945 Sentences With "literati" | Random Sentence Generator

Literati also sells shirts, onesies, mugs, buttons, stickers, and art prints.

In addition to ideological paintings, we can find landscape, "literati," and animal genres.

That has been the question on the lips of the literati this summer.

In turn, she has been celebrated both by mainstream pop culture and the literati.

In the past it was commonly thought that the North Korean government denigrated literati paintings.

His Reno wouldn't survive today's culture reporters and Twitter literati, and for (mostly) good reasons.

Following the literati party, Silvio and Lionel head to Donna, a dance party in Chester.

To judge by the roster of contributors, this disparate nation consists mostly of distinguished literati.

For others, it's a Stillman-esque black comedy of manners about New York's pretentious literati.

Perhaps it's Neel's habit of painting chic young things that has made her a literati favorite.

I understand why the Gallic literati would want to cling to this surreptitious grammatical secret handshake.

"I think I was a literati in a past life," Mr. Tseden said with a smile.

As the journalist clamors for information, the author is distracted by the rowdy literati around them.

For some members of Hong Kong's literati, these books were a stain on the city's reputation.

Let's look at 13 Across: "Well-read folks" are LITERATI, but that doesn't quite fit, does it?

Detroit's Broadside Press, led by the poet Dudley Randall, became a nationwide outlet for the black literati.

Earlier this year, Literati, one of its portfolio companies, was seeking to raise a Series A round.

In his technique, he adds abstract forms, colors, and writing to differentiate his work from traditional literati paintings.

There was no Black Twitter — with its mix of influential literati, activists and humorists — to have Janet Jackson's back.

Four years later, Medium remains a popular site among techno-literati, but the company just couldn't make the economics work.

Baraheni's book, fêted by America's literati and reprinted in part by the New York Review of Books, contained many fabrications.

For a "semiliterate peasant," he has recorded a testament so "sustained and eloquent" that the Edinburgh literati suspect a hoax.

Sketchbook | The Literati How the success of "In Cold Blood" led to a quick fame, followed by a long infamy.

Amy Irving (who had starred in Yentl five years earlier) stars as Izzy Grossman, who dreams of joining New York's literati.

" Asked to identify those forces, Weaver named staunch Clinton supporter David Brock, former Clinton aide Zac Petkanas, and the "literati on Twitter.

As Britain colonized the Indian subcontinent in the 19th century, the Hindu word became a fashionable metaphorical flourish among the British literati.

Sketchbook | The Literati When the author of "Murder on the Orient Express" rode that very train on a journey toward true love.

"At the time, I admired Parker's long cigarette holder and wished to go to New York and hobnob with the literati," she said.

The global literati compared him to it boy Karl Ove Knausgaard, while journalists pondered if he exaggerated the lives of France's working class.

That's when I began to feel that being invited to join the intelligentsia and literati of Durban was a curse rather than a boon.

And for local audiences, the Song art symbolizes high Chinese culture, which Ho says is a product and tool of the northern literati classes.

" Waldman is associated with 20th-century experimental writers who have energetically defined themselves against what she calls "the official verse literati culture academic mainstream.

The resulting tale is a perverse and funny satire of the foibles of Brooklyn literati, with Marion — cool, determined, kleptomaniac Marion — as the unforgettable center.

Before the 20th century, regional Chinese literati could communicate on paper in classical Chinese, but barely in conversation, just as European scholars communicated in Latin.

Writers such Alessandro Baricco and Susanna Tamaro, in the 1990s, were snubbed by their fellow literati when their books started to sell like hot cakes.

Sketchbook | The Literati When Count Leo Tolstoy, 34, proposes marriage to 18-year-old Sonya Behr in 1862, he is not much of a catch.

The Literati As a young doctor living in England in the 1880s, Arthur Conan Doyle began attending séances where mediums offered contact with the dead.

It sparked many a twitter essay, blog post, take, and counter-take as the online literati tried to tease apart the difficult and emotional narrative.

Some people rolled their eyes at this; the literati swiftly leapt to his defense, some saying they'd rather reread Joyce than attempt a graphic novel.

In 21980, Harper's published an opinion piece by David Owen called "Boycott Cocaine," designed to guilt trip the Reagan-era literati about its collective cocaine habit.

Teetering between rompy farce and scathing critique, Non-Fiction is like a sobered version of Jean Renoir's Rules of the Game (1939) for the French literati.

Once the domain of teenage girls and the literati, journaling has become a hallmark of the so-called self-care movement, right up there with meditation.

Sketchbook | The Literati The newlyweds Dorothy Parker, 41, and Alan Campbell, 30, arrived in Los Angeles in 1934 to begin new careers as a screenwriting team.

Second-guessing The New Yorker's fiction department is something of a parlor game among members of the literati, but Prose wasn't interested in quibbling over aesthetics.

The other great tradition in Chinese painting is that of the scholar-artists, or 'literati', which developed in various guises between the tenth and 16th centuries.

Christie's Beyond Compare: A Thousand Years of the Literati Aesthetic evening sale in Hong Kong brought in a total of 717,310,33 HKD (~$91,619,000) on November 26.

With "Baima Village Wall Painting Annotations" (2016), Xu Liwei expanded on an existing mural by offering his own comments, annotations, and drawings that continue the narrative — a familiar literati strategy.

Published in 2013, The Love Affairs of Nathaniel P. is a comedy of manners concerning a 30-ish Brooklyn literati named Nate (Nathaniel Piven, in full) and his romantic travails.

Unlike others in the same situation, these poets have a conscious desire to write; and unlike traditional literati or contemporary intellectuals, they frequently must make their living doing something they despise.

They both participated in a roundtable titled "Liberalism and the Negro," hosted by Commentary magazine, a publication that vaulted the literati of the 1950s and 1960s into the sphere of public intellectualism.

Over the past two weeks, dozens of people have taken to China's Twitter-like platform, Weibo, to publish stories of sexual harassment by Beijing's top literati and leaders of non-government organizations.

A savvy, freethinking Czech woman living in Vienna and unhappily married to a philandering member of the city's literati, she was in her mid-twenties when she befriended Kafka, albeit from afar.

The literati class, called Sadaebu, spent its leisure time by creating landscape paintings accompanied by short poems expressing emotions, while the North Korean government considered enjoying leisure time as antithetical to proletarian values.

Your friend awkwardly takes them off to reveal mismatched socks and slinks back to the living room in shame where your fellow literati are quickly baring their feet to avoid a scolding. Yes.

He was contemptuous of Eisner, whom he numbered among the "literati", and considered an exemplar of the type of leader guided solely by a determination to stay true to his principles, whatever the consequences.

There has been much hand-wringing by the Nobel Foundation, which oversees the prizes, and the Academy's patron, King Carl XVI Gustaf — not to mention international literati who see a favorite toy falling apart.

Across the 10 records, he made tracks full of ghostly whispers, surrealist asides, preening fuck-yous to the wannabe literati, all centered around Lawrence's unique sense of humor—the unearned confidence of an overachieving underdog.

Set in a hyper-glam Manhattan, it focuses on have-not Louise as she becomes infatuated with has-plenty Lavinia and ultimately manages to con her way to the center of the New York literati.

Occurring a year after New York had legalized abortion and when equality feminism was giving way to something more revolutionary, this debate, a "Dialogue on Women's Liberation," enticed much of the New York literati. Why?

They had two children and lived in Europe before settling in Greenwich Village, where Mr. Markson socialized with his fellow writers at home and at the Lion's Head and other saloons favored by the literati.

There's tartness here, too, as the movie's guests — including Ephron's three sisters, two ex-husbands and a chorus of Hollywood luminaries and New York literati — honor her sometimes lacerating candor with a dollop of their own.

To the Editor: If I were to compile a list of currently active literati whose writing will always grab my attention, high in the rankings would be Christopher Buckley, Anne Fadiman, Michael Kinsley — and James Wolcott.

It was written at an odd moment in CCP history: a literati like Qu could accomplish all he did politically and write modernist poetry, as much about the revolution as about signifying a new kind of beauty.

But Javed Ahmed, an Afghan who moved back home after years in Austria, launched iCafe earlier this year, investing about $40,000 with his sister, to create a space where the Afghan literati and artist types can relax.

I just was really fascinated by this book and by her personality, and I love the idea of taking a world that for me felt very inaccessible, this sort of literati, that world, and finding a way in.

His "people" are not people at all but signs — and this calligraphic approach places these abstract ink paintings within a centuries-long tradition of Asian literati painting, in which verisimilitude has less importance than personal expression and philosophical insight.

Late in his nearly half-century career with The Times, Mr. Lehmann-Haupt began writing the obituaries of leading authors, editors and publishers, an assignment he relished as an opportunity to explore the lives of literati, not just their books.

"Far from romanticizing creativity and the artistic process, Mr. Baumbach's films portray the world of painters, filmmakers and literati as an overcrowded, amoral jungle of viperish entitled narcissists stealing from one another for fame and profit," Stephen Holden wrote in The Times.

By repeatedly writing a classic 22016 CE calligraphy text on handscroll paper until the single sheet turns black with ink, Qiu's "Assignment No.22012: Copying the 'Orchid Pavilion Preface' 21989,21989 Times" (19893/21989) obscures the foundation of Han literati culture into oblivion.

This support is also being felt in places like Ann Arbor, Michigan, where the owners of Literati Bookstore took to Twitter on Monday to thank shoppers for a massive increase in online orders after they announced the shop would temporarily close its doors.

She paints the couple, and the boar who kills Adonis, with a watery black wash familiar from Chinese literati painting; the lines of Venus' hair or Adonis' arms appear calligraphic at times, while their bodies and mouths are puddles bleeding into one another.

In "The Town Hall Affair," directed by Elizabeth LeCompte, this same double vision is applied to other participants in the fabled and combative "Dialogue on Women's Liberation," which was the hottest ticket in town for the New York literati of 46 years ago.

Israel forged and sold over 203 letters throughout her "career," but as the movie shows, she was especially proud of her Dorothy Parker letters — no wonder, since imitating Parker's distinctive sparkling wit so well that it fooled Manhattan's literati was quite an accomplishment.

Made up of a cross-section of Washington literati, the group included the publisher of a conservative magazine, the head of a Libertarian think tank, a Hollywood producer, the liberal leader of a foreign policy discussion forum, and the head of a Eurasian policy group.

Disconnected vistas scroll across the long screen, recalling the axonometric compositions of Chinese landscapes, though the gruff, energetic paintings that line the walls of the darkened gallery recall the vigorous work of William Kentridge even more than the literati style of classical Chinese art.

At the center of Social Creature is the co-dependent relationship between striving and anxious Louise, conning her way to the center of the New York literati scene, and narcissistic Lavinia, who pulls Louise into her world and then slowly drains the life out of her.

However, if the trend is to continue, the literati will finally have to give them their due and put graphic novels and comics on par with the literary genres of poetry, drama, fiction, and historical prose that have been championed within the academy for hundreds of years.

Anna Lania, at age 7, is left orphaned on the street in November 1939 when her linguist father is shipped off to a concentration camp along with the rest of the Krakow literati, as part of the Nazis' Sonderaktion operation to wipe out the Polish intellectual elite.

Like the Ottoman sultans who would succeed him, Arslan filled his court with mathematicians and literati, including the Persian poet Omar Khayyam, and in the end the eventual transformation of the Christian city into a Muslim one entailed less disruption and destruction than is commonly imagined.

Accordingly, bialys took on an air of metropolitan sophistication, becoming a staple of the Jewish literati — the former Times food critic Mimi Sheraton wrote an entire book about them, and Philip Roth, according to an essay by the writer Julian Tepper, had one in his usual breakfast order.

Right now, in homes on Martha's Vineyard, Block Island, and in the Hamptons, in townhouses in New Orleans and Los Angeles, Plain English kitchens dressed in their signature colors — Mushy Peas, Dripping Tap, Boiled Dishcloth and Boiled Egg — conjure the interiors of certain English literati (Margaret Drabble by way of Mary-Kay Wilmers).

Screening in a side room at ArtisTree are excerpts from Yang Fudong's drop-dead gorgeous, and rather wordless, though not entirely silent, black-and-white masterpiece Seven Intellectuals in a Bamboo Forest (2003–2007): a five-part cinematic saga that retells the story of third-century literati youth from the Wei and Jin Dynasty.

Why it's famous: The winner of the O. Henry Award, a famous literary award for short fiction, as well as the World Fantasy Award, this story arrived at the cultural moment when critical assessment of King was beginning to change, and thus has a currency among the literati that many of King's other works don't have.

I've published a pair of novels so far, and even though I can plainly see that I'm not even close to being as talented as the writers I admire most, there's also a part of me that believes that I belong with these folks, that my genius remains unrecognized for now and it's just a matter of time until I ascend to my rightful place among the literati.

Furthermore, through interacting with the literati these commoner musicians learned the arts that the literati practiced and they also learned to follow the same philosophy. However, due to the prejudice towards those who used music to make a living these commoner musicians were not well respected by their employers, the literati.

Japanese literati painters had a huge variety of social backgrounds (feudal lords and their retainers, samurai, merchants, and even fishermen), although they emulated the Chinese literati lifestyle.Meccarelli, 175-236.

Literati is an Austin-based children's book club and subscription service. The company sends monthly boxes to subscribers, with books organized by age and reading level. Literati was co-founded in 2016 by CEO Jessica Ewing.

His poetry also received a certain degree of recognition among the Chinese literati.

The Korean literati purges are frequently depicted in Korean television dramas and movies. In Dae Jang Geum, main protagonist Jang Guem's father is a victim of the second literati purge. Jang Geum herself and her mentor Lady Han are framed in connection with the third literati purge while the male protagonist Min Jung Ho is portrayed as a follower of Jo Gwang-jo. In television drama Immortal Admiral Yi Sun-sin (2004-5), Yi Sun-shin's grandfather is depicted as a victim of third literati purge and Yi's father is arrested while paying respect to Jo Gwang-jo's spirit at Jo's abandoned house.

Her friendships included the literati: Harry Crosby, Hart Crane, Somerset Maugham and H. G. Wells.

This incident is known as the Third Literati Purge of 1519 or Gimyo massacre of scholars.

She also hosted parties on her multi-leveled house-boat with the literati as her guests.

What little did make its way into Japan was either imported through Nagasaki, or produced by Chinese living there. As a result, the bunjin (literati) artists who aspired to the ideals and lifestyles of the Chinese literati were left with a rather incomplete view of Chinese literati ideas and art. Bunjinga grew, therefore, out of what did come to Japan from China, including Chinese woodblock-printed painting manuals and an assortment of paintings widely ranging in quality. Bunjinga emerged as a new and unique art form for this reason, as well as due to the great differences in culture and environment of the Japanese literati as compared to their Chinese counterparts.

Accoutering the drama are kids, betrayals, and breakdowns amid a cast of literati both British and American.

Over 18,000 books were donated by October 2019. In October 2019, Literati raised $12 million in a Series A round of funding. In 2020, Literati gave away thousands of books during the COVID-19 pandemic. The company partnered with different local and national organizations to make the donations.

The form was to a great extent defined by its rejection of other major schools of art, such as the Kanō school and Tosa school. In addition, the literati themselves were not members of an academic, intellectual bureaucracy as their Chinese counterparts were. While the Chinese literati were, for the most part, academics aspiring to be painters, the Japanese literati were professionally trained painters aspiring to be academics and intellectuals. Nanga or bunjinga paintings almost always depicted traditional Chinese subjects.

The people who pass this final test were jinshi () which is the highest level a literati may reach.

In February 2018, Literati launched a donation service that allows families to send back books they no longer need. The donated books are sent to shelters, foster care homes, and under-served youth organizations. Literati has partnered with organizations like BookSpring and The Women’s Storybook Project to make the donations.

An example such case studies would be the literati physician, Cheng Congzhou, collection of 93 cases published in 1644.

Unlike the Literati who played the qin, those who made their living off of performing aimed to make the audience feel the beauty, excitement, and emotion of the music. These professional performers compiled and wrote their own pieces for the qin which are still being played in modern times. Although these professional qin players had a different philosophy to music, they still interacted with the Literati. In fact, the Literati often had professional Qin performers as their teachers whom they learned all about the qin from.

Kume was arrested in Kamakura in 1933, along with fellow literati Matsutarō Kawaguchi and Ton Satomi for illegal card gambling.

With letters of introduction from Daicho, Baisao quickly gained the friendship of many leading artists, monks, and literati in Kyoto.

Yearning for a Pleasurable Place in Mountains of the Heart by Kameda Bôsai, 1816 was a Japanese literati painter (nanga in Japanese). He originally trained as a Confucian scholar, but spent the second half of his life as a literati and artist. The book Mountains of the Heart contains many of his most famous paintings.

Character Hominis Literati 1674 In 1704 this Latin translation was partially reprinted by the Jesuit Faculty of Theology at University of Wroclaw (Breslau), recently founded by Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor. It was issued in honor of its first graduates, four new doctors of theology.Character Hominis Literati 1704. At the press of Andreas Frantz Pega.

It was the venue for Independence Day and Republic Day parades and location of choice for staging plays and poetry readings by groups that believed that watching movies (along with chewing tobacco, imbibing tea, gambling and playing chess or cards,) was a bad habit. The one western influence that seeped into Kalyan Kendra was table tennis and of course carrom board. The Bengali literati staged night long yatras and durga pujas, the Bihari Literati (and those from Eastern UP) staged Kavi Samelans and observed Chaat, the Tamil literati arranged for Kacheris and staged Ayyappan Puja.

The First Verse was published in Spanish as Literati (DestinoLibro, 2006) and in German as Die Poeten der Nacht (Aufbau, 2008).

Unlike most of his predecessors and contemporaries, Ricci did not view the Chinese as "idolatrous pagans", but viewed them as "like-minded literati approachable on the level of learning." He studied the Chinese Confucian classics, just like educated Chinese scholars, in order to present Catholic doctrine and European learning to the Chinese literati in their own language.

Choe became a victim of a political purge at court, was flogged in punishment by the rival faction who gained power and banished to Tanch'ŏn in the north in 1498 during the First Literati Purge of Yeonsangun's despotic reign (r. 1494–1506).Khair et al. (2006), 157. Choe was ultimately executed in 1504 during the Second Literati Purge.

The genre flourished in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties.Mair 2001. "Introduction: The Origins and Impact of Literati Culture", paragraph 19.

During Japan at the time, learning through imitation in order to best achieve personal style and expression was reflective of the literati culture.

The genres could also be classified into literati music, folk music, religious music and palace music, according to their cultural connotations or purpose.

The Sarim (sometimes Saarim), or "forest of scholars," was a powerful faction of literati that dominated Middle and Late Joseon politics in Korea.

The scholars, scholarly civil servants, or literati of Imperial China, were all schooled in Confucianism known as the School of Literati. In early China the term refers to the class of people that went through traditional Chinese education. There were sets of Chinese civil service examinations, including Chinese literature and philosophy. Passing the exam was a requirement for many government positions.

Ransomed by his mother Antonia, he subsequently retired to Gazzuolo, where he died in 1529. His daughter Lucrezia was a member of the literati.

Drawing of Liu Xizai Liu Xizai (; 1813–1881) was a Chinese literati of the Qing Dynasty. He was regarded as the Hegel of the East ().

He was a notable author of the xiaopin, a form of short literary essay.Mair 2001. "Introduction: The Origins and Impact of Literati Culture", paragraph 22.

The latter, following other Freudian literati, commented that Eminescu was essentially obsessed with the idea of love, with Luceafărul displaying his casual objectification of women.

Liang Yuan is built in a typical style used by Qing dynasty literati. With the purpose of pursuing natural and picturesque Liang Yuan is surrounded by streams and is planted with many willow trees. It not only expresses literati' pursuit of staying away from the hustle and bustle of life in cities but enjoying the happiness in a garden, but also reflects Ghuangdong culture properly.

One key difference between ancient China and Japanese society was the development of the samurai class in Japan. Feudal China had four classes: Confucian literati and landlords, peasants, artisans and merchants. The Confucian literati and landlords were at the top of Chinese social structure. Japanese feudal society was also stratified, but had the samurai class in the top of Japanese society since the 12th century.

Jessica Ewing is an American innovator and entrepreneur. She is the co-founder and CEO of the children’s book subscription startup Literati founded in Austin, Texas.

He was also a notable author of the xiaopin, a form of short literary essay.Mair 2001. "Introduction: The Origins and Impact of Literati Culture", paragraph 22.

China's defeat in the Opium War (1839–42) served for revival of interest to the Donglin movement, as a prominent instance of literati solidarity.Elman, 276-7.

As Japan became exposed to Western culture at the end of the Edo period, many bunjin began to incorporate stylistic elements of Western art into their own, though they nearly always avoided Western subjects and stuck strictly to traditional Chinese ones. Master Kuwayama Gyokushū (1746–1799) was the acutest theorist on Japanese literati painting. In his three books – Gyokushū gashu (Collected works of Gyokushū, 1790), Gaen higen (A Modest Commentary on Painting, 1795) and Kaiji higen (Humble Words on Matters of Painting, 1799) – invited all Japanese literati painters to apply the theories and literati ideals of Dong Qichang (J: Tō Kishō, 1555–1636). According to the scholar Meccarelli, Kuwayama may be considered the ‘Japanese Dong Qichang’, but he mixed both the polychromatic landscapes typical of professional painters and the monochromatic landscapes of literati styles, and he applied a new and more flexible criteria for classification.

In 1846, Poe would write a biographical sketch of Locke as part of his series "The Literati of New York City" which appeared in Godey's Lady's Book.

In 1879, at the invitation of Japanese literati, including Nakamura Masanao. Wang Tao spent over four months in Japan. He visited many cities such as Nagasaki, Nagoya and Tokyo, and notes of this journey became one of his books: A Record of Travels in Japan (Fu-sang yu-chi). In Japan, wherever he went, he was surrounded by literati, and sometimes rode in sedan chairs carried by eight men.

She is also praised for presenting her "personal interests" in her poetry, and not adhering to the "conventional themes and scenarios derived from literati construction of feminine voices".

Literati paintings are most commonly of landscapes often of the shanshui () genre, and feature scholars in retirement, or travellers, admiring and enjoying the scenery, or immersed in culture. Figures are often depicted carrying or playing guqin (zithers), and residing in quite isolated mountain hermitages. Calligraphic inscriptions, either of classical poems or ones composed by a contemporary literati (the painter, or a friend), are also quite common. However, while this sort of landscape, with certain features and elements, is the standard stereotypical Southern School painting, the genre actually varied quite widely, as the literati painters themselves, in rejecting the formal strictures of the Northern School, sought the freedom to experiment with subjects and styles.

Officials in Ming China used Confucian philosophy in their music playing, and by playing the qin the literati would better themselves morally with the end goal being to better serve society. Taoists played the qin to become enlightened individuals and become one with nature. Furthermore, qin music was not a form of music that was used by the literati to make money, in essence qin when played by the literati was elevated from the same position most other music had, and it occupied a special role in the lives of these learned officials. Some officials even considered playing virtuousically to be a negative as it took away from the profoundness of playing the qin.

The Asian collection includes literati scroll paintings from China, Japan, and Korea, Buddhist sculpture, ceramics, and ukiyo-e prints. The museum also has a large contemporary Chinese photography collection.

Shen Fan (Chinese: 申凡; born 1952) is a Chinese contemporary artist currently based in Shanghai. He creates work of temperament of the classical Chinese literati arts with intuition.

Korean literati wanted to play an instrument the way their Chinese counterparts played the qin. The repertoire was largely the geomungo parts for melodies played by the court orchestra.

Arnold Chang paints in the traditional literati style of ink landscapes and his paintings are known for the commitment to Chinese art conventions, with special attention to brushwork. Chang identifies with the literati way of life, with its focus on self-expression and painting as a means of self-cultivation. When asked what he hopes to achieve in his art, Chang explained: Bridge to Heaven (2006) is probably his best-known painting.

He purchased Dr. John Ward's manuscripts and coins, and founded a family library at Williamscote, near Banbury. He was well connected among the literati. Loveday died on 16 May 1789.

The plans for founding the museum were first discussed in 1913,Muuseumist (in Estonian) when Estonian literati, inspired by Scandinavian open-air museums, wanted to establish such a museum in Estonia.

The Discourse on Foxes and Ghosts: Ji Yun and the Eighteenth- century Literati Storytelling. University of Hawaii Press, 1998. , 9780824820510. p. 46. This version was published in 1983 by Ithaca Press.

Sin Wi (신위, 1769 - 1847?), styled Jaha 자하 or Gyeongsudang 경수당, was a scholar official of the late Joseon period as well as an amateur-painter in the literati artistic style.

Elkabbach presents Bibliothèque Médicis on Public Sénat, during which he interviews an eclectic mix of international literati, political leaders, intellectuals and historians. He is the father of successful actress Emmanuelle Bach.

Beginning in the 18th century, the attitudes of the Chinese literati (the scholar-bureaucrat in retirement who devotes himself entirely to a love of culture) began to be taken up by Japanese artists. As the Japanese literati (文人, C: wen ren, J: bun jin) were forbidden to leave Japan, and had little access to original Chinese works (or to meeting the literati themselves), the lifestyle, attitude, and art changed considerably in Japan. Outside of native Japanese inspirations, these bunjin gained Chinese influence only through woodblock-printed art books which attempted to reproduce and communicate the Southern School ideals and methods. The Southern School (南宗画, C: nan zhong hua, J: nan shū ga) came to be known as nanga in Japan.

In either case, his reign was marred by much confusion, violence, corruption, and court intrigues. He has been especially criticized for allowing the Third Literati Purge of 1519 and executing Jo Gwang-jo and others on framed charges. In the early days of reform, Jungjong encouraged the publishing of many books; but publications declined dramatically after the literati purge in 1519. He also tried to improve self-government of local areas and succeeded in reforming the civil service examination.

In addition, the advent of low-cost electronic reproductions, which became available at the end of the 20th century, made Sedgwick and other nineteenth-century authors' work more accessible for study and pleasure. Edgar Allan Poe described Sedgwick in his "The Literati of New York City" (1846)."Catharine Sedgwick", Portraits of American Women Writers, The Library Company of Philadelphia. 2005; citing: in 1846 “The Literati of New York City. No. V,” in Godey's Lady's Book, v.

From the late Ming onwards, there was a new interest in women's writings and an increasing number of female poets appeared. Male literati edited anthologies of women's poems, however such actions were shocking to many orthodox thinkers. The literati celebrated women's works as embodying desirable qualities that men lacked, such as innocence, the childlike mind (童心), xingling (性灵) and emotions. Many of these well-known writers were also courtesans, including Liu Rushi, Wang Wei, Dong Xiaowan and Gu Mei.

