The lunate also articulates on its distal and medial surface with the hamate bone. The lunate is stabilised by a medial ligament to the scaphoid and a lateral ligament to the triquetrum. Ligaments between the radius and carpal bone also stabilise the position of the lunate, as does its position in the lunate fossa of the radius.
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The joints of the proximal row are arthrodial joints, The scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum are connected by dorsal, volar, and interosseous ligaments. The dorsal intercarpal ligament are two in number and placed transversely behind the bones of the first row; they connect the scaphoid and lunate, and the lunate and triquetrum. The palmar intercarpal ligaments are also two, connect the scaphoid and lunate, and the lunate and triangular; they are less strong than the dorsal, and placed very deeply behind the Flexor tendons and the volar radiocarpal ligament. The interosseous intercarpal ligaments are two narrow bundles, one connecting the lunate with the scaphoid, the other joining it to the triangular.
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Lunate is a crescent or moon-shaped microlith. In the specialized terminology of lithic reduction, a lunate flake is a small, crescent-shaped flake removed from a stone tool during the process of pressure flaking. In the Natufian period, a lunate was a small crescent-shaped stone tool that was sometimes used to harvest grasses. In archaeology a lunate is a small stone artifact, that has a blunt straight edge and a sharpened crescent shaped back.
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The Teisen classification is a system of categorizing lunate fractures.
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For unknown reasons the epipaleolithic lunate tool type disappeared and did not reappear until around the end of the 4th millennium B.C. These Lunate tools were most likely used as barbs in arrow shafts, or as transverse arrowheads coated with poison. The Lunate are also a very rare artifact from the Early Bronze Age because there was not as much emphasis on hunting during that period. The reappearance of Lunate after several millennia could shed some light on the hunting emphasis in the society. Lunate have been found as far north as the Azor tombs in Israel and was far south as south Sinai in this particular region.
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The lunate receives its blood supply from dorsal and palmar branches.
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In brain anatomy, the lunate sulcus or simian sulcus also known as the sulcus lunatus is a fissure in the occipital lobe variably found in humans and more often larger when present in apes and monkeys. The lunate sulcus marks the transition between V1 and V2. The lunate sulcus lies further back in human brains but has a more forward location in chimpanzees. The evolutionary expansion of the frontal areas of the lunate sulcus would have caused a shift in the particular location of the fissure.
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The lunate has a variable shape. About one-third of lunate bones do not possess a medial facet, meaning they do not articulate with the hamate bone. Additionally, in about 20% of people, blood supply may arise from palmar vessels alone.
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Lunate artefacts have been discovered among early Māori stone carving in New Zealand. The original lunate pendant found in New Zealand appears to be of clear transparent pounamu (greenstone), from Ruapuke Island, in Foveaux Strait. Its characteristics include a notched edge and the stone itself is thought to originate from Tangiwai, New Zealand. There was a second rare lunate-shaped object discovered in the New Zealand ethnological region as well.
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In the earlier findings of Epipaleolithic lunate in the Natufian, Harifian, and Negev Kebaran periods in Israel they were roughly 10–40 mm long and were formed on small blades or bladelets. While the later findings Natufian and Harifian range of lengths varied then from 9–17 mm. In the later period the lunate resulted in 3 specific types. # Helwan Backing (Bifacial) # Plain Abrupt Backing # Bipolar Backing (anvil) The difference in the three types was also associated with the length of the lunate objects, with Helwan lunate normally being the longest and bipolar being the shortest.
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The lunate is a crescent-shaped carpal bone found within the hand. The lunate is found within the proximal row of carpal bones. Proximally, it abuts the radius. Laterally, it articulates with the scaphoid, medially with the triquetral, and distally with the capitate.
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The ossification of the lunate bone commences between 18 months and 4 years and 3 months.
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Kienböck's disease is a disorder of the wrist. It is named for Dr. Robert Kienböck, a radiologist in Vienna, Austria who described osteomalacia of the lunate in 1910. It is breakdown of the lunate bone, a carpal bone in the wrist that articulates with the radius in the forearm. Specifically, Kienböck's disease is another name for avascular necrosis (death and fracture of bone tissue due to interruption of blood supply) with fragmentation and collapse of the lunate.
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Not the same as the human lunate bone, but a wrist element with a half-moon shape.
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Watson's test is a diagnostic test for instability between the scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist.
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A condition called scapholunate instability can occur when the scapholunate ligament (connecting the scaphoid to the lunate bone) and other surrounding ligaments are disrupted. In this state, the distance between the scaphoid and lunate bones is increased. There is a rare disease of this bone called Preiser's Disease.
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Furthermore, other research suggests a more posteriorly positioned lunate sulcus from the early hominin fossil record. Based on all these findings, de Sousa et al. (2010) concluded V1 reduction began during early hominin evolution given the more lateral-anterior position of the lunate sulcus in human and other primate brains today.
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Such shifts have been accredited with predicting whether the lunate sulcus will occur or not based on an increase or reduction in V1 volume, thus providing an explanation for inconsistencies in its presence and position in the occipital lobes. Moreover, a study conducted by de Sousa et al. (2010) compared the volumes of the V1 relative to the position of the lunate sulcus in three- dimensional reconstructed non-human hominoid brains in order to determine if an allometric relationship existed between V1 volume and lunate sulcus position. The researchers found that the position of the lunate sulcus does accurately predict V1 volume in apes, and that V1 volume in humans is smaller than would be expected based on our large brain size.
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The caudal fin has variously been described as either lunate or semi-lunate. The caudal fin was made up of two lobes; the lower lobe was skeletally supported whereas the upper lobe was unsupported. The tail was used as the main propulsive force for movement; the fins were not involved with propulsion of the body.
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Small lunates from Epipaleolithic site of Mar Dalan, Rawansar , Kermanshah, Zagros A handful of ancient societies shaped their tools in the form of lunate such as the Puebloan peoples who originated around San Juan County, Utah. There have also been findings of lunate used by Puebloan peoples dating back to the 3rd/4th millennium B.C.
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The palmar surface of the scaphoid is concave, and forming a tubercle, giving attachment to the transverse carpal ligament. The proximal surface is triangular, smooth and convex, and articulates with the radius and adjacent carpal bones, namely the lunate, capitate, trapezium and trapezoid. The lateral surface is narrow and gives attachment to the radial collateral ligament. The medial surface has two facets, a flattened semi-lunar facet articulating with the lunate bone, and an inferior concave facet, articulating alongside the lunate with the head of the capitate bone.
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In normal cases, it is a continuous, thin, low-signal-intensity band bridging the chondral margins of the lunate and scaphoid.
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The suture is much impressed. The aperture is inflately lunate. It is tinged white and faintly dilate at the inner portion.Petterd, W. 1879.
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Taylor & Francis, London, page 31. The aperture is roundly lunate. The peristome is thin. The width of the shell is 22–32 mm.
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Half toothed, as the parietal wall in some land snails. Semielliptic. Half elliptical. Semiglobose. Half, or not quite globose. Semilunate. Half lunate. Semioval.
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Comparison of the Affenspalte homologue, renamed the lunate sulcus by Sir Grafton Elliot Smith, in the primary visual cortex of chimpanzee versus human brains. The Affenspalte, or lunate sulcus, is marked by the red line. The lunate sulcus was first identified during the early 1900s in the human brain as a homologue of the Affenspalte, a major sulcus defining the primary visual cortex (V1) in apes and other monkey species, by anatomist and Egyptologist Sir Grafton Elliot Smith. Based on Smith’s observations from studying over 400 Egyptian and ape brains, he noticed that the sulcal patterns between humans and apes were very similar.
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The lunate bone (semilunar bone) is a carpal bone in the human hand. It is distinguished by its deep concavity and crescentic outline. It is situated in the center of the proximal row carpal bones, which lie between the ulna and radius and the hand. The lunate carpal bone is situated between the lateral scaphoid bone and medial triquetral bone.
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Notably, Smith noticed that the position of the lunate sulcus was more posterior in human, especially those of European descent, as compared to monkey brains. Based on this observation, he was the first to hypothesize that the caudal shift of the lunate sulcus in Homo sapiens was due to the evolutionary rapid overgrowth of the cerebral cortex that is unique to human neurodevelopment. Smith’s observation that the caudal shift of the lunate sulcus could also be used as a predictor for determining both the evolutionary posterolateral shift of the occipital lobes/V1 and the corresponding expansion of the neighboring parietotemporo- occipital visual association cortices was supported by recent research. However, some scientists today disagree with Smith’s assertion that a lunate sulcus exists in humans, arguing that there is only an Affenspalte which is solely unique to apes.
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Capsules tan to brown, 1-locular to pseudo-3-locular, ellipsoid to widely. Seeds brownish to amber, ellipsoid to lunate, 0.3--0.4 mm, not tailed.
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The suture is distinct, not marginate. The aperture is lunate. The anal sulcus is very wide and shallow. The outer lip is thin, arcuately protractivc.
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Acacia lunata, commonly known as lunate-leaved acacia, is a shrub of the genus Acacia and the subgenus Phyllodineae that is endemic to eastern Australia.
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Drosera hookeri flower buds Drosera hookeri is a perennial tuberous herb. Its underground tuber is white and generally found 2 – 5 cm under the soil surface. Its aerial parts range from 5 – 10 cm in height, normally yellow-green to distinctly yellow in colour. Drosera hookeri has a well-developed rosette of lunate to semi-orbicular leaves at the soil surface, as well as lunate cauline leaves.
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Specifically, in a high-resolution MRI study conducted by Allen et al. (2006), the researchers scanned and analyzed 220 human brains and found no sign of the lunate sulcus homologue. Based on this finding, they suggested that the claim asserting humans have a lunate sulcus homologue fails to account for and show appreciation of the extensive evolutionary reorganization of the visual cortex in humans.
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Evidence for earlier contact may be an Irish lunate spearhead from the 10th century BC which was found in the harbour of Huelva in southern Spain.
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The terminal ends of the nervures are marked with orange. The hindwings are similar, but there are only six lunate cream-white patches in a band.
