608 Sentences With "native speaker" | Random Sentence Generator

"Find a native speaker and have that native speaker have fun, interesting conversations with your child, and your child will learn something," Dr. Hoff said.

However, the writer denied knowing any Russian, and so the most reasonable conclusion is that he is a Russian native speaker rather than a Romanian native speaker.

The average non-native speaker believed he or she was smarter than 46 percent of the class, while the average native speaker claimed to be smarter than 61 percent.

Amadeo García García is the last native speaker of their language.

She had fluent femininity, the passive grace of a native speaker.

The author of this post is a non-native speaker of English.

This is a great way to sound more like a native speaker.

Mashable had a native speaker of Hungarian verify the translation of the quote.

The going rate is insanely good for private, native-speaker English lessons in Moscow.

The native speaker might also choose to break those rules to achieve certain effects.

Unlike Spicer, who was not a native speaker, the Mooch doesn't need a translator.

For one thing, Guccifer 2.0's Romanian is reportedly awkward for a native speaker.

Tandem aims to solve the problem for you by connecting you with a native speaker.

Further, the users found talking with a native speaker helped with their escapades while traveling.

The words are Arabic but she does not have the accent of a native speaker.

Spanish language class is now mandatory for all trainees, even if they're a native speaker.

Neither was a native speaker, but both were determined to bring up their children as such.

I write as well as any native speaker, even though I still speak with an accent.

Despite its small native speaker base and status with the government, Elfdalian is experiencing a renaissance online.

And in Spanish, her words slice through the air with the sharp precision of a native speaker.

Alonzo, an indigenous Maya and native speaker of Chuj, has little Spanish and communicated through a translator.

She is a native speaker of Spanish herself and is rising in the company, earning good wages.

At this point, a native speaker has to make a decision: What to do with that G?

Supposedly, the best way to master a foreign language is to fall in love with a native speaker.

So, as a native speaker, I looked to see if Duolingo would be a solid alternative, even for beginners.

They can collaborate on Google Slides, or, using Adobe Connect, they can practice Spanish individually with a native speaker.

Much of Iranian speech is rife with exaggerations that, while understood by a native speaker, do not translate well literally.

The $6 a month subscription will limit image searches and will not provide access to a native speaker for questions.

With 24/7 access to Rocket Languages, you'll be conversing like a native speaker in a fraction of the time.

You'll be surprised how quickly your accent will go from sounding like a tourist to that of a native speaker.

Frankly, I'm not even sure a native speaker would be able to separate this string of shrieking vocalizations into distinguishable words.

But at the end of the day, Genao says nothing will accelerate language learning like daily conversations with a native speaker.

In my free time, I tutor students who want to improve their English conversation skills through lessons with a native speaker.

A few hours of talking from a native speaker is the raw data, which is then fed into a machine learning system.

Cornish was pushed further and further down the Cornish peninsula over the last millennium, until the last known native speaker died in 1777.

Trying to get an English native speaker to pronounce it correctly was impossible, so I tried going by 'Leo' a few years ago.

Many Japanese are so embarrassed by the inevitable mistakes that a non-native speaker makes that they prefer not to try at all.

It transcends countries, cultures, generations, and operating systems; just about anyone, whether a native speaker of English, Arabic, Japanese, or Russian, can become fluent.

Filling out an application can be a daunting process for a native speaker, let alone for a student reading it in a second language.

Among those who'd signed up, she said, I could count on a certain level of English, though not every one was a native speaker.

"A military officer read prepared religious remarks, which were translated into Arabic by a native speaker," a US defense official said at the time.

The other's first draft read slightly like that of a non-native speaker, but was fixed when Recorded Future told them to do better.

The highest law was "the intuition of a native speaker," a law you couldn't find in any grammar book or program into any computer.

You probably won't mistake them for real people, but they do allow you to get closer to the experience of conversing with a native speaker.

The many English words used in Japanese are often so changed as to be unrecognisable to a native speaker: aidoru (idol), Makudonarudo (McDonalds), bareboru (volleyball).

Everyone else sounds like they're speaking a second language when they talk about how they've been sent good weather, but Eden is a native speaker.

They are not considered a challenge to the average native speaker, though English language learners of any age will have to attend carefully to them.

But I would never be mistaken for a native speaker, could never let loose a torrent of Spanish words like the heroine of an Almodóvar movie.

Every day, the temple hosts a "Monk Chat" program, where foreigners can ask questions about Buddhism and allow monks to practice English with a native speaker.

It is someone who is ... Not born speaking it, but learns it as their native tongue, and George Soros was actually a native speaker of Esperanto.

Meanwhile, Leslie McCartney, the Curator of Oral History at UAF, tracked down a Mr. Moses Dirks, a native speaker of a similar dialect from the Aleutian Islands.

Unfortunately, products like Rosetta Stone leave people feeling burned after claiming the process should be easy while never helping you practice talking with a real native speaker.

Do yourself a favor and learn a foreign language (or maybe at least consult with a native speaker) before having a random phrase permanently tattooed on your skin.

By working with Animoca, Cryptokitties was able to build out a localized website for its Chinese-speaking audience, provide native-speaker support services, and host numerous giveaway events.

Our journalists traveled to a remote river outpost to meet Amadeo García García, above, the last member of the group and the last native speaker of its language.

I'd reply that no native speaker—by which I meant no normal person —would ever make that distinction, feeling as though I were living with Andy Kaufman's Foreign Man.

As the man who plays Diogo, Rotilio is as close as it comes to a native speaker of Belter, the constructed language of the oppressed working class on The Expanse.

This week's list includes a time travel game, an adult coloring app by Disney and an app that helps you learn languages faster by connecting you with a native speaker.

His presidential campaign had taken him far from home lately, to New Hampshire, Iowa and South Carolina, he said, racing through his words with the fluency of a native speaker.

One of our journalists traveled to a remote river outpost to meet Amadeo García García, above, the last member of the group and the last native speaker of its language.

Castro, by the way, has admitted his Spanish skills are not top rate and he rarely spoke the language at home growing up even though his mother is a native speaker.

If you have questions about word choice or grammar within any of the sentences, you can ask in a discussion thread attached to each sentence, and a native speaker will respond.

"But you don't need to be a native speaker to understand the derogatory connection between the word 'pig' and a culture," Hong, wrote in a post on his personal WeChat account.

My own health insurance company, CareConnect,understands that some of our members may want to see a female doctor or a native speaker of their own language, and is ready make those connections.

Talk with an actual native speaker with HelloTalk VIP Ask anyone who is bilingual, and they'll tell you the secret to actually mastering a foreign language is by surrounding yourself with native speakers.

Consistent with a non-native speaker who studied it in college, her conversation is peppered with Americanisms and internet slang, as would be the case for anyone who spends time on Western social media.

Holmes said that whether it's Yiddish, Spanish, Haitian Creole or any other language, the health department typically takes a translation from a licensed service and runs it past a native speaker in the community.

To accurately portray someone living in the Satmar community of Williamsburg, Haas, a native Hebrew speaker, had to master the language well enough to deliver her lines with the emotion of a native speaker.

Whereas translators today mostly convert texts into their first language, Livius was a Greek, a native speaker of the source language, and Naevius, who followed him, though born in Italy, had Greek as a childhood language.

Motherboard later reported findings of linguistics specialists who said that his Romanian answers did not seem like those of a native speaker, and that the syntax of several of his English lines echoed Russian sentence constructions.

I've written about this before, actually—it's not just about translating the words, it's about absorbing and understanding everything from context and culture to puns, references and the kind of detail a native speaker would expect.

IKEA French was pretty much out of the question, meaning that, since Olivier, a native speaker, worked twice as many hours a week as Swiss stores were open, we went for months without things like lamps.

The Speech Production Lab at the University of Texas at Dallas describes it as a "speech disorder that causes a sudden change to speech so that a native speaker is perceived to speak with a 'foreign' accent".

If you make it through an entire Duolingo skill tree or a Memrise lesson plan, it might be time to upgrade to an in-person class, or you might want to find a native speaker to practice with.

Beau Woods, deputy director of the Cyber Statecraft Initiative at the Atlantic Council, said that the Korean language used in some versions of the WannaCry ransom note was not that of a native speaker, making a Lazarus connection unlikely.

Note the differences in length and rhythm between the English subtitles and the dialogue being spoken in this video: Acting in a different language — particularly if you're supposed to sound like a native speaker — can take some getting used to.

He was accepted as a native speaker of South Korean—the language of the country where more than 23,000 American troops are stationed and similar to the version spoken in North Korea, a nation threatening nuclear warfare against the United States.

There are more, like the French girl who used the somewhat archaic English phrasing "people young and old," which seems like an odd thing for a non-native speaker to say but which is phrasing Zito herself has also used.

The requirements are relatively simple — most companies require you to have a Bachelor's degree, be a native speaker, and have some prior experience with students, whether it be teaching, volunteering, or mentoring — and it's possible to start generating income quickly.

When you're first learning a foreign language, no one talks about plagiarism: if you're trying to order a coffee in a cafe, and you copy the exact expressions a native speaker would use, then you're doing exactly what you should be doing.

Universal music education, a culture of egalitarian consumerism (think H&M and IKEA) and the ability to enunciate English lyrics more clearly than any native speaker help to explain why this small nation is the world's third largest music exporter, after Britain and America.

If you take the Pearson Test of English, which is a test that's used for immigration purposes in many countries, for citizenship purposes or for admission, if you're a non-native speaker and you want to go and study at an English-speaking university.

To apply for one of these positions, all you have to do is be a native speaker of the language in question and get through the training period, which usually involves being exposed to some of the most extreme content published on the social network.

Memrise handles this a bit better, with lessons dedicated to how certain particles and grammar work, but it helps to have external lessons, an instructor, or best of all a native speaker to help explain some of the finer points of nuance in a language's grammar.

Since I'm not a native speaker of English I cannot comment on the deep connections one may feel when speaking English, but I can say when I read the game comparison between Ecco the Dolphin and Seaman in Rolling Stone magazine, it was clear to me the writers did a great job understanding the core concept of the game.

And my culture is dying, my people are dying, and it's because of a history of mass genocide and forced sterilization and plagues and poverty and broken treaties — and it actually hurts to imagine that someday, the word 'tribe' might live on on the faceplate of some MAC cosmetic, long after the last native speaker of the Nimiípuu is gone.

Phrases like "legit check" (confirming that a seller is legit), "QC" (quality check on shoes), "1:1 succ" (successfully obtaining or passing off fake shoes as the real thing), and the dozens of cryptic inside jokes would be off-putting, even to a native speaker of English, and nearly impenetrable for a Chinese businessperson with limited command of the language.

I thought of what Rujeko Hockley, co-curator of the 22016 Whitney Biennial, wrote about one of its participants, Toyin Ojih Odutola, who was born in Nigeria and emigrated to America when she was five: She encapsulates all of these categories: immigrant, citizen, native-born, foreign-born, native speaker, ESL learner, African-American, but not African-American in the way that we generally mean it here […].

As a 229-year-old Asian American male who is the eldest child of parents who were able to emigrate to America from China in 268 (the Chinese Exclusion Act did not apply to my half-Chinese/half-English father, a child born from the social crime of miscegenation in New York in 268 before growing up in China), my curiosity about the selection criteria was further piqued when I read a statement that Hockley made about Toyin Ojih Odutola, who was born in Nigeria and emigrated to America when she was five: She encapsulates all of these categories: immigrant, citizen, native-born, foreign-born, native speaker, ESL learner, African-American, but not African-American in the way that we generally mean it here […].

Varonis and Gass noted that negotiation of meaning was the most common among non-native speaker/non-native speaker pairs.

"What's most astonishing is the fact that Native Speaker is self-produced, and that it's so self-assured," argued Andrew Winistorfer. "You’ll probably listen to more immediate albums this year, but few will have the down-the-rabbit-hole quality that marks Native Speaker for success".Andrew Winistorfer Native Speaker. Prefix review.

Pineda is a native speaker of two Philippine languages: Tagalog and Kapampangan.

The term native speaker was defined in the following way by Leonard Bloomfield: "The first language a human being learns to speak is his native language; he is a native speaker of this language". Later on, theoretical linguistics placed the native speaker construct into an idealized position and assumed that a native speaker was the only reliable source of linguistic data by formulating the construct that of an "ideal speaker- listener, in a completely homogenous speech community," as defined by Noam Chomsky. Since then, the construct has been critically discussed in the field of English language teaching. Some of the researchers argued that second language acquisition research under the dominance of idealized native speaker model creates a "monolingual bias in second language acquisition (SLA) theory", and "elevates an idealized native speaker above a stereotypical 'nonnative' while viewing the latter as a defective communicator, limited by an underdeveloped communicative competence".

Spotted Eagle is a native speaker of Lakota, and learned English in school.

The languages taught at KSTBB are: German (for non- native speaker), English, Spanish, and French.

Charlie Mungulda of the Northern Territory, Australia, was the last native speaker of the Amurdag language.

Fleisher, B., Hashimoto, M., & Weinberg, B. A. (2002). "Foreign GTAs can be effective teachers of economics." Journal of Economic Education, 33, 299–325. Some English native-speaker students in Canada reported a preference for non-native speaker instructors as long as the instructor's speech is intelligible.

Finally, there are examples that appear to be in a special category of non-native-speaker eggcorns.

It is not known whether his first language was Finnish or Swedish; Pernå was mostly a Swedish-speaking district, but the language he used in his works indicates that he was a native speaker of Finnish. However, he mastered both languages like a native speaker and was possibly a bilingual child.

Zensus is married and has two adult sons. He is a native speaker of German and fluent in English.

A native speaker of Irish, In 2018 Ó Héalaí gave a TEDxBerkeley talk on the Irish Language and Beauty.

LettiE is an English speaking club. The guidance teacher of this club is the native speaker teacher of SSHS, Kathrine.

As a native speaker of Fijian, Kamali works with metaphors, imagery, and rhythm of the Fijian, English, and Māori languages.

Dola and her siblings were among the first native speakers of Modern Hebrew. Her brother, Itamar Ben-Avi, was the first native speaker. In 1921, she married Max Wittmann, a German who became the first non-Jewish language activist in Palestine to found a Hebrew-only family with a native speaker of Hebrew.See Orbaum's account.

The last native speaker, Albert Green, died some time after that.Giulia Oliverio, "Tutelo Grammar and Dictionary", 1996 (PhD. thesis) pp. 6–19.

The last native speaker, William Rozario, died on 20 August 2010 in Vypeen. Some in Cochin still understand it to a degree.

These models also explain why native-speaker adults rarely overregularize. They are so thoroughly practiced in the language that retrieval rarely fails.

I amn't a native speaker of English, but I do find it more pleasant listening to British English than the American equivalent.

Vocals were provided by Kathy Fisher who, despite not being a native speaker of the language, sang the Welsh lyrics provided by Williams.

The same person may sometimes overregularize and sometimes say the correct form. Native- speaker adults can overregularize, but this does not happen often.

Defining what constitutes a native speaker is difficult, and there is no test which can identify one. It is not known whether native speakers are a defined group of people, or if the concept should be thought of as a perfect prototype to which actual speakers may or may not conform. An article titled "The Native Speaker: An Achievable Model?" published by the Asian EFL Journal states that there are six general principles that relate to the definition of "native speaker". The principles, according to the study, are typically accepted by language experts across the scientific field.

Adelbert von Chamisso too might have consulted with a native speaker of Hawaiian in Berlin, Germany, before publishing his grammar of Hawaiian (') in 1837.

He even berated his wife for singing a Russian lullaby. Ben-Zion thus became the first native speaker of modern Hebrew as a mother tongue.

Walter Sutherland (died c. 1850), a former inhabitant of the northernmost cottage in the UK, was reportedly the last native speaker of the Norn language.

Stoyanvova is also related to Bulgarian graphic artist Veselin Staikov. A native speaker of the Bulgarian language, Stoyanova also speaks German, English, French and Russian.

The first gave insight to what will happen if the implementation of hiring foreign native English speakers to teach English became too successful."Smile and speak good english" – The mrbrown Show, 14 June 2006. Retrieved 223 October 2010 The second tells of how he imagines the interviews with the native speaker applicants for the teaching jobs."The native speaker interviews" – The mrbrown Show, 19 June 2006.

Initially, the student makes gestures for specific, concrete objects, such as keys or a rock, and then moves on to adjectives. The student always responds in full sentences. The language gestures used are based on American Sign Language. Because the focus is creating an interactive game between the native speaker and the learner, it may be preferable to select a native speaker without language-teaching experience.

While some argue that there is no such thing as a "native speaker" or a "mother tongue", it is important to understand the key terms as well as to understand what it means to be a "non-native" speaker, and the implications that can have on one's life. Research suggests that while a non-native speaker may develop fluency in a targeted language after about two years of immersion, it can take between five and seven years for that child to be on the same working level as their native speaking counterparts. On 17 November 1999, UNESCO designated 21 February as International Mother Language Day.

Itamar Ben-Avi (; 31 July 1882 - 8 April 1943) was the first native speaker of Hebrew in modern times. He was a journalist and Zionist activist.

He is a native speaker of Scots and hails from a Gaelic-speaking background. He is married to a school teacher who is originally from Luxembourg.

Retrieved March 10, 2017. By the early 19th century, their numbers were already dwindling. By 1934, the last native speaker, Emma Jackson, was in her eighties.

Crutzen is married and has two children. He is a native speaker of both French and Italian, fluent in English and speaks Dutch on an intermediate level.

The name "Nagpuri" has been propagated by poets and writers. In recent years the native speaker of Sadri/Nagpuri language are known as Nagpuri in western study.

The band started working on Native Speaker in Montreal in September 2009. The recording of the album was completed during the winter of 2010. After negotiating with labels in the United States and Canada, Braids announced Chad Vangaalen's label Flemish Eye would distribute Native Speaker in Canada and Kanine Records would release the album in the United States. According to the band's Q interview, it cost less than $500 to make.

Covert bilingualism and symbolic competence: Analytical reflections on negotiating insider/outsider positionality in Swedish speech situations. Applied Linguistics, 35(1), 63-81. In linguistics, first language acquisition is closely related to the concept of a "native speaker". According to a view widely held by linguists, a native speaker of a given language has in some respects a level of skill which a second (or subsequent) language learner cannot easily accomplish.

Edward "Ned" Maddrell () was a fisherman from the Isle of Man who, at the time of his death, was the last surviving native speaker of the Manx language.

The sample text is a reading of the first sentence of The North Wind and the Sun by a native speaker of Common Czech, who is from Prague.

Barrington also speaks of a John Nancarrow from Marazion who was a native speaker and survived into the 1790s. The plant genus Barringtonia is named in his honour.

Raimu Hanson. Teadusdoktor käib mööda liivi radu. Postimees, 09.12.2011. (Accessed December 9, 2011.) and qualified as the last living native speaker of the Livonian language of her generation.

As of 2017, the last full-blooded Yahgan was "Abuela" (grandmother) Cristina Calderón, who lives in Chilean territory. She is the last native speaker of the Yahgan language.

Many of his poles still stand in Prince Rupert and even Adelaide Australia. Jeffrey was a native speaker of Smalgyax, a Tsimshian language. He also spoke English and Chinook Jargon.

Bobai is Yue Chinese dialect spoken in Bobai County, Guangxi. It was documented by the Chinese linguist Wang Li, a native speaker, and is well known for its tone system.

Cornish became extinct as a first language in the late 18th century with the last native speaker thought to have died in 1777. Its cultural legacy has continued within Cornwall.

Smith was the last Klallam native speaker to teach her language on Washington's Olympic Peninsula. Smith had planned to make audio recordings of additional Klallam stories in the Spring of 2013.

Native Speaker (1995) is the first novel by Korean-American author Chang-Rae Lee. It explores the life of a man named Henry Park who tries to assimilate into American society.

People learning a second language rarely reach the same level of competence as native speakers. In fact, by definition, they can never become a native speaker of another language. Very few L2 users are at a level where they can pass for a native speaker, but even their knowledge is not exactly the same as that of monolingual native speakers. Most L2 users are immediately identifiable by their foreign accent, and often by their syntax or choice of words.

She taught Arabic studies at Columbia, the University of Chicago and the University of Virginia before moving to the United Kingdom. Ouyang speaks both Arabic and Mandarin Chinese as a native speaker.

On the other hand, it was further argued that the native speaker "exists only as a figment of linguist's imagination" and concluded that it is "more like a myth than a reality".

"Last native speaker of Klallam language dies in Washington state", Reuters, February 7, 2014. It continues to be spoken with varying degrees of fluency by many younger Klallam as a second language.

The Centre runs a Tandem Language Learning programme which allows students to work with a native speaker of their target language improving their conversation skills as well as learn about their counterpart's culture.

Because Iran does not allow its citizens to relinquish their citizenship, that country considers him an Iranian citizen as well. He is a native speaker of Persian and fluent in German and English.

With the manuscript for Native Speaker as his thesis, he received a master of fine arts degree in writing in 1993 and became an assistant professor of creative writing at the university. On 19 June 1993 Lee married architect Michelle Branca, with whom he has two daughters. The success of his debut novel, Native Speaker, led Lee to move to Hunter College of the City University of New York, where he was hired to direct and teach in the prestigious creative-writing program.

According to the nature of the intermediary representation, an approach is described as interlingual machine translation or transfer-based machine translation. These methods require extensive lexicons with morphological, syntactic, and semantic information, and large sets of rules. Given enough data, machine translation programs often work well enough for a native speaker of one language to get the approximate meaning of what is written by the other native speaker. The difficulty is getting enough data of the right kind to support the particular method.

She was a native speaker of Nahuatl and contributed a series of folktales from Milpa Alta to Franz Boas who published them (without acknowledging her as the author) in 1924. She died in 1943.

Donnie Munro (Donaidh Rothach) (born 2 August 1953) is a Scottish musician, and former lead singer of the band Runrig. A native speaker of Scottish Gaelic, much of his work is in that language.

Native Speaker is the debut studio album by the Canadian experimental pop/art rock band Braids, released by Flemish Eye/Kanine Records on January 18, 2011 (April 11 in the UK) to critical acclaim.

Though not a native speaker, she has studied the language since childhood. She sang selections from the album at a gala in Los Pinos in honor of French president Nicolas Sarkozy who was present.

This is an on-campus apartment complex where students commit to speak only their chosen foreign language while in their apartments. Each apartment has at least one native speaker to ensure correct language usage.

As a native speaker of West Flemish, her research has also touched upon the comparative study of English and West Flemish in terms of the subject position and its relation to the clausal structure.

Naomi Baki (born in Raga, Western Bahr el Ghazal, South Sudan in 1985) is a French and South Sudanese author and advocate for South Sudan. She is a native speaker of the Kresh language.

Dorothy Pentreath (16 May 1692 [baptised] - 26 December 1777), known as Dolly, was the last known native speaker of the Cornish language. She is also the best-known of the last fluent speakers of Cornish.

Višak is married with two children, who were born in 2004 and 2006. She is a native speaker of German and a German citizen, and is also fluent in English and Dutch, with conversational French.

According to the 2002 Census, there were 4,249 Selkups in Russia (4,300 in 1970). There were 62 Selkups in Ukraine, only one of whom is a native speaker of the Selkup language (Ukrainian Census 2001).

This is usually done through social interaction with the native speaker. Given that language exchanges generally take place between native speakers of different languages, there is also the side benefit of improving cross-cultural communication.

In addition, in one study researchers tested the question of whether adding video to electronic communication helps to explain a detailed task (a map route) to another person. They found that for native speaker pairs it did not bring any additional benefits, but for non-native speaker pairs it brought significant improvement to the task. Coordination is how much combined effort exists between various parts of an organization and how consistent and coherent they are.(Cheng, 1983) Coordination is positively associated with virtual team performance.

An immersion method called the master-apprentice program was started in 1992 by Advocates for Indigenous California Language Survival to aid in Karuk revitalization efforts. In order to fully immerse a beginning speaker in Karuk, people who are interested in learning the language are paired with a fluent native speaker who they follow throughout the day. During this time spent with the native speaker, learners are only allowed to speak Karuk. The program is intensive, typically lasting 40 hours a week for 3 years.

Thanakorn Sribanjong a.k.a. "Hone" is the youngest child among the three (3) children of Thanat Sribanjong. Hone's interest include playing guitar, football, and singing. He is a native speaker of Thai and can also speak English.

Destiny Treglown, Marie Wilcox's great-granddaughter is raising her son, Oliver, as a Wukchumni speaker. If Oliver reaches fluency, he will become the only other native speaker of the language and the first in four generations.

French, English and Italian all have one native speaker. , the population was 50.1% male and 49.9% female. The population was made up of 415 Swiss men (48.0% of the population) and 18 (2.1%) non-Swiss men.

The 1990s saw further growth, as David Wong Louie received acclaim for his short story collection, Pangs of Love, and Eric Liu collected memoirs and essays in The Accidental Asian: Notes of a Native Speaker (1997).

Identifying the last native speaker of the Cornish language was a subject of academic interest in the 18th and 19th centuries, and continues to be a subject of interest today. The traditional view that Dolly Pentreath (1692-1777) was the last native speaker of the language has been challenged by records of other candidates for the last native speaker, and additionally there are records of others who had knowledge of the language at a later date, while not being native speakers. Finding the last speaker of the language is complicated by the lack of audio recordings or transcriptions owing to the date of the language extinction. It is very difficult to know, without such evidence, whether those reported as speaking Cornish into the 19th century were able to speak the language fluently, or even whether they were speaking it at all.

Lambiel lives in Lausanne, Switzerland and received his "maturité" (matura) in biology and chemistry in June 2004. A native speaker of French, Lambiel also speaks Portuguese, High German (not Swiss German), and English and is learning Italian.

From 1710 Werenfels (a native speaker of German) was asked to preach sermons in the French church at Basel; they were in a plain style.Edwin Charles Dargan, A History of Preaching vol. 2 (1905), p. 269; archive.org.

Official Profile of Harsh Mahajan @ hpvidhansabha.nic.in He has been the Parliamentary Secretary from 1994 to 1998 and has served as Animal Husbandry Minister (at the Cabinet level). He is also a native speaker of English and Hindi.

Work from this period was debuted on a series of short tours, including a brief reunion with Deerhunter. With the structure of the group's music largely established, the band began to record and self-produce their debut album, Native Speaker, in July 2009. With only the drum tracks laid out for the album, the band embarked on their first major tour across Canada a month later. Work resumed on Native Speaker when the group returned to Montreal in September 2009. The band completed recording the album during the winter of 2010.

As with many other "last native speakers," there is controversy over Pentreath's status. Her true claim to notability is not as the last speaker of the language, but rather as its last fluent native speaker. After her death, Barrington received a letter, written in Cornish and accompanied by an English translation, from a fisherman in Mousehole named William Bodinar (or Bodener) stating that he knew of five people who could speak Cornish in that village alone. Barrington also speaks of a John Nancarrow from Marazion who was a native speaker and survived into the 1790s.

Foreign accent reduction training is typically appropriate for adult learners who have at least a moderate level of conversational proficiency in the second language. Non-native speakers from any background or profession can benefit from accent reduction training. That is not to say that every non-native speaker needs to modify their accent, however. The goal of accent reduction training is to improve speaking clarity so the non-native speaker is understood in the workplace as well as within their community; not necessarily to totally eliminate the accent.