In September 2014, Fairey curated The Art of Elysium's GENESIS showcase of emerging L.A. artists, creatives, tastemakers, and social leaders. In May 2010, Fairey partnered with Feeding America and The Advertising Council to create an outdoor public service advertisement to raise awareness about domestic hunger. In 2011, Fairey was named honorary chair of the Young Literati, a philanthropic group of the Library Foundation of Los Angeles. Fairey has created artwork and curated several Young Literati Annual Toast events benefitting the Library Foundation.

Fishing in Spring by Ike no Taiga , also known as , was a school of Japanese painting which flourished in the late Edo period among artists who considered themselves literati, or intellectuals. While each of these artists was, almost by definition, unique and independent, they all shared an admiration for traditional Chinese culture. Their paintings, usually in monochrome black ink, sometimes with light color, and nearly always depicting Chinese landscapes or similar subjects, were patterned after Chinese literati painting, called wenrenhua () in Chinese.

Sargent Juniper arranged in the bunjin style Bunjinbana flower arrangement A particular style of bonsai is called variously bunjin, bunjingi or "literati" and is intended to look like the trees portrayed in nanga art. Examples of the style are often elegantly elongated and with few branches, being mainly a long slim trunk surmounted by a very small mass of foliage. The art of flower arrangement ikebana developed the bunjinbana (文人花) style, which was in homage to Chinese landscapes and literati paintings.

This esteem for relatively recent ceramics excited much scorn on the part of literati scholars (such as Wen Zhenheng, Tu Long, and Gao Lian, who is cited below); these men fancied themselves arbiters of taste and found the painted aesthetic 'vulgar.'James C.Y. Watt, "The Literati Environment," in The Chinese Scholar's Studio, pp. 1–13.Craig Clunas, Superfluous Things: Material Culture and Social Status in Early Modern China. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1991 and Honolulu: University of Hawai'i Press, 2004.

During the Joseon dynasty, the Yangban scholars and educated literati studied Confucian classics and Neo-Confucian literature. The middle and upper classes of Joseon society were proficient in Classical Chinese. The Joseon official records (such as the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty and Seungjeongwon ilgi) and the written works of the Yangban literati were written in Classical Chinese. Newspapers like the Hwangseong Sinmun towards the end of the dynasty were written in the Korean language using the Korean mixed script.

John Langford Pritchard (1799 – 5 August 1850) was an English actor, known as ‘Gentleman Pritchard’.Parker, Herschel (2011). The Powell Papers: A Confidence Man Amok Among the Anglo-American Literati. Northwestern University Press. P.339.

Atray is one of the founding members of Chandigarh Literati Society. He encourages the younger generation to adopt a cheerful, positive, and multi-dimensional approach to their lives through his motivational talks all over India.

Literati is an Austin-based children's book club and subscription service. It launched at the end of 2016. For a recurring membership fee, Literati sends a box of 5 hand-selected books to subscribers every month. Boxes are organized by age for children from newborn to age 12. Parents can choose from five book clubs: Club Neo (newborn to 3 years old), Club Sprout (3-5 years old), Club Nova (5-7 years old), Club Sage (7-9 years old), and Club Phoenix (9-12 years old).

Born into the samurai class and renowned for her success as a painter, Seiko resided primarily in Edo-Tokyo, a political and social center of her time. She continued to reside in Edo, where she taught painting and lived in her later years with her companion and student, Watanabe Seiran (1855-1918). Her work is influenced by the Kanō school, but is categorized as within the nanga literati school. Seiko, like most successful Japanese artists of her time, adapted Chinese literati styles to Japanese tastes.

In his early career Goshun was predominantly a painter of the nanga-literati-style of painting as were most of his teacher, not the least of which Yosa Buson left a great impression on Goshun. Until around 1785 he refines this style of painting until he is proficient in Buson-style, which he seems to copy faithfully. His time in Ikeda can be viewed as a period of maturity for Goshuns Literati-style painting. After his time with Ōkyo (after 1787) his style changed significantly.

The live-in nanny that Wilmers hired in the early 1980s, Nina Stibbe, wrote letters home describing the North London literati life; these were compiled and published, and turned into a 2016 TV series, Love, Nina.

It was written in response to seventeen queries concerning Sufi metaphysics posed to "the Sufi literati of Tabriz" by Rukh Al Din Amir Husayn Harawi (d. 1318).Leonard Lewisohn Beyond Faith and Infidelity. Cruzon Press. 1995 p.

He was described as a Shahid (martyr) after his death, and Ayatollah Ali Khamenei declared him "the master of martyred literati" (). The 20th day of Farvardin is entitled the day of "Islamic Revolution art" in his honor.

Dr. Floyd then gives Dr. Steve a lesson on the Dewey Decimal System and then says he's in the wrong area as the classical literature is in the 800's. As Dr. Floyd shows him to the right section of the Library, they are stopped by three Doctors in different coats who are named collectively 'The Literati'. Their goal is to 'bring about the total destruction and complete annihalation of Dr. Floyd!' The Literati invented the Translitora which "looks somewhat like a laser cannon", but was built to destroy Dr. Floyd.

His knowledge of English already came useful to him at a young age enabling him to read and translate into Dari the works of English language authors. Scattered pieces of Pazhwak's first poems and essays appeared in the Afghan press in the first half of the 1930s. At the time the young literati used various pen-names: first Wafa, then Marlaw, and finally Armanjan. It was only towards the end of the 1930s that the aspiring young literati permanently settled for the pen-name Pazhwak which means ‘echo’ in both Dari and Pashto.

For example, Suzhou became the center of the production of carved lacquer, jade carving, metalwork, silks, and furniture by the 18th century, replacing than the various center located in the towns of western Zhejiang. Taste for handicrafts also differed between the court and the literati. For example, the imperial household preferred blue-and-white porcelain in the 18th century while the literati preferred archaistic bronzes or ceramic imitations of bronzes. Handicrafts from the imperial manufactory set the standard, but the commercial market had a larger output in comparison.

Tian Yuan Tan, Songs of Contentment and Transgression: Discharged Officials and Literati Communities in Sixteenth-Century North China, Harvard University Press, 2010. p. 48 His tomb is in Shandong, to the north of the city center of Jinan.

Li was a notable author of the xiaopin, a form of short essay.Mair 2001. "Introduction: The Origins and Impact of Literati Culture", paragraph 22. His philosophical works included A Book to Burn and A Book to Keep (Hidden).

Plum's first book, A Year in the Vines, went unpublished, but it helped her acquire an agent.“Author Interview: Amy Plum,” Miss Literati. Accessed July 11, 2014. Her first published novel, Die for Me, came out in 2011.

Dong wrote shi and was part of the new literati movement that focussed on emotions and the motif of the heartbroken lover. The poem below demonstrates a popular emotion, melancholy, focussing on a solitary woman in secluded female quarters.

A graduate of Yanjing University in 1947 “Empire of Great Ming dated from 1368 to 1644”. In this period it was the accessory- hat that defined the “role and status of scholars and literati (scholar-bureaucrats or scholar officials)”.

He traveled extensively between the regions of Hubei, Zhejiang, Anhui, Jiangsu and Fujian. He had close contacts with his contemporary poets and literati. Jiang Kui moved to Huzhou from Poyang before finally settling down in Hangzhou where he died.

One was a Ma Ruyu from Nanking, a consummate actress. She had had a good formal education. In addition she could paint and produce calligraphy in the square style. In her time she intimidated the male literati around her.

The local relation linked him to Ōbaku Buddhism sect. He painted a large Nirvana scene painting for them. He was educated as one of the literati and skilled as a painter. He worked mainly in Nanjing about 1590-1610.

He was a close friend of most of the contemporary literati, who frequently consulted him. He is often mentioned in the letters of the poet Giovanni Antonio Flaminio, who dedicated the tenth book of his poems to the friar.

The ousting of Lady Yun in 1479, and her subsequent death by poison in 1482 became a source of recurrent political turmoil, culminating with the First literati purge organized in 1498 by Yeonsangun in the 4th year of his reign.

Five Minerals Powder was used medicinally in the 2nd century BCE, became a popular recreational entheogen and stimulant, known as Cold-Food Powder, among prominent counterculture literati during the 3rd century, and was deemed immoral and condemned after the 10th century.

After the death of Injong in 1545, Lesser Yun replaced Greater Yun as the majority in the royal court and brutally ousted their adversaries in the Fourth Literati Purge of 1545. Yun Im was executed, as were many of his followers.

In early 2001, the ULA crashed a literati reading at KGB in New York City. The members present disrupted the reading with arguments about how literature has died under the current corporate system – and were then thrown out of the venue.

The circa 1444 Kagakushū () was an anonymous Muromachi era Japanese language dictionary or encyclopedia that defined some 3000 words into 18 semantic categories. It was designed for the literate public rather than for priests and literati, and was reissued many times.

Newby 2005, p. 112. Han and Tang era records and accounts of Xinjiang were the only writings on the region available to Qing era Chinese in the 18th century and needed to be replaced with updated accounts by the literati.

A painting by Chen Shizeng Chen Shizeng (; born March 2, 1876, Fenghuang, Hunan, died September 12, 1923, Nanjing, Jiangsu), original name Chen Hengke, courtesy name Shizeng, art name Xiudaoren Xiuzhe, was a Chinese painter and critic, painter, and educator of early 20th-century China. At a time when some Chinese artists were rejecting traditional painting styles in favor of Western influenced styles, Chen championed traditional literati art in his own art and in his A Study of Chinese Literati Painting.Juo-Shen Lai. Learning new Painting from Japan and Maintaining National Pride in early Twentieth Century China, with Focus on Chen Shizeng. Dissertation. Online.

Barbara Willems elaborated on this research by focusing on the "pressure cells" described by Neubert. She developed a mathematical model to determine the optimal shape and dimensions of a pressure-activated fastener. Implemented in a product, these snap-fit- like fasteners enable dismantling through variations in ambient pressure. Since pressure variations are very unlikely to occur during the normal life- time of an electrical product, this trigger mechanism offers a more secure way of disassembly compared to temperature based triggering. Award-winning research in the 2013 Journal, Assembly Automation:,2013 Literati Awards (see ) Assembly Automation Journal: 2013 Literati Awards for Excellence, Retrieved Nov.

The Three Masters of Jiangdong () were a group of Chinese literati who lived and wrote during the Ming-Qing transition. They were Gong Dingzi, Wu Weiye, Qian Qianyi.Zhang, 71 They are partly famous for reviving the Ci (poetry) style of Classical Chinese poetry.

Therefore, it could be said that Wang Huizu belonged to the local literati elite. However, Wang K'ai died in Canton in 1741, putting Wang and his mother into a precarious.situation. As a result, the young Wang was forced to struggle in poverty.

In the 19th century the palace was used as a bookshop and a meeting place for the local literati. Poet Kornel Ujejski lodged here. The Soviet authorities gave the house to the Lviv Historical Museum which had the building thoroughly repaired and restored.

Gu Hongzhong (; 937–975) was a Chinese painter during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period of Chinese history. Gu was active until 960 CEThe Private Realm of the Literati. University of Washington: A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. Retrieved 27 August 2012.

83 Instead, he turned to Buddhism and became a monk learning under Dao'an (). Later he founded a monastery at the top of Mount Lu and invited well-known literati to study and practice Buddhism there, where they formed the White Lotus Society ().

The Laments are numbered among the greatest attainments of Polish poetry. Their exquisite conceits and artistry made them a model to literati of the 16th and especially the 17th century. The Laments have also inspired musicians , and painters such as Jan Matejko.

After a year there he obtained a passport for foreign travel. Lewental enjoyed the friendship of many literati, among them being J. I. Kraszewski, for whose release from imprisonment at Magdeburg he offered to furnish the bail required by the Prussian government.

Chinese calligraphy of mixed styles written by Song dynasty (1051–1108 AD) poet Mifu. For centuries, the Chinese literati were expected to master the art of calligraphy. The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes.

Elder Futhark inscriptions were rare, with very few active literati, in relation to the total population, at any time, so that knowledge of the runes was probably an actual "secret" throughout the Migration period. Of 366 lances excavated at Illerup, only 2 bore inscriptions.

The confectionery was closed in the late 1840s. In 1877 F. Leiner open a restaurant in the Kotomin House. It was located at the second floor facing the Moika. And while confectionery was frequented by literati, Leiner's restaurant was popular in the theater circles.

Arnold Chang at work, 2017. Arnold Chang ( Zhang Hong, studio name 巨川 Juchuan) (born 1954) is a Chinese American artist, curator, and art historian. He specializes in Chinese literati-style landscape paintings. He was the founder of the Chinese painting department at Sotheby's.

Hrimiuc, p. 295 He impressed the other literati at the celebratory dinner, where he was "dressed to the nines" and drank with moderation. After the event, Teodoreanu turned his attention to his poetry writing: in 1938, he published the booklet Caiet ("Notebook").Ciobanu, p.

Other academic forums include Okonomos for economics, STRATEG-IT- The Strategy and IT Forum and XPLOHRE for HR. Non-academic forums comprises Envision for movie buffs, Literati for literature, Ovia which organises cultural events, Quizwiser for quizzing,Zimfonia for music and Inshades-The Art Club .

The Shanghai School is a very important Chinese school of traditional arts during the Qing dynasty and the 20th century. Under efforts of masters from this school, traditional Chinese art reached another climax and continued to the present in forms of "Chinese painting" (中國畫), or guohua (國畫) for short. The Shanghai School challenged and broke the literati tradition of Chinese art, while also paying technical homage to the ancient masters and improving on existing traditional techniques. Members of this school were themselves educated literati who had come to question their very status and the purpose of art, and had anticipated the impending modernization of Chinese society.

In those years his masters were painters of the nanga-style, learned scholars of the literati-traditions that had come over from China, among them Yosa Buson (1716–1784) who taught Goshun among other things literati-painting and haiku-poetry. He wasn't immediately successful as a painter but managed to support himself with the aid of Buson, who arranged him to be an advisor on literature for wealthy provincials. In 1781 his career took a turn for the worse when both his wife and his father died and his mentor Buson, himself nearing deathShiba T: Toxicity of puffer fish. Journal of Chemical Education, Oct.

Upon finishing her novel, Ewing began reaching out to literary agents and publishing houses but found the experience incohesive. The publishing process, she thought, could be better organized. To address this concern, Ewing built a platform designed to connect writers with publishers and agents. This platform was called Excerpt. Throughout the process of pitching to investors, Ewing’s platform went through several different iterations. Eventually, Ewing decided to narrow her focus to children’s books, and in 2016, she co-founded the company called Literati with Kelly Carroll. Literati is a children’s book club and subscription service that delivers a curated selection of children’s books to members each month. Ewing is the CEO.

Chinese literati painting focused on expressing the rhythm of nature, rather than the technical realistic depiction of it. At the same time, however, the artist was encouraged to display a cold lack of affection for the painting, as if he, as an intellectual, was above caring deeply about his work. Ultimately, this style of painting was an outgrowth of the idea of the intellectual, or literati, as a master of all the core traditional arts – painting, calligraphy, and poetry. Due to the Edo period policy of sakoku, Japan was cut off from the outside world almost completely; its contact with China persisted, but was greatly limited.

Mair 2001. "Introduction: The Origins and Impact of Literati Culture", paragraph 22. Chen Jiru left an autobiography which contains a "patently fictitious account of the circumstances of his own death, a most extraordinary innovation," writes the modern scholar Pei-yi Wu, describing Chen as "a member of the literati known for his versatile artistic talents."The Confucian's Progress: Autobiographical Writings in Traditional China (Princeton University Press, 1992) by Pei-yi Wu In 2007, Jamie Greenbaum, a researcher at the University of Beijing, published a book on Chen Jiru's writings which provides an overview of his larger-than-life personality, as well as an account of the different literary personae he invented.

It was Touzi Yiqing's student Furong Daokai (1043-1118) who was a successful monastic, and revived the Caodong school. His dharma "grandson" Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091-1157) became very successful among elite literati in the Southern Song (1127-1279), when the Imperial Court decreased their influence on society, and Chán schools became dependent on elite literati for support. This success drew opposition of Dahui Zonggao, who promoted the Hua Tou method of koan-study as an accessible means for Chán-practice, and attacked the silent illumination of Hongzhi. In 1227 Dōgen Zenji, a former Tendai student, studied Caodong Buddhism under Tiantong Rujing, and returned to Japan to establish the Sōtō sect.

Luan's descendant Wang Gou (王狗) moved to Baekje. During the reign of King Kuso of Baekje, the imperial court sent envoys to summon literati. King Kuso offered Gou's grandson Wang Ren (Wani) as a tribute. He was the founder of Fumi, Takefu and other clans.

It is believed that this painting was made in response to a request by emperor Li Yu to Gu,The Private Realm of the Literati. University of Washington: A Visual Sourcebook of Chinese Civilization. Retrieved 27 August 2012.Han Xizai at Night Dinner Painting Depicts Extravagant Life.

His widow, Gloria, died on June 9, 2006.Gloria Jones, 78, Hostess to the Literati, Dies, New York Times Many of James Jones's books are still available in digital format including excerpts from They Shall Inherit the Laughter, published as To the End of the War.

Geographic identifications of Flavius Josephus, c. 100 AD; Japheth's sons shown in red, Ham's sons in blue, Shem's sons in green. There was opposition to the Figurists both in China and in Europe. In China, there was an anti-Western group of Chinese literati and officials.

He was a noted member of the literati of his time, and was especially celebrated for his plays. He wrote primarily in the zaju (Northern) style, but his song-plays, while highly regarded, were considered impossible to stage and so were primarily read rather than watched.

Due to Creech's position and standing he held a unique and pivotal role within the Scottish Enlightenment and had both business relationships and friendships with many of the Edinburgh literati. His most notable relationships include: Robert Burns, Lord Kames, Hugh Blair, James Beattie and Dugald Stewart.

Hegel, p. 168. "Early Qing to 1723" is by Lee Wai-yee; the end point is the portion when the Qing dynasty was firmly established. Shang Wei's "The Literati Era and its Demise (1723-1840)" cover's the dynasty's apex and the beginning of its decline.Hegel, p. 169.

The musiking of the literati led to the foundation of music centers in cities around China, like Beijing, Nanjing, Suzhou, or other cities where many scholars visited or lived. These music centers created their own musical subcultures as well, showing how diverse music was in Ming China.

Unlike the Literati, soldiers would play loud instruments like drums and horns rather than delicate instruments like the qin. Their music would be characterized by being very rhythmic and loud in order to show off the qualities of a strong man that they were expected to have.

At the Vodafone Crossword award ceremony, Datta-Ray is alleged to have recounted the trials and tribulations of publishing the book. "He jovially jibed at his Indian publishers for having made so many mistakes," which were rectified by the Singaporean publishers of the international edition, ISEAS.Ipsitaa Panigrahi. Exclusively Literati.

Shelley was on the Progress 1000 list of "London's most influential people 2016 – Literati". In 2017 and subsequent years, he was named in the Financial Times annual OUTstanding list of LGBT+ executives, becoming the second senior executive from Hachette UK to be listed, after his predecessor Tim Hely Hutchinson.

CCED One of the "Lichfield literati", an example of his skills in improvised verse is preserved by Anna Seward.A. Seward, Memoirs of the Life of Dr Darwin: Chiefly during his Residence in Lichfield (Classic Press, Philadelphia 1804), pp. 50-53 (Google). One of his sons, Richard, became a General.

Other learned persons were the Accra literati, linked by intermarriage, as well as trade and commerce along the Gold Coast, such as the Bannerman, Bruce, Hutton-Mills, Meyer, Quist, Reindorf and Vanderpuije families. Other educators such as Hall and Miller were based in the peri-urban Akan hinterland.

Huxiang literature refers to all kinds of literary works and literary theories created by people of Hunan origin and literati living in Huxiang, as well as literary works created by other writers on the subject of Huxiang mountains and rivers. It is an important part of Chinese literature.

Like commoners, these senior officials had to obey his edicts as law or be punished.Mote (1999), pp. 98–99. However, senior officials not only challenged the emperor over policy, but restrained him by invoking the ideal Confucian mores and values of the literati gentry class from which they came.

Winter 2003. A key figure of the Neo-Confucian literati, he established the Yeongnam School and set up the Dosan Seowon, a private Confucian academy. Yi Hwang at Doosan Encyclopedia Yi Hwang is often referred to by his pen name Toegye ("Retreating Creek"). His courtesy name was Gyeongho.

Crohmălniceanu, p. 135 Nonetheless, Zarifopol's derision of traditionalism and mysticism showed lasting similarities with Ralea's philosophical stances. In 1928, Ralea, Zarifopol, D. I. Suchianu, Felix Aderca and other literati were lumped together as the "irresponsible malcontents", in a neotraditionalist pamphlet put out by Petre Pandrea and Gândirea magazine.Crohmălniceanu, p.

It has been said that the early twentieth century, Janeitism was "principally a male enthusiasm shared among publishers, professors, and literati".Johnson, 213. Rudyard Kipling even published a short story entitled "The Janeites" about a group of World War I soldiers who were secretly fans of Austen's novels.Johnson, 214.

Two of his poems, the To The Writers and Will Search for You Always were anthologized in Feelings International Book of Poetry, 2nd Edition, a collection of poems by poets from Asia, Africa, Europe and USA edited by a respected literati Dr. Armeli Quezon of Charleston, SC, USA.

"Literati: Artist Life Folds," Variety (Oct. 26, 1949), p. 24. When Boris Morros asked her opinion on which instrumentalist to include in his forthcoming film Carnegie Hall, Soria suggested the cellist Gregor Piatigorsky, not realizing that Morros had been one of Piatigorsky's teachers."The Right Answer," Variety (Jul.

Po Than Gyaung, now living in exile in Yunnan, would never see his mother again. U Hla died in 1982 after 43 years of marriage, five children and six grandchildren. The Ludu couple had been one of the best known husband-and- wife teams among the Burmese literati.

The UK National Health Service (NHS) Innovations Program awarded Alexander with the Innovator of the Year Award in 2008 and 2009 for his personal research on mechanical circulatory support devices. 2014 Kenneth Harris James Prize in Aerospace Engineering, Institute of Mechanical Engineers, UK. 2018 Literati Highly Commended Award.

He was the son of a shoemaker and trained as an architect. As a member of the Jewish literati, he was at great risk in Nazi-occupied Europe and eventually succeeded after a lengthy odyssey in reaching the USA in 1941 where he settled in New York City.

Ellen Widmer's review in Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies praises the work but adds that a choice of different works to include would lead to different results and that it is a "preliminary foray, the rough first mapping which inspires others to amplify and shade in." Reading Illustrated Fiction in Late Imperial China (1998) examines changes in the style and aesthetic appeal of how fiction was printed. Ming dynasty novels were printed in much the same form as other publications with a literati audience, showing that fiction was an acceptable form but that under Manchu rule fiction was printed in poorer editions. Literati came to define their identity in contrast to the illiterate masses and fiction as "vulgar".

Portrait of Liu Bingzhang (left) and Xue Fucheng (right) during the Zhenhai Campaign Xue Fucheng or Hsieh Fucheng (12 April 1838 – 21 July 1894) was a Chinese diplomat of the Qing dynasty in the late 19th century. Born in Wuxi, Jiangsu to a literati family. Late Qing Dynasty writer/essayist, diplomat to England, France, Belgium, Italy, and one of the leaders and advocate for modernization and adoption of Western technology as well as proponent for the development of capitalist industries in China during the late 19th century. Eschewing the traditional literati pursuits of writing poetry and calligraphy, Xue proposed that the government should promote pragmatism application of new technology and knowledge in strengthening China.

Later, Sima Wang was promoted to a district marquis under the title "Marquis of Anle District" () and given greater responsibilities as General Who Protects the Army () and Regular Mounted Attendant (). The Wei emperor Cao Mao ( 254–260) was particularly fond of the literati, so he became close to notable members of the literati such as Sima Wang, Pei Xiu, Wang Chen and Zhong Hui. Cao Mao was known for being impatient and he wanted them to come for the banquets he hosted in the shortest time possible. Since Pei Xiu, Wang Chen, Zhong Hui and the others served as officials in the imperial palace, they were able to make it on time.

Mao published his first article in New Youth in April 1917, instructing readers to increase their physical strength to serve the revolution.; ; . He joined the Society for the Study of Wang Fuzhi (Chuan-shan Hsüeh-she), a revolutionary group founded by Changsha literati who wished to emulate the philosopher Wang Fuzhi.; .

This chapter includes a discussion of the culture of 19th-century Lucknow; the general decline of Lucknow; the poet Mir Taqi Mir; the palace Dilkusha; and the Tawaif (courtesan) subculture. Interviews with Mushtaq Naqvi, an elderly poet, profound author and a historian and Suleiman Mahmudabad, a literati prince, lead the narrative.

Resi's authorities were merely ceremonial. At the courts, Brahmin clerics and pudjangga (sacred literati) legitimized rulers and linked Hindu cosmology to their political needs. Presently, small Hindu enclaves are scattered throughout Java, but there is a large Hindu population along the eastern coast nearest Bali, especially around the town of Banyuwangi.

This is the most flourishing period of Xixi Wetland. The local government started to regulate floods, so the lands in Xixi Wetland became visible. Citizens fed silkworms on lands, and faster fish in the river. The beauty of the land and rivers attracted many literati to write poems and paint.

The original farmhouse was visible until 1886, when the library wing was constructed in 1888, by architects Sydney, Mitchell and Wilson. Bonaly Tower was the venue for frequent meetings of the 'Friday Club', a group of leading Edinburgh literati, which were hosted by Lord Cockburn. It is now subdivided into flats.

Both plays were later nominated for the Governor General's Award for English drama, The Shooting Stage at the 2002 Governor General's Awards"Mistry sidelined by Canada's literati: Lesser-known writers nominated for Governor General's Literary Awards". Ottawa Citizen, October 22, 2002. and Last Romantics at the 2003 Governor General's Awards.

The reign of al-Mutawakkil al-Qasim was comparatively tranquil. However, in 1723 his cousin an-Nasir Muhammad laid claim (da'wah) to the imamate. The well-known literati Muhammad bin Isma'il al-Amir managed to bring about a reconciliation. In 1726 the imam had an encounter with Arhab tribesmen at San'a.

In Chinese literature, xiaopin (小品, Wade-Giles: hsiao-p'in) is a form of short essay, usually non-fictional, and usually being exclusively composed in prose.Mair 2001. "Introduction: The Origins and Impact of Literati Culture", paragraph 21. The form is comparable to that of Tsurezuregusa by the Japanese monk Yoshida Kenkō.

The story of Alexander's invasion of Kartli, although legendary, nevertheless reflects the establishment of Georgian monarchy in the Hellenistic period and the desire of later Georgian literati to connect this event to the celebrated conqueror.Rapp, Stephen H. (2003), Studies In Medieval Georgian Historiography: Early Texts And Eurasian Contexts, pp. 141-142.