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Shell is thin and solid, color ranging from bright golden brown to greenish yellow. Apex obtuse. Lunate oval aperture is large, and very oblique. Foot pale.
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Composed of lobes. Longitudinal. The length of a shell. Lunate. Shaped like a half moon, as the aperture in some shells. Malleated. Appearing as though hammered. Manducatory.
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Rounder than lunate (which see). Rostriform. In the form of a rostrum. Rudimentary. Not fully formed; imperfect. Rugose. Rough or wrinkled, as parts of some shells. Sacculated.
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Thus, in this patient population four-corner arthrodesis is the treatment of first choice. The capitate, lunate, hamate and triquetrum are bounded together in this procedure and the scaphoid is excised. Before the arthrodesis is executed, the lunate must be reduced out of DISI position. Because the radiolunate joint is typically preserved in stage II SLAC and SNAC wrists, this joint can be the only remaining joint of the proximal wrist.
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The triquetral bone (; also called triquetrum, pyramidal, three-faced, and formerly cuneiform bone) is located in the wrist on the medial side of the proximal row of the carpus between the lunate and pisiform bones. It is on the ulnar side of the hand, but does not articulate with the ulna. It connects with the pisiform, hamate, and lunate bones. It is the 3rd most commonly fractured carpal bone.
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There is also a 'Latin epsilon', or "open e", which looks similar to the Greek lowercase epsilon. It is encoded in Unicode as and and is used as an IPA phonetic symbol. The lunate or uncial epsilon provided inspiration for the euro sign, . The lunate epsilon, , is not to be confused with the set membership symbol ; nor should the Latin uppercase epsilon, , be confused with the Greek uppercase (sigma).
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The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand. As a proximal carpal bone, the lunate is also involved in movement of the wrist.
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The synovial membrane of the carpus is very extensive, and bounds a synovial cavity of very irregular shape. The upper portion of the cavity intervenes between the under surfaces of the navicular, lunate, and triangular bones and the upper surfaces of the bones of the second row. It sends two prolongations upward—between the navicular and lunate, and the lunate and triangular—and three prolongations downward between the four bones of the second row. The prolongation between the greater and lesser multangulars, or that between the lesser multangular and capitate, is, owing to the absence of the interosseous ligament, often continuous with the cavity of the carpometacarpal joints, sometimes of the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpal bones, sometimes of the second and third only.
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The palmar radiocarpal ligament (anterior ligament, volar radiocarpal ligament) is a broad membranous band, attached above to the distal end of the radius, to the scaphoid, lunate and the triquetrum of the carpal bones in the wrist. Some being continued to the capitate. In addition to this broad membrane, there is a rounded fasciculus, superficial to the rest, which reaches from the base of the styloid process of the ulna to the lunate and triangular bones.
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The outer lip is thin and simple. The columellar lips show a small deposit of white callus. The lunate aperture is narrow,. The siphonal canal is very short, wide, with an inconspicuous fasciole.
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The aperture is lunate and diagonal. The peristome is in one plane, simple above, slightly thickened and reflected below. The width of the shell is 23–28 mm. The height is 15 mm.
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First described by David Lichtman et al. in 1977. The purpose of this classification system is to guide treatment and to enable comparison of clinical outcomes. #Stage I Normal radiograph (possible lunate fracture).
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Analyzing variability in the location of gross anatomical landmarks, like sulci, is an accepted method for studying evolutionary hominin brain reorganization. Notably, the position of the lunate sulcus in the occipital lobe has been studied in humans, early hominin endocasts, apes, and other monkey species by researchers seeking to make inferences about the morphological evolution of brain regions associated with human visual versus cognitive behaviors. However, some scientists remain skeptical about whether the lunate sulcus is a valid and reliable indicator for studying volumetric changes in the V1 due to the inconsistencies of the sulcus’ presence and lack of histological correspondence with cytoarchitectonic boundaries in hominoids. Despite this, previous allometry studies have suggested that the lunate sulcus shifts from a lateral-anterior to a medial-posterior position as brain size increases.
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The wings are grayish brown ground color. Forewing is weakly emarginate with dark brown apex. The costa is postmedial with lunate off-white patch. Three small white marks can be found near the apex.
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The body and the columella show a thin wash of callus. The columella is straight and attenuated in front. The aperture is narrow and lunate. The siphonal canal is short, rather wide and not recurved.
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The surface is otherwise smooth except for faint incremental lines. The aperture is lunate. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The outer lip is sharp, thin and arcuately produced in front of the sulcus.
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Only seventeen of asymmetrical lunate was collected having a mean length of . A couple of microliths were discovered, twenty seven trapezoidal microlith with a mean of and fourteen triangular microliths with a mean length of .
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The single lunate patch on the costa permits this species to be distinguished from M. satellitiata and its relatives. The female of M. costilunata lacks the large white patch of the female of M. nigrimacula.
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The lunate sigma was adopted in this form as "" in the Cyrillic script. The Greek uncial used the interpunct in order to separate sentences for the first time, but there were still no spaces between words.
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Watson's test is used by physicians to diagnose scapholunate instability. This test has a low specificity and sometimes is positive for capito-lunate instability. As many as 20% of normal wrists will also have a 'clunk'.
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The shell contains 8 whorls. The aperture is narrow, lunate and placed somewhat laterally. The outer lip is thick, simple, with a slight sinus near its posterior junction. The columella has a thick, erect callus, quite thick posteriorly.
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The word originates from the Latin word lunatus which means to bend like a crescent, and from luna meaning moon in Latin. A lunate object can be typically used as a decorative piece or as a stone tool.
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Zale lunata, the lunate zale, is a moth of the family Erebidae. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1773. It is found throughout the east and west of North America. The wingspan is 40–55 mm.
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The umbilicus is open and wide. The shell is pale brown (light horn) in color; the exterior surface of the peristome is yellowish and punctate. The aperture of the shell is oblong-lunate. The lip is thickened and white.
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Scaphoid lunate advanced collapse, also known as SLAC wrist, is a wrist in which the scapholunate ligament is ruptured. If the diagnosis is missed or the given treatment is not effective, this will eventually cause osteoarthritis of the wrist.
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The forewings are greyish fuscous, dusted with dark fuscous. The first line is found near the base. It is dark fuscous, angled in the middle, the lower arm vertical. The orbicular stigma is round and the renitorm lunate and obliquely curved.
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The forewing upperside is also similar to Temnora plagiata fuscata but has a triangular brown costa patch which is narrower and the outer margin has a dark brown lunate marginal patch that is basally bordered with a narrow diffuse white line.
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The aperture is lunate, narrow, subvertical, milky white within, rounded below. The peristome is thin, slightly sinuate below, and nearly vertical near the columella. The width of the shell is 13.2-15.2 mm. The height of the shell is 7.8 mm.
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The males of the terminal phase may have a yellow band below the soft dorsal and a yellow edged lunate tail. Richard Field Reef Fishes of Oman Kent E. Carpenter Living Marine Resources of Kuwait, Eastern Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, etc.
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They are separated by impressed narrowly margined sutures. The large body whorl is above sloping, then rounded. It is subcarinated at the periphery and at the aperture scarcely descending. The oblique, shining aperture is lunate, transversely oblong, and obscurely lirate inside.
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The last whorl is much wider, rounded at the periphery, hardly descending in front. Aperture is slightly oblique, lunate-oval. Peristome is white and thickened with a strong white lip. The umbilicus is rapidly narrowing to a narrow, deep perforation.
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The new formed joint between the capitate and the lunate fossa of the distal radius is not as congruent as the former scaphoid-lunate-radius joint, however the results of proximal row carpectomy are generally excellent. In patients older than 40 years proximal row carpectomy is preferred because these patients have a small chance of developing osteoarthritis in the new formed capitate-radial joint during their remaining life. Patients younger than 40 years have a big chance to develop osteoarthritis in the radiocapitate joint. These patients have longer to live, therefore the incongruence of the joint will exist for a longer time.
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The scaphoid is situated between the proximal and distal rows of carpal bones. It is located on the radial side of the wrist, and articulates with the radius, lunate, trapezoid, trapezium and capitate. Over 80% of the bone is covered in articular cartilage.
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The submarginal line of the vein spots is connected by a series of darker green lunate markings, forming a wavy line. Adults are probably on wing year round. Adults have been reported in December. The larvae probably feed on Rubiaceae and Malvaceae species.
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The style of swimming was thunniform, unlike more basal ichthyosaurs whose swimming was anguilliform. This trait can be inferred in Temnodontosaurus and other Jurassic and post- Jurassic ichthyosaurs due to their semi-lunate tail fins and shortened bodies relative to the tail.
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The lateral surface, the base of the pyramid, is marked by a flat, quadrilateral facet, for articulation with the lunate. The medial surface, the summit of the pyramid, is pointed and roughened, for the attachment of the ulnar collateral ligament of the wrist.
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Having four sides, the angles being oblique. Rhomboid. Four-sided, but two of the sides being longer than the others. Rimate. Provided with a very small hole or crack, as some snails in which the umbilicus is very narrowly open. Roundly lunate.
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While in normal typography these are just alternative font variants, they may have different meanings as mathematical symbols: computer systems therefore offer distinct encodings for them. In TeX, `\epsilon` ( \epsilon\\! ) denotes the lunate form, while `\varepsilon` ( \varepsilon\\! ) denotes the reversed-3 form.
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The wingspan is about 35 mm. The forewings are ashy-grey, irrorated with black, the disc with several short black streaks. There is a curved series of lunate blackish spots near the hindmargin and a hindmarginal row of black dots. The hindwings are paler grey.
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The suture is distinct, not appressed, with a broad anal fasciole in front of it, arcuately sculptured by lunate wrinkles following the lines of growth and in the earlier whorls elevated into sharp wrinkles at regular intervals, which are carried more or less distinctly over the anterior part of the whorls. In front of the somewhat concave fasciole the whorls are rounded and spirally sculptured with numerous close, very fine, sharp, spiral threads which cover the whorl, becoming coarser, less regular, and less crowded toward the siphonal canal. The aperture is short and lunate. The outer lip shows a broad, deep, rounded anal sulcus close to the suture.
