619 Sentences With "prognostic" | Random Sentence Generator

The researchers suggest that such phenomena might even have prognostic value.

But the Globes are not especially prognostic of what will happen on Oscar night.

Recently, MyndYou, a New York-based company, announced a partnership with Mizuho to bring its passive prognostic toolkit to Japan.

"That's a really good prognostic sign for his recovery," said De Jonge, an assistant professor of medicine at Johns Hopkins Medicine.

The company is looking at expanding its prognostic toolkits to determining lasting impacts from traumatic brain injuries, and post-operative cognitive disorder, he says.

Most of the children I care for as a pediatric palliative care specialist have complex chronic conditions with a huge degree of prognostic uncertainty.

Only a minority of patients come to see him with elaborate stories of different personalities, and for Loewenstein, it's not a very good prognostic sign.

Doctors will need to become more at ease with the prognostic ambiguity and better versed in the possible benefits and harms of the new therapies.

"You have to do prognostic evaluations on players to determine which contract structure fits the player's ability, and this is not a uniform process," Boras said.

" The study's authors conclude, "Assessing optimism and pessimism as separate entities improves the prognostic values of the connection between these personality traits and coronary heart disease.

At another moment during role-play, Jacobsen stepped in when a doctor skipped over the section in the script where she was supposed to share prognostic information.

She enters her specifics into LifeMath, an online prognostic calculator that beams out a pictograph of her chances for survival — 52 percent, represented by 52 green smiley faces.

Ninety-one percent of the doctors cited reasons such as family or patient requests for treatment, prognostic uncertainty and not knowing the patient's wishes as contributors to inappropriate care.

The more factors he can employ to divide his 40,000 horses and their hundreds of thousands of genetic markers into smaller groups, the easier it becomes to find prognostic variables.

In a bleak prognostic of what might await institutions around the world, the New York Times reported that the museum projects total losses of $100 million and a closure that could extend through July.

For all my doctor's prognostic accuracy in my own case, he could not have known I would stay after school every day in kindergarten practicing the monkey bars until I could make it across.

On October 25th, at a meeting of the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers in Baltimore, Dr Silva plans to present the idea that, like real pulses, urban pulses have useful diagnostic and prognostic properties.

"Her state was extremely critical with a unfavorable prognostic and on a progressive downwards path that we could not reverse," the Health Ministry said in a statement read on state-run radio station Radio Reloj.

Considering the conflict around the naming of Little Haiti, the treatment of Haitians across the globe, and the Temporary Protected Status of Haitians (which has become prognostic for Trump's immigration policies), the empowerment of Haitians is critical.

NEW YORK, July 07, 2016 (GLOBE NEWSWIRE) -- Provista Diagnostics, a private company developing and commercializing protein-based diagnostic, prognostic and monitoring tests for cancers affecting women, today announced the signing of 13 agreements with Third Party Administrator (TPA) Networks for coverage of Videssa® Breast.

"Even though they're not dying from that cardiac injury, something about that biomarker is providing some prognostic value beyond other risk factors that were controlled, so it could still be important in terms of identifying high-risk patients that enter the hospital with Covid-19," Gump said.

John Lithgow is proving to be a prognostic poet, revealing a piece he says he wrote months ago about the downfall of Alex AcostaAlex Alexander AcostaThree more Epstein accusers sue estate Barr removes prisons chief after Epstein death Feds face mounting pressure over Epstein's death MORE because of the now-outgoing Labor secretary's handling of the Jeffrey Epstein case.

"Although we reckon that it is still too early to make any prognostic on the full impact that Covid-19 may have on Brazilian malls, the fact that most shopping malls have been closed makes us more conservative in pretty much all revenue lines (mostly parking and rents), while delinquency should also increase," BTG analysts wrote.

Paige — which applies AI-based methods such as machine learning to better map the pathology of cancer, an essential component of understanding the origins and progress of a disease with seemingly infinite mutations (its name is an acronym of Pathology AI Guidance Engine) — says it will be use the funding to inch closer to FDA approvals for products it is developing in areas such as biomarkers and prognostic capabilities.

Prognostic scoring is also used for cancer outcome predictions. A Manchester score is an indicator of prognosis for small-cell lung cancer. For Non-Hodgkin lymphoma, physicians have developed the International Prognostic Index to predict patient outcome. Other medical areas where prognostic indicators are used is in Drug-Induced Liver Injury (DILI) (Hy's law) and use of an exercise stress test as a prognostic indicator after myocardial infarction, also use to indicator multiple myeloma survive rate.

The forecast map showing the state of the atmosphere at a future time is called a prognostic chart. Prognostic charts generated by computer models are sometimes referred to as machine-made forecasts.

Prognostic factors were a matter of research as of 2012, but preliminary evidence suggests that duration of employment and reported use of respiratory protection are not prognostic factors, but the serum level of indium may be a prognostic factor - higher levels of serum indium have been associated with worse prognoses. Indium lung disease has been fatal in several cases.

Cubilin is a potential diagnostic and prognostic cancer biomarker for kidney cancer. Based on patient survival data, high levels of cubilin in tumor cells is a favourable prognostic biomarker in renal cell carcinoma.

It also demonstrated that it was a powerful prognostic tool.

Efforts are underway to utilize this as prognostic marker and treatment.

It is important to note that prognostic gene signatures are not a target of therapy; they offer additional information to consider when discussing details such as duration or dosage or drug sensitivity etc. in therapeutic intervention. The criteria a gene signature must meet to be deemed a prognostic marker include demonstration of its association with the outcomes of the condition, reproducibility and validation of its association in an independent group of patients and lastly, the prognostic value must demonstrate independence from other standard factors in a multivariate analysis. The applications of these prognostic signatures include prognostic assays for breast cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, leukaemia and are continually being developed for other types of cancers and disorders as well.

Prognostic refers to predicting the likely outcome or course of a disease. Classifying a biological phenotype or medical condition based on a specific gene signature or multiple gene signatures, can serve as a prognostic biomarker for the associated phenotype or condition. This concept termed prognostic gene signature, serves to offer insight into the overall outcome of the condition regardless of therapeutic intervention. Several studies have been conducted with focus on identifying prognostic gene signatures with the hopes of improving the diagnostic methods and therapeutic courses adopted in a clinical settings.

Three broad classes of biomarkers are prognostic biomarkers, predictive biomarkers and pharmacodynamic biomarkers.

A prognostic biomarker provides information about the patients overall outcome, regardless of therapy.

NANOG p8 gene has been evaluated as a prognostic and predictive cancer biomarker.

Prognostic biomarkers give intervention- independent information on disease status through screening, diagnosis and disease monitoring. Prognostic biomarkers can signify individuals in the latent period of a disease's natural history, allowing optimal therapy and prevention until the disease's termination. Prognostic biomarkers give information on disease status by measuring the internal precursors that increase or decrease the likelihood of attaining a disease. For example, blood pressure and cholesterol are biomarkers for CVD.

Prognostic biomarkers can be direct or indirect to the causal pathway of a disease. If a prognostic biomarker is a direct step in the causal pathway, it is one of the factors or products of the disease. A prognostic biomarker could be indirectly associated with a disease if it is related to a change caused by the exposure, or related to an unknown factor connected with the exposure or disease.

However, it is not known whether these changes in HRV have any direct prognostic significance.

They also found that while HRrecovery had significant prognostic value it had no diagnostic value.

Metastasis suppressors can potentially serve as prognostic markers, therapeutic targets and predictors for treatment response.

Surface weather prognostic charts for mariners indicate the positions of high and low pressure areas, as well as frontal zones, up to five days into the future. Surface wind direction and speed is also forecast on this type of chart. Wave prognostic charts show the expected sea state at some future time. Low-level prognostic charts used by aviators show the forecast between the Earth's surface and above sea level over the next two days.

The Union for International Cancer Control (UICC) uses the term Stage to define the anatomical extent of disease. The American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) uses the term Prognostic Stage Group which may also include additional prognostic factors in addition to anatomical extent of disease.

Free peritoneal tumour cells are an independent prognostic factor in curatively resected stage IB gastric carcinoma.

Circulating levels of LECT2 are elevated in >90% of individuals with hepatoblastoma and >20% of individuals with Hepatocellular carcinoma. In the latter form of liver cancer, LECT2 levels increase with increasingly poor prognostic stages of the disease and therefore may prove to be valuable prognostic markers.

Prognostic equation - in the context of physical (and especially geophysical) simulation, a prognostic equation predicts the value of variables for some time in the future on the basis of the values at the current or previous times. For instance, the well-known Navier-Stokes equations that describe the time evolution of a fluid are prognostic equations that predict the future distribution of velocities in that fluid on the basis of current fields such as the pressure gradient.

Castle Biosciences, Incorporated is a molecular diagnostics company that develops diagnostic and prognostic assays for rare cancers. Castle’s mission is to serve individuals afflicted with rare cancers by offering accurate prognostic tests which provide information for making critical decisions regarding an individual’s surveillance and treatment regimens. In addition to DecisionDx- UM, Castle offers prognostic tests for glioblastoma multiforme (DecisionDx- GBM) and low-grade glioma (DecisionDx-LGG). Castle is based in Friendswood, TX, and has operations in Phoenix, AZ.

Although these observations need to be confirmed prospectively, they suggest that auscultatory gaps may have prognostic relevance.

One study suggests that the epigenetic age of blood tissue may be prognostic of lung cancer incidence.

As a result, patients that develop leukemia without a high expression of MSI2 have a better prognostic.

Among the prognostic tests developed and marketed by Myriad is "Prolaris", which uses gene expression profiling to provide a 10-year prostate cancer-specific risk of death. Another prognostic test, marketed as "myRisk Hereditary Cancer", reviews genetic markers correlated with elevated risk of developing any of eight hereditary cancers.

The appearance of hypermethylation of p16 is also being evaluated as a potential prognostic biomarker for prostate cancer.

For example, a low mitotic index loses any prognostic value for women over 70 years old with breast cancer.

Whether LVI is a significant prognostic factor in breast cancer is widely debated, and there is no clear consensus.

The outlook or prognosis for an individual child is affected by the type of leukemia. In addition, there are certain characteristics of the patients and cancers that help doctors predict the prognosis (and determine treatment). These are referred to as prognostic factors. Generally prognostic factors are more meaningful in ALL than in AML.

The serum albumin level immediately prior to chemotherapy administration is an independent prognostic predictor of survival in various cancer types.

MMP10 has been linked to cancer stem cell vitality and metastasis. MMP10 is a potential prognostic biomarker for oral cancer.

There are a number of prognostic factors in ovarian cancer. Positive prognostic factors - those indicating better chances of survival - include no residual disease after surgery (stage III/IV), complete macroscopic resection (stage IV), BRCA2 mutations, young age (under 45 years), nonserous type, low histologic grade, early stage, co-occurrence with endometrial cancer, and low CA-125 levels. There is conflicting evidence for BRCA1 as a prognostic factor. Conversely, negative prognostic factors - those that indicate a worse chance of survival - include rupture of the ovarian capsule during surgery, older age (over 45 years), mucinous type, stage IV, high histologic grade, clear cell type, upper abdominal involvement, high CA-125 levels, the presence of tumor cells in the blood, and elevated cyclooxygenase-2.

Applied Biosystems SOLiD sequencing platform has also been used to examine the prognostic value of miRNAs in detecting human breast cancer.

It has been inferred that levels of CSF neuron- specific enolase, serum NSE, and creatine kinase (type BB) are indicative in the prognostic assessment of cardiac arrest victims. Other studies have focused on the prognostic value of NSE values in cerebrovascular accident victims. Autoantibodies to alpha-enolase are associated with the rare syndrome called Hashimoto's encephalopathy.

Their results identified a subset of radiomic features that may be useful for predicting patient survival and describing intratumoural heterogeneity. They also confirmed that the prognostic ability of these radiomics features may be transferred from lung to head-and-neck cancer. However, Parmar et al. (2015) demonstrated that prognostic value of some radiomic features may be cancer type dependent.

The USC/Van Nuys prognostic index (VNPI) classifies ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) into dissimilar risk categories that may be treated accordingly.

Computational experiments have established the promise of using the new concept to increase the effectiveness of the prognostic properties of mathematical models.

Eradicative degree of surgery, pathologic stage, depth of tumor invasion and tumor location were also identified as independent prognostic factors found significant.

In the context of prognostics, a prognostic variable is a measured or estimated variable that is correlated with the health condition of a system, and may be used to predict its residual useful life. An ideal prognostic variable is easily measured or calculated, and provides an exact estimation of how long time the system can continue to operate before maintenance or replacement will be required. Real prognostic variables are usually either known with some uncertainty, may be difficult to measure, and their correlation to the state of health of the system may not be exact. Examples of prognostic variables are the age of a vehicle and its odometer reading: the older a car is, and the longer it has been driven, the more worn it can be expected to be.

Temporal relationship and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation in heart failure patients with preserved ejection fraction: a community-based study. Circulation, CIRCULATIONAHA-113.

In the breast, the macroscopic, microscopic, epidemiologic, and prognostic features of LELC are very similar to medullary carcinoma; EBV status is one differentiator.

Harbour et al. Cell (1999) In the early 2000s, the focus of Harbour's research turned to uveal melanoma, in which he discovered a gene expression profile that predicted with great accuracy which of these cancers would remain localized to the eye (class 1 profile) and which would metastasize (class 2 profile). Based on this discovery, his group developed a highly accurate clinical prognostic test with high technical performance and prognostic accuracy. The prognostic accuracy of the test was validated in the largest multicenter prospective validation study of its kind ever conducted in the field of ocular oncology.

The presence of B symptoms is a marker for more advanced disease with systemic, rather than merely local, involvement. B symptoms are a clear negative prognostic factor in Hodgkin lymphoma.Reevaluation of prognostic significance of symptoms in Hodgkin's disease. Gobbi PG; Cavalli C; Gendarini A; Crema A; Ricevuti G; Federico M; Di Prisco U; Ascari E. Cancer 1985 Dec 15;56(12):2874–80.

Between 1977 and 1983, he lectured at the University of Economics (VŠE). In 1984, he was a founding member of the Prognostic Department of the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences (ČSAV), which later became the Prognostic Institute. There, he first worked as a research assistant, later as a head of department and eventually as a deputy head.2\. MULLEROVÁ, Alena; HANZEL, Vladimír.

When present in primary biliary cirrhosis, ACAs are prognostic of portal hypertension such that serum ACA levels correlate with the severity of portal hypertension.

NLR can be used as a prognostic marker for COVID-19 given the significant difference of NLR between those died and recovered from COVID-19.

In addition to its diagnostic potential, H-FABP also has prognostic value. Alongside D-dimer, NT-proBNP and peak troponin T, it was the only cardiac biomarker that proved to be a statistically significant predictor of death or MI at one year. This prognostic information was independent of troponin T, ECG and clinical examination. The risk associated with raised H-FABP is dependent upon its concentration.

OSR1 expression was downregulated in primary RCC and negatively correlated with histological grade. Downregulation of OSR1 might represent a potentially prognostic marker and therapeutic target for RCC.

KLK9 is under steroid hormone regulation in ovarian and breast cancer cell lines and is a potential prognostic marker for early-stage ovarian and breast cancer patients.

Treatment for childhood leukemia is based on a number of factors, including the type of leukemia, characteristics of the leukemia, prognostic characteristics (children with worse prognostic characteristics receive more aggressive therapy, see Prognosis section), response to therapy, and extent of the disease at diagnosis. Treatment is typically managed by a team of health care professionals, consisting of pediatric oncologists, social workers, pediatric nurse specialists, and pediatricians among others.

ASRGL1 is highly expressed in the normal endometrium and differentially expressed in endometrial cancer. Loss of ASRGL1 expression is an unfavorable prognostic feature for patients with endometrial cancer.

Neoplastic Meningitis (NM) was first reported in the 1870s.Herrlinger (2004). Leptomeningeal metastasis: survival and prognostic factors in 155 patients. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, 223(2), 167-178.

The Gael of old regarded stormy weather towards the end of January as prognostic of a fruitful season to follow, or vice versa, as shown in various proverbs.

In addition, eradicative degree of surgery, pathologic stage, depth of tumor invasion and location of tumor were identified as independent prognostic factors of patients with GC as well.

In addition to the diagnostic abilities, cardiac CTA beholds important prognostic information. Stenosis severity and extent of coronary artery disease are important prognostic indicators. However, one of the unique features of cardiac CTA is the fact that it enables the visualization of the vessel wall, in a non-invasive manner. Therefore, the technique is able to identify characteristics of coronary artery disease that are associated to the development of acute coronary syndrome.

Cyclin E overexpression can lead to G1 shortening, decrease in cell size or loss of serum requirement for proliferation. Dysregulation of cyclin E occurs in 18-22% of the breast cancers. Cyclin E is a prognostic marker in breast cancer, its altered expression increased with the increasing stage and grade of the tumor. Low molecular weight cyclin E isoforms have been shown to be of great pathogenetic and prognostic importance for breast cancer.

Complete remission is obtained in about 50%–75% of newly diagnosed adults, although this may vary based on the prognostic factors described above. The length of remission depends on the prognostic features of the original leukemia. In general, all remissions will fail without additional consolidation therapy. There is insufficient evidence to determine if prescribing all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) in addition to chemotherapy to adults that suffer from acute myeloid leukaemia is helpful.

The predictive value and prevalence of lymphovascular invasion is strongly dependent on the type of cancer. In other words, LVI in one type of cancer may be much less important than LVI in another type of cancer. Generally speaking, it is associated with lymph node metastases which themselves are predictive of a poorer prognosis. In the context of (histologically) proven lymph node metastases, LVI may have less prognostic significance or no prognostic significance.

Identification of poor prognostic factors include cerebral edema, status epilepticus, and thrombocytopenia. In contrast, a normal encephalogram at the early stages of diagnosis is associated with high rates of survival.

There may be a genetic predisposition in children with separation anxiety disorder. "Separation anxiety disorder in children may be heritable."American Psychiatric Association. (2013). Risk and Prognostic Factors of Separation Anxiety.

The staging does not take into account the grade (biological behavior) of the tumor tissue. The prognostic significance of bulky disease, and some other modifiers, were introduced with the "Cotswolds modification".

Procollagen type II C-terminal propeptide (PIICP) levels reflect type II collagen synthesis in body and within joint fluid PIICP levels can be used as a prognostic marker for early osteoarthritis.

Prognostics factors: Lower Glasgow Coma Scale score, higher pulse rate, higher respiratory rate and lower arterial oxygen saturation level is prognostic features of in- hospital mortality rate in acute ischemic stroke.

As turbines have grown in capacity, complexity and cost, there have been significant improvements in the sophistication of instrumentation installed on wind turbines which has enabled more effective prognostic systems on newer wind turbines. In response, there has been a growing trend of retro-fitting similar systems on existing wind turbines in order to manage aging assets effectively. Prognostic methods that enable preventative maintenance have been common place in some industries for decades such as Aerospace and other industrial applications. As the cost of repairing wind turbines has increased as designs have grown more complex it is expected that the Wind Turbine industry will adopt a number of prognostic methods and economic models from these industries such a power-by-the-hour approach to ensure availability.

Depth of invasion was first reported as a prognostic factor in melanoma by the pathologist Alexander Breslow, M.D. at George Washington University in 1970. In recognition of his contribution, the depth of invasion of melanoma is referred to by the eponym Breslow's depth. Subsequent studies confirmed and refined the role of depth of invasion in the prognosis of malignant melanoma. Currently, Breslow's depth is included in the AJCC staging guidelines for melanoma as a major prognostic factor.

Inflammatory breast cancer is also frequently triple negative. Many proteins such as Caveolin 1/2, Survivin are researched as possible classification or prognostic factors. TNBCs have been classified using an integrative analysis of cancer genomics data (DNA copy number, DNA methylation, and mRNA) and PPI data from a prognostic point of view, and several key subnetworks (i.e. ubiquitin/proteasome, complement system, metabolism-related Warburg effect, ER-Golgi-cell surface trafficking, transcription) significantly related to patient survival have been identified.

Specific areas of interest include clinical research and mechanistic approaches; drug sensitivity and resistance; gene and antisense therapy; pathology, markers, and prognostic indicators; chemoprevention strategies; multimodality therapy; and integration of various approaches.

A prognostic multigene classifier has been shown to be potentially useful for the distinction of laryngeal cancer of low or high risk of recurrence and might influence the treatment choice in future.

Unphosphorylated or inactive STAT5a may suppress tumor growth in colorectal cancer and active STAT5a expression in premalignant and tumor lesions has shown potential as a prognostic marker in oral squamous cell carcinoma.

The extent of carcinomatosis represents one of the most important prognostic factors. In patients with PC accurate preoperative assessment is essential to determine a road map for choosing an optimal type of treatment.

In 2002, Chin co-founded a cancer biotechnology company called AVEO Pharmaceuticals. 5 years later, Chin founded Metamark Genetics, a cancer diagnostic company dedicated to the development of prognostic and predictive cancer tests.

Synopsis of his sixteen books on the pulse Synopsis Librorum Suorum, Sexdecim, de Pulsibus (Syn. Puls.) : 12. Commentaries on the prognostics of Hippocrates (On Hippocrates' 'Prognostic') In Prognostica Hippocratis Comment. (Hipp. Prog.) : 13.

Cure rate for nodular basal cell cancer is higher than for infiltrative basal cell cancer. Essentially, all the prognostic factors that apply to Mohs surgery and standard surgical excision will also apply to EDC.

ZNF217 can attenuate apoptotic signals resulting from telomere dysfunction and may promote neoplastic transformation and later stages of malignancy. Znf217 was shown to be a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target during breast cancer progression.

All discoveries were made in places shown on the 1986 prognostic map as promising areas. The result is convincingly positive, and this is a strong contribution in support of abiogenic theory of oil origin.

This protein shows potential use as a prognostic biomarker in various tumors, like gastric carcinoma. or melanoma has been suggested. Elevated TGF-α is associated with Menetrier's disease, a precancerous condition of the stomach.

Hexagrams 1 and 2 have an extra line statement, named yong. Following the line number, the line statements may make oracular or prognostic statements. Some line statements also contain poetry or references to historical events.

ALSFRS-R scores calculated at diagnosis can be compared to scores throughout time to determine the speed of progression. The rate of change, called the ALSFRS-R slope can be used as a prognostic indicator. Although the ALSFRS-R score is a recognized prognostic indicator, it is more useful to compare various indicators including vital capacity (FVC%) and the Sickness Impact Profile (SIP) to increase the accuracy of a given prognosis. Relating the ALSFRS-R score to staging criteria is also useful in determining prognosis.

Prognosis of pre-PMF currently suffers from a lack of multi-center data, with several biases resulting from the disease being newly distinct in WHO's 2016 reclassification. The 10 year cumulative incidence of progression to overt PMF is between 9.7 and 31.5%. The 10 year incidence of transformation into acute myeloid leukemia ranges from 5.8% to 12%. A prognostic scoring model designed specifically for pre-PMF does not yet exist, but the International Prognostic Scoring System can be used to predict survival in pre-PMF patients.

A manual prognostic chart of the weather in the United States 36 hours into the future Manual prognostic charts depict tropical cyclones, turbulence, weather fronts, rain and snow areas, precipitation type and coverage indicators, as well as centers of high and low pressure. Within the United States, these type of maps are generated by the Hydrometeorological Prediction Center, the Storm Prediction Center, the Ocean Prediction Center, and the National Hurricane Center. The Aviation Weather Center re-sends these maps, and also generates specialized maps for aviation.

To obtain diagnostic and prognostic information a precise and fully quantitative measurement of H-FABP is required. Commercial tests include a Cardiac Array on Evidence MultiStat; and an automated biochemistry assay (both by Randox Laboratories Ltd.).

Decoy cells are clinically relevant since they may be used as a prognostic marker for clinical conditions such as polyomavirus BK-induced nephropathy in renal transplant recipients, and haemorrhagic cystitis in haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients.

The MALOVA (MALignant OVArian cancer) study is a multidisciplinary Danish study of ovarian cancer and encompasses epidemiology, lifestyle factors, biochemistry, and molecular biology with the purpose of identifying risk factors and prognostic factors for ovarian cancer.

When used as a prognostic factor for the development of ventricular tachycardia, they have a sensitivity of 72% and a specificity of 75%, yielding a positive predictive value of 20% and a negative predictive value of 20%.

Research into various prognostic factors for ovarian cancer is also going on. Recent research shows that thrombocytosis predicts lower survival and higher stage cancer. Ongoing research is also investigating the benefits of surgery for recurrent ovarian cancer.

Anti-p62 antibodies (AP62A) are found in a primary biliary cirrhosis. The p62 protein is also more frequent in Stage IV primary biliary cirrhosis and is prognostic for severe disease. The autoantigen is the nucleoporin 62kDA protein.

HSPA1L is also involved in Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) and has potential to serve as a diagnostic/prognostic biomarker. Polymorphisms in the HSPA1L gene, especially those in the substrate binding domain, have been associated with disease.

Rantsman E, Glasko M (2004) Morphostructural knots–the sites of extreme natural events. Media-Press, Moscow. In 1986 the team published a prognostic map for discovering giant oil and gas fields at the Ands in South AmericaS.

The limits of stratified randomization include: # Stratified randomization firstly divides samples into several strata with reference to prognostic factors but there is possible that the samples are unable to be divided. In application, the significance of prognostic factors lacks strict approval in some cases, which could further result in bias. This is why the factors' potential for making effects to result should be checked before the factors are included in stratification. In some cases that the impact of factors on the outcome cannot be approved, unstratified randomization is suggested.

It is therefore urgent to search not only for intraoperative and postoperative prognostic factors but also for predictive prognostic factors at the FNAC/preoperative stage." A 2019 investigation by Yamamoto et al. evaluated the first and the second screening rounds separately as well as combined covering 184 confirmed cancer cases in 1.080 million observed person years subject to additional radiation exposure due to the nuclear accidents. The authors concluded "A significant association between the external effective dose-rate and the thyroid cancer detection rate exists: detection rate ratio (DRR) per μSv/h 1.065 (1.013, 1.119).

A predictive gene signature is similar to a predictive biomarker, where it predicts the effect of treatment in patients or study participants that exhibit a particular disease phenotype. A predictive gene signature unlike a prognostic gene signature can be a target for therapy. The information predictive signatures provide are more rigorous than that of prognostic signatures as they are based on treatment groups with therapeutic intervention on the likely benefit from treatment, completely independent of prognosis. Predictive gene signatures addresses the paramount need for ways to personalize and tailor therapeutic intervention in diseases.

CATAI developed the Videophone network in the Canary Islands in 1991 for distant support. At the present it includes the best practice implementation pilots in phone medicine (oncology, particularly home care, and psychiatry, particularly childhood psychiatry), Tele-ECG and Tele-ultrasounds, particularly obstetrics and gynaecology. The first in the world to carry out distant DNA quantitation (in 1991), it was applied to image analysis for prognostic factors in breast cancer. Objective image analysis and prognostic factors have been incorporated into the regional breast cancer registry of over 3000 patients (see above).

The prognostic outcomes for this type of cloaca are good for bowel control and urinary function. The surgical repair for this type of cloaca can usually be done by performing posterior sagittal approach without opening of the abdomen. A common channel longer than 3 cm in length usually has poor sphincter muscles and a poor sacrum, suggesting a prognostic outcome for bowel control and urinary function to be less likely. Common channels longer than 3 cm are generally considered more complex and more technically challenging in surgical repair.

A majority of patients show advanced (stage III and IV) diseases and high International Prognostic Index (IPI) scores. Symptoms specific to subtypes include diffuse lymphadenopathy and hepatosplenomegaly in AITL, and swellings in skin in cutaneous T-cell lymphoma.

Cyclin E is also a useful prognostic marker for lung cancer. There is significant association between cyclin E over-expression and the prognosis of lung cancer. It is believed increased expression of cyclin E correlated with poorer prognosis.

Expected survival upon diagnosis of acute myeloid leukemia in the United States Chromosomal translocation (9;11), associated with AML AML is a curable disease. The chance of cure for a specific person depends on a number of prognostic factors.

In prostate cancer, this gene has increased expression, which indicates its possible use as a diagnostic or prognostic marker for prostate cancer. The gene contains multiple polyadenylation sites and alternative splicing results in multiple transcript variants encoding distinct isoforms.

In the five cases reported by Mouton et al. an aggressive chemotherapy and adequate surgical excision granted a disease-free interval for 7 to 50 months. The attainability of radical surgical ablation seems the most important prognostic factor (10).

Joshi, et al. did not find any meaningful difference in clinical outcome between cases with or without anaplasia.Joshi VV, Cantor AB, Altshuler G, Larkin EW et al. (1992). Age-linked prognostic categorization based on a new histologic grading system of neuroblastomas.

RBM3 is a proto-oncogene that is associated with tumor progression and metastasis and is a potential cancer biomarker. Based on patient survival data, high levels of RBM3 protein in tumor cells is a favourable prognostic biomarker in colorectal cancer.

Eugen-Olsen, J. et al. "Circulating Soluble Urokinase Plasminogen Activator Receptor Predicts Cancer, Cardiovascular Disease, Diabetes and Mortality in the General Population."Journal of Internal Medicine (2010). suPARnostic is a prognostic test used to detect suPAR levels in blood plasma.

HFB has been used as a gold standard for investigating other potential prognostic biomarkers of tumor oxygenation such as BOLD (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent), TOLD (Tissue Oxygen Level Dependent) and MOXI (MR oximetry) A 2013 review of applications has been published.

The Sikic group utilized gene expression profiling and systems biology to yield insight into cancer taxonomy and prognostic and predictive signatures for cancer therapies. With their colleagues Olivier Gevaert and Sylvia Plevritis, they have identified driver genes for ovarian cancers.

Liver cirrhosis is associated with decreased HRV. Decreased HRV in patients with cirrhosis has a prognostic value and predicts mortality. Loss of HRV is also associated with higher plasma pro-inflammatory cytokine levels and impaired neurocognitive function in this patient population.

It is expected that additional markers (e.g., RUNX1, ASXL1, and TP53) that have consistently been associated with an inferior outcome will soon be included in these recommendations. The prognostic importance of other mutated genes (e.g., DNMT3A, IDH1, IDH2) is less clear.

The loss of CACNA2D3 gene expression through aberrant promoter hypermethylation may contribute to gastric carcinogenesis, and CACNA2D3 gene methylation is a useful prognostic marker for patients with advanced gastric cancer. Physical exercise was correlated with a lower methylation frequency of CACNA2D3.

Two alternatively spliced transcript variants of this gene, which encode the distinct isoforms, have been reported. CYP26A1 is over-expressed in colorectal cancer cells compared to normal colonic epithelium but is of no independent prognostic value in patients with colorectal cancer.

There are several reports of the utility of TK1 activity measurements in serum in lung cancer. For diagnosis, combination of TK1 immunoassay with other biomarkers may be especially valuable while falls in TK1 concentration following therapy may provide prognostic information.

The implication of MALAT1 RNA in the pathology of various cancers has been documented. Elevated MALAT1 expression is correlated with poor overall survival in various types of cancer, suggesting that this gene is a prognostic factor for different types of cancer.

