture.
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Punjabi women wear a suit and salwar with chunni (cloth on head). This attire has also become popular with women of other communities. Some women of the Hindu and Muslim Seraiki people still wear ghaggra (long frock). The Purdah (or veil) is mainly in vogue among Bagri women.
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The mausoleums of female Talpurs are designed to be closed structures. These are distinctly vaulted structures with jaalis on the door archways to show the dead buried within still observing purdah, as they would’ve in life. To this day, it is forbidden for men to step inside these mausoleums.
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Sardar Begum, a consort of Asaf Jah VI was fond of watching the races and used to watch them from the mansion amidst curtains made of gold thread. The sunlight reflected off the gold curtains made it impossible for anyone to look toward the queen, as per purdah.
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Purdah () is the pre-election period in the United Kingdom, specifically the time between the announcement of an election and the formation of the new elected government. It affects civil servants, who must be politically impartial, preventing central and local government from making announcements about any new or controversial government initiatives (such as modernisation initiatives or administrative and legislative changes) that could be seen to be advantageous to any candidates or parties in the forthcoming election. Purdah does not apply to candidates for political office. Where a court determines that actual advantage has been given to a candidate, this may amount to a breach of Section 2 of the Local Government Act 1986.
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The academic conference gathers university professors and students to discuss issues, literature, film, and art within the field of Asian Studies. Purdah is distributed internationally by Indie Rights on Video on Demand platforms such as Amazon Prime Video and iTunes, and via educational distributor Collective Eye Films to universities and libraries.
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Some who came in horse-drawn vehicles pulled back the curtain to get a peek. Those who wore the purdah even lifted it to get a last look of their beloved doctor. It was the last time they would see her. She was to take a furlough of undetermined time.
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In Islam, a mahram is a member of one's family with whom marriage would be considered haram (illegal in Islam); from whom purdah, or concealment of the body with hijab, is not obligatory; and who may serve as a legal escort of a woman during journeys longer than three days.
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Such scenes are common in some southern villages. The embroidered odhni (mostly red) is a symbol of Bagri women. A long shirt and ghaghro (long frock-type clothes) and borlo (a head ornament) is the traditional dress of Bagri women. The purdah (or veil) is mainly in vogue among Bagri women.
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The Indian Encyclopaedia describes a Gosha or a Gosha woman as one who follows the Islamic law of concealing herself from the sight of men, except certain close relatives. It considers it a word derived from the Hindustani language, it is a synonym for women kept in purdah, used in southern India.
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In 1904 after the death of Bhikaji, Rukhmabai chose to start dressing in a white sari as per Hindu traditions of widowhood. In 1929 after her retirement, she publishing a pamphlet titled "Purdah - the need for its abolition" arguing that young widows were being denied the chance to actively contribute to Indian society.
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On 18 April 1835, Sikandar married Nawab Jahangir Mohammad Khan. They had one daughter, Shah Jahan Begum. Like her mother, Qudsia Begum, Sikandar was a devout Muslim; however, she did not wear the niqab (face veil) or practise purdah (female seclusion). She hunted tigers, played polo and was a swordsman, archer, and lancer.
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He later married Aliya Saddy in 1955.Mohammad Ali and Hamide. corbis 1955 Retrieved 15 December 2012 His second marriage led to widespread protests against polygamy by women organizations in the country.Ansari, Sarah, "Polygamy, Purdah and Political Representation: Engendering Citizenship in 1950s Pakistan" in Modern Asian Studies 43, 6, pp. 1426–1428.
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On hearing of the death of Devdas, Paro runs towards the door, disregarding "purdah", but her family members prevent her from stepping out of the door. The movie powerfully depicts the prevailing social customs in Bengal in the early 1900s, which are largely responsible for preventing the happy ending of a genuine love story.
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The mosaic tiles are set in a plaster base. The structure has an elevated platform, so that Sharf-un-Nisa Begam could remain in purdah even after death. The use of glazed tiles is not unique in Lahore architecture, but the "stiff, rigid quality" of the design of these separates it from other buildings in the city.
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The prototype of the Light Tank Mk VII (A17), nicknamed 'Purdah',Bishop, p. 24 was first developed in 1937 by Vickers-Armstrongs as a private venture, and was intended to be sold either to the British Army or to foreign militaries.Flint, p. 9 It was to be the latest in a series of light tanks produced by the company.
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With the village culture being exposed to the outside world, the Purdah system is being diluted, which is in fact a sign of a modern society. Recent caste panchyat of mina villages of the area in March 2011 has prohibited alcohol consumption and gambling, making it an offense, which shall attract a fine of Rs 51000.
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In 1819, 18-year-old Qudsia Begum (also known as Gohar Begum) took over the reins after the assassination of her husband. She was the first female ruler of Bhopal. Although she was illiterate, she was brave and refused to follow the purdah tradition. She declared that her 2-year-old daughter Sikander will follow her as the ruler.
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Sikandar Begum In 1844, Sikander Begum succeeded her mother as the ruler of Bhopal. Like her mother, she too never observed purdah. She was trained in the martial arts, and fought many battles during her reign (1844–1868). During the Indian rebellion of 1857, she sided with the British and crushed all those who revolted against them.
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Some scholars argue that the purdah was initially designed to protect women from being harassed, but later these practices became a way to justify efforts to subjugate women and limit their mobility and freedom. However, others argue that these practices were always in place as local custom, but were later adopted by religious rhetoric to control female behavior.
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Women in purdah do not usually work the field but do have ownership rights and assist in processing. Women who are not under seclusion are active in farming. Often the land was owned communally without formal records of ownership. Farmers in the area, living at subsistence levels, were more concerned with avoiding risk than maximizing profit.
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The 2019 general election was the first to be held in December since 1923. The Cabinet Office imposes Purdah before elections. This is a period of roughly six weeks in which Government Departments are not allowed to communicate with members of the public about any new or controversial Government initiatives (such as modernisation initiatives, and administrative and legislative changes).
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Although she lived under a strict purdah, they managed to court each other using disguises. According to Islamic law, marriage between a Muslim and a Hindu is not allowed. To marry her, he was ready to convert to Islam. However, Nizam Mahboob Ali Khan was not in favour of him converting as he did not want a Muslim peshkar.
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In 1893, Faizunnesa established a charitable dispensary in her village for women in purdah, particularly destitute women. She also built a hospital for women, Faizunnesa Zenana Hospital in Comilla. In addition, she built mosques and contributed towards the development of roads and ponds. Faizunnesa patronised different newspapers and periodicals, including Bandhab, Dhaka Prakash, Musalman Bandhu, Sudhakar, and Islam Pracharak.
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Baroda State in 1909 Begum Shareefa Hamid Ali was born on December 12, 1883 to a progressive Muslim family in Baroda (now known as Vadodara), Gujarat, the administrative center of colonial British India. She was the daughter of Ameena Tyabji and Abbas J. Tyabji, the nephew of the Indian activist and politician Badruddin Tyabji. Her father, Abbas J. Tyabji, was the Chief Justice of Baroda State and a follower of Mahatma Gandhi. Her mother Ameena was one of the first prominent Muslim women to disavow purdah. Ali followed her mother’s example and supported the movement against this restrictive law, as she saw it as a symbol of social division and gendered oppression. In fact, her parents had supported her and her sisters’ education by sending them to school despite purdah restrictions.
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Living on a nominal party stipend, from 1942 Sen began to travel the country, staying in small villages and addressing the people. She describes how the men would shun her because she was a woman, and the women, in purdah, stayed away because she was a 'leader' and the equivalent of a man. Much patience and tact were required to overcome this barrier.
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The majority of the male population wear turban, shalwar and kameez, both in winter and summer. A Patu (piece of cloth) is always lying on their shoulders in both seasons. Women wore a long dress with beautiful embroidery on the bosom, sleeves and edges of the dress usually hand made. They also wore a shawl over their heads as they observed purdah.
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Vinod tries to find a way of reaching out to Aisha by exchanging letters with her. He finds Hamza, Aisha's tutor, a friend of Abdu. Hamza is in love with Vinod's sister and he agrees to help Vinod. To make money Vinod opens a Purdah shop with the help of Sub-inspector Premkumar and asks Aisha to inaugurate the shop.
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The segregation of the sexes extended into social groups that had rejected full purdah as a result of modern education. Although urban women could enjoy more physical freedom than was traditional and the opportunity to pursue a professional career, they moved in a different social world from their husbands and often worked at their professions in a specifically feminine milieu.
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However, purdah was not common among lower-class women. Polygamy was practiced in this region regardless of religion. Nevertheless, the practice was not common among the general populace and was more commonly observed in the aristocratic class; recent eras see a further decline in polygamous relationships. Historically, Sati was practiced in this region, mostly among the upper class, until the late 19th century.
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In between, Saga is being attacked by a person in a purdah. As Saga cannot see his face, he is unable to catch his attacker. Saga goes into hiding as he suspects that he is being targeted by the father of one of his friends, in order to keep their identities safe. The attacker then tries to kill Deva and runs away.
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In modern times, the practice of veiling and secluding women is still present in mainly Islamic countries, communities and South Asian countries. However, the practice is not monolithic. Purdah takes on different forms and significance depending on the region, time, socioeconomic status, and local culture. It is most commonly associated with some Muslim communities in Afghanistan and Pakistan, along with Saudi Arabia.
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74 In contrast to her idyllic life in Jessore, she found herself confined behind the strict purdah of the Tagore household at Jorasanko. In 1862, while pursuing his probationary training for the Indian Civil Service (ICS), Satyendranath asked for Jnanadanandini to join him in England. This request, made to his father Debendranath Tagore was however turned down by the latter.Sengupta, p.
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Bengal has a long history of feminist activism dating back to the 19th century. Begum Rokeya and Faizunnessa Chowdhurani played an important role in emancipating Bengali Muslim women from purdah, prior to the country's division, as well as promoting girls' education. Several women were elected to the Bengal Legislative Assembly in the British Raj. The first women's magazine, Begum, was published in 1948.