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Within the proximal row, each carpal bone has slight independent mobility. For example, the scaphoid contributes to midcarpal stability by articulating distally with the trapezium and the trapezoid. In contrast, the distal row is more rigid as its transverse arch moves with the metacarpals.Schmidt-Lanz 2003, p 29 Biomechanically and clinically, the carpal bones are better conceptualized as three longitudinal columns:Thieme Atlas of Anatomy 2006, p 224 # Radial scaphoid column: scaphoid, trapezium, and trapezoid # Lunate column: lunate and capitate # Ulnar triquetral column: triquetrum and hamate In this context the pisiform is regarded as a sesamoid bone embedded in the tendon of the flexor carpi ulnaris.
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The diagnosis of ulnar dimelia is based on laboratory tests of frontal and sagittal planes in individuals suspected of the condition. There are two types of ulnar dimelia noted in medical journals: Type 1 ulnar dimelia entails one lunate and one trapezoid bone as well as one index finger, while type 2 ulnar dimelia has two lunate and two trapezoid bones as well as two index fingers. The American Society for Surgery of the Hand and the International Federation of Societies for Surgery of the Hand classified ulnar dimelia in the third group of congenital hand deformities in accordance with the characteristics proposed in the Swanson classification (1976).
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The forewings are fuscous with an outwardly curved, lunate black line from near the base of the costa, extending to the fold and for a short distance along it. The inner edge of this black line is bordered by ochraceous buff and ochraceous tawny scales. The outer edge is bordered by ochraceous tawny and between the outer end of the lunate black line and the costa, there is a black spot containing a few scattered ochraceous tawny scales. At the end of the cell is a conspicuous black spot edged with ochraceous buff and white scales, and beyond the black spot a patch of ochraceous tawny.
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His claim that the lunate sulcus, a sulcus which marks the boundary of the occipital lobe, was in a posterior position to that of apes suggests that the reduction of the occipital lobe was accompanied by enlargements of parts of the brain associated with higher cognitive function.
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The name of the lunate bone derives from the "crescent-shaped" (), from Latin luna ("moon"), from the bone's resemblance to a crescent moon. In amphibians and reptiles, the bone is instead referred to as the intermedium, because of its position between the other two proximal carpals.
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Lagocephalus lagocephalus oceanicus, is a pufferfish of the family Tetraodontidae, found in the western Pacific Ocean in temperate and tropical waters. Its length is up to 45 cm. The dorsal and anal fins falcate, the caudal fin is lunate. The lower one third of the pectoral fin is white.
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The last whorl is not descending. The last whorl is rounded at the periphery and moderately convex beneath. The aperture is slightly oblique and broadly lunate. The peristome is thin in one plane, with columellar margin is curved, oblique, never quite vertical, carried forward and briefly reflected above.
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The Lunocet is a biomimetic monofin intended to reduce drag and augment human swimming ability underwater. It is modeled after a dolphin's tail, by replicating the geometry, scale, and morphology dynamics of what the manufacturer calls the "lunate tail propulsor," as the shape is similar to a crescent moon.
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The basal three-fifths of the forewings of the males is orange brown, while the outer two-fifths are paler more suffused with yellow. There is a broad irregular subbasal dark-brown band followed by a dull yellow stigma ringed with dark brown and a curved median black-brown band, as well as three crenulate black lines of varying sharpness in outer the two-fifths and a dark-brown patch below the apex. Females have saffron-yellow forewings with a round white spot below the median in the basal one-third and there is a crenulate lunate transverse postdiscal white band. The hindwings are saffron yellow with a lunate postdiscal white line.
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His methodology involved mapping cortical areas via simple visual inspection of endocasts from mummies, as well as of fresh whole and sectioned brains. Paleoneurologists and scientists study endocasts in order to gather information about brain size and shape, as well as sulcal patterns resulting from pressure-induced impressions by the brain’s surface. Comparison of data gathered from endocasts and the brains of living hominoids allows scientists to study the evolution of the human brain, both anatomically and cognitively. Ultimately, Smith argued that the lunate sulcus was responsible for delineating the rostrolateral boundary of the V1 in both humans and non- human primates, and even pointed out the specific location of the lunate sulcus in chimpanzee versus human brains.
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In some older manuscripts and inscriptions, it is possible for any letter to join to the left, and older Aramaic letter forms (especially of and the lunate ) are found. Vowel marks are usually not used with , being the oldest form of the script and arising before the development of specialized diacritics.
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From busckana it differs in having a dark lunate patch above the inner margin near the base of the wing, which is entirely pale gray.McDunnough, J. 1934. The Canadian species of the Tortricid genus Peronea. Canadian Journal of Research, 1934, 11(3): 290–332 Adults have been recorded on wing nearly year round.
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The forewings are dark purplish fuscous. The stigmata cloudy, blackish, with the plical beneath the first discal. There is a similar less distinct spot midway between the first discal and the base and a cloudy pale ochreous dot on the costa at three-fourths. Some blackish lunate marks are found on the termen.
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The resulting separation between the scaphoid and lunate bones leaves a space on the x-ray that is similar to the gap comedian Terry-Thomas had between his front teeth. For newer radiology students who do not know who Terry-Thomas was, this finding might also be known as the David Letterman sign.
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Perigonia leucopus is a moth of the family Sphingidae. It is known from Brazil. The forewing upperside similar to Perigonia stulta, but the base and postmedian area are shaded with grey and there is a conspicuous lunate patch on the outer margin. There is a brown marginal band on the hindwing upperside.
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The hindwings are slightly lighter, with the posmedian deeply lunate in the anal area. Adults are on wing in March, July, August, October and November, probably in two or more generations per year. 2012: Taxonomic remarks on Andraca Walker, 1865 (Lepidoptera: Bombycidae) with descriptions of five new species. Zootaxa, 3262: 22–34. Preview.
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Andraca nobilorum is a moth of the family Endromidae. It is found in central Vietnam and south-eastern China (Guangxi). The wingspan is 38–39 mm. The forewings are sandy yellow, with a wing pattern of lunate, transverse, black (with a dark grey apical spot) prominent submarginal spots and a large basal spot.
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Pacific halibut have diamond-shaped bodies. They are more elongated than most flatfishes, the width being about one-third of the length. It has a high arch in the lateral line over the pectoral fin, and a lunate, or crescent-shaped tail, which is different from other flat fishes.Schultz, Ken. Ken Scultz’s Essentials of Fishing.
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The aperture is oblique and lunate, peristome russet, expanded and well thickened. The parietal callus is moderately heavy. The parietal lamella is rather strong and emerges to the edge of the callus. The infraparietal lamella is relatively strong though much lower than the parietal, and emerges nearly to the edge of the parietal callus.
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The riblets are about as wide as their intervals, about 25 ribblets in 1 mm. on the last half of the last whorl. Under the microscope some very minute striations may be seen upon the ribs, and in places an extremely minute and very faint spiral striation. The rotund-lunate aperture is slightly oblique.
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The proximal surface of the lunate bone is smooth and convex, articulating with the radius. The lateral surface is flat and narrow, with a crescentic facet for articulation with the scaphoid. The medial surface possesses a smooth and quadrilateral facet for articulation with the triquetral. The palmar surface is rough, as is the dorsal surface.
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A slightly less radical version of this font (notably without lunate sigma) was used in some later Teubner editions (and in non-Teubner publications such as Rahlfs' Septuaginta of 1935), and M.L. West's recent edition of the Iliad uses a digital font that seems closer to this type than to the main Teubner tradition.
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The forewings are pale ochreous, clouded with dark grey. There is an irregular dark antemedian line and a vague postmedian line with a branch towards the angle. The apex is broadly irrorated (sprinkled) with dark and below the costa at the end of the cell is a lunate mark. There is another smaller mark nearer the base.
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The anal fin has three spines and 7 to 9 soft rays. The pectoral fins have 15 to 17 soft rays, with all the rays branched except for the uppermost two. The caudal fin is truncate to lunate in shape with 15 soft rays. Both the upper and lower jaws have a pair of forward-facing canines.
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Scapholunate advanced collapse (SLAC) is a predictable pattern of wrist osteoarthritis that results from untreated long-standing scapholunate instability, which in turn is secondary to a rupture of the scapholunate ligament. The main type of such misalignment is dorsal intercalated segment instability (DISI) which is where the lunate angulates to the posterior side of the hand.
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The conchological characters of the species belonging to the genus Chloritis are the more or less compact shells, the biconcave or a hardly elevated spire. The first whorls are quite narrow, rounded, the apical ones with regularly arranged granules or hair pits. Last whorl is widened suddenly, with a more or less open umbilicus. The aperture is lunate.
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The acetabular fossa is a fossa located at the centre of the acetabulum. It is occupied by the ligament of head of femur. In contrast to the thick and smooth surrounding lunate surface, the pelvis' articulation with the head of the femur, the acetabular fossa is rough and thin, often transparent, and continuous with the acetabular notch below.
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The scapholunate ligament is an intraarticular ligament binding the scaphoid and lunate bones of the wrist together. It is divided into three areas, dorsal, proximal and palmar, with the dorsal segment being the strongest part. It is the main stabilizer of the scaphoid. In contrast to the scapholunate ligament, the lunotriquetral ligament is more prominent on the palmar side.
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The capitate is the largest carpal bone found within the hand. The capitate is found within the distal row of carpal bones. The capitate lies directly adjacent to the metacarpal of the ring finger on its distal surface, has the hamate on its ulnar surface and trapezoid on its radial surface, and abuts the lunate and scaphoid proximally.
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The lunotriquetral shear test or lunotriquetral shear maneuver involves stabilizing the lunate between thumb and index finger of one hand and the triquetrum between the thumb and index finger of the other. The pisiform and triquetrum are pushed in a palmar to dorsal direction. Discomfort in this area suggests the possibility of injury to the lunotriquetral interosseous ligament.