When the KMT failed to nominate him, he ran as an independent, and was expelled from the party. In the run-up to the election, Gen. Wang (and others) undertook a campaign criticizing local literati as leftist.Gold, Thomas B., State and Society in the Taiwan Miracle, M.E. Sharpe (Armonk: 1986), p.

Before that, Korean literati had used the Hanja writing system—traditional Chinese characters with Korean pronunciation and meaning—and a written language known as Hanmun, which was basically Classical Chinese, for official court documents. Everyday written use of Hanja and Hanmun ended gradually in the latter half of the 20th century.

Thereafter a massive uproar by the Chinese literati ensued and they demanded the government mobilize armed forces against Russia. The government acted after this, giving important posts to officers from the Xiang Army. Charles Gordon became an advisor to the Chinese. Russia refused to renegotiate unless Chonghou's life was spared.

Joanna Rurarz (2009). Historia Korei. Dialog. . P.234-235 Meanwhile, Im Sa-hong was promoted, and he and his allies received many important offices and other awards. Joanna Rurarz (2009). Historia Korei. Dialog. . P.234-235 This came to be known as the Second Literati Purge (갑자사화 甲子士禍).

James Clancy Phelan (born 21 May 1979), known professionally as James Phelan, is an Australian writer of thrillers and young adult novels, including Fox Hunt, The Last 13 series for teens, and the Jed Walker and Lachlan Fox thrillers. He has also written short stories and the non-fiction book Literati.

Cindy Shih is a visual artist living and working in San Francisco. Her work is strongly rooted in traditional techniques and principles, including Chinese literati painting, Venetian plasterwork, landscape painting, and realism, although producing thoroughly modern pieces. One of her prominent themes is exploring her personal narrative in a broad context.

Surimono literally means "printed thing". Being produced in small numbers for a mostly educated audience of literati, surimono were often more experimental in subject matter and treatment, and extravagant in printing technique, than commercial prints. They were most popular from the 1790s to the 1830s, and many leading artists produced them.

Shi Kefa was said to have been an individual of great energy and integrity, qualities reflected in his calligraphy, frequently in cursive and semi-cursive style. Shi Kefa's calligraphy is of the late Ming period style among other Ming literati, with a preference for long compositions in a flourishing manner.

Her surviving paintings seem to show a woman who felt equal to men in her culture. She illustrates women who appear as literati painting, playing music and doing calligraphy. Her paintings show some independence as women's paintings of her time usually followed tradition or the subjects laid down by the artist's schools.

In Curitiba, Brazil, he met and married Wanda Salmonowicz h Orla (Szaszor). He brought her to Warsaw, where they had two children: Leszek and Hanna. Between the two World Wars, he finished his studies at the Warsaw School of Fine Arts and mingled with the Arkadia group of literati in Kazimierz, Warsaw.

A Zakia is a literati, a literary personality from the Siaha town of Mizoram, India, who was awarded the Padma Sri, the fourth highest civilian honour, by the Indian government in March 2018 for the preservation of the Mara language and cultural ethos through his exemplary contribution towards Mara journalism and literary creation.

Horizontal inscribed boards with the titles of the imperial exam winners: zhuangyuan 状元 (1st place)，bangyan 榜眼 (2nd)，tanhua 探花 (3rd). Qing Dynasty. Civil examinations mediated the classical discourse of "way learning" and literati into everyday lives. Tensions, which brought a few fame and fortune, left most dealing with disappointment.

In April 2006, the ULA protested against the reading of Allen Ginsberg’s Howl at Miller Theater at Columbia University, which was hosted by elite literati and had no representation of the "underground", from which the Beat Generation had sprung. The AP covered the protest and reported on it by means of a podcast.

The ULA protested the 2002 National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) award of $20,000 to Jonathan Franzen, an already- wealthy author and highly publicized best-selling author of The Corrections. Rick Moody was on the NEA panel, and the ULA contested that this was an example of the literati insularly awarding each other.

He also studied the Manual of the Mustard Seed Garden. As his most notable influences, he claimed Zhao Mengfu for calligraphy and Tang Yin for painting. He also admired Yi Fujiu. He was one of the pioneers of nanga (literati painting); passing it along to his students, Yanagisawa Kien and Ike no Taiga.

Li Yingshi was a member of the Chinese literati class. He commanded a unit of 500 soldiers during the Korean War of 1592–98.Gallagher (trans) (1953), pp. 433–437 He was awarded a lifetime pension by the Wanli government, which was to continue to be paid to his heirs in perpetuity.

During 1930s, her relationship stabilized with Duchamp. During this time she actively worked as a bookbinder and continued to collaborate with Duchamp. Though she did not share a working studio with Duchamp, their mutual house was considered itself an extravagant aesthetic affair and frequently hosted the literati and artists of the time.

In August of 2020, Literati started a line of celebrity book clubs for adult readers. Subscribers receive one book each month, personally curated by “Luminaries” – authors and intellectuals. The initial Literati Luminaries include Richard Branson, Susan Orlean, Malala Yousafzai, Stephen Curry, and the Joseph Campbell Foundation. Each Luminary has a theme for their club. Examples include Malala Yousafzai’s club Fearless, which focuses on amplifying “the voices of authors the world too often neglects,” and Stephen Curry’s club Underrated, which centers around the “stories of people who have defied the odds to become more than what others thought they were destined to be.” Every book sent by Luminaries includes a personal note explaining why it was selected, and how it relates to the club theme.

Gu deduced that Liu Xiang heard the story of weeping and suicide from uneducated villagers who projected their own feelings and sufferings onto Qi Liang's wife and that Liu included their story in his anthology without realizing its subversive nature. That is, Gu and his students saw Lady Meng Jiang as a tale of protest against state power which Confucian literati could not see because they were too oblivious of the common people. For these New Culture intellectuals "The Story of Lady Meng Jiang" was an act of long-term popular collective creativity, particularly on the part of women, who had the least power and the most to grieve about. The literati did not create this story, they stole it.

He carries off very well the disguise of an itinerant physician; as Van Gulik points out, knowledge of medicine was expected of Chinese literati. Conversely, Judge Dee is less successful in passing himself off as a merchant, a member of a completely different social class; an observant merchant quickly unmasks him as what he is, a member of the Literati elite. Fortunately, it turns out that this observant merchant is not the wanted criminal; on the contrary, he is an honest merchant, with his own accounts to settle with the criminal, who become a very valuable ally. Judge Dee acts according to very strict ethics, regarding himself as duty bound to enforce justice, seek out, and severely punish all wrong-doers, high or low.

Jo Gwangjo Jo Gwangjo was the son of Jo Wongang (조원강, 趙元綱) and was from the Hanyang Jo clan (한양조씨, 漢陽趙氏). Jo studied under neo-Confucian scholar Kim Gwoeng-pil, Kim Jong-jik's disciple who was in exile at the time following the First Literati Purge of 1498. When Kim Gwoeng-pil was later executed (by poison) following the Second Literati Purge of 1504, Jo was exiled for being Kim's disciple. At this time, Joseon Dynasty politics was primarily marked by power struggle between two aristocratic yangban factions - the established "Hungu" power elites who were generally conservative and the upstart Sarim scholars called seonbis, who belonged to neo-Confucian school of Kim Jong-jik and other thinkers.

Shanghai, as an open city, became a sort of Asian melting pot where the various European powers could freely express their influence on the city. In turn, this influence gave rise to a new middle class which supported a new style of art known as the Shanghai school. The three hundred years of Chinese art history prior to the advent of the Shanghai School was dominated by the Literati style exemplified in the paintings of Shen Zhou in the 16th century. The Shanghai style marked the first major departure from traditionalist Chinese painting by breaking the elitist tradition of Chinese art, and focusing less on the symbolism emphasized by the Literati style and more on the visual content of the painting itself.

Dr. Steve however says that there can only be one person against Dr. Floyd- himself. Dr. Steve pushes the button on the Translitora, its effect grabbing both Dr. Floyd and Dr. Steve. In a flash Dr. Floyd and Dr. Steve both vanish. The Literati are thrilled that they have now gotten rid of Dr. Floyd.

The four techniques of realism that he and the other New Journalists employed, he wrote, had been the sole province of novelists and other literati. They are scene-by-scene construction, full record of dialogue, third-person point of view and the manifold incidental details to round out character (i.e., descriptive incidentals).Esquire, p. 158.

Due to the drastic simplification and ligature involved, this script is not considered particularly legible to the average person, and thus has never achieved widespread use beyond the realm of literati calligraphers. The cursive script is the source of Japanese hiragana, as well as many modern simplified forms in Simplified Chinese characters and Japanese shinjitai.

During the 1880s, Veske was one of the leading representatives of the Estonian national awakening. He belonged to the strongly patriotic groups around the Estonian intellectuals and journalists Carl Robert Jakobson. From 1882 to 1886 Veske was the President of the Society of Estonian Literati. 1884 Veske edited the magazine Oma Maa (My Land).

Kubota lived in Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture from 1945–1955. He first moved there when an air raid in 1945 destroyed his Tokyo home. During those ten years, he made the acquaintance with many of the Kamakura literati as chairman of the Kamakura P.E.N. Club. Kubota was appointed a member of the Imperial Academy in 1947.

Some of the apartments were allocated to Shanghai's prominent literati. These same residents were denounced and "swept out" in 1957 during the Anti-Rightist Movement. The building was then allocated to Jinjiang Hotel as well. When President Nixon visited China, the American delegation stayed at this hotel, and the Shanghai Communiqué was signed there.

Ivan Barkov had a major impact on Russian language and later literati. His name is being brought up in any dispute on introduction of slang words into language, and, although his verses were unpublished for a very long time for being immoral, written copies of his work could always be found in student environments.

It served as a leading slogan for the establishment of the Linji Chan identity by the Linji-faction of Shoushan Shengnian, and was seen as trademark of the Linji Chan identity by Yang Yi and Li Zunxu, the court-related literati who had an essential role in the construction of Linji's record and reputation.

The first accurate translation of Austen into French occurred in 1899 when Félix Fénéon translated Northanger Abbey as Catherine Moreland. In Britain, Austen gradually grew in the estimation of the literati. Philosopher and literary critic George Henry Lewes published a series of enthusiastic articles in the 1840s and 1850s.Southam (1968), 152; Southam (1987), 20–21.

Lopatin was freed during the abortive Russian Revolution of 1905. He sympathised with the Socialist-Revolutionary Party, but was also respected by the Social-Democrats. Due to his broken health he did not become politically active but settled in Vilno (now Vilnius, Lithuania). He returned to St. Petersburg in 1913 and live in the 'House of Literati'.

The "encounter dialogue"-genre developed into various collections of kōans, which form itself another extensive literary corpus. Koan practice developed from a literary practice, styling snippets of encounter-dialogue into well-edited stories. It arose in interaction with "educated literati". There were dangers involved in such a literary approach, such as fixing specific meanings to the cases.

The Carolingian Renaissance occurred mostly during the reigns of Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious. It was supported by the scholars of the Carolingian court, notably Alcuin of York. Charlemagne's Admonitio generalis (789) and Epistola de litteris colendis served as manifestos. The effects of this cultural revival were mostly limited to a small group of court literati.

Fengsu Tongyi (), also known as Fengsu Tong, is a book written about 195 AD by Ying Shao, who lived during the later Eastern Han period. The manuscript is similar to an almanac, which describes various strange and exotic matters of interest to the literati of the period, such as cultural practices, mystical beliefs, and musical instruments.

Literati scholars edited or developed major Chinese novels into mature form in this period, such as Water Margin and Journey to the West. Jin Ping Mei, published in 1610, although incorporating earlier material, marks the trend toward independent composition and concern with psychology.Andrew H. Plaks, Four Masterworks of the Ming Novel. (Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1987. ).

Women performers were associated with the guqin since ancient times. The guqin is a plucked seven-string Chinese musical instrument of the zither family. It has traditionally been favored by scholars and literati as an instrument of great subtlety and refinement. A notable woman guqin player was Cai Wenji, associated with the piece Hujia Shiba-pai.

He rose to particular prominence as the retainer of Matsudaira Sadanobu (1759–1829), genetic son of the Tayasu who was adopted into the Matsudaira family before becoming chief senior councilor (rōjū shuza; 老中首座) of the Tokugawa Shogunate in 1787. Bunchō is best known for his idealized landscapes in the literati style (Nanga or Bunjinga).

They formed acquaintance with literati in each country, and received compliments from the Catholic sovereigns. At Vienna Maria Theresa conferred on Mrs. Swinburne the female order of La Croix Étoilée, and the Emperor Joseph II stood godfather to their son of that name. They were in Brussels from February to June 1781, and again crossed to England.

In poetry he preferred the rhyming ci form and added such poems to his paintings. His social circle included prominent literati as well as artists. He organized both a literary society and a Buddhist lay society. His work often used a delicate baimiao (outline) style, which can be clearly see in his illustrations for Dream of the Red Chamber.

As Resident, Crawfurd also pursued the study of the Javanese language, and cultivated personal relationships with Javanese aristocrats and literati. He was impressed by Javanese music. five days of the week, engraving by William Home Lizars from Crawfurd's History of the Indian Archipelago. Crawfurd was sent on diplomatic missions to Bali and the Celebes (now Sulawesi).

Her musical evenings at home with her siblings quickly became well-known ports of call for traveling diplomats and literati, among them Constantijn Huygens, Dutch poet Anna Roemers Visscher, composer Nicholas Lanier, and singer Anne de la Barre. Their family home was known for a remarkable appreciation for guests and personal musical performances by all members of their family.

In this time the gongan-collections were compiled, collections of sayings and deeds by the famous masters, appended with poetry and commentary. This genre reflects the influence of literati on the development of Chán. This period idealized the previous period as the "golden age" of Chán, producing the literature in which the spontaneity of the celebrated masters was portrayed.

The Literati Club/Reference Reviews 1999 award for excellence as 'best specialist reference work' was given to the editors of the Dictionary of Lexicography. Hartmann has also produced works on a wide range of linguistic and lexicographic topics (see list of Publications below). Two selections of his essays have been published in Kuwait (2004) and Germany (2007).

Gogarty maintained close friendships with W. B. Yeats, AE, George Moore, Lord Dunsany, James Stephens, Seamus O'Sullivan, and other Dublin literati, and continued to write poetry in the midst of his political and professional duties. Three small books of poetry (Hyperthuleana, Secret Springs of Dublin Song, and The Ship and Other Poems) were published between 1916 and 1918.

Homeward Oxherds in Wind and Rain, by Li Di, 12th century. Due to previous episodes of court eunuchs amassing power, they were looked upon with suspicion by scholar-officials and Confucian literati. Still, their association with inner palace life and their frequent appointments to high levels of military command provided them with significant prestige.Ebrey et al.

Shortly afterwards, she met Harold Monro at his Poetry Bookshop. He encouraged her writing, and she published a second collection in 1915. This was the effective start of thirty years during which she mixed with literati in London (and later inParis). She carried on a bohemian lifestyle, in parallel with the home life she often felt so hindered by.

A new Chinese era name, Zhizheng (), was decreed to show this. Bayan's purges were called off. Many of the great Chinese literati came back to the capital from voluntary retirement or from administrative exile and the imperial examination system was restored. Toqto'a also gave a few early signs of a new and positive direction in central government.

In 2018, Matthew Sturgis' Oscar: A Life, was published in London. The book incorporates rediscovered letters and other documents and is the most extensively researched biography of Wilde to appear since 1988. Parisian literati, also produced several biographies and monographs on him. André Gide wrote In Memoriam, Oscar Wilde and Wilde also features in his journals.

Both were members of the Rhenish Literati Society (Sodalitas litteraria Rhenania). Another member of the association was cathedral provost George of Gemmingen. The Speyer humanists were centred around the house of the provost Thomas Truchsess of Wetzhausen, a pupil of Johann Reuchlin. Another host was cathedral vicar Maternus Hatten who was in touch with renowned humanists of the empire.

The articles of the Society of Estonian Literati was adopted in 1871. In March 1872 the first meeting was held in Viljandi. The society included the main Estonian writers, poets, artists and journalists of the time. Leading personalities were, among others, Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald, Hans Wühner, Jakob Hurt, Carl Robert Jakobson, Hugo Treffner and Johann Köler.

Princess Tekle of Georgia ( 1800) A tombstone of Princess Tekle at Mtskheta Princess Tekle (, t'ekle; 1776 – 11 March 1846) was a Georgian princess royal (batonishvili) and poet. She was a daughter of Heraclius II, the penultimate king of Kartli and Kakheti, the wife of Prince Vakhtang Orbeliani, and mother of the Georgian literati, Alexander and Vakhtang Orbeliani.

"Misty River, Layered Peaks" by Wang Shen Wang Shen ( 1036 – 1093), courtesy name Jinqing, was a Chinese calligrapher, painter, poet, and politician of the Song dynasty. He is best known for his surviving paintings, poetry, and calligraphy , and for his relationships with prominent statesmen and early amateur literati artists such as Su Shi, Huang Tingjian and Mi Fu.

7 Iss: 4, pp.316 - 336 He was selected by managementboek.nl as one of ten "Dutch Masters in Management." The article entitled “Longitudinal research into factors of high performance: the follow-up case of Nabil Bank” published in Measuring Business Excellence has been chosen as an Outstanding Paper Award Winner at the Literati Network Awards for Excellence 2012.

Needham and Ho 1970: 319). Besides emperors, many Tang literati were interested in alchemy. Both Li Bai (Waley 1950: 55–56) and Bai Juyi (Ho, Goh, and Parker 1974) wrote poems about the Cantong qi and alchemical elixirs. Other poets, including Meng Haoran, Liu Yuxi, and Liu Zongyuan also referred to elixir compounding in their works (Pregadio 2000: 171).

Northumberland had also connections to the literati. George Peele wrote a poem, The Honour of the Garter, dedicated to Percy and for the occasion of his admission to the Order of the Garter, on 26 June 1593. For his efforts Peele was paid £3. Christopher Marlowe claimed his acquaintance and certainly moved in the same group.

In the meantime, in 1601 the Jesuits Matteo Ricci and Diego de Pantoja became the first Christian missionaries to be settled in the Ming capital. They appreciated Confucian learning and wanted to establish good relations with the Chinese literati,Gallagher (trans.) (1953), pp. 93–98 but strongly disparaged the "ridiculous wizardry" of Chinese occult practices.Gallagher (trans.) (1953), pp.

Later that year, Poe harshly criticized English's work as part of his "Literati of New York" series published in Godey's Lady's Book, referring to him as "a man without the commonest school education busying himself in attempts to instruct mankind in topics of literature".Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1906: 296.

On 11 December 1999 he represented the aged literati at a ceremony to pay respects to them at Yangon City Hall. Lieutenant-General Khin Nyunt, Secretary-l of the State Peace and Development Council, spoke at the event. He said that "literati had taken the lead in striving for the interests of the nation and the people, holding their pen; they have inspired the people to be imbued with anti-colonial sentiment and a spirit of making supreme sacrifice for the nation and the people; they were in the vanguard in safeguarding the race and religion which got bogged down in the mire during the colonial period". After attending the presentation ceremony for the SEA Write Award for 2001 in Bangkok, Thailand, Htin Gyi returned to Myanmar on 10 October 2001.

The new work moved to correct misunderstandings about Confucian traditional society and the assumption that women were passive victims who helped to perpetuate their own victimhood because they were ignorant and powerless. Precious Records: Women in China's Long Eighteenth Century (1997), won the Joseph Levenson Prize from the Association for Asian Studies, and The Talented Women of the Zhang Family (2007), was a group biography of women in several generations of a literati family in the lower Yangzi region. The first, Precious Records, showed that upper-class women, although kept in the "inner quarters" and not allowed to participate in political life outside the home, were not mere victims of Confucian patriarchy. Mann used both the writings of the literati in their families, who wrote often appreciative accounts, and their own writings, mainly poetry.

The above account of literati purges is based on widely accepted traditional understanding of the subject, which largely stems from the Sarim faction's point of view. The Annals of the Joseon Dynasty and much of what we know about these events were largely written by Sarim scholars even before they emerged as the eventual victor. Some historians have tried to reinterpret the literati purges as a result of struggle between the Joseon kings who wanted to establish absolute monarchy and the aristocrats who claimed that the true loyalty to king was to guide him to become a benevolent Confucian philosopher-king by pointing out his mistakes if necessary. The Sarim scholars tended to occupy key positions in Three Offices, which put them in conflict with the king and high-ranking ministers.

Wolfe himself returned to the affair a full seven years later, devoting the second of his two February New York articlesNew York, February 21, 1972, pp. 39–48 (1972) to his detractors but not to dispute their attack on his factual accuracy. He argued that most of the contentions arose because for traditional literati nonfiction should not succeed—which his nonfiction obviously had.

He mixed with London literati, meeting David Garrick, Samuel Johnson, Sir William Browne, Oliver Goldsmith, John Hawkesworth, and Lord Lyttelton. In 1767, having no church employment, he visited Italy, and resided for two years at Villafranca, where he read and wrote. He returned to London in 1769. Stockdale succeeded William Guthrie in editing The Critical Review, and edited the Universal Magazine in 1771.

Yuan Xuefen, the Opera expert who character Zhu Chunhua is based on and pays homage to. Yuan Xuefen, a friend of director Xie Jin, and one of the world's most notorious Shaoxing Opera experts is argued to be the "real life prototype" of Zhu Chunhua's character in the film.Liu, M. Y. (2019). Literati Lenses: Wenren Landscape in Chinese Cinema of the Mao Era.

Whenever Forrest toured outside of NYC, Mrs. Voorheis usually stayed with her at the Forrest home on 22nd St. Mrs. Forrest was an intellectual and a captivating conversationalist, who was quickly accepted into the social circle of the literary and artistic elite of NYC. The literati discussed such works as George Sand's novel,Consuelo, which proved fateful to the Forrests' marriage. Mrs.

Techspardha is the annual techno-managerial festival of National Institute of Technology, Kurukshetra. It started in 1995 as "Technospect" (later changed to Literati). The year 2013 marked the Golden Jubilee of NIT Kurukshetra, thus it was renamed as Techspardha. Etymologically, the word ‘Techspardha’ is composed of two words, ‘Tech’ in English is a contraction of technology and ‘Spardha’ in Hindi means competition.

He was a founding member of Estonian Students' Society and the Society of Estonian Literati as well as editor in various newspapers (Postimees among them). Hugo Treffner inspired A. H. Tammsaare to create the character of "mister Maurus" in his second book of Truth and Justice. A statue of Hugo Treffner is situated at the bank of river Emajõgi in Tartu.

This journal focused on communicating technology and science development in agriculture. Dr. L S Kandasamy who is an agriculturalist himself and literati was instrumental in interpreting information in science to a practical solution for the farmer community. He wrote many novels, modern poetry, self-improvement and agriculture. In 1989 he started Thannambikkai, a monthly magazine with an emphasis on self- improvement.

He treated careerism in Soviet society (The Case of Andres Lapateus), the fate of the Estonian soldiers mobilized to the Red Army (Enn Kalmu kaks mina (1960–61)). Both of the novels were also adapted for film. Paul Kuusberg was a communist, but as a literary functionary, he tried to protect Estonian literature and literati from ideological suppression. Paul Kuusberg died in 2003.

National Museum, Warsaw. He considered there to be a Northern school, represented by Zhe, and a Southern school represented by literati painters. These names are misleading as they refer to Northern and Southern schools of Chan Buddhism thought rather than geographic areas. Hence a Northern painter could be geographically from the south and a Southern painter geographically from the north.

"Jesuits were accepted in late Ming court circles as foreign literati, regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, hydraulics, and geography."Patricia Buckley Ebrey, The Cambridge Illustrated History of China. Cambridge, New York and Melbourne: Cambridge University Press, 1996. . p. 212. By 1610, more than two thousand Chinese from all levels of society had converted.

Freehand brush work is a genre of Chinese traditional painting which includes poem, calligraphy, painting and seal. In Chinese called: Hsieh yi, which literally means " writing ideas". It was formed in a long period of artistic activities and promoted by the literati. Through the inheritance and development in the past dynasties, freehand brush work has gradually become the most influential and popular genre.

The work is written in the khlong meter except for the final six lines which are in rai. Most verses use the wiwitthamali () variant of khlongdan si (โคลงดั้นสี่). The phrasing is extremely terse, perhaps imitating the Pali-Sanskrit verse that literati would have studied at the time. The work uses many archaic words drawn from Khmer, Lan Na Thai, and Sanskrit.

Hastings, pp. 133–41 After convalescence, at a loose end, she began working as an assistant at the Heywood Hill bookshop in Curzon Street. The shop became the centre of Mitford's daily activities, and was a favoured meeting place for London's literati. In September 1942 she met Gaston Palewski, a French colonel attached to General Charles de Gaulle's London staff.

He was awarded the Yomiuri Prize in 1956 and in 1971. He lived in Kamakura, Kanagawa Prefecture from 1924 until his death, and often socialized with the other literati residing in that city. With the establishment of the Shochiku movie studios in Ofuna, north of Kamakura, he also collaborated with film director Yasujirō Ozu on numerous movie scripts. Satomi died in 1983.

The Apes of God is a 1930 novel by the British artist and writer Wyndham Lewis. It is a satire of London's contemporary literary and artistic scene. The novel is set in 1926, leading up to the General Strike in May. It has an episodic structure, following a young simpleton called Dan Boleyn from one encounter with the literati to another.

Albrecht Dürer, self-portrait, 1500 In the North, humanism entered into the service of religious progress. German scholars were less brilliant and elegant, but more serious in their purpose and more exact in their scholarship than their Italian predecessors and contemporaries. In the South, the ancient classics absorbed the attention of the literati. It was not so in the North.

The extended nobility consisted of the landed aristocracy and the spiritual class that did not pay any form of tax. The was the gentry that was freed from the khels and paid only money-tax. The paikan chamua consisted of artisans, the literati and skilled people that did non- manual work and rendered service as a tax. The kanri paik rendered manual labor.

The Savoy Hotel opened in 1913. At that time, the original five- storey building had the most up-to-date equipment of the time, such as elevators, telephones in the rooms, and safes. Among the famous hotel guests were Sergey Yesenin, Isadora Duncan, and Antoine de Saint Exupéry. Moscow literati en masse honored the hotel with their presence, reading their new poems there.

He Jianguo (Chinese: 何建国 born 1951) is a contemporary Chinese idiosyncratic and self-taught calligraphy artist.Bio of Jianguo (Chinese) Art Today, retrieved February 27, 2011 He Jianguo is regarded as a twentieth-century artist who is continuing the literati tradition. His brushstrokes and calligraphy are unorthodox. He Jianguo draws on traditional subjects with his own interpretation, depicting Beijing scenes.