Some ethnic Livonians are learning or have learned Livonian in an attempt to revive it, but because ethnic Livonians are a small minority, opportunities to use Livonian are limited. The Estonian newspaper Eesti Päevaleht erroneously announced that Viktors Bertholds, who died on 28 February 2009, was the last native speaker who started the Latvian-language school as a monolingual. Eesti Päevaleht "" ("The last native speaker of Livonian from the older generation has died"), March 4, 2009. Some other Livonians had argued, however, that there were some native speakers left, including Viktors Bertholds' cousin, Grizelda Kristiņa.

Also, simultaneous bilinguals may not have a language that is indistinguishable from that of a native speaker or a language where their knowledge of it is less extensive than a native speaker's; therefore testing for attrition is difficult.

Reese-Williams was born in Glanamman, South Wales. She lived in Swansea until the age of 4, when her family moved to Brecon, Mid Wales. Reese-Williams is a native speaker of Welsh. She now lives in South London.

He was born in Turkey. His family moved to Vienna shortly after his birth. Yilmaz is a native speaker of Turkish and German and speaks Czech, Slovak and English fluently.YILMAZ JE FANÚŠIKOM TRNAVY, CHCE BYŤ AKO MIROSLAV KARHAN 21.01.

A Lakota native speaker, Fire Thunder has also been active in tribal efforts to recover and revive use of the Lakota language among its young people and adults. She sees use of the language as integral to their culture.

The last native speaker of Bijil Neo-Aramaic, Mrs. Rahel Avraham, died in Jerusalem in 1998. The remaining second-language speakers are all related and over 70 years of age, and most from Barzan. Other speakers are from Aqra.

It will probably be impossible to establish who the definitive "last native speaker" of Cornish was owing to the lack of extensive research done at the time and the obvious impossibility of finding audio recordings dating from the era. There is also difficulty with what exactly is meant by "last native speaker", as this has been interpreted in differing ways. Some scholars prefer to use terms such as "last monoglot speaker", to refer to a person whose only language was Cornish, "last native speaker", to refer to a person who may have been bilingual in both English and Cornish and furthermore, "last person with traditional knowledge", that is to say someone who had some knowledge of Cornish that had been handed down, but who had not studied the language per se. The last known monoglot Cornish speaker is believed to have been Chesten Marchant, who died in 1676 at Gwithian.

R. M. W. Dixon described his hunt for a native speaker of Mbabaram in his book Searching for Aboriginal Languages: Memoirs of a Field Worker. Most of what is known of the language is from Dixon's field research with Bennett.

"The Awful German Language" is an 1880 essay by Mark Twain published as Appendix D in A Tramp Abroad. The essay is a humorous exploration of the frustrations a native speaker of English has with learning German as a second language.

Some languages are very close to disappearing. > Forty six languages are known to have just one native speaker while 357 > languages have fewer than 50 speakers. Rare languages are more likely to > show evidence of decline than more common ones.

The BCC Intensive English Program (IEP) was created in 2002 to increase students' ability to understand and use English confidently and effectively in a range of different contexts. This program will let students learn and practice English with a native speaker.

Cló Iar-Chonnacht (CIC; , "West Connacht Press") is an Irish language publishing company founded in 1985 by writer Micheál Ó Conghaile, a native speaker of Irish from Inis Treabhair in Connemara. He set the company up while still a student.

Estiphan Panoussi (born September 11,1935 in Sanandaj, Iran) is a philologist, philosopher, orientalist, and international scholar of Iranian Assyrian (Aramaic) origin. He is professor emeritus of the University of Gothenburg and native speaker of Senaya, a Northeastern Neo-Aramaic language.

Most Dene Dháa adults speak Dene Dháh as their first language, and the language is still being passed on to children. In 2006, a survey conducted among school-aged children in Chateh reported a native- speaker proficiency rate of 65%.

According to Brown, while his ability in Thai was reputed as "legendary" and he could be mistaken for a native speaker over the phone, unlike his native English, he had to consciously monitor his production to speak Thai correctly. "When I speak Thai, I think in Thai," he wrote. "When I speak English, I think only in thought—I pay no attention to English." Brown claimed that, in contrast, the ALG approach of implicit learning without study or practice can produce adults who fluently speak a second language like a native speaker without conscious attention to language.

Shibboleths, that is, phrases in a language that are difficult for someone who is not a native speaker of that language to say might be regarded as a type of tongue-twist. An example is Georgian baq'aq'i ts'q'alshi q'iq'inebs ("a frog croaks in the water"), in which q' is a uvular ejective. Another example, the Czech and Slovak strč prst skrz krk ("stick a finger through the throat") is difficult for a non-native speaker due to the absence of vowels, although syllabic r is a common sound in Czech, Slovak and some other Slavic languages.

Johnston P. Regional Variation in Jones C. (1997) The Edinburgh History of the Scots Language, Edinburg University Press, p. 435. The traditional Black Isle dialect of Cromarty became extinct in October 2012, upon the death of the last native speaker, Bobby Hogg.

He is a native speaker of Thai and also speaks English. His father Roland Maurer died of a diabetes- related heart attack on June 27, 2011. He has a very close relationship with his brother Marco, a hip-hop artist and actor.

The Sami languages are a group of related languages spoken across Lapland. They are distantly related to Finnish. The three Sami languages spoken in Finland, Northern Sami, Inari Sami and Skolt Sami, have a combined native speaker population of 2,004 in 2019.

The band toured extensively in 2011 in support of Native Speaker, headlining their own shows in Canada, the United States and Europe, in addition to supporting acts including Baths, Asobi Seksu, Toro y Moi, The Antlers, Wild Beasts, Girls and label mates Pepper Rabbit.

Okolo is married with two children. She is a native speaker of English, also fluent in Ibo, Hausa, Yoruba, and French. She is a Christian of the Catholic faith, a member of the Catholic Women Organizational and Lady of the Knights of Saint Mulumba(LSM).

The report failed to recognise that Tito was a native speaker of the very distinctive local Kajkavian dialect of Zagorje. His acute accent, present only in Croatian dialects, and which Tito was able to pronounce perfectly, is the strongest evidence for his Zagorje origins.

He was almost certain to have been a native speaker of the language.Meier 2008, p. xv Educated at the University of Glasgow, he graduated in 1476, then obtained an MA in 1478. As great-grandson of Robert IIITasioulas, J.A The Makars, Canongate, p.789.

Wukchumni (Wikchamni) is a dialect of Tule-Kaweah Yokuts that was historically spoken by the Wukchumni people of the east fork of the Kaweah River of California. Marie Wilcox in 2016 Marie Wilcox, born 1933, is currently the only remaining native speaker of the language.

In fact, he was very > nearly a native speaker as well as being a kindly, saintly man. In recognition of his lifetime of work in preserving the culture and language of the Isle of Man, Quirk received the Reih Bleeaney Vanannan award in 1997.

Tjamiwa at the Handback of title ceremony at Uluru 26 October 1985 Tony Tjamiwa (died 12 May 2001), also known as Tony Curtis, was a highly respected elder, traditional healer and storyteller of the Pitjantjatjara people. He was a native speaker of the Pitjantjatjara language.

"How Many Languages Were Spoken in Australia?", Anggarrgoon: Australian languages on the web, December 23, 2011 (corrected February 6, 2012) The last native speaker, Tommy George, died on 29 July 2016 in Cooktown Hospital.A "legend", Indigenous Australian Leader, Knowledge Holder Tommy George Passes On.

The last native speaker is believed to have died in the first decade of the 2000s, at which time only 10 people were estimated to have Akuriyó as a second language. By 2012, only two semi-speakers remained."Akurio" Ethnologue 2012. Retrieved 1 April 2012.

Quirk's tireless work teaching Manx inspired a new generation of younger Manx speakers, particularly after the death of the last native speaker Ned Maddrell; "he was the nearest we had to an old native speaker of Manx." While still at school, Brian Stowell started attending lessons taught by Quirk, who then introduced him to the other members of Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh such as Doug Fargher. Brian Stowell would go on to be one of the most important figures in the modern Manx revival movement. > But meeting Leslie Quirk was crucial for me – he was a fluent speaker of > Manx who'd learned his Manx from native speakers.

The Lingala spoken in Kinshasa shows a vowel shift from to , leading to the absence of the phoneme in favor of . The same occurs with and , leading to just . So in Kinshasa, a native speaker will say mbóte as , compared to the more traditional pronunciation of .

The last native speaker of Manx died in the 1970s, though use of the Manx language never fully ceased. There is now a resurgent language movement and Manx is once again taught in all schools as a second language and in some as a first language.

A native speaker of Afrikaans, TerBlanche also speaks English and German fluently, and can speak French, Italian, and Russian with varying levels of fluency. TerBlanche was married to André Kock from 1997 to 2008, when they divorced."Esta TerBlanche," Internet Movie Database. Retrieved 17 August 2011.

Henry Joseph Monk Mason (15 July 1778 – 14 April 1858) was an Irish writer who, although not a native speaker, specialised in Irish-language activities. He was a founder of The Irish Society, dedicated to spreading the Scripture in Irish, and a campaigner for prison reform.

The text is aimed at young nobles lecturing on courtesy, courtly love (minne), and chivalry, based on contemporary scholastic works on ethics, philosophy, and the liberal arts. The adoption of (Bavarian) Middle High German by a non-native speaker is a valuable contemporary source for linguistic researchers.

Yalarnnga (also Jalarnnga, Yalarrnnga, or Yalanga) is an extinct Australian Aboriginal language of the Pama–Nyungan family, that may be related to the Kalkatungu language. It was formerly spoken in areas near the town of Dajarra, in far northwestern Queensland. The last native speaker died in 1980.

Students have voiced frustration that only non-native students have to prove their language skills, when being a native speaker in no way guarantees college-level academic literacy. Studies have shown that these tests can cause different passing rates among linguistic groups regardless of high school preparation.

Ethnologue Report for Eskimo–AleutKaplan 1990: 136 The last native speaker of Sirenink Eskimo, Vyie (Valentina Wye) () died in January 1997.Vakhtin 1998: 162Linguist List's description about Nikolai Vakhtin's book: The Old Sirinek Language: Texts, Lexicon, Grammatical Notes. The author's untransliterated (original) name is "Н.Б. Вахтин ".

Due to budget constraints, producers of student films and stage plays, showcase theater and slimly financed independent films and web series may avoid hiring a dialect coach, and instead substitute the services of a low-paid or volunteer native speaker model in hopes that the actors will be able to learn mimetically, retain the accent and act in it without expert guidance or monitoring. In some such cases, cast members may themselves pay a coach, sometimes in consultation with the director, though employing crew is not normally regarded as a cast member's responsibility. In other cases, actors may attempt to self-study the dialect using commercially available training materials or web-based voice archives which host native-speaker recordings of oral histories or interviews or other scripted speech. The majority of such archives also provide native-speaker recordings of phonemically balanced narrative passages, especially Comma Gets a Cure, which is structured around the lexical sets of English and other phonological patterns of potential interest to the student of dialect.

Speakers of Irish existed in Omeath until the middle of the 20th century. The last native speaker of Omeath Irish was Anne O'Hanlon, who died in 1960 aged 89. Although the dialect is now extinct, recordings have been made by German linguist Wilhelm Doegen for the Royal Irish Academy.

Barrington also speaks of a John Nancarrow from Marazion who was a native speaker and survived into the 1790s.Ellis, P. Berresford (1971?) The Story of the Cornish Language. Tor Mark Press Chesten Marchant, d. 1676, a woman from Gwithian, is believed to have been the last monoglot Cornish speaker.

He has been a permanent resident of the United States since 1991. He has one daughter, Gaia, born in 1994. Attardo is a native speaker of Italian and French. He has served on the thesis and dissertation committees for other humor scholars, including Christian F. Hempelmann and Katrina Triezenberg.

The manuscript containing the Skeireins text is a palimpsest. Currently it is housed at the Vatican Library (Vat. lat. 5750) in Rome. There are conflicting views on whether the Skeireins was written directly in Gothic by a native speaker or whether it was a translation from a Greek original.

The Chinookan languages were a small family of languages spoken in Oregon and Washington along the Columbia River by Chinook peoples. Although the last known native speaker of any Chinookan language died in 2012, the 2009-2013 American Community Survey found 270 self-identified speakers of Upper Chinook.

It is specially designed for students of business and management, political sciences and international relations but applications submitted by students from other disciplines may also be considered. The programme is taught entirely in English, non-native- speaker applicants should therefore be sure to communicate in English without problems.

Jayaji Rao Sindhia, Maharaja of Gwalior, studying English, 1846 Language teaching practice often assumes that most of the difficulties that learners face in the study of English are a consequence of the degree to which their native language differs from English (a contrastive analysis approach). A native speaker of Chinese, for example, may face many more difficulties than a native speaker of German, because German is more closely related to English than Chinese. This may be true for anyone of any mother tongue (also called the first language, normally abbreviated L1) setting out to learn any other language (called a target language, second language or L2). See also second language acquisition (SLA) for mixed evidence from linguistic research.

A native speaker is defined according to the following guidelines: #The individual acquired the language in early childhood and maintains the use of the language. #The individual has intuitive knowledge of the language. #The individual is able to produce fluent, spontaneous discourse. #The individual is communicatively competent in different social contexts.

Marie Smith Jones (May 14, 1918 – January 21, 2008)ADN.com "How Do You Learn a Dead Language?", Christine Cyr, Slate, January 28, 2008 of Cordova was the language's last native speaker,John McWhorter,"No Tears For Dead Tongues", Forbes,2/21/2008 @ 6:00PM. and the last full-blooded Eyak.

Oost-Veluws (East Veluws) is one of the main dialects of Veluws and is therefore related to West-Veluws and Sallaans. It is spoken in the Dutch province Gelderland. However, it is quite rare to come across a native speaker of "Oost-Veluws", as few people actually still speak this dialect.

And technically, linguistically, she > was right. As a young adult, Quirk took lessons in the Harbour Master's Office in Peel with Caesar Cashin, a native speaker and fisherman, and president of Yn Çheshaght Ghailckagh. Several other high-level Manx speakers such as Charles Craine and John Gell also learned there.

Orbaum, a columnist for the Jerusalem Post, had met the couple on numerous occasions. At the time of her death, she was the world's oldest native speaker of Modern Hebrew. Both Dola and her husband are buried in the Alliance Church International Cemetery in the German Colony neighborhood of Jerusalem.

The researchers believed she understood the Klallam language better than her husband and the other members of the project. According to Valadez, "She said, 'This is Ed's work.' She was very traditional." Adeline Smith died in March 2013, leaving Sampson as the last surviving, native speaker of the Klallam language.

Spoken mainly in Jämtland, but with a scattered speaker population throughout the rest of Sweden, Jämtlandic or Jämska is a West Scandinavian language and part of the Norrland sockenmål with 95% lexical similarity to Norwegian and Swedish, but is generally more archaic. It has a native speaker population of 30,000.

Truman Washington Dailey, (October 19, 1898 - December 16, 1996) also known as Mashi Manyi ("Soaring High") and Sunge Hka ("White Horse"), was the last native speaker of the Otoe-Missouria dialect of Chiwere (Baxoje-Jiwere- Nyut'achi), a Native American language. He was a member of the Otoe-Missouria Tribe of Indians.

For instance, the lycée Montaigne provides Portuguese and Polish and the lycée Buffon offers Hebrew and Swedish. The Lycée offers an ABIBAC section, with German history classes taught by a native speaker. The students taking part in the section will take the Abitur and the Baccalauréat exams at the end of 12th grade.

Known to his contemporaries as Sam, Mainwaring was born 15 December 1841 in Penrhiwtyn, Neath, Wales. He was a native speaker of Welsh and retained an affinity for the tongue throughout his life.Mat Kavanagh, "Some Little Known Anarchists: Sam Mainwaring," Freedom, 1934. Reprinted in KSL: Bulletin of the Kate Sharpley Library, no.

The Eyak spoke a distinct language closely related to the Athabaskan languages. Pressure from neighboring ethnic groups and the spread of English resulted in a decline of the Eyak language. Marie Smith Jones (1918–2008) was the last native speaker. Michael Krauss is known first and foremost as an Eyak language specialist.

Hennessy was born at Castle Gregory, County Kerry. After school education he emigrated to the United States, where he lived for some years. He returned to Ireland and wrote in newspapers, but concentrated on Irish literature: he was a native speaker. In 1868 he obtained an appointment in the Public Record Office, Dublin.

Char Kway Teow (炒粿條 Tshá-kúe-tiâu). These spellings are often inconsistent and highly variable with several alternate spellings being well established, e.g. Char Koay Teow. These methods, which are more intuitive to the average native- speaker, are the basis of non-standard romanisation systems used in some written material.

Yu, p. 381. "Les auteurs, universitaires ou chercheurs[...]," Of the authors of the essays, 9 were from France, 4 were from Germany, and one each were from Italy, Norway, Taiwan, and the United States.Fogel, p. 161. Of all of the authors, only one, Andrew H. Plaks, is a native speaker of English.

The International Organization for Standardization (sometimes by means of a registration authority) maintains and publishes standards for languages, among other things: the ISO 639-3 standards for languages include type H, for historical languages, part of a five-way typology to classify languages. Besides the historic languages, there are also ISO 639-3 classifications for living languages (languages with currently living native speakers), extinct languages (for languages whose last native speaker died within the last few centuries), ancient languages (whose last attested native speaker died more than a millennium ago), and constructed languages (which may or may not have native speakers). Old English is an example of a historic language. The ISO 639 language code for Old English is `ang`.

Fulton received his BA in philosophy from Bowdoin College in 1970, his master's degree in Korea Regional Studies, from the University of Washington in 1983, and his Ph.D. in Modern Korean Literature from Seoul National University.KTLIT Fulton CV Page Fulton and his wife met at Seoul National University in 1978, while Fulton was volunteering in the Peace Corps. They married in 1979 and eventually realized that together they were "the ideal translation team," as Bruce was a native speaker of English who knew Korean, and Ju-Chan was a native speaker of Korean who knew English. Fulton is the inaugural holder of the Young-Bin Min Chair in Korean Literature and Literary Translation in the Department of Asian Studies, University of British Columbia.

The last documented native speaker of Wiyot died in 1962. The Wiyot tribal government is in the process of reviving the language. A central act in the Wiyot people's spirituality is an annual World Renewal Ceremony held at Tuluwat village. Indian Island, formerly called Duluwat Island, was and is the center of the Wiyot world.

Jan Theuninck (born 7 June 1954) is a Belgian painter and poet. Although born in Zonnebeke, Belgium, and a native speaker of Dutch, he writes in French and occasionally English. His painting is abstract, falling somewhere between minimalism and monochrome expressionism. As a painter, he has been influenced by Ellsworth Kelly and Joan Miró.

Loux (2006), p. 274ff. To make sense of the word gavagai either way, the linguist simply has to assume that the native speaker does not refer to complicated terms like rabbits-tropes.Loar, Reed: inscrutability of reference. The finding, then, that gavagai means rabbit is not really a translation, but merely a common sense interpretation.

A number of people died during the storm and the flood that followed. Yagi has one junior high school and five elementary schools: Yagi, Tomimoto, Shinjo, Yoshitomi and Kamiyoshi. Yagi has been a long-time participant in the JET Programme, and employs a foreigner and native speaker to teach English in the town's schools.

Samuel Taylor Blue (c. 1871-1959) was a Native American chief of the Catawba Tribe from 1928 to 1939 and also in 1956, although he was looked to as a leading figure in the tribe only some of the time he was chief. Blue has been called the last native speaker of the Catawba language.

The Accidental Asian: Notes of a Native Speaker is a collection of memoirs and essays by American writer Eric Liu published in 1998. One of his arguments criticizes the unified Asian American movement with uniform interests. The book was well received by major reviewers, including The New York Times Book Review and Time magazine.

As older former orphans were volunteers the old Creole dialect persisted around the orphanage with the encouragement of the elders of the denomination. There was a TV special on WBNB in the 1970s which had some former orphans who were by that time quite old. Alice Stevenson, likely the last native speaker, died in 1987.

She thus became the first woman to manage an opera company in Britain. Her management of the opera company was very controversial. Tours of Italy followed her time in London, after which she retired first to Munich and then to Neuburg. Regina Mingotti was fluent in German, French and Italian, to native speaker level.

Haas was born in Richmond, Indiana. She attended high school and Earlham College in Richmond. She completed her PhD in linguistics at Yale University in 1935 at age 25, with a dissertation titled A Grammar of the Tunica Language. In the 1930s, Haas worked with the last native speaker of Tunica, Sesostrie Youchigant, producing extensive texts and vocabularies.

Preparing good lessons in SDAIE require awareness that the student is not a native English speaker and avoidance of those aspects of English that might make it difficult for a person learning English as a second language. This includes avoiding idiomatic English, which may seem natural to a native speaker but would confuse non-native speakers.

Doherty was born to an Irish family living in Glasgow, Scotland. The family returned home to the Gaeltacht area of Gweedore (Gaoth Dobhair), County Donegal, when he was three years old. He grew up there and is a native speaker of the Irish language. He enrolled in a civil engineering degree course at Dublin Institute of Technology in 1996.

Even though over 90% of Cape Verdean Creole words are derived from Portuguese, the grammar is very different, which makes it extremely difficult for an untrained Portuguese native speaker even to understand a basic conversation. On the other hand, the grammar shows a lot of similarities with other creoles, Portuguese-based or not (check syntactic similarities of creoles).

The Selk'nam spoke a Chon language. The last native speaker died in 1974 but Joubert Yanten Gomez, a linguistic prodigy from Santiago, Chile, taught himself the language in the early 21st century while still a teenager. He calls himself by a Selk'nam name, Keyuk. He studied a lexicon published in 1915 by José María Beauvoir, a Salesian missionary.

Sebastian Schneider has always been reluctant to speak about his personal life. In 2004 he loses his mother in a car accident which affects him profoundly, adopting this posture since then. He is a polyglot, being a Spanish native speaker, proficient in English and also speaking German and Italian. Schneider is also an electronics technician and sound engineer.

Levitzke-Gray in 2015 Drisana Levitzke-Gray (born 1993The Deaf Odyssey of Drisana - Photos, photographs, Drisana Levitzke-Gray, 4 January 2015, accessed 26 January 2016) is an Australian disability rights campaigner from Perth, Western Australia. She is an advocate for deaf culture, and a native speaker of Auslan. In 2015, she was the Young Australian of the Year.

Dwelly often had to pose as a native speaker of Scottish Gaelic in order to obtain the opportunity to further his knowledge and understanding of colloquial Scottish Gaelic.Wmffre, Ivan. "Ideology and the learning of Celtic languages", in Mugnaini, Fabio; Ó Héalaí, Pádraig; and Thompson, Tok (eds.), The past in the present: A multidisciplinary approach, pp. 240–41. Italy: ed.it. .

Róisín Elsafty (born in Connemara, Ireland) is a singer in the sean-nós tradition. She is a native speaker of Irish. She comes from a musical family, being the daughter of Treasa Ní Cheannabháin, one of the most admired singers of the region, and having sisters, including Naisrín Elsafty, who are also performers. Her stepfather, Saber Elsafty, is Egyptian.

Ursula von der Leyen is a native speaker of German and French; she speaks fluent English, having lived for a combined five years in the United Kingdom and the United States. She is a keen equestrian and has been involved in competitive horseriding. She lives with her family on a farm near Hanover where they also keep horses.

Due to their silent nature, phi-features are often only understood if someone is a native speaker of a language, or if the translation includes a gloss of all these features. Many languages exhibit a pro-drop phenomenon which means that they rely on other lexical categories to determine the phi-features of the lexical heads.

An interesting contrast to omission of evidentials is overuse of evidentials. If a speaker uses evidentials too much with no reason, competence is brought into question. For example, the overuse of –m(i) could lead others to believe that the speaker is not a native speaker or, in some extreme cases, that one is mentally ill.

Swiss Federal Statistical Office accessed 21-September-2012 Most of the population () speaks German (152 or 97.4%) as their first language. French and Spanish both have one native speaker. , the population was 47.9% male and 52.1% female. The population was made up of 79 Swiss men (47.3% of the population) and 1 (0.6%) non-Swiss men.

Interlanguage is claimed to be a language in its own right. Learner language varies much more than native-speaker language. Selinker noted that in a given situation the utterances produced by the learner are different from those native speakers would produce had they attempted to convey the same meaning. This comparison reveals a separate linguistic system.

He was made a freeman of the Borough of Wrexham in 1963. A centenary celebration of his birth was held in Wrexham in 1991. Though not a native speaker, Dodd was a supporter of the Welsh language and brought up his children as Welsh speakers, at a time when the language had far less social status than now.

This led to more systematic research on linguistic data such as native speaker judgments and distinctions in grammaticality. Many notable linguists have written on the topic, including Andrew Radford,Radford, Andrew (1982). Transformational Syntax: A Student's Guide to Chomsky's Extended Standard Theory Cambridge University Press, Rodney Huddleston,Huddleston, Rodney D. (1976). An Introduction to English Transformational Syntax.

He is not a native speaker of Pennsylvania German, but learned it at a young age from classmates. According to Ira Wagler, author of the best selling book "Growing Up Amish", he speaks "flawless PA Dutch".Schmid’s World at irawagler.com. He grew up north of Fredericksburg, Ohio in a not very religious family, but as a young adult he became a Christian.

A native speaker can distinguish the dialect of Daegu from that of the Busan-Ulsan area although the first city is less than 100 kilometers away from the latter two cities. Dialectal forms are relatively similar along the midstream of Nakdong River but are different near Busan and Ulsan, Jinju and Pohang as well as along the eastern slopes of Mount Jiri.

Platon Kostyuk was born in Kyiv to the family of the Ukrainian psychologist Hryhoriy Kostyuk. A native speaker of both Ukrainian and Russian, Kostyuk studied English and German, and graduated from high school when the German-Russian War began in 1941. Kostyuk entered Stalingrad University to study biology and Roman philology. He was later evacuated to Siberia where he studied medicine till 1945.

UNESCO recognizes it as a living language but also as "extremely endangered" because it has only one native speaker. The Chamber of Deputies of the Entre Ríos Province recently recognized the necessity for the government to recognize and protect the language.Diario de Sesiones de la Cámara de Diputados de la Provincia de Entre Ríos, sesión del 03 de julio de 2018.

Upon its release, the album received generally good reviews from music critics. Aggregating website AnyDecentMusic? reported a score of 7.4 based on 19 professional reviews. Prefix magazine described Native Speaker as the "beguiling, bewitching debut album" calling it "this young year's early champion, an engrossing album that bears the very real possibility that you won’t 'get it' even after a dozen listens".

Jiwarli (also spelt Djiwarli, Tjiwarli) is an Australian Aboriginal language formerly spoken in Western Australia. It is a variety of the Mantharta language of the large Pama–Nyungan family. The last native speaker of Jiwarli, Jack Butler, died in April 1986. Prof Peter K. Austin (Linguistics Department, SOAS) collected all the available material on Jiwarli during fieldwork with Jack Butler 1978–1985.

More sophisticated computer joke programs have yet to be developed. Based on our understanding of the SSTH / GTVH humour theories, it is easy to see why. The linguistic scripts (a.k.a. frames) referenced in these theories include, for any given word, a "large chunk of semantic information surrounding the word and evoked by it [...] a cognitive structure internalized by the native speaker".

In a Rosetta Stone Language Learning exercise, the student pairs sound or text to one of several images. The number of images per screen varies. For example, the software shows the student four photographs. A native speaker makes a statement that describes one of the photographs, and the statement is printed on the screen; the student chooses the photograph that the speaker described.