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A widely traveled person, Begum Rasul was a member of Prime Minister’s Goodwill Delegation to Japan in 1953 and Indian Parliamentary Delegation to Turkey in 1955. She also took keen interest in literature and authored the book Three Weeks in Japan and contributed to various newspapers and magazines. Her autobiography is titled From Purdah to Parliament: A Muslim Woman in Indian Politics.
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The documentary also follows the rest of the Mirza family, including Kaikasha's sisters, Saba and Heena. Each of the sisters has goals for her own career and future, but faces an uphill battle against poverty and intense societal pressure while trying to follow her dreams. Purdah is the story of how the harsh realities for women in India creates an unexpected outcome for the Mirza family.
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This Order is the sixth-most senior in the British honours system. She was the first born of her parents and her ancestors include the famous Mughal era poet Mirza Asadullah Khan Ghalib. She was amongst the very first Muslim ladies in Aligarh to come out of purdah. She was a social and political activist and worked diligently for women's education and freedom from British colonial rule.
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Scholars have suggested that the Mughal women with purdah required enclosed toilets that needed to be scavenged.Road to Freedom: A Sociological Study on the Abolition of Scavenging in India, Bindeshwar Pathak, Motilal Banarsidass Publishe, 1999. p. 38 It is pointed out that the bhangis (Chuhra) share some of the clan names with Rajputs, and propose that the bhangis are descendants of those captured in wars.
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Mohar Singh Rathore (5 January 1926 – 22 June 1985) was a social reformer & political Congress worker. He was a follower of Arya Samaji and Acharya Vinoba Bhave's Bhoodan movement (land donation movement). He advocated for social reforms such as discouraging purdah, dowry, child marriage & Un-touchability. He became Member of the Rajasthan Legislative Assembly in 1962 for the first time & remained in active Politics all his life.
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At the beginning of the 20th century, feminist science fiction emerged as a subgenre of science fiction that deals with women's roles in society. Female writers of the utopian literature movement at the time of first-wave feminism often addressed sexism. Charlotte Perkins Gilman's Herland (1915) did so. Sultana's Dream (1905) by Bengali Muslim feminist Roquia Sakhawat Hussain depicts a gender-reversed purdah in a futuristic world.
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"Women's Education: A Global Challenge." "Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society" 29(2): 325–355 Purdah is a religious and social practice of female seclusion prevalent among some Muslim and Hindu communities in South Asia. It takes two forms: physical segregation of the sexes and the requirement that women cover almost entirely their bodies. The ages from which this practice is enforced vary by community.
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The main themes of Dharker's poetry include home, freedom, journeys, geographical and cultural displacement, communal conflict and gender politics. All her books are published by the poetry publishing house Bloodaxe Books. Purdha And Other Poems deals with the various aspects of a Muslim woman's life where Dharker explores the idea of oppression and violence thought to be a product through the culture of purdah.
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Women were treated as mere property whose only value was as a servant or for entertainment. They were considered seducers and distractions from man's spiritual path. Men were allowed polygamy but widows were not allowed to remarry; instead they were encouraged to burn themselves on their husbands funeral pyre (suttee). Child marriage and female infanticide were prevalent and purdah (veils) were popular for women.
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Sheikh Hasina, current prime minister of Bangladesh. Since the 1990s, women have become increasingly influential in the political arena. Despite the barriers that come with patriarchal rules and the purdah, the system of quotas has ensured women's representation in the national parliament and local governments. Since 1991, all the prime minister elections have been won by two female prime ministers, Sheikh Hasina and Khaleda Zia.
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After she was married, she was one of the first Indian Muslim women in her generation to leave purdah. Muhammad Ali Jinnah inspired her to be involved in politics. She was a leader in the Muslim Women Student's Federation and the All-India Muslim League's Women's Sub-Committee. In 1945, she was asked by the Government of India to attend the Pacific Relations Conference.
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Interestingly, the names of the photographed women were not mentioned and whether the Maharanis allowed themselves to be photographed is unknown. Laura Weinstein, an acclaimed art curator argues that the photographs served as an important tool to engage in the widespread discourse about Indian women behind the purdah and they stood out as a rare group of photographs that did not mirror oriental conceptions of Indian domestic life. By appropriating the very European model of portrait photography – which emphasized the dignity and propriety of women, he infused dignity into the life of his photograph-figures unlike other concurrent attempts and refuted the colonial notion of the zenana-inhabitants being idle, unhygienic, superstitious, sexually deviant and oppressed. Rather than reforming the purdah system or associated woman issues, his photographs were modern tools that staunchly defended the tradition, much more than it breached, by portraying an apparent normalcy.
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Though his grandfathers reign saw the introduction of the repressive "Kulle" (Purdah) practice, Kisoki's court had a very strong female presence. Two of the most powerful figures in his court were his mother, Iya Lamis and grandmother, Madaki Auwa. Kisoki expelled Barde, a military captain, and installed his brother, Dabkare Dan Iya into the Kano Council of Nine. The title "Dan Iya" became the most revered in the state.
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The film was part of the Official Selection for the 2017 Cannes Film Festival Goslett also co-wrote the screenplay for the 2018 film Mary Magdalene with Helen Edmundson. The film started Rooney Mara, Joaquin Phoenix, Chewitel Ejiofor and Tahar Rahim. She is currently writing Himalaya, a film based on Antonia Deacock's book ‘No Purdah In Padam’ about three women who organised a 1958 expedition to the Himalayas.
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The rationales of individual women for keeping purdah are complex and can be a combination of motivations, freely chosen or in response to social pressure or coercion: religious, cultural (desire for authentic cultural dress), political (Islamization of the society), economic (status symbol, protection from the public gaze), psychological (detachment from public sphere to gain respect), fashion and decorative purposes, and empowerment (donning veils to move in public space).
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Under Sharia law, generally enforced by the government, the courts will punish a rapist with anything from flogging to execution. As there is no penal code in Saudi Arabia, there is no written law which specifically criminalizes rape or prescribes its punishment. The rape victim is often punished as well, if she had first entered the rapist's company in violation of purdah. There is no prohibition against spousal or statutory rape.
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For example, British colonial rule in South Asia condemned cultural practices such as sati, child marriage, and purdah. In Southwest Asia and North Africa, colonial rulers fixated on the veil as a symbol of oppression. Lord Cromer (Evelyn Baring), a colonial administrator in British-occupied Egypt, was known for his unveiling campaigns. In the Philippines, Western powers were horrified by the social acceptance of women’s exposed breasts in public.
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This concept was discussed by Bruce Sterling in two of his columns in Wired magazine. He writes of her, "There needs to be an exclusive first-class purdah lounge somewhere, where people like Sophia Al-Maria can hang out because they’re too gifted, intelligent and interesting to be exposed to the actual Internet." Her memoir The Girl Who Fell To Earth was published by Harper Perennial on November 27, 2012.
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Born in 1916 (although other sources indicate 1913 and 1915) she was married to Maharao Bhim Singh of Kotah in 1930. She was not, however, bound by the traditional restrictions of the Purdah. Kumari’s father ensured that she received modern education along with her male siblings at home. The Rathor Rajput princesses was skilled in shooting and killed more than forty tigers both before and after her marriage.
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The story is a brief but penetrating meditation on life behind the 'veil' and the blindness of male privilege towards the experience of women behind the purdah. The other piece, Parde Ke Peeche, is a conversation between two women from affluent, sharif (respectable) families. Some of her writings have appeared in collections like Aurat aur Dusre Afsane wa Drame (1937) and Woh aur Dusre Afsane wa Drame (Maktaba Jamia, 1977).
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The story meditates on life 'behind the veil' and the blindness of male privilege towards the experience of women behind the purdah. The other piece, Parde Ke Peeche, is a conversation between two women from affluent, sharif (respectable) families. Muslim orthodox clergy in the then united India opposed the book, forcing publishers to withdraw it. The British government too preferred to ban the book for its own political convenience.
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The Taliban disagreed with past Afghan statutes that allowed the employment of women in a mixed sex workplace. The claim was that this was a breach of purdah and sharia law. On September 30, 1996, the Taliban decreed that all women should be banned from employment. It is estimated that 25 percent of government employees were female, and when compounded by losses in other sectors, many thousands of women were affected.
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Purdah, which was the dress of a negligible minority in Kerala, has now become the identity of Muslim women. I know mukri is only an employee in the mosque but he represents the clergy, whose vice-like grip has strengthened among Muslims. The play ends with opening of new vistas for the community." "Here the background is that of a Muslim family, and hence it tells Muslim life.
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Being as a tribe of Arabs origin, the local people follows Islamic culture and traditions. Traditionally the marriages are arranged according to the Islamic traditions and wedding ceremony usually takes place at the mosques. Nikah is attended by close family members, relatives, and friends of groom and bride. Usually, the men and women are made to sit separately, in different rooms, or have a purdah (curtain) separating them.
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Gandhi strongly favoured the emancipation of women, and urged "the women to fight for their own self-development." He opposed purdah, child marriage, dowry and sati. A wife is not a slave of the husband, stated Gandhi, but his comrade, better half, colleague and friend, according to Lyn Norvell. In his own life however, according to Suruchi Thapar-Bjorkert, Gandhi's relationship with his wife were at odds with some of these values.
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237-240, World History in Context, accessed 3 August 2017 Emphasis was placed on the adornment of women. Even though the purdah was made compulsory for the Mughal women, we see that this did not stop themselves from experimenting in style and attire. Abul Fazal mentions that there were sixteen components that adorned a woman. These not only included clothing but also other aspects like that of oiling the body and iqtar.
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As a child, Devi was "barely literate" but began painting and learning the Madhubani art form from her aunt. She married a school teacher, Krishna Kumar Das when she was 18. In 1961, Devi left the purdah (veil) system which was prevalent at the time and created her own niche as an artist. She founded a cooperative society called Mithila Hastashilp Kalakar Audyogki Sahyog Samiti, which supported the growth and development of handicrafts and artists.