The Nottingham prognostic index (NPI) is used to determine prognosis following surgery for breast cancer. Its value is calculated using three pathological criteria: the size of the tumour; the number of involved lymph nodes; and the grade of the tumour.

These are complex clinical algorithms that have been scientifically validated and have considerable clinical predictive value, particularly in the case of patients suffering severe burns. Such algorithms may provide high-quality prognostic information to aid patients and families in making difficult decisions, and have the potential to be used to guide resource allocation. These prognostic algorithms estimate the probability of the patient surviving. In a study of patients so severely burned that survival was clinically unprecedented, during the initial lucid period (before sepsis and other complications set in) patients were told that survival was extremely unlikely (i.e.

Of the evaluable population, approximately 18% were treated with high-dose therapy and stem cell transplantation in first remission. The MIPI is able to classify patients into three risk groups: low risk (median survival not reached after median 32 months follow-up and 5-year OS rate of 60%), intermediate risk (median survival 51 months) and high risk (median survival 29 months). In addition to the 4 independent prognostic factors included in the model, the cell proliferation index (Ki-67) was also shown to have additional prognostic relevance. When the Ki67 is available, a biologic MIPI can be calculated.

They show areas where visual flight rules are in effect, instrument flight rules are in effect, the height of the freezing level, the location of weather features, and areas of moderate to severe turbulence. Prognostic charts can be made of isentropic surfaces (along a certain potential temperature surface determined in kelvins) in regards to moisture advection, mean temperatures at the surface, mean sea level pressures, and precipitation either for a single day or multiple days. For purposes of severe weather, prognostic charts can be issued to depict current weather watches, convective outlooks for thunderstorms multiple days into the future, and fire weather outlooks.

Immunohistochemistry for BAP1 is a prognostic biomarker to predict poor oncologic outcomes and adverse clinicopathological features in patients with non-metastatic clear cell renal cell carcinoma (CCRCC). BAP1 assessment using immunohistochemistry on needle biopsy may benefit preoperative risk stratification and guide treatment planning.

Antibodies to p62 complex are involved in one or more autoimmune diseases. P62 glycosylation is increased in diabetes and may influence its association with other diseases. p62 is also more frequent in Stage IV primary biliary cirrhosis and is prognostic for severe disease.

Several markers are under investigation as prognostic factors, including nuclear grade, and serum c-reactive protein. Long-term survival is rare. Pericardial mesothelioma has a 10-month median survival time. In peritoneal mesothelioma, high expression of WT-1 protein indicates a worse prognosis.

Malignant smallpox was nearly always fatal. Often, a day or two before death, the lesions turned ashen gray, which, along with abdominal distension, was a bad prognostic sign. If the person recovered, the lesions gradually faded and did not form scars or scabs.

Margaret T. May is Professor of Medical Statistics at the University of Bristol, and specialises in prognostic modelling and HIV epidemiology. May has a master's degree from the University of Cambridge, and a master's degree and PhD from the University of Bristol.

NWTS ran five clinical trials, designated NWTS-1 to NWTS-5. The first four were randomized trials, whereas NWTS-5 was a clinical trial designed to look primarily at biologic prognostic factors and was not randomized. NWTS-5 was completed in 2003.

Delgado J, Jiménez-Yuste V, Hernández-Navarro F, Villar A. Acquired haemophilia: review and meta analysis focused on therapy and prognostic factors. Br J Haematol. 2003; 121: 21-35. The reason for this loss of tolerance to self- factors is still unclear.

Treatment of VAS is through aggressive surgery. As soon as the tumor is recognized, it should be removed with very wide margins to ensure complete removal. Treatment may also include chemotherapy or radiation therapy. The most significant prognostic factor is initial surgical treatment.

Paola Sebastiani is a biostatistician and a professor at Boston University working in the field of genetic epidemiology, building prognostic models that can be used for the dissection of complex traits. Her research interests include Bayesian modeling of biomedical data, particularly genetic and genomic data.

Prognosis depends on the subtype. Some subtypes have a median survival of 6–8 years, while others have a median survival of 22 years (which is a normal lifespan for older patients). Telomere length has been suggested to be a valuable prognostic indicator of survival.

The prognostic model MEMO is a set of partial differential equations in three spatial directions and in time. To solve these equations, information about the initial state in the whole domain and about the development of all relevant quantities at the lateral boundaries is required.

In addition, this study detected a significant difference in cytoplasmic accumulation of CASS4 protein between high (H1299 and BE1) and low (LTE and A549) metastatic potential lung cancer cell lines. These may suggest CASS4 as a possible prognostic marker in clinical management of NSCLC.

In the United States, the current staging system adopted by the American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC) no longer considers Clark's level, because it is less prognostic and more subjective than other alternatives. However, it is a mandatory component for melanoma pathology in Sweden.

Epid.) : On Hippocrates' 'Prognostic' (Hipp. Prog.) : Commentary On Hippocrates' On the Nature of Man (HNH) Collections : On Food and Diet. Grant M (trans.) Routledge 2000: 7 treatises ::On the Humours ::On Black Bile (Atr. Bil.) ::On the Powers of Foods De alimentorum facultatibus (Alim.

B symptoms refer to systemic symptoms of fever, night sweats, and weight loss which can be associated with both Hodgkin lymphoma and non-Hodgkin lymphoma. The presence or absence of B symptoms has prognostic significance and is reflected in the staging of these lymphomas.

Thomas Baumer in 2012 Thomas Baumer (born 29 May 1960 in Fribourg (Switzerland) is a Swiss economist and expert for Intercultural competence and Personality assessment. He developed parts of the prognostic personality and abilities assessment and coined this term especially within the German speaking countries.

The prognostic value of vasopressin for prediction of outcome in patients suffering from heart failure has been known since the nineties. Patients presenting with high levels of vasopressin have a worsened outcome. Recently, a similar interest has been demonstrated for copeptin in heart failure.

Guidelines outlining requirements for inclusion of soluble biomarkers in osteoarthritis clinical trials were published in 2015, but , there are no validated biomarkers for osteoarthritis. A 2015 systematic review of biomarkers for osteoarthritis looking for molecules that could be used for risk assessments found 37 different biochemical markers of bone and cartilage turnover in 25 publications. The strongest evidence was for urinary C-terminal telopeptide of type II collagen (uCTX-II) as a prognostic marker for knee osteoarthritis progression, and serum cartilage oligomeric matrix protein (COMP) levels as a prognostic marker for incidence of both knee and hip osteoarthritis. A review of biomarkers in hip osteoarthritis also found associations with uCTX-II.

While largely superseded by other prognostic attributes, pathologists evaluating a melanoma still classify it according to its Clark's level, and treating physicians consider that information to choose the appropriate treatment. Clark and his colleagues also made seminal observations on the importance of mitotic rate and tumor infiltrating lymphocytes in primary melanomas as important prognostic variables. Dysplastic nevi Together with Mark Greene, Margaret Tucker, and David Elder, Clark described atypical appearing moles associated with increased risk for developing melanoma and termed them dysplastic nevi. Clark also helped to develop criteria for recognizing the early signs of a melanoma, important in promoting early diagnosis and treatment.

In climate science, the term indicates a variable that a computer model predicts by integration of a physical equation, typically vorticity, divergence, temperature, surface pressure, and water vapour concentration in atmospheric models. The term prognostic is given to some values or variables that are directly predicted by the model, such as temperature, water vapour, salinity, depth in atmospheric or ocean models; i.e., variables that can be directly obtained as a model outcome. On the other hand, there are some other variables that need to be calculated separately as derived variables, such as relative humidity, which may be a diagnostic variable obtained from the model's prognostic variables, temperature and water vapour.

Since many chemotherapeutic agents such as 5-fluorouracil treat neoplastic diseases, including head and neck cancer, breast cancer, and gastrointestinal cancer, by targeting TS in thymidylate metabolism, DUT may protect against the cytotoxic side effects by countering dUTP accumulation. At the same time, high levels of DUT-N have been associated with chemoresistance and faster tumor progression, and thus, could also serve as a prognostic marker for overall survival and response to chemotherapy. Similarly, DUT is significantly overexpressed in hepatocellular carcinoma and may serve as a prognostic marker for the cancer. Notably, DUT expression is regulated by the tumor suppressor gene p53 in order to promote apoptosis of tumor cells.

This study also demonstrated the prognostic superiority of the gene expression profile test over traditional clinical features used in the TNM classification, as well as chromosome 3 status, neither of which provided prognostic information that was independent of the gene expression profile test.Collaborative Ocular Oncology Group validation of gene expression profile test Subsequently, the test has been showcased in a front-page story in the New York Times,Dr. Harbour New York Times article in a segment on CBS News Sunday Morning, and other media outlets, and it has been licensed to Castle Biosciences, Inc. which provides the test for clinical use under the trade name DecisionDx-UM.

CC BY 4.0 In addition, it provides additional prognostic information to other cardiovascular risk markers. A typical coronary CT calcium scan is done without the use of radiocontrast, but it can possibly be done from contrast- enhanced images as well, such as in coronary CT angiography.

PPH presents roughly equally in male and female cirrhotics; 71% female in an American series and 57% male in a larger French series.Le Pavec et al. Portopulmonary Hypertension: Survival and Prognostic Factors. Am J Respir Crit Care Med Vol 178. pp 637–643, 2008Kawut SM et al.

Whilst diet has long been known to be linked to laminitis, there is emerging evidence that breed and body condition also play a role. Levels of hormones, particularly adiponectin, and serum insulin are also implicated, opening up new possibilities for developing early prognostic tests and risk assessments.

Leukemia inhibitory factor receptor has been shown to interact with Glycoprotein 130. LIFR has also been identified as a breast cancer metastasis suppressor that functions through the HIPPO-YAP pathway. LIFR is down regulated in a number of breast carcinomas and may serve a prognostic tool.

Abnormal free light chain production has also been reported to be prognostic of a worse outcome in multiple myeloma and chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. An abnormal light-chain ratio has been defined as a kappa to lambda chain ratio of less than 0.26 or more than 1.65.

Culture conversion is a diagnostic criteria indicating the point at which samples taken from a person infected with a tuberculosis can no longer produce tuberculosis cell cultures. Culture conversion is a positive prognostic marker indicating that a person is cured of, or is recovering from, tuberculosis.

LPL expression has been shown to be a prognostic predictor in Chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In this haematological disorder, LPL appears to provide fatty acids as an energy source to malignant cells. Thus, elevated levels of LPL mRNA or protein are considered to be indicators of poor prognosis.

MMPH may be present in males or females with TSC in the presence or absence of LAM, but not in patients with S-LAM. MMPH is not typically associated with physiologic or prognostic consequences, but one case of respiratory failure due to MMPH has been reported.

They are an important prognostic factor in melanoma and higher levels being associated with a better outcome. TILs are also associated with better outcomes in epithelial ovarian cancer. The use of TILs to treat other tumor types, including lung, ovarian, bladder, and breast, are under investigation.

The goal of the scoring system is to utilize a patient's medical history and the results of physical examination to predict the likelihood of success of surgical intervention. Prior to the development of this method, doctors lacked reliable indices of disease activity or prognostic implications from surgery.

LPAR1 gene has been detected progressively overexpressed in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

IRX2 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, IRX2 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

FBXO32 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, FBXO32 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

INHBB gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus- positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, INHBB is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

OLFM1 gene has been detected progressively overexpressed in Human papillomavirus- positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

FMO4 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus- positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, FMO4 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

FMO3 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, FMO3 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

TLR2 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, TLR2 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

While the first function is important for biochemical processes, the latter is crucial in defining the surface to volume ratio of the cell. This heavily influences the potential electrical properties of excitable cells. Additionally deviation from the standard shape and size of the cell can have negative prognostic impact.

There have been multiple nomenclature systems for these tumors, and the differences between these schema have often been confusing. Nonetheless, these systems all distinguish between well-differentiated (low and intermediate-grade) and poorly differentiated (high-grade) NETs. Cellular proliferative rate is of considerable significance in this prognostic assessment.

Axial Biotech conducted genetic research on scoliosis and degenerative disc disease. In September 2009, Axial Biotech announced the commercial launch of the ScoliScore AIS Prognostic Test with the claim of it being a DNA-based diagnostic test for scoliosis. In 2012 Transgenomic acquired the rights to the ScoliScore test.

From the 2nd century AD, it is common in the Greco-Roman world. There are examples in Greek, Latin, Coptic, Middle English and Old Nubian. Pagan, Jewish and Christian examples are known. The lunary was "by far the most popular and widely circulated prognostic genre" during the Middle Ages.

ALDH1A3 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, ALDH1A3 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

Forecast verification is a subfield of the climate, atmospheric and ocean sciences dealing with validating, verifying and determining the predictive power of prognostic model forecasts. Because of the complexity of these models, forecast verification goes a good deal beyond simple measures of statistical association or mean error calculations.

Amplification of FGFR1 also occurs in ~10% of estrogen receptor positive breast cancers, particularly of the luminal subtype B form of breast cancer. The presence of FGFR1 amplification has been correlated with resistance to hormone blocking therapy and found to be a poor prognostic factor in the disease.

Two surgeries have been developed: extrapleural pneumonectomy and pleurectomy/decortication. The indications for performing these operations are unique. The choice of operation namely depends on the size of the patient's tumor. This is an important consideration because tumor volume has been identified as a prognostic factor in mesothelioma.

EFNB2 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, EFNB2 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

HIST2H2BE gene has been detected progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

In the United States and other developed countries, the incidence is low, possibly fivefold less than that of schizophrenia. In developing countries, the incidence is substantially higher, especially for the subtype "With Good Prognostic Features". In some of these settings schizophreniform disorder may be as common as schizophrenia.

Administration of Acetylcysteine, a precursor of glutathione, can limit the severity of the liver damage by capturing the toxic NAPQI. Those that develop acute liver failure can still recover spontaneously, but may require transplantation if poor prognostic signs such as encephalopathy or coagulopathy is present (see King's College Criteria).

This same review concluded, however, that SuPAR has prognostic value, as higher SuPAR levels are associated with an increased rate of death in those with sepsis. Serial measurement of lactate levels (approximately every 4 to 6 hours) may guide treatment and is associated with lower mortality in sepsis.

ATP2A3 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, ATP2A3 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

HIST1H2AC gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, HIST1H2AC is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

SFRP2 gene has been detected progressively overexpressed in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

The practice of the last 30 years of seismic-prognostic research has made it possible to create an electronic data bank at RSSC ANAS, including a continuous series of variations in the field strength Т῀ƒ (t) and all seismo-anomalous manifestations in the Earth's geomagnetic field intensity.

SYNM gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, SYNM is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

MACC1 is a key regulator of the hepatocyte growth factor (HGF)-HGF receptor (HGFR) pathway, which is involved in cellular growth, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, angiogenesis, cell motility, invasiveness, and metastasis. Expression of MACC1 in colon cancer specimens is an independent prognostic indicator for metastasis formation and metastasis- free survival.

Whereas the prognostic relevance of 1p and 19q deletions is well established for anaplastic oligodendrogliomas and mixed oligoastrocytomas, the prognostic relevance of the deletions for low-grade gliomas is more controversial. In terms of low- grade gliomas, a recent study also suggests that 1p/19q co-deletion may be associated with a (1;19)(q10;p10) translocation which, like the combined 1p/19q deletion, is associated with superior overall survival and progression- free survival in low-grade glioma patients. Oligodendrogliomas show only rarely mutations in the p53 gene, which is in contrast to other gliomas. Epidermal growth factor receptor amplification and whole 1p/19q codeletion are mutually exclusive and predictive of completely different outcomes, with EGFR amplification predicting poor prognosis.

Virtual karyotyping has the advantage of assessing the entire genome in one assay, as well as the 1p/19q loci. This allows assessment of other key loci in glial tumors, such as EGFR and TP53 copy number status. Whereas the prognostic relevance of 1p and 19q deletions is well established for mixed oligoastrocytomas, the prognostic relevance of the deletions for low-grade gliomas is more controversial. In terms of low-grade gliomas, a recent study also suggests that 1p/19q co-deletion may be associated with a (1;19)(q10;p10) translocation which, like the combined 1p/19q deletion, is associated with superior overall survival and progression-free survival in low-grade glioma patients.

Class III β-tubulin performs best as a prognostic biomarker when analyzed in the context of an integrated signature including upstream regulators and downstream effectors. TUBB3 mutation is associated with microlissencephaly. Overexpression of this isotype in clinical samples correlates with tumor aggressiveness, resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs, and poor patient survival.

High level of IL-30 in breast cancer draining lymph nodes is an independent predictor of poor clinical outcome. Identification of IL-30 in breast and draining lymph nodes may provide a new prognostic tool and target for a tailored breast cancer therapy in the emerging era of personalized medicine.

For live kidney donors, prognostic studies are potentially confounded a selection bias wherein kidney donors are selected among people who are healthier than the general population, but when matching to a corresponding healthy control group, there appears to be no difference in overall long-term mortality rates among kidney donors.

Jiří Dolejš (born 24 January 1961) is a Czech communist politician. He studied at the Faculty of Economics of the University of Economics in Prague. He graduated from there in 1984. From 1984 to 1990 he has worked in Prognostic Institute, later in the Czech Economic Policy Institute (1991–1992).

Therefore, the presence of CEBPA mutations are directly associated with a more favorable course for the progression of the disease.El-Sharnouby JA, Ahmed LM, Taha AM, Kamal O. Prognostic significance of CEBPA mutations and BAALC expression in acute myeloid leukemia Egyptian patients with normal karyotype. Egypt J Immunol. 2010;15:131–143.

Multiple tumors that are treated similarly to solitary tumors do not seem to have a worse prognosis. Mast cell tumors do not necessarily follow the histological prognosis. Further prognostic information can be provided by AgNOR stain of histological or cytological specimen. Even then, there is a risk of unpredictable behavior.

The technology may also prove beneficial for patients after treatment to monitor relapse. Although only CellSearch method for enumeration of circulating tumor cells in metastatic breast, metastatic colon, and metastatic prostate cancer has been validated and approved by the FDA as a useful prognostic method, its clinical implementation is not yet widespread.

Without human monitoring and regulation, mass starvation of reindeer would be a recurring problem. Harvesting recommendations are also based on other prognostic factors, among them estimates of reindeer population density, total population in various regions, and availability of adequate food sources.Interesting demo programs for estimating populations. Porcupine Caribou Population Model: Demo Versions.

In medicine, Breslow's depth was used as a prognostic factor in melanoma of the skin. It is a description of how deeply tumor cells have invaded. Currently, the standard Breslow's depth has been replaced by the AJCC depth, in the AJCC staging system of melanoma. Originally, Breslow's depth was divided into 5 stages.

Mobitz's work was devoted to internal medicine and he was especially interested in cardiology. From 1924 to 1928, he published his famous key papers on AV dissociation and heart block. In 1924, Mobitz differentiated two types of second degree AV block with the aid of the electrocardiogram and characterized their prognostic significance.

ACC, generally, carries a poor prognosis, Free Full Text. with an overall 5-year survival rate of about 50%. Five-year disease- free survival for a complete resection of a stage I–III ACC is about 30%. The most important prognostic factors are age of the patient and stage of the tumor.

Posterior involvement, particularly optic nerve involvement, is a poor prognostic indicator. Secondary optic nerve atrophy is frequently irreversible. Lumbar puncture or surgical treatment may be required to prevent optic atrophy in cases of intracranial hypertension refractory to treatment with immunomodulators and steroids. IVIG could be a treatment for severe or complicated cases.

The implications of HRG in cancer have been described as "multi-faceted". For example, the protein appears to have both pro- and anti-angiogenic effects. In biomarker studies, the protein has been found to have potential prognostic and diagnostic value for cancer. Furthermore, the absence of the protein is associated with thrombophilia.

Decitabine/cedazuridine was approved for medical use in the United States and in Canada in July 2020. The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) granted the application of decitabine combined with cedazuridine priority review and orphan drug designation. The orphan drug designation was granted in August 2019 for the treatment of myelodysplastic syndromes (including chronic myelomonocytic leukemia). Decitabine combined with cedazuridine was investigated in two open-label, randomized, crossover trials. Trial ASTX727-01-B (NCT02103478) included 80 adult participants with MDS (International Prognostic Scoring System [IPSS] Intermediate-1, Intermediate-2, or high-risk) or CMML and trial ASTX727-02 (NCT03306264) included 133 adult participants with MDS or CMML, including all French- American-British classification criteria and IPSS Intermediate-1, Intermediate-2, or high-risk prognostic scores.

Mitotic counting has also been shown in multiple studies to have prognostic value in breast cancer, where a lower count of mitotic cells correlates with a more favorable outcome, and thus has been incorporated into part of the histological grading system. The Ki-67 labelling index has also been found to have prognostic significance where in many clinical practice guidelines, evaluation of Ki-67 in newly diagnosed invasive breast carcinomas is recommended. Additionally, the tumor proliferation index has been used to predict the response to systemic chemotherapies in patients who are receiving neoadjuvant systemic therapy where patients who have tumors with high tumor proliferative index respond better to systemic cytotoxic therapies than those who have tumors with a low tumor proliferative index.

In addition to identifying genes that correlate to survival, microarray analyses have been utilized to establish gene expression profiles associated with prognosis. It is agreed upon that patients with tumors exhibiting poor prognostic features would benefit the most from adjuvant therapy as these treatments substantially improve overall survival for women with breast cancer. Traditional prognostic factors, however, are inexact as mentioned above. Researchers at the Netherlands Cancer Institute were able to identify "good-prognosis" and "bad-prognosis" signatures based on the expression of 70 genes that was better able to predict the likelihood of metastasis development within five years for breast cancer patients Metastasis involves the spread of cancer from one organ to others throughout the body and is the principal cause of death in cancer patients.

CYP26B1 expression was also independently prognostic in patients with colorectal cancer and strong expression was associated with a poorer outcome. In a genome-wide study, CCHCR1, TCN2, TNXB, LTA, FASN, and CYP26B1 were identified as loci associated with a risk for developing esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Of these loci, CYP26B1 exhibited the highest effect size.

As part of a multimodality treatment, IOERT appears to reduce local recurrence when combined with EBRT, chemoradiation, and surgical resection.Cai S1, Hong TS, Goldberg SI, et al.Updated long-term outcomes and prognostic factors for patients with unresectable locally advanced pancreatic cancer treated with intraoperative radiotherapy at the Massachusetts General Hospital, 1978 to 2010. Cancer.

A member of the NCAM superfamily, NCAM2 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, NCAM2 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

Poor prognostic factors include mitotic activity, venous invasion, weight of 50 g or more, diameter of 6.5 cm or more, Ki-67/MIB1 labeling index of 4% or more, and p53 positive. In its malignancy, adrenocortical carcinoma is unlike most tumours of the adrenal cortex, which are benign (adenomas) and only occasionally cause Cushing's syndrome.

A member of the FOX family, FOXD2, has been detected progressively overexpressed in human-papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

Moreover, epithelial GPNMB expression was most abundant in triple negative breast cancers and it was found to be a prognostic marker for shorter metastasis-free survival times within this breast cancer subtype. Finally, GPNMB expression in breast cancer cells is capable of promoting cell migration, invasion, and metastasis both in vitro and in vivo.

John J. Schule and John F. Ropek, US Navy Hydrographic Office synoptic and prognostic wave charts (Washington DC: US Navy Hydrographic Office 1955).John C. Wilkerson and John F. Ropek, "An Application of Naval Oceanographic Development to Inland Waters" (Defense Technical Information Center 1967). Later, Ropek was deputy director of the prediction division of the Naval Oceanographic Office.

DNA methylation influences tissue responses to ionizing radiation. Modulation of methylation in the gene MGMT or in transposable elements such as LINE1 could be used to alter tissue responses to ionizing radiation and potentially opening new areas for cancer treatment. MGMT serves as a prognostic marker in glioblastoma. Hypermethylation of MGMT is associated with the regression of tumors.

The VeriStrat algorithm has been interrogated retrospectively and prospectively in samples from randomized trials, such as the PROSE study, confirming the prognostic information associated with the molecular signature. In addition, the test appeared to be predictive of erlotinib impact on survival, as only "VeriStrat Good patients" benefited from such a treatment. Additional studies have confirmed its clinical relevance.

Expression of various mRNAs can also be prognostic for ovarian cancer. High levels of Drosha and Dicer are associated with improved survival, whereas high levels of let-7b, HIF1A, EphA1, and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase are associated with worse survival. Cancers that are positive for WT1 carry a worse prognosis; estrogen-receptor positive cancers have a better prognosis.

Thus, hypoalbuminemia leads to abnormal distributions of fluids within the body and its compartments. As a result, associated symptoms include edema in the lower legs, ascites in the abdomen, and effusions around internal organs. Laboratory tests aimed at assessing liver function diagnose hypoalbuminemia. Once identified, it is a poor prognostic indicator for patients with a variety of different diseases.

Tumor-specific loss-of-heterozygosity (LOH) for chromosomes 1p and 16q identifies a subset of Wilms' tumor patients who have a significantly increased risk of relapse and death. LOH for these chromosomal regions can now be used as an independent prognostic factor together with disease stage to target intensity of treatment to risk of treatment failure.

The prognostic mesoscale model MEMO describes the dynamics of the atmospheric boundary layer. In the present model version, air is assumed to be unsaturated. The model solves the continuity equation, the momentum equations and several transport equations for scalars (including the thermal energy equation and, as options, transport equations for water vapour, the turbulent kinetic energy and pollutant concentrations).

The researchers followed up with patients after ten years. There was no significant difference in the rate of survival between the two treatment groups. However, the group treated with additional nodal irradiation did have a lower incidence of recurring breast cancer. Recent research explores Oncotype DX as a prognostic tool in predicting the likelihood of breast cancer recurrence.

She serves on the advisory group of the National Cancer Research Institute biomarkers advisory group. She studies oestrogen receptor biology and endocrine resistant breast cancer. She has looked to identify the biomarkers for male breast cancer, finding that the androgen receptor biomarker had prognostic significance. She found that male breast cancers over-express eukaryotic initiation factors.

In patients who undergo treatment, the most important clinical prognostic indicators of disease outcome are the stage, pretherapy PSA level, and Gleason score. The higher the grade and the stage, the poorer the prognosis. Nomograms can be used to calculate the estimated risk of the individual patient. The predictions are based on the experience of large groups of patients.

A fusion gene is a hybrid gene formed from two previously independent genes. It can occur as a result of translocation, interstitial deletion, or chromosomal inversion. Fusion genes have been found to be prevalent in all main types of human neoplasia . The identification of these fusion genes play a prominent role in being a diagnostic and prognostic marker.

Patel, Hetal, et al. "Expression of CDK7, cyclin H, and MAT1 is elevated in breast Cancer and is prognostic in estrogen receptor–Positive breast Cancer." Clinical Cancer Research 22.23 (2016): 5929-5938. Further confirming these findings, recent research indicates that inhibition of CDK7 may be an effective therapy for HER2-positive breast cancers, even overcoming therapeutic resistance.

Escalating doses of everolimus were used, up to 10 mg per day; higher than what is typically used clinically for LAM. Serum VEGF-D concentration is useful, predictive and prognostic biomarker. Higher baseline VEGF-D levels predicts more rapid disease progression and a more robust treatment response. Hormonal approaches to treatment have never been tested in proper trials.

Use of the term "lunary" for the genre is a modern convention. In Middle English, lunarie referred to volvelles and not prognostic texts. The Latin lunaria had a similar usage. The term "lunary" is sometimes applied to the practice of creating lunaries and determining propitious days on the basis of the moon, a form of hemerology.

The abnormal expression of Cx26, correlated with several types of human cancers, may serve as a prognostic factor for cancers such as colorectal cancer, breast cancer, and bladder cancer. Furthermore, Cx26 over- expression is suggested to promote cancer development by facilitating cell migration and invasion and by stimulating the self-perpetuation ability of cancer stem cells.

Transcriptomic biomarkers analyze all RNA molecules, not solely the exome. Transcriptomic biomarkers reveal the molecular identity and concentration of RNA in a specific cell or population. Pattern-based RNA expression analysis provides increased diagnostic and prognostic capability in predicting therapeutic responses for individuals. For example, distinct RNA subtypes in breast cancer patients have different survival rates.

This gene encodes a stefin that functions as a cysteine protease inhibitor, forming tight complexes with papain and the cathepsins B, H, and L. The protein is one of the precursor proteins of cornified cell envelope in keratinocytes and plays a role in epidermal development and maintenance. Stefins have been proposed as prognostic and diagnostic tools for cancer.

If the mother's allele is missing and the child has two copies of the father's mutant allele, disease can occur. High density SNP arrays help scientists identify patterns of allelic imbalance. These studies have potential prognostic and diagnostic uses. Because LOH is so common in many human cancers, SNP arrays have great potential in cancer diagnostics.

However, those who present with FMD in multiple vascular beds, or focal disease involving multiple branches of the renal arteries may develop renal artery dissection or progressive renal impairment. Therefore, having a more difficult and complex prognostic course. There are presently no specific studies or reports on the long-term prognosis and outcome of FMD in children.

When treating cancer it is useful to have precise measurements of the total body disease burden. It helps with determining prognostic significance and treatment response. This is normally done using computed tomography (CT scans), positron emission tomography (PET scans) or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). These medical imaging procedures are expensive and are not without their own problems.

At a 5 ng/mL value, the sensitivity and specificity were 61% and 94%. PCT can help the clinical decision making while identifying invasive bacterial infection in children with unexplained fever. PCT levels correlate with the degree of illness in pediatric patients with sepsis or urinary tract infections making it effective as a prognostic lab value in these patients.

In those who present with distal (Stanford type B) AD, 60-70% present with high blood pressure, while 2-3% present with low blood pressure. Severe hypotension at presentation is a grave prognostic indicator. It is usually associated with pericardial tamponade, severe aortic insufficiency, or rupture of the aorta. Accurate measurement of the blood pressure is important.

The prognosis is guarded with an overall mortality of 50%. Poor prognostic factors included HLH associated with malignancy, with half the patients dying by 1.4 months compared to 22.8 months for non-tumour associated HLH patients. Secondary HLH in some individuals may be self-limited because patients are able to fully recover after having received only supportive medical treatment (i.e., IV immunoglobulin only).

Simplified Motor Scales (SMS) refer to a neurological evaluation that is designed to provide a meaningful, objective prognostic evaluation of an individual. SMS have been proposed as alternatives that would improve upon the Glasgow Coma Scale challenges of being confusing, unreliable, and unnecessarily complex. An example of a SMS can be remembered by the abbreviation TROLL - Test Responses: Obeys, Localizes, or Less.

Although suPARnostic currently does not have FDA approval, it is CE/IVD marked for distribution throughout Europe. suPAR is a prognostic test to indicate general health, and it cannot be used as a diagnostic tool to suggest a particular illness. suPAR cannot be used in the detection of brain tumors because the suPAR molecule cannot migrate through the blood brain barrier.

In the April 2013 status reportHelp Conquer Cancer April 2013 Update the scientists report there is still a lot of data to analyze but that they are preparing a new project that will search for prognostic and predictive signatures (sets of genes, proteins, microRNAs, etc.) that help predict patient survival and response to treatment. The project finished in May 2013.