The Plains Apache language (or Kiowa Apache language) is a Southern Athabaskan language formerly spoken by the Plains Apache, organized as the Apache Tribe of Oklahoma, living primarily around Anadarko in southwest Oklahoma. The language is extinct as of 2008, when Alfred Chalepah, Jr., the last native speaker, died.Morgan, J. L. (2012). Classificatory Verbs in Plains Apache (Doctoral dissertation, University of Oklahoma).

Andrés Xiloj Peruch was a K'iche' daykeeper (K'iche': ajq'ij) from Momostenango in Guatemala. He was also one of the four "chuchkajawib" (lineage leaders) of Momostenango. After his death, his son Angél became chuchkajaw of the Santa Isabel lineage. Being a native speaker of the K'iche' language and a practitioner of traditional Maya calendric divination, he served as a consultant for several anthropological studies.

It has been awarded the Singapore Quality Class (SQC) for Private Education Organizations, and its native-speaker language teachers have been approved by the Singapore Ministry of Education (MOE). SQC is an initiative under the Singapore Government's Education Excellence Framework."Fast Track To Expansion With 'Green Lane'", Enterprise One, Singapore Government. Cambridge Institute is geared to the needs of foreign students.

Kamassian is an extinct Samoyedic language, included by convention in the Southern group together with Mator and Selkup (although this does not constitute an actual subfamily). It had two dialects: Kamassian (also known as Kamas) and Koibal. The last native speaker of the Kamassian dialect, Klavdiya Plotnikova, died in 1989. Kamassian was spoken in Russia, north of the Sayan Mountains, by Kamasins.

Wulfstan was a native speaker of Old English. He was also a competent Latinist. As York was at the centre of a region of England that had for some time been colonised by people of Scandinavian descent, it is possible that Wulfstan was familiar with, or perhaps even bilingual in, Old Norse. He may have helped incorporate Scandinavian vocabulary into Old English.

Aranama (Araname), also known as Tamique, is an extinct unclassified language of Texas, USA. It was spoken by the Aranama and Tamique peoples at the Franciscan mission of Espíritu Santo de Zúñiga. It is only known from a two- word phrase from a non-native speaker: himiána tsáyi 'give me water!'. Variations on the name are Taranames, Jaranames ~ Xaranames ~ Charinames, Chaimamé, Hanáma ~ Hanáme.

Pronunciation like that of native speaker is important in presenting the model. Through repetition of phrases and sentences, a dialogue is learned by the first whole class, then smaller groups and finally individual learners. Reading and writing are introduced in the next stage. The oral lesson learned in previous class is the reading material to establish a relationship between speech and writing.

Qualification requirements vary considerably from country to country and among employers within the same country. In many institutions it is possible to teach without a degree or teaching certificate. Some institutions will consider it necessary to be a native speaker with an MA TESOL. A university degree in English language and literature can also be of value, as indeed can any specialist degree.

Historically the native speaker of Sadri/Nagpuri language are known as Sadan. Sadan means non-tribal Indo-Aryan language speaker who traditionally speak Nagpuri, Khortha, Panchpargania and Kurmali. The Nagpuri as a linguistic and cultural identity is perhaps origin of early modern period. The known use of name Nagpuri was first used by king Medini Ray for Nagvanshi king Raghunath Shah.

Loeak was born on the Ailinglaplap Atoll on 11 November 1952. He attended Marshall Islands High School before traveling to the United States to study at the Hawaii Pacific College and Gonzaga University School of Law. Loeak is a native speaker of Marshallese and also speaks English. He is married to Anono Lieom Loeak and has three children and eight grandchildren.

Language exchanges have been viewed as a helpful tool to aid language learning at language schools. Language exchanges tend to benefit oral proficiency, fluency, colloquial vocabulary acquisition, and vernacular usage. A major benefit of language exchange is the exposure to the native speaker's culture. Understanding the culture of native speaker will help with understanding why and how the language is used.

Duborg-Skolen is a Danish non-denominational secondary school with Sixth Form extension located in Flensburg, Germany. It is one of a number of schools operated by members of the Danish minority of Southern Schleswig, and it is the leading school for this community. The school teaches both Danish and German at native-speaker level. All other topics are instructed in Danish.

The Brazilian linguist Cléo Vilson Altenhofen was born and grew up in Harmonia, Rio Grande do Sul; he is a native speaker of Riograndenser Hunsrückisch. As such, he co-wrote together with linguist Jaqueline Frey, also a native speaker of this dialect and a native to Itapirange, Santa Catarina, and he personally delivered a historic speech before congress in Brasília, revindicating better minority language public policies for the country. Here is a section of that original text: In mein Gemeind in Itapiranga, Santa Catarina, hott’s eenfach net die Chance gebb, in de Schul Deitsch se lenne - ich menne hiemit Hochdeitsch ... (Translation: In my community in Itapiranga, Santa Catarina, there was no opportunity to learn German - by that I mean High German).Das bresilionische Deitsch unn die deitsche Bresilioner: en Hunsrickisch Red fo die Sprochrechte, Cléo V. Altenhofen/Jaqueline Frey; Revista Contingentia, Vol.

The speaker continues that the day after the harvest, families are invited to celebrate, a lamb is killed, and it is shared amongst everyone along with the corn. They light fireworks and extend to each family five corn cobs each, and everyone goes on enjoying the celebration. In the clay pots video, another native speaker, this one a woman, explains the process of clay pot making.

Catawba () is one of two Eastern Siouan languages of the eastern US, which together with the Western Siouan languages formed the Siouan language family. The last native speaker of Catawba died before 1960. Red Thunder Cloud, apparently an impostor born Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins West, claimed to speak the language until he died in 1996 (Goddard 2000). The Catawba tribe is now working to revive the Catawba language.

In Beijing, she entered Yenching University, where she met Michael Lindsay, who was a professor there. Lindsay was using his protected status as a foreign citizen to smuggle radio and medical supplies to the communists, who were resisting the Japanese occupation. He needed a native speaker of Chinese to help him and Hsiao Li agreed to assist him. The couple married on 25 June 1941.

This was part of a general revival of the Manx language and culture, after the death of the last native speaker of Manx in 1974. Musicians of the Manx musical revival include King Chiaullee, Skeeal, The Mannin Folk, Mactullagh Vannin, Moot and many others. Culture Vannin provides a central resource for Manx music and dance through the manxmusic.com website, which has links to most performers.

She was a native speaker of both Italian and German and knew French and English.Godt, 541 As a child, she played for the Imperial court, where she "attracted attention with her beautiful voice and her keyboard playing". As an adult, she was frequently asked to perform before the Empress Maria Theresa.Godt 1995, 538 A number of the works that Marianna composed are set for solo voice.

A Quechua native speaker, Elva Ambía was born in the Andean region of Huancavelica and grew up in Chincheros, Apurímac; then migrated to Lima, the country's capital. Due to the country's economic situation and to help her family in Peru, she migrated to the United States at the age of 22. In New York City she worked at sewing factories, social service offices and schools.

She was born in Oslo to a Norwegian father and an American mother, and grew up in West End Oslo. She is a native speaker of both Norwegian and English. She studied Russian, German and international studies in Oslo and Moscow, before earning a creative writing degree from Bath Spa University and a management degree from the University of Bath. She lives in London.

They eventually settled in a number of villages in western Turkey around the municipality of Manyas. In order to avoid discrimination, the Ubykh elders encouraged their people to assimilate into Turkish culture. Having abandoned their traditional nomadic culture, they became a nation of farmers. The Ubykh language was rapidly displaced by Turkish and other Circassian dialects; the last native speaker of Ubykh, Tevfik Esenç, died in 1992.

Yona Sabar (, born 1938 in Zakho, Iraq) is a Kurdish Jewish scholar, linguist and researcher. He is professor emeritus of Hebrew at the University of California, Los Angeles. He is a native speaker of Northeastern Neo-Aramaic and has published more than 90 research articles about Jewish Neo-Aramaic and the folklore of the Kurdish Jews. Sabar was born in the town of Zakho in northern Iraq.

153-170 in Brad Patterson (ed.), The Irish in New Zealand: Historical Contexts and Perspectives, Wellington, Stout Centre for New Zealand Studies, 2002, p.166. In 1903 Fr William Ganly, a native speaker from the Aran Islands prominent in Gaelic Revival circles in Melbourne, visited Milton, where he met a large number of Irish speakers.'Rev. W. Ganly in New Zealand,’ The Advocate, 14 February 1903, p.

Bamum ( "language of the Bamum", or Shümom "Mum language"), also spelled Bamun or in its French spelling Bamoun, is an Eastern Grassfields language of Cameroon, with approximately 420,000 speakers. The language is well known for its original script developed by King Njoya and his palace circle around 1895. Cameroonian musician Claude Ndam was a native speaker of the language and sang it in his music.

Okunbo is a native speaker of the Edo language, and a fluent speaker of English. Okunbo pursued a desire to become a pilot by studying at the Nigerian Civil Aviation Training Centre, Zaria, Kaduna State, and became a professional commercial pilot at the age of 21. He also attended ACME School of Aeronautics, Fort Worth Texas in 1983, where he obtained an Airline Transport Pilot License.

In addition to its Gaelic heritage, the Black Isle had its own dialect of North Northern Scots, used mainly among fisherfolk in Avoch and Cromarty, where it became extinct in October 2012, upon the death of Bobby Hogg, the last native speaker. Now barely used, there are Clootie well sites at Munlochy, Jemimaville and Avoch. Anne MacLeod, the writer, lives on the Black Isle.

Verrips, Maaike. (2011.) 'LADO and the pressure to draw strong conclusions: A response to Tina Cambier-Langeveld.' International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law 18(1): 131–143. Claims for and against the use of such native-speaker analysts, and their ability to conduct LADO satisfactorily vis-a-vis the ability of academically-trained linguists, have only recently begun to be the subject of research (e.g.

In 1986, Chomsky proposed a distinction similar to the competence/performance distinction, entertaining the notion of an I-Language (internal language) which is the intrinsic linguistic knowledge within a native speaker and E-Language (external language) which is the observable linguistic output of a speaker. It was I-Language that Chomsky argued should be the focus of inquiry, and not E-Language.Chomsky, Noam (1986).Knowledge of Language.

As of 2014, there are between 1,400 and 1,700 recorded tribal members (these figures vary by source). The Mohegan language has been dormant for approximately 100 years; the last native speaker, Fidelia A.H. Fielding, died in 1908. Fielding, a descendant of Chief Uncas, is deemed the preserver of the language. She left four diaries that are being used in the 21st-century process of restoring the language.

Language Policy, 4(1), 47–66 It is evident that English has acquired a significant role in the linguistic landscape of Singapore, as Singapore is the only (non-native speaker) country which has adopted English as a working language, short of Singapore, no other country has channelled its language policies into churning out a population that is bi-literate in English and another official language.

Valkoisen hiekan kansa, Jyväskylä 2001Edgar Vaalgamaa - Muistokirjoitus - Muistot, hs.fi, Retrieved 2 March 2015. Supposedly the last native speaker of Livonian was Grizelda Kristiņa, née Bertholde (1910–2013, a cousin of Viktors Bertholds), who lived in Canada from 1949. According to Valts Ernštreits, she spoke Livonian as well "as if she had stepped out of her home farm in a Livonian coastal village just yesterday".

A person with split-brain might have a dual consciousness. If that person were a native speaker of sign language it is conceivable that the two hemispheres could communicate through one hand each. In that case the easiest way for the two consciousnesses to communicate with each other would be by looking in a mirror. As yet, no case like this has been described by science.

The Irish census of 1851 showed that there were still a number of older speakers in County Dublin. Sound recordings were made between 1928 and 1931 of some of the last speakers in Omeath, County Louth (now available in digital form). The last known traditional native speaker in Omeath, and in Leinster as a whole, was Annie O'Hanlon (née Dobbin), who died in 1960.

It is considered that the last monolingual adult speakers probably died in the 1950s, although monolingual speaking children were being received into schools in St. Ouen as late as the late 1970s. The Sercquiais dialect of Sark is descended from Jèrriais, but is not recognised under this framework and the last native speaker died in 2004. Auregnais, the Norman dialect of Alderney, is now extinct.

As of 2017, Marie Wilcox, born 1933, is the last native speaker of Wukchumni. In the early 2000s, she and her daughter Jennifer Malone aimed to create a Wukchumni dictionary. Today, she is making an audio dictionary with the aid of her grandson. Wilcox said that her grandparents taught her the language, but when her grandmother died, she had temporarily abandoned the Wukchumni language.

Mbre or Pere, known as Pεrε among themselves and as Bεrε by the locally dominant Koro, also spelled Pre and Bre, is an moribund language of the Ivory Coast. It was first described in an unpublished manuscript by Denis Creissels. As of 2019, a grammar, dictionary and texts are being published by Jeffrey Heath and Brahima Tioté, who is a native speaker of Mbre.

Nick Bienes was born on January 9, 1952 in a small town in Austria, and baptized Klaus Peter Peer. After his biological father died he was adopted by his aunt, who had married a U.S. American serviceman, and consequently he was renamed Klaus Peter Bienes. He has lived in Austria, Yugoslavia, Germany and the United States. He is a native speaker of both German and English.

In linguistics, language death occurs when a language loses its last native speaker. By extension, language extinction is when the language is no longer known, including by second-language speakers. Other similar terms include linguicide,Zuckermann, Ghil'ad, "Stop, revive and survive", The Australian Higher Education, June 6, 2012. the death of a language from natural or political causes, and rarely glottophagy,Calvet, Jean-Louis. 1974.

Published sources are by Leo J. Frachtenberg who collected data from a non-English- speaking native speaker of the Lower Umpqua dialect and her Alsean husband (who spoke it as a second language) during three months of fieldwork in 1911,Frachtenberg, Leo. (1914). Lower Umpqua texts and notes on the Kusan dialect. In Columbia University contributions to Anthropology (Vol. 4, pp. 151–150).Frachtenberg, Leo. (1922).

Coach Timo, as he is affectionately known, lived in City of Batu, Malang Regency. He married with Devi Scheunemann and has two kids, Shania Cinta Scheunemann and Brandon Marsel Scheunemann. A German national, he is a native speaker of German he also speaks Indonesian and Javanese fluently, because he was born and grew up in Indonesia. He holds a Bachelor of Philosophy degree from The Master's University.

Alho's biological father is Ghanaian and his mother is Finnish. He was adopted soon after by his English mother and Finnish father and was raised in Espoo with his younger sister, also adopted. He is a native speaker of both English and Finnish. Alho attended the International School of Helsinki for the majority of his childhood, before transferring to Sports High School, Mäkelänrinteen Lukio.

Students are given the option to organize additional languages themselves but this is rare. The goal of this year is for students to achieve at least B2 level competency in their language of choice. They spend 18 hours every week learning with a native speaker. Education is closely tied to the culture of the language's nation, and so this doubles as cultural education as well.

A native speaker of Southern Sámi, Fjellner had to learn Northern Sámi and Finnish to minister to the people in Jukkasjärvi and Karesuando. He was finally ordained as a priest in 1828 in Härnösand. He returned to Norbotten to handle church affairs and serve as a preacher and by 1838 he was based in Karesuando. While in Karesuando, Fjellner often served as a court translator for Northern Sámi and Finnish speakers.

Later in the 20th century, Manx church musical traditions slowly declined. The 1970s folk revival was kickstarted, after the 1974 death of the last native speaker of Manx, by a music festival called in Ramsey. Culture Vannin has a dedicated Manx Music Development Officer who works to promote Manx music and dance in both the school curriculum and the wider community. CDs by bands, soloists and Gaelic choirs are frequently produced.

The last native speaker of the Samala Chumash language, also called Ineseño, died in 1965. As of 2010, there has been a renaissance of Chumash pride and identity, including efforts to revive Samala and other Chumash languages. In the early 1900s linguist/ethnographer John P. Harrington worked with Maria Solares, one of the last fluent speakers of Samala. He created manuscripts containing information on Chumash language, culture, and traditions.

Ouellet is a native speaker of French, fluent in English, and she is able to read Spanish, although she cannot speak it. Ouellet has a tattoo of her late father's name, Guy, on her left wrist. She has a degree in business administration, and holds a black belt in martial arts. Her favorite actress is Scarlett Johansson, her favorite bands are Simple Plan and Nickelback, and she loves techno music.

Map showing the approximate ethnic divisions in pre-European Tasmania. The Tasmanian languages were decimated after the British colonisation of Tasmania and the Black War. The last native speaker of any of the languages, Fanny Cochrane Smith, died in 1905. In 1972, Robert M. W. Dixon and Terry Crowley investigated reconstructing the Tasmanian languages from existing records, in a project funded by the Australian Institute of Aboriginal Studies.

Hans Karl Peterlini (born 12 March 1961) is an author, journalist, university professor and educational researcher originally from South Tyrol (Südtirol/Alto Adige), an autonomous, mostly German speaking province in Northern Italy. Like over 2/3 of the people living in the province, Hans Karl is a native speaker of German, which has historically been the majority language spoken by the local population. His older brother is politician Oskar Peterlini.

University of Chicago Press To the native speaker, "Syriac" is usually called Surayt, Soureth, Suret or a similar regional variant. A wide variety of languages and dialects exist, including Assyrian Neo-Aramaic, Chaldean Neo- Aramaic, and Turoyo. Minority dialects include Senaya and Bohtan Neo-Aramaic, which are both near extinction. All are classified as Neo-Aramaic languages and are written using Syriac script, a derivative of the ancient Aramaic script.

Formulas from the code of the 'Ndrangheta: The three handwritten pages describe the text for the speech held when a member is promoted to a higher ranking. The text reads awkwardly for a native speaker—it is composed in an uncertain Italian with many grammatical and orthographic mistakes."Crisis among the 'Men of Honor' " , interview with Letizia Paoli, Max Planck Research, February 2004. 'Ndrangheta structure (labeled in Italian).

His father Eliezer Ben Yehuda raised him to be the first modern native speaker of Hebrew. In 1927 Ben-Avi published the biography Avi in romanized Hebrew (now listed in the online catalog of the Jewish National and University Library). However, the innovation did not catch on. Political activist Ze'ev Jabotinsky, leader of Betar, and Chief Rabbi Kook, also expressed their support for the reform of Hebrew script using Latin letters.

The Makah language is the indigenous language spoken by the Makah. Makah has not been spoken as a first language since 2002, when its last fluent native speaker died. However, it survives as a second language, and the Makah tribe is attempting to revive the language, including through preschool classes.Makah Language and the Makah Indian Tribe (Kweedishchaaht, Kweneecheeaht, Macaw, Classet, Klasset) The endonym for the Makah is qʷi·qʷi·diččaq.

Pazeh (also spelled Pazih, Pazéh) is an extinct language of the Pazeh, a Taiwanese aboriginal people. It was a Formosan language of the Austronesian language family. The last remaining native speaker of Pazeh proper, Pan Jin- yu, died in 2010 at the age of 96. Before her death, she offered Pazeh classes to about 200 regular students in Puli and a small number of students in Miaoli and Taichung.

But when they study English, often with a "Native Speaker Teacher", they are actually studying at a private language school. Furthermore, since this study is ongoing, they are not "cramming" in the traditional sense of the word, and therefore, these language schools are not cram schools by strict definition. Taiwan is well known for its cram schools. Nearly all students have some kinds of cram school to improve their skills.

In International Journal of Speech, Language & the Law: Forensic Linguistics, 11(2): 179–266. Arends, 2003). Proponents of the use of native-speaker analysts agree that "[earlier] LADO reports were not very satisfactory from a linguistic point of view... [while even] today's reports are still not likely to satisfy the average academic linguist".Cambier-Langeveld, T. (2012.) 'Clarification of the issues in language analysis: A rejoinder to Fraser and Verrips.

He described it as a hotchpotch of obsolete words, neologisms (example: stour-suckerThe Scots form would be souker for vacuum cleaner), redundant spellings (example: qohoThe Older Scots spelling was usually quha . for who) and "erratic spelling". This spelling "sometimes reflects everyday Ulster Scots speech rather than the conventions of either modern or historic Scots, and sometimes does not". The result, Mac Póilin writes, is "often incomprehensible to the native speaker".

In 1985, Powell was entered into the Guinness World Records for spoken fluency in 42 languages. To qualify, he had to pass a two-hour conversational fluency test with a native speaker of each language he spoke at that time. This testing took place over a one-month period. Powell stated that he considers himself skilled in 64 languages and said that he studied at least 80 languages in total.

According to the Ethnologue Languages of the World website, the Wichita language is "dormant", meaning that no one has more than symbolic proficiency. The last native speaker of the Wichita language, Doris Jean Lamar McLemore, died in 2016. The reason for the language's decline is because the speakers of the Wichita language switched to speaking English. Thus, children were not being taught Wichita and only the elders knew the language.

In addition to the translation, a bilingual dictionary usually indicates the part of speech, gender, verb type, declension model and other grammatical clues to help a non- native speaker use the word. Other features sometimes present in bilingual dictionaries are lists of phrases, usage and style guides, verb tables, maps and grammar references. In contrast to the bilingual dictionary, a monolingual dictionary defines words and phrases instead of translating them.

Location of the Tule River Reservation in California The Tule River Indian Tribe of the Tule River Reservation is a federally recognized tribe of Native Americans. The Tule River Reservation is the name of the tribe's reservation, which is located in Tulare County, California.Pritzker, 137 The reservation was made up of Yokuts, about 200 Yowlumne, Wukchumnis,Last native speaker and Western Mono and Tübatulabal.California Indians and Their Reservations.

As of 2017, Cristina Calderón, who lives in Chile territory, is known as the last full- blooded Yaghan and last native speaker of the Yaghan language. The Yaghan were traditionally nomads and hunter-gatherers. They traveled by canoes between islands to collect food: the men hunted sea lions, while the women dove to collect shellfish. Yaghans share a series of similarities with the more northern tribes of Chonos and Alacalufe.

The last living native speaker of the Mohegan language, Fidelia "Flying Bird" A. Hoscott Fielding, died in 1908. The Mohegan language was recorded primarily in her diaries, and in articles and a Smithsonian Institution report made by the early anthropologist, Frank Speck.Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology to the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Institution. Bureau of American Ethnology Her niece, Gladys Tantaquidgeon, worked to preserve the language.

Retrieved 27 December 2006. The Dutch language Wikipedia has the largest ratio of Wikipedia pages per native speaker of all of the top 10 largest Wikipedia editions. Its rate of daily article creations spiked in March 2006, rapidly growing to an average of 1,000 a day in early May 2006. After this number was reached, growth dropped to an average of only about 250 a day, comparable to the averages around December 2005.

Braids (formerly stylized as BRAIDS) is a Canadian art rock band from Calgary, Alberta, currently based in Montréal, Québec. Braids currently consists of Raphaelle Standell-Preston, Austin Tufts and Taylor Smith. The band (along with former members Katie Lee and Vince Man) met at a young age and began collaborating in high school. Their debut album, Native Speaker, was released on January 18, 2011 in Canada and the United States to generally positive reviews.

Working in collaboration with the Smithsonian initiative , this interdisciplinary research program explores relationships between language revitalization, cultural heritage, and traditional cultural transmission. How much of the culture of a region is embodied in the actual vocabulary of its language? What unique knowledge is lost when a language has lost its last native speaker? These are some of the issues investigated in this research area, which focuses specifically on the indigenous or minoritized languages of Europe.

On July 4, 1763, Wasson killed captive Captain Donald Campbell, in revenge for the death of his nephew. From the following year until at least 1776, Wasson participated in a series of peace conferences, and was the primary native speaker at John Bradstreet's peace conference in September 1764. An Ojibwa chief of the same name was also involved in negotiations over land in 1790, but it is not certain whether this was the same person.

As a committed socialist, he contributed regularly to newspapers and journals in Ireland and England throughout the 1970s and 1980s. He was a member of the Connolly Association and was a founding member of the Northampton-branch of the Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association. Although not a native speaker, he wrote extensively in the Irish language. His first book was Dialann Deoraí, an account of his life as a building worker in England.

Sahashi was born and raised in Kishiwada, Osaka}. He spent several years jobless after returning from France before founding Nova in 1981 with two foreign English teachers. He is the inventor of Nova's particular teaching method, "The NOVA System Concept", which he patented. The Concept is perhaps most comparable to the direct method of language instruction, although Sahashi's method pivots on the interaction with and the repeating of an instructor who was a native speaker.

Crosslinguistic influence (CLI) refers to the different ways in which one language can affect another within an individual speaker. It typically involves two languages that can affect one another in a bilingual speaker. An example of CLI is the influence of Korean on a Korean native speaker who is learning Japanese or French. Less typically, it could also refer to an interaction between different dialects in the mind of a monolingual speaker.

Hi uTandem is built around the concept of language exchange, which is a method of language learning based on mutual oral linguistic exchange between partners. Ideally, each partner is a native speaker of the language they are helping their counterpart to learn. The app designed for users to chat with other users and translate messages, find suitable language partners and to locate language schools, bars, cafés and language exchange groups around them.

In the 1970s, the Salishan linguist Brent Galloway worked closely with the last remaining native speaker, Sindick Jimmy, who died in 1988. He was compiling a dictionary of the language, and his book, Nooksack place names: geography, culture, and language, appeared in 2011. The Nooksack tribe has offered classes in the language. As of 2020, one fluent speaker remained, a Nooksack tribal member who has been part of the Lhéchalosem Teacher Training Language Immersion Project.

Wiyot (also Wishosk) or Soulátluk' (lit. "your jaw") is an Algic languageCampbell (1997:152) spoken by the Wiyot of Humboldt Bay, California. The language's last native speaker, Della Prince, died in 1962. Wiyot, along with its geographical neighbor, the Yurok language, were first identified as relatives of the Algonquian languages by Edward Sapir in 1913, though this classification was disputed for decades in what came to be known as the "Ritwan controversy".

Teachers are expected to possess native speaker fluency or acquired competence in their target languages; formal qualifications to become a language teacher, however, vary by school, region or country. This ensures the quality of the language school and provides students with a richer experience. Teachers may have graduated with a B.A, Master's degree or a Ph.D. Pedagogy, experience and strong teaching skills are the principal criteria during the recruitment of the language school's teachers.

The last known native speaker, Sesostrie Youchigant, died in 1948. In the 1930s, linguist Mary Haas worked with him to describe what Youchigant remembered of the language, and the description was published in A Grammar of the Tunica Language in 1941. That was followed by Tunica Texts in 1950 and Tunica Dictionary in 1953. By the 17th century, the people had suffered a high rate of fatalities from European infectious diseases, warfare, and social disruption.

His nomadic nature took him over much of the Colony, where he fraternised with vagrants of many races, gaining a working knowledge of a variety of languages and dialects. He was a particular admirer of the Zulu race, and his vernacular Zulu was said to be indistinguishable from that of a native speaker. He was a fine athlete, and a decent shot with a rifle, and enjoyed quoit playing, wrestling and other sports.

On 3 February 2008, Uchtdorf became the Second Counselor to Thomas S. Monson in the church's First Presidency. He is the second non- English native speaker to have served in the First Presidency.The other man who served in the First Presidency who did not have English as his native tongue was Anthon H. Lund, who was from Denmark. Marion G. Romney, although born in Mexico, had American parents and English was his native language.