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The sari did not fit into the ethos of the Victorian era, which prioritised modesty over freedom of movement. The British could not accept the fluidity of Indian culture and felt the need to impose their singular world-view through political and cultural hegemony. The nivi is today's most popular sari style from Deccan region. The increased interaction with the British saw most women from royal families come out of purdah in the 1900s.
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In this time, for the first time the life of the Bengali farmers took an artistic delineation through Kazi Abdul Wadud's Nodibakshe (1919). Then Kazi Imdadul Huq sprinkled a new wave. His famous novel Abdullah was published in periodicals in 1920 and it came into book form in 1933. According to Biswajit Ghosh, this novel was a 'bourgeois and humanitarian revolt against devotion to Peers, religious dogmas, purdah-system and disparity between Ashraf and Atraf'.
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Protest against non-representation of Women Women have been engaging in efforts to challenge the gender inequality resulting from purdah. For instance, women in Pakistan (mainly from the middle and upper-classes) organized trade unions and exercise their right to vote and influence decision making. However, their opponents accuse these women of falling for the pernicious influence of Westernization and turning their backs on tradition. In Bengal, feminist activism dates back to the 19th century.
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Sabha Niwas Modeled on the lines of a Mughal hall of audience, the Diwan-e-Aam, the Sabha Niwas, is a hall of the public audience. It has multiple cusped arches supported by marble columns and a beautifully painted plaster ceiling. The jalis on the southern end of the hall would have been used by women to oversee the proceedings in the hall, and facilitated their involvement in the outside world, while following the purdah.
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The position of women in his society troubled him from a young age. He used to think that the purdah system in his family was ‘not that of our own nation but a copy of Muslim practices’. His visit to England where he witnessed more freedom for women helped him understand the relatively poor position of women in Indian society. After his marriage, he found in Jnanadanandini Devi an ideal partner to fulfill his thinking.
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The Act legislated that the official referendum campaign period up until polling day would be of ten weeks' duration (which in the event ran from 15 April to 23 June 2016), with an official "purdah" period lasting four weeks (in the event running from 27 May until polling day) during which all government and public bodies were not permitted to comment or publish information specifically related to the subject of the referendum.
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Movie theaters were closed and repurposed as mosques. Celebration of the Western and Iranian New Year was forbidden. Taking photographs and displaying pictures or portraits was forbidden, as it was considered by the Taliban as a form of idolatry. Women were banned from working, girls were forbidden to attend schools or universities, were requested to observe purdah and to be accompanied outside their households by male relatives; those who violated these restrictions were punished.
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These columns, that originally had jaali (screens) between them, support the whole structure. Once these screens provided purdah (cover) to queens and princess on the top terraces enjoying the cool breeze and watching splendid views of Sikri fortifications and the town nestling at the foot of the ridge. The pavilion gives a majestic view of the fort that lies on its left. The pool in front of the Panch Mahal is called the Anoop Talab.
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She was referred to a hospital in Birmingham where she was treated at a cost of £300. Following the death of her mother at an early age, Sehgal and her sisters were enrolled at the Queen Mary College, Lahore. Strict purdah was observed at the institute, and men invited to give lectures and seminars were only allowed to do so from behind a screen.Zohra Sehgal: The drama of life The Times of India, 24 August 2003.
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Although NHS staff are not generally regarded as civil servants, purdah is increasingly enforced on NHS bodies. In 2017 it was decided that the financial result of the NHS provider sector, normally published in May each year, should be postponed until after the General Election. This was controversial, and was seen by many as an attempt by the government of the day to gag NHS bodies from publishing information it saw as a threat to its general election campaign.
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Muslim ladies observe purdah and a significant number of women do wear niqab(An extra cloth which veils all the face but eyes). Like any other Marakkar society, It is a close-knit society where people in general do not want to have marital relationships outside the town. Muthupet has two fish market one is Periya kadai theru fish market and azath nagar fish market.periya kadai their fish market is famous for Koduva meen, kalakan meen and viral meen.
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Other claims that linked the terem to the Islamic harem or the South Asian purdah are faulty, if not completely unsubstantiated. The suggestion that the Muscovites borrowed female seclusion from the Mongols is impossible, as pointed out by Halperin, because the Mongols never practiced female seclusion, a view upheld by Kollmann and Ostrowski as well. In fact, women of the Chingisid dynasty and the wives and widows of the khan enjoyed relatively higher political power and social freedom.
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Drakeford was required to delay his decision due to the 2019 Newport West by-election purdah. On 4 June 2019 Drakeford announced that the scheme would not proceed on the basis of escalating costs now at £1.4bn. 2018 estimates had however already shown that the £1.4bn figure would have been far higher once VAT costs and overspending was accounted for. Drakeford further attributed the decision to the global climate crisis and local "environmental impacts" to the Gwent Levels.
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She wrote the Akhtar-i-Iqbaal which is the second part of Gauhar-i-Iqbaal. In 1918 she wrote the Iffat-ul-Muslimaat, where she describes the notions of purdah ad hijab in customs in Europe, Asia, and Egypt. She was instrumental in initiating the construction of one of the largest mosques in India, the Taj- ul-Masajid, at Bhopal. The construction however remained incomplete at her death and was later abandoned; work was resumed only in 1971.
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1, No. 4, p. 31 Following the conventions of Afghan nobility, Babajan was reared under the strict purdah tradition, in which women were secluded from the outside world, and also subject to a custom of arranged marriages. She opposed an unwelcome marriage planned for her, and ran away from home on her wedding day at the age of eighteen. Disguised in her burqa, she journeyed to Peshawar, the frontier city at the foot of the Khyber Pass.
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This has changed slightly in recent years as nearly 60% of all Saudi university students are female. Some fields, such as law and pharmacy, are beginning to open up for women. Saudi women can also study any subject they wish while abroad. Customs of male guardianship and purdah curtail women's ability to study abroad. In 1992, three times as many men studied abroad on government scholarships, although the ratio had been near 50% in the early 1980s.
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Phool ka Dard, documentary film, is made on her work of the same name. Dalmia was known to have been a feminist in her views and protested against Purdah system and discrimination against women. She was a member of Indo-China Friendship Society, Lekhika Sangh and the Institute of Comparative Religion and Literature (ICRL) and served as the president of ICRL. She was one of the founders of the literary magazine, Richa and was its chief editor.
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Within its compound there were several quarters, including a zenana (women's quarters) where Khair un Nissa lived. Within the compound is a miniature model of the building- legend has it that this was so Kirkpatrick's wife, who remained in purdah, could see the entire mansion, including the front. This scaled model has recently been beautifully restored. During the Indian Rebellion of 1857, a group of rebels, led by Maulvi Allauddin and Turrebaz Khan, attacked the residency.
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At the time, the opportunities available in England for female physicians were limited. However, Butler's medical training could be used elsewhere. In parts of India, female doctors were needed because the purdah women who lived there were not comfortable receiving care from male doctors. In response to this need, Butler was sent to India by the Church of Zenana Missionary Society, an Anglican group specifically devoted to Christianizing the women of India through various methods including medical missionary work.
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After the Partition of India, she wrote about Islam for the government, and those essays were eventually published as Beyond the Veil (1953). Her autobiography, From Purdah to Parliament (1963), is her best-known writing; she translated it into Urdu to make it more accessible. In 1991 her book Huseyn Shaheed Suhrawardy: A Biography, about her uncle, was published. She also was one of the eight writers of the book Common Heritage (1997), about India and Pakistan.
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He along with Durgamohan Das, Annadacharan Khastagir, Sivanath Sastri, Rajaninath Roy and others, demanded that Brahmo ladies be allowed to come out of their screen of seclusion in the prayer meets of Brahmo Samaj. With his strong reformist views, he was opposed to many of the conservative ideas not only in society but even in the Brahmo Samaj. He campaigned vigorously against polygamy, bigotry, purdah and child marriage.He also tried to introduce changes in women's dress and established music school for girls.
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People orient to the world within moral frameworks that guide their action. However, the projectionist will argue, such orientations are a subjective tint upon a value-neutral universe. The projectionist claim is often highlighted at the cusp of two cultures where one moral claim, say, putting a woman in purdah to protect modesty conflicts with another such as a woman's right to self- determination. In such a case, a moral axis (the dignity of persons) can be understood within very different frameworks.
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At the centre of both of the strips is a fountain, which falls inwards, forming a well. On the Western tips are located two gazebos and on the Eastern tips two ornately designed sentry posts. Long Garden or the 'Purdah Garden': This is located to the West of the Main Garden, and runs along on each side of the central pavement which goes to the circular garden. Enclosed in walls about 12 feet high, this is predominantly a rose garden.
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Dharker has written six books of poetry: Purdah (1989), Postcards from God (1997), I Speak for the Devil (2001), The Terrorist at my Table (2006), Leaving Fingerprints (2009) and Over the Moon (2014; all self-illustrated). Dharker is a prescribed poet on the British AQA GCSE English syllabus. Her poems Blessing and This Room were included in the AQA Anthology Different Cultures, Cluster 1 and 2 respectively. Her poem "Tissue" appears in the 2017 AQA poetry anthology for GCSE English Literature.
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12, p. 319 Sir Bhagwant Singhji, who reigned from 1888 until his death in 1944, was noted for tax reforms, compulsory education for women, and also for stopping the practice of purdah (female seclusion) at a time when the royal households of India were known for this tradition.Purdah Women TIME, Monday, 24 November 1930. In 1901, Gondal city had a population of 19,592, and was a stop on the branch line between Rajkot and Jetalsar on the Viramgam- Rajkot and Rajkot-Somnath lines.
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The structure was built during 1735—1740 C.E., and was used by Sharf-un-Nisa Begam as a meditation chamber during her lifetime. Sharf-un-Nisa Begam had the structure constructed as a place for her to read the Quran in the mornings. She climbed up and descended from the structure by means of a wooden ladder. After the death, the meditation chamber was converted into her tomb, so that even in death, she could remain in purdah and out of view of unrelated men.