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It has also been found that the bodies of A. anamensis are larger than those of A. afarensis. Based on additional afarensis collections from the Hadar, Ethiopia site, the A. anamensis radius is similar to that of afarensis in the lunate and scaphoid surfaces. Additional findings suggest that A. anamensis have long arms compared to modern humans.
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The sculpture shows faint lines of growth except on the base where a single rounded riblet or carina bounds a somewhat concave lunate space outside of the polished columella. The thin, sharp outer lip has a moderate callus on the body. The thick columella is polished. The translucent operculum is yellowish and contains about five turns.
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Crassinella lunulata, or the lunate crassinella, is a species of very small bivalve mollusc in the family Crassatellidae. It can be found along the Atlantic coast of North America, ranging from Massachusetts to Texas.Abbott, R.T. & Morris, P.A. A Field Guide to Shells: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1995. 43.
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The wingspan is 24–26 mm. The forewings are grey sometimes partly reddish with a triangular snow-white costal spot beyond the middle. The stigmata are fuscous, the first discal at one-fourth, the plical beyond it, the second discal at one-half, narrowly lunate. There is a dark Y-shaped suffusion from the tornus enclosing the costal triangle.
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It always has two lunate vascular bundles. The blades are either singular or in sets of two and are entirely pinnate, range from oblong-lanceolate to deltate, and from herbaceous to papery. It has linear basal sori that are paired back-to-back on the same vein. The indusium is linear and persistent, and the sporangia are brownish.
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Chronic and excessive loading through the ulnocarpal joint, causes degenerative TFCC tears. These tears are a component of ulnar impaction syndrome. Even though natural degeneration of the ulnocarpal joint is very common, it is important to recognize. In cadavaric examinations, 30% to 70% of the cases had TFCC perforations and chondromalacia of the ulnar head, lunate and triquetrum.
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Melanargia arge, the Italian marbled white, is a butterfly of the family Nymphalidae."Melanargia Meigen, 1828" at Markku Savela's Lepidoptera and Some Other Life Forms M. arge Sulz. (= amphitrite Hbn.) (39 f). Above white, only the submarginal lunate line, the two short bands in the centre and at the apex of the cell, and the beautifully blue-centred ocelli being dark — ab.
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The carpal bones function as a unit to provide a bony superstructure for the hand. The scaphoid is also involved in movement of the wrist. It, along with the lunate, articulates with the radius and ulna to form the major bones involved in movement of the wrist. The scaphoid serves as a link between the two rows of carpal bones.
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The body enters into and constitutes a little more than two-fifths of the acetabulum. Its external surface forms part of the lunate surface of the acetabulum and a portion of the acetabular fossa. Its internal surface is part of the wall of the lesser pelvis; it gives origin to some fibers of the internal obturator. No muscles insert on the body.
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Complete rupture of this ligament leads to wrist instability. The main type of such instability is dorsal intercalated segment instability deformity (DISI), where the lunate angulates to the posterior side of the hand. A dynamic scapholunate instability is where the scapholunate ligament is completely ruptured, but secondary scaphoid stabilizers are still preserved. These are the scaphotrapezial (ST), scaphocapitate (SC) and radioscaphocapitate (RSC) ligaments.
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Subadult and adult instars of S. proteus. A: Juvenile/subadult instar, B: Subadult/adult instar. Strobilopterus was a large strobilopterid eurypterid, with adults of the species S. proteus measuring approximately 15 to 20 centimetres in length. The carapace of Strobilopterus was wide and semicircular in shape, with the lateral eyes lunate to crescentic with the palpebral lobe between the central and centrimesial sectors.
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In radiology, the Terry Thomas sign is a scapholunate ligament dissociation on an anteroposterior view of the wrist. Most commonly a result of a fall on the outstretched hand (FOOSH), the scapholunate ligament ruptures resulting in separation of the lunate and scaphoid bones. This burst causes the scaphoid bone to dorsally rotate. A gap of more than 3mm is pathognomonic for scapholunate dissociation.
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Projectional radiograph of a normal wrist (left image) and one with a dorsal tilt due to wrist osteoarthritis (as well as osteoporosis). The angle of the distal surface of the lunate bone is annotated. A dorsal tilt of 10 to 15 degrees is considered normal. Wrist pain has a number of causes, including carpal tunnel syndrome, ganglial cyst, and osteoarthritis.
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The hamate is an irregularly shaped carpal bone found within the hand. The hamate is found within the distal row of carpal bones, and abuts the metacarpals of the little finger and ring finger. Adjacent to the hamate on the ulnar side, and slightly above it, is the pisiform bone. Adjacent on the radial side is the capitate, and proximal is the lunate.
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By interposition of additional spirals each double bead extends into a short oblique nodose rib. Below the suture is an indefinite band, followed by a distinct and excavate fasciole. The latter is sculptured with fine lunate striae. On the body whorl anterior to the fasciole are about twenty-three prominent but irregular spiral cords, some of which are rendered nodulous by passing over the ribs.
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Many species of marine angelfishes have streamer-like extensions of the soft dorsal and anal fins. The fish have small mouths, relatively large pectoral fins, and rounded to lunate tail fins. The largest species, the gray angelfish, Pomacanthus arcuatus, may reach a length of ; at the other extreme, members of the genus Centropyge do not exceed . A length of is typical for the rest of the family.
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The forewings are deep purplish black, with two distinct, clearly defined, white spots. One ovate, placed obliquely, touching the costa at one-fourth from the base, its outer extremity resting on the fold, beyond which are a few ochreous scales in the fold. The other is semi- lunate, its base resting on the costa before the apex. There is a minute white dot at the extreme apex.
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Atractoscion is a genus of fish in the family Sciaenidae found in the Atlantic, Indian and Pacific Ocean. The genus is distinguished by having a lower jaw that protrudes beyond the upper jaw, shape and position of the swim bladder, the lack of barbels and sensory pores on the chin, teeth that are cardiform or pluriserial, and caudal fin that is slightly emarginate to lunate.
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It often has a genetic cause and is associated with mesomelic dwarfism and a mutation on the X chromosome. Attempts can be made to treat the deformity surgically by addressing the deforming bone and fibrous bands called "Vickers ligament". This is an abnormal ligament formed between the Lunate bone of the wrist and the radius and is found in 91% of cases of Madelung's deformity.
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One possibility is that the head of the flow expands through entrainment of air (which is then heated). This then results in the flow front surging forward, which is then over-run by the rest of the flow. Dune bedform formed by the pyroclastic currents related to the 2006 eruption of Tungurahua (Ecuador). A. Outer shape of a lunate dune bedform and B. internal lamination.
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The forewings are pale ocherous, sparsely dusted with fuscous and fairly distinct maculation. There is a single, black line with prominent tooth in the cell and slight inward bend in the submedian fold. The orbicular is a small round spot filled with the pale ground color and the renifom is medium-sized, lunate and pale centered. There are four or five minute dark costal spots between the reniform and the apex.
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Strato II appears as an old man with a sunken jaw on some of his coins, which is not surprising given that his grandson was co-regent. Strato II also issued bronzes and even lead coins of the common type Apollo/tripod. On some of Strato II's silver drachms the letter sigma is written as C (a lunate sigma), a not uncommon trait on late Hellenistic coins in the east.
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The στ ligature (, ) was one of many ligature forms that came into widespread use as part of the minuscule writing style of Greek from the 9th and 10th centuries onwards. It is based on the lunate form (Ϲ) of the letter sigma. With many other ligatures, it was used to print Greek during the early- modern era. Between the 18th and 19th centuries, the use of ligatures in print gradually diminished.
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The Ancient Roman furniture, sigma was a semi-circular couch sometimes used at banquets instead of the triclinium.The Roman banquet: images of conviviality, Katherine Dunbabin, 2003, p. 166 Its name comes from the lunate sigma (upper case C, lower case ϲ) — which resembles, but which is not at all related to, the Latin letter C and was used in Eastern forms of Greek writing and in the Middle Ages.
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Overall, Gulosaurus was similar to Grippia. It was the same size, around 1.5 meters long, and much of the skeleton was the same, namely the ribs and centrum discovered. Also like Grippia, it had pentadactyl limbs rather than exhibiting polyphalangy, as many later ichthyopterygians did. Most of the flipper structure was very similar apart from the first metacarpal, which had a notched peripheral shaft in Gulosaurus but was lunate in Grippia.
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The superior surface is round, smooth, and articulates with the lunate bone. The inferior surface is divided by two ridges into three facets, for articulation with the second, third, and fourth metacarpal bones, that for the third being the largest. The dorsal surface is broad and rough. The palmar surface is narrow, rounded, and rough, for the attachment of ligaments and a part of the adductor pollicis muscle.
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The wingspan is about 100 mm. It is similar to a very dark Callambulyx rubricosa rubricosa, but differs in genital and other morphology. The distal two-thirds of the forewing upperside is dark and the proximal one-third is green and much paler. There is a deep pink basal area on the hindwing upperside and a dark, almost black distal two-thirds in which a narrow lunate purple patch is discernible.
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Two instances of s-shaped numeral digamma in the number "9996 4/6" () in a minuscule mathematical manuscript, c.1100 AD. Below, a phrase containing two instances of the ligature "στ" (""), still distinguished from the numeral. In the ninth and tenth centuries, the cursive shape digamma was visually conflated with a ligature of sigma (in its historical "lunate" form) and tau (x14px + x14px = x16px, x16px).Gardthausen, Griechische Paleographie, p.
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The lowercase version has two typographical variants, both inherited from medieval Greek handwriting. One, the most common in modern typography and inherited from medieval minuscule, looks like a reversed number "3" and is encoded . The other, also known as lunate or uncial epsilon and inherited from earlier uncial writing,Nick Nicholas: Letters , 2003–2008. (Greek Unicode Issues) looks like a semicircle crossed by a horizontal bar: it is encoded .