The first Klallam dictionary was published in 2012. Port Angeles High School, in Port Angeles, Washington, offers Klallam classes, taught as a heritage language "to meet graduation and college entrance requirements." The last native speaker of Klallam as a first language was Hazel Sampson of Port Angeles, who died on February 4, 2014 at the age of 103.Arwyn Rice, "Last Native Klallam Speaker Dies in Port Angeles," Peninsula Daily News, Feb.

She is also to be seen in Caché (directed by Michael Haneke, well-known from his movie "Funny Games"), and also in Ravages, a film from Christophe Lamotte, Blame it on Fidel and Beneath the rooftops of Paris. In 2012 she was nominated for the Magritte Award for Best Supporting Actress. Kremer is a native speaker of French. She also speaks fluent English and Dutch, as well as some Spanish and Italian.

Members of the Turaga movement write in Raga language using Avoiuli, a unique writing system inspired by local sand drawings. Raga is generally considered an easy language to speak and learn, and is known as a second language by a number of speakers of other Vanuatu languages. Modern Raga is relatively homogeneous, with no significant dialectal variation. A distinctive southern dialect of Raga, Nggasai, is now extinct; its last native speaker died in 1999.

Rangila Ram Rao,Vice President to the Himachal Pradesh Congress Committee (HPCC) and Member coordination panel of HP Congress (HPCC) & Planning Commission, H.P. (born on 3 April 1946) is an active member of Indian National Congress and Pradesh Congress Committee. A member of Congress since 1972, he has held many portfolios in the Government of Himachal Pradesh, India. Rao was born in Gopalpur, Mandi District. He is a native speaker of Hindi and English.

Linguistic competence comparable to a native speaker can be achieved when the second language is learned before the critical period of acquiring a language ends. It is more difficult to achieve a native-like competence when the language is learned at a later time in life.Johnson, J. S., & Newport, E. L. (1989). Critical period effects in second language learning: The influence of maturational state on the acquisition of English as a second language.

"In his book "River Town", the New Yorker writer Peter Hessler says, "In most parts of Sichuan, you can walk into a restaurant and order chaoshou without making a sound. Cross your arms and they will understand exactly what you want."" One native speaker claims the Sichuan-only name for these dumplings may have originated at one time by a dialectic transposition, i.e. "chao shou" was originally "shou chao", meaning "hand-folded".

He prepared textbooks to teach Thai to foreigners, producing a popular three-volume course on the spoken language, intended for classroom use with a native speaker of Thai, and books on reading and writing Thai. Brown left AUA in 1980 to study physics at the University of Utah. He returned to AUA in 1984 and began the teaching of Thai using his version of the natural approach, which he would develop into Automatic Language Growth.

IN: Davis and Ludwig, Asian American Literature in the International Context: Readings on Fiction, Poetry, and Performance. Hamburg, Germany: Lit; 2002. pp. 57–66 #Authentic Reproductions: The Making and Re-Making of More Asian Americans in Donald Duk, Bone, and Native Speaker By: Vivian Fumiko Chin; Dissertation, U of California, Berkeley, 2001. #"To Eat the Flesh of His Dead Mother": Hunger, Masculinity, and Nationalism in Frank Chin's Donald Duk By: Eileen Chia-Ching Fung.

Many languages spoken in Africa are tonal languages, leading to a close connection between music and language in some local cultures. These particular communities use vocal sounds and movements with their music as well. In singing, the tonal pattern or the text puts some constraints on the melodic patterns. On the other hand, in instrumental music a native speaker of a language can often perceive a text or texts in the music.

Sapir had had ample opportunity to hear Hupa himself, and for his graduate student Li Fang-Kuei, a native speaker of Mandarin, to hear two other California Athabaskan languages, and to observe their complete lack of tonal contrasts.Edward Sapir. A summary report of field work among the Hupa, summer of 1927. American Anthropologist 30, 359-361, 1928 Goddard apparently did not see Sapir's concession before dying quite suddenly on July 12, 1928.

As with all Isis releases, the lyrics are almost indecipherable; something of which Turner is conscious, as well as its implications. “Even if you are a native speaker it is sometimes impossible to figure the lyrics out properly. I'm conflicted about that from time to time. But then I always think that I'm giving enough with the text that's included, the artwork and the imagery that gives people some clue to get into it.

A North Germanic once spoken in the Shetland Islands, Orkney Islands and Caithness. It is likely that the language was dying out in the late 18th century, with the reports putting the last Norn speakers in the 19th century.Glanville Price, The Languages of Britain (London: Edward Arnold 1984, ), p. 203 Walter Sutherland from Skaw in Unst, who died about 1850, has been cited as the last native speaker of the Norn language.

Seosamh in particular was concerned with the psychological and emotional struggle involved in the transition to modernity. The most prominent literary modernist was Máirtín Ó Cadhain, a native speaker who looked at his own community with a critical eye. His masterpiece was the novel Cré na Cille, filled with the voices of the quarrelling dead. He published several collections of short stories, adapting his writing style over time to an urban milieu.

He served in the Territorial Guard after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, but was abruptly discharged with other Japanese Americans. He soon after volunteered with Military Intelligence. As a native speaker of Japanese, he was sent to Taiwan as a translator to help facilitate the surrender and repatriation of Japanese troops there. He returned to Hawaii in 1946 and completed his B.A. in English and philosophy at the University of Hawai'i that year.

The name "Befudiom" combines the words "befuddled" and "idiom," alluding to the game's root in mixed-up meanings. Idioms are phrases and slang terminology whose meanings cannot be understood when taken literally. These expressions, such as "holy cow" and "kick the bucket" carry meanings and cultural implications that only a native speaker would understand. The game was invented by Wendy Hampton, a single-mother from Atlanta, Ga., who was looking to entertain her bored daughter.

In June 2015, the sole remaining native speaker, Amadeo García García was residing in "Intuto on the Tigre River in the northeastern Peruvian region of Loreto." Zachary O’Hagan did targeted field work with him on topics such as ethnohistory, genealogy, sociocultural practices, lexicon, and grammar. As of December 2017 government linguists from Peru’s Ministry of Culture, working with Amadeo, have created a database of 1,500 Taushiro words, 27 stories, and three songs.

Setting the native speaker as the golden standard implies that second language speakers are somehow deficient in each language that they speak, whereas multi-competence sees them as having gained from learning a second language. To avoid implying deficiency on the part of second language speakers, Cook prefers the term L2 user to L2 learner. An L2 user is anyone who knows a second language and uses it regularly, irrespective of their language level.

The Dalmatian language was spoken in Dalmatia, a coastal region of Croatia, in the Middle Ages. Its last known native speaker was Antonio Tuone Udaina, who died on June 10, 1898, as the result of an explosion. The Dalmatian language is being revived by pro-autonomist Dalmatian activists, and today is estimated that there are about 20 fluent Dalmatian speakers and more than one hundred people with some knowledge of the language.

Traditional rice wine been served by using bamboo as a drink cup in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia. This is part of the Kadazandusun cuisine. Kadazandusun is the unification term and the collective name for more than 40 sub-tribes who are the native speaker of Dusunic languages and some non-Dusunic speaking tribes who called themselves as Dusun or Kadazan. However, all of them belong to the Sabahan-stock of Austronesian people.

Amira El Sayed was born on the 3rd of June 1991 in Innsbruck, Austria. She is the only child of Erika El Sayed, an Austrian language and history teacher and Adel El Sayed, a University teacher and political scientist from Egypt. Amira was raised bilingual and is a native speaker of both Arabic and German. She spent her early years living in Alexandria, Egypt before she moved back to Innsbruck with her parents.

Possessing a ZOP certification is considered valid proof of German language proficiency for anyone seeking entry into a German Hochschule or university. It is also valued as a qualification proving mastery of German in business contexts. The Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung may only be administered to persons at least 16 years old who have not learned German as a native speaker. The requirement for a person undertaking the ZOP is estimated at around 1,000–1,200 hours of German language lessons.

For example, Alexander Hamilton's wife Eliza Hamilton attended a Dutch-language church during their marriage. African-American abolitionist and women's rights activist Sojourner Truth (born "Isabella Baumfree") was a native speaker of Dutch. Martin Van Buren, the first President born in the United States following its independence, spoke Dutch as his native language, making him the only President whose first language was not English. In a 1990 demographic consensus, 3% of surveyed citizens claimed descent from Dutch settlers.

As with many other Indigenous languages, there are significant barriers to language revitalization.Stabilizing Indigenous Languages: Conclusion Another barrier separating new learners from the native speaker is the presence of four separate orthographies; the young are taught U'mista or NAPA, while the older generations generally use Boaz, developed by the American anthropologist Franz Boas. A number of revitalization efforts are underway. A 2005 proposal to build a Kwakwakaʼwakw First Nations Centre for Language Culture has gained wide support.

Friesland zoals het was, September 1942, Tresoar The mail station in the western part of the island is a reminder that in the past mail was delivered by ferry from Texel. Because of this history, Vlieland natives do not speak Frisian. The original dialect, Vlielands, was related to the dialect of Texel and to other Dutch dialects in North Holland. The last native speaker, Petronella de Boer- Zeylemaker, died in 1993 at the age of 107.

Whulshootseed (), also called Twulshootseed, is a Native American language in Washington, which was spoken by the Muckleshoot, Puyallup, Suquamish, Duwamish, Nisqually, and Squaxin Island tribes. Whulshootseed is a southern dialect of Lushootseed, which is part of the Coast Salish language group. The last native speaker was Ellen Williams, born 1923. Whulshootseed is taught at the Muckleshoot Language Program of the Muckleshoot Tribal College in Auburn, Washington, at a local school, and by the Puyallup Tribal Language Program.

The group used the Akurio language, also known as Akuriyó, until the late 20th century, when they began using the Trio language. Schoen had left a number of Trio Indian guides with the Akurio after their first meeting. The last native speaker is believed to have died in the first decade of the 2000s, at which time only 10 people were estimated to have Akuriyó as a second language. By 2012, only two semi-speakers remained.

The Tandem app and its name were inspired by Tandem language learning, a method of learning a language through language exchange. In a language exchange or a tandem, each person is a native speaker of the language the other person wants to learn. The discussion is divided equally between both languages to ensure both partners are able to learn their target language. The Tandem app is supported by Tandem Fundazioa, the organization that developed the tandem language learning method.

Atsugewi is a recently extinct Palaihnihan language of northeastern California spoken by the Atsugewi people of Hat Creek and Dixie Valley. In 1962, there were four fluent speakers out of an ethnic group of 200, all elderly; the last of these died in 1988. The last fluent native speaker was Medie Webster; as of 1988, other tribal members knew some expressions in the language. For a summary of the documentation of Atsugewi see Golla (2011: 98-99).

Another case that use Quizizz is in Sultan Idris Education University Malysia, an Arabic Class. For non-native speaker Arabic is quite hard to learn, researchers use this method to test around 90 students in three sections, educators by using Quizizz to test students' measurement of the knowledge and enhance their interests of the new language during the period. According to the survey, educators found students are more voluntary to answer questions and pay more attention on the curriculum.

His parents were deaf and he was a native speaker of British Sign Language. During his childhood he attempted to run away from home many times. He dropped out of Our Lady & St Bede School in Stockton-on-Tees at the age of 15 and worked as a porter for Littlewoods for a while but his boss eventually persuaded him to go back to school. He decided to attend a drama class at Stockton & Billingham College.

Spoken Sranan Tongo (note: not a native speaker) Although the formal Dutch-based educational system repressed the use of Sranan Tongo, it gradually became more accepted by the establishment. During the 1980s, this language was popularized by president Dési Bouterse, who often delivered national speeches in Sranan Tongo. Sranan Tongo remains widely used in Suriname and in Dutch urban areas populated by immigrants from Suriname. They especially use it in casual conversation, often freely mixing it with Dutch.

The new version included a special dedicatory poem To Goethe and was split into two parts, intended to be given on two successive evenings. More especially, this version had a new finale differing considerably from the original Danish edition by having various magical scenic transformations. As Oehlenschläger stated in his introduction to the 1808 version of Aladdin, he was not a native speaker of German; he admitted to incorporating various Danish modes of expression (Danismen) into his translation.

In overregularization the regular ways of modifying or connecting words are mistakenly applied to words that require irregular modifications or connections. It is a normal effect observed in the language of beginner and intermediate language-learners, whether native- speaker children or foreign-speaker adults. Because most natural languages have some irregular forms, moving beyond overregularization is a part of mastering them. Usually learners' brains move beyond overregularization naturally, as a consequence of being immersed in the language.

Sirenik Yupik,OLAC resources in and about the Sirenik Yupik language Sireniki YupikSireniki Yupik Sea-Ice Dictionary (also Old Sirenik or Vuteen), Sirenik, or Sirenikskiy is an extinct Eskimo–Aleut language. It was spoken in and around the village of Sireniki (Сиреники) in Chukotka Peninsula, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug, Russia. The language shift has been a long process, ending in total language death. In January 1997, the last native speaker of the language, a woman named Vyjye (Valentina Wye) (), died.

The Tandem principle in intercultural language learning is derived from the typical bike for two. A Peruvian and a German native speaker get together in order to support each other in their language learning process. ACUPARI helps students to find their Tandem. From then on the Tandem couple is free to choose where and when they want to meet. Apart from practicing each other’s languages, the meetings also serve to better understand Peruvian and German culture.

Powell Alexander Janulus (born 1939) is a Canadian polyglot who lives in White Rock, British Columbia, and entered the Guinness World Records in 1985 for fluency in 42 languages.Boehm, David A.; and Maris Cakars, Cyd Smith, Jim Benagh (1984). Guinness Book of World Records 1985. Sterling Publishing Co. To qualify, he had to pass a two-hour conversational fluency test with a native speaker of each of the 42 different languages he spoke at that time.

Al-Zamakhsharī was born in , Khwarezmia, on 18 March 1075.Wednesday 27 Rajab, 467 Anno Hegirae He studied at Bukhara and Samarkand, before he travelled to Baghdad, He was a philologist of the Arabic language and opponent of the Shu'ubiyya movement. He wrote primarily in Arabic, occasionally in Persian, and based on glosses in MS of Muqaddimat al-adab, his great dictionary, it is speculated that he was a native speaker of the ancient Khwarezmian language. (See below).

16-17 He was educated at Gresham's School, Holt, and Balliol College Oxford. After Oxford, he became a lecturer at Yenching University in Peiping, China and American University in Washington, DC. Using his protected status as a foreign citizen, Lindsay began smuggling radio and medical supplies to the communist, who were resisting the Japanese occupation of China. He needed a native speaker of Chinese, so he recruited his student, Hsiao Li, whom he married on 25 June 1941.

1982), a native speaker from Conamara, wrote fluent and elegant verse with a distinctively modern sensibility. One of the best known poets is Nuala Ní Dhomhnaill, who was raised in the Munster Gaeltacht and was part of the new wave of the sixties and seventies. She is particularly interested in the mythic element in reality. Biddy Jenkinson (a pseudonym) is representative of an urban tradition: she is a poet and a writer of witty detective stories.

Glanville Price, The Languages of Britain (London: Edward Arnold 1984, ), p. 203 The isolated islands of Foula and Unst are variously claimed as the last refuges of the language in Shetland, where there were people "who could repeat sentences in Norn",Price (1984), p. 204 probably passages from folk songs or poems, as late as 1893. Walter Sutherland from Skaw in Unst, who died about 1850, has been cited as the last native speaker of the Norn language.

A tree diagram of the sentence "Colorless green ideas sleep furiously" The second chapter is titled "The Independence of Grammar". In it, Chomsky states that a language is "a set ... of sentences, each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements". A linguist should separate the "grammatical sequences" or sentences of a language from the "ungrammatical sequences". By a "grammatical" sentence Chomsky means a sentence that is intuitively "acceptable to a native speaker".

Livonian (Livonian: līvõ kēļ or rāndakēļ) is a Finnic language. Although its last native speaker died in 2013, it has been revived with about 40 reported speakers and 210 having reported some knowledge of the language. The native land of the Livonian people is the Livonian Coast of the Gulf of Livonia, located in the north of the Kurzeme peninsula in Latvia. Possibly unique among the Uralic languages, Livonian has been described as a pitch-accent language (see below).

Five languages belong to the Caddoan language family: Kitsai and Wichita are both extinct. Kitsai went extinct in the 19th century as its members were absorbed into the Wichita tribe. Wichita became extinct in 2016 when the last native speaker of Wichita, Doris McLemore (who left recordings and language materials), died. All of the other Caddoan languages are nearly extinct; as of 2007, Caddo is spoken by only 25 people, Pawnee by 10, and Arikara by 10.

Cornish (Kernowek), a Brythonic Celtic language related to Welsh, was spoken in Cornwall throughout the Middle Ages. Its use began to decline from the 14th century, especially after the Prayer Book Rebellion in 1549. The language continued to function as a first language in Penwith in the far west of Cornwall until the late 18th century, with the last native speaker thought to have died in 1777. A revival initiated by Henry Jenner began in 1903.

In 1986, Chomsky proposed a distinction between I-language and E-language that is similar but not identical to the competence/performance distinction. "I-language" is internal language; "E-language" is external language. I-language is taken to be the object of study in linguistic theory; it is the mentally represented linguistic knowledge a native speaker of a language has and thus a mental object. From that perspective, most of theoretical linguistics is a branch of psychology.

It was estimated before European contact the Yokut population reached 50,000, but today, there are less than 200 self-identified Wukchumni people alive. Some members of the Tule River Reservation are of Wukchumni heritage; however, majority of Wukchumni descendants are not federally recognized. One of the most famous members of today's Wukchumni society is Marie Wilcox, the author of the Wukchumni dictionary, and the last native speaker, aside from her grandson and her daughter, Jennifer Malone.

By 1945, he was a lieutenant in the Third Army under General George S. Patton. Horn's skills as a native speaker of German were put to use in interrogating prisoners of war. After the war, he continued as a special investigator in the Monuments, Fine Arts, and Archives program, using his expertise as an art historian to track down art that had been stolen or concealed by the Nazis. Horn served until 1946, attaining the rank of captain.

When they finally do reach their small scarcely populated home planet, they find that everyone is forced into farming radishes for an evil crab-like alien, including the King's wife and two sons. However, thanks to Arale the Nikochans are saved. King Nikochan speaks in a Central Nagoya dialect, in which a native speaker of the dialect will find distinct from the author's Northern Nagoya dialect. In the anime, he speaks in a false Nagoya dialect.

More recent research has also shown that the second language also affects the first in various subtle ways. There is also evidence that people who learn other languages gain general cognitive benefits. Under multi-competence, the second language speaker is seen as more than the sum of the languages he speaks. This is in contrast with the assumption in much of second language research that the ideal model of a language is the monolingual native speaker.

A language is often declared to be dead even before the last native speaker of the language has died. If there are only a few elderly speakers of a language remaining, and they no longer use that language for communication, then the language is effectively dead. A language that has reached such a reduced stage of use is generally considered moribund. Half of the spoken languages of the world are not being taught to new generations of children.

In the early 1990s Marantz proposed (together with Morris Halle) a theory of architecture of grammar known as Distributed Morphology. More recently, he has been using magnetoencephalography (MEG) to study human language processing, particularly morphology and the mental lexicon. Marantz's approach to linguistic theory is characterized by its emphasis on the empirical base of linguistics, including (but not necessarily limited to) evidence from native- speaker intuitions, child language, language processing, and the neural organization of language.

By around age 12, language acquisition has typically been solidified, and it becomes more difficult to learn a language in the same way a native speaker would. Just like children who speak, deaf children go through a critical period for learning language. Deaf children who acquire their first language later in life show lower performance in complex aspects of grammar. At that point, it is usually a second language that a person is trying to acquire and not a first.

They differ only in one phoneme and a few lexical terms (Hymes, 1961). In 1990 there were 69 speakers (7 monolinguals) of Wasco-Wishram. The final native speaker of Wasco, Gladys Thompson, died in 2012, but not before the language was passed down in part to Deanie Johnson and Val Switzler, both members of the Warm Springs Indian reservation. Both began providing instruction in Wasco-Wishram to other members of the tribe in 2006, but neither Johnson nor Switzler is considered fully fluent.

Warrongo (or War(r)ungu) is an Australian Aboriginal language, one of the dozen languages of the Maric branch of the Pama–Nyungan family. It was formerly spoken by the Warrongo people in the area around Townsville, Queensland, Australia. Its last native speaker was Alf Palmer, who died in 1981. Before his death, linguists Tasaku Tsunoda and Peter Sutton worked together with Palmer to preserve the language (Warrungu proper); thanks to their efforts, the language is beginning to be revived.

Each testimony is indexed by a native speaker and each minute of video is timecoded in English to a proprietary search engine using Institute-patented technology. They average a little over two hours each in length and were conducted in 63 countries and 41 languages. Since its inception, the institute's Visual History Archive has expanded its collection to include testimony from survivors and witnesses of other genocides, including the Genocide Against the Tutsi in Rwanda, the Nanjing Massacre, Armenian Genocide and Guatemalan Genocide.

Akothee has released several successful songs. They include Oyoyo featuring McGalaxy, Give It To Me, featuring Flavour, Sweet Love featuring Diamond, Benefactor, Yuko Moyoni, New Dance featuring Oc, Osilliation, Nimechoka, Pashe, Katika, Djele Djele, Shengerera, Mama Bougerie, and Tucheze. Early March 2020, Akothee released Mwitu asa, a song written and sang in the Kamba language. Since Akothee is not a native speaker of the Kamba language, this was considered intriguing and popular among her fans; especially those from the Kamba ethnic group.

All study programmes at Berlin International are taught in English. In order to apply and follow the courses effectively if accepted, students need to have a B2 level (or higher) English language certificate. If the student doesn't obtain such certificate, they can register for the English Preparatory School. The English Preparatory School has a year-long programme taught by a native speaker that prepares students to study in English in all four language skills, as well as vocabulary and grammar.

Soros was born Schwartz Pál on June 5, 1926, in Budapest, Hungary, to Tivadar Schwartz, a lawyer and author, and Erzsébet Szűcs, the daughter of the owner of a fabric store. His father had been captured by the Russians during World War I and held in a detention camp in Siberia. Soros was also a native speaker of Esperanto, a conlang. Tivadar Soros changed the family's surname from Schwartz to Soros in 1936 to escape antisemitism and the expansion of Nazism in Europe.

Welcome sign with Yurok greeting, "Aiy-yu-kwee'" Yurok (also Chillula, Mita, Pekwan, Rikwa, Sugon, Weitspek, Weitspekan) is an Algic language.Campbell (1997:152) It is the traditional language of the Yurok people of Del Norte County and Humboldt County on the far north coast of California, most of whom now speak English. The last native speaker died in 2013. As of 2012, Yurok language classes were taught to high school students, and other revitalization efforts were expected to increase the population of speakers.

One of the most significant arguments generative grammarians had for language nativism is the poverty of the stimulus argument. Since 1980 the poverty of stimulus became increasingly integrated into the theory of generative grammar. In this argument, Noam Chomsky put forth that the amount of input a child receives during language acquisition is insufficient to account for the linguistic output. To be exact, he said that "the native speaker has acquired a grammar on the basis of very restricted and degenerate evidence".

Edwin James Benson (; Ma-doke-wa-des-she, modern Mandan orthography: Wéroke Wáatashe, Iron Bison) was an educator and the last native speaker of the Mandan language. He was born in Elbowoods, North Dakota, on the Fort Berthold Reservation in McLean County, North Dakota. When the Garrison Dam was built, Benson and his family were relocated to Twin Buttes, North Dakota. He taught Mandan at Twin Buttes Elementary School, and was awarded an honorary doctorate from the University of North Dakota in 2009.

The Cornish language writers Nicholas Boson, Thomas Boson and John Boson are all buried in the churchyard, and a monument in the church by John Boson (to Arthur Hutchens, d. 1709) is the only surviving lapidary inscription in traditional Cornish.Matthew Spriggs, ‘Boson family (per. c. 1675–1730)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004 accessed 12 Oct 2007 Within the village churchyard there is a memorial to Dolly Pentreath, reputedly and disputedly the last native speaker of Cornish.

The title lector may be applied to lecturers and readers at some universities. There is also the title lector jubilate, which is an equivalent of Doctor of Divinity. In language teaching at universities in Britain, a foreign native speaker of a Slavonic language is often called a lektorGlasgow University Slavonic staff list or lector.Oxford University Slavonic staff list In Dutch higher education the title lector is used for the leader of a research group at a university of applied science.

Adeline Smith died from heart failure in Puyallup, Washington, on March 19, 2013, just four days after her 95th birthday. She was buried in Neah Bay Cemetery. She was predeceased by her first husband Roosevelt Suppah, their son Mark Suppah; and by her second husband Roy Smith, and their children Roy Smith Jr., and Patricia Smith Forbe. With Smith's death, Hazel Sampson, 103 years old in March 2013, was left as the last living native speaker of the Klallam language.

The novel tells of John Grady Cole, a 16-year-old who grew up on his grandfather's ranch in San Angelo, Texas. The boy was raised for a significant part of his youth, perhaps 15 of his 16 years, by a family of Mexican origin who worked on the ranch; he is a native speaker of Spanish and English.Herlihy-Mera, Jeffrey. "Mojado Reverso; or, A Reverse Wetback: On John Grady Cole’s Mexican Ancestry in All the Pretty Horses", Modern Fiction Studies, Fall 2015.

Although no longer region-specific,Cf. . African-American Vernacular English, which remains the native variety of most working- and middle-class African Americans, has a close relationship to Southern dialects and has greatly influenced everyday speech of many Americans, including hip hop culture. Hispanic and Latino Americans have also developed native-speaker varieties of English. The best-studied Latino Englishes are Chicano English, spoken in the West and Midwest, and New York Latino English, spoken in the New York metropolitan area.

Kundagannada language Kundagannada or Kundaapra Kannada is major language in Kundapura, Byndooru, Brahmavara and Hebri Taluks in Udupi district. Other than this significant numbers of Native Kundagannada speakers are there in Bhatkal and in border area off shivamogga near to Kundapura Taluk. significant number of non Native Kundagannada speakers are there in Udupi, Mangaluru, Bengaluru, Mumbai and Gulf Countries. The Kundagannada speaking area is referred as Kundaa Naadu and non-native speaker of this region is Konkani, Urdu, Marathi and Beary Speakers.

American linguist Arika Okrent notes: > "[Henriksen] appeared not to appreciate how bizarre it was to be a native > speaker of an invented language. Esperanto was the medium of his parents' > relationship and of the entire home life of their family. > "Before you start getting indignant on his behalf, know that growing up he > had plenty of contact with the world outside his home and learned to speak > Danish as a native too. But he considered Esperanto his true mother tongue.

The second example has an overt noun inserted between the quantifier and the partitive PP and is still considered grammatical, albeit odd and redundant to a native speaker of Catalan. The third sentence has an empty noun holding the final noun position. Altogether this is taken as strong evidence that an empty noun category should be posited to license a partitive meaning. Alternatively, some linguists argued an empty noun placement is unnecessary if one considers the quantifier’s role to be quantifying a subset.

Users are encouraged to start a section by learning relevant words and phrases related to that section. Phrases use the Smigin Method of enabling the user to create simple sentences without worrying about grammar; to add visual context, all videos were shot on-location in countries where the language is spoken (e.g. Spain, Italy, Portugal). Users can listen to native speaker audio, view the phonetic pronunciation of each word or phrase, and translate to and from their native language throughout these levels.