The literati sensed from the very beginning that Christianization would deprive them of their power. So intense was there hostility that few missionaries considered it worthwhile to make any effort to win them over.Paul A. Varg, "Missionaries and relations between the United States and China in the late 19th century" World Affairs Quarterly (July 1956), pp. 115-58, quoting p 155.

The Linji-school became the dominant school within Chan at the beginning of the Song due to support from literati and the court. The figure of Linji, as one of the exemplary masters of Chan, was detailed in a series of writings in the tenth and eleventh century, which supported the Linji school and contributed to its influence and standing.

Feng Menglong also expressed his attitudes towards society through his works, which were heavily influenced by his interactions with officialdom and the Chinese literati. Feng Menglong became the magistrate of Shouning near the end of his life, in his sixties. During his appointment, he sought to correct injustices and hoped to build up a reputation as an humble and upright official.

In 2012, he released terse English-to-English translations of Emily Dickinson's poetry. His writing has been published in The Awl, Boston Review, Denver Quarterly, Field, The Literati Quarterly, Pleiades and other journals. From 2013 to 2015, he lived in St. Louis, Missouri, serving as a writer-in-residence at Washington University in St. Louis. Currently, he lives in New York City.

The Hunyi Jiangli Tu by Zen monk Qingjun (1328–1392) was one of historical maps that were popular among Chinese literati. It showed historical capitals of Chinese dynasties in addition to contemporary place names. For example, it shows the capital of Yao, the legendary sage-emperor. It followed Chinese tradition in that it was a map of China, not the world.

Giubbe Rosse Caffè Giubbe Rosse is a café in Piazza della Repubblica (13-14r), Florence. When opened in 1896, the caffè was actually called "Fratelli Reininghaus". It was named "Giubbe Rosse" (Red jackets or coats) in 1910, after the jackets which waiters wear to this very day. The café has a long- standing reputation as the resort of literati and intellectuals.

Active Disassembly Blog (see ) Literati Award: 2013, Retrieved Nov. 11, 2013 Dr. Chiodo's work continues to investigate AD employing materials 'made smart'. Some applications include interstitial layers, modular mechanisms, disassembly functions and other DfX eco-design strategies. Some of this work is described in the circular economy area, see the Circular Economy Active Disassembly Blog (see ) Circular Economy, Retrieved Nov.

The Song Dynasty is considered the golden period of guqin music, with numerous poems and essays on guqin written by the literati, and many well-known pieces can be dated to this period. Treaties and handbooks were also written, documenting its music and playing techniques, and aesthetic consideration also became the most important aspect of guqin playing in this period.

Spelling plagues columnist, Spokesman-ReviewMunroe, Mary (22 June 1976). Report from Washington, Virgin Islands Daily News (Washington News Bureau) The correct words spelled by Kneale also included: fatigue, conceit, opalescent, carafe, egalitarian, supernumerary, persiflage, literati, aphotic, bellipotent, physiolatry, demulcent, hagiology, and sauerbraten. A record 87 contestants participated this year, up from 79 in 1975 and 80 in 1974.(9 June 1976).

It reads:A poet should make his life itself a poem. Shamim Karhani has sung of India's freedom. I hope he will continue to do so and enjoy this freedom Soon Shamim Karhani's nationalist and revolutionary poetry started attracting the attention of both the common people and the literati. It was through this nationalist platform that he joined the Progressive Writers' Movement.

On this basis the Jesuits centered their work in China on the interaction with the Chinese Confucian literati, trying to convince them of their theories and consequently convert them to the Christian faith. When addressing the European public, the China-based Jesuit missionaries strove to present Confucianism, as represented by its Four Books, in favorable light – the effort culminated with the publications of Confucius Sinarum Philosophus by Philippe Couplet (Paris, 1687). After the fall of the Ming Dynasty (fall of Beijing in 1644) and the Manchu conquest of the entire country (by the early 1650s), the Jesuits in China had to switch their allegiance from the Ming Dynasty to the Manchu Qing, just as most of the Chinese literati eventually did. They soon found themselves working in a quite different intellectual and political environment than their predecessors during the Ming era.

The first and second literati purges took place during the reign of Yeonsangun, successor to Seongjong. The First Literati Purge of 1498, also called Muo Sahwa (무오사화, 戊午士禍/戊午史禍), began as the personal grudge of Yi Guk-don against Kim Il-son, who once impeached him. Both were assigned to compile records related to King Seongjong's reign for Annals of Joseon Dynasty, and Kim Il-son, a disciple of Kim Jong-jik, included the latter's writing that was critical of King Sejo's usurpation in the compilation. (Kim Jong-jik wrote a lamentation of Xiang Yu's murder of Emperor Yi of Chu in early Chinese history after he heard of Danjong's death at the order of King Sejo.) When Yi Guk-don, Kim Il-son's superior, found this out, he sensed a chance of revenge.

Antiquity was now seen as providing solutions for the difficult present. The disastrous invasion by the Cham under Che Bong Nga destroyed the Trần dynasty, and caused Vietnamese literati to seek desperately for a means to restore harmony. The Ming occupation of 1407-1427 dramatically deepened the influence of the literati through promoting schools and scholarship. Developments from the thirteenth century then combined to set the stage for the state promotion of the Hùng king founding myth by the 15th century. There was a shift away from a more indigenous, pre-Southeast Asian phase, to the ‘Neo-Confucian revolution” of Lê Thánh Tông.Ibid. This, together with the chaos created by the devastating invasions and internal social problems, encouraged a search for ‘Vietnamese Antiquity’ modelled on classical Chinese antiquity, in the mythic creation of ‘Van Lang’Nguyen Dieu Thi, p 322.

Kamigata ukiyo-e is especially known for its surimono, privately commissioned prints of a far higher quality than regular prints. Though surimono were produced in Edo as well, it was not at all uncommon for Edo artists to sub-contract their surimono commissions to Kamigata artists. These prints, often handpainted, with inscribed calligraphy, and/or gold, silver, or mica used to enhance the image, were commissioned largely by literati and the like, and were closely related to the Kamigata development of poetry circles. Literati, artists, writers, and kabuki actors would gather to drink, relax, and share poetry; haiku competitions and renga chain collaborations were common forms of entertainment at these meetings, and the poems would often come to be included in surimono depicting the actor who composed them (or a poem could be composed for an actor).

Ricci would also spread Euclidian Geometry to China by helping translate his works while using books prepared by Christopher Clavius. Ricci hoped to do this by earning the favor of the court and educated literati elites. In this, Ricci was successful. He was able to convert other Chinese scholars to Catholicism who would then subsequently help him spread both Christianity and more accurate astrological measurements.

Han and Tang era records and accounts of Xinjiang were the only writings on the region available to Qing era Chinese in the 18th century and needed to be replaced with updated accounts by the literati. The Qing Empire ca. 1820, with provinces in yellow, military governorates and protectorates in green, tributary states in orange. Xinjiang at this time did not exist as one unit.

Hanns Heinz Ewers, who gave a speech at the opening night of the Nollendorf-Theater. The inauguration on 19 March 1913 of this "palace of unheard-of luxury" made a "genuine sensation." The evening began with a dithyrambic speech in praise of the cinema (the Kintopp) by Hanns Heinz Ewers, one of the most outspoken pro-Autorenfilm literati."Cines Nollendorftheater" (in German). Der Tag, 20 May 1913.

This rite deserves censure, and has been > abolished by our great Worthies. One vied with the other in practicing it. > Now that an era of progress has set in, and these silly customs have > disappeared, it is important not to revive them; common sense bids to > refrain from them. Some half-baked literati of our days would fain re- > establish this ceremony of the personator.

Therefore, the bi-coloured flag became more sentimentally attached to the people and Kannada speakers and literati. When in 2018, Chief Minister Siddaramaiah's government officially recognised the latest version, the party leader Vatal Nagaraj expressed his disapproval. The Kannada flag is a flag that is in popular use in the state of Karnataka, India. It is widely identified with Karnataka, ಕನ್ನಡಿಗ and the Kannada language.

In 1980 Ikutarō Shimizu, who was left-wing until the start of the 1960s, cemented Shokun's status as a core monthly magazine of conservative literati through articles on his widely talked about ideological conversion and his advocating that Japan acquire nuclear weapons. What's more, Shimizu serialized his memoirs, Waga Jinsei no Danpen ("Fragments of my Life"), in Shokun which he then published in two volumes.

By the middle of the nineteenth century some of the African literati in Sierra Leone began to migrate to Nigeria, especially the colony of Lagos for economic reasons; some were administrative personnel who were reassigned to Lagos. An expedition of the river Niger by Ajayi Crowther furthered the evangelical interest of many Sierra Leoneans towards Nigeria, many of them having joined the missionaries and their effort.

The teaching of the Jesuits' learned missionaries, based out of Macau, appealed to them. Several literati, steeped in Confucianism and Buddhism, sought widening religious horizons, accepting the 'Western Teaching'. Conversion to Christianity was for them the arrival point of a spiritual and personal journey toward religious fulfillment. The converts saw in the Christian teaching an opportunity to revitalize, morally and scientifically, a country in crisis.

Their marriage was hailed among the literati. The couple shared strong interest in art collection and epigraphy and avowed to collect as many antiquities as possible for the sake of future research.Li Qingzhao, "Jin Shi Lu houxu." Zhao Mingcheng started his civil service career in 1103, but was quickly involved in an imperial court power struggle between his father and the infamous politician Cai Jing.

Books and scholarship on the various inkstones of China existed chiefly in Japan, where a long bibliography on the subject exists. Inkstones should be appreciated in the context of the traditional scholar's studio culture and the appreciation of furnishings, antiques, paper, seals and all other associated objects. Members of the Chinese literati, such as the Song Dynasty's Ouyang Xiu, contributed greatly to this new culture.

Anne was born in Norwich. She and her sister, Annabella [Bell] Plumptre were daughters of Robert Plumptre, became active in the Enfield circle, a local group of literati. Later she became involved in politics during the period of the French Revolution. She published her own fiction, travel writing and political enquiry, as well as many translations of letters, travel writing, drama, and other genres.

Haj-Yehia has been awarded a Certificate of Merit from Beit Berl College President Tamar Ariav for his various endeavors at the College and for the creation of the Masters program. He was awarded the 2013 Emerald Literati Network Award for Highly Commended and Outstanding papers for his paper "Higher education abroad: Palestinian students from Israel studying in Jordanian universities," co-authored with Khalid Arar.

In 1913, he organized other Japanese literati in Taiwan to form the Bancha Society and promote cultural activities in Taiwan. By 1916, he resigned his teaching position and returned to Japan to paint en plein air while traveling and hosting exhibitions. In 1922, he fulfilled a longstanding wish, traveling to Europe and painting en plein air at places like Paris, London, Rome and Venice.

Zhao Yiguang (; 1559–1625) was a Chinese writer who lived during the Ming dynasty. His wife was Lu Qingzi, another famous writer, they were intellectuals and members of the gentry. Zhao patronized his wife's books with his money. Zhao Yiguang and Lu had a son, Zhao Jun, who married Wen Congjian's daughter, who was also from a gentry family and literati who wrote poems.

Wu was able to meet with many of the Korean literati. In 1598, he met with Heo Gyun, one of the leading scholars of the Joseon kingdom. Heo composed a poem in Wu's honour, in which he celebrated the common brotherhood of men despite their nationalities. On his second tour of Korea, Wu Mingqi made a concerted effort to collect the works of Korean poets.

Affirmative action in employment and educational institutions were pioneered in Tamil Nadu based on the demands of the Dravidian movement.Cynthia Stephen, The History of Reservations in India From The 1800S to the 1950s The leadership of the Dravidian movement had very capable authors and literati in Annadurai and Karunanidhi, who assiduously utilised the popular media of stage plays and movies to spread its political messages.

In the early 1890s, Evans became involved in the Neo-Jacobite Revival, joining the Order of the White Rose. Evans knew leading literati of the mid-Victorian period, and later was a close friend of Edward Burne-Jones, who illustrated his history of the "Graal". Towards the end of his life he retired to Abbot's Barton, Canterbury, where he died on 19 December 1909.

They might even become disrespectful toward parents. The selfishness of humans causes wars and unrest in the world. Therefore, Poren Huang is not just creating artworks of animals, but instead, he is making his sculptures more humanized, so that the viewers can naturally reflect and be inspired. In addition, Huang Poren's humanized works of art also have a little bit of the "Oriental Literati" essence.

The Táin Bó, or cattle raid (literally "driving-off of cows"), is one of the genres of early Irish literature. The medieval Irish literati organised their work into genres such as the Cattle Raid (Táin Bó), adventure (Echtra), the Voyage (Imram), the Feast (Fled or Feis), the Wooing (Tochmarc), the Conception (Compert) and the Death (Aided), rather than the familiar but relatively modern division into cycles.

The jury selection was a laborious process: Caion's lawyer Danielopol recused writers Nicolae Iorga and Ovid Densusianu, alleging that all Romanian literati had a vested interest to defend plagiarism. Iorga took offense, and reportedly challenged Danielopol to a duel. During the proceedings, Caion backed up on the original accusations, explaining that he had only invented a reason to bring Caragiale in for a trial.Vianu, p.

As a result of the Great Rites Controversy of 1524, he was reduced to the status of commoner and exiled to Yunnan, where he spent over 30 years.Pidhainy, Ihor. The Temples of Yunnan: Literati Travel Writing during the Jiajing Reign (1522–1567) Apr 2006Pidhainy, Ihor. A Ming Dynasty Literatus Goes A’Wandering: Yang Shen and the Art of Pure Travel Writing in 'Roaming atop Diancang Mountain'.

In 1661, Jin joined a number of literati in protesting the appointment of a corrupt official. The protesters first petitioned the government, and then staged a public rally. This was met with swift retaliation from local officials, and Jin was sentenced to death. This incident is sometimes called "Lamenting at the Temple of Confucius" (), and led to a stifling of political dissent for years after.

Payne was born in Brackley, Northamptonshire. From 1750 he ran a shop at Mews Gate in Castle Street near Leicester Fields (the site is now occupied by the National Gallery). The premises were notoriously small, but popular with the literati of that period. Referred to as the "Literary Coffee House", the shop became a sort of club during the day for discussions on all subjects.

Root-wood is one popular style of furniture and incense stand that has proliferated since the Tang dynasty (618-907). It is made by separate pieces of wood being joined by pegs in order to emulate the form of a tree's single root. Furthermore, Ming literati taste continued to influence furniture styles in Shanxi such that even 19th century furniture retained principles of Ming dynasty cabinetry.

Kang Sehwang (1713–1791) was a high government official but also a representative painter, calligrapher and art critic of the mid Joseon period. He was born in Jinju, Gyeongsangnam-do, the son of Kang Hyeon. He entered royal service at over sixty years old. Kang pursued and established muninhwa ("paintings by people of culture", referring to the Korean seonbi or literati upper-class) with his own creativity.

Huang Tingjian (; 1045–1105) was a Chinese calligrapher, painter, and poet of the Song dynasty. He is predominantly known as a calligrapher, and is also admired for his painting and poetry. He was one of the Four Masters of the Song Dynasty (), and was a younger friend of Su Shi and influenced by his and his friends' practice of literati painting (), calligraphy, and poetry.

There is another novel titled Sossisamdae-rok (蘇氏三代錄 Story of Three Generations of the So Family), but it is a completely different work about calligraphy and literature of So Sun (蘇洵, pinyin: Su Xun), a literati from Song China, his sons So Sik (蘇軾, pinyin: Su Shi) and So Cheol (蘇轍, pinyin: Su Zhe), and their sons.

When Shidibala was assassinated and Yesün Temür took over as the new ruler, conditions improved for Tugh Temür. He was given the title of Prince of Huai () and relocated to Jiankang (modern-day Nanjing) and then to Jiangling.Yuan shi, 35. p. 387. By this time he already showed a wide range of scholarly and artistic interests and had surrounded himself with many distinguished Chinese literati and artists.

A Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. P.409. "Sultan Seliman surrounded it with a wall in 5300 (1540), and it commenced to revive a little, and to be inhabited by the most distinguished Jewish literati; but it was destroyed again in 5420 (1660)." Only a few of the former residents of Safed had returned to the town after the destruction.Joel Rappel.

Ding Wei once wrote a prose essay with his friend Sun He () that quite impressed Wang Yucheng, a leading literati. Wang Yucheng considered their writing the best in China since Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan almost two centuries ago. In 992, Ding Wei passed the imperial examination and became the controller-general of Raozhou. A year later, he accompanied the crown prince Zhao Yuankan to inspect Fujian.

Other prestigious authors included Carson McCullers. The Cresset Press published the British editions of all her novels and when, in 1951, McCullers spent three months in England, Cohen gave a large reception in her honour that was attended by the leading literati of the day.Virginia Spencer Carr, The Lonely Hunter: A Biography of Carson McCullers, Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press, 2003, p. 376.

They were still literati. The Opium Wars, however, demonstrated the power of steam engine and military technology that had only recently been put into practice in the West. During the Self-Strengthening Movement of the 1860s and 1870s Confucian officials in several coastal provinces established an industrial base in military technology. The introduction of railroads into China raised questions that were more political than technological.

Matching the correct character with each strong beat is necessary for a performer. However, they purposely avoided teaching them script-interpretation and left it to the owners. The owners were well-educated literati and the performers were often illiterate, so the latter might not reach their employer’s standard of interpretation. After these actors became mature in skills, they performed for owners or their guests.

In Tudor's view, Romania's Orthodox literati could find themselves duped by "a spirituality of the Dark one, very similar to that of Christ". He proposed that the religious revival needed to focus on "vigorous and harsh penance", with "the signs of a true confession".Gabriel Hasmațuchi, "Nichifor Crainic and the interwar 'New Spirituality' ", in the Ștefan cel Mare University of Suceava Annals II, 2011, pp. 62, 64.

Aesthetic theories in both regions gave the highest status to the works seen to require the most imagination from the artist. In the West this was history painting, but in East Asia it was the imaginary landscape, where famous practitioners were, at least in theory, amateur literati, including several Emperors of both China and Japan. They were often also poets whose lines and images illustrated each other.

In 1932, however, he was re-elected to the GMD Central Supervisory Committee and was appointed to a position in the Shanghai City Government. In the 1930s Liu continued to be a prolific writer and poet, still preferring the classical forms.Susan Daruvala,"Yuefeng: A Literati Journal of the 1930s," in Kirk Denton, Michel Hockx. ed., Literary Societies of Republican China (Lanham, MD, Lexington Books, 2008), p. 355.

The Lantingji Xu () or Lanting Xu, is a piece of Chinese calligraphy work generally considered to be written by the well-known calligrapher Wang Xizhi (303 – 361) from the East Jin Dynasty (317 – 420). In the ninth year of the Emperor Yonghe (353 CE), a Spring Purification Ceremony was held at Lanting, Kuaiji Prefecture (today’s Shaoxing, Zhejiang Province) where Wang was appointed as the governor at the time. During the event, forty-two literati gathered along the banks of a coursing stream and engaged in a drinking contest - cups of wine were drifting down from the upstream, and whenever a cup stopped in front of a guest, he had to compose a poem or otherwise drink the wine. At the end of the day, twenty-six literati composed thirty-seven poems in total and the Lantingji Xu, as a preface to the collection was produced by Wang on the spot.

Jo Gwang-jo The Third Literati Purge of 1519, also called Kimyo Sahwa or Gimyo Sahwa (기묘사화, 己卯士禍), is one of the most discussed literati purges in Joseon Dynasty because the Sarim faction held political power and was in the process of carrying out significant reforms at the time of their purge. Jungjong worked to remove excesses of Yeonsangun and return to Seongjong's era, but his royal authority was limited due to powerful presence of coup leaders who put him on the throne. Only when the three main leaders of coup died of old age and natural causes eight years later, Jungjong began to assert his authority and look for ways to restrain Hungu faction's power. He soon found an answer in Jo Gwang-jo, a young and energetic leader of the Sarim faction, who soon became Jungjong's most trusted official.

Elder Futhark inscriptions were rare, with very few active literati, in relation to the total population, at any time, so that knowledge of the runes was probably an actual "secret" throughout the Migration period. Of 366 lances excavated at Illerup, only 2 bore inscriptions. A similar ratio is estimated for Alemannia, with an estimated 170 excavated graves to every inscription found (Lüthi 2004:323) Estimates of the total number of inscriptions produced are based on the "minimal runological estimate" of 40,000 (ten individuals making ten inscriptions per year for four centuries). The actual number was probably considerably higher, maybe close to 400,000 in total, so that of the order of 0.1% of the corpus has come down to us), and Fischer (2004:281) estimates a population of several hundred active literati throughout the period, with as many as 1,600 during the Alamannic "runic boom" of the 6th century.

He is the first painter of true-view Korean landscapes. Differing from earlier techniques and traditional Chinese styles, he created a new style of painting depicting the virtues of Korea. By the end of the decade, Jeong had developed his own, more realistic style, likely under the influence of the Sirhak movement. This set him apart from the then-prevailing Chinese literati tradition of idealised and abstract landscape art.

Charlebois is a two-time winner of the Emerald Publishing Literati Award in research (2008, 2012). He was also a three-time "Teacher of the Year" award winner in Saskatchewan (2006, 2007 and 2009). In 2015, Charlebois won the Bill Braithwaite Distinguished Professorial Award as a graduate faculty at the University of Guelph. In 2019, he won the Faculty of Management's Researcher of the Year Award at Dalhousie University.

Past themes have included space exploration, sports, and friendship. In November 2018, Literati featured a “Great Minds” edition of the subscription box. It included books chosen specially by public figures such as Sheryl Sandberg, Melinda Gates, Sundar Pichai, Amy Tan, B.J. Novak, Anjali Forber-Pratt, Steven Pinker, and Maria Popova. Each one of the figures wrote an inscription that families could choose to stick inside the book that figure had selected.

The separation sparked conspiracy theories about the Christians and eventually accumulated in a the massacre of 60 people in a Catholic orphanage. In comparison, Protestant missions were less secretive and treated more favorably by the authorities. Chinese literati and gentry produced a pamphlet attacking Christian beliefs as socially subversive and irrational. Incendiary handbills and fliers distributed to crowds were also produced, and were linked to outbreaks of violence against Christians.

The club's name honors the essayist Charles Lamb and his sister Mary, who during the early 19th century played host to actors and literati at their famed salon in London.Hardee, Lewis J., Jr., The Lambs Theatre Club, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland Publishing, 2010 [2006]. . A book about the history of The Club. The Lambs was recognized on May 9, 2008, by the Mayor of New York City, Michael Bloomberg.

Okuhara Seiko Okuhara Seiko was a Literati artist in Japan in the late 1800s. She became a leading artist in Japan founding an art school and displaying her art throughout the country. In 1891, at the age of fifty-five, Seiko decided to retire to a country village. The paintings created by Seiko following her retirement are highly regarded and considered to be some of her finest work.

The Ringling Art Library is one of the largest art reference libraries in the southeastern United States. The collection of nearly 90,000 volumes includes some 800 books originally owned by John Ringling himself. The collection covers the 16th-21st centuries and topics like fine and decorative art, art history, architecture, fashion, and theater. The Library hosts a free book club, the Literati Book Club, which discusses famous authors & art history.

Koan practice developed from a literary practice, styling snippets of encounter-dialogue into well-edited stories. It arose in interaction with "educated literati". There were dangers involved in such a literary approach, such as ascribing specific meanings to the cases. Dahui Zonggao is even said to have burned the woodblocks of the Blue Cliff Record, for the hindrance it had become to study of Chán by his students.

Turning away from Socialist Realism, the Caocao group rejected the use of ink painting as a political gesture of nationalism. They instead associated with the ideology of Chinese literati art, which was considered as a cultural relic to the Maoist regime. At the same time, they were also eager explorers of modernism, celebrating both forms of art. The group exhibited at the Luwan District Cultural Palace in February, 1980.

When he was 19, Lederer became friends with Ben Hecht, who introduced him to the New York literati. His friendship with Hecht led to his being hired to write additional dialogue for the film The Front Page. He later moved back to Hollywood to become a full- time screenwriter. Lederer is recognized for his acerbic wit, with adaptations and collaborative screenplays written mostly during the 1940s and early 1950s.

Examples of his own paintings are the last authentic examples of "literati art" from China. Several expatriates practiced the style after the Communist revolution, but he was the last to die of those who practiced it, and the style was not permitted immediately after the revolution. Subsequent generations had no one to pass the style onto, and so it died out with the few expatriates practicing abroad, like Wang.

Wladimir S. Woytinsky (, Vladimir Savelyevich Voytinskiy; November 12, 1885 – June 11, 1960) was a Russian politician and economist. Woytinsky was born in St. Petersburg into a literati family, he studied economics there and authored a well-received monograph in 1905. During the Russian Revolution of 1905, Woytinsky joined the Bolshevik wing of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party. He was arrested by the police and exiled to Siberia.

Germans, other than the local estate-owners, mainly lived in the cities, such as Riga, Reval, Dorpat, Pernau and Mitau. As late as the mid-19th century the population of many of these cities still had a German majority, with Estonian, Latvian or Jewish minorities. By 1867 Riga's population was 42.9% German. Until the late 19th century most of the professional and learned classes in the region, the literati, were Germans.

Qing literati (wenren Chinese:文人) were officially designated as literate or cultivated persons. Parallel to wenren are two terms, "shi"(Chinese:士), scholar, and "shen"(Chinese:绅), often defined as gentry or official. Candidates who achieved the lower degree were called shengyuan (Chinese:生员). Those who pass the second test could take the third test - known as the highest test, held in Beijing every three years.

Literati often turned to religion and the manic arts to channel their responses to the competitive examination. Those who failed the civil examinations often mocked the selection process in popular novels, such as Wu Jingzi's (1701-1754) The Scholars, and vernacular stories by Pu Songling (1640-1715). Such narratives framed the examination process from the angle of the failures. Such works appealed to both elites and non-elites.

As Gil exits the building to fetch his manuscript from his hotel, he finds he has returned to 2011; the bar where the 1920s literati were drinking is now a laundromat. The next night, Gil wants to share with Inez his time travel experience. She ditches Gil before the clock strikes midnight. Before long, the same car returns; Gil joins Hemingway on his way to visit a friend.

He wrote biographies of Jesus, Buddha, and Cleopatra in the Bengali language, and made verse translations of the Bhagavad Gita and the Markandeya Purana. Nabindrachandra's Bhanumati (a novel-in-verse) and "Prabaser Patra" ( a memoir of his travels) also brought him fame. His five- volume autobiography, Amar Jiban (My Life), is an important document chronicling the politics and social aspirations of the Bengali literati in the late nineteenth century.

West was awarded the 1959 James Tait Black Memorial Prize for The Devil's Advocate. In the early 1960s, he helped found the Australian Society of Authors.Sally Blakeney, "The outsider: How the literati shunned a luminary", Weekend Australian, 16–17 October 1999 He presented the 1986 Playford Lecture. In 1993, West announced that he had written his last book and a formal valedictory dinner was held in his honour.