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In the 2012 referendum on elected mayors for the core cities of Birmingham, Bradford, Bristol, Coventry, Leeds, Manchester, Newcastle, Nottingham, Sheffield, and Wakefield an extra purdah restriction was introduced, namely that from 6 April councils were not be able to promote in an opinionated manner the referendum by publishing articles or issuing press releases. However, public information in the form of questions and answers was still permitted to be on the council's website, and press officers were able to respond to enquiries from the media.
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Following the Jallianwala Bagh massacre later that year, when the British forces shot and killed over 400 peaceful protestors in Amritsar, Punjab, Kaur became a strong critic of the British rule in India. She formally joined the Congress and began active participation in India's independence movement while also focusing on bringing about social reform. She was strongly opposed to the practice of purdah and to child marriage, and campaigned to abolish the devadasi system in India. Kaur co-founded the All India Women's Conference in 1927.
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Badar un nissa faced resistance from the Muslim society for her actions, but against every odd, she continued to educate young girls in Cuttack. She used to go door-to-door to Muslim households and explain the importance of female education. She took the charge of educating young girls at school and also of bringing them to school safely in purdah and dropping them back home. In her later life, she worked to abolish the discrimination and unfair treatment based on creed and gender.
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The trappings of full purdah required both a devotion to traditional practice and the means to dispense with the labor of women in the fields. For most rural families the importance of women's labor made full seclusion impossible, although the idea remained. In some areas, for example, women went unveiled within the confines of the para or village but donned the veil or the outer garment for trips farther from the community. In any case, contact with men outside the immediate family was avoided.
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However, there was opposition from both Muslim and Hindu elements who complained that the new procedures for census-taking and registration threatened to uncover female privacy. Purdah rules prohibited women from saying their husband's name or having their photograph taken. An all-India census was conducted between 1868 and 1871, often using total numbers of females in a household rather than individual names. Select groups which the Raj reformers wanted to monitor statistically included those reputed to practice female infanticide, prostitutes, lepers, and eunuchs.
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These new settlements were now added to the Rowther community. Hanafi franctions have a mix of fair and pale complexions because they were more closely connected with the Turkish than others in South, they also follow Purdah same as Turks and Iranian compared to Marakkars (Affluent sea traders) who just wear sarees. There are some Turkish Anatolian and Turkish Safavid Inscriptions found in wide area from Tanjore to Thiruvarur and in many villages. These inscriptions are seized by Madras Museum and are available for public viewing.
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Furthermore, conviction by Islamic criminal code further discriminates against women, as it relies heavily on witness testimony. Female testimonies alone are considered insufficient to convict a murderer, requiring a male testimony for validation. Women's rights activist Mahnaz Afkhami writes that the fundamentalist world view "singles out women's status and her relations to society as the supreme test of the authenticity of the Islamic order." This is symbolized by the institutions of Purdah (physical separation of the sexes) and Awrah (concealing the body with clothing).
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The nobles who supported Razia intended her to be a figurehead, but she increasingly asserted herself. For example, her initial coins were issued with her father's name, but by 1237–1238, she had started issuing coins solely in her own name. Isami mentions that initially, she observed purdah: a screen separated her throne from the courtiers and the general public, and she was surrounded by female guards. However, later, she started appearing in public dressed in traditional male attire, wearing a cloak (qaba) and a hat (kulah).
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Jameelah was a prolific author, offering a conservative defense of traditional Islamic values and culture. She was deeply critical of secularism, materialism and modernization, both in Western society, as well as in Islam. She regarded traditions such as veiling, polygamy, and gender segregation (purdah) to be ordained by the Quran and by the words of Muhammad, and considered movements to change these customs to be a betrayal of Islamic teachings. Jameelah's books and articles have been translated into several languages including Urdu, Persian, Turkish, Bengali and Indonesian.
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In India, Singh hosted a "purdah party" in Shalimar Bagh in Lahore (her grandfather's capital). During the visit, all the while shadowed by British agents, she encountered Indian independence activists such as Gopal Krishna Gokhale and Lala Lajpat Rai and expressed sympathy for their cause. Singh admired Rai, and his imprisonment by the authorities on "charges of sedition" turned Sophia against the Raj. In 1909 her brother bought Blo' Norton Hall in South Norfolk for himself and a house in Blo' Norton, Thatched Cottage, for his sisters.
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For the entirety of his career, Tyabji remained a staunch loyalist of the Raj. He raised his children in a westernized manner, sending his children to England for higher education, and In time, he rose in the judiciary to become Chief Justice of the High Court of Baroda State and retired. He was an early proponent of women's rights, supporting women's education and social reform. He broke with the prevailing custom of the times by disregarding purdah restrictions and sending his daughters to school. p.
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During the Mughal Dynasty, urdubegis were the class of women assigned to protect the emperor and inhabitants of the zenana. Because the women of the Mughal court lived sequestered under purdah, the administration of their living quarters was run entirely by women. The division of the administrative tasks was dictated largely by the vision of Akbar, who organized his zenana of over 5,000 noble women and servants. The women tasked with the protection of the zenana were commonly of Habshi, Tatar, Turk and Kashmiri origin.
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Kashmiri women were selected because they did not observe purdah. Many of the women were purchased as slaves, and trained for their positions. They are mentioned as early as the reigns of Babur and Humayun, and were proficient in weapons combat, specifically lance, and archery. Mughal emperors spent a great deal of their leisure time in the zenana, and slept there at night, therefore the women assigned to protect the women's quarters were also part of the larger system in place to protect the emperor.
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Rajputs generally have adopted the custom of purdah (seclusion of women). Rajput women could be incorporated into Mughal Harem and this defined the Mughals as overlords over the Rajput clans. The Sisodia clan of Mewar was an exception as they refused to send their women to the Mughal Harem which resulted in siege and mass suicide at Chittor. Historically, members from the Rajput ruling clans of Rajasthan have also practised polygamy and also took many women they enslaved as concubines from the battles which they won.
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Her film credits include the role of "Doris" in the 1983 movie Mr. Mom, the role of "Belle Haimes" in the 1987 movie Home Is Where the Hart Is, the role of "Detective Casey" in the 1989 movie Who's Harry Crumb?, the role of "Miss Purdah" in the 1991 movie Nothing but Trouble, the role of "Brandy" in the 1992 movie Caged Fear, the role of Dawny in the 1992 movie This Is My Life, and the role of Wilma Jerzyck in the 1993 movie Needful Things (1993).
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When Supaari gave Emilio to Hlavin as a gift, Hlavin arranged a marriage between Supaari and his sister, Jholaa. Having lived all her life in strict purdah and enforced ignorance, she is not even told of their plans until the wedding is actually occurring. The ceremony includes consummation in front of everyone — actually rape in this case, because Jholaa was unprepared for marriage and did not desire Supaari. She detests him, and when she has a daughter, Supaari is told that the infant is deformed, and by tradition he must kill it.
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The Muslim League leadership resolved to hold the meeting at any cost. Muslim League leaders Mohammad Ershad and Mujibur Rahman enlisted minister Abdul Gofran as one of the speakers at the meeting. On 23 March 4,000 to 5,000 Muslims marched in a procession from Ramganj to Kazirkhil and then back to Ramganj, chanting slogans, and gathered for the meeting. Addressing the gathering one of the speakers, Yunus Mian Pandit, criticised the Hindus for the practice of untouchability and lack of a purdah system and justified an economic boycott on them.
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In Suzanne Falkiner's biography Joan in India, Joan's niece posits that colonial politics and racial tensions played a role in the Falkiner family's objections to the proposed marriage. Joan's family were also concerned that Taley, as a Muslim, was already married to an Indian woman (who had since become an invalid), and had a 20-year-old son. Furthermore, the Falkiners feared that if Joan married into an Indian noble family, she might be placed in purdah. In 1939 Joan eloped, and traveled to India to marry Taley.
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Picture of a meeting of the All-India Muslim League in Lahore in 1940 showing a woman in a body length burqa. The following reminiscence from C.M. Naim describes the evolution of purdah during the first third of the 20th century among the sharif or genteel people of Avadh, United Provinces, British India: > The word ‘Hijab' is relatively new for me. It was not a part of my > vocabulary as I was growing up. I learned it much later, when I began to > read literary and religious Urdu texts.
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In order to preserve woman's chastity, women must abide by socially restrictive cultural practices pertaining to women's status and family izzat, or honour, such as the practice of purdah, the segregation of sexes. Honour killings are frequently more complex than the stated excuses of the perpetrators. More often than not, the murder relates to inheritance problems, feud-settling, or to get rid of the wife, for instance in order to remarry. Human rights agencies in Pakistan have repeatedly emphasized that victims were often women wanting to marry of their own will.
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Conservative views of sexuality are now the norm in the modern republic of India, and South Asia in general. It is often argued that this is partly related to the effect of colonial influence, as well as to the puritanical elements of Islam in countries like Pakistan (e.g. the Islamic revivalist movements, which has influenced many Muslims in Pakistan and Bangladesh). However, such views were also prevalent in the pre- colonial era, especially since the advent of Islam in India which brought purdah as ideal for Muslim women.
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Shakeel Masoodi was influenced by him and the contemporary environment of Badayun led him to poetry. When he joined Aligarh Muslim University in 1936, he started participating in inter- college, inter-university mushairas and won frequently. In 1940, he married Salma, who was his distant relative and had been living in a common house with him since childhood, however, the purdah system was vogue in their family and they were not close. After completing his BA, he moved to Delhi as a supply officer, but continued participating in mushairas, earning fame nationwide.
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Owing to the relative isolation of the ladies in court, due to the Purdah, fashion in the early days of the empire adhered to traditional dress of Khurasan and Persia. In time, the social and diplomatic relationships between the Mughal Dynasty and the rest of India (Rajputana in particular), led to more exchange in accoutrements. Noble women in the court of Babur or Humayun would have begun their outfits with wide loose pants, painted or stripped. Their upper body was covered in loose garments fastened at the neck or with "V"-shaped necklines.