Archie Sam was born in the Greenleaf Mountain community near Braggs, Oklahoma on June 30, 1914. Archie was the youngest son of White Tobacco Sam,Mails xv son of Creek Sam, and his mother was Aggie Cumsey, a fullblood Longhair clan Cherokee. Archie Sam was the grandnephew of Watt Sam, the last native speaker of the Natchez language.Nabokov 113 Sam married Maudie Louise Quinton Sam (1914–2006), and the couple had two children, Roy Wayne Sam (1945–2011) and Adeline Naeher.

The final native speaker of the language was José Guzmán who died in 1934 in Niles, California. Vincent Medina presents in Chochenyo at the San Francisco Public Library The Muwekma Ohlone Tribe, which (as of 2007) is petitioning for U.S. federal recognition, has made efforts to revive the language. As of 2004, "the Chochenyo database being developed by the tribe ... [contained] from 1,000 to 2,000 basic words." By 2009, many students were able to carry on conversations in the Chochenyo language.

In January 1953, a linguist working for the American Bible Society, James A. Lauriault/Loriot, needed to find answers to some fundamental errors in translating Quechua, in the Cuzco area of Peru. Following Harris's 1952 publications, he worked over the meaning and placement of each word in a collection of Quechua legends with a native speaker of Quechua and was able to formulate discourse rules that transcended the simple sentence structure. He then applied the process to Shipibo, another language of Eastern Peru.

ISHCMC - American Academy teaches in the English curriculum and has an English as an Additional Language (EAL) Program for students whose English is not their first language. The EAL program is based on the WIDA framework and assessments, which progresses students through 6 stages of the language acquisition process until they reach a proficiency level equivalent to that of a native speaker. In 2015, over 60% of our high school students achieved above the worldwide standards in their English MAP® tests.

There were multiple reasons to choose Belisarius to lead such an expedition. He had shown military competence at Dara, been cleared of incompetence in his other battles by an inquiry, and was a friend to the emperor and thus obviously loyal to him. As an inhabitant of Germana, which was in or near Illyricum and west-oriented, and a "native" speaker of Latin, he wasn't considered an untrustworthy Greek by the natives. Belisarius was reappointed Magister Militum per Orientem and given command of the expedition.

During this period, Braids was invited to play a set at Pop Montreal and recorded a video with Vincent Moon for a series on Montreal bands. Later in 2010, Braids toured in support of Holly Miranda in Canada and the United States. After negotiating with labels in the United States and Canada, Braids announced Chad Vangaalen's label Flemish Eye would distribute Native Speaker in Canada and Kanine Records would release the album in the United States, with the release date set for January 18, 2011.

94–95, 100–104 The family owned the large estate of Căiuți, nearby the spas of Slănic-Moldova, which was the childhood home of Radu and his siblings (a brother and several sisters, including Ana and Margot Rosetti).Rosetti, pp. 9–14, 30–31 A native speaker of Romanian, Radu learned Greek from his paternal grandmother; he later achieved fluency in French (his favorite language of expression), English, German, Italian and Spanish, and had a working knowledge of Latin and, from 1888, Old Church Slavonic.Rosetti, pp.

Long the everyday language of most of the Isle of Man, Manx began to decline sharply in the 19th century. The last monolingual Manx speakers are believed to have died around the middle of the 19th century; in 1874 around 30% of the population were estimated to speak Manx, decreasing to 9.1% in 1901 and 1.1% in 1921. The last native speaker of Manx, Ned Maddrell, died in 1974. At the end of the 19th century a revival of Manx began, headed by the Manx Language Society (').

Paul Demiéville was born on 13 September 1894 in Lausanne, Switzerland, a son of a prominent physician in Lausanne.Holzman (1979): 553. Combined with the family's Swiss citizenship, his father's status and income allowed Demiéville to receive an international and multicultural upbringing far beyond most of his contemporaries. A native speaker of French, he learned Italian as a boy during his family's summer holidays in Italy, then perfected his German as a student in Bern, where he earned his baccalaureate (secondary school diploma) in 1911.

On the upper floor of the building, up to twelve students studying German live with a native-speaker Resident Assistant. They cook together five nights a week and pledge to speak German when in the shared areas of the house. On the lower floor of the building, there are two classrooms and other programming spaces for class meetings, film screenings, workshops, a weekly coffee hour, and a Kinder lernen Deutsch class for elementary children. There are occasional exhibitions on German history, literature, and art.

Zoroaster (, ; Zōroastrēs), also known as Zarathustra (, ; Zaraθuštra), Zarathushtra Spitama or Ashu Zarathushtra (), was an ancient Iranian prophet (spiritual leader) who founded what is now known as Zoroastrianism. His teachings challenged the existing traditions of the Indo-Iranian religion and inaugurated a movement that eventually became the dominant religion in Ancient Persia. He was a native speaker of Old Avestan and lived in the eastern part of the Iranian Plateau, but his exact birthplace is uncertain. There is no scholarly consensus on when he lived.

Writing of the album began in 2011, when the band debuted unreleased new songs while touring for their first album, Native Speaker. Some of the songs played on the tour are; "Victoria" and "In Kind" survived to be included on Flourish // Perish. A third song, "Deep Running", was released for free on YouTube on 28 April 2014. The band invested most of 2012 recording the album in the band's garage in Montreal (which they converted into a recording studio) and at the Centre Phi.

This was an intentional design on the part of the Prussians. In the U.S. over the last twenty years, more than 70% of non-English-speaking school-age immigrants have arrived in the U.S. before they were 6 years old. At this age, they could have been taught English in school, and achieved a proficiency indistinguishable from a native speaker. In other countries, such as the Soviet Union, France, Spain, and Germany this approach has dramatically improved reading and math test scores for linguistic minorities.

Hence the breadth and depth of "understanding" aimed at by a system determine both the complexity of the system (and the implied challenges) and the types of applications it can deal with. The "breadth" of a system is measured by the sizes of its vocabulary and grammar. The "depth" is measured by the degree to which its understanding approximates that of a fluent native speaker. At the narrowest and shallowest, English-like command interpreters require minimal complexity, but have a small range of applications.

Mathews, p. 167. Mathews stated that the book's largest weakness was mistakes in the English language, including non sequiturs and "howlers", resulting in something that appears to be "a lightly edited Ph.D. thesis whose author uses the English language as a distinctly foreign tongue" instead of "a finished volume written by a native speaker of English".Mathews, p. 166. Mathews also criticised some theorising, the figures of speech, and the "distorting" type of emphasis the book places on language and the stories of the subjects.

Sampson was born Hazel Hall to William Hall and Ida Balch Hall on May 26, 1910, in Jamestown, Washington. She was the granddaughter of Chief James Balch, the founder of Jamestown and the namesake of both the town and the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington. Her parents taught her the Klallam language as a native speaker, though she later learned English as a second language. Her father, William Hall, founded the first Indian Shaker Church on the Olympic Peninsula in Dungeness, Washington, circa 1910.

The English language was established in New Zealand by colonists during the 19th century. It is one of "the newest native- speaker variet[ies] of the English language in existence, a variety which has developed and become distinctive only in the last 150 years". The most distinctive influences on New Zealand English have come from Australian English, English in southern England, Irish English, Scottish English, the prestige Received Pronunciation (RP), and Māori. New Zealand English is most similar to Australian English in pronunciation, with some key differences.

The Accidental Asian is a collection of seven essays and short memoirs by Liu. In the first chapter, "Song for My Father", the author recounts the story of his father's death and a memory book compiled by family and friends for the funeral. However, much of the book's content remains unknown to him as he is not able to read the Chinese text. He laments the inability to read Chinese despite being able to speak the language in the next chapter, "Notes of a Native Speaker".

Three years on, the divorce was finalised and the court was favour of Shin Hye-Sung after rejecting claims that Cha was treated unfairly by his wife, due to lack of evidence, as well as, his request for parental rights and custody of the couple's two children. He is the son of Cha Bum-kun, who is regarded as the best football player in the Asian football history. Cha is fluent in English and Dutch. He is a native speaker of German and Korean.

Palawa kani is an attempt to revive various Tasmanian dialects in a single combined form. The original Tasmanian languages, which may have numbered a dozen or more, became extinct in 1905 when the last native speaker died. As part of community efforts to retrieve as much of the original Tasmanian culture as possible, efforts are made to (re)construct a language for the indigenous community. Due to the scarcity of records, Palawa kani is being constructed as a composite of the estimated 6 to 12 original languages.

Baile Shéamais, in Glenmore, was home to Pádraig Paor (also known as Patrick Power) who is believed to have been the last traditional native speaker of the Irish language in Co. Kilkenny. Audio-recordings were made of his speech in 1936 for the Irish Folklore Commission (Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann) by Séamus Ó Duilearga and Risteárd A Breatnach.Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí, Labhrann Laighnigh, Baile Átha Cliath, Coiscéim, 2011 His speech contains the well-documented Ossory pronunciation of slender R [ɾʲ] as [ʒʲ], resembling the of Standard French.

The first work certainly printed in Mons is Le Renart decouvert (1580), an anonymous satire on William of Orange written by Jean Richardot. Although a native speaker of Dutch, during this period of his life Velpius printed almost exclusively in French.Monica Stensland, Habsburg Communication in the Dutch Revolt (Amsterdam University Press, 2012), p. 110. In 1966 facsimiles of Kakogeitnia and Le Renart decouvert were printed in Mons as a single volume with the title Les premiers livres imprimés à Mons, and with introductions by Christiane Pierard and Pierre Ruelle.

Her first collection of poems, Beginning with O, was considered groundbreaking in its depiction of explicit lesbian sexuality.GLBTQ encyclopedia : Olga Broumas Broumas was selected by Stanley Kunitz for the Yale Younger Poets SeriesNew York Times, THE GUIDE by Eleanor Charles, January 30, 2000 in 1977, the first non-native speaker of English to receive this award. Other honors have included a Guggenheim Fellowship and a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts. She has been Poet-in-Residence and Director of Creative Writing at Brandeis University since 1995.

Yagán (originally Yahgan, but also now spelled Yaghan, Jagan, Iakan), also known as Yámana, Háusi Kúta, and Yagankuta, is one of the indigenous languages of Tierra del Fuego, spoken by the Yaghan people. It is regarded as a language isolate, although some linguists have attempted to relate it to Kawésqar and Chono. Yahgan was also spoken briefly on Keppel Island in the Falkland Islands at a missionary settlement. Following the death of 84-year-old Emelinda Acuña (1921 – October 12, 2005), only one native speaker remains, Cristina Calderón of Villa Ukika on Navarino Island, Chile.

Juana Maria (died October 19, 1853), better known to history as the Lone Woman of San Nicolas Island (her Native American name is unknown), was a Native Californian woman who was the last surviving member of her tribe, the Nicoleño. She lived alone on San Nicolas Island off the coast of Alta California from 1835 until her removal from the island in 1853. Scott O'Dell's award-winning children's novel Island of the Blue Dolphins (1960) was inspired by her story. She was the last native speaker of the Nicoleño language.

Although a native speaker of Greek, Claudian is one of the best Latin poetry stylists of late antiquity. He is not usually ranked among the top tier of Latin poets, but his writing is elegant, he tells a story well, and his polemical passages occasionally attain an unmatchable level of entertaining vitriol. The literature of his time is generally characterized by a quality modern critics find specious, of which Claudian's work is not free, and some find him cold and unfeeling. Claudian's poetry is a valuable historical source, though distorted by the conventions of panegyric.

There are many words in Finnish and Estonian that are spelled exactly the same and pronounced almost the same way, but have totally different meanings. Many jokes, including derogatory ones, are based on the differences of the meanings of the words. Both, Finns and Estonians, tend to have, create and understand those jokes. However, Finnish and Estonian are sufficiently different languages that it is not possible for a native speaker of one of the languages to speak nor sufficiently comprehend the other language without explicitly learning the other language.

In America he worked in the garment industry of Boston, Massachusetts making raincoats. Kantorovitch helped to unionize the factory in which he worked, with the union first affiliating with the Industrial Workers of the World before moving to the International Ladies' Garment Workers Union at a later juncture. Kantorovitch was a native speaker of Yiddish but he was also able to read and write fluently in Russian, German, and English. He wrote two books in Yiddish — The History of the Labor Movement in America and In the Light of Marxism.

Landesman was involved as an editor, helping Kosinski, not a native speaker of English, with his English syntax and writing. While at Yale Landesman was also involved in managing a private mutual fund and a racehorse he had bought. In 1977 he left to focus more time on his private investment fund, which he ran for many years. He also got involved in Broadway theater and he was heavily involved in the genesis and development of "Big River" (1985 Tony, Best Musical), a musical based on Huckleberry Finn.

Panait Cerna (; Bulgarian: Панайот Черна, Panayot Cherna, born Panayot Stanchov or Panait Staciov; August 26 or September 25, 1881Călinescu, p.651. The second date is reported to have been once communicated by Cerna himself - March 26, 1913) was a Romanian poet, philosopher, literary critic and translator. A native speaker of Bulgarian, Cerna nonetheless wrote in Romanian, and developed a traditionalist style which was connected with classicism and neoclassicism. Praised by the conservative literary society Junimea, he was promoted by its leader Titu Maiorescu, as well as by Maiorescu's disciples Mihail Dragomirescu and Simion Mehedinţi.

In June 2010, the Anchorage Daily News published an article about Guillaume Leduey, a French college student with an unexpected connection to the Eyak language. Beginning at age 12, he had taught himself Eyak, utilizing print and audio instructional materials he obtained from the Alaska Native Language Center. During that time, he never traveled to Alaska or conversed with Marie Smith Jones, the last native speaker. The month that the article was published, he traveled to Alaska and met with Dr. Michael Krauss, a noted linguist and Professor Emeritus at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.

In addition, he cited a 1985 survey conducted among Lenape elders by ethnologists David M. Oestreicher and James Rementer that revealed traditional Lenape had never heard of the narrative. The older Lenape people said that they "found its text puzzling and often incomprehensible." Oestreicher examined the Lenape language text with fluent native speaker, Lucy Parks Blalock, and they found problems such as frequent use of English idioms. In 1991 Steven Williams summarized the history of the case and the evidence against the document, lumping it with many other famous archaeological frauds.

Keyboardist Katie Lee left the band at an unspecified point during the year, though she featured extensively on the album. The band discussed the direction of the album in May 2012, hinting it would be electronic-based. The change in sound grew out of the band's dissatisfaction with the constraints of guitars and acoustic drums. In April 2013, Raphaelle Standell-Preston revealed the band had abandoned guitars and that closing track "In Kind" (performed live with guitars on the Native Speaker tour) was the only song on the album which featured the instrument.

There are several coastal towns and villages dotted around Mount's Bay of which the largest is Penzance. To the west are Newlyn, Paul, Mousehole and Lamorna, and to the east are Marazion, Perranuthnoe, Praa Sands, Porthleven and Mullion. The bay also incorporates many beaches, coves and features including Prussia Cove, Loe Pool (and Loe Bar), Church Cove, Poldhu Cove and Kynance Cove. In the churchyard wall of the church of St. Paul Aurelian in Paul is the 1860 monument to Dolly Pentreath, according to tradition the last native speaker of the Cornish language.

Pushkin accused Heeckeren to be the lampoon's author, though the true author has never been established. Expert research ruled out Heeckeren authorship as the lampoon (written in French) contained errors extremely unlikely for a native speaker, and such authorship would have been too risky for a diplomat. In the complicated affair that ensued, D'Anthès married Natalia's sister, Yekaterina Goncharova, on 10 January 1837. It has been suggested that d'Anthès's engagement and marriage to Natalia's sister was devised to contradict society gossip that he was in pursuit of Natalia.

The other form is the auction catalog, where only those specific coins available in the auction are described, with photo plates available for some of the more prominent coins. Coin catalogs are essential when dealing with ancient or foreign coins, where the inscriptions may be obscure and unrecognizably stylized, even for a native speaker. Coin catalogs today are supplemented by Internet sites, some of which have the advantage of being attached to user forums, so that issues such as counterfeiting may be discussed. These sites also provide tools connected to catalogs for tracking collections.

If the first syllable is high then the meaning changes to 'the little one catches' (third person singular present tense Class VI - of - 'to catch'). This feature makes Luganda a difficult language for speakers of non-tonal languages to learn. A non-native speaker has to learn the variations of pitch by prolonged listening. Unlike some other Bantu languages, there is no tendency in Luganda for penultimate vowels to become long; in fact they are very frequently short, as in the city name Kampala ', pronounced [káámpálâ], in which the second vowel is short in Luganda.

Foreign Language Student Residence at BYU Brigham Young University's Foreign Language Student Residence (FLSR) program was established in 1978 as a three-house off-campus residence center dedicated to the study of Russian and Italian. Due to the success of these houses, the program expanded from three houses to one specially-designed complex in 1991. Each apartment houses 6 students: 5 students who are studying the same language and a native speaker. Each student agrees to only speak the apartment's assigned language during the school year while in the apartment.

Section 2 deals with the specific approaches used by polyglots in their approach to language learning. Lonsdale summarizes their approach to (for example) remember massive amounts of new information, and training themselves to sound more and more like a native speaker. Section 3 introduces more advanced techniques used by polyglots. While Section 2 was more practical, this section has more to do with the way polyglots think. For example, rather than follow the commonly held belief that “children are better at learning languages than adults”, Lonsdale explains how polyglots actively use their Adult Advantage.

Quirk was born in Peel but raised by his grandparents due to his mother's infirmity after a bout of double pneumonia. He learned his first words of Manx from his step-grandmother, a native speaker, who taught him to recite the Lord's Prayer as a young boy at bedtime. She also instilled in him a pride in Manx, which historically was a low-prestige language on the island: > "Don't let anyone tell you it's a rubbishy language," she said, "because it > isn't. I know it's a good language".

His family, who were ethnic Jews, emigrated to the United States during Golder's early boyhood years, probably in the immediate aftermath of the Odessa Pogrom of 1881. Golder was not a native speaker of either Russian or Ukrainian but is believed to have rather first spoken Yiddish before he learned English in America as a youth. The Golder family established a home in Bridgeton, New Jersey, where they lived in poverty. Frank was sent to the streets as a young boy to supplement the family income as a peddler of small knickknacks.

The rhythms, stress and intonation pattern of the chant should be an exact replica of what the student would hear from an educated native speaker in natural conversation. Echols (1996:327) states that chant means simple and short songs. So Jazz Chants is the technique to practice the English utterances in short jazz beats that is easy to be followed by the students. As we know that the teaching and learning process is a complex phenomenon that involves many components and competencies, including words, mind, and our action.

Sent into slavery as a child by her family, she was given as a gift to the Spaniards by a Maya indigenous ally. Malinche was a native speaker of language of the Aztecs, Nahuatl and had learned a Maya language in captivity. She quickly became essential in the Spaniards' ability to negotiate with potential allies and advise the Spaniards about indigenous military strategy and tactics. In sixteenth-century indigenous pictorial accounts of the conquest, such as Codex Azcatitlan, Malinche is shown as an out-sized figure in a leadership position.

Matane is a Tolai, from East New Britain Province, a native speaker of Kuanua and a staunch United Churchman. He has written 44 books which deliberately use extremely simple English, focusing in part on his own overseas travels, including three on the State of Israel. His writing is intended to persuade Papua New Guineans that books are a useful source of information and that they should not regard them as something only for foreigners. For many years Matane wrote a column in the Malaysian Chinese- owned newspaper The National, containing advice to the younger generation.

Sara, a native speaker of European Portuguese, recorded for Wikitongues Spoken Brazilian Portuguese Portuguese phonology is similar to those of languages such as French (especially that of Quebec), the Gallo-Italic languages, Occitan, Catalan and Franco-Provençal, unlike that of Spanish, which is similar to those of Sardinian and the Southern Italian dialects. Some would describe the phonology of Portuguese as a blend of Spanish, Gallo-Romance (e.g. French) and the languages of northern Italy (especially Genoese), but with a deeper Celtic substratum.Handbook of the International Phonetic Association pp.

Derivational patterns differ in the degree to which they can be called productive. A productive pattern or affix is one that is commonly used to produce novel forms. For example, the negating prefix un- is more productive in English than the alternative in-; both of them occur in established words (such as unusual and inaccessible), but faced with a new word which does not have an established negation, a native speaker is more likely to create a novel form with un- than with in-. The same thing happens with suffixes.

He was a season ticket holder at Liverpool Football Club. A native speaker of German, Fritz Spiegl did not speak a word of English when he moved to Britain as a 13-year-old—a fact which has often been regarded as the trigger for his preoccupation with language phenomena such as, say, malapropisms and for the biting yet humorous linguistic purism of his later years. As one commentator remarked, Spiegl > ...soon knew a great deal more about the language than most English people > do. And cared more too.

There are certain barriers that will be encountered when learning a new language in a multilingual community. These barriers occur in language learning in a multicultural community because native and nonnative groups will think, act, and write in different ways based on each of their own cultural norms. Research shows that students in multicultural environments communicate less with those not familiar with their culture. Long-term problems can include foreign speakers using their own terms of expression combined into the language native to the area, which often makes for awkward sentences to a native speaker.

Akbar was also permitted by the British Council to undertake the International English Language Testing System (IELTS) test in 2011, and achieved a score of 7 bands at age 11. She went on the become the Youngest Non-Native Speaker to score 9 out of 9 bands in IELTS at age 15. She is currently a resident of Dubai, United Arab Emirates where she cleared her Certified Anti Money Laundering Specialist (CAMS) Exam in July 2017 at age 17. Sitara Akbar hails from Rabwah, a small town in the Punjab province of Pakistan.

Dunja Mijatović is the daughter of Tatjana Ljujić-Mijatović, former Serb member of the Presidency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Having studied in a variety of countries, Mijatović earned her B.Sc. at the University of Sarajevo in 1987. She then pursued a joint M.A. in European studies at a variety of universities (University of Sarajevo, University of Sussex, University of Bologna and London School of Economics)CV, OSCE RFoM, graduating in 2002 with a Master’s thesis on "The Internet and Freedom of Expression". Mijatović is a native speaker of Serbian.

Penwith is believed to be the last part of Cornwall to speak Cornish as a community language. Dolly Pentreath, the last recorded speaker came from Paul in Penwith. A year following the death of Dolly Pentreath, Barrington received a letter, written in Cornish and accompanied by an English translation, from a fisherman in Mousehole named William Bodinar stating that he knew of five people who could speak Cornish in that village alone. Barrington also speaks of a John Nancarrow from Marazion who was a native speaker and survived into the 1790s.

This included the act of rounding up children and sending them to boarding schools, where they learned the nation's language and were forced not to speak their own native tongue. The program quickly caused the community to abandon the Chulym language. Soon enough, the language became associated with negative connotations and thus it gained an inferior and low social status. According to the film, The Linguists, a Chulym native speaker, Vasya, claimed that "Chulym was viewed as a 'gutter language'," and the language was no longer passed on to the children.

In 1966, linguist and anthropologist Dell Hymes developed the concept of communicative competence. Communicative competence redefined what it meant to "know" a language; in addition to speakers having mastery over the structural elements of language, they must also be able to use those structural elements appropriately in a variety of speech domains. This can be neatly summed up by Hymes's statement, "There are rules of use without which the rules of grammar would be useless." The idea of communicative competence stemmed from Chomsky's concept of the linguistic competence of an ideal native speaker.

Alfred Kroeber and Ishi In 1915 Sapir returned to California, where his expertise on the Yana language made him urgently needed. Kroeber had come into contact with Ishi, the last native speaker of the Yahi language, closely related to Yana, and needed someone to document the language urgently. Ishi, who had grown up without contact to whites, was monolingual in Yahi and was the last surviving member of his people. He had been adopted by the Kroebers, but had fallen ill with tuberculosis, and was not expected to live long.

Azkue was born in the Biscayan town of Lekeitio, a native speaker of Basque and son of the Basque poet Eusebio Maria de los Dolores Azkue Barrundia who was from Lekeitio himself and Maria Karmen Aberasturi Uribarri from Mundaka. After having studied nautical studies in Lekeitio, he went on to Bilbao to do his baccalaureate and then Vitoria and University of Salamanca to study theology and philosophy. He gained priesthood in 1888. The same year, the Foral Government of Biscay invited new applicants for the chair of Basque Studies.

The monument to Dolly Pentreath Within the village churchyard there is a memorial to Dolly Pentreath, reputedly and disputedly the last native speaker of Cornish. This memorial was placed there by Louis Lucien Bonaparte, a relative of Napoleon Bonaparte, and the Vicar of Paul in the 19th century. The Cornish language writers Nicholas Boson, Thomas Boson and John Boson are all buried in Paul Churchyard, and a monument in the church by John Boson (to Arthur Hutchens, d. 1709) is the only surviving lapidary inscription in traditional Cornish.

A poem about the day following the September 11, 2001 attacks is eerily still. Her 2003 book Plutsemdiker Regn/Sudden Rain is a bilingual edition of about 40 of her poems in Yiddish and English. Although Schaechter-Viswanath is a native speaker of both languages, she does not write poetry in English and does not translate her own Yiddish works into English. Her translators are Zackary Sholem Berger, himself a poet in both English and Yiddish, and Jeffrey Shandler, associate professor of Jewish Studies at Rutgers University and a well-known translator.

Michel Martone is a French native speaker. Biography on official website In 1997 Michel Martone graduated in law at La Sapienza University of Rome.Verbale del concorso di SienaLa storia di Michel Martone sul libro Gioventù sprecata edito da Laterza and in the same year he obtained the PhD at the University of Modena.Verbale del concorso da Associato di Michel Martone In 2000 he became a researcher at the University of Teramo and the following year he became an associate professor of labor law at the Faculty of Law of the same University.

Their descendants, speaking primarily English, no longer knew how to produce meaningful utterances in the language of their native forefathers. Consequently, the names can be divided into roughly two categories: those for which the original morphology is known to some degree and those for which it is not. The meanings of the latter category are traditional only, but the tradition may not necessarily descend from a native speaker. It may have been a settler's conjecture, passed on through the social mechanism of the sacred words of the forefathers or simply because no other interpretation was available.

The album was recorded in the garage below the house the band shared and featured a prominent electronic direction. After the "angry" Native Speaker, Standell-Preston realised that after being in such a painful situation during the early stages of the making of Flourish // Perish, she needed to make an effort "to be more aware of beauty, in my life and my lyrics" on the album. The album was a different experience for her musically as well, abandoning the guitar for all but one song, "In Kind", instead focusing on keyboards. The album was released in August 2013 to critical acclaim.

The Irish language scholar Risteárd A. Breatnach wrote an MA thesis entitled "Kilkenny Irish" but this remains unpublished. Baile Shéamais, in Glenmore, was home to Pádraig Paor who is believed to have been the last traditional native speaker of the Irish language in Co. Kilkenny. Audio- recordings were made of his speech in 1936 for the Irish Folklore Commission (Coimisiún Béaloideasa Éireann) by Séamus Ó Duilearga and Risteárd A Breatnach.Ó hÓgáin, Dáithí, Labhrann Laighnigh, Baile Átha Cliath, Coiscéim, 2011 His speech contains the well-documented Ossory pronunciation of slender R [ɾʲ] as [ʒʲ], resembling the sound of Standard French.