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A spica splint is a type of orthopedic splint used to immobilize the thumb and/or wrist while allowing the other digits freedom to move. It is used to provide support for thumb injuries (ligament instability, sprain or muscle strain), gamekeeper's thumb, osteoarthritis, de Quervain's syndrome or fractures of the scaphoid, lunate, or first metacarpal. It is also suitable for post-operative use or after removal of a hand/thumb cast.
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The UCL’s consist of the ulnolunate and the ulnotriquetral ligaments. They originate from the ulnar styloid and insert into the carpal bones of the wrist: the ulnolunate ligament inserts into the lunate bone and the ulnotriquetral ligament into the triquetrum bone. These ligaments prevent dorsal migration of the distal ulna. They are more taut during supination, because in supination ulnar styloid moves away from the carpal bones volar side.
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Paleoneurobiologists Ralph L. Holloway and Dean Falk disagree about the interpretation of a depression on the Australopithecus afarensis AL 162-28 endocast. Holloway argues that the depression is a result of lipping at the lambdoid suture and that the sulcal patterns indicate cerebral organization moving toward a more human pattern, while Falk insists that the depression is the lunate sulcus in a position that is indicative of an ape-like sulcal pattern. The debate between these two scientists is not hinged solely on the AL 162-28 endocast, but rather extends to all australopithecine fossils, with Holloway insisting on the presence of hominid sulcal features, and Falk maintaining that the features are pongid in nature. The debate between Holloway and Falk is so intense that between 1983 and 1985, they published four papers on the identification of the medial end of the lunate sulcus of the Taung endocast (Australopithecus africanus), which only further strengthened the division between each scientist's respective opinion.
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There is a large irregular cuneiform (wedge-shaped) patch from the base below the costa, its lower edge emitting a long slender streak along the inner margin to the anal angle. There is also a large irregular lunate mark in the middle of the wing, connected with the basal patch anteriorly by a short bar. The hindmarginal line is narrow and yellowish. The hindwings are pale fuscous, with a pale yellow basal patch.
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The space in the wrist bounded by the hamate, capitate, triquetral and lunate bones. This place is referred to as a place where the nails of Jesus Christ crucifixion pierced his wrist. Étienne Destot (March 1, 1864 - December 3, 1918) was a French radiologist and anatomist who was a native of Dijon. He studied medicine in Lyon, and later worked in the hospitals of Hôtel Dieu, Croix-Rousse and Charité in Lyon.
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Prehistoric spokeshaves were made of stone. In archaeology, the term spokeshave is used to describe a tool, usually a uniface, that has at least one retouched lunate notch in one edge. In a sense, the term is a descriptive "catch-all" category, since it is difficult to determine if this was actually the way in which such a tool was used; the categorization is based entirely on the appearance of the tool.
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The original example of this distinct type was found in a cave near Hebron, West Bank, Palestinian territories, and as it was probably war-loot of the Jewish Zealots of the Bar Kochba Revolt under Hadrian, can be closely dated. It is the earliest Roman helmet discovered in which the post-Dacian Wars crossbars were probably part of the original construction, as evidenced by the brass lunate decorations applied between the crossbars.
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The forewings are dark brown, somewhat suffused with chestnut rufous and with a median black band, a postmedian indistinct blackish band beyond which is a lunate buffish band on the outside of which is a line of black dots joined by a chain of indistinct blackish lunules. The hindwings are orange yellow with an antemedian transverse line of sooty black and a median indistinct blackish cloud band followed by two lunulate bands.
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In a survey that included specimens up to in length and in weight, none was believed to be older than 15 years. However, very large specimens may be up to 50 years old. The bluefin possesses enormous muscular strength, which it channels through a pair of tendons to its lunate-shaped caudal fin for propulsion. In contrast to many other fish, the body stays rigid while the tail flicks back and forth, increasing stroke efficiency.
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Pangolins were long thought to be the closest relatives of Xenarthra (armadillos, anteaters, and sloths), contributing to the polyphyletic group of Edentata. Research based on immunodiffusion technique and comparison of protein and DNA sequences revealed the close relationships between pangolins and carnivorans. Living pangolins and carnivorans also share few unusual derived morphological and anatomical traits, such as the ossified tentorium cerebelli and the fusion of the scaphoid and lunate bones in the wrist.
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The wingspan is 38–45 mm. Adults have a dusty dark yellow ground colour and transversal dark grey to black lunate pattern on the wings. The submarginal fascia is outlined inside with black scales and the submarginal field of the forewings is suffused with brown scales and with orange scales on the hindwings. Adults are on wing from May to June and again from July to August in two generations per year.
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Madelung deformity of the wrist is caused by a growth disturbance in the inferior volar part of the epiphysial growth plate in the distal radius, resulting in a volar placed slope of the lunate facet and scaphoid facet. This produces volar translation of the hand and wrist. The ulna continues growing straight, resulting in a dorsally prominent distal ulna. It occurs predominantly in adolescent females, who present with pain, decreased range of motion, and deformity.
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The Sandhills chub is a minnow that has a large mouth in a terminal position with a small flap-like barbel located on the corners of their mouths. It has nine dorsal fin rays and either has a light black spot or does not at the base of the dorsal fin. Their dorsal fin is located behind the pelvic fins. It has a slightly lunate caudal fin giving it a more curved fin.
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The forewings are amber brown with the basal third faintly blotched with carmine. Slightly before the middle of the costa is a small, ocherous-white, quadrate spot edged with carmine and at the outer third the costa is excavated and bordered with a white, carmine-edged, lunate mark. The remainder of the costa is very narrowly edged fuscous. In the cell at the basal third is a fuscous spot surrounded by a few carmine scales.
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In the occipital lobe, the lateral occipital sulcus, where present, divides the lateral, or middle occipital gyrus into a superior and an inferior part, which are then continuous in front with the parietal and temporal lobes. The anterior portion is often incomplete, but in some individuals it may encounter the superior temporal sulcus whilst the posterior portion originates from the middle of the curved lunate sulcus, or from a curved portion of the transverse occipital sulcus if absent.
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The pottery is decorated. The southern group (30 tombs) used an impasto lid on the burial jars, left serpent-fibulae of a different-style, a razor of lunate shape and one-piece cast spears. The pottery is undecorated. Urbanization of the area probably did not begin before the start of the second half of the 8th century BC. This process most likely finished by the end of the 7th century BC, and, at its height, the city's borders enclosed .
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There are two linear nearly parallel separate shields opposite the origin of each ray. The upper ray-scales are square and minutely granulated ; the lower ones are quadrangular, with lunate sides. Each lateral ray-plate bears six spathulate spines, the lowest but one of which is longer than the rest, and the lowest smaller. In dead specimens the last laps over the ray-plate, so that its apex meets that of its fellow on the opposite side.
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The forewings are pale yellowish white, with fuscous markings. There are three narrow transverse fasciae, the first two somewhat dot like, the first from the costa at one- sixth, the second from the costa about one-third, both continued obscurely to the dorsum. The third is slightly inwards curved, from the costa at four- fifths to the dorsum at four-fifths. There is a lunate mark, transversely placed, above the middle, just before the third fascia.
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Because feathers are often associated with birds, feathered dinosaurs are often touted as the missing link between birds and dinosaurs. However, the multiple skeletal features also shared by the two groups represent another important line of evidence for paleontologists. Areas of the skeleton with important similarities include the neck, pubis, wrist (semi-lunate carpal), arm and pectoral girdle, furcula (wishbone), and breast bone. Comparison of bird and dinosaur skeletons through cladistic analysis strengthens the case for the link.
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Proximally, the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum of the humerus and the radial notch of the ulna at the elbow. The articulation between the radius and the ulna at the elbow is known as the proximal radioulnar joint. Distally, it articulates with the ulna again at the distal radioulnar joint. It forms part of the wrist joint by articulating with the scaphoid at its lateral aspect and with the lunate at its medial aspect.
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Proximal row carpectomy (PRC), which involves removing the first row of the carpal bones, i.e. the scaphoid, lunate and triquetrum. The wrist is immobilised in a cast for six weeks after the surgery and then physiotherapy is started. 2\. Scaphoid excision and 4-corner fusion, which is a procedure consisting of the removal of the scaphoid and fixation of the remaining wrist bones with a plate (called a "spider plate") or wires in order to provide stability.
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Annals and Magazine of Natural History (8) 14: 106 Adults can be distinguished from related species by the antemedial and postmedial lines of both wings, which are composed of largish dark spots. There is also a series of lunate dots are outside the postmedial line and the subterminal line is composed of dark spots between the veins. Furthermore, the pale brown patches near the lower angle of the cell on the forewing are smaller and without dark spots inside.
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The tip of the flaking tool is placed against the edge of the stone tool and pressed hard, removing a small linear or lunate flake from the opposite side. The process also involves frequent preparation of the edge to form better platforms for pressing off flakes. This is usually accomplished with abraiders made from a coarse-grained stone such as basalt or quartzite. Great care must be taken during pressure flaking so that perverse fractures that break the entire tool do not occur.
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In the treatment of stage II wrist osteoarthritis, there are two treatment options that have proved to be most successful. The first treatment option is proximal row carpectomy. During this surgical intervention the proximal row of the carpal bones is removed (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform). It is important that the radioscaphocapitate ligament is left intact, because if the ligament is not preserved the capitate bone will translate to the ulnar side of the wrist and move away from the distal radius.
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The hindwings are much paler and almost patternless and the transverse band of the forewings is also more concavely curved. Females have liver-chestnut forewings with a white spot below the median in the basal one-third of the wing, a median slightly sinuate darker band and the nervures and marginal line are yellow. There is a postdiscal coalescent band of intranervular white wedge-shaped patches truncated distad. The hindwings are similar in ground colour, but the band of white patches is lunate.
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In an attempt to gain thrust and maneuvering forces, robot fish control systems are capable of controlling the body and caudal fin, giving them a wave-like motion. In order to control and analyze robotic fish movement, researchers study the shape, dynamic model and lateral movements of the robotic tail. One of the many tail shapes found on robot fish is lunate, or crescent shaped. Some studies show this kind of tail shape increases swimming speeds and creates a high-efficiency robot fish.