Han Chinese from all over China moved into Dihua, as did Chinese Hui Muslims from Gansu and Shaanxi. The origin of Hui in Ürümqi is often indicated by the names of their Mosques. By 1762, more than 500 shops had already been opened by Chinese migrants to the area of modern-day Ürümqi. Those Qing literati who visited Dihua were impressed by its cultural sophistication and similarity to eastern China.

The site of 86 St James's Street has been used for public houses and private clubs since the early 18th century. In 1702, the building was home to Williams' Coffee-House, a popular venue for the literati of the day. In 1749 the premises became a tavern. Following several other landlords, Richard John Atwood took on the lease in 1774 and ran the premises as a coffee house and a club.

Su Shi was born in Meishan, near Mount Emei today Sichuan province. His brother Su Zhe and his father Su Xun were both famous literati. His given name, Shi (), refers to the crossbar railing at the front of a chariot; Su Xun felt that the railing was a humble, but indispensable, part of a carriage. Su's early education was conducted under a Taoist priest at a local village school.

The current status of Chinese intellectuals reflects traditions established in the imperial period. For most of this period, government officials were selected from among the literati on the basis of the Confucian civil service examination system. Intellectuals were both participants in and critics of the government. As Confucian scholars, they were torn between their loyalty to the emperor and their obligation to "correct wrong thinking" when they perceived it.

Historical Digression, Civil War Training Camps in Massachusetts, part 2 August 9, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2020. During his teens he traveled and studied for some years in Europe. In 1847, the family moved to Staten Island, New York, settling among a community of literati and abolitionists while Shaw attended the Second Division of St. John's College, a preparatory school, which is now Fordham Prepatory School in the Bronx at Fordham.

While serving under Sun Ce, Zhang Zhao received several flattering letters from his fellow literati in the north. He faced a dilemma on how to deal with those letters. On one hand, he was afraid that if he kept quiet about those letters, Sun Ce would start questioning his loyalty. On the other hand, he was also worried that others would scorn him for being boastful if he revealed the letters.

In the late Ming period, several private kilns won great popularity among the literati, who were enthusiastic about the antique style porcelain. Examples were the Cui kiln (), Zhou kiln (), and Hu kiln (). Ceramics in the late Ming dynasty was produced in high quality and quantity, making Jingdezhen one of the earliest commercial centres in the world. Competition in the porcelain industry erupted following the failure of the corvée system.

Joseph Black's grave in Greyfriars Kirkyard in Edinburgh Black was a member of The Poker Club. He was 1st cousin, great friend and colleague to Adam Ferguson FRSE who married his niece Katherine Burnett in 1767, and associated with David Hume, Adam Smith, and the literati of the Scottish Enlightenment. He was also close to pioneering geologist James Hutton.Records of the Clan and Name of Ferguson 1895 p.

The theme soon became a popular subject in artistic circles. It later became a popular theme with Japanese bunjin literati painters and became widely known after its introduction in Japan during the Muromachi period (1336–1573). Thereafter the subjects and titles formed the basis for paintings and poetry. The Japanese often adapted the theme to local geography, with such titles as Eight Views of Edo or Eight Views of Kanagawa.

During the Ming Dynasty, Confucianism was at the center of China's philosophy and religion. Unlike their Daoist counterparts, the elite Confucian literati sought to end shamanistic practices through assimilation and suppression. This was important to Confucians because they saw shamans as a lower class and wanted to create a distinct separation from them. This proved difficult because shamanism, unlike Daoism and Buddhism, had no central tradition, ideology, or location.

Unlike other literati purges, the Fourth Literati Purge of 1545, or Ulsa Sahwa (을사사화, 乙巳士禍), was largely a result of power struggle between relatives of the competing princes. After Jo Gwang-jo's fall, Nam Gon and Shim Jung's faction and Kim Anro's faction vied for power after Kim Anro's son married Jungjong's eldest daughter. Kim Anro was exiled by Nam Gon and Shim Jung for abusing power, but he returned from exile after Nam Gon's death and successfully drove out Shim Jung, who was accused of accepting bribes from Consort Park to help her put her son on the throne instead of crown prince. Later he framed Shim Jung and Consort Park on the charge of cursing the crown prince (A dead rat whose mouth, eyes, and ears were burnt with hot iron to make it look like a pig was discovered hanging from a tree in the crown prince's palace on his birthday.

The Jin Dynasty era was typified poetically by, for example, the Orchid Pavilion Gathering of 42 literati; the romantic Midnight Songs poetry; and, Tao Yuanming, the great and highly personal poet who was noted for speaking in his own voice rather than a persona. Some of the highlights of the poetry of the Northern and Southern Dynasties include the Yongming poets, the anthology collection New Songs from the Jade Terrace, and Su Hui's Star Gauge.

A well-known man-of-letters, Wang Anshi produced many outstanding essays and poems. Lines from one of his most famous pieces: One of eight famous literati of Tang－Song period, Wang Anshi was known for writing with succinctness and profundity. He laid stress on literature's social function and that writings should serve a purpose. His essays "A Visit to Baochan Mountain" and "In Reply to Official Censor Sima's Letter" are widely read by posterity.

He married Katherine Emmes (1570/71–1590) in 1586. His first work was a broadside of 1581, and London literati came to see him as one of a group of ballad writers including also William Elderton and Thomas Deloney. In 1583 he published his best-known work, The Anatomie of Abuses. It consisted of a virulent attack on the manners, customs, amusements and fashions of the period including the theatre, gambling, alcohol and fashion.

He himself wrote prolifically for his own magazine: short stories, poems, and folk songs. It began as an annual but by its end it was appearing at six-month intervals. Its circulation was approximately 1000. Hungarian writers who travelled abroad to cultivate links with German and English literati could point to Aurora as evidence of the existence of a new and vital literary culture which would transcend the neoclassicism of elder figures like Ferenc Kazinczy.

For being a political opponent of Cao Cao and humiliating him on multiple occasions, Kong Rong was eventually put to death on various charges. Famed for his quick wits and elaborate literary style, Kong Rong was ranked among the Seven Scholars of Jian'an, a group of representative literati of his time. However, most of his works had been lost. Those that survived can be found in compilations from the Ming and Qing dynasties.

Many officials and scholars gathered around the two centers of power and each group developed into separate political factions. Yun Im's faction became known as ‘Greater Yun’ and the Yun brothers' faction as ‘Lesser Yun’. Their conflict led to the Fourth Literati Purge of 1545 after Jungjong's death. As the dynasty weakened as a consequence of the continual internal conflict, foreign powers driven away by earlier monarchs returned with much greater effect.

Kawaguchi was arrested in Kamakura, Kanagawa in 1933, along with fellow literati Kume Masao and Satomi Ton for illegal card gambling. In 1935, Kawaguchi won the first Naoki Prize for a short story titled Tsuruhachi Tsurujirō. He followed this with a serialized novel, Aizen Katsura, a melodramatic love story involving a nurse and a doctor, which ran from 1936-1938. The story became a tremendously popular bestseller and gained him considerable fame.

This is often called Classical Irish, while Ethnologue gives the name "Hiberno-Scottish Gaelic" to this standardised written language. As long as this written language was the norm, Ireland was considered the Gaelic homeland to the Scottish literati. Later orthographic divergence has resulted in standardised pluricentristic orthographies. Manx orthography, which was introduced in the 16th and 17th centuries, was based loosely on English and Welsh orthography, and so never formed part of this literary standard.

Mu Xin was born on February 14, 1927 in Wuzhen, a historic town in Zhejiang, China, into a wealthy and prestigious family with businesses interests in Shanghai. In his early life, Mu Xin received traditional literati education. In 1946, Mu Xin started to study at the Academy of Fine Arts at Shanghai University. Mu Xin was dismissed from school by the order of the mayor of Shanghai for leading student movements in the Academy.

Eirik Vandvik (1904-1953) was professor in literature at the university of Oslo. Professor Vandvik was one of the major interpreters of the ancient Greek and Latin literature, and saw it as his purpose to make these works available to Norwegian literati. Vandvik interpreted major works like "Greek tragedy" - a collection of tragedies and the "Iliad". He wrote in "nynorsk" and his interpretations of these works into living language is still a pleasure to read.

With an estimated total of 50,000,000 graves (based on population density estimates), some 80,000 inscriptions would have been produced in total in the Merovingian South alone (and maybe close to 400,000 in total, so that of the order of 0.1% of the corpus has come down to us), and estimates a population of several hundred active literati throughout the period, with as many as 1,600 during the Alamannic "runic boom" of the 6th century.

The classic koan-collections, such as the Blue Cliff Record were assembled in this period, which reflect the influence of the "literati" on the development of Chán. In this phase Chán is transported to Japan, and exerts a great influence on Korean Seon via Jinul. Neither Ferguson nor McRae give a periodisation for Chinese Chán following the Song-dynasty, though McRae mentions :[5.] "at least a postclassical phase or perhaps multiple phases".

Chán also influenced Neo-Confucianism as well as certain forms of Taoism, such as the Quanzhen school. The classic Chan koan collections, such as the Blue Cliff Record and the Gateless barrier were assembled in this period,, which reflect the learned influence of the highly intellectual scholar-official class or "literati" on the development of Chán. In this phase, Chán is transported to Japan and exerts a great influence on Korean Seon via Jinul.

Literati, T. Lost Uzhhorod: how was rebuilt the Masaryk's Bridge (Втрачений Ужгород: як відбудовували міст Масарика). "Prozahid". 26 November 2015 Beside the Great Bridge, Uzhhorod has another no less important bridge which connects the city's Teatralna ploshcha (Theatric Square) and ploshcha Sándora Petőfi (Sándor Petőfi Square). The bridge existed as wooden until the great city flood of 1893 which destroyed the bridge. Yet it was relatively quickly rebuilt as iron bridge in 1896-1897.

Retrieved 7 February 2011. The live-in nanny that Wilmers hired in the early 1980s, Nina Stibbe, wrote letters home describing the North London literati life; these were compiled and published, and turned into a 2016 TV series, Love, Nina. Early in his career, Frears made a programme featuring the band the Scaffold and is name-checked ("Mr Frears had sticky-out ears...") in their hit song "Lily the Pink".Scaffold, "Lily the Pink" lyrics.

Tamil people are natives in South India and in Sri Lanka. In the early centuries of the common era, Buddhists and Jains from northern and eastern regions of India influenced South India. The Tamil Hindu literati responded with their own literature, particularly with the bhakti saints, the Nayanars and Alvars. By the 12th century CE, the Tamils had an extensive network of temples, religious literature and pilgrimage sites dedicated to Shaivism and Vaishnavism.

Morteza Avini's grave stone. Avini was killed by shrapnel from a landmine explosion in Fakkeh, in northwest Khuzestan Province, on April 9, 1993, while producing a documentary. He was dubbed a shahid, or "martyr," after his death. Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, the Supreme Leader of Iran, described him as "the master of martyred literati" () on the 20th day of Farvardin, which was declared the day of "Islamic Revolution art" on the Iranian calendar.

Among the common populace Tibetan Buddhism seems to have grown in popularity. A profitable business was the selling of Dharma instruments at the capital and one report states that "men and women in the capital filled the street" for Tibetan monks in Beijing. Tibetan-style ceremonies also became fashionable for weddings and funerals of the rich. Many Ming literati and courtiers continued to attack and ridicule the religion as demon worship and sorcery.

The fall of the Ming Dynasty and the subsequent establishment of the Qing dynasty by the Manchus was blamed by some literati on religion, specifically Taoism. They sought to regain power by advocating a return to Confucian orthodoxy in a movement called Hanxue, or "Han Learning." This movement returned the Confucian classics to favor and nearly completely rejected Taoism. During the eighteenth century, the imperial library was constituted, but excluded virtually all Taoist books.

He was a significant figure in the Scottish Enlightenment and also of the moderates in the Church of Scotland.Shefr, R. B., Church and Society in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh, Princeton, 1985. In 1783 he was a founding member of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He died of jaundice on 11 June 1793, at Grange House in south Edinburgh (the large, now-demolished mansion which gave its name to the Grange district).

The book contains around 1,130 historical anecdotes and character sketches of around 600 literati, musicians and painters who lived in the Han and Wei–Jin periods (2nd-4th centuries). Chapter 19, for instance, has 32 stories about outstanding women. It is thus both a biographical source and a record of colloquial language. The original text of the book was divided into eight volumes of juan (卷 "scroll"), though current editions generally span ten volumes.

The Linji-school became the dominant school within Chan, due to support from literati and the court. Before the Song Dynasty, the Linji-school is rather obscure, and very little is known about its early history. The first mention of Linji is in the Zutang ji, compiled in 952, 86 years after Linji's death. But the Zutang ji pictures the Xuefeng Yicun lineage as heir to the legacy of Mazu and the Hongzhou-school.

The classic koan-collections, such as the Blue Cliff Record were assembled in this period, which reflect the influence of the "literati" on the development of Chán. In this phase Chán is transported to Japan, and exerts a great influence on Korean Seon via Jinul. Neither Ferguson nor McRae give a periodisation for Chinese Chán following the Song-dynasty, though McRae mentions :[5.] "at least a postclassical phase or perhaps multiple phases".

28, 1942), p. 13. In 1946, as part of her efforts at promotion at Columbia Artist Management, she co-founded with Nelson Lansdale Artist Life, a magazine intended for managers and other heads of music organizations and agencies."Literati: Longhair News Monthly," Variety (Aug 21, 1946), p. 61. Columbia's board of directors put an end to Artist Life in the fall of 1949, citing 6,000 readers but a deficit of between $6,000 and $7,000.

Countless literati poet, singular Chester, South officials, monks, Taoist and the hiking visitors left their footprints here since a thousand years ago.such as the poetry and the exploration of anecdotes. The shape of the Rooster rock is similar to a rooster. Huang Tengxia scenic spot, "the King of drifting", is the best natural ecological tourist area in Qingyuan in terms of the quality and quantity of water, the preserved condition of plants.

The peak of Johann Köler's career coincided with the rise of the Estonian national awakening and he used his position in the imperial court to promote the cause of the Estonian people. He also was a friend of the journalist Carl Robert Jakobson, one of the authors of the idea of the Estonian self-determination. From 1891 to 1893 Köler was the president of the Society of Estonian Literati (Eesti Kirjameeste Selts).

It was designed by architect ER Robson and inspired by the British Museum Reading Room. In 2006, "brightly coloured leather bound books" were restored and reinstated to the bookshelves, along with "busts of famous literati looking down from the beautiful high domed ceiling." While the People's Palace is home to the Grade II listed Great Hall. The art deco style Great Hall has a seating capacity of over 700 and standing of 1,000.

In 1531, a group of artisans created the Congregation of Rozzi dedicated to mainly oral performances of secular poetry, often during festivals. At this "academy", intellectuals and literati of the town attempted to refine the more popular forms of theater into more sophisticated art. By some it was called the Academy of the Uncouth for its avoidance of Latin texts.Cambridge History of Italian Literature, by Peter Brand and Lino Pertile, page 230.

Jóhanna received the Order of the Falcon (Icelandic: Hin íslenska fálkaorða) in January 2020 for research and teaching in information and records management.Forseti Íslands. Orðuhafaskrá. Retrieved April 2, 2020. In 2016 Jóhanna won the “Emerald Literati Network Awards 2016 for Excellence: Outstanding Paper from the Previous Year” in the field of information science for the article “Government secrecy: Public attitudes toward information provided by the authorities”, which was published in Records Management Journal.

Renaud writes "But one day, I know God will recognise dogs". L'entarté, on the other hand, is an all-out attack on philosopher Bernard-Henri Lévy, although he is only mentioned as "l'entarté", a reference to his numerous encounters with cream pie flinger Noël Godin. The album cover was shot in the bar at the Closerie des Lilas, the Left Bank cafe made famous by its patronage by Paris's literati since 1847.

Emphasis on refined design and technique became more pronounced as the Rinpa style developed. The Rinpa style flourished in Kyōto, Nara, and Ōsaka, i.e., the political and cultural triangle of ancient Japan. Kyōto and Ōsaka were also two of the most important cities of the Nanga (南画 "Southern painting"), also known as Bunjinga (文人画 "literati painting") school's style; Nanga painting was therefore exposed to the influence of Rinpa painting and vice versa.

Poole was a book reviewer for Town and Country, and the author of Books of Verse. In June 1895, she published the successful book of verses entitled A Bank of Violets, which secured the favorable consideration of forty reviewers in the United States and England. She received appreciative letters from several of the literati, among them Pierre Loti, Israel Zangwill, and John Gilmer Speed, a grandnephew of John Keats, one of her favorite poets.

Oberholtzer, Ellis Paxson. The Literary History of Philadelphia. Philadelphia: George W. Jacobs & Co., 1906: 282. With Graham's, Poe also launched his Literati of New York series, which purportedly analyzes the signatures of well-known figures in the New York scene, but which featured Poe taking pot-shots at their personalities. The Philadelphia Inquirer in October 1841 called Poe's article "the most singular, and at the same time, the most interesting article" in the magazine.

Page of text (folio 160v) from a Carolingian Gospel Book (British Library, Add MS 11848), written in Carolingian minuscule. Text is Vulgate Luke 23:15–26. The script is derived from Roman half uncial and the insular scripts that were being used in Irish and English monasteries. The strong influence of Irish literati on the script can be seen in the distinctively cló-Gaelach (Irish style) forms of the letters, especially a, e, d, g, s, and t.

Of particular note is his book Legends Demons and Dreams, originally released in hardcover by Longstreet Press in 2005 and published in paperback in 2007 by Literati Press. In 2008 Dews became a writer-in-residence at Andrew College in Cuthbert, Georgia, where he attended college for a short time. While a writer-in-residence at Andrew, Dews completed and published a second collection of stories entitled An Illusion of Victory, which were released by CreateSpace in 2009.

At 17 years old she married Andrea Maffei, but they separated by mutual consent on 15 June 1846. She had a long and lasting relationship with Carlo Tenca. She is well known for the salon she hosted in via dei Tre Monasteri in Milan, known as the "". Starting in 1834 and organised by Tommaso Grossi and Massimo d'Azeglio, it attracted several well-known literati, artists, scholars, composers and pro-Risorgimento figures to meet to discuss art and literature.

Yiddish intellectuals and literati in Warsaw, including critics A. Mukdoyni (pseudonym of Alexander Kappel), Noach Prilutski, Dovid Frishman, and I. L. Peretz, held her acting in high esteem, despite their general ambivalence about the influx of American plays and actors into Europe at that time.Warnke (2004), p. 27-28. Although not all of the plays in her repertoire were set in the United States, she cultivated a profile of an American playing American characters.Warnke (2004), p. 28.

In this home, Poe wrote his poems "Annabel Lee" and "Ulalume" while the family cat sat on his shoulder.Phillips, Mary E. Edgar Allan Poe: The Man. Volume II. Chicago: The John C. Winston Co., 1926: 1117. During his time here, he also published his series on "The Literati of New York City", controversial gossip- like discussions of literary figures and their work, including Nathaniel Parker Willis, Charles Frederick Briggs, Thomas Dunn English, Margaret Fuller, and Lewis Gaylord Clark.

Lu Yu ran away and joined the circus as a clown. At age 14, Lu Yu was discovered by the local governor Li Qiwu, who offered Lu Yu the use of his library and the opportunity to study with a teacher. During the An Lushan and Shi Siming rebellion period, Lu Yu retired to Shaoqi (now Wuxing county, Zhejiang). Lu Yu made friends with many literati, including the calligrapher Yan Zhenqing and the poet Huangfu Zheng.

Li was adopted by the owner of a brothel in Nanjing called Meixiang House (), whose surname she took. She was taught to dance, sing, paint, play music, and write poetry. Meixiang House was a favoured brothel of the literati and officials, with Li's adopted mother known for her generosity and chivalry. By age 13, Li was renowned for her singing and playing the pipa that her mistress charged 20 gold taels per guest to see her.

The poet was most revered by fellow Hausa literati who considered him a senior for his exceptional poetic power. Professor Neil Skinner, the renown Hausa scholar, in his book, An Anthology of Hausa Literature, described Malam Akilu as "vigorous and highly productive poet." Sheikh Na’ibi Suleiman Wali, an Islamic scholar and excellent bilingual poet (Arabic and Hausa), called the late poet a fasihi; a Hausanised Arabic word meaning ‘talented’. Alhaji Mudi Sipikin also held the poet in high esteem.

Foreign caravan trader in the Tang dynasty. Sassanian royals like Peroz III and his son Narsieh fled the Arab Islamic invasion of Sassanid Persia for safety in Tang dynasty China where they were granted asylum. The Chinese pirate Feng Ruofang stored Persian slaves on Hainan whom he captured when raiding ships in the 8th century. Hainan was filled with Persian slaves by Feng from his raids on their shipping. MAIR, VICTOR H. “Persian Scribes (Munshi) and Chinese Literati (Ru).

One of her plays, The Sweetmeat Game (1916) was set in San Francisco's Chinatown and inspired her to design her house, known as the Yung See San Fong House, in a Chinese style. Ruth Comfort Mitchell Young wrote novels, poems, short stories, and plays. Because of her fame, many of the literati visited her house. The Youngs were known to be friendly with President Herbert Hoover, Robert W. Service, Gertrude Atherton, Gertrude Stein, and Fremont Older.

Bucke was deeply involved in the poetry scene in America and had friends among the literati, especially those who were poets. In 1869, he read Leaves of Grass by Walt Whitman, an American poet, and was deeply impressed by it. In Cosmic Consciousness, he notes that his cosmic consciousness experience occurred following a night reading Whitman and Romantic poets.Cosmic Consciousness, 7 Later, he met Whitman in 1877 in Camden, New Jersey, and the two developed a lasting friendship.

Wang Chong's ca. 70-80 CE Lunheng 論衡 "Discourses weighed in the balance" is a compendium of essays on subjects including philosophy, religion, and natural sciences. The Rŭzēng 儒増 "Exaggerations of the Literati" chapter mentions Wōrén 倭人 "Japanese people" and Yuèshāng 越裳 "an old name for Champa" presenting tributes during the Zhou Dynasty. In disputing legends that ancient Zhou bronze ding tripods had magic powers to ward off evil spirits, Wang says.

The novel had an immediate impact and cemented his reputation among the literati of the time. This period saw the unleashing of Xiao's creativity with a number of short stories, novellas, essays, and the beginning of his second masterwork Di san dai (, Third Generation) which he wrote on and off for nearly twenty years. It depicts China's old feudal society, the era of bourgeois revolution, imperialism, the warlord era, and the realities of Northeastern Chinese society.

While still in high school, Carroll published his first collection of poems, Organic Trains. Already attracting the attention of the local literati, his work began appearing in the Poetry Project's magazine The World in 1967. Soon his work was being published in elite literary magazines like Paris Review in 1968, and Poetry the following year. In 1970, his second collection of poems, 4 Ups and 1 Down was published, and he started working for Andy Warhol.

Others fled their homeland on the northern steppe due to natural disasters such as droughts, seeking refuge in China where Mongol families found lodging and hospitality.Robinson (1999), 95. Some Mongols became distinguished military officers, were granted noble ranks, and on rarer occasions became ministers in the state bureaucracy. Mongols of noble lineage socialized with Chinese literati of the two capitals (Nanjing and Beijing) while they also had their sons educated in the Chinese classic texts.Robinson (1999), 117.

From the 1970s, Kant took despite its rather narrow view a "weighty significance" in the contemporary literature of East Germany, and had "helped shape minds."Durzak: Kurzgeschichte. S. 284 Heiner Müller described Kant's narrative Bronze Age (1986) in his autobiography as "the sharpest East German satire" which he had read in recent years. For many other colleagues, literary and social critic Kant was opposed to the "pattern and quintessential as maneuverable as windy compromise literati"Helmut Fuhrmann: Vorausgeworfene Schatten.

Jenifer Levin (born October 31, 1955) is an American fiction writer, noted for her contributions to lesbian fiction. As well as writing fiction, she has contributed to the New York Times and Washington Post. The Washington Post called her a member of the "lesbian literati". Levin, herself a former competitive swimmer, has set many of her novels in the world of competitive sport, receiving attention for her coverage of gender, power, and sexuality in that context.

Fairbank, 104. In the case of Shen Kuo and Su Song, their pursuits in academic fields such as classifying pharmaceuticals and improving calendrical science through court work in astronomy fit this ideal. Literati painters of the Song period and subsequent dynasties often remade scenes that were painted in earlier dynasties, while adding their own unique style and artistic expression. Along with intellectual pursuits, the gentry exhibited habits and cultured hobbies which marked their social status and refinement.

It was still rural countryside then, and close to the natural beauty of Ku-ring-gai Chase. That year he won a UNESCO travelling scholarship to Europe and so the family of three spent eight months on the Continent in 1954.Stewart (1985) p. 255 Stewart and Coen maintained close friendships with several contemporary artists and literati including Norman Lindsay, Kenneth Slessor, Nancy Keesing, David Campbell, Rosemary Dobson and her publisher husband Alec Bolton, and publisher Beatrice Davis.

As member of the yukdupum class, Choe had returned to Silla with youthful hopes of reform. Choe was not the first of the yukdupum Confucian literati to attempt to foster reform in the Silla state, however his case is one of the most prominent to come down to us in recorded Korean history. In 894 Choe submitted to Silla's Queen Jinseong (r. 887-897) his "Ten Urgent Points of Reform" for the Silla (시무십여조, 時務十餘條).

The tantric deity Mahakala was used in military campaign to protect the armies during their war against China and became the protector deity of the Yuan state. They were granted unprecedented status and privileges such as temple offerings and shrines. The introduction of "the secret teaching of supreme bliss" (tantric sexual practice) caused quite a scandal among Chinese literati. A common perception among some Chinese was that this patronage of lamas caused corrupt forms of tantra to become widespread.

270 Writing, which till that point had been a "private sideline" for her, became a more prominent part of her life. She wrote poems and linked up with the aristocratic literati around Börries von Münchhausen (1874–1945) and the Göttinger Musenalmanach set, which included Lulu von Strauß und Torney (1873–1956), and Agnes Miegel (1879–1964). The couple moved with their child to Eberswalde (between Berlin and Stettin) in 1914. Ina's son, Georg Seidel, was born in 1919.

Their influence in the arts and literature continued through the Momoyama (1568–1615) and Edo (1615–1868) periods and many of the most famous artists and literati were drawn from their ranks. Although the various sects of Nichiren Buddhism were administratively independent, there is evidence of cooperation between them. For example, in 1466 the major Hokke temples in Kyoto signed the Kanshō-era accord (Kanshō meiyaku) to protect themselves against threats from Mt. Hiei.Montgomery, Daniel (1991).