The Goethe-Zertifikat C2: Großes Deutsches Sprachdiplom (formerly Zeugnis über die Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung) is a Goethe-Institut certificate proving high- level German language ability. The Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung (; ZOP) has been integrated into the Goethe-Zertifikat C2 as of 1 January 2012. The ZOP is rated at level C2 of the Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEFR), the highest of the CEFR levels, signalling a level of language ability comparable to an educated native speaker. The exam Zentrale Oberstufenprüfung requires the examinee to understand difficult texts and to communicate eloquently in both spoken and written language.

J. K. Annand translated poetry and fiction from German and Medieval Latin into Scots. The strip cartoons Oor Wullie and The Broons in the Sunday Post use some Scots. In 2018, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stane, a Scots translation of the first Harry Potter book, Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, was published by Matthew Fitt. In 2020, the Scots Wikipedia received a burst of attention after a Reddit post criticized it for containing a large number of articles written in very low- quality Scots written by a single prolific contributor who was not a native speaker of Scots.

Klamath (),Laurie Bauer, 2007, The Linguistics Student’s Handbook, Edinburgh also Klamath–Modoc () and historically Lutuamian (), is a Native American language that was spoken around Klamath Lake in what is now southern Oregon and northern California. It is the traditional language of the Klamath and Modoc peoples, each of whom spoke a dialect of the language. By 1998, only one native speaker remained,Chen, 1998; Maudlin, 1998, and by 2003, this last fluent Klamath speaker who was living in Chiloquin, Oregon, was 92 years old. As of 2006 there were no fluent native speakers of either the Klamath or Modoc dialects.

In a later interview he would remember his military service as "the most important part of my life". As he described it, for the first few days his fellow recruits barely paid attention to the fact that he was of foreign origin, and the shared hardship of harsh conditions and verbal abuse from drill instructors quickly helped to build bonds between him and his colleagues. Not being a native speaker of Chinese, Lin sometimes reacted more slowly than his fellow soldiers. Other than that, however, he describes his experiences as being quite similar to the generations of draftees before him.

Like all international auxiliary languages (or IALs), Basic English may be criticised as inevitably based on personal preferences, and thus, paradoxically, inherently divisive.Rick Harrison, Farewell to Auxiliary Languages Moreover, like all natural language based IALs, Basic is subject to criticism as unfairly biased towards the native speaker community.For instance, a sample quotation from the auxlang mailing list archives and another from noted linguist Robert A. Hall, Jr.. As a teaching aid for English as a second language, Basic English has been criticised for the choice of the core vocabulary and for its grammatical constraints.For instance, by proponents of Essential World English.

The Yaghan tribe was reduced in number from about 3,000 people in 1880 to less than 100 by the 1990s. Many of them were killed by European settlers' "shoot exercises" and deliberate poisoning to exploit the sea lions, the staple of the Yaghan diet. Following the death of 84-year-old Emelinda Acuña (1921 – 12 October 2005), only one native speaker remains, Cristina Calderón of Villa Ukika on Navarino Island, Chile. What can be seen of the Yaghan people and their settlements today are mainly relics in the form of piles of mussel shells overgrown with grass near the seashore.

Lilli Gruber in 2003 Gruber was born in Bolzano and is a German and Italian native speaker. She attended the foreign languages and literature course at the University of Venice. In 1982 Gruber started her journalism career and in 1987 became TG1's anchor, the main television news program on Rai Uno. In 1988, she became political correspondent for RAI, covering events such as the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, the war in the former Yugoslavia, the situation in the United States after the terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and the Iraqi war.

Tunica language The Tunica (or Tonica, or less common form Yuron) language is a language isolate. The last known native speaker of Tunica, Sesostrie Youchigant, died in 1948. Linguist Mary Haas worked with Youchigant in the 1930s to describe what he remembered of the language, and the description was published in A Grammar of the Tunica Language in 1941, followed by Tunica Texts in 1950 and Tunica Dictionary in 1953. The Tunica tribe lived close to the Ofo and Avoyeles tribes, but communication between the three was only possible through the use of the Mobilian Jargon or French.

Agua Caliente is one of three reservations where speakers of the "Pass" dialect of the Cahuilla were located, the other two being the Morongo Indian Reservation and Augustine Indian Reservation. Pass Cahuilla is a dialect of Cahuilla found within the Cupan branch of Takic languages, part of the Uto-Aztecan language family. Though revitalization efforts are underway, all dialects of Cahuilla are technically considered to be extinct as they are no longer spoken at home, and children are no longer learning them as a primary language.Hinton, 28, 32 The last native speaker of Pass Cahuilla died in 2008.

The poem most likely to have been composed by a native speaker of Fingallian is The Fingallian Dance, a brief, three-stanza poem written between about 1650 and 1660. It is a mildly indecent poem about a man going to see dancers at a bullring (bull fighting was practised in 17th century Ireland). Although the poem is likely to have been standardised when written down, it gives a flavour of Fingallian, particularly forms like fat for "what" or fen for "when". Other words that need explanation are ame 'them' and plack-keet, 'part of a petticoat'.

Loferski served as counselor at the European Space Research and Technology Centre in the Netherlands from 1967-1968 and in the 1970s he was an exchange fellow at the Polish Institute of Nuclear Research. He served as a science and technology counselor at the U.S. Embassy in Warsaw from 1985-1987. A native speaker of Polish, he also translated scientific and technical research originating in Eastern Europe. He worked as a consultant for the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), the Department of Defense and the U.S. Navy, as well as for private companies including RCA and Honeywell.

Founded on April 1, 1916, this honour was intended for the "highest especially praiseworthy recognition" and was awarded only 30 times. 28 of its recipients were officers of general's rank; the other two were the naval aviator Gottfried von Banfield (1916) and Pokorny himself. After World War I, as a German-language native speaker, Pokorny did not request Czechoslovak or Austrian citizenship because he was not welcome in Czechoslovakia on account of his German roots nor in Austria because he had been born on Czech soil. Accordingly, in 1918 he joined the Hungarian Army and made his new life as a Hungarian citizen.

Antonio del Rincón (1566 – March 2, 1601) was a Jesuit priest and grammarian, who wrote one of the earliest grammars of the Nahuatl language (known generally as the Arte mexicana, MS. published in 1595). A native of Texcoco from the early decades of the Viceroyalty of New Spain and descendant of the tlatoque (ruling nobility of Texcoco), del Rincón was a native speaker of the indigenous language. Historians debate whether both his parents were indigenous Nahuas or whether he was a mestizo of half-Nahua, half-Spanish parentage. Historian Kelly McDonough considers him one of the first Nahua intellectuals.

Klallam, Clallam, Ns'Klallam or S'klallam (endonym: Nəxʷsƛ̓ay̓əmúcən), now extinct, is a Straits Salishan language that was traditionally spoken by the Klallam peoples at Becher Bay on Vancouver Island in British Columbia and across the Strait of Juan de Fuca on the north coast of the Olympic Peninsula in Washington. Klallam was closely related to North Straits Salish, in particular the Saanich dialect of Straits Salish, but the languages are not mutually intelligible. There were several dialects of Klallam, including Elwha Klallam, Becher Bay Klallam, Jamestown S'Klallam and Little Boston S'Klallam. The last native speaker of Klallam died in 2014.

In the 1891 census, 59.2% of the population of Braemar spoke the Gaelic language "habitually", the percentage of those actually able to speak the language (despite not having much opportunity to) would have been somewhat higher. The small crofting township of Inverey (Inbhir Èidh) was 86.3% Gaelic-speaking, most non-speakers being originally from Lower Deeside. The Gaelic spoken in the Aberdeenshire Highlands shared most features in common with the Gaelic of Strathspey and East Perthshire. The last native-speaker of the local Gaelic dialect died in 1984, though there are still surviving native-speakers of the similar Strathspey dialect.

Overall, the distinction between formal and informal forms of address and when to use each can be quite subtle and not easily discernible by a non-native speaker. Cypriot Greek traditionally had no T–V distinction, with even persons of very high social status addressed in the singular, usually together with an honorific or title such as ("teacher", mainly for priests) or (literally "master", loosely "sir"). Even today, the singular form is used much more frequently in Cyprus compared to Greece, although this is changing under the influence of Standard Modern Greek. The plural form is now expected in a formal setting.

Another Celtic language, Manx, lost its last native speaker in 1974 and was declared extinct by UNESCO in 2009, but never completely fell from use. The language is now taught in primary and secondary schools, including as a teaching medium at the Bunscoill Ghaelgagh, used in some public events and spoken as a second language by approximately 1800 people. Revitalization efforts include radio shows in Manx Gaelic and social media and online resources. The Manx government has also been involved in the effort by creating organizations such as the Manx Heritage Foundation (Culture Vannin) and the position of Manx Language Officer.

Gradient well- formedness is a problem that arises in the analysis of data in generative linguistics, in which a linguistic entity is neither completely grammatical nor completely ungrammatical. A native speaker may judge a word, phrase or pronunciation as "not quite right" or "almost there," rather than dismissing it as completely unacceptable or fully accepting it as well-formed. Thus, the acceptability of the given entity lies on a "gradient" between well-formedness and ill-formedness. Some generative linguists think that ill-formedness might be strictly additive, thus trying to figure out universal constraints by acquiring scalar grammaticality judgments from informants.

In translation, the principle of exegetical neutrality is that 'if at any point in a text there is a passage that raises for the native speaker legitimate questions of exegesis, then, if at all possible, a translator should strive to confront the reader of his version with the same questions of exegesis and not produce a version which in his mind resolves those questions'. Long, P. and White, A., 'On the Translation of Frege's Bedeutung: A Reply to Dr. Bell', Analysis 40 pp. 196-202, 1980, p. 196. See also Bell, D., "On the Translation of Frege's Bedeutung", Analysis Vol.

Accent reduction, also known as accent modification or accent neutralization, is a systematic approach for learning or adopting a new speech accent. It is the process of learning the sound system (or phonology) and melodic intonation of a language so the non-native speaker can communicate with clarity to be understood by the general public of this second language. Accent reduction training is not the same as ESL (English as a Second Language) classes. Accent reduction classes go beyond learning vocabulary and grammar and focus upon clarity of speech and fine tuning a specific accent or dialect.

Toews has said that Irma Voth was inspired in part by her experience in playing a lead role in Silent Light, the 2007 film written and directed by Mexican filmmaker Carlos Reygadas. Reygadas invited Toews to do a screen test for the role of Esther, a conservative Mennonite wife, on the basis of reading her third novel, A Complicated Kindness, and seeing her author photo on the back flap of the book. The film was shot in Plautdietsch, a language neither the director nor Toews fully understood. Toews worked with her mother, a native speaker of Plautdietsch, to deliver her lines phonetically.

Magnus Maclean Prof Magnus Maclean FRSE MIEE MICE LLD (1857-1937) was an electrical engineer who assisted Lord Kelvin in his electrical experiments and later became Professor of Electrical Engineering in Glasgow (one of the first to hold such a title). The Magnus Maclean Memorial Prize given to students of electrical engineering is named in his honour. A native speaker of Scottish Gaelic, he also lectured in Celtic Studies at the University of Glasgow, delivering the MacCallum lectures, in English between 1901 and 1093. These lectures constituted the first official lectures in Celtic studies at the University.

English has traditionally been categorized as the first foreign language in Indonesia. However, increasing exposure to the language, the decreasing influence of native-speaker norms in the country and the prevalent use of the language as a lingua franca in the broader context such as ASEAN means that the categorization has been put into question. Scholars such as Lowenberg argue that English is best seen as an additional language. Meanwhile, Zein argues that English in Indonesia is best categorized as a lingua franca, an argument parallel with Kirkpatrick’s contention on the use of English as a lingua franca in the broader ASEAN context.

In his capacity of acting Foreign Minister, Otyrba headed the Abkhazian delegation to the meeting on repatriation of refugees held 20 July 2004 in Sochi. On 3 March 2007, Otyrba was appointed the first Commissioner for Human Rights of Abkhazia under the President of Abkhazia by Sergei Bagapsh. Following the adoption of a law constituting a new, independent, Human Rights Commissioner, the old office under the President was abolished and Otyrba was formally dismissed by Raul Khajimba on 4 May 2016. Otyrba is a native speaker of Abkhaz and Russian, speaks English fluently, and is also competent in Italian.

Two paintings of bodhran in Ireland, "a Halloween party," painted by Irish artist Daniel Maclise, around 1842 and also in 1842, "A Shebeen in Listowel," attributed to Bridget Maria Fitzgerald, both show the Bodhran being played Middle Eastern style with hands as was the Medieval tradition in Europe. The first mention of an English sieve tambourine comes from John Davey of Zennor (1812–1891), the last native speaker of the Cornish language; he describes, "a wooden hoop covered with sheep-skin, used for taking up corn. Sometimes used as a tambourine, then called crowdy- crawn.".Margaret Ann Courtney & Thomas Quiller Couch. 1880.

In September 2009, Lewis announced that his next language mission was to spend three months in Brazil. He explained his aim for this mission as follows: "I want several Brazilians to have believed that not only am I speaking Portuguese as good as a native, but that I actually am a native." Before starting this mission Lewis had 8 months exposure to Portuguese, having lived in Brazil previously. At the end of this project December 2009, Lewis stated that the mission had been a "partial success" with some Brazilians believing he was a native speaker for periods of up to 30 seconds.

The translation of Bedeutung by 'meaning' was unanimously agreed after lengthy discussion'. The decision was based on the principle of exegetical neutrality, namely that 'if at any point in a text there is a passage that raises for the native speaker legitimate questions of exegesis, then, if at all possible, a translator should strive to confront the reader of his version with the same questions of exegesis and not produce a version which in his mind resolves those questions'.Long, P. and White, A., 'On the Translation of Frege's Bedeutung: A Reply to Dr. Bell', Analysis 40 pp. 196-202, 1980, p. 196.

He married Nurgul Dykanalieva (1957-2012), a Kyrgyzstan citizen, on 15 May 1982. She had graduated the bibliography and librarian branch of the philology faculty at the Kyrgyz women pedagogy university (now - the Kyrgyz State Pedagogy University named after Eshenally Arabay uulu.) A native speaker of Kirghiz, she was also fluent in Kazakh, Russian, English, and Czech. She died in the Bishkek city hospital due to massive stroke on September 17, 2012. He then married Dr. Aishat Botobekova (now Tchoroeva), a philologist and expert on Kyrgyz people's sign and gesture systems, in Bishkek on 9 November 2013.

With her parents she moved to Houston, Texas, where she was a 1995 graduate of Episcopal High School. Moreno is a 1999 graduate in mass communication from Southern Methodist University (SMU) in Dallas, Texas, where she wrote for the Daily Campus; she also studied at American University in the District of Columbia while working in the White House for First Lady Hillary Clinton. A native speaker of both English and Spanish, Moreno studied for six months in Madrid, Spain. A job at WDSU-TV brought her to New Orleans, which she has made her permanent home.

Bee Gees plaque at Maitland Terrace/Strang Road intersection in Union Mills, Isle of Man The music of the Isle of Man reflects Celtic, Norse and other influences, including from its neighbours, Scotland, Ireland, England and Wales. A wide range of music is performed on the island, such as rock, blues, jazz and pop. Its traditional folk music has undergone a revival since the 1970s, starting with a music festival called in Ramsey. This was part of a general revival of the Manx language and culture after the death of the last native speaker of Manx in 1974.

Lee's first novel, Native Speaker (1995), won numerous awards including the Hemingway Foundation/PEN Award. Centered on a Korean-American industrial spy, the novel explores themes of alienation and betrayal as experienced by immigrants and first-generation citizens, in their struggle to assimilate in American life. In 1999, he published his second novel, A Gesture Life. This elaborated on his themes of identity and assimilation through the narrative of an elderly Japanese immigrant in the US who was born in Korea but later adopted to a Japanese family and remembers treating Korean comfort women during World War II. For this book, Lee received the Asian-American Literary Award.

A native speaker of the Zarma language, Idé left his home in Niamey, Niger, to study public administration in France, receiving degrees from The Sorbonne (Université de Paris I) and the Institut international d'administration publique in Paris, serving as an official in the Government of Niger and in international organizations. Idé published his first collection of poems, Cri Inachivé (The Unfinished Cry) in 1984, and his first novel in 1987. He has published both in French and in Zarma. Idé won the first Nigerien National Poetry Prize (Prix national de Poésie) in 1981 and the Grand Prix Littéraire Boubou Hama du Niger in 1996.

Thanks to the certificate issued by Miklosich stating that "besides being a native speaker of Serbian and Italian (Bogišić) speaks all other Slavic languages",Kidrič, Dr. Balthasar Anton Bogišić in der kk. Hofbibliothek Wien, ASPh 31 (1910), 305–312 after obtaining a PhD in Giessen, in 1862/63 Bogišić was hired as an administrator of the Slavia Department at the Viennese court library. There however he also administered the legal department as well as publications from the French Revolution. As an administrator of the Slavia Department, he had the opportunity not only to read important books by Slavic writers but also to meet many of their authors.

Braids released their first new music since Native Speaker in December 2012, collaborating with Max Cooper on the Conditions One EP. Mixing for the album was completed in January 2013, with the mastering handled by Harris Newman at Grey Market Mastering in February. The band went on their first tour of 2013 in March, playing across the Southern United States and finishing with a run of shows at South by Southwest. On May 28, 2013, the band announced the album's title, Flourish // Perish, and a release date of 20 August. The album was preceded by the In Kind // Amends EP and was followed by the "Fruend" single.

From roughly the age of three to five years, a child's ability to speak or sign is refined to the point that it resembles adult language. Acquisition of second and additional languages can come at any age, through exposure in daily life or courses. Children learning a second language are more likely to achieve native-like fluency than adults, but in general, it is very rare for someone speaking a second language to pass completely for a native speaker. An important difference between first language acquisition and additional language acquisition is that the process of additional language acquisition is influenced by languages that the learner already knows.

Liu has authored many books, most recently Become America: Civic Sermons on Love, Responsibility, and Democracy, which collects sermons he wrote and delivered at Civic Saturdays around the country. His 2017 book You're More Powerful Than You Think is a citizen's guide to the practice of power. His book, A Chinaman's Chance (2014), explores being Chinese American in the age of China and America. He is also the author of Guiding Lights: The People Who Lead Us Toward Our Purpose in Life (2005), about transformative mentors, leaders and teachers, and The Accidental Asian: Notes of a Native Speaker (1998), about ethnicity, identity and acculturation.

The first JPS translation was completed in 1917 by a committee led by Max Margolis and was based on the scholarship of its day. Its literary form was consciously based on that of the King James Version; Margolis, a non-native speaker of English, felt that was the proper standard of language that Jews should adopt for their translation. The Old JPS translation was used in a number of Jewish works published before the 1980s, such as the Pentateuch and Haftaroth edited by J. H. Hertz and the Soncino Books of the Bible series. The translation committee included Cyrus Adler, Solomon Schechter, Kaufmann Kohler, Samuel Schulman, and David Philipson.

O'Rourke was arraigned on 28 October 1591 and the indictment was translated for him into Irish by a native speaker. One observer said he declined to plead, but the record states that a plea of not guilty was entered (probably at the direction of the court). The defendant was asked how he wished to be tried and answered that he would submit to trial by jury if he were given a week to examine the evidence, then allowed a good legal advocate, and only if the Queen herself sat in judgment. The judge declined these requests and explained that the jury would try him anyway.

A syllabary known as the Yugtun script was invented for the language by Uyaquq, a native speaker, in about 1900, although the language is now mostly written using the Latin script.Entry in The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems Early linguistic work in Central Yupʼik was done primarily by Russian Orthodox, then Jesuit and Moravian Church missionaries, leading to a modest tradition of literacy used in letter writing. In the 1960s, Irene Reed and others at the Alaska Native Language Center developed a modern writing system for the language. Their work led to the establishment of the state's first bilingual school programs in four Yupʼik villages in the early 1970s.

Red Thunder Cloud (May 30, 1919January 8, 1996), born Cromwell Ashbie Hawkins West, and also known as Carlos Westez, was a singer, dancer, storyteller, and field researcher best known as the last fluent, though non-native speaker of the Catawba language. Of African-American ancestry, Red Thunder Cloud presented himself as Native American throughout most of his life. Anthropologist Frank Speck believed Red Thunder Cloud to be a genuine Catawba Indian and proceeded to provide him with training in field methods of recording notes for ethnological studies. Despite the fact that he became fluent in the Catawba language, Red Thunder Cloud was neither Catawba nor Native American by ancestry.

Lucille Watahomigie (born 1945 in Valentine, ArizonaLucille Watahomigie. Women's Plaza of Honor - Women Honored , The University of Arizona) is a Hualapai educator and linguist and native speaker of the Hualapai language. After receiving her bachelor's degree in elementary education from Northern Arizona University, she returned to the Hualapai community of Peach Springs and became a teacher at the Peach Springs School. She went on to receive her master's degree at the University of Arizona, where she then worked as a professor for three years before returning to the Hualapai Nation in 1975 to found the Hualapai bilingual and bicultural education program in response to community demand.

Ladefoged, in a series of pioneering experiments published in the 1950s and 60s, studied how trained phoneticians coped with the vowels of a dialect of Scottish Gaelic. He asked eighteen phoneticians to listen to a recording of ten words spoken by a native speaker of Gaelic and to place the vowels on a cardinal vowel quadrilateral. He then studied the degree of agreement or disagreement among the phoneticians. Ladefoged himself drew attention to the fact that the phoneticians who were trained in the British tradition established by Daniel Jones were closer to each other in their judgments than those who had not had this training.

A native speaker of English, Thomas never lost a strong accent, about which he was good-humored, and which never got in the way of clarity in his teaching. Although he studied an array of topics, his main subject of studies had long been bats, which were the subject of his Master's thesis, his Ph.D. dissertation, and his postdoc, and had attracted for him the nickname "Batman". For a number of years Thomas had been traveling to Corsica to study blue tits; he died suddenly there from a stroke shortly after his arrival in May 2009. He had two sons with Marie-Hélène Poulin, a preschool- education teacher.

Above and beyond the lessons that correspond to the curriculum, intensive promotion in subject-specific areas is taking place at the DSSI with regards to special talents and interests or also in overcoming deficiencies. "German as second language" from the 1st to the 10th grade and the "Pre-school programme according to Penner" in pre-school years assist non- native speaker students to acquire the German language. Students also have the option to learn Korean as well as another foreign language. The DSSI also co- operates with both an English- and a French-speaking school in Seoul to facilitate students' progress in the obligatory language lessons.

Stephanie Lindemann, "Listening with an attitude: A model of native speaker comprehension of non-native speakers in the United States" Language in Society 31. (2002). Most international students are also lacking a support groups in the country where they are studying. Although all colleges in North America that are in student exchange programs do have an International Student Office, it sometimes does not have resources and capability to consider their students' individual needs when it comes to adapting to the new environment. The more a particular college has students coming from the same country the better the support is for getting involved in the new culture.

Much of the songwriting took place on a computer and unlike while recording Native Speaker, the band "embraced the more emotional side of things, rather than trying to be super technically proficient". The band decided against recording live and instead recorded the songs sequentially, laying down the instrumental parts separately.Braids Band music interview about recording process of Flourish Perish and tour 2013 – Swide The band wrote between 13 and 14 songs and considered releasing the material as two EPs before agreeing to release a 10-track album. Mixing was completed in January 2013, with the mastering handled by Harris Newman at Grey Market Mastering in February.

Folkspraak is an incomplete zonal constructed language based on Germanic languages and intended to be easy to learn for any native speaker of a Germanic language, making it suitable to be a sort of lingua franca amongst the Germanic languages community.Folkspraak at omniglot.com The project's development took place mostly online in a Yahoo group, though disagreements about grammar and orthography means that there are several different versions or "dialects". Disagreement occurs even over which source languages to use, so that only some developers draw from Frisian, Low German and Norwegian Nynorsk, next to the usual source languages of English, Dutch, German, Danish, Norwegian Bokmål, and Swedish.

The language was still spoken by a handful of people in the 1970s. The last fluent native speaker of Mlaḥsô, Ibrahim Ḥanna, died in 1998 in Qamishli. His daughters, Munira in Qamishlo, Shamiram in Lebanon, and son Dr. Isḥaq Ibrahim in Germany are the only speakers left with some limited native proficiency of the language. Recordings of Ibrahim Ḥanna speaking the language are available on Heidelberg University's Semitic Sound Archive which were done by Otto Jastrow, a prominent German semiticist who is credited as the modern "discoverer" of the language and published the first modern research papers on the existence of Mlaḥsô and its linguistic features.

Cruz was born in Cieneguilla, San Juan Quiahije, Juquila, Oaxaca, Mexico, an indigenous community in Oaxaca, Mexico, and is a native speaker of Eastern Chatino, one of three Chatino languages. She is the daughter of the slain indigenous leader Tomas Cruz Lorenzo The geographic focus of her research is Oaxaca, with a linguistic focus on Chatino. Though her training is predominantly in the areas of grammar, sound, and word structure, with an emphasis on the linguistic features of tonal languages, her work draws together many areas of inquiry. It crosses the disciplinary boundaries of linguistic anthropology, cultural anthropology, indigenous studies, linguistics, education, and geography.

He concludes that ELF will not replace Anglo-Saxon native-speaker models in the near future as there are too many constraints linked to ELF. For Sowden, the use of multilingual and local teachers can also be beneficial for L2 learners, as these teachers have knowledge of the local culture and spoken languages and the constraints they have on learning English. The way forward according to Sowden is to focus on communicative ability, not on universal conformity. Alessia Cogo challenged Sowden's critical paper on ELF in 2012 by stating that his arguments were based on outdated research and a confusion between the terms World Englishes (WE) and ELF.

Exophony is the practice of (normally creative) writing in a language that is not one's mother tongue. While the phenomenon has been known for ages, the term is relatively new: it was introduced within the field of literary and cultural studies by Susan Arndt, Dirk Naguschewski and Robert Stockhammer in 2007. Some exophonic authors may be bilingual or multilingual from their childhood years, even polyglots, while others may write in an acquired language. In some cases the second language is acquired early in life, for example through immigration, and it is not always clear whether the writer should strictly be classed a non-native speaker.

Nic an Bhaird is a native speaker of Irish and attending Belfast's Irish language secondary school, Coláiste Feirste, where she was taught by Sinn Féin MEP Bairbre de Brún. Irish-language organisations, including Na Gaeil Óga ("the Young Gaels") of which Nic an Bhaird is a member, have condemned her case as victimisation based on language, and have charged that she was assaulted by the arresting PSNI officer. She claimed police demanded she speak English before releasing her from custody after her arrest. The Good Friday Agreement does provide for some official accommodation for the Irish language in Northern Ireland, but the required level of support is not precisely specified.

Media linguistics provides that media is used as a source of historical and current data or research. It is critical in examining regional language and regional dialect models of media involving the portrayal of society and culture. Media linguistics is crucial in understanding how the media broadcasts language ideologies and is able to strengthen representation of a less common, minority language or maintain representation of a dominant language. Sources of media language are used as learning material in second language courses given its ties to the language's culture and its surrounding context and its role in exposing students to native-speaker syntax and vocabulary.

Dictionaries intended for collegiate and professional use generally include most or all of the lexical information to be expected in a quality printed dictionary. The content of electronic dictionaries developed in association with leading publishers of printed dictionaries is more reliable that those aimed at the traveler or casual user, while bilingual dictionaries that have not been authored by teams of native speaker lexicographers for each language, will not be suitable for academic work. Some developers opt to have their products evaluated by an independent academic body such as the CALICO. Another major consideration is that the devices themselves and the dictionaries in them are generally designed for a particular market.