IFIT2 may play a role in prevention of tumor progression. Indeed, IFIT2 gene has been detected progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression.

The duration of symptoms varies widely. A full recovery can be achieved without treatment within minutes to hours and permanent injuries might prevail. Overall, there seems to be a relation between extent of damage to the spinal cord and the clinical prognosis. The prognostic value of intra- and extra-medullary MRI findings is subject of ongoing research in the field of SCIWORA.

The various methods of characterizing the proliferation index have found roles in both the diagnostic and prognostic evaluation of tumors. For instances, the number of mitotic cells is used to classify tumors. In general, a high proliferation index suggests malignancy and high-grade tumors. Among solid tumors, the clinical significance of the proliferation index on breast cancer has been extensively studied.

The deletion can be heterozygous (copy number of 1) or homozygous (copy number of 0, nullisomy). Microdeletion syndromes are examples of constitutional disorders due to small deletions in germline DNA. Deletions in tumor cells may represent the inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene, and may have diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic implications. :Gains: A copy number gain represents the gain of genetic material.

Many different diagnostic tests are used to diagnose the cause of a particular form of equine colic, which may have greater or lesser value in certain situations. The most important distinction to make is whether the condition is managed medically or surgically. If surgery is indicated, then it must be performed as soon as possible, as delay is a dire prognostic indicator.

Galectin-3 is increasingly being used as a diagnostic marker for different cancers. It can be screened for and used as a prognostic factor to predict the progression of the cancer. Galectin-3 has varying effects in different types of cancer. One approach to cancers with high galectin-3 expression is to use small molecule inhibition of galectin-3 to enhance treatment response.

They concluded that carotid atherosclerosis measured by this non- interventional method has prognostic significance in coronary artery patients. In the Rotterdam Study, Bots et al. followed 7,983 patients >55 years of age for a mean period of 4.6 years, and reported 194 incident myocardial infarctions within this period. CIMT was significantly higher in the myocardial infarction group compared to the other group.

Studies in non-small cell lung cancer demonstrated that high levels of cyclin B1 are associated with poorer prognosis. The study also found that this correlation between expression levels was only found in patients with squamous cell carcinoma. This finding indicates the possibility of using cyclin B1 expression as a prognostic marker for patients with early stage non-small cell lung cancer.

The importance of the mouth in medicine has been recognized since the earliest known medical writings. For example, Hippocrates, Galen and others considered the tongue to be a "barometer" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. However, oral medicine as a specialization is a relatively new subject area. It used to be termed "stomatology" (-stomato- + -ology).

Retrieved 2019-07-01. Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine,"Intraoperative sonographic localization of breast masses: success with specimen sonography and surgical bed sonography to confirm excision." Journal of Ultrasound in Medicine. Retrieved 2019-07-01. The American Journal of Surgery,"Prognostic indicators following ipsilateral tumor recurrence in patients treated with breast-conserving therapy." The American Journal of Surgery. Retrieved 2019-07-01.

Around 1950, a good surface prognostic chart was considered to be one whose isobars were in the correct location. By 1957, it was proposed when isobars or height lines at the pressure level in the atmosphere were being verified, that the degree of persistence should be considered so as to avoid getting bad forecasts for slow moving systems too much credit.

HRV is decreased in patients with sepsis. Loss of HRV has both diagnostic and prognostic value in neonates with sepsis. The pathophysiology of decreased HRV in sepsis is not well understood but there is experimental evidence to show that partial uncoupling of cardiac pacemaker cells from autonomic neural control may play a role in decreased HRV during acute systemic inflammation.

Pyroptosis, as an inflammation- associated programmed cell death, has wide implications in various cancer types. Principally, pyroptosis can kill cancer cells and inhibit tumour development in the presence of endogenous DAMPs. In some cases, GSDMD can be used as a prognostic marker for cancers. However, prolonged production of inflammatory bodies may facilitate the formation of microenvironments that favour tumour growth.

A large number of molecular alterations are under study for their prognostic impact in AML. However, only FLT3-ITD, NPM1, CEBPA and c-KIT are currently included in validated international risk stratification schema. These are expected to increase rapidly in the near future. FLT3 internal tandem duplications (ITDs) have been shown to confer a poorer prognosis in AML with normal cytogenetics.

The clinical usefulness of ESR is limited to monitoring the response to therapy in certain inflammatory diseases such as temporal arteritis, polymyalgia rheumatica and rheumatoid arthritis. It can also be used as a crude measure of response in Hodgkin's lymphoma. Additionally, ESR levels are used to define one of the several possible adverse prognostic factors in the staging of Hodgkin's lymphoma.

IRF6 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, this gene is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression. Similarly, IRF6 has been found to be genetically and epigenetically disregulated in Vulvar cancer.

Rasheed ZA, Yang J, Wang Q, Kowalski J, Freed I, Murter C, Hong SM, Koorstra JB, Rajeshkumar NV, He X, Goggins M. Prognostic significance of tumorigenic cells with mesenchymal features in pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Journal of the National Cancer Institute. 2010 Mar 3;102(5):340-51. CSCs exhibit increased potential for self-renewal, differentiation, and for starting secondary tumors at distant organ sites.

It has been demonstrated that high levels of p130Cas/BCAR1 expression in breast cancer correlate with worse prognosis, increased probability to develop metastasis and resistance to therapy. Conversely, lowering the amount of p130Cas/BCAR1 expression in ovarian, breast and prostate cancer is sufficient to block tumor growth and progression of cancer cells. p130Cas/BCAR1 has potential uses as a diagnostic and prognostic marker for some human cancers.

The predominant subtype is prognostic for survival after complete resection. To reveal the adenocarcinomatous lineage of the solid variant, demonstration of intracellular mucin production may be performed. Foci of squamous metaplasia and dysplasia may be present in the epithelium proximal to adenocarcinomas, but these are not the precursor lesions for this tumor. Rather, the precursor of peripheral adenocarcinomas has been termed atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH).

In addition, MPNSTs are extremely threatening in NF1. In a 10-year institutional review for the treatment of chemotherapy for MPNST in NF1, which followed the cases of 1 per 2,500 in 3,300 live births, chemotherapy did not seem to reduce mortality, and its effectiveness should be questioned. Although with recent approaches with the molecular biology of MPNSTs, new therapies and prognostic factors are being examined.

The limited prognostic information available suggests that early diagnosis and appropriate treatment of infants and young children with classic Bartter Syndrome may improve growth and perhaps intellectual development. On the other hand, sustained hypokalemia and hyperreninemia can cause progressive tubulointerstitial nephritis, resulting in end-stage kidney disease (kidney failure). With early treatment of the electrolyte imbalances, the prognosis for patients with classic Bartter Syndrome is good.

2008 Oct-Dec; 42(4): 377–386. representing poor-to-moderate agreement of scale grading between health-care professionals. This is due to much of the criteria being at risk of observer errors, and is a known liability of this scaling system. However, this classification is simple and hence easy to use, and is generally able to predict prognostic outcomes and guide treatment regimes.

Hippocrates, Galen and others considered the tongue to be a "barometer" of health, and emphasized the diagnostic and prognostic importance of the tongue. Assessment of the tongue has historically been an important part of a medical examination. The shape and color of the tongue is examined and observed diagnostically in traditional Chinese medicine. For example, scalloping of the tongue is said to indicate qi vacuity.

ZAP-70 in B cells is used as a prognostic marker in identifying different forms of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). DNA analysis has distinguished two major types of CLL, with different survival times. CLL that is positive for the marker ZAP-70 has an average survival of 8 years. CLL that is negative for ZAP-70 has an average survival of more than 25 years.

The paradigm of recombinant conceptualization (see above)—more broadly, of recombinant occurrences—that explains multiple discovery in science and the arts, also elucidates the phenomenon of historic recurrence, wherein similar events are noted in the histories of countries widely separated in time and geography. It is the recurrence of patterns that lends a degree of prognostic power—and, thus, additional scientific validity—to the findings of history.

Elevated expression of the FR occurs in many human malignancies, especially when associated with aggressively growing cancers.Hartmann, L.C., Keeney, G.L., Lingle, W.L., Christianson, T.J., Varghese, B., Hillman, D., Oberg, A.L., and Low, P.S. (2007) Folate receptor overexpression is associated with poor outcome in breast cancer. International journal of cancer 121, 938-942. Recently, it was proposed that this relationship may possibly be used for prognostic purposes.

Such patients include those with celiac disease, tropical sprue, Whipple disease, stasis syndrome, and cystic fibrosis. It is increased in those with chronic intestinal obstruction. # Poor correlation exists between 5-HIAA level and the clinical severity of the carcinoid syndrome. 3 recent studies confirm its use as a prognostic factor in this disease. # 5-HIAA is the major urinary metabolite of serotonin, a ubiquitous bioactive amine.

Leukocytosis need not be extreme and in fact leukopenia may be seen and it is a very poor prognostic sign. C-reactive protein levels can be elevated or almost normal. Thrombocytopenia is sometimes extreme, with alteration in prothrombin time (PT) and partial thromboplastin time (PTT) suggestive of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Acidosis and acute kidney failure can be seen as in any severe sepsis.

Interleukin 13 (IL-13) is an effector cytokine partially sharing the signaling pathways with IL-4 due to the utilization of a common receptor system (IL-4 receptor type II). A “private” receptor system, binding specifically IL13 with high affinity, seems to use different signalling pathways and is increasingly studied for its interest as novel potential prognostic factor, biomarker or therapeutic target in different types of cancer.

Aerts et al. (2014) performed the first large-scale radiomic study that included three lung and two head-and-neck cancer cohorts, consisting of over 1000 patients. They assessed the prognostic values of over 400 textural and shape- and intensity- based features extracted from the computed tomography (CT) images acquired before any treatment. Tumor volumes were defined either by expert radiation oncologists or using semiautomatic segmentation methods.

Pritchard is an oncologist and researcher with involvement in numerous clinical studies. Her research spans a range of topics, but it focuses primarily on women's health and breast cancer therapies. Her research goals include the development of individualized patient therapies and the advancement of prognostic tests. Some of her research investigates the use of genetic factors to predict disease progression and to formulate tailored treatment plans.

These studies are performed to assess complex arrhythmias, elucidate symptoms, evaluate abnormal electrocardiograms, assess risk of developing arrhythmias in the future, and design treatment. These procedures increasingly include therapeutic methods (typically radiofrequency ablation, or cryo-ablation) in addition to diagnostic and prognostic procedures. Other therapeutic modalities employed in this field include antiarrhythmic drug therapy and implantation of pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators (ICD).Fauci, Anthony, et al.

MCL is one of the few NHLs that can cross the boundary into the brain, yet it can be treated in that event. There are a number of prognostic indicators that have been studied. There is not universal agreement on their importance or usefulness in prognosis. Ki-67 is an indicator of how fast cells mature and is expressed in a range from about 10% to 90%.

Patients in this category of cancer tend to be older and female and have a defective MLH1 function. The tumors are usually in the ascending colon. They also have a good prognostic outcome, so if a patient were diagnosed with this variety of CIMP, they are likely to have a good outcome. These clinically distinct phenotypes of CIMP also suggest that there is potential for epigenetic therapy.

A standard visual perfusion imaging assessment is based on defining regional uptake relative to the maximum uptake in the myocardium. Importantly, 82Rb PET also seems to provide prognostic value in patients who are obese and whose diagnosis remains uncertain after SPECT-MPI. 82Rb myocardial blood flow quantification is expected to improve the detection of multivessel coronary heart disease. 82Rb/PET is a valuable tool in ischemia identification.

Although it is possible for the birthmark and atrophy in the cerebral cortex to be present without symptoms, most infants will develop convulsive seizures during their first year of life. There is a greater likelihood of intellectual impairment when seizures are resistant to treatment. Studies do not support the widely held belief that seizure frequency early in life in patients who have SWS is a prognostic indicator.

The most important prognostic factors of cemented cups are absence of radiolucent lines in DeLee and Charnley zone I, as well as adequate cement mantle thickness. In the first year after insertion of uncemented femoral stems, it is normal to have mild subsidence (less than 10 mm). The direct anterior approach has been shown to itself be a risk factor for early femoral component loosening.

This protein, along with Desmoglein-1, has been identified as the autoantigen of the autoimmune skin blistering disease pemphigus vulgaris. The mucosal dominant form of pemphigus vulgaris only involves antibodies against Desmoglein-3 and causes mucosal erosions, but no skin lesions. Desmoglein-3 serves as a prognostic marker of Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma (ESCC), and may even be involved in the progression of ESCC.

A mortality rate of 47% has been reported for acute compartment syndrome of the thigh. According to one study the rate of fasciotomy for acute compartment syndrome varied from 2% to 24%. This is due to uncertainty and differences in labeling a condition as acute compartment syndrome. The most significant prognostic factor in people with acute compartment syndrome is time to diagnosis and subsequent fasciotomy.

Preventive measures are pruning which allows light and air to enter the tree, to achieve fast drying. Strong growth within the root area dams up moisture and facilitates infection. A prognostic model called Sooty Blotch RIMpro has been developed, which still awaits validation. Similar to the apple scab model it numerically grades risk and degree of infection and can serve as a warning system.

Biomarkers used for medicine, or precision medicine, are a part of a relatively new clinical toolset. They are categorized in 3 primary ways according to their clinical applications. They are classified as molecular biomarkers, cellular biomarkers or imaging biomarkers. All 3 types of biomarkers have a clinical role in narrowing or guiding treatment decisions and follow a sub-categorization of being either predictive, prognostic, or diagnostic.

They lose their flexibility to pass through blood vessels that are smaller in diameter than the red cells. This rigidity impairs blood flow through the small blood vessels. Dondorp’s team demonstrated this impairment of microcirculatory flow due to red cell rigidity in severe malaria. A strong prognostic significance was also found to be the amount of plasma PfHRP2, a protein released by the sequestrated parasite.

For these tours: Tony Fernandez (who played with Strawbs on Deadlines and Heartbreak Hill) was employed on drums, and John Young on keyboards. The November 2012 tour featured a line-up of Cousins, Lambert, Cronk, Adam Wakeman and Adam Falkner. In February 2014 the band gigged with a line-up of Cousins, Lambert, Cronk, Wakeman and Fernandez. Their album Prognostic was issued in October 2014.

Prince Charming hero meets Cinderella heroine (1912) A 1921 study of patients at a New York state mental hospital, On the Prognostic Significance of the Mental Content in Manic-Depressive Psychosis, reported that of 31 manic-depressive patients studied, 22 (70%) had been diagnosed as afflicted with an Electra complex; and that 12 of the 22 patients had regressed to early stages of psychosexual development.

HIV progresses with declining numbers of CD4+ and expanding number of CD8+ cells (especially CD8+ memory cells), resulting in high morbidity and mortality. When CD4+ T cell numbers decline below a critical level, cell-mediated immunity is lost, and the body becomes progressively more susceptible to opportunistic infections. Declining CD4+/CD8+ ratio has been found to be a prognostic marker of HIV disease progression.

Immediate treatment is the most important factor in a favorable prognosis. A delay in treatment greater than six hours or the presence of peritonitis, sepsis, hypotension, or disseminated intravascular coagulation are negative prognostic indicators. Historically, GDV has held a guarded prognosis. Although "early studies showed mortality rates between 33% and 68% for dogs with GDV," studies from 2007 to 2012 "reported mortality rates between 10% and 26.8%".

An elevated mitotic index indicates more cells are dividing. In cancer cells, the mitotic index may be elevated compared to normal growth of tissues or cellular repair of the site of an injury. The mitotic index is therefore an important prognostic factor predicting both overall survival and response to chemotherapy in most types of cancer. It may lose much of its predictive value for elderly populations.

Ikaros has six zinc fingers domains, four are conserved DNA- binding domain and two are for dimerization. Very important finding is, that different zinc fingers are involved in binding to different place in DNA and this is the reason for pleiotropic effect of Ikaros and different involvement in cancer, but mainly are mutations associated with BCR-Abl patients and it is bad prognostic marker.

While there is no way of definitively predicting the outcome of an individual’s diagnosis of aggressive lymphoma, there are ways of best guessing the prognosis of the patient. These prognostic factors can be divided into three categories. The first category depends on the patient and can be their age and overall health. The second category is dependent upon the tumor and includes the stage, tumor burden, and extranodal involvement.

Gangliogliomas are generally benign WHO grade I tumors; the presence of anaplastic changes in the glial component is considered to represent WHO grade III (anaplastic ganglioglioma). Criteria for WHO grade II have been suggested, but are not established. Malignant transformation of spinal ganglioglioma has been seen in only a select few cases. Poor prognostic factors for adults with gangliogliomas include older age at diagnosis, male sex, and malignant histologic features.

GDF-15 has shown to be a strong prognostic protein in patients with different diseases such as heart diseases and cancer. Metformin was shown to cause increased levels of GDF-15. This increase mediates the effect of body weight loss by metformin. A monoclonal antibody (mAB1) that neutralizes circulating GDF-15 is being tested in mice and non-human primates as a potential treatment for cancer-telated cachexia.

Plasma cell leukemia is a form of multiple myeloma in which significant numbers of typically immature appearing plasma cells, i.e. plasmablasts, circulate in the blood. Very small numbers of plasma cells may reach the circulation in non-IgM multiple myeloma, non-IgM SMM, and, exceptionally, non-IgM MGUS. In these plasma cell dyscrasias, the presence of even very small numbers of circulating plasma cells is a poor prognostic indicator.

If the gain is of just one additional copy of a segment of DNA, it may be called a duplication (Fig 4). If there is one extra copy of an entire chromosome, it may be called a trisomy. Copy number gains in germline samples may be disease-associated or may be a benign copy number variant. When seen in tumor cells, they may have diagnostic, prognostic, or therapeutic implications.

Turbulence and radiative transfer are the most important physical processes that have to be parameterized in a prognostic mesoscale model. In the MEMO model, radiative transfer is calculated with an efficient scheme based on the emissivity method for longwave radiation and an implicit multilayer method for shortwave radiation (Moussiopoulos 1987). The diffusion terms may be represented as the divergence of the corresponding fluxes. For turbulence parameterizations, K-theory is applied.

The penile plethysmograph has value in screening organic versus psychogenic erectile dysfunction in urological polysomnography centres.Patent Lack of sexual response during REM sleep may indicate that further evaluation by a urologist is required. When applied during nerve-sparing surgery, electrical stimulation penile plethysmograph is an erectile dysfunction prognostic. The patient is provided with objective information on his specific outcome which aids in planning for further erectile function therapies.

As of 2018, several reports reveal the relevance of different epigenetic modifications with respect to diabetic complications. Sooner or later, with the advancements in biomedical tools, the detection of such biomarkers as prognostic and diagnostic tools in patients could possibly emerge out as alternative approaches. It is noteworthy to mention here that the use of epigenetic modifications as therapeutic targets warrant extensive preclinical as well as clinical evaluation prior to use.

Steyerberg started his education in medicine at the Medical Faculty of Leiden University in 1986. After obtaining his propedeuse, he initiated his education in Biomedical Sciences at the same university. In 1991, he received his MSc (cum laude). He started working towards his PhD at the Department of Public Health at Erasmus MC. His thesis, titled ‘Prognostic Modeling for Clinical Decision Making: Theory and Applications’, was completed in 1996.

Communication with medical providers and loved ones has been identified as an important social factor throughout the cancer trajectory. Communication has been shown to be associated with improved medication adherence and satisfaction with care. CBT-based interventions have incorporated strategies for communication with providers about topics including symptom management and prognostic understanding. Additionally, open communication between patients and caregivers is associated with improved quality of life in patients and caregivers.

PELP1 is a proto-oncogene that provides cancer cells with a distinct growth and survival advantage. PELP1 overexpression has been reported in many cancers. PELP1 expression is an independent prognostic predictor of shorter breast cancer–specific survival and disease free interval. Patients whose tumors had high levels of cytoplasmic PELP1 exhibited a tendency to respond poorly to tamoxifen and PELP1 deregulated tumors respond to Src kinase and mTOR inhibitors.

Several studies have attempted to predict the survival of patients with Budd–Chiari syndrome. In general, nearly 2/3 of patients with Budd–Chiari are alive at 10 years. Important negative prognostic indicators include ascites, encephalopathy, elevated Child-Pugh scores, elevated prothrombin time, and altered serum levels of various substances (sodium, creatinine, albumin, and bilirubin). Survival is also highly dependent on the underlying cause of the Budd–Chiari syndrome.

Agnes Low Rogers was born in Dundee, the daughter of William Thomson Rogers and Janet Low Rogers. She earned a master's degree at the University of St. Andrews in 1908. She passed the Moral Sciences Tripos at Cambridge in 1911, and completed doctoral studies at Teachers College, Columbia University in 1917. Her dissertation, published the following year, was titled Experimental Tests of Mathematical Ability and their Prognostic Value (1918).

High PSMB7 expression is an unfavourable prognostic marker in breast cancer. In this, survival of resistant breast cancer cell lines decreased after doxorubicin or paclitaxel treatment when PSMB7 was knocked down by RNA interference. These results were validated in 1592 microarray samples: patients with high PSMB7 expression had a significantly shorter survival than patients with low expression. Knockdown of the PSMB7 gene may also induce autophagy in cardiomyocytes.

HRT-related breast cancers had adverse prognostic characteristics (more advanced stages and larger tumors) compared with cancers occurring in the placebo group, and HRT was also associated with a substantial increase in abnormal mammograms. Short-term use of hormones for treatment of menopausal symptoms appears to confer little or no breast cancer risk. A correlation was found between the use of hormonal contraceptives and subsequent reliance on hormone replacement therapy.

Cloacas appear in a wide spectrum of variation in females born with the malformation. The single orifice, called a common channel, may occur varying in length from 1 to 10 cm. The length of the common channel can be used to judge prognostic outcomes and technical challenges during surgical repair. A common channel less than 3 cm in length usually has good sphincter muscles and a well-developed sacrum.

Clinical Ovarian Cancer & Other Gynecologic Malignancies was a peer-reviewed medical journal published by Elsevier. It covers research on the detection, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of ovarian cancer. Specific areas of interest include clinical research and mechanistic approaches, drug sensitivity and resistance, gene and antisense therapy, pathology, markers, and prognostic indicators, chemoprevention strategies, multimodality therapy, and integration of various approaches. It has been replaced by Clinical Ovarian and other Gynecologic Cancer.

Prognostic map of Andes of South America published in 1986. Red and green circles - sites predicted as future discoveries of giant oil/gas fields. Red circles - where giants were really discovered. Green ones are still underdeveloped. What unites both theories of oil origin is the low success rate in predicting the locations of giant oil/gas fields: according to the statistics discovering a giant demands drilling 500+ exploration wells.

Hence it can be considered as a biomarker for molecular detection of CRC, specially in combination with other markers like SEPT9. NTRK3 has also been indicated as one of the genes in the panel of nine CpG methylation probes located at promoter or exon 1 region of eight genes (including DDIT3, FES, FLT3, SEPT5, SEPT9, SOX1, SOX17, and NTRK3) for prognostic prediction in ESCC (esophageal squamous cell carcinoma) patients.

In operational numerical weather prediction, forecast models are used to predict future states of the atmosphere, based on how the climate system evolves with time from an initial state. The initial state provided as input to the forecast must consist of data values for a range of "prognostic" meteorological fields - that is, those fields which determine the future evolution of the model. Spatially varying fields are required in the form used by the model, for example at each intersection point on a regular grid of longitude and latitude circles, and initial data must be valid at a single time that corresponds to the present or the recent past. By contrast, the available observational data usually do not include all of the model's prognostic fields, and may include other additional fields; these data also have different spatial distribution from the forecast model grid, are valid over a range of times rather than a single time, and are also subject to observational error.

An International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) is specially designed to access the prognosis of myelodysplastic syndrome patients. Scores help to classify patients into low, intermediate-1, intermediate-2 and high risks based on their severity levels. Patients in the lower-risk group generally have a longer survival range of 3-8.8 years, comparing to only 0.8-1.6 years for high-risk patients. In general, the survival rate of transfusion-dependent anemia patients is increasing.

Dupuytren’s disease has a high recurrence rate, especially when a person has so-called Dupuytren’s diathesis. The term diathesis relates to certain features of Dupuytren's disease, and indicates an aggressive course of disease. The presence of all new Dupuytren’s diathesis factors increases the risk of recurrent Dupuytren’s disease by 71%, compared with a baseline risk of 23% in people lacking the factors. In another study the prognostic value of diathesis was evaluated.

The protein is associated with breast and prostate cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), papilloma, glioma, obesity, and SARS-CoV. Based on the differential expression of SLC46A3 in antibody-drug conjugate (ADC)-resistant cells and certain cancer cells, current research is focused on the potential of SLC46A3 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cancer. While protein abundance is relatively low in humans, high expression has been detected particularly in the liver, small intestine, and kidney.

IL-30 is emerging as a new and intriguing factor that may condition prostate cancer onset and progression. It is produced by tumor-infiltrating leukocytes, mostly myeloid derived cells. Discrimination of molecular pathways driving tumor growth and progression is important to identify novel prognostic markers and targets for new posibble treatments. Revealing that IL-30 displays cancer-promoting effects, strongly nominate this cytokine as a novel molecule shaping the tumor and lymph node microenvironment.

NanoString's "nCounter Analysis System" is based on a digital molecular barcoding technology invented by Dimitrov and Dunawa in Leroy Hood's lab at the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB), and became commercially available in 2008. NanoString received a CE-mark designation for selling the Prosigna breast cancer prognostic gene signature assay (PAM50-based breast cancer test) in Israel and EU in September 2012, and in September 2013, NanoString received FDA 510(k) clearance for Prosigna.

32732 MIPOL1 interacts with another well-known tumor-suppressing gene, RhoB and this interaction was confirmed to enhance RhoB activity. In a study of pediatric high grade glioma (pHGG), MIPOL1 gene was found to be down-regulated 2.4-fold in the high vascularity tumors Smith SJ, Tilly H, Ward JH, et al. CD105 (Endoglin) exerts prognostic effects via its role in the microvascular niche of paediatric high grade glioma. Acta Neuropathol. 2012;124(1):99-110.

Pilomatricomas have been observed in a variety of genetic disorders including Turner syndrome, myotonic dystrophy, Rubinstein-Taybi syndrome, Trisomy 9, and Gardner syndrome. It has been reported that the prevalence of pilomatricomas in Turner syndrome is 2.6%. Hybrid cysts that are composed of epidermal inclusion cysts and pilomatricoma-like changes have been repeatedly observed in Gardner syndrome. This association has prognostic import, since cutaneous findings in children with Gardner Syndrome generally precede colonic polyposis.

Its expression is used as a prognostic aid in these cases. It has very limited expression in normal tissue but is widespread in malignant tumours throughout their development. One study found that 5T4 was present in 85% of a cohort of 72 colorectal carcinomas and in 81% of a cohort of 27 gastric carcinomas. Its confined expression appears to give 5T4 the potential to be a target for T cells in cancer immunotherapy.

Antibodies against proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) or monoclonal antibody termed Ki-67 can be used for grading of different neoplasms, e.g. astrocytoma. They can be of diagnostic and prognostic value. Imaging of the nuclear distribution of PCNA (via antibody labeling) can be used to distinguish between early, mid and late S phase of the cell cycle. However, an important limitation of antibodies is that cells need to be fixed leading to potential artifacts.

TMEM171 is down-regulated in papillary thyroid carcinoma and two SNPs, with the non- synonymous mutations R86G and N139K, are identified risk SNPs for papillary thyroid carcinoma. TMEM171 is also down-regulated in gastric cancer and colon cancer. More specifically, it is down-regulated in right-sided colon cancer relative to left-sided colon cancer, which typically has a better prognosis. In renal cancer, high expression of TMEM171 is a favorable prognostic marker. .

Resource mobilization theory has been studied in conjunction with other fields, such as framing theory. Evidence has been found of an evolving relationship between framing processes and social movements. The relationship has led to the identification of two frames used in social movement stories: diagnostic, which involves identifying the sources of causality or blame for the situation, and prognostic, which lays out a plan of attack on how to create social change.

Zhong, N.; Cui, Y.; Zhou, X.; Li, T.; Han, J. Identification of prohibitin 1 as a potential prognostic biomarker in human pancreatic carcinoma using modified aqueous two-phase partition system combined with 2D-MALDI-TOF- TOF-MS/MS. Tumour Biol. 2014. MALDI/TOF can also potentially be used to dictate treatment as well as diagnosis. MALDI/TOF serves as a method for determining the drug resistance of bacteria, especially to β-lactams (Penicillin family).

The design parameters generally include reliability, maintainability of the system. Reliability will be the result of manufacturing of the system where as maintainability is coming from operational, maintenance logistics, inventory management, Prognostic Health Management (PHM) and supply chain design of the services that system require. The general usage of this philosophy of system design is geared toward outcome-based contracts. Availability is the major factor of operational effectiveness along with performance of the system.

In Non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), surgically removed tumors that receive no further therapy have a better survival if ERCC1-positive than if ERCC1-negative. Thus ERCC1 positivity is a favorable prognostic marker, referring to how the disease will proceed if not further treated. ERCC1-positive NSCLC tumors do not benefit from adjuvant platinum chemotherapy. However, ERCC1-negative NSCLC tumors, prognostically worse without treatment, derive substantial benefit from adjuvant cisplatin-based chemotherapy.

Cellular variant shows similar clinical presentation to collapsing and glomerular tip variant but has intermediate outcomes between these two variants. However, because collapsing and glomerular tip variant show overlapping pathologic features with cellular variant, this intermediate difference in clinical outcomes may reflect a sampling bias in cases of cellular focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (i.e. unsampled collapsing variant or glomerular tip variant). The prognostic significance of perihilar and NOS variants has not yet been determined.

Medical diagnosis of pulmonary hypoplasia in utero may use imaging, usually ultrasound or MRI. The extent of hypoplasia is a very important prognostic factor. One study of 147 fetuses (49 normal, 98 with abnormalities) found that a simple measurement, the ratio of chest length to trunk (torso) length, was a useful predictor of postnatal respiratory distress. In a study of 23 fetuses, subtle differences seen on MRIs of the lungs were informative.

Even after complete remission is achieved, leukemic cells likely remain in numbers too small to be detected with current diagnostic techniques. If no further postremission or consolidation therapy is given, almost all people with AML will eventually relapse. Therefore, more therapy is necessary to eliminate nondetectable disease and prevent relapse – that is, to achieve a cure. The specific type of postremission therapy is individualized based on a person's prognostic factors (see above) and general health.

Early monitoring can be used to guide medical and surgical decision making and to detect potentially life-threatening brain herniation. There was however, conflicting evidence on the threshold values of ICP that indicated the need for intervention. Researches also recommend that medical decisions should be tailored to the specific diagnosis (e.g. subarachnoid hemorrhage, TBI, encephalitis) and that ICP elevation should be used in conjunction with clinical and neuroimaging and not as an isolated prognostic marker.