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Front gate to the school Nawab Faizunnesa Government Girls' High School is a girls' school in Comilla, Bangladesh, established in 1873 by Faizunnesa Choudhurani, who would in 1889 be titled India's only female nawab by Queen Victoria. Faizunnesa, a wealthy zamindar, established Faizunnesa Girls' Pilot High School, having noted the need for female education which would accommodate Muslim girls practising purdah. The school taught its children in the local Bengali language rather than Urdu or Persian which were the standard languages of education at the time. The students also learned English.
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Prince or noble visiting the zenana or women's quarters Zenana (, , , ) literally meaning "of the women" or "pertaining to women," in Persian language contextually refers to the part of a house belonging to a Hindu or Muslim family in the Indian subcontinent which is reserved for the women of the household. The zenana are the inner apartments of a house in which the women of the family live. The outer apartments for guests and men are called the mardana. Conceptually in those that practise purdah, it is the equivalent in the Indian subcontinent of the harem.
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Overall, the group called itself the Savoy Brown Blues Band to tell listeners that they played Chicago Blues-sounding music. The original line-up included singer Brice Portius, keyboardist Trevor Jeavons, bassist Ray Chappell, drummer Leo Manning and harmonica player John O'Leary (O'Leary appeared on record with the band on its initial recordings for Mike Vernon's Purdah label). Portius was one of the first black blues musicians to be a part of a British rock band. Jeavons was replaced by Bob Hall shortly after the band's formation and the arrival of Martin Stone on guitars.
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Victoria wrote, "the two Indian ladies ... who are, I believe, the first Mohammedan purdah ladies who ever came over ... keep their custom of complete seclusion and of being entirely covered when they go out, except for the holes for their eyes."Queen Victoria to Victoria, Princess Royal, 9 December 1893, quoted in Anand, p. 45 As a woman, Victoria saw them without veils.Basu, pp. 104–105 The Munshi and his family were housed in cottages at Windsor, Balmoral and Osborne, the Queen's retreat on the Isle of Wight.
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He resolutely opposed the purdah system for Muslim women as it prevented their education and social advancement. In 1955 Tyabji wrote a series of essays in the influential Urdu newspaper Inquilab, which later were translated to English and published under the title, The Future of Muslims in India. He felt that Muslims should do a lot more than vote for India's dominant party - they should join it and influence its policies. Like other kinds of Indians, he felt Muslims had to "take an active part in the formation of a new Indian Culture".
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Since it fuelled the patriotic struggle for Indian independence from the British Empire, the novel was banned by the British. The ban was lifted later by the government of India after independence. In this novel, Bankim Chandra reinforced his belief that armed face-to-face conflict with the Royal Army is the only way to win independence. Very importantly, Bankim Chandra saw the struggle being led by a woman, the protagonist, in a time when most women remained behind the purdah and did not even show their faces to men outside their immediate families.
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Kurshed Munzil, the palace of the Pashchimgaon Nawab Family Chowdhurani was born in 1834 in the village of Pashchimgaon under Laksham in the district of Comilla. Her father was Ahmed Ali Chowdhury also known as Shahzada Mirza Aurangazeb, Nawab, Khan Bahadur, the zamindar of Homnabad-Pashchimgaon estate. Their family were descendants of the Mughal emperors via a paternal niece of Bahadur Shah I. Faizunnessa was raised in a conservative Muslim family, where the women would maintain a strict purdah system. She received no formal education but she educated herself in her library during leisure time.
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His pioneering work was started when most women in India were still behind the purdah (veil), and would not dare to come out in the world to create a future for themselves. This organisation became the apex organisation for Mahila Samitis (Women's Institutes) in Eastern India, and was later affiliated to the Associated Country Women of the World (ACWW) and the International Alliance of Women. In October 1925, he started Bangalakshmi, a monthly magazine that is still published. In 1929, he started a magazine called Gramer Daak that dealt with agrarian and rural matters of concern.
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Each ward (irrespective of its size) returns one alderman to the Court of Aldermen. One of the aldermen is elected (by the senior liverymen) as Lord Mayor of London for a period of one year. The Lord Mayor performs many functions and holds many ancient positions and privileges. The Lord Mayor continues to be the alderman of their ward during and after their term of office, though there is a period of purdah whilst in (and for a period after) office, and during this period their appointed deputy will usually take their role within the ward.
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Old Men generally sports moustace and wear no or very less jewellery. While women wear traditional ghagra, a blouse which is now being given up in favour of a short shirt along with long translucent rectangular plain cloth of about 3×1.3 m worn over head, it is called lugadi in local dialect. One of the uses of lugadi is to make Purdah by women in front of males who are senior to their husband as a mark of respect, as widely prevalent in rest of Rajasthan. Woman wear heavy silver bracelets on arms and a similar heavy silver anklet called "kaludya".
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Begum Badar un nissa Akhtar (Urdu : بیگم بدر اُن نساء Odia : ବେଗମ୍ ବଦରୁନ୍ ନୀସା ଅଖତର, Bengali : বেগম বদরউন নিসা আখতার) was an Indian social reformer and educator from Cuttack, Odisha. She is known for challenging the stringent and orthodox societal norms and for encouraging muslim girls to receive formal and skill based education from behind the purdah back in the early 20th century. Begum herself attained formal education and took up a job as a teacher in Cuttack to educate young girls. She worked to promote female education and to abolish gender discrimination and gender injustice in the field of education.
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Social and mobility restrictions under purdah severely limit women's involvement in political decision-making in government institutions and in the judiciary. Lack of mobility and discouragement from participating in political life means women cannot easily exercise their right to vote, run for political office, participate in trade unions, or participate in community level decision-making. Women's limited participation in political decision-making therefore results in policies that do not sufficiently address needs and rights of women in areas such as access to healthcare, education and employment opportunities, property ownership, justice, and others. Gender imbalance in policy-making also reinforces institutionalization of gender disparities.
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"Secluded Women" is criticism of Purdah system by first Muslim feminist and social reformer Bengali writer Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain (1880-1932) Sultana's Dream is a 1905 feminist utopian story written by Hossain, It depicts a feminist utopia (called Ladyland) in which women run everything and men are secluded, in a mirror-image of the traditional practice of purdah.Traditional stereotypes such as “Men have bigger brains” and women are "naturally weak" are countered in Sultana's Dream with logic such as "an elephant also has a bigger and heavier brain" and “a lion is stronger than a man” and yet neither of them dominates men.
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She obtained this from Pope Pius IX on 6 January 1877, under the name of Missionaries of Mary. Unlike the instruction focus of the Sisters of Mary Reparatrix, the Missionaries would carry out a ministry of providing medical care to the women of India who were unable to receive it from male doctors, due to the practice of purdah, which strictly segregated them from contact with men. Mother Mary of the Passion had seen the consequences and felt called to deal with the situation. As women themselves, they would have access to the parts of the home restricted to females.
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Women's freedom is scorned by conservatives and extremist institutions in Pakistani society. The focus is not simply to restrict women's free expression on a particular day, but rather to subjugate women to strengthen male dominance through their seclusion from public life. The complex rules of purdah (seclusion) which reinforce chastity and family honor, have led to socio-cultural disparities, in every aspect of women's lives. Lacking an understanding of their civil, legal, and political rights, women's opportunities for participation in society are limited and they are left vulnerable to exploitation, oppression, and abusive control by others without adequate recourse.
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If a man denied that the woman in court was his mother or sister, "the man's word would normally be taken," making a woman vulnerable to things like false claims to her property and violation of her rights to inheritance if she fell out of favor with her family. The Ulema, Saudi's religious authorities, opposed the idea of issuing separate identity cards for women. Many other conservative Saudi citizens argue that cards, which show a woman's unveiled face, violate purdah and Saudi custom. Nonetheless, women's rights to free movement and to an ID card have gradually been loosened.
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The plans attracted national attention in March 2018 over concerns that Elim Church could seek to prevent LGBT groups from hiring Merton Hall. The Conservatives opposed the demolition plans and pledged to end the demolition works immediately if elected; they also alleged that the demolition broke pre- election purdah rules, given that it was using public money on a contentious issue. The Merton Park Ward Residents Association also expressed their regret over the council's plans; their councillors suggested alternative sites for the secondary school and questioned the extent of the demolition required. The demolition works began in April 2018.
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They either follow the Hindu form of the ceremony alone, or perform the ceremony first by the Hindu rites and then call the Kazi and have it performed in the Muslim form. PAKISTAN OR THE PARTITION OF INDIA by Dr. B.R. Ambedkar the marriages in Naushera are still arranged according to Islamic traditions and the wedding ceremony usually takes place at the mosques. Nikah is attended by close family members, relatives, and friends of groom and bride. Usually, the men and women are made to sit separately, in different rooms, or have a purdah (curtain) separating them.
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James used his fortune to support William Kirkpatrick and his children out of his love for and gratitude toward his elder brother. Following James' death and the absence of her children, Khair- un-Nissa, who had lived in strict purdah during his lifetime, began a relationship with Henry Russell, one of James' assistants. Only 19 years-old at the time, Khair-un-Nissa was abandoned by Russell, destroying her reputation among the Hyderabadi elite and was forced into exile, unable to prevent greedy relatives from taking over the valuable landed estates she had inherited from her father.
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The NDF is alleged to be involved in efforts to push the Islamic Sharia code among the moderate and cosmopolitan Muslim society in Kerala, an act viewed by moderate Muslims and secularists as "Talibanization". NDF was accused of targeting liberals in the community – those who do not strictly follow Islamic laws like abstaining from liquor, fasting during Ramadan, and wearing the makhna or purdah. Fakir Uppappa or Siddhan was killed in June for indulging in "un- Islamic spiritualism".Kerala's extremist outfit of many faces A Muslim was murdered in Punalur for binding with Leftist organisation [DYFI].