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The body of the radius is self-explanatory, and the lower extremity of the radius is roughly quadrilateral in shape, with articular surfaces for the ulna, scaphoid and lunate bones. The distal end of the radius forms two palpable points, radially the styloid process and Lister's tubercle on the ulnar side. Along with the proximal and distal radioulnar articulations, an interosseous membrane originates medially along the length of the body of the radius to attach the radius to the ulna.
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Accessed online: 2 September 2009. Although demoted to synonyms of D. peltata by MarchantMarchant NG, Aston HI, George AS (1982) Droseraceae. Flora of Australia 8, 9–66 in 1982, the formerly recognised species Drosera foliosa and Drosera gracilis are again treated as separate species by the Tasmanian Herbarium and the Australian Plant Name Index. Drosera foliosa differs from the nominal form of D. peltata in having a well-defined basal rosette of large, light green lunate leaves, and multi-branched shorter stems.
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Comparisons of bird and dinosaur skeletons, as well as cladistic analysis, strengthens the case for the link, particularly for a branch of theropods called maniraptors. Skeletal similarities include the neck, pubis, wrist (semi-lunate carpal), arm and pectoral girdle, shoulder blade, clavicle, and breast bone. A study comparing embryonic, juvenile and adult archosaur skulls concluded that bird skulls are derived from those of theropod dinosaurs by progenesis, a type of paedomorphic heterochrony, which resulted in retention of juvenile characteristics of their ancestors.
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The eight carpal bones may be conceptually organized as either two transverse rows, or three longitudinal columns. When considered as paired rows, each row forms an arch which is convex proximally and concave distally. On the palmar side, the carpus is concave and forms the carpal tunnel, which is covered by the flexor retinaculum.Platzer 2004, p 124 The proximal row (comprising scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum) articulates with the surfaces of the radius and distal carpal row, and thus constantly adapts to these mobile surfaces.
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The median space is ocherous, grayish brown at the costa and inner margin and crossed outwardly by a brown line. The reniform has the form of a dark lunate blotch bordered inwardly by an ocherous line. There is another line, bent strongly outwardly beyond the cell, forming prominent angles on veins 3, 4 and 6, bent backward below vein 3 to its base, then rounded and rather irregular to the inner margin. Beyond the reniform, there is some white shading especially on veins 3 and 4.
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The fifth row is submarginal, and consists of eight lunate spots decreasing in size towards the costa where they also become more ovate. The sixth row is marginal, triangular, a small spot at the end of each of the nervules. Secondaries very pale fawn white, with four darker submarginal spots, those near the apex largest. Female Similar to male, but the head brown, the spots on the primaries larger and slightly more irregular, and but two spots on the secondaries, the largest near the apex.
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The tuna is a sleek and streamlined fish, adapted for speed. It has two closely spaced dorsal fins on its back; The first is "depressible" – it can be laid down, flush, in a groove that runs along its back. Seven to 10 yellow finlets run from the dorsal fins to the tail, which is lunate – curved like a crescent moon – and tapered to pointy tips. The caudal peduncle, to which the tail is attached, is quite thin, with three stabilizing horizontal keels on each side.
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The Greek script on the coins of Kujula (and all the Kushans with him) is barbarized. For example, ΣΤΗΡΟΣΣΥ on his Hermaeus coins is thought to be a deformation of ΣΩΤΗΡΟΣ (Sotiros), the traditional title of Hermaeus on his coins. The Greek word for "king" is written ΒΑϹΙΛΕΩΣ, with both a lunate sigma (Ϲ) and a normal sigma (Σ) in the same word. The Kushans also added one character to the Greek script: it is the letter Ϸ, corresponding to the sound "Sh", as in "Kushan".
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Forewing: base thickly irrorated (sprinkled) with black scales; cell transversely crossed in the middle and along the discocellulars by brown bars of a darker shade than the ground colour of the wing; a transverse, somewhat irregular, catenulated (chain-like), ducal, similarly coloured band followed by a slightly paler, transverse, narrow, lunular, subterminal broad line, beyond which the ground colour is earthy brown, with a superposed terminal series of lunate spots in the interspaces. The cellular and discal markings are faintly edged with white, the terminal markings are generally very obscure. Hindwing: base, posterior half of cell and bases of interspaces 1a, 1, 2 and 3 densely irrorated with black scales with irregular small patches of paler scales superposed thereon; a transverse, catenulated, subbasal dark brown band, a similar shorter band from costa across the discocellulars and a similar very irregular discal band from costa, all merged posteriorly into the irroration of black scales, followed as on the forewing by an obscure, transverse, lunular, subterminal brown line, and a terminal row of ill-defined, similarly coloured, lunate spots. Antenna dark brown, the shafts speckled with white; head, thorax and abdomen deep purplish brown; beneath: palpi, thorax and abdomen fuscous black.
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On the back of the siphonal canal are two or three spiral threads, remainder of a shell without trace of spiral sculpture . The lines of growth are very flexuous, indicating a deep broad emargination near the suture. But the shell is so excessively thin and brittle that the author can find, among many specimens, none with a perfect aperture, but supposes from the growth lines that the outer lip was rounded out broadly, while the siphonal canal is very narrow. The columella is extremely thin, sharp and straight, making the aperture narrowly lunate.
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The ulnar column leaves a gap between the ulna and the triquetrum, and therefore, only the radial or scaphoid and central or capitate columns articulate with the radius. The wrist is more stable in flexion than in extension more because of the strength of various capsules and ligaments than the interlocking parts of the skeleton. Almost all carpals (except the pisiform) have six surfaces. Of these the palmar or anterior and the dorsal or posterior surfaces are rough, for ligamentous attachment; the dorsal surfaces being the broader, except in the lunate.
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In 1969, John Ostrom described Deinonychus antirrhopus, a theropod that he had discovered in Montana in 1964 and whose skeletal resemblance to birds seemed unmistakable. Ostrom became a leading proponent of the theory that birds are direct descendants of dinosaurs. Further comparisons of bird and dinosaur skeletons, as well as cladistic analysis strengthened the case for the link, particularly for a branch of theropods called maniraptors. Skeletal similarities include the neck, the pubis, the wrists (semi-lunate carpal), the 'arms' and pectoral girdle, the shoulder blade, the clavicle and the breast bone.
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The forewings are greyish-cream-white suffused and freckled with cinnamon grey. There is a darker outwardly curved subbasal band and a sharply angled antemedian band just touching a vitreous patch, beyond this patch are three rather indistinct bands of darker coalescent lunate marks. The transverse band from the apex to the inner margin is much more basad and much more defined, also straighter and the submarginal cloud band is much fainter. The hindwings are similar, but only with one antemedian band and a brown and straight postmedian band.
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These anatomical features made swimming easier and faster. Unlike most sharks, Cladoselache was almost entirely devoid of scales with the exception of small cusped scales on the edges of the fins, mouth and around the eyes. It also had powerful keels that extended onto the side of the tail stalk and a semi-lunate tail fin, with the superior lobe about the same size as the inferior. This combination helped with its speed and agility which was useful when trying to outswim its probable predator, the heavily armored long placoderm fish Dunkleosteus.
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The capitate bone is found in the center of the carpal bone region, colloquially known as the wrist, which is at the distal end of the radius and ulna bones. It articulates with the third metacarpal bone (the middle finger) and forms the third carpometacarpal joint. The capitate bone is the largest of the carpal bones in the human hand. It presents, above, a rounded portion or head, which is received into the concavity formed by the scaphoid and lunate bones; a constricted portion or neck; and below this, the body.
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The dorsal radiocarpal ligament (posterior ligament) is less thick and strong than its volar counterpart, and has a proximal attachment to the posterior border of the distal radius. Its fibers run medially and inferiorly to form a distal attachment at the dorsal surfaces of the scaphoid (navicular bone of the hand), lunate, and triquetral. The fibres of the dorsal radiocarpal ligament blend with those of the dorsal intercarpal ligament. It is in relation, behind, with the Extensor tendons of the fingers; in front, it is blended with the articular disk.
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Geometric microliths may be triangular, trapezoid or lunate. Microlith production generally declined following the introduction of agriculture (8000 BCE) but continued later in cultures with a deeply rooted hunting tradition. Regardless of type, microliths were used to form the points of hunting weapons, such as spears and (in later periods) arrows, and other artifacts and are found throughout Africa, Asia and Europe. They were utilised with wood, bone, resin and fiber to form a composite tool or weapon, and traces of wood to which microliths were attached have been found in Sweden, Denmark and England.
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The forewings of the males are deep chocolate liver brown with two indistinct darker postmedian bands beyond which is a row of black dots. The hindwings are similar. Females have pale chocolate liver-brown forewings, with the basal two-thirds of the costo-subcostal area suffused with cinnamon rufous and the nervures yellowish brown. There is a large cream-white patch below the middle of the cell and there is a postdiscal transverse band of eight intranervular cream-white patches, the upper five being wedge shaped, the lower three lunate.
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More or less elliptic in shape, they measure long, high, and wide, and mostly remain closed until burnt by fire, although a few may open after several years. They contain two fertile seeds each, between which lies a woody dark brown separator of similar shape to the seeds. Measuring in length, the seed is obovate, and composed of a dark brown -wide membranous 'wing' and crescent-shaped (lunate) seed proper which measures long by wide. The seed surface can be smooth or covered in tiny ridges, and often glistens.
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Microraptor specimen with feather impressions Maniraptorans are characterized by long arms and three-fingered hands (though reduced or fused in some lineages), as well as a "half-moon shaped" (semi- lunate) bone in the wrist (carpus). In 2004, Tom Holtz and Halszka Osmólska pointed out six other maniraptoran characters relating to specific details of the skeleton. Unlike most other saurischian dinosaurs, which have pubic bones that point forward, several groups of maniraptorans have an ornithischian-like backwards-pointing hip bone. A backward-pointing hip characterizes the therizinosaurs, dromaeosaurids, avialans, and some primitive troodontids.