Klingsor syndrome is a psychiatric disorder that causes self-harm, which can involve the penis. Paranoid schizophrenia, eating disorders, and psychotic breaks can also be associated with penile injury. In some cases, transgender people who are not able to access genital surgery may self-amputate their penis. Favorable prognostic factors for replantation of amputated penises include short ischemic time and a clean incision (as opposed to a crush injury or ragged incision).

In mouse cell cultures, PD-L2 expression on tumor cells suppressed cytotoxic T cell-mediated immune responses. Indirectly, PD-L2 may have utility as a biomarker or prognostic indicator. PD-L2 expression has been shown to predict response to PD-1 blockade with pembrolizumab independently of PD-L1 expression. However, PD-L2 does not putatively predict outcome in cancer, with some studies suggesting it predicts negative prognoses and other studies suggesting it predicts positive prognoses.

A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica 2002; 46: 238–244 In addition, Kranke has set up and validated many tools and prognostic instruments with respect to the prediction of PONV and other adverse events in the perioperative phase, such as PONVP. Kranke, L. H. Eberhart, H. Toker, N. Roewer, H. Wulf, P. Kiefer. A prospective evaluation of the POVOC-score for the prediction of postoperative vomiting in children.

In prostate cancer, PNI in needle biopsies is poor prognosticator; however, in prostatectomy specimens it is unclear whether it carries a worse prognosis. In one study, PNI was found in approximately 90% of radical prostatectomy specimens, and PNI outside of the prostate, especially, was associated with a poorer prognosis. However, there exists controversies about whether PNI has prognostic significance toward cancer malignancy. In perineural invasion, cancer cells proliferate around peripheral nerves and eventually invade them.

People believe that Manik Prabhu, the renowned saint, was fourth incarnation of Lord Dattatreya. There was Political and religious chaos between two communities, Hindu and Muslim, and were the riotous times. Manik Prabhu had an envisioned these two streams (communities) come together and lead a peaceful life. Due to this prognostic vision, even today both Hindus and Muslims visit Manik Nagar every year to pay homage to the Great Founder of Universal Truth, the Sakalmata.

The UKMET Unified Model is run six days into the future, while the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts' Integrated Forecast System and Environment Canada's Global Environmental Multiscale Model both run out to ten days into the future, and the Global Forecast System model run by the Environmental Modeling Center is run sixteen days into the future. The visual output produced by a model solution is known as a prognostic chart, or prog.

As a member of the clinical (Director Bayard Clarkson) and laboratory teams (Director Malcolm A.S. Moore), he carried out a systematic analysis of all patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) treated at MSKCC, defining the prognostic and predictive parameters of cell cytology, cell growth in vitro and enzymatic markers.R. Mertelsmann, M. A. Moore, B. Clarkson: Leukemia cell phenotype and prognosis: an analysis of 519 adults with acute leukemia. In: Blood Cells. 1982;8(3), S. 561–583.

Mortality rate is 1% with treatment and 30–70% without treatment. Poor prognostic signs include severe jaundice, severe change in mental status, severe bleeding and a prolonged QT interval on ECG. Lice that feed on infected humans acquire the Borrelia organisms that then multiply in the gut of the louse. When an infected louse feeds on an uninfected human, the organism gains access when the victim crushes the louse or scratches the area where the louse is feeding.

Simple random sampling after stratification step Stratified randomization decides one or multiple prognostic factors to make subgroups, on average, have similar entry characteristics. The patient factor can be accurately decided by examining the outcome in previous studies. The number of subgroups can be calculated by multiplying the number of strata for each factor. Factors are measured before or at the time of randomization and experimental subjects are divided into several subgroups or strata according to the results of measurements.

163–192, 1985. By developing an orthotopic bladder implantation animal tumor model, Dr. Soloway was able to establish that an injury to the urothelium created the necessary environment for tumor implantation and the scientific evidence in support of early intravesical chemotherapy following transurethral resection of a bladder tumor.Aso, Y., Anderson, L., Soloway, M., Bouffioux, C., Chisholm, G., Debruyne, F., Kawai, T., Kurth, K.H., Maru, A., and Straffon, W.G.E.: Prognostic factors in superficial bladder cancer. In: Developments in Bladder Cancer.

As they slept, they were visited by Asclepius or his daughters Hygeia and Panacea. These dream visitations were prognostic in nature, revealing the projected course of the disease and ultimate patient outcomes. During this time, patients would also discover what it was they needed to do once they woke in order to treat their disease. Upon awakening, the patient would recount their dream to a temple priest, who would then prescribe a treatment based on their interpretation.

EMP3 is a transmembrane protein which participates in cell to cell interaction and cell proliferation. Overexpression and silencing of EMP3 both interrupt the normal expression of the EMP3 gene, which induces the progression (and formation) of cancers. Based on these properties of EMP3 and the prognostic analyses on several types of tumors and cancers, EMP3 has a tumor-suppressor-like role in regulating differentiation, apoptosis and development of cancer cells. However, the detailed mechanism still needs to be investigated.

Diagnosis is firstly clinical through history and examination usually with a Slit-lamp. If characteristic features are found the investigations undertaken will depend on locally available equipment and may include Scanning laser ophthalmoscopy which highlights areas of autofluorescence which are associated with retinal pathology. Spectral-domain optical coherence tomography, electroretinography and microperimetry are also useful for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. These investigations may be followed by genetic testing but this is not essential until treatment is available.

As seen in BRAF, mutations in GNAQ/GNA11 are early events in tumorigenesis and are not prognostic for tumor stage or later metastatic spread. In contrast, mutations in the gene BAP1 are strongly linked to metastatic spread and patient survival. Incidence of posterior uveal melanoma is highest among people with light skin and blue eyes. Other risk factors, such as blue light exposure and arc welding, have been put forward, but are still debated in the field.

Steyerberg is known for his tremendous contribution to the field of statistical methods for prediction research. Among his most-cited articles are several methodological papers on the development and validation of clinical prediction models. In 2009, he published his book ‘Clinical Prediction Models: A Practical Approach to Development, Validation, and Updating’. The book provides insight and practical illustrations on how modern statistical concepts and regression methods can be applied in medical prediction problems, including diagnostic and prognostic outcomes.

It is believed that failures to produce cloned animals with normal viability and lifespan result from inappropriate patterns of epigenetic marks. Also, aberrant methylation patterns are well characterized in many cancers. Global hypomethylation results in decreased genomic stability, while local hypermethylation of tumour suppressor gene promoters often accounts for their loss of function. Specific patterns of methylation are indicative of specific cancer types, have prognostic value, and can help to guide the best course of treatment.

Still, disease related malnutrition is a much underrated public health issue and has also become an enormous economical concern.Norman K, Pichard C, Lochs H, Pirlich M. Prognostic impact of disease-related malnutrition. Clin Nutr 2008;27:5-15. It is estimated that over 50 million Europeans are at risk. A study performed in the UK in 2005 estimated the cost of malnutrition to the UK to be € 10.6 b per year, double the projected € 5.1 b cost of obesity.

These prognostic variables are useful, but not ideal, since they do not consider other aspects such as the regularity of the maintenance that was applied on the vehicle, how they were driven, in which weather conditions, etc; they do, however, have the advantage of being easily measured, understood and verified, whereas an in-depth analysis of the mechanical condition of the vehicle would be expensive to perform, require specific skills to be understood and would be difficult to verify.

The trial may be blinded, meaning that information which may influence the participants is withheld until after the experiment is complete. A blind can be imposed on any participant of an experiment, including subjects, researchers, technicians, data analysts, and evaluators. Effective blinding may reduce or eliminate some sources of experimental bias. The randomness in the assignment of subjects to groups reduces selection bias and allocation bias, balancing both known and unknown prognostic factors, in the assignment of treatments.

A prognostic chart is a map displaying the likely weather forecast for a future time. Such charts generated by atmospheric models as output from numerical weather prediction and contain a variety of information such as temperature, wind, precipitation and weather fronts. They can also indicate derived atmospheric fields such as vorticity, stability indices, or frontogenesis. Forecast errors need to be taken into account and can be determined either via absolute error, or by considering persistence and absolute error combined.

Cytomegalovirus may be the cause of retinitis, respiratory symptoms and or enteritis. Polyomaviruses may cause progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (JC virus) and polyomavirus-associated nephropathy, ureteral stenosis and hemorrhagic cystitis (BK virus). The latter condition mainly occurs in hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients. Several publications have tried to use decoy cells as a prognostic marker for polyomavirus-associated diseases such as polyomavirus BK-associated nephropathy (BKVAN), a condition occurring only in immunocompromised individuals and especially in renal transplant recipients.

Simultaneous event galleries are recorded to verify whether the software found a true living cell and to differentiate between skin epithelial cells for example. Close validation of the method showed that additional antibodies of cytokeratins or CD45 did not have any advantage. Unlike other methods maintrac does not use the single cell count as a prognostic marker, rather Maintrac utilizes the dynamics of the cell count. Rising tumor cell numbers are an important factor that tumor activity is ongoing.

Morphological appearance is judged by human operators and is therefore subject to large inter operator variation. Several CTC enumeration methods exist which use morphological appearance to identify CTC, which may also apply different morphological criteria. A recent study in prostate cancer showed that many different morphological definitions of circulating tumor cells have similar prognostic value, even though the absolute number of cells found in patients and normal donors varied by more than a decade between different morphological definitions.

In neuropathy associated with diabetes mellitus characterized by alteration in small nerve fibers, a reduction in time domain parameters of HRV seems not only to carry negative prognostic value but also to precede the clinical expression of autonomic neuropathy. In diabetic patients without evidence of autonomic neuropathy, reduction of the absolute power of LF and HF during controlled conditions was also reported. Similarly, diabetic patients can be differentiated from normal controls on the basis of reduction in HRV.

Based on Immunohistochemical analysis, two studies have shown that GPNMB is commonly expressed in breast tumors. In the first study, GPNMB was detected in 71% (10/14) of breast tumors. In the second study, 64% of human breast tumors express GPNMB in the tumor stroma and an additional 10% of tumors express GPNMB in the tumor epithelium. In this study it was reported that GPNMB expression in the tumor epithelium was an independent prognostic indicator of breast cancer recurrence.

Patients with metastatic cancer are more likely to have detectable CTCs in the bloodstream but CTCs also exist in patients with localized diseases. It has been found that the number of CTCs present in the bloodstream of patients with metastatic prostate and colorectal cancer is prognostic of the overall survival of tumors. CTCs also have been demonstrated to inform prognosis in earlier stages of the disease. CTC capture and release mechanism of third generation Thermoresponsive Chip.

PCT serves a marker to help differentiate acute respiratory illness such as infection from an acute cardiovascular concern. It also has value as a prognostic lab value in patients with atherosclerosis or coronary heart disease as its levels correlate with the severity of the illness. The European Society of Cardiology recently released a PCT-guided algorithm for administering antibiotics in patients with dyspnea and suspected acute heart failure. The guidelines use a cut off point of .

The Immunoscore is a method to estimate the prognosis of cancer patients, based on the immune cells that infiltrate cancer and surround it. The Immunoscore has been internationally validated in colorectal cancer and provides better prognostic information than the current staging system, TNM. In other malignancies the Immunoscore has not yet been validated. It is based on Jerome Galon's finding from 2006 which revealed a positive association of cytotoxic and memory T cells with survival of colorectal cancer patients.

Dr. Harbour is fellowship trained in surgical retina and ocular oncology, and he has treated thousands of patients with uveal melanoma, retinoblastoma, ocular metastatic disease, ocular hemangiomas, ocular hamartomas and many other ocular tumors. He has trained over 50 clinical fellows, and receives patients from around the world. He has pioneered new surgical methods regarding fine needle biopsy, laser treatment, and brachytherapy of ocular tumors. He was also awarded patents for innovations in genetic prognostic testing in uveal melanoma.

The disrupted homeostasis of cancer cells is found to initiate processes promoting cell growth. To illustrate, growth factors and chemokines activated in response to injury are recruited by tumour cells, sustaining chronic inflammation; similarly to the immune phenotype found in chronic infection, allograft rejection and autoimmunity diseases. The role of immunity in cancer is demonstrated by the predictive and prognostic role of tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) and immune response gene signatures. In several cancers these genes show great correlation.

A alt=A prognostic chart of the North American continent provides geopotential heights, temperatures, and wind velocities at regular intervals. The values are taken at the altitude corresponding to the 850-millibar pressure surface. An atmospheric model is a computer program that produces meteorological information for future times at given locations and altitudes. Within any modern model is a set of equations, known as the primitive equations, used to predict the future state of the atmosphere.

J. Biochem. 1969 Jun;9(3), S. 311–318. Since nucleic acid synthesis is an important target for chemotherapeutic agents, he subsequently investigated in his team together with various colleagues, DNA-Polymerases, especially terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase (TdT), and RNA-Polymerases as diagnostic und prognostic markers in leukemias and lymphomas.R. Mertelsmann, B. Koziner, D. A. Filippa, E. Grossbard, G. Incefy, M. A. Moore, B. D. Clarkson: Clinical significance of TdT, cell surface markers and CFU-C in 297 patients with hematopoietic neoplasias.

Ki-67 is an excellent marker to determine the growth fraction of a given cell population. The fraction of Ki-67-positive tumor cells (the Ki-67 labeling index) is often correlated with the clinical course of cancer. The best-studied examples in this context are prostate, brain and breast carcinomas, as well as nephroblastoma and neuroendocrine tumors. For these types of tumors, the prognostic value for survival and tumor recurrence have repeatedly been proven in uni- and multivariate analysis.

Male gender, proteinuria (especially > 2 g/day), hypertension, smoking, hyperlipidemia, older age, familial disease and elevated creatinine concentrations are markers of a poor outcome. Frank hematuria has shown discordant results with most studies showing a better prognosis, perhaps related to the early diagnosis, except for one group which reported a poorer prognosis. Proteinuria and hypertension are the most powerful prognostic factors in this group. There are certain other features on kidney biopsy such as interstitial scarring which are associated with a poor prognosis.

ACE inhibitors are also vasodilators with both symptomatic and prognostic benefit. Statins are the most frequently used lipid/cholesterol modifiers, which probably also stabilize existing atheromatous plaque. Low- dose aspirin decreases the risk of heart attack in patients with chronic stable angina, and was part of standard treatment. However, in patients without established cardiovascular disease, the increase in hemorrhagic stroke and gastrointestinal bleeding offsets any benefits and it is no longer advised unless the risk of myocardial infarction is very high.

In a wide sense, nosology deals not only with diseases, but with any kind of medical condition, like injuries, lesions or disorders.Abenhaim, Lucien et al. The Prognostic Consequences in the Making of the Initial Medical Diagnosis of Work-Related Back Injuries. Spine Journal, 1995 Medical conditions, like diseases, can be defined by cause, pathogenesis (mechanism by which the disease is caused), or by a collection of symptoms, medical signs and biomarkers, particularly when the other two definitions are not available (idiopathic diseases).

HPV+ did not reduce the rate of metastases (about 45% of patients experiencing progression), which are predominantly to the lungs (70%), although some studies have reported a lower rate. with 3-year distant recurrence rates of about 10% for patients treated with primary radiation or chemoradiation. Even if recurrence or metastases occur, HPV positivity still confers an advantage. By contrast tobacco usage is an independently negative prognostic factor, with decreased response to therapy, increased disease recurrence rates and decreased survival.

This gene encodes a type I integral ribophorin membrane protein found only in the rough endoplasmic reticulum. The encoded protein is part of an N-oligosaccharyl transferase complex that links high mannose oligosaccharides to asparagine residues found in the Asn-X-Ser/Thr consensus motif of nascent polypeptide chains. This protein is similar in sequence to the yeast oligosaccharyl transferase subunit SWP1. RPN2 has been demonstrated to be a prognostic marker of human cancer, and may be a potential target of clinical importance.

Mutations in TET2 are the most prevalent (48% to 83% of cases) in AITL and generally occur in advanced- stage disease. Further study may add the presence of these mutations, particularly TET2, to AITL's diagnostic criteria. The prognosis of ATIL has been poor. As rated by the International Prognostic Index (more severe disease with increasing score), 14% of AITL patients presented with an IPI score of 0–1, 59% with a score of 2–3, and 28% with a score of 4–5.

Advancements in the cost and throughput of sequencing technologies is making it possible to perform whole-genome sequencing at higher rates. The ability to perform whole-genome analysis for cancer patients can aid in identifying markers of predisposition to drug toxicity and efficacy. Strategies for pharmacogenomic discovery using whole- genome sequences include targeting frequently mutated gene stretches (known as hotspots) to identify markers of prognostic and diagnostic significance, or targeting specific genes that are known to be associated with a particular disease.

The MEMO model (version 6.2) is a Eulerian non-hydrostatic prognostic mesoscale model for wind-flow simulation. It was developed by the Aristotle University of Thessaloniki in collaboration with the Universität Karlsruhe. The MEMO Model together with the photochemical dispersion model MARS are the two core models of the European zooming model (EZM). This model belongs to the family of models designed for describing atmospheric transport phenomena in the local-to-regional scale, frequently referred to as mesoscale air pollution models.

The discretized equations are solved numerically on a staggered grid, i.e. the scalar quantities \rho, p and \theta are defined at the cell centre while the velocity components u, v and w are defined at the centre of the appropriate interfaces. Temporal discretization of the prognostic equations is based on the explicit second order Adams- Bashforth scheme. There are two deviations from the Adams-Bashforth scheme: The first refers to the implicit treatment of the nonhydrostatic part of the mesoscale pressure perturbation p_.

Orthostatic vitals including blood pressure and heart rate in response to upright posture for at least 3 minutes is essential for the diagnosis of orthostatic syncope. A resting 12-lead electrocardiogram is useful to rule out arrhythmias. Targeted blood testing is reasonable including complete hematology, glycemic and metabolic profiles to rule out associated conditions such as anemia, metabolic or renal derangements. In selected patients with suspected neurodegenerative disease and syncope, referral for autonomic evaluation is reasonable to improve diagnostic and prognostic accuracy.

In a fifth method of hydromancy mysterious words are pronounced over a glass of water, then observations are made of its spontaneous ebullience. In the sixth method a drop of oil was let drop into a vessel of water, this furnished a mirror through which wondrous things became visible. This, Del Rio said, is the Modus Fessanus. The seventh method of hydromancy was cited by Clemens Alexandrinus who cited that women of Germany watched the whirls and courses of rivers for prognostic interpretations.

In a study using 164 tumor samples from patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma, TMEM39B was one of 17 genes identified as part of a prognostic profile for 5-year progression- free survival. In another study using a genome-wide siRNA screen, knockdown of TMEM39B with siRNAs decreased viral capsid/autophagosome colocalization, survival of virus-infected cells, and mitophagy in HeLa cells infected with Sindbis virus. This may suggest that TMEM39B plays a role in viral autophagy like its paralog TMEM39A.

Notably, it has been associated with chemoresistance and, thus, is a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. So far, it stands to become a prognostic marker for breast cancer, lung cancer, head and neck cancer, and possibly gastric cancer in patients who might require more aggressive treatment. However, no statistically significant relationship was determined in hepatocellular carcinoma. In addition to cancers, 14-3-3ζ has been implicated in pathogenic infections and neurodegenerative diseases, including Creutzfeldt–Jakob disease, Parkinson’s disease, and Alzheimer’s disease (AD).

MammaPrint is a prognostic and predictive diagnostic test for early stage breast cancer patients that assess the risk that a tumor will metastasize to other parts of the body. It gives a binary result, high-risk or low-risk classification, and helps physicians determine whether or not a patient will benefit from chemotherapy. Women with a low risk result can safely forego chemotherapy without decreasing likelihood of disease free survival. MammaPrint is part of the personalized medicine portfolio marketed by Agendia.

Number of various types of blood cells in whole blood versus CTCs. The detection of CTCs may have important prognostic and therapeutic implications but because their numbers can be very small, these cells are not easily detected. It is estimated that among the cells that have detached from the primary tumor, only 0.01% can form metastases. Circulating tumor cells are found in frequencies on the order of 1-10 CTC per mL of whole blood in patients with metastatic disease.

Yaakov Israel Ifargan (יעקב ישראל איפרגן, born 1966), also known as the X-ray (Hebrew: ha-Rentgen), is an Israeli Kabbalist rabbi and spiritual adviser who operates in Netivot, a town in southern Israel. He is known among his followers for his supposed healing and prognostic powers. Ifargan's admirers includes a mix of low income Mizrahi Jewish people from southern Israel, as well as high profile Israeli politicians, businessmen and celebrities. Ifargan also has a following among a group of Breslov Hasidim.

The most common system for classifying the extent of spread of cancer is the TNM classification, which has been used for over 80 years. However, its prognostic accuracy is limited and clinical outcome can significantly vary among patients within the same tumor stage. This method fails to incorporate the effects of the host immune response and focus only on the tumor cells. From the beginning of 21st century, growing evidences supports the important role of the immune system in cancer surveillance and clearance.

Moreover, prognostic modeling of small islands has identified major land loss if no action is taken. For example, in San Andres Island, the first National Communications estimated a loss of 17% of land area, including most of the coastal zone by 2060 (50 cm increase in sea level). Water is also at a very high demand due to the population growth of Colombia. Leaving issues of Water scarcity and water stress; where there is more water needed than the ecosystem can provide.

Dr Richard Idro is a specialized pediatrician, with super specialization as a neurologist. His research interests include HIV/AIDS in adolescents, the interactions between HIV and malaria, and the prognostic features of cerebral malaria, among other topics. Recently, his work has expanded into studies of brain injury in sickle cell anemia, viral encephalitis and childhood epilepsy. He also concurrently serves as an Honorary Consultant Pediatrician and Pediatric Neurologist at Mulago National Referral Hospital (MNRH), in Kampala, Uganda's capital and largest city.

Comorbid disorders such as substance abuse and eating disorders are addressed in this phase of treatment. The second phase focuses on stepwise exposure to traumatic memories and prevention of re-dissociation. The final phase focuses on reconnecting the identities of disparate alters into a single functioning identity with all its memories and experiences intact. A study was conducted to develop an "expertise-based prognostic model for the treatment of complex post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and dissociative identity disorder (DID)".

Gillberg proposed another alternative: DAMP. Gillberg's concept was formulated in the early 1980s, and the term itself was introduced in a paper that Gillberg published in 1986 (see Gillberg [1986]). (DAMP is essentially MBD without the etiological assumptions.) The concept of DAMP met with considerable criticism. For example, Sir Michael Rutter stated that the concept of DAMP (unlike ADHD) was "muddled" and "lacks both internal coherence and external discriminative validity ... it has no demonstrated treatment or prognostic implications"; he concluded that the concept should be abandoned.

Typical values of PWV in the aorta range from approximately 5 m/s to >15 m/s. Measurement of aortic PWV provides some of the strongest evidence concerning the prognostic significance of large artery stiffening. Increased aortic PWV has been shown to predict cardiovascular, and in some cases all cause, mortality in individuals with end stage kidney disease, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and in the general population. However, at present, the role of measurement of PWV as a general clinical tool remains to be established.

In oncology, class III β-tubulin has been investigated as both a prognostic biomarker and an indicator of resistance to taxanes and other compounds. The majority of reports implicate class III β-tubulin as a biomarker of poor outcome. However, there are also data in clear cell carcinoma, melanoma and breast cancer showing favorable prognosis. Class III β-tubulin is integral component of a pro-survival, cascading molecular pathway which renders cancer cells resistant to apoptosis and enhances their ability to invade local tissues and metastasize.

Clinical Lung Cancer publishes articles on detection, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of lung cancer. The emphasis is on recent scientific developments in all areas related to lung cancer. Areas of interest include clinical research and mechanistic approaches; drug sensitivity and resistance; gene and antisense therapy; pathology, markers, and prognostic indicators; chemoprevention strategies; multimodality therapy; and integration of various approaches. The journal publishes editorials, original research papers, comprehensive reviews, current treatment reports, case reports, brief communications, current trials, translational medicine pieces, and a "Meeting Highlights" section.

As of June 2010, the company was not yet profitable. In an interview, Gray suggested that NanoString would begin to develop clinical diagnostics. As of July, 2012, NanoString began indicating a move towards becoming a public company by hiring several senior staff with public company experience. NanoString received a CE-mark designation for selling the Prosigna breast cancer prognostic gene signature assay (PAM50-based breast cancer test) in Israel and EU in September 2012, and in September 2013, NanoString received FDA 510(k) clearance for Prosigna.

The ubiquitous role of this gene lends itself to being involved in a variety of disease pathologies, including cancer. PDK1 mRNA expression is significantly associated with tumor progression; in fact, the presence of PDK1 can serve as a prognostic marker, indicating the level of success a patient can achieve. Specifically, this may serve as a biomarker in patients with gastric cancer. In coordination, the inhibitor dichloroacetic acid may be used in the future as a treatment option for patients with this type of cancer.

HPV positivity confers a 50–60% lower risk of disease progression and death, but the use of tobacco is an independently negative prognostic factor. A pooled analysis of HPV+OPC and HPV-OPC patients with disease progression in RTOG trials 0129 and 0522 showed that although less HPV+OPC experienced disease progression (23 v. 40%), the median time to disease progression following treatment was similar (8 months). The majority (65%) of recurrences in both groups occurred within the first year after treatment and were locoregional.

Sijerković was born in Baošići near Kotor Bay, Kingdom of Yugoslavia, today Montenegro, to ethnic Croats. He studied geophysics and meteorology at the Faculty of Science, University of Zagreb, where he firstly graduated in 1961, but also get a master's degree in 1977. From 1963 till his retirement he worked in Croatian Meteorological and Hydrological Service in Zagreb as a prognostic, at the Croatian Radiotelevision as TV presenter and as a university professor at his alma mater. He was also contributor for Croatian scientific magazine Priroda (Nature).

Javelin throwing is not Mikkola's only claim to fame. His first sport was wrestling, which he did for ten years or more and is now exploring the sport of bobsledding. Esko was a research assistant at The University of Arizona, Electrical and Computer Engineering Department and has published numerous papers in the fields of prognostic cells and radiation effects. As of spring 2008, Mikkola has completed his Ph.D. and has returned to Finland for the summer to concentrate on training for the 2008 Olympics.

Thyroid storm is characterized by an acute onset of symptoms of hyperthyroidism (fast heart rate, restlessness, agitation) accompanied by other features such as fever (temperatures often above 40 °C/104 °F), hypertension, mental status changes, diarrhea, and vomiting. Individuals can exhibit varying signs of organ dysfunction. Patients may experience liver dysfunction, and jaundice (yellowing of the skin) is considered a poor prognostic sign. Cardiac (heart) symptoms include abnormal heart rhythms, myocardial infarction (heart attack), and congestive heart failure, which may lead to cardiovascular collapse.

While epigenetic changes are generally long lasting, and in some cases permanent, there is still the potential to change the epigenetic state of a gene. Thus, drugs have been developed to target aberrant epigenetic patterns in cells to either activate or suppress the epigenetically modified gene expression gene expression. This is known as epigenetic therapy. Besides being drug targets, epigenetic changes are also used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators to predict disease risk and progression, and this could be beneficial for the improvement of personalized medicine.

Salles has been especially interested in the clinical and biological study of malignant lymphoma – major focuses of his work include the description and validation of prognostic factors as well as clinical trials in indolent lymphomas. He has been involved as a coordinator or co-investigator in many clinical trials and studies within his field. Gilles Salles has led a phase I/II study of rituximab, the antibody that is used most often in the treatment of lymphoma. Salles is the author of 303 publications.

A large study of spinal stenosis from Finland found the prognostic factors for ability to work after surgery were ability to work before surgery, age under 50 years, and no prior back surgery. The very long-term outcome (mean follow-up time of 12.4 years) was excellent-to-good in 68% of patients (59% women and 73% men). Furthermore, in the longitudinal follow-up, the result improved between 1985 and 1991. No special complications were manifested during this very long-term follow-up time.

The study of DNA heritability was enhanced through the use of rich genealogical data available in Utah. Utah contains the headquarters of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, which emphasizes the knowledge of ancestry and genealogy.Ward, K. "Demystifying the Genetic Test for Scoliosis" Roundtables in Spine Surgery, Volume 2, Number 3, 2008 Over the course of the research, DNA samples from over 9500 patients from 100 clinical sites worldwide were analyzed."Axial Biotech Announces Commercial Availability of SCOLISCORE AIS Prognostic Test" Press Release.

Since it is known to be associated with metastasis and malignant transformation, Bmi-1 makes for a good marker of cancer and may hold prognostic or diagnostic value. Silencing Bmi-1 has shown to enhance activity of chemotherapeutic agents, and it is known for its association with chemoresistance to common chemotherapeutics. For example, one study has demonstrated that reduction of Bmi-1 is capable of restoring sensitivity to the chemotherapeutic drug Gemcitabine. Researchers found that Bmi-1 ubiquitinates ribonucleotide reductase M1 RRM1 for degradation.

Mesothelioma often has a poor prognosis. Typical survival despite surgery is between 12 and 21 months depending on the stage of disease at diagnosis with about 7.5% of people surviving for 5 years. Women, young people, people with low-stage cancers, and people with epithelioid cancers have better prognoses. Negative prognostic factors include sarcomatoid or biphasic histology, high platelet counts (above 400,000), age over 50 years, white blood cell counts above 15.5, low glucose levels in the pleural fluid, low albumin levels, and high fibrinogen levels.

Ihde has argued on numerous occasions that "if the philosopher is to play a more important role it must not be only in or limited to the Hemingway role. Rather, it should take place in the equivalent of the officers' strategy meeting, before the battle takes shape. I will call this the 'R&D; role'".Ihde, D (1999) Technology and Prognostic Predicaments, AI & Soc (1999) 13:44-51, Springer-Verlag London Philosophers should engage themselves on interdisciplinary research teams and actively participate in research and development work.

Ihde, D (1999) Technology and Prognostic Predicaments, AI & Soc (1999) 13:44-51, Springer-Verlag London He has claimed that only by having philosophers in the R&D; labs they can have truly new and emerging technologies that are philosophically engaged.Ihde, D (2012) Can continental philosophy deal with the new technologies? (pp. 321 – 332), Journal of Speculative Philosophy, Vol. 26, No. 2, The Pennsylvania State University Press Philosophers, precisely postphenomenologists, could help scientific community to think future, rather than actual in-place phenomena or the past.

Marine weather warnings and forecasts in print and prognostic chart formats are produced for up five days into the future. Forecasts in printed form include the High Seas Forecast, Offshore Marine Forecasts, and Coastal Waters Forecasts. To help shorten the length of the forecast products, single words and phrases are used to describe areas out at sea. Experimental gridded significant wave height forecasts began being produced by the Ocean Prediction Center in 2006, a first step toward digital marine service for high seas and offshore areas.

The signaling activation of SHC is implicated in tumorigenic in cancer cells there is a potential to use SHC as a prognostic marker when targeting cancer treatment. SHC1 interacts with SgK269 which is a member of the Src kinase signaling network that characterized basal breast cancer cells. When SgK269 is overexpressed in mammary epithelial cells it promotes the cell growth and might contribute to the progression of aggressive breast cancers. In prostate and ovarian cancer, increased expression of p66Shc appears to promote cell proliferation.