The young king was very ambitious, and tried to reform the government of the time that was rife with corruption, a legacy of the failed reforms during his father's reign. He rehabilitated Jo Gwang-jo and recruited Sarim scholars who turned away from politics after Third Literati Purge of 1519. His maternal uncle Yun Im exercised great power during this period. However, Injong was too often ill and died in 1545, just one year after coming to the throne.

Kate Daudy Kate Daudy is a British visual artist recognized for her work exploring and re-evaluating the human experience in the context of the natural world. Known for her written interventions in public and private spaces, Daudy’s work is based on an ancient Chinese literati practice. “She holds up a mirror to the world, raising questions that bring introspection and remind us of our common core, that we are all connected.” Philippa Adams, Director of Saatchi Gallery, London.

Little is recorded about Kong Zhou in history. He was from Chenliu Commandery (), which is around present-day Kaifeng, Henan. The official Zheng Tai () once mentioned that Kong Zhou excelled in qingtan (the philosophical repartee popular among the literati at the time) but lacked military leadership.(孔公緒清談高論，噓枯吹生。並無軍旅之才，埶銳之幹，臨鋒決敵，非公之儔。) Houhanshu vol. 70.

Upon return to Buenos Aires, Noé opened a bar (Barbaro) that was frequented by the literati. Even though he’d temporarily abandoned painting, his creative impulse never abated. Noé taught during these years and continued to innovate spatially, using distortion mirrors to arrange installations which he exhibited at the Museo de Bellas Artes de Caracas in 1968. The mirrors helped him to visualize the characters in his 1974 experimental novel Recontrapoder, a philosophical exploration of fragmentation, absurdity, power and aethestics.

CVS Lookbook is an electronic wireless reader that was offered for sale by the CVS/pharmacy corporation starting in the fall of 2010. It is a platform for reading electronic texts, including more than 2 million books, many of which are free, as well as newspapers and magazines. The Lookbook is a redesigned and rebadged version of the Sharper Image Corporation's Literati platform. It uses WiFi and USB to access the content that is available for the device.

Some of them were built by Sarim scholars who retired to villages in the wake of literati purges of 16th century and served as their political bases. Most seowon were closed by an edict of the regent Daewon-gun in the turbulent final years of the 19th century. He banned the unauthorized construction of seowon in 1864, and removed their tax exemption in 1868; finally, in 1871, he ordered all but a handful closed. (1984), p. 262.

Whilst in office he strongly supported the war against America. In 1777 the prime minister, Frederick North, Lord North created him a Baron of the Scottish Exchequer, a prestigious and well-paid role which after his death was filled by George Buchanan Hepburn. Gordon was a man of strong character, a friend of Lord Monboddo and James Boswell. In 1783, along with many Edinburgh literati, he co-founded the Royal Society of Edinburgh, serving as their Literary President.

These radical reforms were very popular with the populace but were fiercely opposed by the conservative officials who helped to put Jungjong on the throne. They plotted to cause Jungjong to doubt Jo's loyalty. Jo Gwangjo was executed, and most of his reform measures died with him in the resulting Third Literati Purge of 1519. For nearly 50 years afterward, the court politics was marred by bloody and chaotic struggles between factions backing rival consorts and princes.

Heard was the first among a group of literati friends (several others of whom, including Christopher Isherwood, were also British) to discover Swami Prabhavananda and Vedanta. Heard became an initiate of Vedanta. Like that of his friend Aldous Huxley (another in this circle), the essence of Heard's mature outlook was that a human being can effectively pursue intentional evolution of consciousness. He maintained a regular discipline of meditation, along the lines of yoga, for many years.

Like her mother, Machi composed waka poetry, but excelled in painting and Calligraphy. Gyokuran began to learn to paint at an early age under famous literati painter Yanagisawa Kien, who was a regular at her mother's teahouse. It is likely that he was the one to introduce her to Ike no Taiga, who became her teacher. Gyokuran's husband Taiga taught her the painting style of the nanga (Southern painting) movement, a Japanese version of a Chinese style.

Kuo was born in 1919 into a family of affluent Chinese literati intimately linked to the Qing dynasty government of China. Her uncle Yuan Li-jun was the tutor of Puyi, the last Emperor of China. She grew up exposed to the finest offerings of Chinese cuisine and showed keen interest in learning about food. She befriended the hired cooks in her household and was taught the techniques of preparing some of their more opulent dishes.

Li was adopted by the owner of a brothel in Nanjing called Meixiang House (), whose surname she took. She was taught to dance, sing, paint, play music, and write poetry. Meixiang House was a favoured brothel of the literati and officials, with Li's adopted mother known for her generosity and chivalry. By age 13, Li was renowned for her singing and playing the pipa that her mistress charged 20 gold taels per guest to see her.

The guqin Qin 琴 is the musical instrument of the literati, the guqin. Although it exclusively meant this instrument in ancient times, it has now come to mean all musical instruments, but essentially it refers to guqin only considering the context. The guqin is a seven-stringed zither that owes its invention to the Chinese society of some 3,000 years ago. During the reign of the imperial China, a scholar was expected to play the guqin.

In 1947, the Central Government changed the name of the place to "Coffee House". The place became a meeting place for poets, artistes, literati and people from the world of art and culture. The coffee house is famous for its adda sessions, and as the breeding place of several political and cultural personalities and movements. A famous song "Coffee House-er Sei Adda-ta" (কফি হাউসের সেই আড্ডাটা), sung by Manna Dey is based on this Coffee House.

Musicians in Ming China had a diverse status, with many musicians having low social positions. At the same time, musicians could also enjoy great status, like in the case of the emperor Hongzhi who was very well known for being a proponent of music. Most musicians however, were not part of imperial or gentry family and Ming music culture was characterized by four distinct but closely interrelated subcultures. These were the court, literati, religious, and commoner music subcultures.

A leading figure in the society Friedrich Robert Faehlmann published a number of Estonian legends and myths in German based on genuine Estonian folklore and on Ganander's Finnish mythology, "The Dawn and Dusk" (Koit ja Hämarik Inspired by Faehlmann, the philologist Nikolai Anderson authored a ballad based on this myth: ) being considered one of the most beautiful Estonian myths having popular origin. Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald started collecting Estonian folklore in 1843 but ended up changing the tales considerably. The materials collected primarily from Virumaa were reworked and published as The Old tales of the Estonian People in 1866. In 1842 The Society of the Estonian Literati was founded in Tallinn. Alexander H. Neus' anthology Ehstnische Volkslieder Ehstnische Volkslieder at google books(3 vols; 1850–52) is considered the first scholarly publication on Estonian folksongs. In total 1300 songs are given in Estonian language and in German translation. The president of The Society of the Estonian Literati, Pastor Dr. Jakob Hurt, considered the "King of Estonian folklore" began collecting Estonian folklore in the 1870s.

Interest in Estonian folklore began at the beginning of the 19th century. The Learned Estonian Society was established in 1839 as the central organisation for the collection and study of Estonian folklore. It was this society that coordinated the compilation of the Estonian epic Kalevipoeg, begun by Friedrich Robert Faehlmann and completed by Friedrich Reinhold Kreutzwald. In 1843 Kreutzwald initiated the idea of the systematic collection of Estonian folklore. Alexander Neus, under the auspices of the Society of Estonian Literati (Eesti Kirjameeste Selts), founded in 1842, published a three volume anthology of Estonian folksongs in 1852. This three volume set of some 1,300 songs is considered the first scholarly publication.Felix Oinas, Studies in Finnic Folklore, Routledge 1997, page 22 Soon after Dr. Jakob Hurt assumed the presidency of the Estonian Literati Society in 1872, a project was initiated for the systematic collection of folklore across Estonia. Both collecting and editing was coordinated by Jakob Hurt, organising around 1,400 volunteer collectors through appeals, through the press, brochures and personal correspondence.

The idea of the historical imagination was replaced with the source-based empiricism championed by Ranke.T. S. Martin, Green History: The Future of the Past (University Press of America, 2000), , p. 85. Marinel Ash has noted that after the death of Scott, Scottish national history lost its momentum, and the Scottish literati stopped writing Scottish histories. Colin Kidd has observed a change of attitudes to historical writing and suggests that this was one reason for a lack of the development of political nationalism.

As courtesan matriarch, she befriended many poets and intellects such as Peng Nian (1505–1566), Zhou Tianqiu (1514–1595), Xu Wei (1521–1593), Xue Mingyi (late 16th century), and Wang Zhideng (1535–1612). The poets would write poems inspired by her or for her, describing Ma as beautiful with a warm and welcoming personality. During their visits, Ma Shouzhen joined them in making paintings, poems, and plays. She also hosted parties on her multi-leveled house-boat with the literati as her guests.

As a famous female bunjin (literati artist) artist, she is renowned for earning her own success with her art without literary or artistic connections, much like her contemporary Noguchi Shohin. Both artists also omitted the feminine character ‘joshi’ in their signatures, like many female artists. She and Noguchi Shohin were friends of the statesman Kido Takayoshi and they enjoyed his patronage. Kido and the two of them would create gassaku which are collaborative paintings that include both pictures and text.

She was a minor pupil of Tani Bunchō, but because of her gender, was not allowed to enter into an apprenticeship. Part of her artistic training involved the copying of funpon (pictorial models), which may be seen in her work and were also later used in her teaching. The use of funpon was derived from the Chinese, as the literati practice followed a Chinese example. Seiko was celebrated for her individual style, which drew from a variety of artistic elements and examples.

Anne Tyler's novels have been reviewed and analyzed by numerous fellow authors, scholars and professional critics. The summary that follows of the nature of her work relies upon selected descriptions and insights by a limited number of the many distinguished literati who have reviewed her works. Also Tyler herself has revealed much about her own writing through interviews. Although she has refused to participate in face-to-face interviews until very recently, she has participated in numerous e-mail interviews over the years.

Mrauk-U, or Arrakan (city of Arrakan), in the first plan the Portuguese settlement of Daingri-pet. In Wouter Schouten : Oost-Indische Voyagie, t.o. p. 148. 1676 Mrauk U may seem to be a sleepy village today but not so long ago it was the capital of the Arakan empire where Portuguese, Dutch and French traders rubbed shoulders with the literati of Bengal and Mughal princes on the run. Mrauk U was declared capital of the Arakanese kingdom in 1431.

He wrote in his native Ruthenian (Chancery Slavonic) language, as was typical for literati in the earlier phase of the Renaissance in the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. After the middle of the 16th century, Polish predominated in literary productions.Snyder (2003), p. 21 Many educated Lithuanians came back from studies abroad to help build the active cultural life that distinguished 16th-century Lithuania, sometimes referred to as Lithuanian Renaissance (not to be confused with Lithuanian National Revival in the 19th century).

Ngô Chân Lưu (, 933-1011), title Khuông Việt (), was a Vietnamese Buddhist monk and poet. He wrote some of the earliest works by any Vietnamese writer, but wrote in Chinese, the language of the Vietnamese literati and Confucian scholars. His Ngọc lang quy (), a farewell to Lý Giác, is one of the first works of chữ nho tradition of Vietnamese literature.Nguyẽ̂n Tài Thư, The History of Buddhism in Vietnam 2008- Page 77 "monkshood, and awarded the further appellation of "Khuong Viet.

Araki's work was also influenced by his travels, and by painters Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec and Egon Schiele. Another interest was Pablo Picasso and other contemporary abstract painters. Through various styles, Araki is known for his literati painting and expressing his unique perspective as someone with various cultural influences, both from upbringing and his travels. Araki's best-known piece is Snow Monkeys at Play in Autumn and Winter, a work that is inspired by the Nihonga painting style of 20th-century Japan.

The idea was to take control of all regional cultural aspirations and redirect them in support of party goals. The "Heimatwerk Sachsen" existed till 1945, intended to inspire the entire region of Saxony to identify with the National Socialist state. As part of this mission, the "Heimatwerk Sachsen" banned the Saxon dialect. There was no longer any place for "Saxon comedy, joke makers and jewifying literati" , which had simply led to "mutilation of the language in Saxony" ("Verschandelung der sächsischen Sprache").

Shternberg organized a circle of Yiddish literati, predominantly from Bessarabia, which in addition to Srul Bronshtein included poets Tzvi Tzelman, Zishe Bagish and prose writers Ikhil Shraybman, Arn Ocnitzer, Azriel Roitman, among others. It was in Bucharest that Bronshtein's first collection of Yiddish verse was published in 1938, entitled Moldove, mayn heym ("Moldavia, my home").Search record in Joe Fishstein Collection of Yiddish Poetry, Division of Rare Books and Special Collections, McLennan Library, McGill University. Accessed online 4 December 2006.

The love of his life, Princess Ekaterine Chavchavadze, rejected him and married David Dadiani, Prince of Mingrelia. Baratashvili's hopeless infatuation: Ekaterine Dadiani, Princess of Mingrelia, by Franz Xaver Winterhalter Baratashvili died of malaria in Ganja, unmourned and unpublished, at the age of 27. Baratashvili's influence was long delayed, but as the next generation of Georgian literati rediscovered his lyrics, he was posthumously published, between 1861 and 1876, and idolized. Baratashvili's reinterment from Ganja to Tbilisi in 1893 turned into a national celebration.

To create an anthology (Shinkokinshū) to rival the Kokinshū, Go-Toba organized the Imperial Poetry Office, filled with numerous elite courtiers and literati, among whom Chōmei was assigned as a lower level member. As a member of this organization, Chōmei enjoyed benefits that would otherwise not have been given to him, including visits to the Imperial Garden to view the cherry blossoms in bloom. Chōmei worked for the Imperial Poetry Office until he decided to become a recluse in 1204.

Many handicraftsmen chose to pay the money and work freely to maximize their income. In Ming China, it was popular to add illustrations into novels for people who can’t read Chinese characters. Huagong (画工), skilled painters without official position in the court, had lower social status than the literati painters . This group of artisans created the illustrations for novels and plays, some of the pictures used as New Year picture templates, so called 粉本（Pinyin:Fěn běn） in Chinese.

Taoist texts and the literati and Taoist priests that wrote and commented on them never made the distinction between "religious" and "philosophical" ideas, particularly those related to metaphysics and ethics. The major texts of this loose philosophical tradition are traditionally seen as the Tao Te Ching, and the Zhuangzi, though it was only during the Han Dynasty that they were grouped together under the label "Taoist" (Daojia). The I Ching was also later linked to this tradition by scholars like Wang Bi.

Chinese calligraphy is the writing of Chinese characters as an art form, combining purely visual art and interpretation of the literary meaning. This type of expression has been widely practiced in China and has been generally held in high esteem across East Asia. Calligraphy is considered as one of the four best friends of ancient Chinese literati, along with playing stringed musical instruments, the board game "Go", and painting. There are some general standardizations of the various styles of calligraphy in this tradition.

Main Hall for General books on the premises of the Iranian capital's Mosallā-e Tehran site 29th Tehran International Book Fair Tehran International Book Fair () is an annual international book fair held in Tehran, Iran. Held in a 120,000 square meter venue at Tehran's Grand Prayer Grounds, the event also provides an opportunity for publishers to discuss future cooperation. The fair also features special sections, including the House of Literati that honors prominent Iranian cultural figures from a variety of disciplines.

Her works are held in a number of museums both in China and elsewhere. Her archery was commented upon by a number of contemporary writers, as were her masculine, martial tendencies; these were regarded as an attractive feature by the literati of the period. She lived in Eastern China, residing for most of her life in the Zhejiang and Jiangsu districts. After a career as a celebrated courtesan in Nanjing, Xue married several times, but none of these unions lasted.

The Central Asian foreign women in the Sogdian owned wineshops in the Chinese capital are also believe to have been slaves since Chinese poets depicted then as homesick, sad and melancholy and they would service travelers by keeping them company overnight. Merchants and literati would frequent the wineshops. The Sogdians reaped massive profits from selling slave girls and so did the Chinese government by taxing the sale of the slaves. Slave girls were one of the major products Chinese bought from Sogdians.

Imperial cuisine was closely related to preserving health. Several hundred writings about using food and diet therapy for better health have appeared throughout Chinese history. For example, The Health Building of the People in the Song Dynasty, by Song Xu, the Gentlemen's Remark on Diets, by Chen Jiru, and the History of the Ming Palace - Preferences for Diets, by Liu Ruoyu in the Ming dynasty. Most of these books about diet therapy were written by scholars, literati, medical specialists or historians.

Cheng Yu : 5 string pipa During the Song Dynasty, pipa fell from favour in the imperial court, perhaps a result of the influence of neo-Confucian nativism as pipa had foreign associations. However, it continued to be played as a folk instrument that also gained the interest of the literati. The pipa underwent a number of changes over the centuries. By the Ming dynasty, fingers replaced plectrum as the popular technique for playing pipa, although finger-playing techniques existed as early as Tang.

Fearghal died in April (after the 7th) 1393. The Annals of Ulster for 1393 state- Ferghal Mag Samradhain, namely, chief of Tellach-Eathach, to wit, a general patron to the learned retinues and companies of Ireland, died between Easter and May-Day this year. And troubled and saddened are the learned companies by that death. The Annals of the Four Masters under the year 1393 state- Farrell Magauran, Chief of Teallach Eachdhach, a man of lavish hospitality towards the literati.

The Neijing Tu () is a Daoist "inner landscape" diagram of the human body illustrating Neidan "Internal alchemy", Wu Xing, Yin and Yang, and Chinese mythology. During the Yuan Dynasty (1279–1367), Daoists continued to develop the Song period practices of neidan alchemy and deity visualizations. Under the Ming Dynasty (1368–1644), neidan methods were interchanged between Daoism and Chan Buddhism. Many literati in the scholar-official class practiced Daoist and Buddhist meditations, which exerted a stronger influence on Confucianism (Kohn 2008a:120).

It took more than 27 years of effort to collect all the words of Gujarati language and their definitions. The King and his team took an effort to collect the words not only from Gujarati, but also from the dialects spoken in various parts of Gujarat, such as Kutch, Kathiyawaad, North and South Gujarat. The whole project was supported by many literati, poets, historians, teachers and authors of that time. Three generation of Bhagavadsinhji continued their support for this mammoth task.

Yoshida lived in Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture between 1946 and 1953 and maintained a long correspondence with various Kamakura literati, including Ishikawa Jun, Ōoka Shōhei, Kobayashi Hideo, Mishima Yukio, and Nakamura Mitsuo. He was awarded the prestigious Yomiuri Prize in 1957 and 1971 and the Noma Literary Prize in 1970. Yoshida died in his home in Tokyo in 1977, shortly after returning from a trip to Europe, at the age of 65; his grave is located at the Kuboyama Reien cemetery in Yokohama.

The cannons mowed down a large number of Qing soldiers, but this only enraged those who survived. After the Yangzhou city fell in May 1645, the Manchus started a general massacre pillage and enslaved all the women and children in the notorious Yangzhou massacre. Nanjing captured promptly by Qing on June 6 and the Prince of Fu was taken to Beijing and executed in 1646. The literati in the provinces responded to the news from Yangzhou and Nanjing with an outpouring of emotion.

Later in life, Chen Shu focused on landscape paintings. Landscape paintings by women during this time were rare because women were unable to travel as often as men. Though Chen Shu most likely did not have much chance to travel due to her sex, she took the time to study landscape painting of male artists. "At her advanced Grandmotherly age, she was most likely in the tranquility of her, garden paint[ing] as her male literati counterparts did, to amuse herself".

Timothy Logan Bakewell Davis (born April 18, 1951) was an American writer who worked in Hollywood from the mid-1970s until his death March 1, 2016, in Los Angeles, California. He was perhaps best known for having been the son of wealthy American expatriates in Spain who lavishly entertained celebrities and the literati, including Ernest Hemingway in a famous 1959 visit when the celebrated author struggled for sanity and survival as he was about to turn 60 and headed toward self-destruction.Catan, Wayne.

Aceh was ruled by four sultanas in succession in 1641–1699. Towards the end of the seventeenth century the moderate element among the literati made way for a more orthodox Islamic vogue which demanded the return of a male ruler. A fatwa, ostensibly issued in Mecca, arrived in 1699 and deemed female rule incompatible with the sharia. Badr ul-Alam Syarif Hasyim, an Arab of sayyid descent, then replaced the current sultana Zainatuddin Kamalat Syah and became the eighteenth Sulṭān of Acèh Darussalam.

Yale University Press, New Haven & London; Foreign Language Press, Beijing. . p. 313. Green ware or celadons were popular, both in China and in export markets, which became increasingly important during the period. Yue ware was succeeded by Northern Celadon and then in the south Longquan celadon. White and black wares were also important, especially in Cizhou ware, and there were polychrome types, but the finer types of ceramics, for the court and the literati, remained monochrome, relying on glaze effects and shape.

In a few months, Liu Chengyou was killed, Later Han was terminated, as Guo Wei founded the Later Zhou. Guo Rong became the military governor of Zhenning Command () and went to Chanzhou (澶州; today's Qingfeng County, Henan). At Chanzhou, he quickly eradicated militarized outlaws in the region and promoted literati to enforce laws more effectively, winning the support of the people. He also initiated projects to tear down dilapidated street walls and build new public office buildings and residential housings.

The judges for the award are chosen from a who's who of the Begali Literati and include artists, art critics, writers, actors, politicians, models, singers, poets etc. Notable among those chosen over the years are artist Shuvaprasanna, actors Sabyasachi, Moon Moon Sen, magician P.C. Sorcar, vocalist Bratati etc. Puja pandals are requested to submit their application by the 3rd day of the Puja. The judges go around the town on the fifth and sixth day and visit all the different Puja pandals.

During the 12th century, a clear difference between the Linji and the Caodong schools emerged. The two schools were competing for support of the literati, who became more powerful when the Song-government started to limit her influence on society. Hongzhi Zhengjue (1091–1157) of the Caodong-school emphasized silent illumination or shikantaza as a means for solitary practice, which could be undertaken by lay- followers. Dahui Zonggao (1089–1163) introduced kanhua practice, "observing the word-head", as a means of solitary practice.

The Alice French House (Thanford) was the center of the area's literary and artistic life, with frequent galas and dinner parties hosting the literati and prominent citizens. French also exercised other talents at Thanford; she had a woodworking shop, where she built shelves and simple furniture, and a darkroom, where she developed and printed photographs with chemicals she mixed herself, an experience that she described and illustrated in An Adventure in Photography, which was first published by Scribner’s in 1893.

Zurndorfer stated that the book can assist both general readers and specialists and that "raises a number of historiographical issues that should, I hope, create debate between those scholars who see the relevance of situating the results of highly erudite sinological research into the broader stream of historical writing, and those who do not."Zurndorfer, p. 637. Dennerline wrote that Dardess "is a great storyteller[...]to be thanked for his attention to the careful selection and translation of literati words."Dennerline, p. 1295.

The accession of the Chongzhen Emperor restored the fortunes of the Donglin faction. Later during Chongzhen's reign, Donglin partisans found themselves opposed to the Grand Secretary Wen Tiren, eventually arranging his dismissal in 1637. The Donglin movement represented growth of the literati influence on the political life in late Imperial China. In this, it was inherited by the Suzhou-centered Fushe movement (復社) before the fall the Ming dynasty, and by the Changzhou School of Thought during the Qing.

Muller ) The origins of the Setsuyōshū are unclear. The oldest extant edition is dated 1496 CE, and the text was probably compiled shortly before the Bunmei era (1469–1487 CE). Despite much speculation about the dictionary's anonymous author, Bailey (1960:47) concludes "a nameless fifteenth-century Zen priest is the likeliest candidate". Unlike many early Japanese dictionaries of Chinese characters that were intended for literati, the Setsuyōshū was a true Japanese language dictionary and entered vocabulary current in Muromachi times.

First, a student from Peking University mistakenly criticized a Shanghai literary rumor for reversing criticism, that is, the textbook writing group set up by Premier Zhou Enlai for the rescue education was described as the "Cultural Revolution Writing Group", and the Shanghai literati himself was mistakenly involved. The pen name is "Shi Yi Ge". Thus, a critical tide of more than a decade without actual evidence is formed. According to Professor Yang Changxun’s statistics, there are more than 1,800 articles in the article.

Krzhizhanovsky was active among Moscow's literati in the 1920s, while working for Alexander Tairov's Chamber Theater. Several of Krzhizhanovsky's stories became known through private readings and a few publications. His writing style might have been influenced by Robert Louis Stevenson, G. K. Chesterton, Edgar Allan Poe, Nikolai Gogol, E. T. A. Hoffmann, and H. G. Wells. In 1929 he penned a screenplay for Yakov Protazanov's acclaimed film The Feast of St Jorgen, yet his name did not appear in the credits.

In the 1830s, the Palace hosted multiple receptions, balls, salons, amateur performances, masquerades, and soirees. Alexey Alexeyevich Bobrinsky The eldest son of Alexey Grigorievich, Count Alexey Alexeyevich Bobrinsky and his wife Sophia Alexandrovna Bobrinskaya continued the traditions of the house. The palace was repeatedly visited by Emperor Nicholas I and Empress Alexandra Feodorovna. The salon of the junior Countess Bobrinskaya was frequented by the literati P. A. Vyazemsky, V. Zhukovskysky, the brothers Vielgorskys, as well by the Imperial Chancellor Prince A.M. Gorchakov.

Terry Randolph Hummer (born August 7, 1950) is an American poet, critic, essayist, editor, and professor. His most recent books of poetry are After the Afterlife (Acre Books) and the three linked volumes Ephemeron, Skandalon, and Eon (Louisiana State University Press). He has published poems in literary journals and magazines including The New Yorker, Harper's, Atlantic Monthly, The Literati Quarterly, Paris Review, and Georgia Review. His honors include a Guggenheim Fellowship inclusion in the 1995 edition of Best American Poetry, and two Pushcart Prizes.

The nickname La Macorina is reputed to have come from a drunken young man. Whilst walking past the Acera del Louvre (the terrace of the Louvre cafe where Cuba's literati and baseball players met), the young man on seeing her beauty said "there goes La Macorina!". He had meant to say "La Fornarina", mistaking her for the famous Spanish cupletista, Consuelo Bello, who was commonly called La Fornarina after the famous painting of the same name by Italian master Raphael of his lover Margarita Luti.

In Japan, rulers gave awards to people deemed to practice exemplary filial conduct. During the Mongolian rule in the Yuan dynasty (13th14th century), the practice of filial piety was perceived to deteriorate. In the Ming dynasty (14th17th century), emperors and literati attempted to revive the customs of filial piety, though in that process, filial piety was reinterpreted, as rules and rituals were modified. Even on the grassroots level a revival was seen, as societies that provided vigilance against criminals started to promote Confucian values.