An informant or consultant in linguistics is a native speaker or member of a community who acts as a linguistic reference for a language or speech community being studied. The informant's role is that of a senior interpreter, who demonstrates native pronunciation, provides grammaticality judgments regarding linguistic well-formedness, and may also explain cultural references and other important contextual information to researchers from other cultures studying the language. Linguistic informants, especially those who frequently work with linguists, may play a greater than usual role in the researcher's work, and other titles such as consultant or coauthor may be used to acknowledge and accurately reflect that contribution.

The Bukusu east of Webuye town will usually say 'eSindu', thus adopting the prefix of the Kabras language while retaining the Bukusu root word 'Sindu' (as opposed to the Kabras root word, 'Shindu'). Because it borders the nilotic Kalenjin languages of the Pokot, Nandi and Sebei to the north, east and west, the Bukusu language spoken in Kitale area has largely retained its original form, save for a number of loan words from those languages. It is markedly different from the other dialects discussed above, to the extent that it takes a while for a native speaker of one of the other two dialects to adopt it as their daily speech.

It is usually taken as a professional certification, especially for graduate teaching assistants in the American college and university system, who are often required to hold office hours and converse in English with students. It is also used in the medical profession, where communication with patients is required. The SPEAK test has been routinely criticized for not accurately testing how a speaker will perform in the real world, in part because it is administered by recording the individual speaking into a recording device rather than speaking to a person. The SPEAK test has also been criticized for using native speaker norms to judge non-native speakers.

Although Persis (Persia proper) was only one of the provinces of ancient Iran, varieties of this term (e.g., Persia) were adopted through Greek sources and used as an exonym for all of the Persian Empire for many years. Thus, especially in the Western world, the names Persia and Persian came to refer to all of Iran and its subjects. Some medieval and early modern Islamic sources also used cognates of the term Persian to refer to various Iranian peoples and languages, including the speakers of Khwarazmian,For example, Al-Biruni, a native speaker of Khwarezmian, refers to "the people of Khwarizm" as "a branch of the Persian tree".

The King also commissioned the translation into Castilian of several "oriental" fables and tales which, although written in Arabic, were originally in Sanskrit, such as the Kalila wa-Dimna (Panchatantra) and the Sendebar. Translation methods evolved under the direction of Alfonso X. Previously, a native speaker would verbally communicate the contents of the books to a scholar, who would dictate its Latin equivalent to a scribe, who wrote down the translated text. Under the new methodology, a translator, with expertise in several languages, dictated from the base language, translating into Castilian for the scribe, who wrote down the Castilian version. The scribe's work was later reviewed by one or several editors.

Hazel M. Sampson (May 26, 1910 – February 4, 2014) was an American Klallam elder and language preservationist. Sampson was the last native speaker of the Klallam language, as well as the oldest member of the Klallam communities at the time of her death in 2014. She was a member of the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe of Washington. The Klallam language is still spoken as a second language by some members of the four indigenous Klallam communities: the Jamestown S'Klallam Tribe, and the Lower Elwha Klallam Tribe of Washington's Olympic Peninsula, the Port Gamble Band of S’Klallam Indians of Washington's Kitsap Peninsula,as well as the Beecher Bay Klallam of British Columbia, Canada.

In this case he would have been a native speaker of a language close to Latin, rather than Gaulish Insubrian. There he came to the attention of Marcus Caecilius Denter, the Legatus Legionibus Praepositus in Cisalpine Gaul in 200 BC who introduced him in Rome. He supported himself by adapting Greek plays for the Roman stage from the New Comedy writers, especially Menander, a genre called Comoedia Palliata. If the statement in the life of Terence by Suetonius is correct and the reading sound, Caecilius's judgment was so esteemed that he was ordered to hear Terence's Andria (exhibited 166 BC) read and to pronounce an opinion upon it.

Historically the village has been populated by Yupik, however in the 1960s, following a drive to force the reindeer herding, nomadic Chukchi to live a more settled life, a number who lived in the Kurupkan River valley were moved to the village, though the Yupik of the village still practice traditional marine hunting. The Sirenik Eskimo language, which some consider as separate from Yupik and Inuit language groups, was spoken by the Sirenik people in the village until 1997, when the last native speaker died.Vakhtin 1998: 162Linguist List's description about Nikolai Vakhtin's book: The Old Sirinek Language: Texts, Lexicon, Grammatical Notes. The author's untransliterated (original) name is “Н.Б. Вахтин ”.

Manx is widely considered to be an important part of the island's culture and heritage. Although the last surviving native speaker of the Manx language, Ned Maddrell, died in 1974, the language has never fallen completely out of use. Manx has been the subject of language revival efforts, so that despite the small number of speakers, Manx has become more visible on the island, with increased signage, radio broadcasts and a Manx-medium primary school. The revival of Manx has been aided by the fact that the language was well recorded; for example, the Bible was translated into Manx, and audio recordings were made of native speakers.

A language model is an essential component of any statistical machine translation system, which aids in making the translation as fluent as possible. It is a function that takes a translated sentence and returns the probability of it being said by a native speaker. A good language model will for example assign a higher probability to the sentence "the house is small" than to "small the is house". Other than word order, language models may also help with word choice: if a foreign word has multiple possible translations, these functions may give better probabilities for certain translations in specific contexts in the target language.

Liam Logan is one of Northern Ireland's leading Ulster Scots enthusiasts and commentators who has made a significant contribution to the recent interest in the language as a native speaker, broadcaster, journalist and writer. Originally a native of Galdanagh, a townland of Dunloy, in the northern part of County Antrim, (the Hame o the Hamely Tongue, a phrase he originally coined for the BBC programme "A Kist o Wurds"), although he has been resident in Bangor, County Down for many years. Liam was educated at St. Joseph's Primary School, Dunloy and St MacNissi's College, Garron Tower. He holds an MBA from the University of Ulster.

In addition, various offline organizations exist to facilitate language exchanges, such as Tandem language learning and Unilang, as well as mobile apps like uTandem, Bilingua, Hello Pal and Tandem. By using the mobile apps, users from all over the world can connect with new language partners to share connections and passions. Some of the apps will connect you based on interests, location or just with a native speaker of the language you are searching for. Institutional programs In Europe, the Erasmus programme (established in 1987 by the European Union and incorporated in the Socrates programme in 1994) allows students to do part of their studies in another European institution.

1840–1922) was the author of Abantu Abamnyama Lapa Bavela Ngakona (The Black People and Whence They Came), the first book in the Zulu language published by a native speaker of the language. Born in Zululand, he was brought up from about 12 years of age by Bishop John William Colenso and converted to Christianity. Following his education at the mission, he trained as a printer and compositor on Colenso's press before starting his own printing business. He wrote for a number of Zulu newspapers and in 1896 travelled to the island of Saint Helena to be the secretary to Dinuzulu kaCetshwayo, king of the Zulus, returning to Natal in 1898.

First, since the word meaning is ambiguous, a linguist has to define "meaningful" and "meaningless" and ascertain whether all native-speaker informants agree. Second, a linguist needs to consider differences in the informants' background and education, "One syllable which is meaningful to one may be meaningless to another" (1949: 463). Third, the identification of meaningful and meaningless syllables with those occurring in more than one word and those occurring in only one "is doubtful". Taking the example of shan and hu in shanhu "coral", Yang notes both characters are used in other compounds, namely, shanshan 珊珊 "tinkling sound (of ornaments)" and hulian 瑚璉 "two types of ritual vessels" (1949: 464).

Until 1988 the Royal Society of Arts (RSA) ran two English as a Foreign Language (EFL) diploma level programmes for native and non-native speaker teachers, the DTEFLA (Diploma in the Teaching of English as a Foreign Language to Adults) and the DOTE (Diploma for Overseas Teachers of English). In 1988, Cambridge English Language Assessment (then known as the University of Cambridge Local Examinations Syndicate (UCLES)) reached an agreement with the RSA to take over its suite of teacher training courses and qualifications. UCLES integrated DTEFLA and DOTE to launch the Cambridge DELTA (Diploma of English Language Teaching to Adults).Hawkey, R. & Milanovic, M. (2013) Cambridge English Exams: The First Hundred Years, Cambridge University Press, pp.

8 From 1924, areas near Konstantinovka were absorbed by the Moldavian ASSR, set up for Romanians and Moldovans in the Ukrainian SSR; most of present-day Moldova, or historical Bessarabia, was at the time united with Romania. Historian Lilia Crudu argues that Salogor, like his colleague Nicolae Coval, became a "Moldovan" or "Moldavian" only as a byword for his geographic origins in that area, where he also received his communist training; she notes that Salogor was not a native speaker of Romanian (or "Moldovan").Crudu (2015), pp. 8, 14 & (2018), pp. 208–209, 211 Similarly, ethnic Romanian author Ion Costaș sees Salogor and Coval as "ideologized beyond measure" and no longer belonging to a specific ethnic culture.

One of the more widely accepted definitions of native speakers is that they were born in a particular country (and) raised to speak the language of that country during the critical period of their development. The person qualifies as a "native speaker" of a language by being born and immersed in the language during youth, in a family in which the adults shared a similar language experience to the child. Native speakers are considered to be an authority on their given language because of their natural acquisition process regarding the language, as opposed to having learned the language later in life. That is achieved by personal interaction with the language and speakers of the language.

Also questionable is another 32-year-old woman, Warunee Suwannarak (; ), who appeared on the show and sang 4 Non Blondes' "What's Up" with English native speaker accent, contrary to the story she previously told that she merely completed elementary education and is living an impoverished life as a manual labourer. The story itself was also contrary to the pictures she shared on internet, showing her work as a local singer and her visits to many countries. This caused extensive criticism on internet, doubting her 'pitiable' story was set up by the organisers for the purpose of drawing public attentions. The woman later admitted that she married a foreigner, but still insisted that her story is true.

The son of Basque immigrants from Bizkaia and a native speaker of the Basque language, Cenarrusa has been a longtime proponent of increased autonomy in the Basque Country, particularly in Spain. In the 1970s he worked with the Democratic U.S. Senator from Idaho, Frank Church, in an effort to curtail foreign aid to the Franco regime. Cenarrusa has also appealed for clemency for Basque political prisoners in Spain. In 2003, Pete and Freda Cenarrusa organized the Cenarrusa Foundation for Basque Culture (originally the Cenarrusa Center for Basque Studies), which promotes the culture and history of the Basques by providing resources for performances, presentations and programs and to organizations throughout Idaho and Oregon.

At first glance, it seems that gavagai simply translates with rabbit. Now, Quine points out that the background language and its referring devices might fool the linguist here, because he is misled in a sense that he always makes direct comparisons between the foreign language and his own. However, when shouting gavagai, and pointing at a rabbit, the natives could as well refer to something like undetached rabbit- parts, or rabbit-tropes and it would not make any observable difference. The behavioural data the linguist could collect from the native speaker would be the same in every case, or to reword it, several translation hypotheses could be built on the same sensoric stimuli.

More specifically, the rabbits adopt formal Lapine and the other animals employ a Lapine Foreigner Talk that Corder describes as "a reduced code or incipient pidgin". He further notes that the general rules of "Foreigner Talk" are well- established in societies even among natives who have never communicated with a foreigner. Corder attributes the learning of the rules of "Foreigner Talk" to its use within native-speaker-oriented literature and other media as a proxy for interlanguage. Because Lapine is presented in the novels as Standard English, Lapine Foreigner Talk is essentially English Foreigner Talk with a Lapine gloss and thus provides an example of linguistic enculturation for children who read the books.

Early in 1948 he changed the family name from Sheehan to the modern Gaelic version of Ó Síocháin. In the 1950s he recognised the need for himself to understand his native country at a deeper level, so becoming involved with the Aran Islands where he perfected his spoken Irish to the fluency of a native speaker and gained immense respect from the islanders. He was founder of the National Language Revival MovementCadogan, Tim & Falvey, Jeremiah: A Biographical Dictionary of Cork p.271 (Cork City Library), Four Courts Press (2006), and president of CARA, Society of Friends to promote the spoken use of the Irish language, and established an Irish language school in Dublin, also using learning recording systems.

Cecilia Miksekwe Jackson, one of the last surviving native speakers of Potawatomi, died in May 2011, at the age of 88. She was known for working to preserve and teach the language. Donald Neaseno Perrot, a native speaker who grew up in the Powers Bluff, Wisconsin area, has a series of Potawatomi videos, a website, and books available to preserve the language The federally recognized Pokégnek Bodéwadmik Pokagon Band of Potawatomi started a master- apprentice program in which a "language student (the language apprentice) will be paired with fluent Potawatomi speakers (the language masters)" in January 2013. In addition, classes in the Potowatomi language are available, including those at the Hannahville summer immersion camp, with webcast instruction and videoconferencing.

Many of the main characters are based on real people (though some of the characters carry different names). Dialogue in the series is in English and in situations where Schulz interacts with English characters, his delivery is deliberate, like that of a non-native speaker not used to speaking English, or attempting to conceal his native accent. Billie Whitelaw played the role of a prostitute working at Salon Kitty, where German officers were secretly recorded by the SS. Her character claims to have a psychological block that prevents her having sex with any soldier below the rank of major. The screenplay was by Jack Pulman, who died in 1979 before any filming had taken place.

The French national curriculum provides the core of a bilingual international programme along with the Early Years programme for children entering pre-reception and reception years. Their students have the opportunity to sit for the French Baccalauréat, with or without the International Option (Option Internationale du Baccalauréat - OIB). The Lycée International de Londres Winston Churchill is also now an International Baccalaureate World School and offers an English International Programme starting from Year 7. The school offers a unique setup for their new Early Years programme to children entering pre-reception and reception years (3 to 5 years old) from September 2020 by teaching conjointly French and English by two native-speaker teachers present at all times.

Andrew was a colourful character, an Oxford-educated Anglican clergyman who had converted to Roman Catholicism and then back again, before sailing for the mission field in Fiji. Determined that Sukuna should receive the best education possible, his father arranged for him to receive private tuition from Andrew. He was a strict teacher, beating Sukuna on occasion. Sukuna proved to be an exceptionally able student; author Deryck Scarr later said of him that he spoke English with "the bell-like tones of standard southern English, as though he had studied diction with the royal family" – a compliment rarely paid even to a native speaker, let alone one who knew English only as a second language.

Kani is executive trustee of the John Kani Theatre Foundation, founder and director of the John Kani Theatre Laboratory and chairman of the National Arts Council of SA. He starred as T'Chaka in the Marvel Studios blockbusters Captain America: Civil War (2016) and Black Panther (2018). The fact that Kani was a Xhosa native speaker led Chadwick Boseman, who played his onscreen son T'Challa, to make that Wakanda's language, and to learn whole scenes in Xhosa, although he had never studied the language before. In 2019, Kani appeared in the Netflix film Murder Mystery where he played Colonel Ulenga. He then voiced Rafiki in The Lion King (the live action remake of the Disney animated film).

The debate over the historicity of St. Juan Diego and, by extension, of the apparitions and the miraculous image, begins with a contemporary to Juan Diego, named Antonio Valeriano. Valeriano was one of the best Indian scholars at the College of Santiago de Tlatelolco at the time that Juan Diego was alive; he was proficient in Spanish as well as Latin, and a native speaker of Nahuatl. He knew Juan Diego personally The Cleaving of Christendom, Warren Carroll, p 616 and wrote his account of the apparitions on the basis of Juan Diego's testimony. A copy of Valeriano's document was rediscovered by Jesuit Father Ernest J. Burrus in the New York Public Library.

Schmeichel is the son of former Denmark international goalkeeper Peter Schmeichel. Having spent most of his childhood living in England due to his father's playing career, Kasper is a native speaker of both Danish and English, the latter of which he speaks with a Northern-English accent. He attended Hulme Hall Grammar School in Cheadle Hulme, Stockport, Greater Manchester, and he also attended Saint Julian's School in Portugal while his father played for Sporting CP in Lisbon. When Alex Bruce, son of Kasper's father's former Manchester United teammate Steve Bruce, joined Kasper at Leeds United, the move saw the two players re- unite after both had previously played football together on the streets as children after school.

Willsden Primary School in Port Augusta introduced a Diyari language programme, with members of the Warren family (who had long been collaborators with Austin) involved. An online blog was started and has proven a popular resource. Language revitalisation projects continue, with some input from the Melbourne-based Network for Linguistic Diversity (RNLD). In 2015, Austin wrote that Ethnologue's assertion in its 16th edition that Diyari was extinct was incorrect, and on the contrary, > ... there are today a number of people living today in South Australia and > western New South Wales who grew up speaking Diyari as their first language > and whose knowledge and linguistic ability ranges from fluent native speaker > to semi-speaker to partial speaker.

On August 7, 2013, Ioffe was involved in an argument with Lawrence O'Donnell over Putin's control of Russian media. Ioffe alleged that, instead of letting her answer his questions, O’Donnell “interrupted and harangued and mansplained” her. The next day, Ioffe responded with a post on The New Republics website, "Dear Lawrence O'Donnell, Don't Mansplain to Me About Russia", in which she stated that she had spent several years reporting from Russia, was a native speaker, and had been invited and introduced as an expert on Russia. "What bothers me is that, look: your producers take the time to find experts to come on the show, answer your questions, and, hopefully, clarify the issue at hand".

This system can be observed when studying the utterances of the learner who attempts to produce meaning in their L2 speech; it is not seen when that same learner performs form-focused tasks, such as oral drills in a classroom. Interlanguage can be variable across different contexts; for example, it may be more accurate, complex and fluent in one domain than in another. To study the psychological processes involved one can compare the interlanguage utterances of the learner with two things: #Utterances in the native language (L1) to convey the same message produced by the learner. #Utterances in the target language (L2) to convey the same message, produced by a native speaker of that language.

The last known native speaker of Auregnais died around 1960.Price, G. (2000), "Alderney French (Auregnais)" in Encyclopedia of the Languages of Europe, Wiley-Blackwell, New Ed edition, Linguist Frank Le Maistre, author of the Dictionnaire Jersiais-Français, recorded the only known audio samples of the language, which he published in 1982. One reason for the extinction of the language was movement of the population. In particular, the influx of labourers from the United Kingdom employed by the British government in the construction of the abortive harbour project and other fortifications (during the reign of Queen Victoria), as well as the stationing of a sizable British garrison among the small population, served to relegate Auregnais to a lesser status for communication.

Due to the Ainu Cultural Promotion Act of 1997, Ainu dictionaries transformed and became tools for improving communication and preserving records of the Ainu language in order to revitalize the language and promote the culture. As of 2011, there has been an increasing number of second-language learners, especially in Hokkaido, in large part due to the pioneering efforts of the late Ainu folklorist, activist and former Diet member Shigeru Kayano, himself a native speaker, who first opened an Ainu language school in 1987 funded by Ainu Kyokai. The Ainu Association of Hokkaido is the main supporter of Ainu culture in Hokkaido. Ainu language classes have been conducted in some areas in Japan and small numbers of young people are learning Ainu.

Other related scripts include Pha̍k-oa-chhi for Gan, Pha̍k-fa-sṳ for Hakka, Bǽh-oe- tu for Hainanese, Bàng-uâ-cê for Foochow, Pêh-uē-jī for Teochew, Gṳ̿ing-nǎing Lô̤-mǎ-cī for Northern Min, and Hing-hua̍ báⁿ-uā-ci̍ for Pu-Xian Min. During Taiwan under Japanese rule (1895–1945), the use of Pe̍h-ōe-jī was suppressed and it faced further countermeasures during the Kuomintang martial law period (1947–1987). In Fujian, use declined after the establishment of the People's Republic of China (1949) and in the early 21st century the system was not in general use there. Taiwanese Christians, non-native learners of Southern Min, and native-speaker enthusiasts in Taiwan are among those that continue to use Pe̍h-ōe-jī.

Dolly Pentreath Penwith is believed to be the last part of Cornwall where the Cornish language was spoken as the community language. Dolly Pentreath, popularly known as the last recorded speaker of Cornish, is often reported as being from Mousehole and as having a memorial in the village. In fact, she was from Paul (the parish of Paul historically included Mousehole). A year after Dolly Pentreath died in 1777, Daines Barrington received a letter, written in Cornish and accompanied by an English translation, from a fisherman in Mousehole named William Bodinar stating that he knew of five people who could speak Cornish in that village alone. Barrington also speaks of a John Nancarrow from Marazion who was a native speaker and survived into the 1790s.

Knowledge of Yaghnobi lexicon comes from three main works: from a Yaghnobi-Russian dictionary presented in Yaghnobi Texts by Andreyev and Peščereva and then from a supplementary word list presented in Yaghnobi Grammar by Xromov. The last work is Yaghnobi-Tajik Dictionary compiled by Xromov's student, Sayfiddīn Mīrzozoda, himself a Yaghnobi native speaker. Yaghnobi Tajik words represent the majority of the lexicon (some 60%), followed by words of Turkic origin (up to 5%, mainly from Uzbek) and a few Russian words (about 2%; through the Russian language, also many international words came to Yaghnobi). Only a third of the lexicon is of Eastern-Iranian origin and can be easily comparable to those known from Sogdian, Ossetian, the Pamir languages or Pashto.

The St. Michaels area is referred to as Ts'ithootso in the Navajo language and translates to "area that extends out in yellow and green." The microclimate was originally referred to by its Spanish translation Ciénega Amarilla (Spanish: "yellow meadow") describing the late summer yellow flowers and grass. The area was first noted by the U.S. military in 1850 when Lt. James Harvey Simpson named it Sieneguilla de Maria, its Spanish name misheard by a non-native speaker. In the 1850s a planned ambush against local Navajos was thwarted by a man who went on to become a signatory to the Navajo Treaty of 1868. Delgadito (Chách'oshnééz ((“Tall Syphilis”)) successfully alerted Navajos preparing for a prisoner exchange with Mexican slave-holders.

The minimum level of proficiency in English required by pilots and air traffic controllers involved in international operations is that described at Operational Level 4 in this Scale. Although the language proficiency of L1 English aviation professionals may typically be considered to be equivalent to Expert Level 6 on the ICAO Scale, they may also be sub-standard communicators in Aviation English, prone to the use of non-standard terms, demonstrating impatience with non-native speakers, and speaking excessively, and too quickly. Such native speaker failings tend to worsen in emergency situations. Aviation English is a type of English for specific purposes, with several specific idiosyncratic structures: for example, any correction of a misspoken word must always be conveyed using the word "correction".

Fault Milestone One was developed by Alice in Dissonance as the first work under Project Written, the name of their operations. It was directed and written by Munisix, with character designs and other art by Hare Konatsu. The "Milestone" in the title comes from how Alice in Dissonance wanted to do something different from the commonly-used word "Episode"; as the story is about a journey, they found "Milestone" thematically fitting. While Munisix is a native speaker of English, he chose to write the game in Japanese, stating that his reason for this was that he had had more exposure to the visual novel medium in Japanese than in English, also saying that he would have used English if he were to write a movie script.

A Specimen of typeset fonts and languages, by William Caslon, letter founder; from the 1728 Cyclopaedia. The first pure alphabets (properly, "abjads", mapping single symbols to single phonemes, but not necessarily each phoneme to a symbol) emerged around 2000 BC in Ancient Egypt, but by then alphabetic principles had already been incorporated into Egyptian hieroglyphs for a millennium (see Middle Bronze Age alphabets). By 2700 BC, Egyptian writing had a set of some 22 hieroglyphs to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel (or no vowel) to be supplied by the native speaker. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for logograms, to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names.

Nigeria has produced a number of important writers, who have won accolades for their work, including Daniel O. Fagunwa, Chinua Achebe, Wole Soyinka, Femi Osofisan, Ken Saro-Wiwa, Cyprian Ekwensi, Buchi Emecheta, Elechi Amadi, Tanure Ojaide and Ben Okri. Soyinka, a Yoruba native speaker writing mainly in English, received the 1986 Nobel Prize in literature, becoming the first African Literature Nobel Prize winner. Other significant writers, of a younger generation, include Chris Abani, Ayobami Adebayo, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie, Nuzo Onoh, Yemisi Aribisala, Sefi Atta, A. Igoni Barrett, Helon Habila, Chigozie Obioma, Helen Oyeyemi, Nnedi Okorafor, Chinelo Okparanta, Sarah Ladipo Manyika, Chika Unigwe, Ogaga Ifowodo, Gift Foraine Amukoyo, Teju Cole, Niyi Osundare and Oyinkan Braithwaite. Some, including Ifowodo, Cole and Adichie, are based in the West.

Lycée International de Londres Winston Churchill, a fully bilingual international school based in Wembley, London, United Kingdom, opened its doors in September 2015. It welcomes students from 3 to 18 years old and prepares them for the French Baccalauréat, the Baccalauréat with OIB (Option Internationale du Baccalauréat) and the International Baccalaureate Diploma programme (IBDP). The school offers a unique setup for the new Early Years programme to children entering pre-reception and reception years (3 to 5 years old) from September 2020 by teaching conjointly French and English by two native-speaker teachers present at all times. Registered Charity No 1160719, The Lycée International de Londres Winston Churchill occupies the former Brent Town Hall, a conversion of a Grade II listed building.

WAAF Operation Corona Radio Operators Operation Corona was a Royal Air Force (RAF) initiative to confuse German nightfighters during RAF bomber raids on German cities during World War II. Both native speakers and people who could speak German to a standard where they could be taken for a native speaker impersonated German Air Defence officers. They initiated communications via radio with German nightfighter pilots and countermanded previously given orders, thus reducing the efficiency of German air defence. The operation was launched during a bombing raid on the German industrial center of Kassel on the night of 22 October to 23 October 1943. Operation Corona was made possible because before the war many people, mostly Jews, fled Nazi Germany to England.

It is widely agreed that language analysis should be done by language experts. Two basic types of practitioners commonly involved in LADO can be distinguished: trained native speakers of the language under analysis, and professional linguists specialized in the language under analysis. Usually native speaker analysts are free-lance employees who are said to be under the supervision of a qualified linguist. When such analysts lack academic training in linguistics, it has been questioned whether they should be accorded the status of 'experts' by asylum tribunals, e.g. by Patrick (2012),Patrick, Peter L. (2012.) 'Language analysis for determination of origin: Objective evidence for refugee status determination.' Chapter 38 in Peter M. Tiersma & Lawrence M. Solan (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Language and Law.

The history of the alphabet started in ancient Egypt. Egyptian writing had a set of some 24 hieroglyphs that are called uniliterals, to represent syllables that begin with a single consonant of their language, plus a vowel (or no vowel) to be supplied by the native speaker. These glyphs were used as pronunciation guides for logograms, to write grammatical inflections, and, later, to transcribe loan words and foreign names. A specimen of Proto-Sinaitic script, one of the earliest (if not the very first) phonemic scripts In the Middle Bronze Age, an apparently "alphabetic" system known as the Proto-Sinaitic script appears in Egyptian turquoise mines in the Sinai peninsula dated to circa the 15th century BC, apparently left by Canaanite workers.

By the end of the nineteenth century, Irish had been reversed from being the dominant language of Ireland to becoming a minority language, which reduced the literature being produced. The Gaelic Revival sought to reverse this decline. In the beginning, the revivalists preferred the style used in Early Modern (Classical) Irish, notably by Geoffrey Keating (Seathrún Céitinn) in Foras Feasa ar Éirinn (History of Ireland), a much-read 17th-century work. Céitinn's Irish, however, was soon ousted by the popular dialects actually being spoken in the Gaeltachtaí, especially as championed by a native speaker from the Coolea-Muskerry area, Father Peadar Ua Laoghaire, who in the 1890s published, in a serialised form, a folkloristic novel strongly influenced by the storytelling tradition of the Gaeltacht, called Séadna.