The most successful treatment for lymphangiosarcoma is amputation of the affected limb if possible. Chemotherapy may be administered if there is evidence or suspicion of metastatic disease. Evidence supporting the effectiveness of chemotherapy is, in many cases, unclear due to a wide variety of prognostic factors and small sample size. However, there is some evidence to suggest that drugs such as paclitaxel,Gambini D, Visintin R, Locatelli E, Galassi B, Bareggi C, Runza L, Onida F, Tomirotti M.Tumori. 2009 Nov–Dec;95(6):828–31.

The equations used are nonlinear partial differential equations which are impossible to solve exactly through analytical methods, with the exception of a few idealized cases. Therefore, numerical methods obtain approximate solutions. Different models use different solution methods: some global models use spectral methods for the horizontal dimensions and finite difference methods for the vertical dimension, while regional models and other global models usually use finite-difference methods in all three dimensions. The visual output produced by a model solution is known as a prognostic chart, or prog.

Mortality rates approach 10% to 40% even with treatment. A study determined that with prompt treatment and good preoperative stabilization of the patient, mortality is significantly lessened to 10% overall (in a referral setting). Negative prognostic indicators following surgical intervention include postoperative cardiac arrhythmia, splenectomy, or splenectomy with partial gastric resection. A longer time from presentation to surgery was associated with a lower mortality, presumably because these dogs had received more complete preoperative fluid resuscitation and were thus better cardiovascularly stabilized prior to the procedure.

The five unlucky days were called nemontemi in Mexico. Most believe them to have come at the end of each year, but since we do not know when the year started, we cannot know for sure. We do know though, that in the Maya area these five days (called wayeb in Maya) were always the very last days of the year. The nemontemi were seen as 'the useless days' or the days that were dedicated to no gods, and they had prognostic power for the coming year.

Patients with a subset of Noonan syndrome PTPN11 mutations also have a higher prevalence of juvenile myelomonocytic leukemias (JMML). Activating Shp2 mutations have also been detected in neuroblastoma, melanoma, acute myeloid leukemia, breast cancer, lung cancer, colorectal cancer. Recently, a relatively high prevalence of PTPN11 mutations (24%) were detected by next-generation sequencing in a cohort of NPM1-mutated acute myeloid leukemia patients, although the prognostic significance of such associations has not been clarified. These data suggests that Shp2 may be a proto-oncogene.

Preusser's scientific work deals with the identification of molecular changes with prognostic and therapeutic relevance in brain tumors. His investigations on the significance of the MGMT geneM. Preusser, Charles R. Janzer, J. Felsberg, G. Reifenberger, M. F. Hamou, A. C. Diserens, R. Stupp, T. Gorlia, C. Marosi, H. Heinzl, J. A. Hainfellner, M. Hegi: Anti-O6-methylguanine-methyltransferase (MGMT) immunohistochemistry in glioblastoma multiforme: observer variability and lack of association with patient survival impede its use as clinical biomarker. Brain Pathol. 2008 Oct;18(4), S. 520–532. .

Harbour JW, Roberson EDO, Anbunathan H, Onken MD, Worley LA, Bowcock AM. Recurrent mutations at codon 625 of the splicing factor SF3B1 in uveal melanoma. Nature genetics. 2013;45(2):133-135. doi:10.1038/ng.2523. In 2016, the Harbour lab discovered that the cancer-testis antigen PRAME is yet another prognostic biomarker in uveal melanoma. Both class 1 and class 2 uveal melanomas expressing PRAME were shown to have a worse prognosis, but these tumors may also be subject to immunotherapy directed against PRAME.

In addition to clinical and physiological parameters to predict how rapidly patients with IPF might progress, genetic and molecular features are also associated with IPF mortality. For example, it has been shown that IPF patients who have a specific genotype in the mucin MUC5B gene polymorphism (see above) experience slower decline in FVC and significantly improved survival. Even if such data are interesting from a scientific point of view, the application in the clinical routine of a prognostic model based on specific genotypes is still not possible.

Mortality in affected felid litters varies between 20 and 100%. Mortality of FPLV is 25–90% in domestic cats with the acute form of the disease and up to 100% in cats with peracute disease. In 2010, a retrospective study of 244 infected cats showed that "leukocyte and thrombocyte counts as well as serum albumin and potassium concentrations at presentation are prognostic indicators in cats with panleukopenia, whereas vaccination status, age, clinical signs, and housing conditions are not." A survival rate of about 50% has been reported with supportive therapies.

FVCOM simulation of hypersaline sea surface release and propagation under tidal conditions in the northern North Sea The Finite Volume Community Ocean Model (FVCOM; Formerly Finite Volume Coastal Ocean Model) is a prognostic, unstructured-grid, free-surface, 3-D primitive equation coastal ocean circulation model. The model is developed primarily by researchers at the University of Massachusetts Dartmouth and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, and used by researchers worldwide. Originally developed for the estuarine flooding/drying process, FVCOM has been upgraded to the spherical coordinate system for basin and global applications.

J. Biol. 2010, 5, 190-196. 3 Xie, X.; Zubarev, R. A. Isotopic Resonance Hypothesis: Experimental Verification by Escherichia coli Growth Measurements, Scientific Reports, 2015, doi:10.1038/srep09215 4 Johnson, B. A.; Shirokawa, J. M.; Geddes, J. W.; Choid, B. H.; Kim, R. C.; Aswad, D. W. Protein L-isoaspartyl methyltransferase in postmortem brains of aged humans, Neurobiology of Aging, 1991, 12, 19-24. 5 Yang, H.; Lyutvinskiy, Y.; Herukka, S.-K.; Soininen, H.; Rutishauser, D.; Zubarev, R. A. Prognostic polypeptide blood plasma biomarkers of Alzheimer’s disease progression, J Alzheimer’s Disease, 2014, 40, 659-66.

Several studies have demonstrated that reduced p27 levels indicate a poorer patient prognosis. However, because of the dual, contrasting roles p27 plays in cancer (as an inhibitor of growth and as a mechanism for metastasis) low levels of p27 may demonstrate that a cancer is not aggressive and will remain benign. In ovarian cancer, p27 negative tumors progressed in 23 months compared to 85 months in p27 positive tumors and thus could be used as a prognostic marker. Similar studies have correlated low levels of p27 with a worse prognosis in breast cancer.

Colorectal carcinomas that lacked p27 were shown to have increased p27-specific proteolysis and a median survival of only 69 months compared to 151 months for patients with high or normal levels of p27. The authors proposed clinicians could use patient specific levels of p27 to determine who would benefit from adjuvant therapy. Similar correlations were observed in patients with non-small cell lung cancer, those with colon, and prostate cancer. So far studies have only evaluated the prognostic value of p27 retrospectively and a standardized scoring system has not been established.

Nikhil Thakur, Bogdan Preunca "Nosophobia presented as acute hypochondria". TMJ 56(2), 120 rather than "hypochondriasis", because the quoted studies show a very low percentage of hypochondriacal character of the condition, and hence the term "hypochondriasis" would have ominous therapeutic and prognostic indications. The reference suggests that the condition is associated with immediate preoccupation with the symptoms in question, leading the student to become unduly aware of various casual psychological and physiological dysfunctions; cases show little correlation with the severity of psychopathology, but rather with accidental factors related to learning and experience.

There is ongoing research that is studying the possibility of using RASEF as a clinically promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for lung cancer. Some recent studies have revealed the viability of using RASEF as a target for this disease. Also, a segregation study in families with uveal and cutaneous melanoma identified a potential locus harboring a tumor-suppressor gene (TSG). One of the genes in this area (9q21), RASEF, was then analyzed as a candidate TSG, but the lack of point mutations and copy number changes could not confirm this.

Blood levels of tumor necrosis factor alpha, brain and atrial natriuretic peptide, and angiotensin converting enzyme 2, markers of heart damage and inflammation, have been found to correlate with the severity of Chagas cardiomyopathy. Endothelin-1 has been studied as a prognostic marker in animal models. T. cruzi shed acute-phase antigen (SAPA), which can be detected in blood using ELISA or Western blot, has been used as an indicator of early acute and congenital infection. A novel assay for antigens in urine has been developed to diagnose congenital disease.

Hence the decision on which patients to treat should be based on the prognostic factors and the risk of progression. Also, IgA nephropathy recurs in transplants despite the use of ciclosporin, azathioprine or mycophenolate mofetil, cyclophosphamide, Isotretinoin and steroids in these patients. There are persisting uncertainties, due to the limited number of patients included in the few controlled, randomized, studies performed to date. These studies hardly produce statistically significant evidence regarding the heterogeneity of IgA nephropathy patients, the diversity of study treatment protocols, and the length of follow-up.

Decitabine/cedazuridine is indicated for treatment of adults with myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), including previously treated and untreated, de novo and secondary MDS with the following French American-British subtypes (refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia [CMML]) and intermediate-1, intermediate-2, and high-risk International Prognostic Scoring System groups. MDS is a type of blood cancer in which blood cells in the bone marrow are defective leading to a low number of one or more types of blood cells.

Traditional DNA classification was based on the general observation that cells that are dividing more quickly have a worse prognosis, and relied on either the presence of protein Ki67 or the percentage of cancer cell DNA in S phase. These methods, and scoring systems that used DNA ploidy, are used much less often now, as their predictive and prognostic power was less substantial than other classification schemes such as the TNM stage. In contrast, modern DNA analyses are increasingly relevant in defining underlying cancer biology and in helping choose treatments.

Cancer cells can be classified by identifying the MicroRNA expression. These mRNA expression levels can be used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool in tumor and cancer classifications, although current tumor classification methods do not incorporate experimental knowledge. As is evident in experimental knowledge, different types of cancer can be associated with the irregular expression of particular miRNAs. Other parameters considered to be critical are the location of the miRNAs on the strand, cancer associated genomic regions, epigenetic alteration of miRNA expression and abnormalities in processing target genes and proteins.

Cardiac electrophysiology is the science of elucidating, diagnosing, and treating the electrical activities of the heart. The term is usually used to describe studies of such phenomena by invasive (intracardiac) catheter recording of spontaneous activity as well as of cardiac responses to programmed electrical stimulation (PES). These studies are performed to assess complex arrhythmias, elucidate symptoms, evaluate abnormal electrocardiograms, assess risk of developing arrhythmias in the future, and design treatment. These procedures increasingly include therapeutic methods (typically radiofrequency ablation, or cryoablation) in addition to diagnostic and prognostic procedures.

In June 2007, Jill Hayden became the profession's newest Chiropractic Research Chair and will take up the CCRF/CIHR Chair at the Toronto Western Research Institute. She is currently a Scientist at the Centre for Research Expertise in Improved Disability Outcomes (CREIDO) at University Health Network Rehabilitation Solutions located at the Toronto Western Hospital. In addition, Hayden is a Scientific Associate in the Division of Health Care and Outcomes Research at the Toronto Western Research Institute. Hayden's research experience and expertise includes prognostic research, systematic review methods and musculoskeletal health, specifically low back pain.

The 2015 WHO classification of lung tumors divided squamous cell lung carcinomas into 3 categories: keratinizing, non-keratinizing and basaloid. Keratinizing SCC harbor features of keratinization; non-keratinizing SCC lack such features but show other squamous markers, such as p40 and p63; finally, basaloid SCC is a rare subset of poorly differentiated squamous cell lung carcinoma. Previous variants such as papillary, small-cell and clear-cell SCC were discarded from the current classification as these subtypes are very uncommon. There is no clear evidence of prognostic significance to the subtyping of lung squamous cell carcinoma.

The International Prognostic Scoring System (IPSS) was developed in the mid-1990s to assess the prognosis of MDS patients. This system stratifies cases into 2 groups; a lower-risk group (sub divided into low and intermediate-1) and a higher risk (subdivided into intermediate-2 and high). It uses the blast percentage, number of cytopenias and bone marrow cytogenetics data to place cases of CMML into these groups. Due to the scoring system being developed for MDS, the more myeloproliferative cases of CMML (WBC >13x109) are excluded from the scoring system.

Reflecting the widespread systemic nature of the disease, patient median survival is only 8 months dating from the time of diagnosis. Treatment commonly improves this poor survival. In a Mayo Clinic study, for example, AL amyloidosis assigned stage 1, 2, 3, or 4 based on the presence of 0, 1, 2, or 3 prognostic signs (high blood levels of [cardiac troponin T]), blood levels of a marker for congestive heart failure (viz., NT-ProBNP), or free light chain ratios) had median survivals of 94.1, 40.3, 14, and 5.8 months respectively.

RPN2 has been demonstrated to be a prognostic marker of human cancer. RPN2 is highly expressed in breast cancer stem cells and is associated with tumor metastasis. Recent study has shown that its expression is correlated with clinically aggressive features of breast cancer, implying a possible application in personalized medicine. RPN2 silencing has been reported to repress tumorigenicity and to sensitize the tumors to cisplatin treatment, which led to the longer survival of NSCLC-bearing mice, suggesting that RPN2 may represent a promising new target for RNAi-based medicine against NSCLC.

The Ki-67 score closely correlates with other proliferation markers, and has been shown to have prognostic and predictive value for many different tumor types. Similarly, proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) is a protein associated with cell proliferation that is upregulated in proliferating cells, making it another useful antigen for immunostaining. It is associated with DNA polymerase alpha, which is expressed throughout the phases of the cell cycle. The expression of PCNA also correlates well with other proliferation markers such as mitotic count, S-phase fraction and Ki-67 staining.

The peptide tumor-associated trypsin inhibitor (TATI) has been used as a marker of mucinous ovarian carcinoma, urothelial carcinoma, and renal cell carcinoma. TATI is metabolised by the kidneys and is, thus, elevated in patients with kidney failure. It may be elevated in non-neoplastic processes such as pancreatitis and can be used as a prognostic marker in this setting (levels above 70 micrograms/L are associated with poor prognosis). Fifty percent of stage I mucinous ovarian carcinomas are associated with elevated TATI, and nearly 100% of stage IV tumors show elevated TATI.

Medical treatment of IBD is individualised to each patient. The choice of which drugs to use and by which route to administer them (oral, rectal, injection, infusion) depends on factors including the type, distribution, and severity of the patient's disease, as well as other historical and biochemical prognostic factors, and patient preferences. For example, mesalazine is more useful in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn's disease. Generally, depending on the level of severity, IBD may require immunosuppression to control the symptoms, with drugs such as prednisone, TNF inhibitors, azathioprine (Imuran), methotrexate, or 6-mercaptopurine.

Monosomy 3, along with other chromosomal gains, losses, amplifications, and LOH, can be detected in fresh or paraffin-embedded samples by virtual karyotyping. The most accurate prognostic factor is molecular classification by gene expression profiling of uveal melanomas. This analysis has been used to identify two subclasses of uveal melanomas: class 1 tumors that have a very low risk of metastasis, and class 2 tumors that have a very high risk of metastasis. Gene expression profiling outperforms all of the above-mentioned factors at predicting metastatic spread of the primary tumor, including monosomy 3.

The global models are run at varying times into the future. The Met Office's Unified Model is run six days into the future, the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts model is run out to 10 days into the future, while the Global Forecast System model run by the Environmental Modeling Center is run 16 days into the future. The visual output produced by a model solution is known as a prognostic chart, or prog. The raw output is often modified before being presented as the forecast.

Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever) affects the cervical lymph nodes which become swollen. The characterization of cancerous lymph nodes on CT scan, MRI or ultrasound is difficult, and usually requires confirmation by other nuclear imaging techniques such as PET scans. Tissue diagnosis by fine needle aspiration (which has a high rate of accuracy), may also be required. Involvement of the cervical lymph nodes with metastatic cancer is the single most important prognostic factor in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma and may be associated with a halving of survival.

Unlike extensive-stage small cell lung cancer, limited-stage small cell lung cancer is potentially curable. In limited small cell lung cancer, the median overall survival time is approximately 12–16 months, with five year survival rate of approximately 26% and long-term survival rate of approximately 4 - 5%. According to multiple studies, common prognostic factors of limited stage small cell lung cancer lies in performance status, age, life expectancy, comorbidities, extent of disease and smoking. Continued cigarette smoking negatively impacts limited- stage small cell lung cancer survival.

A high take-off of the ST segment in leads V1 to V3 is well-described with uncomplicated LBBB, such as in the setting of left ventricular hypertrophy. In a substudy from the ASSENT 2 and 3 trials, the third criteria added little diagnostic or prognostic value. A Sgarbossa score of ≥3 was specific but not sensitive (36%) in the validation sample in the original report. A subsequent meta-analysis of 10 studies consisting of 1614 patients showed that a Sgarbossa score of ≥3 had a specificity of 98% and sensitivity of 20%.

Poor prognostic factors include arthritis of the hip, cervical spine, ankles or wrists; prolonged elevation of inflammatory markers; and radiographic evidence of joint damage including erosions or joint space narrowing. Patients with RF-positive polyarthritis often have worse outcomes associated with more aggressive disease. Despite this, the probability of this subgroup achieving inactive disease at least once within 5 years was shown to be 90% in a large Canadian study. Research is currently being undertaken into clinical prediction models to allow earlier identification of children who are likely to have a worse prognosis.

The presence of Wellens' syndrome carries significant diagnostic and prognostic value. All people in the De Zwann's study with characteristic findings had more than 50% stenosis of the left anterior descending artery (mean = 85% stenosis) with complete or near-complete occlusion in 59%. In the original Wellens' study group, 75% of those with the typical syndrome manifestations had an anterior myocardial infarction. Sensitivity and specificity for significant (more or equal to 70%) stenosis of the LAD artery was found to be 69% and 89%, respectively, with a positive predictive value of 86%.

CISH and IHC are similar in that both are used for the same purpose (mainly to detect HER-2/neu amplification) and they both use enzyme reactions (HRP/AP) to measure amplification. CISH and IHC are different in that IHC measures protein expression whereas CISH measures DNA amplification. This difference is particularly useful for HER-2/neu because it has been found that gene amplification is of higher prognostic value than protein expression. A disadvantage of IHC is that it is not possible to identify false-negative and false-positive results.

Gated SPECT is a nuclear medicine imaging technique, typically for the heart in myocardial perfusion imagery. An electrocardiogram (ECG) guides the image acquisition, and the resulting set of single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) images shows the heart as it contracts over the interval from one R wave to the next. Gated myocardial perfusion imaging has been shown to have high prognostic value and sensitivity for critical stenosis. The acquisition computer defines the number of time bins or frames to divide the R to R interval of the patient's electrocardiogram.

In addition, adolescents with CU traits have shown higher likelihood to commit a violent crime within a two-year period of their release from a correctional facility than those without CU traits. Antisocial youth with CU traits tend to show less response to treatment. A systematic review found that CU traits were associated with poorer outcomes in family-based interventions for conduct problems. This suggests pre-treatment data on CU traits is clinically informative in terms of the prognostic status of children and young people with CU traits.

ABCB4 gene has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, ABCB4 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression. Other conditions that have been associated with mutations in this gene include low phospholipid associated cholelithiasis syndrome, high gamma glutamyl transferase intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy, chronic cholangiopathy and adult biliary fibrosis.Sticova E, Jirsa M (2019) ABCB4 disease: Many faces of one gene deficiency.

A psychodynamic formulation would consist of a summarizing statement, a description of nondynamic factors, description of core psychodynamics using a specific model (such as ego psychology, object relations or self psychology), and a prognostic assessment which identifies the potential areas of resistance in therapy. One school of psychotherapy which relies heavily on the formulation is cognitive analytic therapy (CAT). CAT is a fixed-term therapy, typically of around 16 sessions. At around session four, a formal written reformulation letter is offered to the patient which forms the basis for the rest of the treatment.

Silencing of TRPV6 induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in pancreatic cancer cells and inhibits their invasion, proliferation, and migration. Forced expression of TRPV6 in gastric cancer cells increases their sensitivity to capsaicin-induced apoptosis whereas the siRNA-mediated silencing of the channel suppresses this sensitivity. TRPV6 downregulation in esophageal carcinoma has been suggested to be a prognostic marker of disease-specific survival in patients suffering from esophageal cancer. Low TRPV5 and TRPV6 co- expression have suggested as predictive markers for poor recurrence-free survival in non-small cell lung cancer.

Five mutually exclusive variants of focal segmental glomerulosclerosis may be distinguished by the pathologic findings seen on renal biopsy: # Collapsing variant # Glomerular tip lesion variant # Cellular variant # Perihilar variant # Not otherwise specified (NOS) variant. Recognition of these variants may have prognostic value in individuals with primary focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (i.e. where no underlying cause is identified). The collapsing variant is associated with higher rate of progression to end-stage renal disease, whereas glomerular tip lesion variant has a low rate of progression to end-stage renal disease in most patients.

EVI1 has been described as a proto-oncogene since its first discovery in 1988. Overexpression and aberrant expression of EVI1 has been associated with human acute myelogenous leukemia (AML), myelodysplastic syndrome (MDS) and chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML), and more recently has been shown as a poor prognostic indicator. Its function in these cells may be regulated by phosphorylation of serine196, in its N-terminal DNA binding domain. All of these involve erratic cellular development and differentiation in the bone marrow leading to dramatic alterations in the normal population of blood cells.

Not only were damaging TET2 mutations found in disease, but the levels of 5hmC were also affected, linking the molecular mechanism of impaired demethylation with disease [75]. In mice the depletion of TET2 skewed the differentiation of haematopoietic precursors , as well as amplifying the rate of haematopoietic or progenitor cell renewal. Somatic TET2 mutations are frequently observed in myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPN), MDS/MPN overlap syndromes including chronic myelomonocytic leukaemia (CMML), acute myeloid leukaemias (AML) and secondary AML (sAML). TET2 mutations have prognostic value in cytogenetically normal acute myeloid leukemia (CN-AML).

Tannenbaum’s areas of research include mechanisms of biochemical activation of chemicals to electrophilic forms that bind to DNA and proteins; application of biomarkers to the prediction of the severity of inflammatory disease; the role of endogenous nitric oxide in inflammation, cytotoxicity, and DNA damage; and development of new tools for drug metabolism, pharmacokinetics, and toxicology. Current research focuses on the causes of IBD, prognostic biomarkers for Dengue fever, human microphysiological systems for drug safety and PK/PD, and the role of nitric oxide in brain pathology, including Alzheimer’s Disease and ASD.

Appropriate ADH release can be a result of hypovolemia, a so-called non-osmotic trigger of ADH release. This may be true hypovolemia, as a result of dehydration with fluid losses replaced by free water. It can also be perceived hypovolemia, as in the conditions of congestive heart failure (CHF) and cirrhosis in which the kidneys perceive a lack of intravascular volume. The hyponatremia caused by appropriate ADH release (from the kidneys' perspective) in both CHF and cirrhosis have been shown to be an independent poor prognostic indicator of mortality.

Careful medical history and physical examination is essential in separating dangerous from trivial causes of disease, and the management of chest pain may be done on specialized units (termed medical assessment units) to concentrate the investigations. Occasionally, invisible medical signs will direct the diagnosis towards particular causes, such as Levine's sign in cardiac ischemia. However, in the case of acute coronary syndrome, a third heart sound, diaphoresis, and hypotension are the most strongly associated physical exam findings. However these signs are limited in their prognostic and diagnostic value.

Increased expression of cyclin A2 has been observed in many types of cancer such as breast, cervical, liver, and lung among others. While it is not clear whether increased expression of cyclin A2 is a cause or result of tumorigenesis, it is indicative of prognostic values such as predictions of survival or relapse. Overexpression of cyclin A2 in mammalian cells can result in the delayed onset of metaphase and anaphase. It is also possible that cyclin A2-CDK contributes to tumorigenesis by the phosphorylation of oncoproteins or tumor suppressors like p53.

Neuroblastoma is one of the peripheral neuroblastic tumors (pNTs) that have similar origins and show a wide pattern of differentiation ranging from benign ganglioneuroma to stroma-rich ganglioneuroblastoma with neuroblastic cells intermixed or in nodules, to highly malignant neuroblastoma. This distinction in the pre- treatment tumor pathology is an important prognostic factor, along with age and mitosis-karyorrhexis index (MKI). This pathology classification system (the Shimada system) describes "favorable" and "unfavorable" tumors by the International Neuroblastoma Pathology Committee (INPC) which was established in 1999 and revised in 2003.

Zhang, H., Wang, D. W., Adell, G. & Sun, X. F. WRAP53 is an independent prognostic factor in rectal cancer- a study of Swedish clinical trial of preoperative radiotherapy in rectal cancer patients. BMC cancer 12, 294, doi:10.1186/1471-2407-12-294 (2012). Moreover, knockdown of WRAP53β in cancer cells reduced the size of the tumors formed when these are grafted into mice and triggers mitochondrial- dependent apoptosis in cancer cells. In contrary, inactivating mutations in both alleles of WRAP53β causes dyskeratosis congenita, indicating that this protein acts as tumor suppressor, rather than an oncogene.

The risk of blood clots will increase due to the turbulent blood flow of the enlarged vessel which can activate platelets and form clots.Varol, E., Uysal, B, A., Dogan, A., Ozaydin, M. and Erodogan, D. (2012) Mean platelet volume as a prognostic value in patients with coronary artery ectasia. Clin Appl Thromb-Hema,18(4), 387-392 Inflammation elevated oxidative stress is increased, and antioxidant activity is depressed in coronary artery ectasia. This imbalance can cause damage to the cells and cause them to die, weakening the vessels further.

It was forecast that eleven nodes, which had not been developed at that time, contain giant oil or gas fields. These 11 sites covered only 8% of the total area of all the Andes basins. 30 years later (in 2018) was published the result of comparing the prognosis and the reality. Since publication of the prognostic map in 1986 only six giant oil/gas fields were discovered in the Andes region: Cano- Limon, Cusiana, Capiagua, and Volcanera (Llanos basin, Colombia), Camisea (Ukayali basin, Peru), and Incahuasi (Chaco basin, Bolivia).

140(2): p. 193-9. The lack of accurate prognostic tests to identify which patients are at risk of developing clinically overt metastatic disease has been a significant issue in the management of individual patients with uveal melanoma. Without accurate measures of individual metastatic risk, it is impossible to identify which patients are at high risk for clinical metastasis, which can then lead to either over or under-treatment of any given patient. The DecisionDx-UM test was developed to provide improved individual metastatic risk assessment which allows for more appropriate surveillance and treatment planning.

Magnetometric work is carried out on the basis of the most modern equipment- proton magnetometers G-856 AX produced by "Geometrics" (USA) with the software "Maqus". These works are carried out at Sheki-Shamakhi and Kura-Talysh prognostic polygons of Azerbaijan. The Shaki-Shamakhi polygon is equipped with 7 stationary MBC magnetorization stations based on the G-856 and 63 geophysical reference meters of the monthly visit. Kura-Talysh polygon is equipped with two stationary MBC stations based on G-856 magnetometers and 30 reference points of a monthly survey.

These cells are named NKp46+/Vδ1 IELs. The major outcome of this study is the clinical relevance of this cells, which can be used a prognostic marker in the colorectal cancer (CRC), in order to follow-up its progression. Lower frequencies of NKp46+/Vδ1 IELs in healthy intestinal tissues surrounding the tumor mass, associate with a higher tumor progression and metastasis. It is acknowledged that this subset can control the metastasis, so the higher levels of this population, the less probabilities for the tumor to progress and proliferate to other tissues.

The ability to avoid immune destruction has been introduced as a hallmark of cancer. Immunoscore incorporates the effects of the host immune response into cancer classification and improves prognostic accuracy. It measures the density of two T lymphocyte populations (CD3/CD8, CD3/CD45RO or CD8/CD45RO) in the center and at the periphery of the tumor. The Immunoscore provides a score ranging from 0 (I0) when low densities of both cell types are found in both regions, to Immunoscore 4 (I4) when high densities are found in both regions.

Driver mutations may be actionable as they serve as diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for cancer, and may have therapeutic implications. For instance, kinase inhibitors can be treating tumours associated with driver mutations in kinases. Axitinib, gefitinib, and dabrafenib to are used to treat adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia, non-small-cell lung cancer, and melanoma respectively. As cancer can arise from countless different genetic mutations and a combination of mutations, it is challenging to develop a cure that is appropriate for all cancers, given the genetic diversity of the human population.

In ADPKD patients, gradual cyst development and expansion result in kidney enlargement, and during the course of the disease, glomerular filtration rate remains normal for decades before kidney function starts to progressively deteriorate, making early prediction of renal outcome difficult. The CRISP study, mentioned in the treatment section above, contributed to build a strong rationale supporting the prognostic value of total kidney volume (TKV) in ADPKD; TKV (evaluated by MRI) increases steadily and a higher rate of kidney enlargement correlated with accelerated decline of GFR, while patient height-adjusted TKV (HtTKV) ≥600 ml/m predicts the development of stage 3 chronic kidney disease within 8 years. Besides TKV and HtTKV, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) has also been tentatively used to predict the progression of ADPKD. After the analysis of CT or MRI scans of 590 patients with ADPKD treated at the Mayo Translational Polycystic Kidney Disease Center, Irazabal and colleagues developed an imaging-based classification system to predict the rate of eGFR decline in patients with ADPKD. In this prognostic method, patients are divided into five subclasses of estimated kidney growth rates according to age-specific HtTKV ranges (1A, <1.5%; 1B, 1.5–3.0%; 1C, 3.0–4.5%; 1D, 4.5–6.0%; and 1E, >6.0%) as delineated in the CRISP study.

Therapeutic blocks may be used for acute pain patients, diagnostic blocks are used to find pain sources, prognostic blocks are used to determine subsequent pain management options, preemptive blocks minimize postoperative pain, and some blocks can be used in place of surgery. Certain surgeries may benefit from placing a catheter that stays in place for 2–3 days postoperatively. Catheters are indicated for some surgeries where the expected postoperative pain lasts longer than 15–20 hours. Pain medication can be injected through the catheter to prevent a spike in pain when the initial block wears off.

He was recruited at the Faculty of Medicine of Montpellier as Associate Professor, Hospital Biologist in 1970, then Professor of Biochemistry in 1981, then as Professor of Cell Biology from 1984 to 2004, and finally Professor Emeritus since 2005. At the hospital as a Hospital Biologist, (1970-2001) he developed assays for steroid hormones, hormone receptors and prognostic and predictive tissue markers for response to targeted therapies in breast cancer. He continues his research as founding director of Unit 148 of the Inserm Cellular and Molecular Endocrinology Unit and then Hormones and Cancers Unit (1970-2000) He is married and has 3 children.

Male cats may also develop mammary adenocarcinoma, albeit rarely, and the clinical course is similar to female cats. As in dogs, tumor size is an important prognostic factor, although for tumors less than three centimeters the individual size is less predictive. According to one study, cats with tumors less than three cm had an average survival time of 21 months, and cats with tumors greater than three cm had an average survival of 12 months. About 10 percent of cat mammary tumors have estrogen receptors, so spaying at the time of surgery has little effect on recurrence or survival time.