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Dinesh Nandini Dalmia (16 February 1928 – 25 October 2007), also written as Dineshnandini Dalmia, was an Indian poet, short story writer and novelist of Hindi literature. She was the fifth wife of Ramkrishna Dalmia, founder of the Dalmia Group, and three of his four previous wives were still alive and married to him when she became his fifth wife. Nevertheless, she positioned herself in opposition to gender discrimination and purdah system, and published poems, prose poems, short stories and novels on the theme of women's emancipation. Shabnam , Niraash Aasha, Mujhe Maaf Kama and Yeh Bhi Jhooth Hai are some of her notable works.
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Samar became a member of the Truth and Justice party which was formed in 2011. Samar publicly refuses to accept that women must be kept in purdah (secluded from the public) and speaks out against the practice of wearing the burqa (head-to-foot wrap), which was enforced first by the fundamentalist mujahideen and then by the Taliban. She also has drawn attention to the fact that many women in Afghanistan suffer from osteomalacia, a softening of the bones, due to an inadequate diet. Wearing the burqa reduces exposure to sunlight and aggravates the situation for women suffering from osteomalacia.
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Pelling was born in Hove, East Sussex, in 1930, and educated at Brighton Grammar School. He went on to study at the Royal College of Art in London from 1951 to 1955, studying under John Minton and Francis Bacon amongst others. He is married to the 1950s model Zoe Newton (now Zoe Pelling), who is also an artist, and was the most photographed and highly paid model in Britain of her time,"Barclay brothers come out of purdah with biography", The Sunday Times, 3 August 2003. appearing on the front of popular magazines such as Picturegoer.
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Harems were composed of wives, female relatives, concubines, and male infants. Most women usually entered the Harem through marriage, birth, appointments or as gifts.Karuna Sharma (2009) A Visit to the Mughal Harem: Lives of Royal Women, South Asia: Journal of South Asian Studies, 32:2, 155-169, DOI: 10.1080/00856400903049457 The women were governed through strict rules of Purdah, and they could not move out of the harem as they liked, but many women travelled for affairs of pilgrimage to local shrines, hunting and sightseeing with the Emperor. They always moved out in decorated palanquins or on the back of the elephants.
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Their team consists of Sameer (Saiju Kurup), Susheelan (Anoop Chandran), Bijukuttan, and a good for nothing ambulance-chasing lawyer named Lawrence (Suraj Venjaramoodu). Giri and Gowri are absolutely inseparable, and for the same reason have remained unmarried as well. One day they rescue a girl named Saira Banu (Taapsee Pannu) from an accident, but then on, with Saira's identity remaining a mystery. Saira remains behind a purdah for a long time, and the antics that the men around her come up with to take a look at her face forms the comedy element of the film.
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The clan had two main branches, the lineage of Bhikampur and that of Datawali, and practiced Cousin marriage to an almost exclusive degree. The family tree presents a bewildering array of interlocking relationships. Their marriage patterns kept the family properties intact, while taking a toll on the health of their increasingly inbred offspring. The Sherwanis were a family that displayed an intriguing combination of the progressive and the conservative: They were supporters of education, whether Islamic or western, and promoters of education for women, although the women of the family maintained strict purdah and were educated at home.
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The newly married couple travelled to Afghanistan in 1926. During the journey, Khan changed, according to Nilsson, from a modern person to a man more and more aware of the Afghan customs the closer they came to his homeland. En route he abused her twice. In Kabul, Nilsson was severely shocked about her new living conditions and was not able to adjust herself to them: she was forced to wear a veil (hijab) and was not allowed to leave the house except with her husband's permission, nor look out of the windows, or to talk when she visited a shop (purdah).
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Qasim Amin by Ted Thornton, from History of the Middle East Database, retrieved 29 December 2004. He made this criticism from a basis of Islamic scholarship and said that women should develop intellectually in order to be competent to bring up the nation's children. This would happen only if they were freed from the seclusion (purdah) which was forced upon them by "the man's decision to imprison his wife" and given the chance to become educated.A Century After Qasim Amin: Fictive Kinship and Historical Uses of “Tahrir al-Mara '” , Malek Abisaab and Rula Jurdi Abisaab, Al Jadid, Vol.
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Khosrow himself claimed that he sent his favorite wife Shirin every year to offer them a possibility of leaving his harem with a dowry for marriage, but that their luxurious lifestyle always prompted them to refuse his offer. South Asian traditions of female seclusion, called purdah, may have been influenced by Islamic customs, but the practice of segregation by gender in Hindu society predates the Muslim conquests in the Indian subcontinent. Ashoka, the emperor of the Mauryan Dynasty in India, kept a harem of around 500 women. Once when a few of the women insulted him, he had all of them burnt to death.
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Purdah begins in Mumbai, India in 2011 and introduces Kaikasha Mirza who dreams of playing cricket but knows no other Muslim women like herself who are allowed to play. Having just recently been allowed by her father to remove her burka for the first time to play the sport, Kaikasha sets her sights on making the Mumbai Senior Women's Cricket Team. Kaikasha is faced with the harsh judgment of her community and family for her pursuits. All of Kaikasha's hopes are pinned on her upcoming tryouts after her parents tell her that they will arrange her marriage if she cannot make a career out of the sport.
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Arms were collected and security was established. At the same time, acts committed for the purpose of enforcing the Shariah included public executions of murderers, stoning for adultery, amputation for theft, a ban on all forms of gambling such as kite flying, chess and cockfights, prohibition of music and videos, proscriptions against pictures of humans and animals, and an embargo on women's voices over the radio. Women were to remain as invisible as possible, behind the veil, in purdah in their homes, and dismissed from work or study outside their homes. They were toppled by a combined Afghan-NATO military force in late 2001.
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Welsh First Minister Mark Drakeford announced on 12 March that the expected decision on the construction of an M4 relief road around Newport would be delayed due to the purdah rules that had taken effect during the by-election. Such rules prevented the government from making major policy announcements to avoid unduly influencing an election campaign. The news was strongly criticised by the Conservative candidate. The national backdrop for the by-election was the continued uncertainty over Brexit during the Brexit negotiations in 2019, with the original planned date for leaving the European Union being postponed and the failure of the House of Commons to agree a way forward.
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Despite remaining the spouse of the actual monarch, Khan's wife began to observe purdah and corresponded with male diplomats with Khan as her representative. Khan's mother-in-law held rather negative reviews of her daughter's new husband, and there was friction between the two families. Khan eventually fell out of favor with British authorities, unhappy with what was viewed as his strong influence on his wife's decisions. Both before and after his removal from the royal court by the British in 1885, Shah Jahan defended her husband to the very end as shown in the meeting minutes of a heated, vehement exchange between herself and Sir Griffin.
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Before the 20th century, women in this region, as well as in Bengal in general, experienced different levels of autonomy depending on where they lived. While women who lived in rural areas were able to roam around in groups and appear in public, those who lived in urban areas would have to observe purdah by covering up. Prevalent in both Hindu and Muslim families at the time, these middle-class and upper-class women were mostly homemakers who barely went outside; any occasional movement outside were done inside cloaked carriages. This was seen as a way to protect women from unknown dangers of urban areas by the patriarch of the house.
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The society arose out of a split in the Zenana Bible and Medical Missionary Society who had denominational disputes. The Anglican church created the Church of England Zenana Missionary Society by the example of the Baptist Missionary Society, which had inaugurated zenana missions in India in the mid 19th century. Women in India at this time were segregated under the purdah system, being confined to a women's quarters known as a zenana into which it was forbidden for unrelated men to enter. The zenana missions were made up of female missionaries who could visit Indian women in their own homes with the aim of converting them to Christianity.
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Anne Sayre, Franklin's friend and one of her biographers, says in her 1975 book, Rosalind Franklin and DNA: "In 1951 ... King's College London as an institution, was not distinguished for the welcome that it offered to women ... Rosalind ... was unused to purdah [a religious and social institution of female seclusion] ... there was one other woman scientist on the laboratory staff".Sayre, p. 96. The molecular biologist Andrzej Stasiak notes: "Sayre's book became widely cited in feminist circles for exposing rampant sexism in science." Farooq Hussain says: "there were seven women in the biophysics department ... Jean Hanson became an FRS, Dame Honor B. Fell, Director of Strangeways Laboratory, supervised the biologists".
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When western visitors came to his court, he used to learn photography from them. Many of the photographs taken by him were of elite women who so-far lived an entirely secluded private life in the zenanas of his palace; captured in an western artificial setting, consisting of elegant backdrops, Victorian furniture and Persian carpets. It has been since considered as a pioneer effort at portraying Rajput women behind the purdah. Aprior to Ram SIngh's photographs, portraits of specific Rajput women were nearly unknown and artists mass-produced idealized representations of women based on a single model, to serve a variety of occasions, for centuries.
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On 6 January 1877 she obtained the approval of Pope Pius IX for the group, which was to have an entirely missionary orientation. They took the name of Missionaries of Mary, with Mother Mary of the Passion elected as their Superior. Mother Mary's vision was to maintain their commitment to a life in which the Sisters combined contemplative prayer with their service. One characteristic which the new congregation adopted, which distinguished it from their previous one, was the provision of medical care to the local people, especially for the women of India, who were strictly segregated from men in the traditional system of purdah.
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In this novel, Bankim Chandra emerged as a writer who is increasingly comfortable with weaving a complex story, and looked at all aspects of a novel. He wove together fun, family drama, a deep knowledge of local customs, with his message for independence from British. Unlike Anandamath, he put together an alternate government in place, led by an ideal leader, steeped in Indian values, directly supported by the people. Very importantly, Bankim Chandra boldly portrayed the struggle being led by a woman, the protagonist, in a time when most women remained behind purdah and did not even show her face to men apart from her husband and siblings.