Manx ( or , pronounced or or ),Jackson 1955, 49 also known as Manx Gaelic, and also historically spelled Manks, is a Goidelic language of the Celtic language family, itself a branch of the Indo-European language family. The language of the Manx people, it was spoken as a first language on the Isle of Man until the death of the last native speaker, Ned Maddrell, in 1974. Despite this, the language has never fallen completely out of use, with a minority having some knowledge of it as a heritage language and it is still an important part of the island's culture and cultural heritage. Manx has been the subject of language revival efforts; in 2015, around 1,800 people had varying levels of second language conversational ability.

In 1934, the only native speaker of Chochenyo died, but in the 2000s the Muwekma Ohlone Tribe and linguists at UC Berkeley began to learn and revitalize the language, and in 2009 Northern Ohlone was reclassified from Extinct to Living by SIL International (and therefore Ethnologue and ISO). Medina started the In Our Languages column of News from Native California and wrote the first piece in Chochenyo in 2014. He has spoken at a number of libraries, museums, and conferences about the Chochenyo language and indigenous issues. In 2015 he was chosen to read verses in Chochenyo during the Mass at the canonization ceremony for Father Serra, and he took advantage of the opportunity which would mean hundreds of millions of people hearing the language.

Google Translate, like other automatic translation tools, has its limitations. The service limits the number of paragraphs and the range of technical terms that can be translated, and while it can help the reader understand the general content of a foreign language text, it does not always deliver accurate translations, and most times it tends to repeat verbatim the same word it's expected to translate. Grammatically, for example, Google Translate struggles to differentiate between imperfect and perfect aspects in Romance languages so habitual and continuous acts in the past often become single historical events. Although seemingly pedantic, this can often lead to incorrect results (to a native speaker of for example French and Spanish) which would have been avoided by a human translator.

The behavioural data the linguist could collect from the native speaker would be the same in every case, or to reword it, several translation hypotheses could be built on the same sensoric stimuli. Quine concluded his "Two Dogmas of Empiricism" as follows: > As an empiricist I continue to think of the conceptual scheme of science as > a tool, ultimately, for predicting future experience in the light of past > experience. Physical objects are conceptually imported into the situation as > convenient intermediaries not by definition in terms of experience, but > simply as irreducible posits comparable, epistemologically, to the gods of > Homer …. For my part I do, qua lay physicist, believe in physical objects > and not in Homer's gods; and I consider it a scientific error to believe > otherwise.

So today, you have young people who are training to be linguists, and they work with a native speaker. They will find some piece of information, or they will find a sound pattern or a syntactic pattern and they will think this is brand new. It may be true, but it will probably come about as a part of incomplete learning on the part of young people because parents are not using the language in the home, and schools certainly don’t use it. We have been fortunate that some schools have used our stories to begin to teach the language, but it is really an uphill battle. By studying your language you learn something about who you are, especially at a university,” Schaefer and Egbokhare have worked together for over thirty years.

David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English, examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind. Furthermore, prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being "a giant step in the maturing of English literature" and "a great work of literature", respectively, with Dawkins then adding, "A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian". Several retellings of the Bible, or parts of the Bible, have also been made with the aim of emphasising its literary qualities. With estimated sales of over 5 billion copies, the Bible is widely considered to be the best- selling book of all time.

Consequently, grammars were published in various European languages in the second half of the seventeenth century. On the other hand, English grammars were being written for "non- learned, native-speaker audiences" in Britain, such as women, merchants, tradesmen, and children. With education becoming more widespread by the early eighteenth century, many grammars, such as John Brightland's A Grammar of the English tongue (1759) and James Greenwood's Essay towards a practical English grammar, were intended for those without a Latin background, including the "fair sex" and children. If by the end of the seventeenth century English grammar writing had made a modest start, totaling 16 new grammars since Bullokar's Pamphlet of 115 years before, by the end of the eighteenth, the pace was positively brisk; 270 new titles were added during that century.

The Signatories of the Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel Jewish Virtual Library Although Sheetrit held doubts about the loyalty to the new state of Israeli Arabs, as a native speaker of Palestinian Arabic he was popular with the Arab community. However, following disagreements with the Ministry of Religions and the Military government (which controlled most Arab areas after the war had ended), the Ministry of Minority Affairs was closed in 1949.Peled, Alisa Rubin (2002) The Other Side of 1948: The Forgotten Benevolence of Bechor Shalom Shitrit and the Ministry of Minority Affairs Israel Affairs, Vol.8, No.3, pp 84–103 After the first Knesset elections in 1949, in which it won four seats under his leadership, the party rejoined Ben-Gurion's government and Sheetrit remained Minister of Police.

That, according to Chomsky, is entirely distinct from the question of whether a sentence is meaningful or can be understood. It is possible for a sentence to be both grammatical and meaningless, as in Chomsky's famous example, "colorless green ideas sleep furiously".Chomsky 1957:15 But such sentences manifest a linguistic problem that is distinct from that posed by meaningful but ungrammatical (non)-sentences such as "man the bit sandwich the", the meaning of which is fairly clear, but which no native speaker would accept as well-formed. The use of such intuitive judgments permitted generative syntacticians to base their research on a methodology in which studying language through a corpus of observed speech became downplayed since the grammatical properties of constructed sentences were considered appropriate data on which to build a grammatical model.

The series is localized by Aksys Games; Chunsoft was first introduced to Aksys through Spike, when Chunsoft was looking for a company that could publish the first game in the United States. During Aksys' evaluation period of it, many people at the company did not believe in the game and turned it down; as many of the people who evaluate games at Aksys do not speak Japanese, it was difficult for them to determine whether a game was good or not. Eventually, they decided to localize it, which was considered a big risk for the company. They worked by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese version, opting to make dialogue sound like what a native speaker would say rather than strictly adhering to the Japanese wording.

A native speaker and Scots language specialist, Clark has published several books of translations, including a Glaswegian rendering of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and an award-winning Scots translation of Diary of a Wimpy Kid. In 2015, he released Intae the Snaw, a collection of Scots translations which was praised by writer Matthew Fitt as "Brilliant... Tammas Clark takes the bonnie broukit bairn that is the Scots and blaws new life intae the hail clamjamfrie" and by poet Rab Wilson as "an important collection that timeously re-establishes the pouer, virr an smeddum o the Scots language!" In 2019, Clark won the first ever Scots Bairns' Book o the Year award at the inaugural Scots Language Awards. Previously editor of Scots at Bella Caledonia, Clark is now a regular columnist at The National.

The North American localization of the game was handled by Aksys Games; Chunsoft was introduced to Aksys by Spike while looking for a company that could publish the game in North America. When Aksys evaluated Nine Hours, Nine Persons, Nine Doors, many at the company did not believe in its commercial viability and at first turned it down; as many of the people who evaluate games at Aksys do not speak Japanese, it was difficult for them to gauge whether a game was good or not. In the end they decided to localize it, which was considered a big risk for the company. The localization was done by the philosophy of keeping true to the spirit of the original Japanese, making dialogue sound like what a native speaker of English would say instead of strictly adhering the original's exact wording.

In Bicol region, the language and its speakers earned the moniker: Pa-sādi pa-san, pa-sīni pa-sīton, that literally means 'will go here will go there, will go here will go there' (two different Rinconada words with the same meaning, which is a form of humor if said repeatedly). The moniker is the result of the prominence of Rinconada speakers in the region. This is due to the fact that a native speaker travelling in the region can easily be distinguished and identified because his language is different from the vast majority of Bicolanos, and to the fact that several prominent Bicolanos in the Philippines are of Rinconada heritage, gives the language and the speakers a "familiarity" to others. That makes one throwing a humorous line (the moniker) to a person telling him that he is a Rinconada speaker.

The large drop in the Greek population was compensated by an influx of Corsicans making the remaining Greek speakers very much a minority. In the 20th century the number of Greek speakers rapidly declined and by 1934 there were only 20 Greek speakers in the village. The last native speaker died in 1976, 300 years after the colonists had first arrived on the island. The historian Nick Nicholas has argued that the exceptionally long time that the colonists took to assimilate was a result of several factors including the substantial size of the colony, the large religious presence and the strong antagonism felt between the Corsicans and the settlers. The census of 1896 recorded 1216 inhabitants but in the first half of the 20th century many young people left the village to find employment in continental France.

A Foreign Language Assistant (FLA) is an assistant teacher, usually a native speaker, assisting a teacher of modern foreign languages in another country in lessons about the native language of the assistant. The programs are meant to be of benefit for both assistants and pupils. It should help to improve the foreign language skills of the pupils on one hand and is, on the other hand, an opportunity for the assistants to deepen their language skills and their cultural knowledge, as well as a chance to get an insight into a different educational system. In Germany, the responsible institution behind the FLA program is the Educational Exchange Service (Pädagogischer Austauschdienst), which is a governmental institution of the ministers of education of the federal states in Germany that organises and arranges international exchange programs in education on behalf of the federal states.

Chinese-American author Ha Jin in 1999 won the National Book Award for his second novel, Waiting, about a Chinese soldier in the Revolutionary Army who has to wait 18 years to divorce his wife for another woman, all the while having to worry about persecution for his protracted affair, and twice won the PEN/Faulkner Award, in 2000 for Waiting and in 2005 for War Trash. Other notable Asian-American novelists include Amy Tan, best known for her novel, The Joy Luck Club (1989), tracing the lives of four immigrant families brought together by the game of Mahjong, and Korean American novelist Chang-Rae Lee, who has published Native Speaker, A Gesture Life, and Aloft. Such poets as Marilyn Chin and Li-Young Lee, Kimiko Hahn and Janice Mirikitani have also achieved prominence, as has playwright David Henry Hwang.

However, an opposer of Crazy English notes that Li Yang only says English words without giving any further details about the context in how, when, where, and what condition does one word should and could be applied Another opposer comments that Li does not spend effort on structuring any cohesion between vocabulary or sentences; he assumes that students get enough of that in the classroom. Instead, he uses “crazy” sentences shouted at high decibels and funny hand movements to engage his audience in participation. In additional challenger also notes that students rarely – if not never – are presented with a situation in which they need just to parrot a native speaker. Another argues that because of Crazy English many students have come to believe that English has no standards which results in their English not sounding American or British.

For example, in English it is idiomatic to use an indefinite article when describing a person's occupation (I am a plumber; she is an engineer), but in Spanish and many other languages it is not (soy plomero; ella es ingeniera), and a native speaker of English learning Spanish must encounter and accept that fact to become fluent. The count sense of the word idiom, referring to a saying with a figurative meaning, is related to the present sense of the word by the arbitrariness and peculiarity aspects; the idiom "she is pulling my leg" (meaning "she is humorously misleading me") is idiomatic because it belongs, by convention, to the language, whether or not anyone can identify the original logic by which it was coined (arbitrariness), and regardless of whether it translates literally to any other language (peculiarity).

After the mission closed in 1914, most of the Diyari people relocated to towns and stations, outside traditional territory, leading to loss of the language as they lived amongst people speaking English and other Aboriginal languages, although it continued to be used as a written language. The first research by professional linguists started with American linguist Kenneth L. Hale's recording of a short text in 1960 from a native speaker called Johannes, who was living at the time in Alice Springs. Research on the language started in earnest in the 1970s, using tape recordings and notes, by Luise Hercus, phonetician David Trefry and in particular Peter K. Austin. Austin wrote his PhD thesis on Diyari in 1978,see using tapes recorded by Hercus, of which a revised version was published as a grammar of the language in 1981.

Thomason pointed out that the performance of the individuals was by far not to the standards of that of a native speaker, as they showed very limited vocabulary and poor grammar in the foreign language. Thomason also noticed that the speech produced was many times limited to a repetition of some phrases or short answers, and it sometimes included words in a different language than the one subjects claimed to be able to speak. Thomason argues that the structure of the experiment allowed for the subjects to be able to guess the meaning of some of the questions by the hypnotists. She concludes that none of the individuals studied by Stevenson could prove xenoglossy, and that their knowledge of the foreign language could be explained by a combination of natural means such as exposure to the language, use of cognates, and guesses, amongst other resources.

Shortly after Mezlekia's award win for Notes from the Hyena's Belly, poet and editor Anne Stone alleged that she had ghostwritten all but the final 20 pages of the book. While Mezlekia acknowledged that as a non-native speaker of English he needed some assistance in ensuring that his ideas made it to the page in correct English, he responded that the book was fundamentally his own and that Stone's role in the book's publication was strictly that of a copy editor, and sued Stone for defamation. The resulting controversy led to considerable debate in the Canadian press, with most critics acknowledging that it can be extremely difficult to clearly determine how much of a role an editor can take in shaping a text before they should properly be credited as a coauthor. Several scholarly theses on the nature and limits of the author/editor relationship have cited the Mezlekia case.

441-466 Statistically, American English speakers constitute more than 66% of native English speakers, with British English next with about 18% and other varieties such as Australian English and Canadian English having up to 7% each. Due to globalization and the resulting spread of the language in recent decades, English is becoming increasingly decentralized, with daily use and statewide study of the language in schools growing in most regions of the world. However, in the global context, the number of native speakers of English (a concept that is increasingly being challenged) is much smaller than the number of non-native speakers of English of reasonable competence. In 2018, it was estimated that for every native speaker of English, there are six non-native speakers of reasonable competence, raising the questions of English as a Lingua Franca as the most widely spoken form of the language.

On 23 July 2005, just days after the London bombings, Afifi al-Akiti wrote Defending the Transgressed by Censuring the Reckless against the Killing of Civilians (Arabic: Mudafi' al- Mazlum bi-Radd al-Muhamil 'ala Qital Man La Yuqatil), in the foreword of which, was described by Gibril Haddad as a "fatwa" or a "response by a qualified Muslim scholar against the killing of civilians".Defending the Transgressed (Birmingham: Aqsa Press, 2005), 7. Furthermore: > Upon reading Shaykh Afifi's fatwa do not be surprised to find that you have > probably never before seen such clarity of thought and expression together > with breadth of knowledge of Islamic Law applied (by a non-native speaker) > to define key Islamic concepts pertaining to the conduct of war and its > jurisprudence, its arena and boundaries, suicide bombing, the reckless > targeting of civilians, and more. This work was first published freely available on the Internet.

Ainu oral literature has been documented both in hopes of safeguarding it for future generations, as well as using it as a teaching tool for language learners. As of 2011 there has been an increasing number of second-language learners, especially in Hokkaidō, in large part due to the pioneering efforts of the late Ainu folklorist, activist and former Diet member Shigeru Kayano, himself a native speaker, who first opened an Ainu language school in 1987 funded by Ainu Kyokai. Although some researchers have attempted to show that the Ainu language and the Japanese language are related, modern scholars have rejected the idea that the relationship goes beyond contact (such as the mutual borrowing of words between Japanese and Ainu). No attempt to show a relationship with Ainu to any other language has gained wide acceptance, and linguists currently classify Ainu as a language isolate.

According to the Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Language Portal, this film "stimulated language revival programs for people who understand but cannot speak, and identified new sources of resiliency and leadership in the language-speaking community." Their approach to documentation is fairly novel and has garnered praise: "In contrast to 'elicitation,' in which linguists ask speakers questions to learn about a language, Language Keepers videos show how the language works in practice, and have provided many "new" words for the dictionary. They also document traditional Passamaquoddy culture-activities, like canoe-building, and views of the world." In addition to the film, the Language Keepers project—along with other linguists and community activists—has helped compile the Passamaquoddy-Maliseet Dictionary, which was started in the 1970s by linguists Philip LeSourd and today includes over 18,000 entries, many of which include audio and video files of native speaker pronunciations.

There are several methods for assessing fit, such as a Chi- square statistic, or a standardized version of it. Two and three-parameter IRT models adjust item discrimination, ensuring improved data-model fit, so fit statistics lack the confirmatory diagnostic value found in one-parameter models, where the idealized model is specified in advance. Data should not be removed on the basis of misfitting the model, but rather because a construct relevant reason for the misfit has been diagnosed, such as a non-native speaker of English taking a science test written in English. Such a candidate can be argued to not belong to the same population of persons depending on the dimensionality of the test, and, although one parameter IRT measures are argued to be sample-independent, they are not population independent, so misfit such as this is construct relevant and does not invalidate the test or the model.

Although there are general rules for when to use on'yomi and when to use kun'yomi, the language is littered with exceptions, and it is not always possible for even a native speaker to know how to read a character without prior knowledge (this is especially true for names, both of people and places); further, a given character may have multiple kun'yomi or on'yomi. When reading Japanese, one primarily recognizes words (multiple characters and okurigana) and their readings, rather than individual characters, and only guess readings of characters when trying to "sound out" an unrecognized word. Homographs exist, however, which can sometimes be deduced from context, and sometimes cannot, requiring a glossary. For example, may be read either as kyō "today (informal)" (special fused reading for native word) or as konnichi "these days (formal)" (on'yomi); in formal writing this will generally be read as konnichi.

Braids performing at the 2011 Hillside Festival Native Speaker has received mostly positive reviews from critics, with the group's percussive sound likened to Feels-era Animal Collective and praised for its innovative melodies and Standell-Preston's "dynamic" vocals. Robert Everett- Green of The Globe and Mail gave the album 4 out of 5 stars, declaring that he could not stop listening to the record and comparing the importance of the group's debut to early Broken Social Scene and Arcade Fire. The group also garnered positive reviews from Jon Pareles of The New York Times who said that the music is as "mesmerizing and vertiginous as desire can be", while Paul Lester remarked in The Guardian that the band's "experimental dream pop delivered through a shoegaze haze" warrants comparisons to "very important bands". Reviews from Spin, Rolling Stone and Pitchfork were also positive, with the publications rating the record 8 out of 10, 7.9 out of 10 and 3.5 out of 5 stars, respectively.

Because French was a language acquired at school and university, Huston found that the combination of her eventual command of the language and her distance from it as a non- native speaker helped her to find her literary voice. Since 1980, Huston has published over 45 books of fiction and non-fiction, including theatre and children's books. Some of her publications are self-translations of previously published works. Essentially she writes in French and subsequently self- translates into English but Plainsong (1993) was written first in English and then self-translated to French as Cantique des plaines (1993) – it was, however, the French version which first found a publisher. She has 25 fiction publications, of which 13 are original fiction and 11 are self-translations. In her fiction, only Trois fois septembre (1989), Visages de l'aube (2001) and Infrarouge (2010), as well as her three children's books, have not been published in English.

Productivity is, as stated above and implied in the examples already discussed, a matter of degree, and there are a number of areas in which that may be shown to be true. As the example of -en becoming productive shows, what has apparently been non- productive for many decades or even centuries may suddenly come to some degree of productive life, and it may do so in certain dialects or sociolects while not in others, or in certain parts of the vocabulary but not others. Some patterns are only very rarely productive, others may be used by a typical native speaker several times a year or month, whereas others (especially syntactic processes) may be used productively dozens or hundreds of times in a typical day. It is not atypical for more than one pattern with similar functions to be comparably productive, to the point that a speaker can be in a quandary as to which form to use —e.g.

The sucking-rate and the head-turn method are some of the more traditional, behavioral methods for studying speech perception. Among the new methods (see Research methods below) that help us to study speech perception, near-infrared spectroscopy is widely used in infants. It has also been discovered that even though infants' ability to distinguish between the different phonetic properties of various languages begins to decline around the age of nine months, it is possible to reverse this process by exposing them to a new language in a sufficient way. In a research study by Patricia K. Kuhl, Feng- Ming Tsao, and Huei-Mei Liu, it was discovered that if infants are spoken to and interacted with by a native speaker of Mandarin Chinese, they can actually be conditioned to retain their ability to distinguish different speech sounds within Mandarin that are very different from speech sounds found within the English language.

A native speaker of French, Moutsatsou’s first acting job was a guest starring role on the fourth season of the sitcom Salut Les Musclés which aired on the French channel TF1, in 1994. In Greece, she became instantly known to the Greek public in 1996 thanks to her breakthrough comedic role in the main cast of Nico Mastorakis’s parody sitcom, Divorced with Children for Antenna TV. Throughout the late 1990s and 2000s, Moutsatsou found her popularity on the rise at home obtaining starring recurring roles in popular Greek TV shows, for major television channels, Mega Channel, Antenna TV, and Alpha TV, as well as feature films. She played the title role in Nikos Perakis’s feature film, Liza and All the Others (“I Liza kai oloi i alloi”). Though usually cast as the ingenue or “the daughter”, she displayed a wide range of acting ability when she was cast as the mean character in Mega Channel’s mystery series, "Me Thea Sto Pelago".

Kārlis Mīlenbahs (his surname was formerly also written as Mühlenbach, Mühlenbachs, Mǖlenbachs or Mīlenbachs) (18 January 1853 in Courland – 27 March 1916 in Võru, Estonia) was the first native speaker of Latvian to devote his career to linguistics. Mīlenbahs studied classical philology at the University of Dorpat (he did not remain at the university because of his poverty). He was the author of over a hundred scholarly articles on the language in Latvian, Russian, and German, but his main achievement was the Latvian-German dictionary that remains the most important lexicographical work on Latvian (the first four volumes were printed posthumously between 1923 and 1932 in Riga; the dictionary was completed and expanded by Jānis Endzelīns, with whom Mīlenbahs co-wrote other works, including a major Latvian grammar). His polemics with the poet Rainis led to an important essay on literary Latvian published in 1909, and he was also a translator of the Odyssey (1890–95).

The definitive work for German orthography, the Duden, explicitly declares a number of helvetisms as correct Standard German – albeit with the [schweiz.] annotation, denoting that the usage of the word is limited to Switzerland. However, not all words may be considered part of the "Swiss standard language"/"Swiss standard German" category, because frequency of usage must be evaluated as well; if this does not apply, or if a word's use is known to span only one or more specific dialectal regions, the word must be categorized "dialectal" (German: mundartlich, often abbreviated mdal.) In orthographical terms, the most significant difference to Standard German outside Switzerland is the absence of ß (eszett). (After having been officially abandoned in the Canton of Zürich in 1935, this character gradually fell into disuse, until it was eventually dropped by the Neue Zürcher Zeitung in 1974.) In everyday language, Helvetisms may be used both consciously and unconsciously by a Swiss German native speaker.

In Finnish, today the use of the informal singular form of address () is widespread in all social circles, even among strangers and in business situations. The use of formal address has not disappeared however, and persists in situations involving customer service (especially if the customer is clearly older than the person serving them) and in general in addressing the elderly or in situations where strict adherence to form is expected, such as in the military. An increase in the use of formal address has been reported in recent years, whereby some people are choosing to use the formal form more often.. As the use of the form conveys formal recognition of the addressee's status and, more correctly, of polite social distance, the formal form might also occasionally be used jeeringly or to protest the addressee's snobbery. A native speaker may also switch to formal form when speaking in anger, as an attempt to remain civil.

Chomsky argued that "grammatical" and "ungrammatical" can be meaningfully and usefully defined. In contrast, an extreme behaviorist linguist would argue that language can be studied only through recordings or transcriptions of actual speech and that the role of the linguist is to look for patterns in such observed speech, not to hypothesize about why such patterns might occur or to label particular utterances grammatical or ungrammatical. Few linguists in the 1950s actually took such an extreme position, but Chomsky was on the opposite extreme, defining grammaticality in an unusually mentalistic way for the time. He argued that the intuition of a native speaker is enough to define the grammaticality of a sentence; that is, if a particular string of English words elicits a double- take or a feeling of wrongness in a native English speaker, with various extraneous factors affecting intuitions controlled for, it can be said that the string of words is ungrammatical.

By the 19th century, F. W. Faber could say of the translation, "It lives on the ear, like music that can never be forgotten, like the sound of church bells, which the convert hardly knows how he can forego." The Authorized Version has been called "the most influential version of the most influential book in the world, in what is now its most influential language", "the most important book in English religion and culture", and "the most celebrated book in the English-speaking world". David Crystal has estimated that it is responsible for 257 idioms in English; examples include feet of clay and reap the whirlwind. Furthermore, prominent atheist figures such as the late Christopher Hitchens and Richard Dawkins have praised the King James Version as being "a giant step in the maturing of English literature" and "a great work of literature", respectively, with Dawkins then adding, "A native speaker of English who has never read a word of the King James Bible is verging on the barbarian".

To the untrained ear, those with the syndrome sound as though they speak their native languages with a foreign accent; for example, an American native speaker of English might sound as though he spoke with a south-eastern English accent, or a native English speaker from Britain might speak with a New York American accent. However, researchers at Oxford University have found that certain specific parts of the brain were injured in some foreign accent syndrome cases, indicating that particular parts of the brain control various linguistic functions, and damage could result in altered pitch and/or mispronounced syllables, causing speech patterns to be distorted in a non-specific manner. Contrary to popular beliefs that individuals with FAS exhibit their accent without any effort, these individuals feel as if they are suffering from a speech disorder. More recently, there is mounting evidence that the cerebellum, which controls motor function, may be crucially involved in some cases of foreign accent syndrome, reinforcing the notion that speech pattern alteration is mechanical, and thus non-specific.

The first translation of the Kural text was made by Muhammad Yousuf Kokan, the then professor and head of the Department of Arabic, Persian and Urdu of Jamalia Arabic College, Chennai. He made the prose translation from an English translation of the original work and published it around 1976 and 1980 under the title "Sacred Verses" (الابيات المقدسة), which is almost a literal translation of the word Tirukkural. The word Kural actually meaning "couplet" and not "verse". The second Arabic translation, and the first by a native speaker, was completed by Amar Hasan from Syria in 2015. The work is not a literal translation and maintains the original verse form completed in full for all the 1330 couplets of the Kural text. In 2014, K. M. A. Ahamed Zubair made a partial translations of about 50 couplets, including the chapters on Glory of Rain (couplets 11 to 20), Speaking Pleasantly (couplets 91 to 100), Learning (couplets 391 to 400), Embracing the Kin (couplets 521 to 530), and In Praise of Love (couplets 1121 to 1130), which were published in his book on translating Tamil poetry into Arabic with special reference to Thirukkural, published in 2017.

The first attempt at a grammatical description of Shilha is the work of the German linguist Hans Stumme (1864–1936), who in 1899 published his Handbuch des Schilḥischen von Tazerwalt. Stumme's grammar remained the richest source of grammatical information on Shilha for half a century. A problem with the work is its use of an over-elaborate, phonetic transcription which, while designed to be precise, generally fails to provide a transparent representation of spoken forms. Stumme also published a collection of Shilha fairy tales (1895, re-edited in Stroomer 2002). The next author to grapple with Shilha is Saïd Cid Kaoui (Saʿīd al-Sidqāwī, 1859-1910), a native speaker of Kabyle from Algeria. Having published a dictionary of Tuareg (1894), he then turned his attention to the Berber languages of Morocco. His Dictionnaire français- tachelh'it et tamazir't (1907) contains extensive vocabularies in both Shilha and Central Atlas Tamazight, in addition to some 20 pages of useful phrases. The work seems to have been put together in some haste and must be consulted with caution. On the eve of the First World War there appeared a small, practical booklet composed by Captain (later Colonel) Léopold-Victor Justinard (1878–1959), entitled Manuel de berbère marocain (dialecte chleuh).