Clinical scenarios vary in degrees and manners of futility. While scenarios like providing ICU care to the brain-dead patient or the anencephalic patient when organ harvesting is not possible or practical are easily identifiable as futile, many other situations are less clear. Over the last four decades, the clinical community has improved the quality of prognostic efforts. As a result, simple but imprecise rules of thumb like "percent mortality = age + percent burn" to judge the futility of burn cases involving elderly patients, have now given way to sophisticated algorithms based on multiple linear regression and other advanced statistical techniques.

Although early-stage head and neck cancers (especially laryngeal and oral cavity) have high cure rates, up to 50% of people with head and neck cancer present with advanced disease. Cure rates decrease in locally advanced cases, whose probability of cure is inversely related to tumor size and even more so to the extent of regional node involvement. Consensus panels in America (AJCC) and Europe (UICC) have established staging systems for head and neck squamous-cell cancers. These staging systems attempt to standardize clinical trial criteria for research studies, and attempt to define prognostic categories of disease.

Decitabine is used to treat myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) including previously treated and untreated, de novo and secondary MDS of all French-American-British subtypes (refractory anemia, refractory anemia with ringed sideroblasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts, refractory anemia with excess blasts in transformation, and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia) and Intermediate-1, Intermediate-2, and High-Risk International Prognostic Scoring System groups. In patients with chronic kidney disease, Batty and colleagues reported the first case series on the feasibility of therapy with hypomethylating agents in patients with chronic kidney disease. It also has EU approval for acute myeloid leukemia (AML).

Studies have found that most doctors are overly optimistic when making a prognosis; they tend to overstate how long a patient might live. For patients who are critically ill, particularly those in an intensive care unit, there are numerical prognostic scoring systems that are more accurate. The most famous of these is the APACHE II scale, which is most accurate when applied in the seven days prior to a patient's predicted death. Knowing the prognosis helps determine whether it makes more sense to attempt certain treatments or to withhold them, and thus plays an important role in end-of- life decisions.

DCC has found to be a useful prognostic marker for late stage colorectal carcinoma in some studies, but unhelpful in others. Currently the American Society of Clinical Oncology does not recommend using DCC as a marker due to insufficient classification data. A recent review of over two dozen 18q LOH-survival studies concluded that there was a significant amount of inconsistency between the data sets. They concluded that loss of 18q remains a marker for poor prognosis, and that DCC status has the potential to define a group of patients who may benefit from specific treatment regimes.

Industrial forensics is a holistic-based analytical and consultative response to problems encountered at any stage in the industrial manufacturing process. It differs from a traditional analytical approach that routinely identifies a problem and then reports the data in that its goal is to understand the problem, interpret the data and use those elements to prevent the problem from recurring. It is both prognostic and diagnostic. In its broadest sense, it is a holistic approach that examines each step in the product life cycle from initial R&D; through final product and beyond to predict, identify, prevent and resolve manufacturing issues.

An aneurysm may be detected incidentally on brain imaging; this presents a conundrum, as all treatments for cerebral aneurysms are associated with potential complications. The International Study of Unruptured Intracranial Aneurysms (ISUIA) provided prognostic data both in people having previously had a subarachnoid hemorrhage and people who had aneurysms detected by other means. Those having previously had a SAH were more likely to bleed from other aneurysms. In contrast, those having never bled and had small aneurysms (smaller than 10 mm) were very unlikely to have a SAH and were likely to sustain harm from attempts to repair these aneurysms.

In 1934, Joe Vincent Meigs in New York originally described tumor debulking surgery (cytoreductive surgery) for ovarian cancer under the premise of reducing macroscopic disease. In the 60s and 70s this aggressive cytoreductive approach began to be accepted. During this time, Dr. Kent Griffith at the National Cancer Institute also reported on prognostic indicators of survival in stage II and III ovarian cancer patients, importantly noting that residual tumor mass size (<1.6 cm) after cytoreductive surgery was significantly associated with extended survival. During this time research started to show hyperthermia as well as intraperitoneal chemotherapy was effective in killing cancer cells.

Hairy leukoplakia is a white patch on the side of the tongue with a corrugated or hairy appearance. It is caused by Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and occurs usually in persons who are immunocompromised, especially those with human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS). The white lesion, which cannot be scraped off, is benign and does not require any treatment, although its appearance may have diagnostic and prognostic implications for the underlying condition. Depending upon what definition of leukoplakia is used, hairy leukoplakia is sometimes considered a subtype of leukoplakia, or a distinct diagnosis.

Prognostic equations for each relevant physical process are run for each grid point. From there, grid point values for each variable are interpolated into each grid cell, which can then be analyzed. Schematic describing GCMs Grid resolution for GCMs varies considerably, on the order of 1 to 5 degrees (approximately 110 to 550 km for latitude, up to 110 km for longitude) in the horizontal, and 10 levels in the vertical. As grid resolution is made finer, the amount of computational time needed to run the model increases exponentially, because there are many more grid points comprising the model.

In 2009 Parkland Health & Hospital System began analyzing electronic medical records in order to use predictive modeling to help identify patients at high risk of readmission. Initially the hospital focused on patients with congestive heart failure, but the program has expanded to include patients with diabetes, acute myocardial infarction, and pneumonia. In 2018, Banerjee et al. proposed a deep learning model—Probabilistic Prognostic Estimates of Survival in Metastatic Cancer Patients (PPES-Met)—for estimating short-term life expectancy (>3 months) of the patients by analyzing free-text clinical notes in the electronic medical record, while maintaining the temporal visit sequence.

In 1993, a retrospective analysis was performed on 2031 patients with aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma, of all ages, treated with a doxorubicin-based chemotherapy regimen such as CHOP between 1982 and 1987.A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. N Engl J Med 1993;329(14):987-94 Several patient characteristics were analyzed to determine whether they were associated with differences in survival, and the factors that emerged as significant were, in addition to the Ann Arbor stage: age, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), performance status, and number of extranodal sites of disease.

Different types of data including mutation status and gene expression did not have a significant prognostic power. No correlation to survival was observed in 72% of all studies with KRAS sequencing performed in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, KRAS mutations can not only affect the gene itself and the expression of the corresponding protein, but can also influence the expression of other downstream genes involved in crucial pathways regulating cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis. The different expression of these genes in KRAS-mutant tumors might have a more prominent role in affecting patient’s clinical outcomes.

Malignant mixed tumours have a poor prognosis that is deemed unpredictable due to its spread being lymphatic or blood-borne. As there have only been a limited number of cases that have been reported, prognostic points are challenging to confirm, however mainly "include size, histological type, lymph node involvement, and distant metastasis" (Garcia, Atun, and Fernando, 2016). The outcome of the prognosis is dependent on early diagnosis and complete resection. The standard duration between diagnosis and reappearance was "23 months, 50 months, and 66 months for local recurrence, nodal metastasis, and distant metastasis, [respectively]" (Watarai, Amoh, Aki, Takasu, Katsuoka, 2011).

Marginal structural models are a class of statistical models used for causal inference in epidemiology. Such models handle the issue of time-dependent confounding in evaluation of the efficacy of interventions by inverse probability weighting for receipt of treatment. For instance, in the study of the effect of zidovudine in AIDS-related mortality, CD4 lymphocyte is used both for treatment indication, is influenced by treatment, and affects survival. Time-dependent confounders are typically highly prognostic of health outcomes and applied in dosing or indication for certain therapies, such as body weight or lab values such as alanine aminotransferase or bilirubin.

In 2010, it was shown that DC-SCRIPT can act as a coregulator of multiple nuclear receptors having opposite effects on type I vs type II NRs. DC-SCRIPT is able to repress ER and PR mediated transcription, whereas it can activate transcription mediated by RAR and PPAR. In the same study, it was shown that breast tumor tissue expresses lower levels of DC-SCRIPT than normal breast tissue from the same patient and that DC-SCRIPT mRNA expression is an independent prognostic factor for good survival of breast cancer patients with estrogen receptor- and/or progesterone receptor-positive tumors.

According to the treatise "Prognostic", a physician was able to increase their reputation and respect through "prognosis", knowing the outcome of the disease. Physicians had an active role in the lives of patients, taking into consideration their residence. Distinguishing between fatal diseases and recoverable disease was important for patient trust and respect, positively influencing patient compliance. Asclepius (center) arrives in Kos and is greeted by Hippocrates (left) and a citizen (right), mosaic from the Asclepieion of Kos, 2nd-3rd century AD With the growth of patient compliance in Greek medicine, consent became an important factor between the doctor and patient relationship.

The utility of the criteria in determining the prognosis of patients with acute liver failure is defined by their operating characteristics. The positive predictive value of the criteria in predicting death from acute liver failure has ranged from 70% to 100%. A Canadian meta- analysis assessing various prognostic indices found that the specificity of the King's College criteria in predicting mortality exceeded 90%, with a sensitivity of 69%. As a result, the American Society for Study of Liver Diseases has recommended the King's College Criteria as being helpful early parameters in ascertaining the need for liver transplantation in patients with acute liver failure.

The following November, Derby- Lewis' lawyer reported that Derby-Lewis was receiving treatment for skin cancer and prostate cancer, hypertension, and for a gangrenous spot in his leg. On three further occasions (2011, 2013, and 2015) Derby-Lewis was denied medical parole. According to his representative advocate Roelof du Plessis: "The recommendation of the medical parole advisory board refers to a stage 3b cancer of the right lung with probable or inconclusive spread to the left adrenal glands, is inoperable and there is marginal response to concurrent chemo and radiotherapy with poor prognostic features". He died in November 2016.

A 2009 study on 91 patients found a median overall survival for erythroleukemia patients of 36 weeks, with no statistically significant difference to other AML patients. AEL patients did have a significantly shorter disease-free survival period, a median of 32 weeks, but this effect was explained by other prognostic factors. That is, AEL is often associated with other risk factors, like monosomal karyotypes and a history of myelodysplastic syndrome. Prognosis is worse in elderly patients, those with a history of myelodysplastic syndrome, and in patients who had previously received chemotherapy for the treatment of a different neoplasm.

Prognosis for individuals with MCL is problematic and indexes do not work as well due to patients presenting with advanced stage disease. Staging is used but is not very informative, since the malignant B-cells can travel freely though the lymphatic system and therefore most patients are at stage III or IV at diagnosis. Prognosis is not strongly affected by staging in MCL and the concept of metastasis does not really apply. The Mantle Cell Lymphoma International Prognostic Index (MIPI) was derived from a data set of 455 advanced stage MCL patients treated in series of clinical trials in Germany/Europe.

Critical illness-related corticosteroid insufficiency is a form of adrenal insufficiency in critically ill patients who have blood corticosteroid levels which are inadequate for the severe stress response they experience. Combined with decreased glucocorticoid receptor sensitivity and tissue response to corticosteroids, this adrenal insufficiency constitutes a negative prognostic factor for intensive care patients. The hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis (HPA axis), in which the hypothalamus and pituitary gland control adrenal secretions, undergoes profound changes during critical illness. Both very high and very low levels of cortisol have been linked to a poor outcome in intensive care patients.

The objectives of the AJCC are to: #Facilitate a timely and rigorous, evidence-based process to support a biologically relevant system for classification and outcome prediction of cancer that is compatible with systems of cancer population surveillance. #Proactively educate the oncology community through the development and delivery of effective programs and products to guide patient care. #Promulgate research and serve as the clearinghouse to support the development of clinically relevant predictive tools, prognostic factors, and other indicators that classify and predict cancer. #Foster collaborative relationships with AJCC member organizations and organizations with similar objectives in support of systems to diagnose and treat cancer.

ScoliScore AIS Prognostic Test is a genetic test, which analyzes the DNA of patients who are diagnosed with Adolescent Idiopathic Scoliosis, the most common type of scoliosis. The test shows the likelihood of spinal curve progression. In other words, it helps doctors and patients to see how likely it is that a patient's spine will become more curved and whether it is likely that the patient will eventually need surgery or other interventions. Approximately 85-90% of patients initially diagnosed with AIS will never have their mild scoliotic curve progress to a magnitude that requires surgical treatment.

It was not until later in the 20th century that advances in the understanding of atmospheric physics led to the foundation of modern numerical weather prediction. In 1922, Lewis Fry Richardson published "Weather Prediction By Numerical Process,"Richardson, Lewis Fry, Weather Prediction by Numerical Process (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1922). Available on- line at: Internet Archive.org. after finding notes and derivations he worked on as an ambulance driver in World War I. He described how small terms in the prognostic fluid dynamics equations that govern atmospheric flow could be neglected, and a numerical calculation scheme that could be devised to allow predictions.

MALAT1 (also known as NEAT2) was originally identified as an abundantly expressed ncRNA that is upregulated during metastasis of early-stage non-small cell lung cancer and its overexpression is an early prognostic marker for poor patient survival rates. More recently, the highly conserved mouse homologue of MALAT1 was found to be highly expressed in hepatocellular carcinoma. Intronic antisense ncRNAs with expression correlated to the degree of tumor differentiation in prostate cancer samples have also been reported. Despite a number of long ncRNAs having aberrant expression in cancer, their function and potential role in tumourogenesis is relatively unknown.

Two additional types of personalities were measured, Type 5 and Type 6. Type 5 is a rational anti- emotional type, which shows characteristics common to Type 1 and Type 2. Type 6 personality shows psychopathic tendencies and is prone to drug addiction and AIDS. While most studies attempt to show the correlation between personality types and coronary heart disease, studies (that also later were questioned for nonplausible results and were considered unsafe) suggested that mental attitudes constitute an important prognostic factor for cancer and that as a method of treatment for cancer-prone patients, behavior therapy should be used.

Between 1982 and 1996 he was a supervising teacher for post-graduate students in the subject planning and analysis. His public engagements included membership in the Rector's Council and the University Council as well as elected chairman of the Public Service Council.Subject to the Public Service Council's choice He had been appointed vice-rector with different responsibilities: (1997–1999) general and academic, (2000–2003) general and integrational, (2003–2007) applications. During his career he had been a prognostic expert (1968–1971) at Ganz Electric Works, and a professional advisor in price prediction (1980–1989) at Pécs Leather Factory.

CA IX is a cellular biomarker of hypoxia. Furthermore, recent studies examining the association between CA IX levels and various clinicopathological outcomes suggest that CA IX expression may also be a valuable prognostic indicator for overall survival although this association has been questioned. CA IX shows high expression in carcinomas of the uterine cervix, kidney, oesophagus, lung, breast, colon, brain, and vulva compared to expression in few noncancerous tissues. Its overexpression in cancerous tissues compared to normal ones is due to hypoxic conditions in the tumor microenvironment caused by abnormal vasculature and subsequent transcriptional activation by HIF-1 binding.

For example, one study involving prostate cancer showed an eight-fold longer mean survival rate for patients with only single CTCs versus those with CTC clusters, while other studies have shown similar correlations for colon cancer. In addition, enumerating CTC clusters can provide useful prognostic information for patients with already elevated CTC levels. However, one study has reported that contrary to existing consensus, at least a discrete population of these clusters are non-malignant, and derive instead from the tumor endothelium. These circulating tumor-endothelial clusters also show epithelial-mesenchymal markers but do not mirror the genetics of the primary tumor.

Studies of samples from patients with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) have shown that ADAR1 is frequently upregulated and ADAR2 is frequently downregulated in the disease. It has been suggested that this is responsible for the disrupted A to I editing pattern seen in HCC and that ADAR1 acts as an oncogene in this context whilst ADAR2 has tumor suppressor activities. The imbalance of ADAR expression could change the frequency of A to I transitions in the protein coding region of genes, resulting in mutated proteins which drive the disease. The dysregulation of ADAR1 and ADAR2 could be used as a possible poor prognostic marker.

Until the end of the 19th century, weather prediction was entirely subjective and based on empirical rules, with only limited understanding of the physical mechanisms behind weather processes. In 1901 Cleveland Abbe, founder of the United States Weather Bureau, proposed that the atmosphere is governed by the same principles of thermodynamics and hydrodynamics that were studied in the previous century. In 1904, Vilhelm Bjerknes derived a two-step procedure for model-based weather forecasting. First, a diagnostic step is used to process data to generate initial conditions, which are then advanced in time by a prognostic step that solves the initial value problem.

Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a transmembrane glycoprotein mediating Ca2+-independent homotypic cell–cell adhesion in epithelia. EpCAM is also involved in cell signaling, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. Additionally, EpCAM has oncogenic potential via its capacity to upregulate c-myc, e-fabp, and cyclins A & E. Since EpCAM is expressed exclusively in epithelia and epithelial-derived neoplasms, EpCAM can be used as diagnostic marker for various cancers. It appears to play a role in tumorigenesis and metastasis of carcinomas, so it can also act as a potential prognostic marker and as a potential target for immunotherapeutic strategies.

The ST2 cardiac biomarker (also known as soluble interleukin 1 receptor-like 1) is a protein biomarker of cardiac stress encoded by the IL1RL1 gene. ST2 signals the presence and severity of adverse cardiac remodeling and tissue fibrosis, which occurs in response to myocardial infarction, acute coronary syndrome, or worsening heart failure. ST2 provides prognostic information that is independent of other cardiac biomarkers such as BNP, NT-proBNP, highly sensitive troponin, GDF-15, and galectin-3.doi=10.1016/j.jchf.2012.10.002 One study indicated that discrimination is independent of age, body mass index, history of heart failure, anemia and impaired kidney function or sex.

Very little research has been done in an attempt to therapeutically target EVI1 or any of its chimeric counterparts. However, since it has become an established fact that overexpression of EVI1 derivatives is a bad prognostic indicator, it is likely that the literature will begin to examine specific targeting within the next few years. One very promising therapeutic agent for myelogenous leukemia and potentially other forms of cancer is arsenic trioxide (ATO). One study has been done showing that ATO treatment leads to specific degradation of the AML1/MDS1/EVI1 oncoprotein and induces both apoptosis and differentiation.

Humans with established coronary artery disease have higher levels of plasma EETs and higher ratios of 14,15-EET to 14,15-diHETrE (14,15-diHETrE is the less active or inactive metabolite 14,15-EET). This suggests that the EETs serve a protective role in this setting and that these plasma changes were a result of a reduction in cardiac sEH activity. Furthermore, coronary artery disease patients who had lower levels of EETs/14,15-di-ETE ratios exhibited evidence of a poorer prognosis based on the presence of poor prognostic indicators, cigarette smoking, obesity, old age, and elevation in inflammation markers.

Increased levels of bleeding on probing was present at 67% of sites where there is peri-implant mucositis as it is indicative of the presence of active disease and inflammation of the peri- implant mucosa. A light probing force of 0.25N should be used to probe the gingival margins so as not to damage the soft periodontal tissues. Bleeding on probing can be used in order to predict future loss of support from surrounding tissues. Microbiological testing was shown to improve the prognostic features compared to recording bleeding on probing alone as this was better for recognising the disease advancement around implants.

Neuropilin 1 has been implicated in the vascularization and progression of cancers. NRP1 expression has been shown to be elevated in a number of human patient tumor samples, including brain, prostate, breast, colon, and lung cancers and NRP1 levels are positively correlated with metastasis. In prostate cancer NRP1 has been demonstrated to be an androgen-suppressed gene, upregulated during the adaptive response of prostate tumors to androgen- targeted therapies and a prognostic biomarker of clinical metastasis and lethal PCa. In vitro and in vivo mouse studies have shown membrane bound NRP1 to be proangiogenic and that NRP1 promotes the vascularization of prostate tumors.

Subsequently, IL-23 was shown to facilitate development of inflammation in numerous other models of immune pathology where IL-12 had previously been implicated including models of arthritis, intestinal inflammation, and psoriasis. Low concentrations of IL-23 support lung tumor growth and high concentrations of IL-23 inhibit proliferation of lung cancer cells. IL-23 and IL-23R were identified in serum of non-small cell lung cancer patients and they can be potential prognostic serum marker. IL-23 can also make progression of cardiovascular disease as atherosclerosis, hypertension, aortic dissection, cardiac hypertrophy, myocardial infarction and acute cardiac injury.

J. William Harbour, M.D., is an American ophthalmologist, ocular oncologist and cancer researcher. He currently serves as the vice chairman for translational research and director of ocular oncology at the Bascom Palmer Eye Institute and the associate director for basic research at the Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center of the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine. His clinical practice focuses on intraocular tumors, including uveal (ocular) melanoma, retinoblastoma, lymphoma and other neoplasms. His field of research includes the genetics and genomics of cancer, with a focus on prognostic biomarkers, mechanisms of metastasis, and molecular targeted therapies.

Clin Sci (Lond). 2007 Sep;113(6):287-96Eek C, Grenne B, Brunvand H, Aakhus S, Endresen K, Hol PK, Smith HJ, Smiseth OA, Edvardsen T, Skulstad H.Strain echocardiography and wall motion score index predicts final infarct size in patients with non-ST-segment-elevation myocardial infarction. Circ Cardiovasc Imaging. 2010 Mar;3(2):187-94 However, the incremental diagnostic and prognostic value of measuring LV shortening was already shown for the absolute measure Willenheimer R, Cline C, Erhardt L, Israelsson B. Left ventricular atrioventricular plane displacement: an echocardiographic technique for rapid assessment of prognosis in heart failure.

Initially all publications were of a religious nature, however books about astronomy, botany, and geography had been growing in popularity, too. In 1483 Drohobych published in Rome his first book in Latin "Prognostic Estimation of the year 1483" (Iudicium Pronosticon Anni MCCCCLXXXIII Currentis). It was a nineteen-page publication of astrological (zodiac) calendars, which were popular at that time, that helped its readers to make predictions about events on Earth depending on the planets' positions. This publication had several noteworthy elements: Drohobych gave accurate predictions for two lunar eclipses; he provided accurate calculations of the phases of the Moon; and he also touched upon the subject of planetary movement.

Throughout her academic career, Dr. Perez has served as principal investigator in the development and execution of a wide range of clinical trials exploring the use of new therapeutic agents for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Her experience with these clinical trials highlighted the need for basic research studies to evaluate the role of genetic markers in the development and aggressiveness of breast cancer. Her leadership in developing and spearheading these basic research studies has helped advance an understanding of biomarkers’ prognostic and predictive applicability. Dr. Perez also has extensive editorial experience, having served on the editorial boards of and as a reviewer for multiple journals.

ALECT2 Patient Survival Based on Creatine Levels' Based on studies conducted in the United States, the prognosis for individuals with ALECT2 is guarded, particularly because they are elderly and their kidney disease is usually well-advanced at the time of presentation. End-stage renal disease develops in 1 out of 3 patients and has a median renal survival of 62 months. A suggested prognostic tool is to track creatinine levels in ALECT2 patients. The attached Figure gives survival plotss for individuals with LECT2 renal amyloidosis and serum creatinine levels less than 2 mg/100 ml versus 2 mg/100 ml or greater than 2 mg/100 ml.

There is also considerable clinical interest in the use of neurofilament proteins as biomarkers of axonal damage in diseases affecting the central nervous system When neurons or axons degenerate, neurofilament proteins are released into the blood or cerebrospinal fluid. Immunoassays of neurofilament proteins in cerebrospinal fluid and plasma can thus serve as indicators of axonal damage in neurological disorders. NfL is a useful marker for disease monitoring in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, and more recently Huntington's disease. It has also been evaluated as a prognostic marker for functional outcome following acute ischemic stroke Mutant mice with neurofilament abnormalities have phenotypes resembling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis.

Enolase 1, also known as α-enolase, is encoded by the ENOA gene and is responsible for converting 2-phosphoglycerate to phosphoenolpyruvate in the glycolytic pathway. Both enolase 1 overexpression and its post-translational modifications could be of value for diagnostic and prognostic work in terms of cancer. Although the exact roles of post- translational modifications have not been completely elucidated, patterns are shown between certain cancer cell types suggesting they may have important influence on function, localization and immunogenicity. Aside from its role in promoting glycolytic flux and anearobic energy production, it has been shown to induce a specific humoral and cellular immune response.

Block randomization, sometimes called permuted block randomization, applies blocks (to allocate subjects from the same strata equally to each group in the study. In block randomization, allocation ratio (ratio of the number of one specific group over other groups) and group sizes are specified. The block size must be the multiples of the number of treatments so that samples in each stratum can be assigned to treatment groups with the intended ratio. For instance, there should be 4 or 8 strata in a clinical trial concerning breast cancer where age and nodal statuses are two prognostic factors and each factor is split into two-level.

In order to guarantee the similarity of each treatment group, the "minimization" method attempts are made, which is more direct than random permuted block within strats. In the minimization method, samples in each stratum are assigned to treatment groups based on the sum of samples in each treatment group, which makes the number of subjects keep balance among the group. If the sums for multiple treatment groups are the same, simple randomization would be conducted to assign the treatment. In practice, the minimization method needs to follow a daily record of treatment assignments by prognostic factors, which can be done effectively by using a set of index cards to record.

A gene signature or gene expression signature is a single or combined group of genes in a cell with a uniquely characteristic pattern of gene expression that occurs as a result of an altered or unaltered biological process or pathogenic medical condition. This is not to be confused with the concept of gene expression profiling. Activating pathways in a regular physiological process or a physiological response to a stimulus results in a cascade of signal transduction and interactions that elicit altered levels of gene expression, which is classified as the gene signature of that physiological process or response. The clinical applications of gene signatures breakdown into prognostic, diagnostic and predictive signatures.

A diagnostic gene signature serves as a biomarker that distinguishes phenotypically similar medical conditions that have a threshold of severity consisting of mild, moderate or severe phenotypes. Establishing verified methods of diagnosing clinically indolent and significant cases allows practitioners to provide more accurate care and therapeutic options that range from no therapy, preventative care to symptomatic relief. These diagnostic signatures also allow for a more accurate representation of test samples used in research. Similar to the procedure of validation of prognostic gene signature, a criterion exists for classifying a gene signature as a biomarker for a disorder or diseases outlined by Chau et al.

The classification of the patient cohort in low and high GDF11 expression revealed that those patients with high levels of GDF11 showed a higher frequency of lymph node metastasis, more deaths and lower survival. The study suggests that GDF11 could be a prognostic biomarker in patients with this disease In 2014, GDF11 was described as a life extension factor in two publications based on the results of a parabiosis experiments with mice that were chosen as Science's scientific breakthrough of the year. Later studies questioned these findings. Researchers disagree on the selectivity of the tests used to measure GDF11 and on the activity of GDF11 from various commercially available sources.

Kataegis is prevalently seen among breast cancer patients, and it is also exists in lung cancers, cervical, head and neck, and bladder cancers, as shown in the results from tracing APOBEC mutation signatures. Understanding the mechanism of how kataegis can be useful for the future research in how cancer has developed. Due to the highly patterned mutations in kataegis, researchers can make statistical models in order to trace the loci that are prone to mutations. Research have found that kataegis could be a good prognostic indicator for breast cancer patient, that there is a life expectancy difference between patients with kataegis and those without.

The findings on renal biopsy correlate with the severity of symptoms: those with asymptomatic hematuria may only have focal mesangial proliferation while those with proteinuria may have marked cellular proliferation or even crescent formation. The number of crescentic glomeruli is an important prognostic factor in determining whether the patient will develop chronic renal disease. In ESKD, some eventually need hemodialysis or equivalent renal replacement therapy (RRT). If a kidney transplant is found for a patient on RRT, the disease will recur in the graft (transplanted kidney) in about 35% of cases, and in 11%, the graft will fail completely (requiring resumption of the RRT and a further transplant).

It has also been discovered that GLD2 has medical uses. For example, such enzyme is overexpressed in patients who suffer from cancer; that's why it can be used as a prognostic factor for early appearance in breast cancer patients. Moreover, PAP activity is used to measure the effect of anticancer drugs as etoposide and cordycepin in two carcinoma cell lines: HeLa, which is the human epithelioid cervix carcinoma, and MCF-7 (human breast cancer). However, in spite its utilities it can also be involved in the expression of several common diseases such as: leukemia, liver cirrhosis, brain injuries, hepatitis and in some cases infertility in male patients.

Within 25–30 days of the explosion, Sasaki noticed a sharp drop in white blood cell count and established this drop, along with symptoms of fever, as prognostic standards for Acute Radiation Syndrome. In the years afterward he would become one of the leading surgeons continuing to document and treat the Hibakusha (explosion-affected) community, serving as an important source of knowledge for the Atomic Bomb Casualty Commission,The effects of the atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan (the secret U.S. Strategic Bombing Survey report 92, Pacific Theatre) and later Radiation Effects Research Foundation, who began and continue the Life Span Study of atomic bomb survivors, respectively.

INBT counts Becton Dickinson, MedImmune, Northrop Grumman, Secant Medical, and Under Armour among its corporate partners, and Wirtz has previously served as a Nikon Partner in Science since 2008. Wirtz is the PI of a National Science Foundation Research Experiences for Undergraduates (REU) site in the Nanotechnology for Biology and Bioengineering program. Wirtz also founded the Johns Hopkins Center for Digital Pathology that brings together pathologists, surgeons, oncologists, and engineers to develop new single-cell technology for improved diagnostic, prognostic, therapeutic approaches for human diseases, including cancer, Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and frailty in aging. He co- directs the Cancer Nanotechnology Training Center, another National Cancer Institute-funded entity.

In medicine, genetic sequencing is not only important for traditional uses, such as paternity tests, but also for facilitating ease in diagnosis and treatment. Personalized medicine has been heralded as the future of healthcare, as whole genome sequencing have provided the possibility personalizing treatment to individual expression and experience of disease. As pharmacology and drug development are based on population studies, current treatments are normalized to whole populations statistics, which might reduce treatment efficacy for individuals, as everyone's response to a disease and to drug therapy is uniquely bound to their genetic predispositions. Already, genetic sequencing has expedited prognostic counseling in monogenic diseases that requires rapid, differential diagnosis in neonatal care.

Array-based karyotyping is a cost-effective alternative to FISH for detecting chromosomal abnormalities in chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL). Several clinical validation studies have shown >95% concordance with the standard CLL FISH panel. In addition, many studies using array-based karyotyping have identified 'atypical deletions' missed by the standard FISH probes and acquired uniparental disomy at key loci for prognostic risk in CLL.2009 May;23(5):829-33 Four main genetic aberrations are recognized in CLL cells that have a major impact on disease behavior. # Deletions of part of the short arm of chromosome 17 (del 17p) which target p53 are particularly deleterious.

In humans, CXCL12 has been implicated in a wide variety of biomedical conditions involving several organ systems. Furthermore, CXCL12 signaling in conjunction with CXCR7 signaling has been implicated in the progression of pancreatic cancer. In the urinary tract system, methylation of the CXCL12 promoter and expression of PD-L1 may be powerful prognostic biomarkers for biochemical recurrence in prostate carcinoma patients after radical prostatectomy, and further studies are ongoing to confirm if CXCL12 methylation may aid in active surveillance strategies. In the field of oncology, melanoma associated fibroblasts are stimulated by stimulation of the A2B adenosine receptor followed by stimulation of fibroblast growth factor and increased expression of CXCL12.