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Zenana missions was the strongest feature of this Society's labors from the beginning. In Calcutta, it was known as "The American Doremus Zenana Mission." It included the superintendent (always one of the missionary women); 16 missionaries; 55 native teachers; zenana pupils, 1,000; schools, 50; suburban schools, in Kajpore, 12; and Entally, 2. In Calcutta, there was also an orphanage, with superintendent, zenana teacher, Bible-class teacher, and 112 pupils. The mission had no school-houses in Calcutta, but its 50 schools were taught in rooms which were rented in the houses of Babus. There were 1,500 children in these schools, whose lessons were received behind the purdah.
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The focus is not simply to restrict women's free expression on a particular day, but rather to subjugate women to strengthen male dominance through their seclusion from public life. The complex rules of purdah (seclusion) which reinforce chastity and family honor, have led to socio-cultural disparities, in every aspect of women's lives. Lacking an understanding of their civil, legal, and political rights, women's opportunities for participation in society are limited and they are left vulnerable to exploitation, oppression, and abusive control by others without adequate recourse. Technically, love is not haram (forbidden) in Islam, but gender segregation and gender mixing prohibitions stifle the freedom of Muslim women.
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The most junior civil servants are permitted to participate in political activities, but must be politically neutral in the exercise of their duties. In periods prior to General Elections, the Civil Service undergoes purdah which further restricts their activities. All civil servants are subject to the Official Secrets Acts 1911 to 1989, meaning that they may not disclose sensitive government information. Since 1998, there have also been restrictions on contact between civil servants and lobbyists; this followed an incident known as Lobbygate, where an undercover reporter for The Observer, posing as a business leader, was introduced by a lobbyist to a senior Downing Street official who promised privileged access to government ministers.
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The current zealous need to protect women's morality stems from the fact that Afghan society regards women as the perpetrators of the ideals of the society. As such they symbolize honor—of family, community and nation—and must be controlled as well as protected so as to maintain moral purity. By imposing strict restraints directly on women, the society's most sensitive component symbolizing male honor, authorities convey their intent to subordinate personal autonomy and thereby strengthen the impression that they are capable of exercising control over all aspects of social behaviour, male and female. The practice of purdah, seclusion, (Persian, literally meaning curtain), including veiling, is the most visible manifestation of this attitude.
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With leading members such as Madapati Hanumantha Rao, Burgula Ramakrishna Rao and M. Narsing Rao, its activities included urging merchants to resist offering freebies to government officials and encouraging labourers to resist the system of begar (free labour requested at the behest of state). Alarmed by its activities, the Nizam passed a powerful gagging order in 1929, requiring all public meetings to obtain prior permission. But the organisation persisted by mobilising on social issues such as the protection of ryots, women's rights, abolition of the devadasi system and purdah, uplifting of Dalits etc. The Andhra Mahasabha's move towards politics also inspired similar movements in Marathwada and Karnataka in 1937, giving rise to the Maharashtra Parishad and Karnataka Parishad respectively.
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After her father's death, she was consigned to a life behind the purdah until the late 1930s, when India's final efforts at the freedom struggle allowed her a greater degree of participation in public life. Anis married her cousin Shafi Ahmed Kidwai in 1920 and lived with him first in Allahabad and then in other cities, wherever her husband’s job took them. Her husband's brother Rafi Ahmed was a freedom fighter and was regularly imprisoned for his activism, and his family, including Shafi and Anis regularly faced political persecution for it. In October 1947, her husband was murdered in a brutal communal attack, and this catapulted Anis into her role as an activist and a writer.
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The Sultana's Dream (1905), by Bengali Muslim feminist Rokeya Sakhawat Hussain, engages with the limited role of women in colonial India. Through depicting a gender-reversed purdah in an alternate technologically futuristic world, Hussain's book has been described as illustrating the potential for cultural insights through role reversals early on in the subgenre's formation. In the utopian novel Beatrice the Sixteenth (1909), transgender writer Irene Clyde creates a world where gender is no longer recognized and the story itself is told without the use of gendered nouns. Along these same lines, Charlotte Perkins Gilman explores and critiques the expectations of women and men by creating a single-sex world in Herland (1915), possibly the most well-known of the early feminist SF and utopian novels.
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His efforts to "Humanize and Equalize" Indian society found its primary focus in women. He campaigned against the 'purdah' system (keeping women behind the veil).He was a founder of the Social Conference movement, which he supported till his death, directing his social reform efforts against child marriage, the tonsure of Brahmin widows, the heavy cost of weddings and other social functions, and the caste restrictions on traveling abroad, and he strenuously advocated widow remarriage and female education. In 1861, when he was still a teenager, Ranade co-founded the 'Widow Marriage Association' which promoted marriage for Hindu widows and acted as native compradors for the colonial government's project of passing a law permitting such marriages, which were forbidden in Hinduism.
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Karmarkar 1947, p105 Intercaste marriage, child marriage, marriage of boys to maternal uncles daughter, Svayamvara marriage (where the bride garlands her choice of a groom from among many aspirants) were all in vogue.The Svayamvara marriage of Chalukya King Vikramaditya VI to Chandaladevi in the 11th century being an example (Karmarkar, 1947 p105) The system of purdah was unknown and women had the freedom to visit markets at their will. The Chinese traveller Yuan Chwang who visited in the 7th century wrote, "The inhabitants are proud, spirited, war like, grateful for favours, vengeful in wars, self sacrificing towards supplicants in distress, sanguinary to death with anyone who treated them insultingly. There war elephants go to battle intoxicated and people are fond of learning".
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Krupabai had absorbed her father's missionary ideals early in life and decided that by becoming a doctor she could help other women, especially those in purdah. By this time her health was already showing signs of deterioration, so although she won a scholarship to go to England and study medicine, she was not allowed to go. However, the Madras Medical College agreed to admit her in 1878, and she became a boarder at the house of the Reverend W.T. Satthianadhan, an extremely well known Christian missionary. Her academic performance was brilliant from the start, but due to strain and overwork she had her first breakdown in health a year later, and had to return to her sister in Pune to convalesce in 1879.
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The Gunnel Gummeson case was the inspiration of a novel by Gert Holmertz: Muren i Maimana ('Maimana Wall') SAK förlag/Premiss förlag (2004). In this novel, the theory about Gunnel Gummeson having survived the death of Peter Winant and of having been sold as the daughter-in-law to the clan chief Kala Khan is fictionalized. In the novel, Gunnel Gummeson is raped by the son of Kala Khan after the murder of Winant and, after having become pregnant, is forced to marry her attacker. She is offered to return to Sweden on condition that she leave her child behind, but unable to leave her child, she accept to remain in Afghanistan, and grows accustom to living in purdah, thereby never discovered by any search team.
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Her father-in-law, the Nizam loved pointing out how much taller she was than his son, at their parties. It was believed at that time that the matrimonial alliance between the Nizam, the richest ruler in the world of his time, and the deposed Caliph would lead to the emergence of a Muslim ruler who could be acceptable to the world powers in place of the Ottoman sultans. Dürrüşehvar, whose father was raised by a branch of the Ottoman monarchy deeply interested in modernizing reforms and believed in modern education for women including his wives and daughter, became a popular public figure after her arrival in Hyderabad. She believed that women should earn their own living, and helped to remove the practice of purdah.
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After Chris offends the judge, the yuppies are locked in a hidden room under the courthouse to be judged the next day, and they overhear the judge violently executing a group of convicted drug dealers in a deadly roller coaster nicknamed "Mr. Bonestripper". Chris, Diane and the Brazilians attend the judge's dinner, learning that the Judge is holding them there out of revenge for a coal deal which the Valkenheiser family blames for their poverty. The group attempts an escape, but Chris and Diane are captured by Alvin's mute granddaughter Eldona (Candy, in a dual role). Meanwhile, being chased by Dennis' trigger-happy cousin, Miss Purdah, the Brazilians escape by cutting a deal with Dennis, who decides to escape with them.
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It depicts a feminist utopia (called Ladyland) in which women run everything and men are secluded, in a mirror-image of the traditional practice of purdah. The women are aided by science fiction-esque "electrical" technology which enables laborless farming and flying cars; the women scientists have discovered how to trap solar power and control the weather. This results in "a sort of gender-based Planet of the Apes where the roles are reversed and the men are locked away in a technologically advanced future." There, traditional stereotypes such as “Men have bigger brains” and women are "naturally weak" are countered with logic such as "an elephant also has a bigger and heavier brain" and “a lion is stronger than a man” and yet neither of them dominates men.
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Can’t Take This Shit Anymore shows six married women who return to their parents’ homes for lack of toilets in their new homes. Faced with the indignity and discomfort of having to defecate in the open, these women chose to weather the social pressure and return to their parents’ homes, something unthinkable for a married woman in rural India. Set in Uttar Pradesh's Kushinagar district, the documentary is a grim reminder of the desperate situation of women who are supposed to observe purdah on the one hand and on the other are forced to relieve themselves out in the open. Through interviews with the protagonists and a social activist, Asma, also the narrator, the film tells the stark tale of the indignity and dangers women face while defecating in the open.
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Mayall and Clapton cut a couple of tracks without the others (although some sources give this as occurring back in the summer): "Lonely Years" b/w "Bernard Jenkins" was released as a single the next August on producer Mike Vernon's Purdah Records label (both tracks appeared again two decades later in Clapton's Crossroads box set). In a November 1965 session, blues pianist-singer Champion Jack Dupree (originally from New Orleans but in the 1960s living in Europe) got Mayall and Clapton to play on a few tracks. In April 1966 the Bluesbreakers returned to Decca Studios to record a second LP with producer Vernon. The sessions, with horn arrangements for some tracks (John Almond on baritone sax, Alan Skidmore on tenor sax, and Dennis Healey on trumpet), lasted just three days.