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Similar to the Melitaea cinxia bearing likewise black dots in the submarginal reddish yellow spots of the hindwing, but the forewing much more obtuse, distally broader, moreover usually duller coloured, being more brownish; the distal marginal area darker, the black markings being strongly developed, the median area with less markings, the black lunate lines being partly obsolescent, partly composed of irregular remnants. The underside, too, particularly on the hindwing, is essentially lighter in consequence of the black markings being broken up and reduced. Seitz. A. in Seitz, A. ed. Band 1: Abt.
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The assumed position of the naris in hupehsuchians as explained above can be taken as evidence for possible ichthyosaurian affinities, as it is in the same general area as those of ichthyosaurs. Hupehsuchians do resemble earlier ichthyosaurs in outward appearance with slightly fusiform bodies and long, straight, non-lunate tails. Other features shared with ichthyosaurs include a supraoccipital similar to what is seen in early forms, a relatively long antorbital region, and a short transverse process for the ribs. Many more differences exist between hupehsuchians and ichthyosaurs, however.
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The crooked shape of could be written with different numbers of angles and strokes. Besides the classical form with four strokes (), a three- stroke form resembling an angular Latin S () was commonly found, and was particularly characteristic of some mainland Greek varieties including Attic and several "red" alphabets. The C-like "lunate" form of that was later to become the standard form in late antiquity and Byzantine writing did not yet occur in the archaic alphabets. The letter had two principal variants: the classical straight vertical line, and a crooked form with three, four or more angular strokes ( ).
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Lunate microliths have the least diversity of all and may be either semicircular or segmental. Archeological findings and the analysis of wear marks, or use-wear analysis, has shown that, predictably, the tips of spears, harpoons and other light projectiles of varying size received the most wear. Microliths were also used from the Neolithic on arrows, although a decline in this use coincided with the appearance of bifacial or "leafed" arrowheads that became widespread in the Chalcolithic period, or Copper Age (that is, stone arrowheads were increasingly made by a different technique during this later period).
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Coelurosaurs showed a shift in the use of the forearm, with greater flexibility at the shoulder allowing the arm to be raised towards the horizontal plane, and to even greater degrees in flying birds. However, in coelurosaurs, such as ornithomimosaurs and especially dromaeosaurs, the hand itself had lost most flexibility, with highly inflexible fingers. Dromaeosaurs and other maniraptorans also showed increased mobility at the wrist not seen in other theropods, thanks to the presence of a specialized half-moon shaped wrist bone (the semi-lunate carpal) that allowed the whole hand to fold backward towards the forearm in the manner of modern birds.
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Praxitelean bronze head of a goddess wearing a lunate crown, found at Issa (Vis, Croatia). The oldest representations of Artemis in Greek Archaic art portray her as Potnia Theron ("Queen of the Beasts"): a winged goddess holding a stag and lioness in her hands, or sometimes a lioness and a lion. This winged Artemis lingered in ex-votos as Artemis Orthia, with a sanctuary close by Sparta. In Greek classical art she is usually portrayed as a maiden huntress, young, tall and slim, clothed in a girl's short skirt,Homer portrayed Artemis as girlish in the Iliad.
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The wingspan is 18–22 mm. The forewings of the males are ocherous to argillaceous shaded with brown, with a large, dorsal area of black scales at the inner angle. The base of the costa is narrowly dark brown with three triangular dark brown costal spots, one at the basal third, one near the middle, and one at the apical fourth. From the apex of the latter extends an ill-defined, slender, lunate line to the tornus and from the outer corner of this costal spot a row of dark brown dots extends from the apex along the termen to the tornus.
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The Hardieopteridae are a family of eurypterids, an extinct group of chelicerate arthropods commonly known as "sea scorpions". The family is one of two families contained in the superfamily Kokomopteroidea (along with Kokomopteridae), which in turn is one of four superfamilies classified as part of the suborder Stylonurina. Hardieopterids have been recovered from deposits of Early Silurian to Late Devonian age in the United States and the United Kingdom. Hardieopterids are defined as kokomopteroids with lateral pleurae on their metastoma and pretelson, large lunate scales on the posterior margin of the carapace and a clavate telson.
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Foraging, flying or crawling insects such as flies are attracted to a cavity formed by the cupped leaf, often by visual lures such as anthocyanin pigments, and nectar bribes. The rim of the pitcher (peristome) is slippery when moistened by condensation or nectar, causing insects to fall into the trap. Pitcher plants may also contain waxy scales, protruding aldehyde crystals, cuticular folds, inward and downward pointing (retrorse) hairs, or guard-cell-originating lunate cells on the inside of the pitcher to ensure that insects cannot climb out. The small bodies of liquid contained within the pitcher traps are called phytotelmata.
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The structure of the carpus varies widely between different groups of tetrapods, even among those that retain the full set of five digits. In primitive fossil amphibians, such as Eryops, the carpus consists of three rows of bones; a proximal row of three carpals, a second row of four bones, and a distal row of five bones. The proximal carpals are referred to as the radiale, intermediale, and ulnare, after their proximal articulations, and are homologous with the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetral bones respectively. The remaining bones are simply numbered, as the first to fourth centralia (singular: centrale), and the first to fifth distal carpals.
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Detail of a sarcophagus depicting Endymion and Selene, shown with her characteristic attributes of lunate crown and billowing veil (velificatio)Stefania Sorrenti, "Les représentations figurées de Jupiter Dolichénien à Rome," in La terra sigillata tardo-italica decorata del Museo nazionale romano, "L'Erma" di Bretschneider, 1999), p. 370. The etymology of Selene is uncertain, but if the name is of Greek origin, it is likely connected to the word selas (σέλας), meaning "light".Kerenyi, pp. 196–197. Just as Helios, from his identification with Apollo, is called Phoebus ("bright"), Selene, from her identification with Artemis, is also commonly referred to by the epithet Phoebe (feminine form).
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Similar to the male differs as follows: Upperside: ground colour pale golden yellow; basal half of the wings suffused with dark olivaceous green; black markings as in the male but larger; on the forewing the spots of the subterminal series very large, coalescent or nearly coalescent with one another and with the dentate spots on the veins in the inner terminal line; the upper two spots also of the postdiscal series very large and coalescent, the upper of the two joining on above and below to the inner postdiscal lunate spot in interspace 6, thus enclosing a prominent lunule of the ground colour. Underside as in the male but paler.
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As general mullet, fish they have a terminal mouth with thick lips, 2 dorsal fins, a lunate homocercal caudal fin (upper lobe and lower lobe are equal length) and do not have a lateral line organ, which is usually used for detecting changes in their surroundings. The cycloid (smooth outer edge) scales of the sand grey mullet fish are thin, flexible and overlapping with a mix of silver and grey color scheme. They are easily identified by their bright yellow eyes. They have a skeleton made of bone and have a streamline body shape for body undulations that allows them to be fast swimmers.
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The tergites (the dorsal part of the body segments) also present three to four parallel lines along the posterior margin, followed by five lines that end in a series of separate and lunate (crescent-shaped) scales. Its genital operculum (a plate-like segment which contains the genital aperture) is the main characteristic that distinguishes it from the rest of the derived (more "advanced") adelopththalmids, showing characteristics indicative of the more basal eurypterid Eurypterus. It possessed two opercular flaps, two protruding extensions lateral to the genital appendage. The genital appendage (which is of type A, assumed to represent females) had a great length, extending beyond the second abdominal plate.
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The basal one-fourth of the forewings of the males is cream white, with an oblique chocolate streak, below which is a looped zigzag line which forms a white stigma just below the streak. There is an antemedian dark-chocolate transverse band and the central one-third of the wing is pale chocolate, becoming paler distad. The outer one-third is creamy grey with a crenulate postdiscal brown line, a dark-chocolate spot before the tornus and a quadrate dark-chocolate patch between vein seven and half-way between veins six and five. The hindwings are orange with a postmedian transverse crenulate dark band beyond which is a similar lunate one.
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Praxitelean bronze head of a goddess wearing a lunate crown, found at Issa (Vis, Croatia) Folk legends like the Society of Diana, which linked the goddess to forbidden gatherings of women with spirits, may have influenced later works of folklore. One of these is Charles Godfrey Leland's Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches, which prominently featured Diana at the center of an Italian witch-cult. In Leland's interpretation of supposed Italian folk witchcraft, Diana is considered Queen of the Witches. In this belief system, Diana is said to have created the world of her own being having in herself the seeds of all creation yet to come.
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The flakes are based on 1243 whole flakes with random samples taken from roughly 100 specimens. To name a few of the flakes discovered, there are curved back geometric which represent roughly 30 percent of the retouched implements found. Pointed lunates were also discovered which represent an even larger portion of curved backed geometric category, 59 percent to be exact, none of the pointed lunates bear an eared projection at the tip, however, in the more recent periods, the tip on one is more emphasized. Another type of flake discovered was the deep lunate with a mean length of and only thirty three of these specimens being collected.
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It has been hypothesized that evolutionary pressures resulted in the human brain undergoing internal reorganization to develop the capability of human language. Furthermore, this reorganization must have been implemented during early maturity and is likely responsible for eidetic imagery in some adolescents. During early development, the neural connections in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal lobe rapidly expand to allow capability for human language, while visual memory capacity of human brain would become limited. Biological studies have demonstrated that the lunate sulcus is subject to white matter growth, and dental fossil and tomography studies have shown that the brain organization of Australopithecus africanus is pongid-like.
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The outer band is limited, as the inner is, preceded by a blotchy white line, which is continuous only at the costa and inner margin, followed here by a velvety black block at the anal angle, and on the costa by a brown triangle. The subterminal line consists of a row of white vein-spots, that on vein 2 larger and yellowish, emitting an angled line beyond the black anal blotch. Towards the costa it becomes continuous, and is met by an oblique white streak from below the apex, above which is a whitish brown-sprinkled apical blotch. There is a row of large white lunate spots before the termen.