The matrix metalloproteinases are inhibited by specific endogenous tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), which comprise a family of four protease inhibitors: TIMP1, TIMP2, TIMP3 and TIMP4. A member of the TIMP family, TIMP3, has been observed progressively downregulated in Human papillomavirus-positive neoplastic keratinocytes derived from uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions at different levels of malignancy. For this reason, TIMP3 is likely to be associated with tumorigenesis and may be a potential prognostic marker for uterine cervical preneoplastic lesions progression. Overall, all MMPs are inhibited by TIMPs once they are activated but the gelatinases (MMP-2 and MMP-9) can form complexes with TIMPs when the enzymes are in the latent form.

It was not until the 20th century that advances in the understanding of atmospheric physics led to the foundation of modern numerical weather prediction. In 1922, English scientist Lewis Fry Richardson published "Weather Prediction By Numerical Process",Richardson, Lewis Fry, Weather Prediction by Numerical Process (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1922). Available on-line at: Internet Archive.org. after finding notes and derivations he worked on as an ambulance driver in World War I. He described therein how small terms in the prognostic fluid dynamics equations governing atmospheric flow could be neglected, and a finite differencing scheme in time and space could be devised, to allow numerical prediction solutions to be found.

Ribbon representation of the human cardiac troponin core complex (52 kDa core) in the calcium-saturated form. Blue = troponin C; green = troponin I; magenta = troponin T.; ; rendered with PyMOL Troponin, or the troponin complex, is a complex of three regulatory proteins (troponin C, troponin I, and troponin T) that are integral to muscle contraction in skeletal muscle and cardiac muscle, but not smooth muscle. Measurements of cardiac-specific troponins I and T are extensively used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators in the management of myocardial infarction and acute coronary syndrome. Blood troponin levels may be used as a diagnostic marker for stroke, although the sensitivity of this measurement is low.

Researchers in the United States created a synthetic peptide with a sequence identical to that of an HHV-6 peptide. Elevated levels of MBP have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid of patients with HIV infections and signs of encephalopathy, and although MBP does not seem to be a sensitive diagnostic marker of HIV encephalopathy, it has been suggested that it may serve a role as a prognostic indicator of disease progression. It is able to show that T cells were activated by this peptide. These activated T cells also recognized and initiated an immune response against a synthetically created peptide sequence that is identical to part of human MBP.

Prostate cancer staging is the process by which physicians categorize the risk of cancer having spread beyond the prostate, or equivalently, the probability of being cured with local therapies such as surgery or radiation. Once patients are placed in prognostic categories, this information can contribute to the selection of an optimal approach to treatment. Prostate cancer stage can be assessed by either clinical or pathological staging methods. Clinical staging usually occurs before the first treatment and tumour presence is determined through imaging and rectal examination, while pathological staging is done after treatment once a biopsy is performed or the prostate is removed by looking at the cell types within the sample.

Currently, there is no clear division between stage, which is historically a statement of anatomic extent of disease at diagnosis, and prognostic models that may include many features that contribute to clinical outcome. If treated, patients with low-risk disease are usually treated with active surveillance, prostatectomy, or radiotherapy alone. Patients with intermediate-risk disease are candidates for prostatectomy or radiotherapy and a short duration (less than 6 months) of hormonal ablation (medical castration using a gonadotropin-releasing hormone analog). Although the role of surgery in these patients remains uncertain, those with high-risk disease are usually treated with radiotherapy and a long duration of hormonal ablation.

The wave model WAM was the first so-called third generation prognostic wave model where the two-dimensional wave spectrum was allowed to evolve freely (up to a cut-off frequency) with no constraints on the spectral shape.Komen, GJ and Cavaleri, L. and Donelan, M. and Hasselmann, K. and Hasselmann, S. and Janssen, P. et al, 1994: "Dynamics and Modelling of Ocean Waves", Cambridge, 534 pp The model underwent a series of software updates from its inception in the late 1980s. The last official release is Cycle 4.5, maintained by the German Helmholtz Zentrum, Geesthacht. ECMWF has incorporated WAM into its deterministic and ensemble forecasting system.

Evidence-based medicine (EBM) is underpinned by the study of the ways in which we can gain knowledge regarding key clinical questions such as the effects of medical interventions, the accuracy of diagnostic tests, and the predictive value of prognostic markers. EBM provides an account of how medical knowledge can be applied to clinical care. EBM not only provides clinicians with a strategy for best practice, but also, underlying that, a philosophy of evidence. Interest in the EBM philosophy of evidence has led philosophers to consider the nature of EBM’s hierarchy of evidence, which rank different kinds of research methodology, ostensibly, by the relative evidential weight they provide.

In detail, tacrolimus reduces peptidylprolyl isomerase activity by binding to the immunophilin FKBP12 (FK506 binding protein), creating a new complex. This FKBP12–FK506 complex interacts with and inhibits calcineurin, thus inhibiting both T-lymphocyte signal transduction and IL-2 transcription. Although this activity is similar to that of cyclosporin, the incidence of acute rejection is reduced by tacrolimus use over cyclosporin use. Although short-term immunosuppression concerning patient and graft survival is found to be similar between the two drugs, tacrolimus results in a more favorable lipid profile, and this may have important long- term implications given the prognostic influence of rejection on graft survival.

Kaplan Meier Analysis of overall survival before starting a new line of therapy for patients with metastatic breast, colorectal and prostate cancer. Patients were divided into those with Favorable and Unfavorable CTC (Unfavorable: >5 CTC/7.5mL for breast and prostate, >3 CTC/7.5mL for colon) To date, a variety of research methods have been developed to isolate and enumerate CTCs. The only U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) cleared methodology for enumeration of CTC in whole blood is the CellSearch system. Extensive clinical testing done using this method shows that presence of CTCs is a strong prognostic factor for overall survival in patients with metastatic breast, colorectal or prostate cancer.

This interesting finding indicates that the PSMB7 protein may be used as a clinical prognostic biomarker in breast cancer. The same study also suggested that the PSMB7 protein is involved in anthracycline resistance, which is an antibiotic derived from streptomyces bacteria and used as an anticancer chemotherapy for leukemias, lymphomas, breast cancer, uterine, ovarian and lung cancers. Furthermore, the PSMB7 protein may also be involved in the resistance to 5-fluoro uracil (5-FU) therapy. Targeting the PSMB7 gene, to down-regulate PSMB7 protein, may overcome resistance to 5-FU and thus a possible new approach to treat hepatocellular carcinoma with this chemotherapeutic drug.

Published and peer-reviewed findings indicate that ST2 is a predictor of mortality at presentation. Studies have shown patients with ST2 levels above a clinical threshold consistently have a much higher risk of mortality while, equally important, patients with ST2 levels below threshold have a very low risk of mortality. Although it has been shown that ST2 concentrations correlate with heart failure severity there is no level that perfectly separates patients with and without heart failure for disease diagnosis. However, as a prognostic marker it has been clearly shown that patients are at a higher risk of adverse outcomes when ST2 levels are above a cutoff value of 35 ng/mL.

For example, one animal study showed tumor reduction in PHD2-deficient mice through activation of antiproliferative TGF-β signaling. Other in vivo models showed tumor-suppressing activity for PHD2 in pancreatic cancer as well as liver cancer. A study of 121 human patients revealed PHD2 as a strong prognostic marker in gastric cancer, with PHD2-negative patients having shortened survival compared to PHD2-positive patients. Recent genome- wide association studies have suggested that EGLN1 may be involved in the low hematocrit phenotype exhibited by the Tibetan population and hence that EGLN1 may play a role in the heritable adaptation of this population to live at high altitude.

Severe sepsis will prove fatal in approximately 20–35% of people, and septic shock will prove fatal in 30–70% of people. Lactate is a useful method of determining prognosis, with those who have a level greater than 4 mmol/L having a mortality of 40% and those with a level of less than 2 mmol/L having a mortality of less than 15%. There are a number of prognostic stratification systems, such as APACHE II and Mortality in Emergency Department Sepsis. APACHE II factors in the person's age, underlying condition, and various physiologic variables to yield estimates of the risk of dying of severe sepsis.

About 45% of patients present with elevated levels of serum lactate dehydrogenase; elevation in this serum enzyme is a poor prognostic indicator. Patients with ENKTCL-NT also have elevated levels of plasma EBV DNA. Quantification of these levels at diagnosis correlates with the extent of their tumor load while serially assaying these levels during treatment gives evidence of the tumors response to treatment and residual disease. Rarely, patients show laboratory evidence of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis such as: decreased circulating red blood cells, leukocytes, and/or platelets; increased serum levels of liver-derived enzymes, ferritin, and/or triglycerides; decreased serum levels of fibrinogen; and/or hemophagocytosis, i.e.

Early small scale onshore Wind Turbines The growing demand for renewable energy has resulted in global adoption and rapid expansion of wind turbine technology. Wind Turbines are typically designed to reach a 20-year life, however, due to the complex loading and environment in which they operate wind turbines rarely operate to that age without significant repairs and extensive maintenance during that period. In order to improve the management of wind farms there is an increasing move towards preventative maintenance as opposed to scheduled and reactive maintenance to reduce downtime and lost production. This is achieved through the use of prognostic monitoring/management systems.

He wanted to turn to the original sources—Marx, Engels, Lenin, German philosophers, French and Italian socialists and British economists. He asked to leave the Central Committee to enroll in the Academy of Social Sciences of the Central Committee. Twice refused, he was allowed to study there for two years and became aware of the hollowness and impracticability of Marxism–Leninism, its inhumanity and prognostic fraud, which also healed his wounds inflicted by the 20th Party Congress. He began to agree with Khrushchev. Beginning in 1958, he was chosen as a Fulbright exchange student at Columbia University in the United States for one year.

Chromosomal alterations may lead to deregulation of microRNA, which could be of diagnostic and prognostic significance for cancers. Additionally, the Hepatitis B virus (HBV) and HPV-16 virus, the strain of human papilloma virus most likely to produce cancer, appear to integrate preferentially in or around fragile sites, and it has been proposed that this is crucial to the development of tumors. Fragile sites have also been implicated in a variety of syndromes (for a review, see ). For example, breakage at or near the FRA11b locus has been implicated in Jacobsen syndrome, which is characterized by loss of part of the long arm of chromosome 11 accompanied by mild mental retardation.

Despite the variety of methods of evaluation of comorbidity, the absence of a singular generally accepted method, devoid of the deficiencies of the available methods of its evaluation, causes disturbance. The absence of a unified instrument, developed on the basis of colossal international experience, as well as the methodology of its use does not allow comorbidity to become doctor "friendly". At the same time due to the inconsistency in approach to the analysis of comorbid state and absence of components of comorbidity in medical university courses, the practitioner is unclear about its prognostic effect, which makes the generally available systems of associated pathology evaluation unreasoned and therefore un-needed as well.

As chair of the ISIS group steering committee he has been involved in several significant international trials in cardiology, such as the use of Aspirin (ISIS-2), Thrombolysis (ISIS 2&3), ACE Inhibitors (HOPE) and Statins (HPS). He has served and continues to serve and on several data monitoring committees of major clinical trials, including Gusto, ECLA, ASCOT, ADVANCE, EUCLID, MODEST, CREATE, OASIS 5-7, COMMIT, VALUE, PACE, SCOUT, RELY, ORIGIN, GISSI-HF, ONTARGET, TRANSCEND and PrOFESS. Recent research has assessed the prognostic value of measures of heart rate variability, and pathophysiological processes underlying the changes found in patients prone to ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension.

A biomarker, as defined by the National Institutes of Health Biomarkers Definitions Working Group, is "a biologic characteristic objectively measured and evaluated as an indicator of normal or pathogenic processes; or of response to a treatment or challenge". Biomarkers of psychosis for use in clinical tests can be diagnostic, prognostic, predictive of conversion, or monitoring of progression. Clinical tests have many benefits: they can provide confidence in a diagnosis, allow clinicians to make better informed choices in regard to treatment, or even make it possible to identify subjects which can benefit from therapy to prevent transition into schizophrenia. Currently, no biomarkers than can be widely used in clinical practice for the diagnosis of schizophrenia have been identified.

Cheryl A. Kashuba, "Dunmore Native on Historic Voyage," Scranton Times-Tribune (August 12, 2012).Walter I. Wittmann and John F. Ropek, "Characteristics of Polar Ice Observed During the 1957 Arctic Cruise of the USS Nautilus" (Defense Technical Information Center 1958).John Ropek is mentioned as a civilian member of the "Operation Sunshine" expedition in the captain's memoir; William R. Anderson, The Ice Diaries: The True Story of One of Mankind's Greatest Adventures (Thomas Nelson Inc. 2008): p. 90. As a scientist he published many technical papers, such as US Navy Hydrographic Office synoptic and prognostic wave charts (US Navy Hydrographic Office 1955), and "An Application of Naval Oceanographic Development to Inland Waters" (Defense Technical Information Center 1967).

Although cancer is generally a disease of host genetics and environmental factors, microorganisms are implicated in some 20% of human cancers. Particularly for potential factors in colon cancer, bacterial density is one million times higher than in the small intestine, and approximately 12-fold more cancers occur in the colon compared to the small intestine, possibly establishing a pathogenic role for microbiota in colon and rectal cancers. Microbial density may be used as a prognostic tool in assessment of colorectal cancers. The microbiota may affect carcinogenesis in three broad ways: (i) altering the balance of tumor cell proliferation and death, (ii) regulating immune system function, and (iii) influencing metabolism of host- produced factors, foods and pharmaceuticals.

It plays an important role during embryonal development as programmed cell death and accompanies a variety of normal involutional processes in which it serves as a mechanism to remove "unwanted" cells. Hsp70 member proteins, including Hsp72, inhibit apoptosis by acting on the caspase-dependent pathway and against apoptosis-inducing agents such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), staurosporine, and doxorubicin. This role leads to its involvement in many pathological processes, such as oncogenesis, neurodegeneration, and senescence. In particular, overexpression of HSP72 has been linked to the development some cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancers, colon cancers, breast cancers, and lung cancers, which led to its use as a prognostic marker for these cancers.

In clinical trials, patients are stratified according to their social and individual backgrounds, or any factor that are relevant to the study, to match each of these groups within the entire patient population. The aim of such is to create a balance of clinical/prognostic factor as the trials would not produce valid results if the study design is not balanced. The step of stratified randomization is extremely important as an attempt to ensure that no bias, delibrate or accidental, affects the representative nature of the patient sample under study. It increases the study power, especially in small clinical trials(n<400), as these known clinical traits stratified are thought to effect the outcomes of the interventions.

Due to its role as a transcription factor in cell migration during embryonic development, GSC has been looked into as a potential role-player in cancer development and metastasis, since embryonic development and cancer development share similar characteristics. GSC, along with other transcription factors like Twist, FOXC2, and Snail, induce epithelial to mesenchymal transitions by regulating the cell adhesion proteins E-cadherin, α-catenin and γ-catenin expression in epithelial cells. Studies have shown that in highly metastatic ovarian, lung, breast, and other cancer cells, GSC is highly expressed early in the progression of the tumor. Furthermore, high levels of GSC expression in cancer cells correlates with poor survival rates and thus can be used as a prognostic tool.

However, LECT2's relationships to these diseases requires much further study before they can be regarded as established and clinically useful. One exception to this, however, is its proven role in amyloidosis. LECT2 is one of the more common causes of systemic (as opposed to localized) amyloidosis in North America as well as certain other ethnically-rich locations. LECT2 and its gene, LECT2, are currently areas of active research that seek to implicate them as contributors to, markers for the presence of, and/or prognostic indicators for the severity of not only amyloidosis but also osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis, and other types of inflammation-related disorders; the metabolic syndrome and diabetes; and various types of liver disease.

Although patients with kidney failure may experience slight deterioration of kidney function in the short term, the use of ACE inhibitors is shown to have prognostic benefit over the long term. Two studies have suggested that the use of ACEI alongside statins might be an effective regimen to prevent a substantial number of CRS cases in high risk patients and improve survival and quality of life in these people. There are data suggesting combined use of statin and an ACEI improves clinical outcome more than a statin alone and considerably more than ACE inhibitor alone. Natriuretic peptides :Nesiritide which is an analogue of brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) was shown to result in poorer kidney outcome or have no effect.

Early detection of such epigenetic marks may advance the development of preventive strategies to address the intergenerational sequel of exposure to trauma. As it has been said Cytosine methylation of glucocorticoid related genes represents an epigenetic modification thought to underlie the developmental programming of hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis function. The importance of epigenetic studies offer promise as diagnostic or prognostic markers, but it is not known whether these measures associate with, or predict, clinical state. These questions were addressed in a pilot study with combat veterans with PTSD to determine whether cytosine methylation in promoter regions of the glucocorticoid related NR3C1 and FKBP51 genes would predict or associate with treatment outcome.

Metastasis can occur more than 10 years after treatment of the primary tumor, and patients should not be considered cured even after a 10-year interval of monitoring. Molecular features of the tumor, including chromosome 3 status, chromosome 6p status, and chromosome 8q status and gene expression profiling (such as the DecisionDx-UM test), can be used to adjust this likelihood of metastasis for an individual patient. The average survival time after diagnosis of liver metastases depends on the extent of systemic spread. The disease-free interval, the performance status, the liver substitution by metastases and the serum level of lactic dehydrogenase are the most important prognostic factors for metastatic uveal melanoma.

Theoretically, the application of therapeutics in this area to treat disorders as arthritis, cancer, ischemia- reperfusion, myocardial infarction and stroke could include options as: \- Preventing DAMP release [proapoptotic therapies; platinums; ethyl pyruvate] \- Neutralizing or blocking DAMPs extracellularly [anti-HMGB1; rasburicase; sRAGE, etc.] \- Blocking the DAMP receptors or their signaling [RAGE small molecule antagonists; TLR4 antagonists; antibodies to DAMP-R]. 1\. DAMPs can be used as biomarkers for inflammatory diseases and potential therapeutic targets. For example, increased S100A8/A9 is associated with osteophyte progression in early human OA (osteoarthritis), suggesting that S100 proteins can be used as biomarkers for the diagnosis of the progressive grade of OA. Furthermore, DAMP can be a useful prognostic factor for cancer.

Pielke, R. A.; Cotton, W. R.; Walko, R. L.; Tremback, C. J.; Lyons, W. A.; Grasso, L. D.; Nicholls, M. E.; Moran, M. D.; Wesley, D. A.; Lee, T. J.; Copeland, J. H., 1992: A comprehensive meteorological modeling system: RAMS Meteorology and Atmospheric Physics, vol. 49, issue 1-4, pp. 69-91. Key features of MRAMS include a non-hydrostatic, fully compressible dynamics, explicit bin dust, water, and carbon dioxide ice atmospheric physics model, and a fully prognostic regolith model that includes carbon dioxide deposition and sublimation. Several Mars exploration projects, including the Mars Exploration Rovers,Rafkin, S. C. R. and T. I. Michaels, 2003: Meteorological predictions for 2003 Mars Exploration Rover high-priority landing sites.

The addition of one of these immunotherapy agents to chemotherapy protocols has greatly improved the prognosis of most DLBCL, NOS variants. Neoplastic cell expression of CD30, found in 10-15% of DLBCL, NOS cases is a favorable prognostic indicator. As indicated in the following Treatments and prognoses section, expression of the CD20 and CD30 proteins as well as the CD19, CD20 CD22, CD30, CD79A, CD79B, and D-L1 proteins, expression of the MYC, BCL2, MYD88nd, and CREBBP genes, and expression of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR, JAK-STAT, B-cell receptor, toll-like receptor, and NF-κB signaling pathways are being studied as potential therapeutic targets for the individualized treatment of GBC and ABC/non-GBC DLBCL, NOS cases.

Anti-glycoprotein-210 antibodies (AGPA, anti-gp210, anti-nup210, anti-np210) are directed at gp210 and are found within primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC) patients in high frequency. AGPA recognize the cytoplasmic-oriented carboxyl terminus (tail) of the protein. While AGPA is found as a prognostic marker in only a minority of PBC patients, those that did had higher mortality and were predicted a poor outcome. In addition, patients that responded to ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) therapy and, therefore, had AGPA reductions failed to develop end-stage liver disease relative to untreated cohort with anti- gp210 Ab. PBC patients with potentially destructive AGPA have increased expression of Nup210 in the bile duct, a potential immune tolerance-escaping factor.

The atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki resulted in a large number of incidents of radiation poisoning, allowing for greater insight into its symptoms and dangers. Red Cross Hospital surgeon Dr. Terufumi Sasaki led intensive research into the Syndrome in the weeks and months following the Hiroshima bombings. Dr Sasaki and his team were able to monitor the effects of radiation in patients of varying proximities to the blast itself, leading to the establishment of three recorded stages of the syndrome. Within 25–30 days of the explosion, the Red Cross surgeon noticed a sharp drop in white blood cell count and established this drop, along with symptoms of fever, as prognostic standards for Acute Radiation Syndrome.

Such a mutation alone does not cause leukemia; however, when such a "differentiation arrest" is combined with other mutations which disrupt genes controlling proliferation, the result is the uncontrolled growth of an immature clone of cells, leading to the clinical entity of AML. Much of the diversity and heterogeneity of AML is because leukemic transformation can occur at a number of different steps along the differentiation pathway. Modern classification schemes for AML recognize that the characteristics and behavior of the leukemic cell (and the leukemia) may depend on the stage at which differentiation was halted. Specific cytogenetic abnormalities can be found in many people with AML; the types of chromosomal abnormalities often have prognostic significance.

It plays an important role during embryonal development as programmed cell death and accompanies a variety of normal involutional processes in which it serves as a mechanism to remove "unwanted" cells. Hsp70 member proteins, including Hsp72, inhibit apoptosis by acting on the caspase-dependent pathway and against apoptosis-inducing agents such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), staurosporine, and doxorubicin. This role leads to its involvement in many pathological processes, such as oncogenesis, neurodegeneration, and senescence. In particular, overexpression of HSP72 has been linked to the development some cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancers, colon cancers, breast cancers, and lung cancers, which led to its use as a prognostic marker for these cancers.

It plays an important role during embryonal development as programmed cell death and accompanies a variety of normal involutional processes in which it serves as a mechanism to remove "unwanted" cells. Hsp70 member proteins, including Hsp72, inhibit apoptosis by acting on the caspase-dependent pathway and against apoptosis- inducing agents such as tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), staurosporine, and doxorubicin. This role leads to its involvement in many pathological processes, such as oncogenesis, neurodegeneration, and senescence. In particular, overexpression of HSP72 has been linked to the development some cancers, such as hepatocellular carcinoma, gastric cancers, colon cancers, breast cancers, and lung cancers, which led to its use as a prognostic marker for these cancers.

According to guidelines from the American Heart Association and American Stroke Association Stroke Council, patients with TIA should have head imaging “within 24 hours of symptom onset, preferably with magnetic resonance imaging, including diffusion sequences”. MRI is a better imaging modality for TIA than computed tomography (CT), as it is better able to pick up both new and old ischemic lesions than CT. CT, however, is more widely available and can be used particularly to rule out intracranial hemorrhage. Diffusion sequences can help further localize the area of ischemia and can serve as prognostic indicators. Presence of ischemic lesions on diffusion weighted imaging has been correlated with a higher risk of stroke after a TIA.

Tumor budding is loosely defined by the presence of individual cells and small clusters of tumor cells at the invasive front of carcinomas. It has been postulated to represent an epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT). Tumor budding is a well-established independent adverse prognostic factor in colorectal carcinoma that may allow for stratification of patients into risk categories more meaningful than those defined by TNM staging, and also potentially guide treatment decisions, especially in T1 and T3 N0 (Stage II, Dukes’ B) colorectal carcinoma. Unfortunately, its universal acceptance as a reportable factor has been held back by a lack of definitional uniformity with respect to both qualitative and quantitative aspects of tumor budding.

It has been suggested that this process is responsible for the development of various forms of cancer serving as an alternative process to gene deletion or mutation. p16 positivity has been shown to be favorably prognostic in oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma. In a retrospective trial analysis of patients with Stage III and IV oropharyngeal cancer, HPV status was assessed and it was found that the 3-year rates of overall survival were 82.4% (95% CI, 77.2 to 87.6) in the HPV-positive subgroup and 57.1% (95% CI, 48.1 to 66.1) in the HPV-negative subgroup, and the 3-year rates of progression-free survival were 73.7% (95% CI, 67.7 to 79.8) and 43.4% (95% CI, 34.4 to 52.4), respectively.

Expression of p16 is used as a prognostic biomarker for certain types of cancer. The reason for this is different types of cancer can have different effects on p16 expression: cancers that overexpress p16 are usually caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), whereas cancers in which p16 is downregulated will usually have other causes. For patients with oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma, using immunohistochemistry to detect the presence of the p16 biomarker has been shown to be the strongest indicator of disease course. Presence of the biomarker is associated with a more favorable prognosis as measured by cancer-specific survival (CSS), recurrence- free survival (RFS), locoregional control (LRC), as well as other measurements.

ADNI data has been used to test many diagnostic and prognostic machine learning algorithms. The most successful to date have used deep learning approaches that combine longitudinal data chronicling changes in biomarkers over time from more than one imaging, genetic, or biological modality. Diagnosis One example of a combination of biomarkers that can accurately diagnose AD is: # Changes in brain atrophy patterns over time (measured by MRI) # Levels of β-amyloid and tau (measured in CSF) A second approach to diagnosis is to extract the most pertinent information from MRI scans alone. Deep learning algorithms can diagnose AD with greater than 95% accuracy, and can diagnose MCI due to AD with greater than 82% accuracy.

There are 24 ensemble members in the Met Office Global and Regional Ensemble Prediction System (MOGREPS). In a single model-based approach, the ensemble forecast is usually evaluated in terms of an average of the individual forecasts concerning one forecast variable, as well as the degree of agreement between various forecasts within the ensemble system, as represented by their overall spread. Ensemble spread is diagnosed through tools such as spaghetti diagrams, which show the dispersion of one quantity on prognostic charts for specific time steps in the future. Another tool where ensemble spread is used is a meteogram, which shows the dispersion in the forecast of one quantity for one specific location.

The model predicts with 76 percent accuracy which of two breast cancer patients will live longer, which is far better than any models previously available. Of the results, Anastassiou said: > These signatures manifest themselves in specific genes that are turned on > together in the tissues of some patients in many different cancer types... > If these general cancer signatures are useful in breast cancer, as we proved > in this challenge, then why not in other types of cancer as well? I think > that the most significant -- and exciting -- implication of our work is the > hope that these signatures can be used for improved diagnostic, prognostic, > and eventually, therapeutic products, applicable to multiple cancers. The findings from the competition were published in Science Translational Medicine.

Pressing forward, the latter technique has revolutionized research in genetics and DNA chip technology as it is a widely adopted technique to profile gene expression signatures such that these physiological responses can be cataloged in repositories such as NCBI Gene Expression Omnibus. This catalogue of prognostic, diagnostic and predictive gene expression signatures allow for predictions of onset of pathogenic diseases in patients, tumour and cancer classification, and enhanced therapeutic strategies that predict the optimal target candidates subjects and genes. Today, microarrays and other quantitative methods such as RNA-seq that encompass gene expression profiling, are moving towards promotion of re- analysis and integration of the large, publicly available database of gene expression signatures and profiles to uncover the full threshold of information these expression signatures hold.

Many studies have investigated the prognostic strength of the SA for cardiac morbidity and mortality compared to these and other ECG parameters. In treated hypertensive patients, the SA was significantly larger in patients with elevated blood pressure compared to those with lower blood pressure values and a discrimination between patients with high and low blood pressure could not be detected using other ECG parameters. In the Rotterdam Study with men and women aged 55 years and older, having an abnormal SA significantly increased the hazard ratios for cardiac death, sudden cardiac death, non-fatal cardiac events (infarction, coronary interventions) and total mortality. Independently, the SA was a stronger risk indicator of cardiac mortality compared to the other cardiovascular and ECG risk factors analyzed.

The use of tissue microarrays in combination with immunohistochemistry has been a preferred method to study and validate cancer biomarkers in various defined cancer patient cohorts. The possibility to assemble a large number of representative cancer samples from a defined patient cohort that also has a corresponding clinical database, provides a powerful resource to study how different protein expression patterns correlate with different clinical parameters. Since patient samples are assembled into the same block, sections can be stained with the same protocol to avoid experimental variability and technical artefacts. Clinical cancer patient cohorts and corresponding tissue microarray sets have been used to study diagnostic, prognostic and treatment predictive cancer biomarkers in most forms of cancer, including lung, breast, colorectal and renal cell cancer.

It plays a vital role in determining the fates of both inner mass cells and embryonic stem cells and has the ability to maintain pluripotency throughout embryonic development.Wu, Guangming, and Hans R Schöler. “Role of Oct4 in the Early Embryo Development.” Cell Regeneration, vol. 3, no. 1, 2014, doi:10.1186/2045-9769-3-7. Recently, it has been noted that OCT-4 not only maintains pluripotency in embryonic cells but also has the ability to regulate cancer cell proliferation and can be found in various cancers such as pancreatic, lung, liver and testicular germ cell tumors in adult germ cells.Saha, Subbroto Kumar et al. “Systematic expression alteration analysis of master reprogramming factor OCT4 and its three pseudogenes in human cancer and their prognostic outcomes.” Scientific reports vol.

It was found that melanoma inhibitory activity gene family members are frequently expressed in human tumors such as squamous cell carcinoma, esophageal squamous cell carcinoma, lung cancer with nodal or distant metastasis and cervical cancer. In addition, melanoma inhibitory activity gene family expression is also associated with poor prognosis among cancer patients overall. Nevertheless, further research is needed to determine the association between melanoma inhibitory family member expression and its diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic relevance in clinical oncology. Additionally, a multi-locus genetic risk score study, based on a combination of 27 loci including the MIA3 gene, identified individuals at increased risk for both incidence and recurrent coronary artery disease events, as well as an enhanced clinical benefit from statin therapy.

Following the death of his mentor, Professor Robert Sutherland, from pancreatic cancer in 2012, Andrew Biankin focused on analytics and the importance of developing a molecular diagnostic/prognostic test that could guide treatment and the placement of patients into clinical trials. To this end, Andrew Biankin co- founded Cure Forward in the USA, where he was the chief medical and scientific advisor from 2012 until 2017, but encountered issues of the reliability, timeliness and cost of existing tests and scalability. In 2013, as Regius Professor of Surgery, Andrew Biankin also took up the Directorship of the Wolfson Wohl Cancer Research Centre at the University of Glasgow,Staff: Andrew Biankin, Institute of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow. Accessed 12 June 2019.

Pelvic and paraaortic lymphadenectomy is not considered necessary since the involvement of lymph nodes does not decrease survival, and resection of these does not increase it. Lymphatic involvement, despite having no prognostic value in BOT, is an area associated with a recurrence or a progression to carcinoma, but this is exceptional and therefore justified by the morbidity associated with systematic lymphadenectomy in staging. It must be borne in mind that for women younger than 40, the diagnosis has a more favourable prognosis with a relative survival rate of 99% at five years. Nevertheless, the diagnosis worsens upon reaching the age of 70, when the five-year survival rate drops to 85%, probably in relation to the greater comorbidity related to the surgery and the postoperative period.