Burns is generally classified as a proto-Romantic poet, and he influenced William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Percy Bysshe Shelley greatly. His direct literary influences in the use of Scots in poetry were Allan Ramsay and Robert Fergusson. The Edinburgh literati worked to sentimentalise Burns during his life and after his death, dismissing his education by calling him a "heaven-taught ploughman". Burns influenced later Scottish writers, especially Hugh MacDiarmid, who fought to dismantle what he felt had become a sentimental cult that dominated Scottish literature.

Some of these artistic and cultural figures were situated more or less precisely in the so-called internal exile. The list of those belonging to this category is not easy to determine. The literature often refers to Vicente Aleixandre and Dámaso Alonso, but in the case of Alonso, 'internal exile' can only be attributed to the period prior to integration in institutions (Royal Academy). Also frequently included are Juan Gil Albert and Rafael Cansinos-Asséns among the literati, and Joan Miró among the visual artists.

Local elites gained administrative positions and adopted Confucian literati lifestyles but were not easy to attain high-level positions. During Japanese colonial rule from 1910 to 1945, the North became the more industrial region of Korea. The area was highly receptive to Catholic and Protestant missionaries in the late nineteenth century, who brought Western knowledge, and established hospitals and Western-style medical care, schools, and a window to the wider world. The middle-class elites sent their sons to the Catholic or Protestant schools.

Jeong Dojeon argued that the government, including the king himself, exists for the sake of the people. Its legitimacy could only come from benevolent public service. It was largely on this basis that he legitimized the overthrow of the Goryeo dynasty, arguing that the Goryeo rulers had given up their right to rule. Jeong Dojeon divided society into three classes: (a) a large lower class of agricultural laborers and craftsmen, (b) a middle class of literati, and (c) a small upper class of bureaucrats.

Their reinforcement of genuine popular feelings appears to have been crucial. The role of the ICP in revolt was that it created clear organizational links which unified and coordinated previously disparate protests, explaining and generalising individual and local discontent. Also, it explicitly linked social justice to national independence and encouraged non-literati to join and lead the national struggle. Others scholars, on the other hand, have pointed out that when the uprising began, the communist party had yet to establish itself deeply in the areas of unrest.

Li Yuxi was involved in a philosophical debate with his fellow literati, the poets Han Yu and Liu Zongyuan, concerning the duality of heaven (the sky, and by extension the natural world or God) and earth (the world of man). Han Yu, as a Confucian, regarded Heaven as paramount, whereas Liu Zongyuan regarded them as separate spheres. Lu Yuxi’s view, expressed in an essay called the Tianlun Shu (Tiānlùn shū 天論書), was that heaven and earth (i.e. nature and man) interacted to some degree.

During his tenure, his students included Tayo Adenaike, Olu Oguibe, Chika Okeke-Agulu, Marcia Kure, and Sylvester Okwunodu Ogbechie. In 1997, Udechukwu became Dana Professor of Fine Arts at St. Lawrence University, in New York State. He lives in Canton, NY. Udechukwu frequently incorporates uli into his work, and in the 1970s he introduced nsibidi signs, as well as ink wash techniques of Chinese literati artists.Chika Okeke-Agulu, “Obiora Udechukwu: The Uli Artist from Nigeria,” in Nkiru Nzegwu (ed.), Contemporary Textures: Multidimensionality in Nigerian Art.

Since its publication, the book was highly regarded by literati as an important work. The intellectual leader of Song Dynasty Zhu Xi praised the book for its "well-organized structure, precise analysis and impressive bibliography" and spoke highly of its stylistic prose."Zhao Mingcheng" Zhao valued archaeological evidence over textual evidence. He stressed the importance of utilizing ancient inscriptions to correct discrepancies and errors in later texts discussing details in ancient history, such as dates, geographical locations of historical events, genealogies, and official titles.

In 1795, Wang Huizu began to write his autobiography titled Ping-t'a meng-hen lu ("Traces of Dreams from a Sick Bed"). He first published it in 1796 but continued to enrich it regularly until 1806 and his sons even continued to fill it in after their father's death. This autogiography provides information on the life of the literati class in China but also on public administration, notably Wang's role as a magistrate. He advocates for mediation in the resolution of conflicts rather than lawsuits.

The impact of his research has been awarded in different ways by the community. He received the 10 Year SWSA Award for his work on DBpedia together with other co-founders that was published at the International Semantic Web Conference, the Semantic Web Journal outstanding paper Award, ESWC 7-Year Most Influential Paper Award, Outstanding Paper Award Winner at the Literati Network Awards for Excellence 2013, the ISWC 2011 Best Research Paper Award, and the Journal of Web Semantics Most Cited Paper Award 2006–2010.

First and foremost in importance to the literati were heroic epopees. This is why in Batyushkov's correspondence with Gnedich, "your poet" and "my poet" are Homer and Tasso, although Batyushkov considered only two extracts from his incomplete verse translation of Torquato Tasso's Gerusalemme liberata worth publishing. In his translation Batyushkov ignored the metric and stanzaic form of the Italian original, octave, and used the "classical" alexandrine. In July 1809, he wrote his famous "Videnie na bregakh Lety" (A Vision on the Shores of the Lethe).

Campbell, Matthew, "Lesbian love triangle stirs Paris literati", The Sunday Times, 26 December 2007 Fond of traveling in the United States, she often was seen with Truman Capote and Ava Gardner. On 14 April 1957, while driving her Aston Martin sports car at speed, she was involved in an accident that left her in a coma for some time. She also loved driving her Jaguar automobile to Monte Carlo for gambling sessions. In the 1990s, Sagan was charged with and convicted of possession of cocaine.

Having become secretary of the abbot of St. Benedict of Ferrara, he accompanied him to Venice, Placentia, Parma, and Padua, and was known among the celebrated literati of the time. In 1683 he devoted himself entirely to the study of literature. In 1688 he became theologian of the duke of Parma, who desired to secure a man of such merit. In 1689 he introduced into the regulations of the Benedictine Order of St. Alexander of Parma certain modifications, which resulted in his being obliged to leave Parma.

For instance, "If perfected and divine spirits descend into an impure person of the world, they are no longer acting or writing with their own feet and hands. As above and below are so far distant from each other, how can their traces [writings] be truly visible [to humans]?" (Despeux 2000: 403). Mediumistic literature enthralled Chinese literati, and the Song authors Shen Kuo and Su Dongpo both described spirit-writing practices, especially those associated with the cult of the Zigu (紫姑, Purple Lady), the Toilet God.

From 1991–1992, he held the Chair of Poetics at the Folkwang Hochschule in Essen. Geerken was also dedicated to the memory of the German literati Anselm Ruest. When he was on the trail of the estate of Victor Hadwiger, Geerken investigated an uninhabited house in southern France, where he instead found parts of the estate of Ruest, who had died in 1943. Ruest was, along with Mynona, editor of the Stirnerite journal Der Einzige, which was published in a small edition from 1919–1925.

Yifeng Hall (), Caoxi Humble Cottage (), Xigong Hall (), Qinghua Pavilion () and other halls were added to the temple. Of them, Qinghua Pavilion was the most prestigious structure. In early Qing dynasty, the 3rd-generation abbot of the temple and a few of his successors were specialized in either painting, epigraphy or poetry, so literati and scholars often held poetry saloons and literary discussions in the temple, giving the temple a deep cultural heritage. A modern renovation of the entire temple complex was carried out in 1991.

Technorati was a search engine and a publisher advertising platform that served as an advertising solution for the thousands of websites in its network.Welcome to the new Technorati Technorati launched its ad network in 2008, and at one time was one of the largest ad networks reaching more than 100 million unique visitors per month. The name Technorati was a portmanteau of the words technology and literati, which invokes the notion of technological intelligence or intellectualism. In 2016, Synacor acquired Technorati for $3 million.

Nowadays, Muqi is honored as the predecessor of Chan painting. His works are considered among the most expressive of the Chan paintings, not to mention his reputable Six Persimmons been regarded as "the most quintessentially Chan painting." From today's perspective, Muqi has obtained prominent status among monochrome ink painters who transmitted the tradition of Song Literati paintings to Yuan painting styles. Nevertheless, by the time, Muqi was ignored by the mainstream during the Chinese Song dynasty, and received mainly negative comments in the following Yuan dynasty.

In one, physicians could be consulted. Others served Protestants, Puritans, Catholics, Jews, literati, merchants, traders, fops, Whigs, Tories, army officers, actors, lawyers, clergy, or wits. The coffeehouses provided England's first egalitarian meeting place, where a man was expected to chat with his tablemates whether he knew them or not.Mark Pendergrast, Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World (1999) p 13 online Lloyd's Coffee House opened in 1686 and specialised in providing shipping news for a clientele of merchants, insurers, and shipowners.

Many scholars worked in the school such as scientists Prof. Zhou Peiyuan and Qian Weichang, philosopher Prof. Feng Youlan, literati Mr. Zhu Ziqing and language educationist Mr. Zhang Xiong. Scholars and academicians from Tsinghua University, Peking University and the Chinese Academy of Sciences and other institutions of higher learning have been invited to the school to give lectures and instructions. A group of professors from Tsinghua University teach the pupils of “senior middle school science experimental class” and “John Ma athletic class” of the school.

87–88 With the onset of de- Stalinization in the Soviet Union, Romanian literati could hope for a more tolerant regime. In this climate, Buzdugan began frequenting a literary circle in the Bucharest home of Ion Larian and Paraschiva Postolache, where he met young writers such as Eugen Barbu and C. D. Zeletin. Other senior guests included Virgil Carianopol, N. Crevedia, and Radu D. Rosetti.C. D. Zeletin, "O carte de excepție privitoare la Ion Barbu (I)", in Ateneu, Nr. 10/2011, p. 8 From ca.

From 1848 to 1853, he submitted a number of poems to the Southern Literary Messenger under the pen name Aglaus, where he attracted some attention for his abilities. He left his legal studies by December 1850, calling it "distasteful", and focused more on writing and tutoring. He was a member of Charleston's literati, and with John Dickson Bruns and Basil Lanneau Gildersleeve, could often be found in the company of their leader, William Gilmore Simms, whom they referred to as "Father Abbot," from one of his novels.

He was a multilingual poet, but his work outside Gaelic was little published in his lifetime. His Collected Poems and Songs appeared in 2000, edited by Michel Byrne, and has attracted new attention to his work. He was a frequent contributor to Gairm magazine, and other Gaelic periodicals, and his best work appeared in that language. Because of the general ignorance of Gaelic amongst much of Scotland's literati and academia, and the lack of translations, this body of work has been little examined until recently.

The store was opened January 1, 1920, by Frances Steloff. Steloff's husband, David Moss, suggested both the store's name and its "Wise Men ..." motto, which was inspired by Washington Irving. Steloff nurtured the store as a literary sanctuary for the avant-garde, distributing copies of the banned Lady Chatterley's Lover, Henry Miller's Tropic of Cancer, and safeguarded Anais Nin's books when she fled Paris. Under Steloff's oversight, the store became a meeting place for the literati and 20th century cultural icons, essentially serving as a literary salon.

72 The aim of the phoenix halls is to honour the gods through Confucian orthopraxy (rú 儒 style),Clart, Jones. 2003. p. 72. Quote: «[...] ru, perhaps best rendered in English as "literati", connects one with the literary style of religious activity in which these groups specialize.»Clart 2003, p. 24; quote from the statute of the Shenxian Tang (one of the leading phoenix halls): «That this is called a "phoenix hall" means that it adheres to the Confucian tradition and the teachings of the gods.

Asas '50 was also recognised as the first Malay literary body in the region to hold the Regional Malay Literati Conference (Pertemuan Sasterawan Nusantara) in 1977. This has since been integrated and adopted as bi-annual event for the Malay literary scene in this region. The association is the first Malay association to have sealed a Memorandum of Understanding with the National Library Board (NLB). In addition, Asas '50 has also published "Leksikon", a directory of descriptions of 70 important writers in Singapore from 1965 to 2005.

He continued to write and hold occasional poetry readings until a stroke paralyzed his right arm in 1910. Riley's chief legacy was his influence in fostering the creation of a Midwestern cultural identity and his contributions to the Golden Age of Indiana Literature. With other writers of his era, he helped create a caricature of Midwesterners and formed a literary community that produced works rivaling the established eastern literati. There are many memorials dedicated to Riley, including the James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children.

As with the Chinese guqin, from which it was likely originally adapted, the ichigenkin has no frets, so sliding tones are an important part of the technique of the instrument. Traditionally, the ichigenkin is used to accompany traditional singing, although there are also purely instrumental works in its repertoire. The instrument was once popular among samurai, literati, and priests, but today players of the instrument are very rare. The only unbroken line of ichigenkin transmission is Seikyodo Ichigenkin, whose current Iemoto (hereditary Grand Master) is Issui Minegishi.

She also travelled to West Lake in Wulin (now Hangzhou), a hotspot for literati at the time, and as far as Hunan. Wishing to change her life, she turned to Buddhism and started to travel, dressed in a simple cotton robe. During her travels she climbed to the peaks of mount Dabie, Mount Xuan, Mount Tianzhu, Mount Kuang and Mount Lu. After travelling she settled in Wulin. She intended to spend the rest of her life there and prepared a tomb for her eventual death.

The state depended on the services of those freely removable and non-hereditary officials, rather than on the service of military (knights), like in Europe. The officialdom nonetheless had significant powers, and its vested interests were in preserving the status quo, opposing any reforms or changes, particularly on a governmental level. For the members of the officialdom, it was their rank, or status, which was of prime importance. The 'superior' man (literati) should stay away from the pursuit of wealth (though not from the wealth itself).

The painting of Shussan Shaka at the Cleveland Museum of Art is the oldest extant ink monochrome rendition of this theme. Although its artist is unknown, the work is based on the style of the painter Li Que. A member of the Southern Song literati who interacted closely with Chan priests, Li Que had in turn studied Liang Kai's later work, and was known for his spontaneous painting style. Although depicting the same subject, the Cleveland Shussan Shaka differs radically in style from Liang Kai's version.

In 1683, following a naval engagement with Admiral Shi Lang, one of Koxinga's father's trusted friends, Koxinga's grandson Zheng Keshuang, surrendered to the Qing dynasty. There has been much confusion about Taiwan's association with the rumored "Island of Dogs," "Island of Women," etc., which were thought, by Han literati, to lie beyond the seas. Taiwan was officially regarded by the Kangxi Emperor as "a ball of mud beyond the pale of civilization" and did not appear on any map of the imperial domain until 1683.

Louis Janin, S.J. (1590-1672) began as a teacher of classical style in France and spent 15 years in Rome as Latin secretary for the French Assistancy at Jesuit headquarters before he returned to Lyons. There he diligently translated five large volumes of Bartoli's Italian Istoria della Compagnia di Gesu between 1665 and 1671. His Latin version of the L'huomo di lettere appeared in Lyons in 1672.Character Hominis Literati 1672 A second printing appeared in Cologne in 1674 "opusculum docentibus atque ac discentibus utile ac necessarium".

Suspicions centered on a black box the men had carried out to the dunes near a government radio station in Truro. Rather than containing apparatus for signaling the Kaiser's forces, the box was found to contain a Smith Corona typewriter. A plaque on the exterior of the Atlantic House today commemorates the time that O'Neill spent here during the 1910s and 1920s and notes that part of The Iceman Cometh was written during his stay. The Atlantic House was a hangout for other literati of the period.

"The Seven Scholars of Jian'an" was a name which Cao Pi came up with in an essay to describe seven major literati of the Jian'an era. Among them were Kong Rong (153–208), who was later executed by Cao Cao, along with his family: only a few of his poems survive. Wang Can (177–217), a poet known for his "Poem of Seven Sorrows" (七哀诗), a five- character poem which lamented how much the people suffered during the war years. Another is Chen Lin.

In Ming China, with the spreading of written knowledge to strata outside the literati, household riyong leishu 日用類書 ("Encyclopedias for daily use") began to be compiled, "summarizing practical information for townsfolk and others not primarily concerned with mastering the Confucian heritage."Wilkinson (2000), p. 602. The last great leishu encyclopedias were published during the Qing dynasty (1644–1911). The 1726 Gujin Tushu Jicheng ("Illustrated Compendium of Literature, Ancient and Modern") was a vast encyclopedic work compiled during the reigns of Emperors Kangxi and Yongzheng.

The use of glass and mirror effect recurred in the 2016 installation Molar. The work was commissioned for the A Beautiful Disorder exhibition at the Cass Sculpture Foundation in West Sussex, UK. An ink pool was delimited by ink paintings of the British country landscape inspired through Chinese literati landscape painting on glass panels. Suspended over the pool were more than 400 glass orbs in organic, cellular shapes. The search for paradise was turned from the external natural world to its microcosm within the human body.

News Library. Retrieved 17 June 2011. Gelman was a signer of the 1993 Letter of Forty-Two, an Izvestiya- published open letter containing a collective appeal by forty-two prominent literati calling on Russian President Boris Yeltsin to ban the Communist Party of the Russian Federation and nationalist organizations in the wake of the 1993 Russian constitutional crisis, a political stand-off between the communist- and nationalist-dominated legislature and the Russian president. Since 2001 he is a member of public council of the Russian Jewish Congress.

Many wuxia works produced during the Ming and Qing dynasties were lost due to the governments' crackdown on and banning of such works. Wuxia works were deemed responsible for brewing anti-government sentiments, which led to rebellions in those eras. The departure from mainstream literature also meant that patronage of this genre was limited to the masses and not to the literati, which led to the stifling of the development of the wuxia genre. Nonetheless, the wuxia genre remained enormously popular with the common people.

"German idealism was initially introduced to the broader community of American literati through a Vermont intellectual, James Marsh. Studying theology with Moses Stuart at Andover Seminary in the early 1820s, Marsh sought a Christian theology that would 'keep alive the heart in the head.' "James Marsh, as quoted by James A. Good (2002) in volume 2 of his The early American reception of German idealism, p. 43. Some American theologians and churchmen found value in German Idealism's theological concept of the infinite Absolute Ideal or Geist [Spirit].

Since the May Fourth era many scholars criticized The Nine-tailed Turtle, accusing it of being a depravity novel. Hu Shih and Lu Xun accused it of being, as paraphrased by David Wang, "a showcase of the bad taste and frivolity of late Qing literati writers". Hu Shih and Lu Xun said that readers had poor tastes, so the book became a best-seller. According to David Wang, by calling it a handbook or textbook Hu Shih and Lu Xun "ensured its lasting notoriety".

The club was said by Dr Carlyle to consist of all the literati of Edinburgh and its surroundings. The establishment was frugal and moderate, "as that for all clubs for a public purpose should be. The dinner was set soon after two o'clock, at one shilling a head, the wine to be confined to sherry and claret, and the reckoning to be called at six o’clock". The first fifteen members were chosen by nomination, the rest by ballot, "two black balls to exclude the candidate".

Sometimes the calligraphy on the print would even be done by the actor himself. These styles and motifs, combining actors with poetry and calligraphy, were used not only for the privately commissioned surimono, but also for woodblock printed books. In addition to being purchased by literati or kabuki fans for their own entertainment, these prints or books were often commissioned by these poetry circles, or by their members, as gifts to their members or their esteemed guests, such as artists or actors from Edo.

Guwen Guanzhi was compiled and edited by Wu Chucai and Wu Diaohou, who at the time of the publication were working as teachers in a private village school in Shaoxing. Very little is known of Wu Chucai (given name Wu Chengquan 吳乘權, sobriquet Chucai, 楚才, 1655–1719), except that he was originally from Shaoxing and never became part of the established literati. Wu Diaohou (given name Wu Dazhi 吳大職, courtesy name Diaohou, 調侯) was his younger nephew.Shaoxing xian zhi (紹興縣志, Zhonghua Shuju 1999), vol.

Each box is themed and also includes original art from an illustrator that worked on one of the featured books, a handwritten letter to the child, stickers and/or bookplates. Once the box arrives, families have a week to review the books and decide which ones they want to keep. Books are priced at or below Amazon price, and Literati provides increasing price discounts for the books based on the number of books kept. Families can send back any books that they don’t want using the provided prepaid return box.

In the approximately 1,000 years from Yan Hui's to Yan Zhitui's generation, two Yans sought a military career; most of the Yans served as literati. For most of the Ming (1368–1644) and during the entire Qing (1644–1912) dynasty, Yan Hui's descendants held the hereditary title of Wujing Boshi (五经博士; 五經博士; Wǔjīng Bóshì), a scholarly rank from the Hanlin Academy. In Taiwan there is an office called the "Sacrificial Official" (Fengsiguan 奉祀官) to the Four Sages of Confucianism, which include Yan Hui.

Untitled Seiko is notable for her established and well-recognized career during the Meiji period, as well as her reputation within the primarily male literati school. Early in her career, she changed her name from Setsuko to the gender- neutral Seiko. Her work has been characterized as "masculine" in both painting and calligraphy, which may be attributed both to the liberal lifestyle she maintained and the role of women painters at the time. Seiko was also noted for wearing masculine clothing and short hair, deliberately eschewing a feminine persona.

8 The Rajavaliya a primary source written during the 17th century refers to the fact that the Aryacakravartis collected taxes from Udarata and southern lowlands.de Silva, A History of Sri Lanka, p. 136; The conquest by a certain Sapumal Kumaraya, a military leader sent by the Kotte king, seemed to have left an indelible impression on the Sinhalese literati. The victory of Sapumal Kumaraya is sung in the Kokila Sandesaya ("Message carried by Kokila bird") written in the 15th century by the principal monk of the Irugalkula Tilaka Pirivena in Mulgirigala.

The later Yuan dynasty is characterized by the work of the so-called "Four Great Masters". The most notable of these was Huang Gongwang (1269–1354) whose cool and restrained landscapes were admired by contemporaries, and by the Chinese literati painters of later centuries. Another of great influence was Ni Zan (1301–1374), who frequently arranged his compositions with a strong and distinct foreground and background, but left the middle-ground as an empty expanse. This scheme was frequently to be adopted by later Ming and Qing dynasty painters.

Under the influence of the Maruyama- school he began to incorporate elementes of Ōkyo and his disciples into his oeuvre and developed them. His style can be considered mature, however, only after the death of Ōkyo in 1795 when he refined his painting style in his own school without the influence of his former masters. In this late stage of his career he seems to have all but abandoned Busons literati-style of painting even though in Kyōto he was for a while widely considered to be his successor.

His paintings exemplify the internal contradictions and tensions of the literati or scholar- amateur artist, and they have been interpreted as an invective against art- historical canonization. "10,000 Ugly Inkblots" is a perfect example of Shitao's subversive and ironic aesthetic principles. This uniquely apperceptive work challenges accepted standards of beauty. As the carefully painted landscape degenerates into Pollock-esque splatters, the viewer is forced to recognize that the painting is not transparent (immediate, in the most literal sense meaning without media) in the way it initially purports to be.

They are monochromatic ink paintings, frequently executed on hanging scrolls. The reason for the dominance of this particular style is that even though most paintings of Xianzi and other Scattered Sages were done by monk painters, it is understood that the audience they were trying to appeal to was the Chinese literati and scholastic community of Song Dynasty China, which preferred the apparition painting style. These paintings were frequently given as gifts to members of the scholar elite, and so they naturally reflected the tastes of their recipients.

Serving in the mid- Qianlong era, Zhu Yun resided in the county of Daxing, which was nestled on the surrounding area of the Qing capital. As a scholar, Zhu Yun enjoyed the works of other Chinese literati and had a vast collection of books, which included a manuscript of the writings of Wang Ji, a Tang Dynasty era poet. During his tenure as an official in Beijing, he welcomed a young Zhang Xuecheng into his home. It was during this visit that Zhang introduced himself to Zhu's extensive collection of literary works.

Liu Zhidan was born in 1902/3 into a literati family in Bao'an, since renamed Zhidan County in his honour, in northern Shaanxi Province.(Chinese) 傅国涌 "刘志丹的悲壮人生" 炎黄春秋杂志 2000年第11期 He was given the name Jinggui (, Jǐngguì), which he later changed to Zhidan. Liu attended the first primary school in the county and was a member of the first graduating class and gained acceptance to Yulin Middle School. He joined the Communist Party in 1925.

Jeong Gu (1543–1620), also spelled as Jung Goo, was a Korean philosopher, politician, historian, writer and Confucian scholar of the Joseon Dynasty. learn from Yi Hwanglearned 1563~1573 and Cho Shik.learned 1566~1573 A key figure of the Neo-Confucian literati, he established the Yeongnam School and set up the Baikmaewon(백매원, 百梅園Jeong gu), a private Confucian academy. His pen name was Hangang(한강, 寒岡)·Hoiyunyain(회연야인, 檜淵野人), and courtesy name was Doga(도가, 道可) and Gabo(가보, 可父).

In 1919, he published a dictionary of 2000 novelty words. His principles (utility, aesthetics and native quality) were summarized in "Keeleuuenduse äärmised võimalused" (Extreme Perspectives of Language Innovation; Tartu, 1924). Language innovation slowly died away after the 1927 act that made it compulsory for schools to teach standard Estonian as put down in Estonian Orthographic Dictionary (1925, chief editor J. V. Veski) and Estonian Grammar (by Elmar Muuk, 1927). However, some words proposed by Aavik and fallen into oblivion have been picked up and re-introduced by more recent literati.

Originally it only referred to the music of Han Chinese, later it also included the music of various ethnic minorities in China. Some argued that it should only refer to music of Confucian rituals (yayue) and the literati, while to others it included all Chinese forms of music as long as it is not European. In the new Republic of China in Taiwan, Guoyue emphasized the traditional music of mainland China over the Taiwanese local traditions. The guoyue that was envisioned in the early 20th century however was not entirely traditional.

In 1791 he journeyed to Kyōto, where he studied under Maruyama Ōkyo. His style was influenced by his exchanges with the painters and literati of the Maruyama-Shijō school and he became friends with , , and in particular , with whom he hosted a moon-viewing party for , attended also by . From 1807, when the Matsumae clan were transferred to the , based around Yanagawa in Mutsu Province, Kakizaki Hakyō as karō worked for their reinstatement. In 1826, after falling ill in Edo, he died in his home town of Matsumae.

For example, Pazhwak was an independent thinker and literati, capable of critical reflection about his homeland and the internal political circumstances there. This central aspect appears regularly in his literary work in a subtle and aesthetic manner. He obviously used the politically charged theme of freedom – in the sense of political freedom and the political rights of citizens – in relationship with the conditions in Afghanistan. Trenchantly and elegantly he expressed his worrying thoughts: Today I am reminded of that land, Where the people are prisoners, but the country is free.

In some of the stories, Pazhwak attends to the protagonist's deep thoughts, placing the human being and his inner life at the center of the narrative. Pazhwak was one of the first Afghan literati to write drama, short stories and novelettes. In recognition of his standing and contribution, Sayed Haschmatullah Hossaini described Pazhwak as a "pioneer of Afghan short story writing," in his research on modern Dari literature in Afghanistan.[18] Many of Pazhwak's prose writings drew on the rich repertoire of Afghan folklore, revealing Pazhwak's preference for this genre.