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In 1898 aged 61, she converted to the Roman Catholic Church, and later went to Rawalpindi, northern India (now Pakistan) with a Catholic mission, she had learned of the tremendous health needs of women in India. Because of India’s custom of seclusion for women (purdah), they could not be seen by men other than their immediate family, a custom which meant they also could not receive medical care from male physicians. With so few women doctors in the early 1900s, literally thousands of women died in illness or in childbirth each year and many babies also died in infancy. McLaren responded to this problem by establishing the Medical Mission Committee in London, which financed the opening of a small hospital, St. Catherine’s Hospital, in Rawalpindi, a particularly needy area.
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In 2009, RAWA and other women's rights groups strongly condemned a "Shia Family Code" which is claimed to legalise spousal rape within Northern Afghan Shia Muslim communities, as well as endorsing child marriage, purdah (seclusion) for married women, which was passed by President Hamid Karzai to garner support for his coalition government from hardline elements within the aforesaid communities, as well as the neighbouring Shia-dominated Islamic Republic of Iran. In addition to the above, the new "Family Code" also enshrines discriminatory legal status in the context of inheritance and divorce against women. In February 2012, the group commemorated the 25th anniversary of the death of RAWA founder Meena Keshwar Kamal with a gathering of women in Kabul.RAWA News, RAWA commemorates the 25th anniversary of Meena’s martyrdom, 7 Feb 2012.
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Aridha Chaabia had lists in six electoral districts (8 seats total) voided by the electoral commission on the grounds that it violated election rules by campaigning during the purdah period and because of evidence of foreign funding. At the first announcement of the disqualification, Tunisian journalists in the electoral commission's media center burst into applause and sang the Tunisian national anthem, demonstrating a general suspicion of the Aridha Chaabia lists."Tunisian Elections – Live Updates – Results" , Tunisia-Live, 27 October 2011 In reaction, the party's supporters set fire to the mayor's office and a court in Sidi Bouzid and more than 2,000 protesters congregated outside Ennahda's headquarters in the same town and pelted stones at security forces. Hachmi Hamdi then also said that he would withdraw all 19 seats won by the party.
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Despite the social freedom that came with being a member of the royal household, Mughal women did not go about unveiled and were not seen by outsiders or men other than their family. Instead, when they traveled they covered their heads and faces in white veils, and they were transported in howdahs, chaudoles, carriages and palanquins with covering on all sides, to maintain the modesty and seclusion required of purdah. When entering or exiting the zenana itself, female pall bearers carried their palanquins, and they were only transferred to male servants and eunuchs outside the walls of the zenana. Should outsiders be required to enter the zenana, as in the case of an illness where the lady could not be moved for her health, the visitor was covered from head to foot in a shroud and led blindly to the lady by a eunuch escort.
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Although headscarves are permitted in government institutions, public servants are prohibited from wearing the full-facial veil or niqab. A judgment from the then–Supreme Court of Malaysia in 1994 cites that the niqab, or purdah, "has nothing to do with (a woman's) constitutional right to profess and practise her Muslim religion", because Islam does not make it obligatory to cover the face.Hjh Halimatussaadiah bte Hj Kamaruddin v Public Services Commission, Malaysia & Anor [1994] 3 MLJ 61. Although wearing the hijab, or tudung, is not mandatory for women in Malaysia, some government buildings enforce within their premises a dress code which bans women, Muslim and non-Muslim, from entering while wearing "revealing clothes". As of 2013 the vast majority of Muslim Malaysian (mostly ethnic Malay) women wear the tudung, a type of hijab. This use of the tudung was uncommon prior to the 1979 Iranian revolution,Boo, Su-lyn.
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For local elections in England and Wales, the activities of local authorities in the pre-election period are governed by the Recommended code of practice for local authority publicity, Circular 01/2011, issued as part of the provisions of the Local Government Act 1986. Section 39 of the Local Audit and Accountability Act 2014 inserted sections 4A and 4B into the Local Government Act 1986 which provide powers for the Secretary of State to issue a notice to comply or explain, followed after non-compliance, by a direction; and to issue a more general Order if approved by Parliament across multiple authorities to comply in some respects with provisions of the recommendatory, good practice, code. The code mentions at the outset that it in no way detracts from the section 2 offence of the Act. Purdah in local government ends on the close of polls which, for ordinary elections, is usually on the first Thursday in May.
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The purdah system made it impossible for many Indian women, especially high status women, to access health care, and many were dying and suffering needlessly. By training as doctors and nurses, the women of the zenana missions were accepted by the women of India into their homes in a way that men would not have. The zenana missions expanded from just home visits to open mobile clinics in rural areas, women only hospitals and all girl schools, all staffed and run by women both recruited in Britain and those recruited and trained locally in India. The success of the Baptists in gaining local acceptance would lead to the creation of Anglican zenana missions in 1880, and the adoption of similar tactics in countries which practised segregation of men and women, the society became active in Qing dynasty China in 1884,Church of England Zenana Mission (CEZMS) 中華聖公會(女部) Japan in 1886, and Sri Lanka (at that time known as Ceylon) in 1889.
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This and other slogans like Nazar teri gandi aur purdah mein keroun (Why do I adopt veil cause of your bad habit of ogling), Agar dupatta itna pasand hai tou apni aankhon pe bandh lo (If you like scarf this much then tie it on your eyes), Tu kare tou Stud, Mai Karun tou Slut (If you do it then Stud but If I do it then Slut), Khana khud garam karo (Ready the food yourself) of Aurat March were highly criticized by the religious right in Pakistan as they were thought to be in nonconformity with the societal and ethical values in the country. It was termed indecent by clergy and a National Assembly panel called it immoral. It was also criticized for not addressing the real issues of women in the country and undermining values. Mera Jism Meri Marzi was discussed extensively on social media and many campaigns were started against it by rightists.
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Building on confidence of villagers, he began leading the clean-up of villages, building of schools and hospitals and encouraging the village leaders to undo purdah, untouchability and the suppression of women. Gandhi set up two more basic schools at Bhitiharwa with the help of Sant Raut in West Champaran and Madhuban in this district on 30 November 1917, and 17 January 2008 But his main assault came as he was arrested by police on the charge of creating unrest and was ordered to leave the province. Hundreds of thousands of people protested and rallied outside the jail, police stations and courts demanding his release, which the court unwillingly did. Gandhi led organised protests and strike against the landlords, who with the guidance of the British government, signed an agreement granting more compensation and control over farming for the poor farmers of the region, and cancellation of revenue hikes and collection until the famine ended.
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Another had a drawing of a vagina and two ovaries and the words: "Grow a pair!" Another poster said, "If you like the headscarf so much, tie it around your eyes", one depicting a girl sitting with her legs spread out, Lo Beth Gayi Sahi Se or the irreverent Akeli Awara Azaad "Nazar teri gandi aur purdah mein keroun" (Why do I adopt veil cause of your bad habit of ogling) "Aaj waqai maa behn ek ho rahi hai" depicts all women coming together without differences. One poster read that maybe we haven't seen any woman as independent as a 'tawaaif', so this is the reason we (some of our society) consider every independent woman a 'tawaaif', another "My shirt is not short, it's your mindset that is narrow", and posters like "these are my streets too" claimed public spaces. Ailia Zehra deconstructs a poster in her article that says "If Cynthia does it, she’s applauded. If I do it, I’m the villain".
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Although the origins of the terem as a Muscovite practice are still a matter of debate among historians, scholars generally agree that the word itself is derived from the Byzantine Greek word teremnon (Greek:τέρεμνον), meaning chamber or abode. Its usage in a Russian context has been dated to Kievan times. The word terem is in no way linguistically related to the Arabic word harem, as was mistakenly assumed by foreign travelers to Russia during the Muscovite period, as well as nineteenth-century Russian historians who thought it to be directly derived from the Islamic practice of enclosing the female members of a household. Parallels have been drawn between the terem and the South Asian practice of female physical seclusion, purdah, but this is also problematic due to a lack of evidence suggesting that the Muscovite terem was derived from foreign cultural practices (see Origins and Historiography). Original Muscovite sources often use the word “pokoi,” but nineteenth-century historians popularized the word “terem,” which became synonymous with the general practice of elite female seclusion.
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On the last weekend of the campaign, Liberal Democrat MP and government minister Andrew Stunell issued a party press release hailing a government scheme to reuse empty homes. The scheme was only officially unveiled on the following Monday, and shadow Minister for the Cabinet Office Jon Trickett wrote to the Cabinet Secretary Sir Gus O'Donnell questioning whether Stunell's actions had broken the rules on election period 'purdah'. O'Donnell wrote back on 12 January explaining that Stunell "recognises with hindsight" that his party press release could have been linked by the public with a government spending announcement, and that Stunell had apologised for the mistake. Two opinion polling companies released constituency polls for the by-election on 8 January. ICM and Populus used sample sizes of 340 and 772, respectively (excluding those who refused to respond or did not specify a party). ICM's figures of Labour 44%, Liberal Democrats 27% and Conservatives 18% represented a sharp percentage decrease of 8% for the Conservatives, contrasted with a sizable 12% increase for Labour and a modest 5% decline in Liberal Democrat support since the 2010 general election, indicating a secure Labour victory in the constituency.
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In late March 2009, Afghan President Hamid Karzai signed into law an internationally condemned "Shia Family Law" which condones apparent spousal rape (in Article 132), child marriage and imposes purdah on married Afghan women. Although the offending legislation is said to have been dormant for a year, President Karzai was trying to gain the support of Afghan northern Shia legislators and the neighbouring Islamic Republic of Iran, which is Shia- dominated. According to Britain's Independent newspaper, the 'family code' was not read in the Upper House/Senate, and also enshrines gender discrimination in inheritance law and divorce against women Despite various promises from the government to implement United Nations Security Council Resolution 1325, the law could not be implemented. The Kabul peace talks that took place in June 2017, included only two women among 47 government and international representatives. On 18 September 2020, Afghanistan’s president, Ashraf Ghani signed a new law to include mothers’ names on their children’s birth certificates and identification cards. Afghan women’s rights activists had been campaigning on social media for several years to include the name of both parents, under the hashtag #WhereIsMyName.
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