With the formula to achieve objectives, called Goal Directed Therapy (GDT), Rivers (2001) demonstrated how to reduce mortality in patients with severe sepsis and septic shock through the optimization of different haemodynamic variables for a dynamic and individualized view, instead of maintaining only an adequate Arterial Pressure (AP). Later publications support that the intraoperative GDT, used to maintain an adequate systemic oxygenation, can safeguard organs especially sensible from perioperative hypo-perfusion. High risk patients or even less pernicious patients to major surgery could profit from GDT by reducing incidence of postoperative complications, thus, improving and accelerating the outcome. The CO measurement in cardiology provides rewarding diagnostic and prognostic information for the management of patients with left- and right-sided cardiac dysfunction.

PlGF and sFlt-1 concentrations measured by immunoassay in maternal blood improve the prognostic possibilities in preeclampsia, which is typically diagnosed solely on the basis of clinical symptoms, proteinuria, and uterine artery Doppler velocimetry. Notably, increases in sFlt-1 and decreases in PIGF and VEGF can be detected at least five weeks before the onset of preeclamptic symptoms, potentially facilitating earlier diagnosis and treatment. sFlt-1 changes are most predictive of early-onset preeclampsia; cases of preeclampsia incident late in pregnancy typically are accompanied only by small decreases in PIGF. However, sFlt-1 elevation is also associated with other obstetric conditions such as non-preeclampsic interuterine growth retardation of the fetus, limiting its use as a discriminatory biomarker for preeclampsia.

Typical Wind Turbine architecture consists of a variety of complex systems such as multi stage planetary gear boxes, hydraulic systems and a variety of other electro-mechanical drives. Due to the scale of some mechanical systems and the remoteness of some sites, wind turbine repairs can be prohibitively expensive and difficult to co-ordinate resulting in long periods of downtime and lost production. As typical wind turbine capacity is expected to reach over 15MW is coming years combined with the inaccessibility of Offshore wind farms, the use prognostic method is expected to become even more prevalent within the industry. Modern Large Scale Offshore Wind Farm Wind Turbine prognostics is also referred to as Asset Health Management, Condition Monitoring or Condition Management.

Among other things he told me that, some ten years before, a young man had come to the city and had given, like me practical demonstrations of the resources of our art; this young man was put to death by poison, together with two servants who accompanied him."Arthur John Brock, 1929, Greek Medicine, London: J.M. Dent and Songs, Ltd., page 212. Garcia-Ballester says the following of Galen’s use of prognosis: "In modern medicine, we are used to distinguishing between the diagnostic judgment (the scientific knowledge of what a patient has) and the prognostic judgment (the conjecture about what will happen to him.) For Galen, to understand a clinical case technically, ‘to diagnose’, was, among other things, to know with greater or lesser certainty the outcome for the patient, ‘to prognosticate’.

A method to compute a refined score known as APACHE III was published in 1991. The score was validated on the dataset from 17,440 adult medical/surgical intensive care unit (ICU) admissions at 40 US hospitals. The prognostic system of APACHE III has two options: ; APACHE III Score : This provides an initial risk classification of severely ill hospitalized patients in defined groups. ; APACHE III predictive equation : This uses APACHE III Score with a number of additional variables including the primary reason for ICU admission (from a reference list of 212 conditions classified according to etiology, major organ involved, and distinction between surgical/medical categories); age, sex, race and preexisting comorbidities; and location prior to ICU admission (operating room, recovery or emergency department, transfer or readmission from another hospital or ICU).

Whilst the single-gene, single-disease hypothesis holds for Mendelian disorders such as Huntington's disease and cystic fibrosis, complex diseases and traits are affected by a number of gene loci and genetic variants with varying risk. A precursor to the development of preventative, prognostic and diagnostic tools in these diseases requires mapping genetic loci in disease etiology and discovering causal mutations. Creating a ‘genomic profile’ of individuals with the number of variants at the genome-wide level facilitates not only the prediction of disease prior to onset, but also serves as a primer to increasing the knowledge of causal variants. The foremost difficulty in achieving this goal is to understand the functionality of these variants with respect to areas of physiological and molecular importance in conjunction with phenotype.

There is conflicting information over prognosis for the various subtypes, but it appears that the Nottingham prognostic index is valid and hence general prognosis is rather similar with other breast cancer of same stage, except that more aggressive treatment is required. Some types of triple-negative breast cancer are known to be more aggressive, with poor prognosis, while other types have very similar or better prognosis than hormone receptor positive breast cancers. Among breast cancer patients, 15–20% of women have been diagnosed as triple-negative, while the majority of TNBC patients have been found to be young women or women with a mutation in the BRCA1 gene. Pooled data of all triple-negative subtypes suggests that, with optimal treatment, 20-year survival rates are very close to those of hormone positive cancer.

The International Prognostic Index and more recently, the Index's age-adjusted variant use age >60 years, elevated serum lactate dehydrogenase levels, low performance status, and involvement in more than one extranodal site as contributors to a poor prognosis in patients with DLBCL, NOS. In addition, disease that initially involves the testes, breast, or uterus has a relatively high rate of spreading to the central nervous system while disease initially involving the kidneys, adrenal glands, ovaries, or bone marrow has a high rate of spreading to other organs, including the central nervous system. All of these cases as well as cases initially involving the central nervous system have relatively poor to very poor prognoses. Cases initially involving the stomach, thyroid, or a single bone site have relatively good prognoses.

In a physical (and especially geophysical) simulation context, a diagnostic equation (or diagnostic model) is an equation (or model) that links the values of these variables simultaneously, either because the equation (or model) is time-independent, or because the variables all refer to the values they have at the identical time. This is by opposition to a prognostic equation. For instance, the so-called ideal gas law (PV = nRT) of classical thermodynamics relates the state variables of that gas, all estimated at the same time. It is understood that the values of any one of these variables can change in time, but the relation between these variables will remain valid at each and every particular instant, which implies that one variable cannot change its value without the value of another variable also being affected.

Oh has been the principal investigator on multiple clinical trials of chemotherapy in castration-resistant (CRPC) prostate cancer and for three trials of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in high-risk localized prostate cancer patients. At the Dana–Farber Cancer Institute, from 2000 to 2009, Oh developed and managed a prospective clinical database linked to blood and tissue banks for more than 8,000 prostate cancer patients, with links to blood samples and tissue repositories, for exploration of research and prognostic applications, including: efficacy of various therapies in CRPC, hormonal therapy, testosterone as a marker for cancer outcome, relapse predictions based on nutritional factors at diagnosis and autoantibody signatures, and assessment of pharmacogenomic patterns predicting Gleason score. At Mount Sinai, he has continued this work and developed a database of over 1500 patients.

However, consistent with the dual inhibitory and stimulatory roles of IGFBP-3 seen in cell culture, there are other cancer types, such as breast cancer, pancreatic cancer, and clear cell renal cell cancer in which high tissue IGFBP-3 expression has been linked to poor prognostic features or patient outcome. The mechanisms regulating these contrasting effects of IGFBP-3 in vivo are not well understood. Since IGFBP-3 is abundant in the bloodstream of healthy adults (typically 2–4 mg/L), and is largely stabilized by its complex formation with IGFs and ALS, it is unlikely that tumor-derived IGFBP-3 has a large influence on circulating levels. There have been many studies linking circulating IGFBP-3 levels to the presence, or risk, of various cancers, or to patient outcomes.

In December 1699, he composed the Prognostic Book on the Eclipse of the Sun that occurred in the Year 1699, September 13. This led some modern scholars to suggest that he was active in teaching mathematics and physics at the Princely Academy, but despite his evident interest in these subjects, this is nowhere corroborated. He also encouraged Cantacuzino and collaborated with him on the latter's map of Wallachia (1700), a work of remarkable accuracy on the political, historical, and economical geography of the country. In 1702, at Brâncoveanu's suggestion, John translated into modern Greek Theophylact of Ohrid's commentary on the Four Gospels, but this work was never published due to the contrary advice of Patriarch Callinicus II of Constantinople, according to whom it was useless for the educated, and too complicated for the ordinary people.

"Pulling the plug" on independent devices cannot be as simple as it appears, because if the device displays sufficient intelligence, and assumes a diagnostic and prognostic stature, we may ultimately one day be forced to decide between what it could be telling us as counterintuitive (but correct) and our impulse to disconnect because of our limited and "intuitive" perceptions. Warwick's robots seemed to exhibit behaviour not anticipated by the research, one such robot "committing suicide" because it could not cope with its environment.Warwick, K: "I, Cyborg", University of Illinois Press, 2004, p 66 In a more complex setting, it may be asked whether a "natural selection" might be possible, neural networks being the major operative. The 1999 edition of the Guinness Book of Records recorded that Warwick performed the first robot learning experiment using the Internet.

The data analysis algorithms and pattern recognition technology are now being offered in some commercial software platforms or as part of a packaged software solution. National Instruments currently has a trial version (with a commercial release in the upcoming year) of the Watchdog Agent® prognostic toolkit, which is a collection of data-driven PHM algorithms that were developed by the Center for Intelligent Maintenance Systems. This collection of over 20 tools allows one to configure and customize the algorithms for signature extraction, anomaly detection, health assessment, failure diagnosis, and failure prediction for a given application as needed. Customized predictive monitoring commercial solutions using the Watchdog Agent toolkit are now being offered by a recent start-up company called Predictronics Corporation in which the founders were instrumental in the development and application of this PHM technology at the Center for Intelligent Maintenance Systems.

However, advanced control algorithms are dependent upon data from multiple sensors to predict the behaviors of the industrial operation and make corrective responses. This type of system can become very brittle, insofar as any unrecognized degradation in the sensor itself can lead to incorrect responses by the control algorithm and potentially a worsened condition relative to the desired operation for the industrial facility. Therefore, implementation of advanced control algorithms in a resilient control system also requires the implementation of diagnostic and prognostic architectures to recognize sensor degradation, as well as failures with industrial process equipment associated with the control algorithms.Kun Ji, Yan Lu, Linxia Liao, Zhen Song, and Dong Wei, "Prognostics Enabled Resilient Control for Model-based Building Automation Systems," Proceedings of Building Simulation 2011, 12th Conference of International Building Performance Simulation Association, Sydney, November, 2011.

A pre-existing intratumoral anti-tumor T helper (Th-1) immune response has been linked to favorable outcomes with immunotherapy, but not all immunologically active cancers respond to treatment. In a pan-cancer analysis using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) including 31 cancer types from 9282 patients, high expression of the ICR signature was associated with significant prolonged survival in breast invasive carcinoma, skin cutaneous melanoma, sarcoma, and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma, while this "hot" immune phenotype was associated with reduced overall survival in uveal melanoma, low grade glioma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma and kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. In a systemic analysis, cancer-specific pathways were found to modulate the prognostic value of ICR. In tumors with a high proliferation score, ICR was linked to better survival, while in tumors with low proliferation no association with survival was observed.

The Atomic Energy Commission supported at least five grants for funding research on bone marrow transplants, which were proposed jointly by George and Gladys W. Royal. Their work was written and presented at various conferences, including the Fifth International Congress on Nutrition Washington, DC 1960 and the International Congress on Histochemistry and Cytochemistry held in Paris, France in 1960. George C. Royal collaborated at Howard University with Dr. Calvin Sampson and others to develop serological procedures having prognostic value in candidiasis; with Dr. Arvind Nandedkar to study antigenic compounds associated with Candida albicans; with Dr. Robert Watkins and Dr. Arvind Nandedkar to develop antibodies to nortriptyline as a method of reducing toxicity; and with Dr. Richard Garden in the department of Oral Surgery to study the effects of Chlorhexidine on the growth of clinical isolates of Candida species.

He has served on the editorial board for many cardiology journals in the world such as Cardiovascular Research, Cardiovascular Risk, Circulation, Hypertension, the British Heart Journal, Clinical & Experimental Physiology & Pharmacology, and the Journal of Ambulatory Monitoring. He has peer reviewed articles and co- authored scientific papers on topics such as blood pressure monitoring and control, autonomic control of the circulation, prognostic value of measures of heart rate variability, and pathophysiology of ischaemic heart disease, heart failure, and hypertension in journals such as The Lancet, New England Journal of Medicine, Circulation, Heart, European Heart Journal, the British Medical Journal and Clinical Science. Sleight is a world leading eminent cardiologist and has co-authored over 500 papers. His work according to Microsoft Academic Search been cited in over 40,000 papers and in hundreds of text books in the field of cardiology.

Treatment algorithms rely on breast cancer classification to define specific subgroups that are each treated according to the best evidence available. Classification aspects must be carefully tested and validated, such that confounding effects are minimized, making them either true prognostic factors, which estimate disease outcomes such as disease-free or overall survival in the absence of therapy, or true predictive factors, which estimate the likelihood of response or lack of response to a specific treatment. Classification of breast cancer is usually, but not always, primarily based on the histological appearance of tissue in the tumor. A variant from this approach, defined on the basis of physical exam findings, is that inflammatory breast cancer (IBC), a form of ductal carcinoma or malignant cancer in the ducts, is distinguished from other carcinomas by the inflamed appearance of the affected breast, which correlates with increased cancer aggressivity.

1950 Oct;60(10):962-85] In 1951, he completed his postdoctoral thesis at the University of Zurich, based upon his research in the area of physiologic and pathologic tooth mobility.MUHLEMANN HR. Measurement of dental mobility as a diagnostic and prognostic aid in paradontology]. Paradentologie. 1950 Sep;4(3):110-9. Thereafter, he pursued post-graduate education/training in the Department of Radiology at the University of Illinois, Chicago, and at the Oak Ridge National Laboratory in Tennessee, where he studied the use of radioactive isotopes for marking tissues.SWISS DENT 1/2018 At the university of Minnesota, he worked in the Department of Periodontology, gaining experience with primate model research systems. In 1953, he was called to chair the Department of Cariology and Periodontology at the University of Zurich, and was selected in 1963 as Director of the Dental Institute at the University of Zurich.

The major mark of totalitarian society, the role of fear and ideology, makes clear why Shlapentokh made the focus in his methodological studies the empirical validity of sociological data. This issue had largely escaped the attention of American sociologists who overestimated the impact of the freedom of expression on the readiness of their respondents to be sincere in their surveys. Shlapentokh and several of his colleagues were sure that respondents in any society, but particularly those in authoritarian societies, were influenced by "desirable values," the desire of people to answer questions in accordance with the ideology dominant in their milieu. No other expert on surveys in the United States has paid as much attention to the veracity of respondents as Shlapentokh has, developing his theories on this issue in two books published in Russian (see: The Empirical Validity of the Statistical Information in Sociological Studies 1973; The Quality of Sociological Information: Validity, Representativeness and Prognostic Potential 2006).

The iknife shortens the duration of a cancer surgery by eliminating long waits for results from the histological pathologist who now determines the boundary between cancerous and healthy tissue Onkoknife, iKnife, or intelligent scalpel (English: Jedi knife, onkoknife; Hungarian: onkokés, intelligens sebészi kés) is a surgical knife, which tests tissue as it contacts it during an operation, and immediately gives information as to whether that tissue contains cancer cells. During a surgery this information is given continuously to the surgeon, significantly accelerating biological tissue analysis and enabling identification and removal of cancer cells. Electroknives have been in use since the 1920s and smart knife surgery is not limited only to cancer detection. In clinical studies the iKnife has shown impressive diagnostic accuracy - identifying benign gynaecological tissue from ovarian cancer (97.4% sensitivity, 100% specificity), breast tumour from normal breast tissue (90.9% sensitivity, 98.8% specificity) and recognises histological features of poor prognostic outcome in colorectal carcinoma.

Prognosis (Greek: πρόγνωσις "fore-knowing, foreseeing") is a medical term for predicting the likely or expected development of a disease, including whether the signs and symptoms will improve or worsen (and how quickly) or remain stable over time; expectations of quality of life, such as the ability to carry out daily activities; the potential for complications and associated health issues; and the likelihood of survival (including life expectancy). A prognosis is made on the basis of the normal course of the diagnosed disease, the individual's physical and mental condition, the available treatments, and additional factors. A complete prognosis includes the expected duration, function, and description of the course of the disease, such as progressive decline, intermittent crisis, or sudden, unpredictable crisis. When applied to large statistical populations, prognostic estimates can be very accurate: for example the statement "45% of patients with severe septic shock will die within 28 days" can be made with some confidence, because previous research found that this proportion of patients died.

Medical biomarkers fall into 5 major categories: 1) diagnostic (used to identify if you have a disease or condition); 2) prognostic (used to determine how well you will do with the disease or condition); 3) predictive (used to determine if you may get the disease); 4) efficacy or monitoring (used to determine how well a drug or treatment is doing in fighting the disease) and 5) exposure (used to determine if you have been exposed to a drug, food, toxin or other kind of substance). Good biomarkers should exhibit good sensitivity (the fraction of correctly identified true positives) and good specificity (the fraction of correctly identified true negatives). A perfect biomarker or biomarker panel would be 100% sensitive (predict all people in the sick group as being sick) and 100% specific (not predicting anyone from the healthy group as being sick). However, since few things in life are perfect, there is often a trade-off between sensitivity and specificity.

Transient myeloproliferative disease develops and may be of concern in fetuses. Features in a review of 39 reported fetal cases include: reduced platelet production often accompanied by significantly reduced levels of circulating platelets; reduced red blood cell production sometimes accompanied by mild anemia; increased levels of circulating megakaryoblasts and white blood cells; grossly enlarged liver and liver dysfunction due to an excessive accumulation of platelet precursor cells; enlarged spleen presumed due mostly to the portal hypertension accompanying liver disease with extramedullary hematopoiesis possibly contributing to the enlargement; accumulation of excessive fluid in bodily compartments such as the pericardial, pleural, abdomnal spaces; hydrops fetalis, i.e. the accumulation of excessive fluid in two or more bodily compartments; cardiomegaly and other cardiac abnormalities resulting form atrial septal defects, small ventricular septal defects, and/or, possibly, accumulation of megakaryocytes and secondary cardiac fibrosis. Hydrops fetalis, when accompanied by liver dysfunction, is a particularly poor prognostic combination in TMD.

Globally, there are few studies comparing perioperative mortality across different health systems. One prospective study of 10,745 adult patients undergoing emergency abdominal surgery from 357 centres across 58 countries found that mortality is three times higher in low- compared with high-human development index (HDI) countries even when adjusted for prognostic factors. In this study the overall global mortality rate was 1·6 per cent at 24 hours (high HDI 1·1 per cent, middle HDI 1·9 per cent, low HDI 3·4 per cent), increasing to 5·4 per cent by 30 days (high HDI 4·5 per cent, middle HDI 6·0 per cent, low HDI 8·6 per cent; P < 0·001). A sub-study of 1,409 children undergoing emergency abdominal surgery from 253 centres across 43 countries found that adjusted mortality in children following surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries.

Neoplastic cell expression of CD30 in DLBCL, NOS is a favorable prognostic indicator; in these cases, brentuximab vedotin may be a useful addition to chemotherapy treatment protocols. This agent is a CD30-targeting antibody that delivers a toxin, monomethyl auristatin E, to CD30-expressing cells, has therapeutic efficacy against other CD30-expressing lymphomas, and may prove useful in treating the 10-15% of DLBCL, NOS cases expressing this protein. The neoplastic cells in the GBC variant of DLBCL, NOS often have mutations in the EZH2, BCL2 and CREBBP genes and overactive PI3K/AKT/mTOR and JAK-STAT signaling pathways while neoplastic cells in the ABC variant often have mutations in the MYD88, CD79A and CD79B genes and overactive B-cell receptor, toll-like receptor, and NF-κB signaling pathways. These different gene mutations and dysregulated signaling pathways are also being studied as potential therapeutic targets for the individualized treatment of GBC and ABC/non-GBC cases.

Cardiac-Stem-Cells Restoring adequate blood flow to the heart muscle in people with heart failure and significant coronary artery disease is strongly associated with improved survival, some research showing up to 75% survival rates over 5 years. A stem cell study indicated that using autologous cardiac stem cells as a regenerative approach for the human heart (after a heart attack) has great potential. American Heart Association practice guidelines recommend implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) use in those with ischemic cardiomyopathy (40 days post-MI) that are (NYHA) New York Heart Association functional class I. A LVEF measurement (simply called LVEF alone among cardiologists) of greater than (>) 30% is often used to differentiate primary from ischemic cardiomyopathy, and as a prognostic indicator. Coronary artery bypass surgery A 2004 study showed the patients in that study who underwent ventricular restoration as well as a coronary artery bypass achieved greater postoperative LVEF than with the latter surgery alone.

Hope and optimism serve as powerful catalysts for action. Research contends that prognostic framing—which offers tangible solutions, strategies, targets, and tactics—coupled with motivational framing is most efficacious in moving people to act. Especially as it relates to climate change, the power of positive psychology is made evident when applied by activists and others generating interventions. The four main tenets of motivation as elucidated by Positive Psychology are agency, compassion, resilience, and purpose. When applied to climate action, the 4th edition textbook Psychology for Sustainability, further expands upon these tenets as they relate to sustainability and as catalysts of action: # Agency: Choosing, planning, and executing situation-relevant behavior # Compassion: Noticing, feeling, and responding to others’ suffering arising from a sense of connectedness # Purpose: Striving toward meaningful activity # Resilience: Recovering from, coping with, or developing new strategies for resisting adversity Hope is a critical component in augmenting a sense of purpose and agency, while enhancing resilience.

DAHANCA 24 (2009-2011, 40 pts) The prognostic value of 18F -FAZA Positron Emissions Tomografi in patients with squanmous cell carcinoma after primary radiotherapy. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01017224 DAHANCA 25A (2009- 2011, 30 pts) Styrketræning kombineret med kosttilskud som intervention til genopbygning af muskelmasse efter strålebehandling for hoved-hals cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01025518 DAHANCA 25B (2011- 2012, 40 pts) Progressive resistance training combined with nutritional supplements as intervention for re-building the muscle mass af terh primary radiotherapy of head and neck cancer. ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01509430 DAHANCA 26 (2016 – 2020, 31 patients) Phase II Multicenter, unblinded, randomized study of paclitaxel and capecitabine versus paclitaxel, capecitabine and Cetuximab as first line treatment for recurrent and or metastatic head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.EudraCT 2014-001023-80 DAHANCA 28 (2013-2019, 50 patients ) Phase I/II study of accelereted hyperfractionate radiotherapy, concomitant cisplatin and nimorazol to patients with stage III-IV p16 negative squammous cell carcinoma of the larynx, pharynx and cavum oris. ClinicalTrials.

Since 2017, providing evidence-based practice is becoming more and more important and music therapy has been continuously critiqued and regulated in order to provide that desired evidence-based practice. A number of research studies and meta-analyses have been conducted on, or included, music therapy and all have found that music therapy has at least some promising effects, especially when used for the treatment of grief and bereavement. The AMTA has largely supported the advancement of music therapy through research that would promote evidenced- based practice. With the definition of evidence-based health care as "the conscientious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the care of individual patients or the delivery of health services, current best evidence is up-to-date information from relevant, valid research about the effects of different forms of health care, the potential for harm from exposure to particular agents, the accuracy of diagnostic tests, and the predictive power of prognostic factors" (Cochrane, 1972).

During his tenure, among other things, he promoted and created the Center for Research and Development in Health Sciences (CIDICS), with recognition as a center of excellence in health and biomedicine. From 2008 to 2010 he was regional vice president of the Consortium for North American Higher Education Collaboration (CONAHEC) and since 2009 is President (Rector) of the UANL. He has received numerous awards as the one conferred by the Harvard University in 2001 for making the institution a symbol of culture and humanism in our country; another one granted in 2001 from the Educational Support Club to Children in Hospital; he appeared in The Contemporary Who's Who in 2002 and the award in 2005 by the Michou and Mau, IAP Foundation, for his humanitarian work on behalf of children with severe burns. He has conducted research in Pathological Entities frequency; Special Techniques in Cytopathology; Immunohistochemistry Diagnostic and Prognostic and Epidemiology of Infections and Disorders Associated Chlamydia.

The United Kingdom (UK) criteria were first published by the Conference of Medical Royal Colleges (with advice from the Transplant Advisory Panel) in 1976, as prognostic guidelines.Conference of Medical Royal Colleges and their Faculties in the UK. BMJ 1976;2:1187–8 They were drafted in response to a perceived need for guidance in the management of deeply comatose patients with severe brain damage who were being kept alive by mechanical ventilators but showing no signs of recovery. The Conference sought "to establish diagnostic criteria of such rigour that on their fulfilment the mechanical ventilator can be switched off, in the secure knowledge that there is no possible chance of recovery". The published criteria—negative responses to bedside tests of some reflexes with pathways through the brainstem and a specified challenge to the brainstem respiratory centre, with caveats about exclusion of endocrine influences, metabolic factors and drug effects—were held to be "sufficient to distinguish between those patients who retain the functional capacity to have a chance of even partial recovery and those where no such possibility exists".

Another use of biomarkers in cancer medicine is for disease prognosis, which take place after an individual has been diagnosed with cancer. Here biomarkers can be useful in determining the aggressiveness of an identified cancer as well as its likelihood of responding to a given treatment. In part, this is because tumors exhibiting particular biomarkers may be responsive to treatments tied to that biomarker's expression or presence. Examples of such prognostic biomarkers include elevated levels of metallopeptidase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), a marker associated with more aggressive forms of multiple myeloma, elevated estrogen receptor (ER) and/or progesterone receptor (PR) expression, markers associated with better overall survival in patients with breast cancer; HER2/neu gene amplification, a marker indicating a breast cancer will likely respond to trastuzumab treatment; a mutation in exon 11 of the proto-oncogene c-KIT, a marker indicating a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) will likely respond to imatinib treatment; and mutations in the tyrosine kinase domain of EGFR1, a marker indicating a patient's non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) will likely respond to gefitinib or erlotinib treatment.

While in the stratosphere (post-test period), the tritium interacted with and oxidized to water molecules and was present in much of the rapidly produced rainfall, making tritium a prognostic tool for studying the evolution and structure of the hydrologic cycle as well as the ventilation and formation of water masses in the North Atlantic Ocean. Bomb-tritium data were used from the Transient Tracers in the Ocean (TTO) program in order to quantify the replenishment and overturning rates for deep water located in the North Atlantic. Bomb-tritium also enters the deep ocean around the Antarctic. Most of the bomb tritiated water (HTO) throughout the atmosphere can enter the ocean through the following processes: a) precipitation, b) vapor exchange, and c) river runoff – these processes make HTO a great tracer for time-scales up to a few decades. Using the data from these processes for 1981, the 1 TU isosurface lies between 500 and 1,000 meters deep in the subtropical regions and then extends to 1,500–2,000 meters south of the Gulf Stream due to recirculation and ventilation in the upper portion of the Atlantic Ocean.

The 15 tumor types where MORT is frequently silenced are acute myeloid leukemia, bladder urothelial carcinoma, breast invasive carcinoma, colon adenocarcinoma, head and neck squamous-cell carcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma, kidney renal papillary cell carcinoma, liver hepatocellular carcinoma, lung adenocarcinoma, lung squamous cell carcinoma, lymphoid neoplasm diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, pancreatic adenocarcinoma, rectum adenocarcinoma, skin cutaneous melanoma, and Uterine Corpus Endometrial Carcinoma. MORT is silenced in cervical cancer and therefore may serve as an independent prognostic factor with low MORT expression be associated with a decreased overall survival. Since cell immortality is an obligate feature of the cancer cell and MORT was discovered as a target of epigenetic silencing at the boundary where finite lifespan human cells transition from mortal to immortal, MORT’s epigenetic inactivation may create a cellular state permissive to cell immortalization and suggests a possible tumor suppressive mechanism of MORT’s action. If this prediction is true, then epigenetic silencing of MORT should be an early identifiable lesion during human carcinogenesis and predicted to occur in premalignant lesions where cells have acquired pathologic immortality on their route to malignant transformation.

HIF1A is overexpressed in many human cancers. HIF1A overexpression is heavily implicated in promoting tumor growth and metastasis through its role in initiating angiogenesis and regulating cellular metabolism to overcome hypoxia. Hypoxia promotes apoptosis in both normal and tumor cells. However, hypoxic conditions in tumor microenvironment especially, along with accumulation of genetic alternations often contribute to HIF1A overexpression. Significant HIF1A expression has been noted in most solid tumors studied, which include cancers of the gastric, colon, breast, pancreas, kidneys, prostate, ovary, brain, and bladder. Clinically, elevated HIF1A levels in a number of cancers, including cervical cancer, non-small-cell lung carcinoma, breast cancer (LV-positive and negative), oligodendroglioma, oropharyngeal cancer, ovarian cancer, endometrial cancer, esophageal cancer, head and neck cancer, and stomach cancer, have been associated with aggressive tumor progression, and thus has been implicated as a predictive and prognostic marker for resistance to radiation treatment, chemotherapy, and increased mortality.HIF1A expression may also regulate breast tumor progression. Elevated HIF1A levels may be detected in early cancer development, and have been found in early ductal carcinoma in situ, a pre-invasive stage in breast cancer development, and is also associated with increased microvasculature density in tumor lesions.

When eye melanoma is spread to distant parts of the body, the five-year survival rate is about 15%. Several clinical and pathological prognostic factors have been identified that are associated with higher risk of metastasis of uveal melanomas. These include large tumor size, ciliary body involvement, presence of orange pigment overlying the tumor, and older patient age. Likewise several histological and cytological factors are associated with higher risk of metastasis, including presence and extent of cells with epithelioid morphology, presence of looping extracellular matrix patterns, increased infiltration of immune cells,, and staining with several immunohistochemical markers. The most important genetic alteration associated with poor prognosis in uveal melanoma is inactivation of BAP1, which most often occurs through mutation of one allele and subsequent loss of an entire copy of chromosome 3 (monosomy 3) to unmask the mutant copy. Because of this function in inactivation of BAP1, monosomy 3 correlates strongly with metastatic spread Where BAP1 mutation status is not available, gains on chromosomes 6 and 8 can be used to refine the predictive value of the monosomy 3 screen, with gain of 6p indicating a better prognosis and gain of 8q indicating a worse prognosis in disomy 3 tumors.

Globally, there are few studies comparing perioperative mortality following laparotomy across different health systems. One major prospective study of 10,745 adult patients undergoing emergency laparotomy from 357 centres in 58 high-, middle-, and low-income countries found that mortality is three times higher in low- compared with high-HDI countries even when adjusted for prognostic factors. In this study the overall global mortality rate was 1.6 percent at 24 hours (high 1.1 percent, middle 1.9 percent, low 3.4 percent; P < 0.001), increasing to 5.4 percent by 30 days (high 4.5 percent, middle 6.0 percent, low 8.6 percent; P < 0.001). Of the 578 patients who died, 404 (69.9 percent) did so between 24 h and 30 days following surgery (high 74.2 percent, middle 68.8 percent, low 60.5 percent). Patient safety factors were suggested to play an important role, with use of the WHO Surgical Safety Checklist associated with reduced mortality at 30 days. Taking a similar approach, a unique global study of 1,409 children undergoing emergency laparotomy from 253 centres in 43 countries showed that adjusted mortality in children following surgery may be as high as 7 times greater in low-HDI and middle-HDI countries compared with high-HDI countries, translating to 40 excess deaths per 1000 procedures performed in these settings.