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The taxonomy of this group is currently under discussion and changes seem inevitable as the group is suspected to be non-monophyletic. Based on morphology, Oreoglanis has been divided into two species groups. According to the original description of these groups, the O. siamensis species group is distinguished by having an emarginate caudal fin, and a lower lip notched medially with an entire or weakly laciniate posterior margin, while the O. delacouri species group is distinguished by having a lunate caudal fin and a lower lip without a median notch with prominent extensions along the posterior margin. It has been suggested that only the marginal morphology of lower lip can be employed to recognize the two species groups.
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According to Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, most of the evidence for these words comes from "educated Englishmen who knew their Greek"."Xmas" article, Merriam-Webster's Dictionary of English Usage, Merriam- Webster, 1994, p 968, , retrieved via Google Books, December 27, 2008 In ancient Christian art, χ and χρ are abbreviations for Christ's name. In many manuscripts of the New Testament and icons, Χ is an abbreviation for Χριστος, as is XC (the first and last letters in Greek, using the lunate sigma);Church Symbolism: An Explanation of the more Important Symbols of the Old and New Testament, the Primitive, the Mediaeval and the Modern Church by Frederick Roth Webber (2nd. edition, 1938).
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These scientists are often met with skepticism, just as Falk in her continued support of an ape-like placement of the lunate sulcas. However, now many professionals believe that the sulcas is not visible in Taung and many other Australopithecus africanus specimens. However, a newer endocast specimen title Stw 505 has been examined, and many believe that it supports Dart's hypothesis, but this aspect of Taung is still highly debated, and many still believe it has ape-like placement. Subsequently, Falk unearthed an unpublished manuscript that Dart completed in 1929 in the Archives of the University of Witwatersrand, which provides a much more thorough description and analysis of the Taung endocast than Dart's earlier announcement in Nature.
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Discrediting this theory was evidence supporting that damage to the frontal lobe in both humans and hominoids show atypical social and emotional behavior; thus, this similarity means that the frontal lobe was not very likely to be selected for reorganization. Instead, it is now believed that evolution occurred in other parts of the brain that are strictly associated with certain behaviors. The reorganization that took place is thought to have been more organizational than volumetric; whereas the brain volumes were relatively the same but specific landmark position of surface anatomical features, for example, the lunate sulcus suggest that the brains had been through a neurological reorganization. There is also evidence that the early hominin lineage also underwent a quiescent period, which supports the idea of neural reorganization.
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In front of the first band is a depression with two or three incised spiral lines, followed by a strong nodulous keel corresponding to the anal fasciole, in front of which again are (on the spire one, on the last whorl four) strong, simple, distant, spiral threads, of which the second is strongest and followed by the widest interval. The series is preceded by eight or ten smaller, closer, simple, spiral threads which extend to the end of the siphoanl canal. The axial sculpture consists of incremental lines and on the earlier whorls obscure wrinkles connected with the nodules on the keel, which number on the penultimate whorl about twenty-four and on the body whorl become obsolescent. The aperture is short and lunate.
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During palmar flexion the proximal carpal bones are displaced towards the dorsal side and towards the palmar side during dorsiflexion. While flexion and extension consist of movements around a pair of transverse axes -- passing through the lunate bone for the proximal row and through the capitate bone for the distal row -- palmar flexion occurs mainly in the radiocarpal joint and dorsiflexion in the midcarpal joint. Dorsiflexion is produced by (in order of importance) extensor digitorum, extensor carpi radialis longus, extensor carpi radialis brevis, extensor indicis, extensor pollicis longus, and extensor digiti minimi. Palmar flexion is produced by (in order of importance) flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, flexor carpi ulnaris, flexor pollicis longus, flexor carpi radialis, and abductor pollicis longus.
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The blue-green leaves of D. pinguicula are covered in a thick waxy cuticle, and contain the deepest stomata of any former Sansevieria species. The leaves are arranged in a rosette and lunate in cross section. The leaves can be 12–30 cm in length, 2.8–3.5 cm thick, and are tipped with a single sharp spine. A wide channel runs the full length of each leaf and has reddish-brown margins edged with tough, papery white cuticle The underside of each leaf is smooth when water is plentiful but develops deep longitudinal grooves in drier conditions as the plant draws upon the water stored in its leaves, allowing it to survive in one of the most arid regions of Kenya.
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The Cyrillic letter Es is derived from a variant of the Greek letter Sigma known as lunate sigma (Ϲ ϲ), in use in the Greek-speaking world in early medieval times. It has no connection to the Latin letter C (C c), which is a descendant of the Greek letter Gamma (Γ γ); however, many languages (for different reasons) apply the value of to the Latin letter C, especially before front vowels e and i (examples being English, French, Mexican Spanish); see hard and soft C. As its name suggests, Es is actually related to the Latin S. The name of Es in the Early Cyrillic alphabet was (slovo), meaning "word" or "speech". In the Cyrillic numeral system, Es had a value of 200.
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Sigma was adopted in the Old Italic alphabets beginning in the 8th century BC. A simplified three-stroke version, omitting the lowermost stroke, is found already in Western Greek alphabets, and becomes current in classical Etruscan and in Oscan, as well as in the earliest Latin epigraphy (early Latin S), such as the Duenos inscription. The alternation between three and four (and occasionally more than four) strokes is also adopted into the early runic alphabet (early form of the s-rune). Both the Anglo-Saxon runes and the Younger Futhark consistently use the simplified three-stroke version. The forms of the Coptic letter sima ('; 2nd century BC) and of Cyrillic letter es (С; 9th century AD) are derived from lunate sigma.
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'Epsilon (, ; uppercase ', lowercase ' or lunate '; ) is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a mid front unrounded vowel . In the system of Greek numerals it also has the value five. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He He. Letters that arose from epsilon include the Roman E, Ë and Ɛ, and Cyrillic Е, È, Ё, Є and Э. The name of the letter was originally (), but the name was changed to (e psilon "simple e") in the Middle Ages to distinguish the letter from the digraph , a former diphthong that had come to be pronounced the same as epsilon. The uppercase form of epsilon looks identical to Latin E but has its own code point in Unicode: .
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The vertebral centra in the trunk region were large and circular, creating an overall spindle-shaped body with a stocky trunk. An analysis of a partially complete tail fin fossil shows that Cretoxyrhina had a lunate (crescent-shaped) tail most similar with modern lamnid sharks, whale sharks, and basking sharks. The transition to tail vertebrae is estimated to be between the 140th and 160th vertebrae out of the total 230, resulting in a total tail vertebral count of 70–90 and making up approximately 30–39% of the vertebral column. The transition from precaudal (the set of vertebrae before the tail vertebrae) to tail vertebrae is also marked by a vertebral bend of about 45°, which is the highest possible angle known in extant sharks and is mostly found in fast-swimming sharks, such as lamnids.
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Blackish brown, with white spots on the forewing and a strongly elbowed white band on the hindwing; at the apex of the forewing, especially in the female, some reddish brown smears. Underside for the most part brownish, the hindwing bluish at the base and abdominal margin, in the distal area with 2 rows of blackish spots, the spots of the outer row being lunate and forming the borders of a further row of whitish spots. The females have a less intense ground-colour, the whitish submarginal spots of the hindwing and the light and reddish patches in the cell of the forewing are more distinct.]; however, the position of the spots of the forewing is different and the band of the hindwing is but slightly curved, not elbowed ;on the underside the black spots in the marginal area of the hindwing are all rounded, there being no band of light spots outside them as in sydyi. Seitz.
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Greek ΑΒΕΗΙΚΜΝΟΡΤΧΥΖ looks identical to Latin ABEHIKMNOPTXYZ. Greek ΑΓΒΕΗΚΜΟΠΡΤΦΧ looks similar to Cyrillic АГВЕНКМОПРТФХ (as do Cyrillic Л (Л) and Greek Λ in certain geometric sans-serif fonts), Greek letters κ and о look similar to Cyrillic к and о. Besides this Greek τ, φ can be similar to Cyrillic т, ф in some fonts, Greek δ resembles Cyrillic б in the Serbian alphabet, and the Cyrillic а also italicizes the same as its Latin counterpart, making it possible to substitute it for alpha or vice versa. The lunate form of sigma, Ϲϲ, resembles both Latin Cc and Cyrillic Сс. If an IDN itself is being spoofed, Greek beta β can be a substitute for German esszet ß in some fonts (and in fact, code page 437 treats them as equivalent), as can Greek sigma ς for ç; accented Greek substitutes όίά can usually be used for óíá in many fonts, with the last of these (alpha) again only resembling a in italic type.
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In ancient papyri, the cursive C-shaped form of numeric digamma is often indistinguishable from the C-shaped ("lunate") form that was then the common form of sigma. The similarity is still found today, since both the modern stigma (ϛ) and modern final sigma (ς) look identical or almost identical in most fonts; both are historically continuations of their ancient C-shaped forms with the addition of the same downward flourish. If the two characters are distinguished in print, the top loop of stigma tends to be somewhat larger and to extend farther to the right than that of final sigma. The two characters are, however, always distinguishable from the context in modern usage, both in numeric notation and in text: the final form of sigma never occurs in numerals (the number 200 being always written with the medial sigma, σ), and in normal Greek text the sequence "στ" can never occur word- finally.
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Close wing of Enispe euthymius euthymius (Doubleday, 1845) – Himalayan Red Caliph The upperside of both males and females is a rich ochraceous orange. The forewing has a spot along the upper portion of the discocellulars, two fine lunate spots beyond, an erect series of four discal spots, a subterminal zigzag narrow band, the apical portion of the costa, the apex and the terminal margin broadly black. Hindwing: a discal irregular transversely elongate suffused mark and two series of lunular continuous marks beyond black; termen narrowly fuscous. Underside rich bright ochraceous; a broad transverse band across both wings from costa of forewing to the tornus of the hindwing slightly darker ochraceous, defined inwardly by an irregular sinuous and broken, and outwardly by a straighter complete ferruginous line; some ferruginous spots at the bases of the wings, and on the hindwing a discal series of three or four minute dark ocelli, the lowest white centred; outer halves of both forewing and hindwing uniform, the black markings of the upperside showing faintly through.
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