He will dominate the field of literature." During the subsequent reign of Emperor Xizong's brother Emperor Zhaozong, the official Li Xi and Li Xi's son were both well known for their literary abilities. At that time, Li Qi was 17, and he submitted a scroll of his poems to Li Xi. Li Xi read his poems and was surprised. He welcomed Li Qi into his mansion and stated to him, "I had been disappointed that, in the recent years, when the literati wrote poems, they only wrote several lines without giving their poems titles.

Nobody was allowed to read the Sacho, not even the king, and any historiographer who disclosed its contents or changed the content could be punished with beheading. These strict regulations lend great credibility to these records. Yet at least one king, tyrannical Yeonsangun looked into the Annals, and this led to the First Literati Purge of 1498, in which one recorder and five others were cruelly executed because of what was written in the Sacho. This incident led to greater scrutiny to prevent the king from seeing the Annals.

According to the Figurists, Noah's son Shem (here with Ham and Japheth) would have been to the Far East and would have brought with him the knowledge of Adam. Figurism was an intellectual movement of Jesuit missionaries at the end of the 17th and the beginning of the 18th century, whose participants viewed the I Ching as a prophetic book containing the mysteries of Christianity,. and prioritized working with the Qing Emperor (rather than with the Chinese literati) as a way of promoting Christianity in China.Mungello (1989), 300–305.

He worked in various scales and media, from small emaki (絵巻) handscrolls, kakemono (掛け物) hanging scrolls, and ema (絵馬) wooden prayer boards, to large fusuma-e (襖絵). The Hara style tends to be described relative to other styles, for example as "lying somewhere between the orthodox Kanō, Chinese literati and Maruyama styles". Critics identify his work as delicate and decorative,Conant 1995, 18 as well as precise, balanced and elegant.Suzuki 2006, 54 In comparison with many of his contemporaries, he was less inclined toward realism and drama.

He became known as the "Patriarch of Ci Poets" (詞家正宗), and is listed along with Liu Yong, Xin Qiji and Jiang Kui as the "Four Great Ci Poets". His poetry served as a model for ci poets of later eras, with many imitators among the Southern Song literati. One example is the He Qingzhen-ci (和清真詞) by Fang Qianli (方千里). Chen Yuanlong (陳元龍) of the Southern Song composed a ten-volume commentary on his poetry entitled Pianyu-ji (片玉集).

However, as he was isolated from governance, he decided to pick up the ink brush and dedicate himself to intensive scholarly studies. After completing two geographical atlases for a state-sponsored program, Shen was rewarded by having his sentence of probation lifted, allowing him to live in a place of his choice. Shen was also pardoned by the court for any previous faults or crimes that were claimed against him. luohan, by Liu Songnian, painted in 1207; Shen Kuo not only listed literati painting as one of his cherished pastimes, but also Buddhist meditation.

In his more idle years removed from court affairs, Shen Kuo enjoyed pastimes of the Chinese gentry and literati that would indicate his intellectual level and cultural taste to others.Lian (2001), 24. As described in his Dream Pool Essays, Shen Kuo enjoyed the company of the "nine guests" (九客, jiuke), a figure of speech for the Chinese zither, the older 17x17 line variant of weiqi (known today as go), Zen Buddhist meditation, ink (calligraphy and painting), tea drinking, alchemy, chanting poetry, conversation, and drinking wine.Lian (2001), 20.

Dance research is the study of dance, including dance history, ethnochoreology, dance theory, dance anthropology, and dance science. Dance research as an academic discipline is relatively new. In 1967, the first volume of the CORD dance research annual wrote: "...One of the most serious problems in dance research is found in the fact that the literati in the field are not yet the university people". Dance science is the scientific study of dance and dancers, as well as the practical application of scientific principles to dance, similar to sports science.

The Northern Qi, although founded by a ruler of mixed Han/Xianbei origin, strongly asserted their Xianbei ethnic cultural identity. They regarded surviving ethnic Tuoba (themselves also Xianbei) and non-Chinese of the Northern Wei court and as well as literati of all ethnicities as near Chinese, referring to them as Han'er or Chinese kids (漢兒). However they made use of Chinese and sometimes Central Asian courtiers. While some Qi elite families had expressed strongly anti-Chinese sentiments due to unclear reasons, they may also lay claim to Chinese elite origin.

Furthermore, there are unanswered questions (Huang 1986: 73). If the text suddenly first appeared in the Song dynasty, why did it not arouse the suspicion of learned bibliophiles? What would a forger gain by spending the time and effort necessary to compile such an admirable text but not accepting its authorship? Huang says the most reasonable hypothesis is that the Nanfang caomu zhuang appearance in a printed edition did not attract any special attention because it was common knowledge among the Song literati that Ji Han wrote the text in the 4th century.

It was commissioned from Ponet by John Dudley, 1st Duke of Northumberland. A translation by Michaelangelo Florio (1553) was the first Italian book published in England. Other works attributed to Ponet are Diallecticon viri boni et literati (1557) which was edited by his friend Anthony Cooke, and translated into English by Elizabeth Hoby in 1605; and possibly An Answer unto a Crafty and Sophistical Cavillation (1550) as ghost-writer for Cranmer. The Diallecticon, an anonymous publication, was an irenical discussion of the Eucharistic controversy within the Protestant churches.

It quickly became very popular, especially for the chocolate eggs with relief scenes dedicated to the victories in the Russo-Turkish war. By the 1820s, a number of magazines and newspapers in Saint Petersburg considered it the best confectioner's shop in the city, described as "temple of kickshaw and prodigality". In 1834, a Chinese cafe (Cafe chinois) was open on the same premises. The place was popular with literati, such as (at different times) Alexander Pushkin, Mikhail Lermontov, Taras Shevchenko, Nikolai Chernyshevsky, Fyodor Dostoevsky, Mikhail Petrashevsky, Ivan Panaev, Aleksey Plescheev and others.

Titles of nobility became symbolic along with a stipend while governance of the country shifted to scholar officials. In the Qing dynasty titles of nobility were still granted by the emperor, but served merely as honorifics based on a loose system of favours to the Qing emperor. Under a centralized system, the empire's governance was the responsibility of the Confucian-educated scholar-officials and the local gentry, while the literati were accorded gentry status. For male citizens, advancement in status was possible via garnering the top three positions in imperial examinations.

Taiwan society during this time absorbed the legal and political system of imperial China along with the Confucian educational and philosophy systems. Although Confucian literati made up only a small portion of Taiwan Society, Confucianism had profoundly found its way into Taiwanese Society. Traditionally, power was in the hands of the father or grandfather with regards to disciplinary matters, marriage and property. There was also a strict division between government officials and citizens, between elders and the young, between husbands and wives, and between masters and servants, etc.

The same year, it was translated into French and German. The French translation (which had its first republication in 1880) was included by the Education Minister Jules Ferry in the list of works which could be given as prizes to good students.Dolianitis, Demetrius Vikelas, 109-110 Juliette Adam Vikelas spent the following fifteen years in Paris, building up contacts with the surrounding intellectuals and literati of the French capital. Consequently, Juliette Adam dedicated her anthology Poètes grecs contemporains ("Contemporary Greek poets"), published in 1881, to him, and he published in her Nouvelle Revue.

The term "Literati purges" is a translation of the Korean term 'sahwa' (), whose literal meaning is "scholars' calamity" . It refers to a series of political purges in the late 15th and 16th centuries, in which Sarim scholars suffered persecution at the hands of their political rivals. The politics of the Middle Joseon Dynasty were primarily marked by a power struggle between two social groups among the yangban aristocracy. People in place were the 'Meritorious Subjects', rewarded for helping the establishment of Joseon against the former Goryeo, and subsequent accomplishments.

140-142 Flat bonsai display tables with rectangular tabletops are usually selected. Bonsai in cascade- style and semi-cascade-style are generally presented on higher tables with a square or round tabletop. Shohin bonsai are often shown in small groups on specially produced presentation shelves - a special form of the display table. In order to integrate the impression of a landscape image around the bonsai into the presentation, especially for bonsai in the design forms of literati or Saikei, unevenly shaped rock slabs or wooden discs are used.

It took its name from the flasks of spring water which were sold there, like the Lower Flask and The Flask in nearby Highgate. The Upper Flask was the most select of these, being in a grand Jacobean house near the summit of Hampstead hill, where it commanded good views of London and the surrounding villages. It was patronised by Whig grandees and literati who attended the famous Kit-Kat Club and removed its summer meetings to the "Upper FlasK". Later, the company included John Keats, Leigh Hunt and Percy Bysshe Shelley.

Shortly after completing her education, she married to Capt. Samuel A. Shortridge (1837–1908), of St. Louis, in which city they removed to Fort Worth, Texas, and finally made a permanent home in Terrell, Texas. With laudable ambition she went to New York City (1890) in the interest of her literary labor, where in a remarkably short time, her articles were accepted and published by the leading papers, journals and magazines of the city. There, she was at home in the parlors of Miriam Leslie, Ella Wheeler Wilcox, and other literati.

While still a teenager, he began writing in Tagalog for the newspaper Watawat (Flag). He would later write a column for the Tagalog publication Pagkakaisa (Unity) and become editor of Mabuhay (Long Live). His writings gained the attention of Tagalog literati and some of his stories and poems were included in anthologies, such as Clodualdo del Mundo's Parolang Ginto and Alejandro Abadilla's Talaang Bughaw. In 1922, at the age of 19, Hernandez became a member of the literary society Aklatang Bayan which included noted Tagalog writers Lope K. Santos and Jose Corazon de Jesus.

In 1573, Zhang presented the Wanli Emperor with a commentary on the Four Books of the Confucian canon, entitled "Colloquial Commentary on the Four Books" ("四书直解", Sì Shū Zhíjie). It was published some time between 1573 and 1584. The book was not destroyed during the posthumous disgrace of Zhang, and even enjoyed a measure of renown among the Chinese literati almost a century later, during the early decades of the Qing dynasty, when several editions of it appeared between 1651 and 1683. In the assessment of modern scholars (e.g.

In 1893, responding to the call of the Armenian literati in Constantinople, Tlgadintsi emerged as a distinctive new voice in fiction with the publication in the newspaper Hairenik of "Emily," a satirical sketch about an American missionary and her activities in an Armenian village. This work, the first he signed with the name "Tlgadintsi", was welcomed by the critics and enthusiastically received by the readers. Tlgadintsi spent his whole life in the immediate environs of Kharpert. His stories focus exclusively on the psychology, values and interpersonal relationships of completely ordinary villagers.

Taiga studied painting and calligraphy under Kien beginning in 1738. He became quite fond of the eccentric, but ancient, practice of painting with fingertips and fingernails, and became close friends with two other bunjin students, Kan Tenju and Kō Fuyō. By the age of twenty (1743), Taiga fully considered himself a member of the literati, and took the name "Ike," shortened from his family name "Ikeno" (池野), in emulation of the Chinese tendency for single-character names. Taiga returned to Kyoto and to his fan shop in the early 1740s.

Portrait of Ike no Taiga by Fukuhara Gogaku was a Japanese painter and calligrapher born in Kyoto during the Edo period. Together with Yosa Buson, he perfected the bunjinga (or nanga) genre. The majority of his works reflected his passion for classical Chinese culture and painting techniques, though he also incorporated revolutionary and modern techniques into his otherwise very traditional paintings. As a bunjin (文人, literati, man of letters), Ike was close to many of the prominent social and artistic circles in Kyoto, and in other parts of the country, throughout his lifetime.

The desired effect was to confirm the Han emperor's Heavenly Mandate through the continuity offered by his possession of these same sacred talismans. It is because of this politicized recording of their history that it is difficult to retrace the exact origins of these objects. What is known is that these texts were most likely produced by a class of literati called the fangshi. These were a class of nobles who were not part of the state administration; they were considered specialists or occultists, for example diviners, astrologers, alchemists or healers.

They plotted to make Jungjong doubt Jo's loyalty by writing "Jo will become the king" (주초위왕, 走肖爲王) with honey on leaves, so that caterpillars left behind the phrase like a supernatural manifestation. Jo was executed, and most of his reform measures died with him in the Third Literati Purge of 1519. For nearly 50 years afterward, court politics were marred by bloody and chaotic struggles between factions backing rival consorts and princes. In-laws of the royal family wielded great power and contributed to much of the corruption.

He edited every issue of the magazine from the first until his death—a total of 1,399 issues. Ross designated William Shawn as his preferred successor, and Fleischmann confirmed Shawn as the new managing editor after Ross died. James Thurber quotes the reminiscences of many colleagues of both men in his posthumous memoir, The Years with Ross, citing his former chief's pranks, temper, profanity, anti- intellectualism, drive, perfectionism, and an almost permanent social discomfort, and how these all shaped The New Yorker staff. Ross and his magazine slowly became famous among literati and newspapermen.

Jietai Temple is also renowned for the old and grotesque pine trees. They mostly planted in the Tang dynasty (618–907) and Song dynasty (960–1279), have formed various grotesque appearance in the thousand years. In the Ming and Qing dynasties (1368–1911), the "Ten Grotesque Pine Trees" () were known to the world, which attracted many literati to come and compose poems to eulogize them. Some well-known old pine trees are Leisure Pine Tree (), Lying Dragon Pine Tree (), Nine Dragon Pine Tree (), Pagoda Embracing Pine Tree (), Active Pine Tree () and so on.

This approach of placing importance on the role of i became the core of the Yeongnam School, where Yi Hwang's legacy was carried on by prominent figures such as Yu Seong-ryong and Kim Seong-il.Lee Hyun-hee, Park Sung-soo, Yoon Nae-hyun, translated by The Academy of Korean Studies, New History of Korea pp 392–393, Jimoondang, Paju, 2005. Yi Hwang was also talented in calligraphy and poetry, writing a collection of sijo, a three line poetic form popular with the literati of the Joseon period.

Gwon Geun lived and served during the dynastic change, and became eventually one of the architects of the Neo-Confucian ideology that provided both reasoning for the change, and ideological framework for the Joseon literati. He introduced Zhu Xi to the Korean audience, and his writings served as the basis for future scholars. Among his writing on Neo-Confucianism, the most influential is probably the Iphak toseol (Diagrammatic Treatise for Entering upon Learning). He created this book for some students who came with questions in 1390 while he was in exile.

The Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove This painting is located on the western side of Qiu Shui Pavilion. It shows seven passionate literati of the 3rd century, known as the Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove. The scholars, Ruan Ji, Ji Kang, Ruan Xian, Shan Tao, Xiang Xiu, Wang Rong and Liu Ling, held progressive political views but were unable to realize their ambitions. As a reaction, they refused to seek fame and wealth and took to entertaining themselves in a bamboo wood with composing poetry, food, music, and chess play instead.

Rocks Garden – Natural Rock Formations (Chinese: 奇石群) The Natural Rock Formations distribute on the coast. Exposed to the wind and waves, the rocks of various forms gradually appear for a thousand-year erosion. In the distance, these rocks look like animals playing on the beach, and thus some literati named them with poetic beauty, for example, “a seal turning the mill” (Chinese: 海狗推磨), “a sheep playing in the sea” (Chinese: 绵羊戏海), and “a steed exploring the sea” (Chinese: 骏马探海), etc.

Four Way Books > Author Page > John Gallaher His poetry has been published in literary journals and magazines including Boston Review, Colorado Review, Crazyhorse, Field, The Literati Quarterly, jubilat, The Journal, Ploughshares, and in anthologies including The Best American Poetry 2008. Born in Portland, Oregon, Gallaher has lived in Missouri, Kansas, California, Alabama, Long Island, Texas, Arkansas, and Ohio. He received his MFA from Texas State University and his Ph.D from Ohio University, where he worked for a time as an assistant editor of The Ohio Review.John Gallaher at Spuyten Duyvil Books, 2001.

1700-1722) was the most famous female stone-carver and one of the most accomplished among all stone-makers in the Qing era from Suzhou province. Accounts from her patrons in the Inkstone Chronicle compiled by Lin Fuyin (ca. 1690-1572) reveal the importance of both artisans and literati in the life of inkstones and vice versa. The mark of Gu also attests to her identity as a "super-brand" and the popularization of inkstones as collectible items, as it was during this era when marking handicrafts with signs of authorship became a common practice.

Harunobu's grandfather Shigemitsu and father Shigekazu were stripped of their hatamoto status when they were found to be involved in financing of gambling and other activities; they were exiled from Edo and relocated to Kyoto. At some point, Harunobu became a student of the ukiyo-e master Nishikawa Sukenobu. Harunobu began his career in the style of the Torii school, creating many works which, while skillful, were not innovative and did not stand out. It was only through his involvement with a group of literati samurai that Harunobu tackled new formats and styles.

They translated works of Western expository writing and literature, which enthralled readers with new ideas and opened up windows onto new exotic cultures. Most outstanding were the translations of Yan Fu (嚴復) (1864–1921) and Lin Shu (林紓) (1852–1924). In this climate, a boom in the writing of fiction occurred, especially after the 1905 abolition of the civil service examination when literati struggled to fill new social and cultural roles for themselves. Stylistically, this fiction shows signs of both the Chinese novelistic tradition and Western narrative modes.

Zavarache, p. 251 However, according to political scientist Ioan Stanomir, Ralea's discourse is to be read as a "celebration of slavery".Stanomir, p. 29 The transformation was accelerated during Ralea's last 15 years of life. Around 1950, Ralea was studying Marxist aesthetics and Marxist literary criticism, advising young literati, and his colleague Vianu, to do the same. G. Pienescu, "...sub vremi", in Viața Românească, Nr. 1-2/2011 Ralea was also going back on his cosmopolitanism, seeing it as an obstacle to the proper understanding of Romanian society.

During the war in the late Ming Dynasty, he was forced to flee to save his life and drifted away. He spent many years at Yangzhou in exile, during which he continued to author anti-Qing works, and develop his characteristic "light Gong" and "dark Gong" styles. Gong Xian was also one of the literati and known for his work with prose and poetry. It was only after the fall of Nanjing to the Qing that he took up professional painting as his primary means of making a living.

While generations of Chinese literati have studied the Huashu as a philosophical text, notably in terms of Neo-Confucianism, Western scholars are only beginning to appreciate it. Alexander Wylie (1901:158-159) first described the book, "The 化書 Hwa shoo or "Book of Transformation," written by 譚峭 T'an Seaou in the early part of the 10th century, is an ethical treatise, strongly impregnated with Taouist tendencies." The earliest European-language translation of the Huashu was in German. Alfred Forke (1934:338-49) discussed Tan Qiao's philosophy and translated over 20 articles.

Esherick 2006, p. 232. Han literati who remained loyal to the Ming dynasty held to defining the old Ming borders as "China" and used the term "foreigner" to describe ethnic minorities under Qing rule, such as the Mongols, as part of their anti-Qing ideology.Mosca 2011, p. 94. As the territorial borders of the Qing Empire were fixed through a series of treaties with neighboring foreign powers, it was able to inoculate in the Qing subjects a sense that China included areas such as Mongolia and Tibet due to educational reforms.

Browne was also the author of a Latin essay on Athenaeus. By the nineteenth century however, the poet James Russell Lowell in 1867 characterized the Deipnosophistae and its author thus: :the somewhat greasy heap of a literary rag-and-bone-picker like Athenaeus is turned to gold by time. Modern readers question whether the Deipnosophistae genuinely evokes a literary symposium of learned disquisitions on a range of subjects suitable for such an occasion, or whether it has a satirical edge, rehashing the cultural clichés of the urbane literati of its day.

The pots are unusual in that they are often signed by their potters, which is very rare in China, perhaps because they were associated with the literati culture, of which Jiangsu was a stronghold. The earliest datable example is from a burial of 1533 in Nanjing. Elaborately decorated examples, often with a rectangular body, were exported to Europe from the 18th century, and these and pots for local use often had poems inscribed on them. As well as teaware and desk objects such as brush-rests, fruit and other natural shapes were modelled as ornaments.

Born Xi Zuan (郤纂) in Yanshi, Henan, Xi Zheng's family moved west from Luoyang into Yi Province (covering present-day Sichuan and Chongqing) when he was very young. When Xi Zheng was still a boy, his father Xi Yi (郤揖) died. He was gifted in language and mostly self-educated in the fields of history and government, borrowing books and essays from literati all over Yi Province.Sanguozhi, 42.1034 He entered government service as a clerk of the palace library, eventually rising to the rank of director over the course of 30 years.

The British police shot him down and later on his statue was installed in the centre of the park and still stands there. The park by now had acquired the name of Jhandewala Park because flags of various Indian political parties fluttered here. Prior to independence the literati of the city had made Aminabad their place of dwelling and they eagerly awaited the leading Indian newspapers like Humdum, Haqeeqat and Pioneer each morning. Newspaper vendors would come to the main crossing early morning and their wares were sold till late evening.

In the West, Christian reformation figures, and later Enlightenment literati, advocated for tolerance in the century preceding, during, and after the Reformation and into the Enlightenment. Contemporary Christians generally agree that tolerance is preferable to conflict, and that heresy and dissent are not deserving of punishment. Despite that, the systematized government supported persecution of minorities invented in the West in the High Middle Ages for garnering power to the state has spread throughout the world. Sociology indicates tolerance and persecution are products of context and group identity more than ideology.

According to Song dynasty scholar Zhang Qixian ()'s "Luoyang Jinshen Jiuwenji (洛陽搢紳舊聞記)", Xunhe was valued as a literati by Zhu Wen who was then a Jiedushi of Tang dynasty. Du Xunhe, with the support of Zhu Wen, was especially hostile to the aristocrats in the imperial court. On the other hand, nobles who were offended by his behaviors also plotted a failed assassination of him. Xunhe then schemed to kill every noble in the court but died before carrying out his plan.

It was first performed in a benefit concert for the Sanitary Commission, an organization that treated ill and wounded soldiers of the Union army. In 1864, it was revived for several more benefit performances, this time to aid Unionists in East Tennessee. All the productions were amateur productions, for the humor of the opera is aimed at literati and intellectuals. The primary sources for the reconstruction of Il pesceballo are the published libretto by Child, and the recitatives and chorus parts penned by Paine, which were discovered by Dr. Mary Ellen Brown.

After the death of Queen Dowager Munjeong and her brother Yun Won-hyeong in the late Myeongjong (1534–1545–1567) period, the Sarim faction, which had endured four literati purges throughout the sixteenth century, came to power as the dominant political faction. At the time, the Sarim were united as a single faction. But this unity deteriorated during the reign of King Seonjo (1552-1567-1608). In 1574, the official Kim Hyowon was nominated for the position of Ijo Jeongrang,seems to be 이조정랑, 吏曹正郞 i.e.

Salma Khadra Jayyusi was born in SafedMishael Caspi, Jerome David Weltsch,From Slumber to Awakening: Culture and Identity of Arab Israeli Literati, University Press of America 1998 p.42. to a Palestinian father, the Arab nationalist Subhi al-Khadra, and a Lebanese mother. Attending secondary school in Jerusalem, she studied Arabic and English literature at the American University of Beirut. She married a Jordanian diplomat, with whom she travelled and raised three children.Personality of the Month: Salma Khadra Jayyusi, This Week in Palestine, Issue No. 114, October 2007.

Kuo Hsi, Clearing Autumn Skies over Mountains and Valleys, Northern Song Dynasty c. 1070, detail from a horizontal scroll.Sickman, 219-220 Ming painter Dong Qichang, who invented the term, with the seals and poems of appreciation of later collectors The Southern School () of Chinese painting, often called "literati painting" (), is a term used to denote art and artists which stand in opposition to the formal Northern School () of painting. The distinction is not geographic, but relates to the style and contents of the works, and to some extent to the position of the artist.

In the winter of 1941, soon after the Germans had occupied Paris, Picasso while ill spent three days writing a play. Written in French, the piece was entitled Le Désir attrapé par la queue, which translates literally to "Desire Caught by the Tail." However, it was not until 1944 that it had its first audience when it was given a reading in the Paris apartment of Michel Leiris. There the parts were read by such local literati as Simone de Beauvoir, Jean-Paul Sartre, Valentine Hugo, Raymond Queneau and Picasso himself.

The inspiration for this new style of painting came from 17th century eccentrics shunned by the Chinese art community at large and 18th Century Yangzhou style painters. However, the Shanghai school was characterized by its even greater form exaggeration and brighter colors. The Shanghai School was unable to gain significant traction against the traditional painting style because of greater Western interest (and money) in the Literati tradition. In an era of rapid social change, works from the Shanghai School were widely innovative and diverse and often contained thoughtful yet subtle social commentary.

Yu Jue became essential to Shou's development as an artist. Hiss background in literati painting and calligraphy allowed him to help his wife design her work as well as sell her work to patrons of status and wealth. Shen Shou was first recognized for her talent in 1904 when she created eight pieces of needlework depicting each of the Eight Chinese Immortals to be presented to Empress Dowager Cixi as a birthday gift. Cixi was so impressed by Shen's talent that she placed her in multiple capacities within the Qing government.

The book provides first hand account of the most vivid historical records of the period. When Yu arrived in Taiwan, the island had been under the administration of the Qing dynasty for 13 years. Not only had Yu recorded the developments of the era, he had also taken into account of the administrative structures passed down by the Dutch and Zheng dynasty. Unlike other primary records left by conquerors and administrators in the seventeenth century, Yu's book reflects the multicultural characteristics of early Taiwan through the eyes of an adventurous and passionate literati.

There was one Xu Zong () from Yuzhang Commandery (豫章郡; around present-day Nanchang, Jiangxi) who served as a general under Sun Quan. Xu Zong was a friend of Kong Rong and was well known among the literati. When he visited Jianye (present-day Nanjing, Jiangsu, the Wu imperial capital, he allowed his subordinates to behave lawlessly and do as they please. Pan Jun, who was known for strictly upholding the law without worrying about how others would see him, ordered Xu Zong to be arrested and executed for breaking the law.

The clientele at 72 Market Street included a mix of celebrities and West Coast artists, literati and writers, alongside beachcombers and local denizens. During his Los Angeles years, Nazario lived on the fringes of fame. He designed the menu for Joni Mitchell’s wedding reception (as consultant for Nucleus Nuance, whose owner, Bruce Veneiro was a mutual friend) and once spent an evening at the home of composer Ken Lauber teaching Bob Dylan how to play a Gershwin song. During that period, Nazario also worked as a television and film actor.

The Neo-Confucian orthodoxy became the new guideline for literati learning, narrowing the way in which they could politically and socially interpret the Confucian canon. At the same time, commercialization of the economy and booming population growth resulted in an inflation of the number of degree candidates at the lower levels. The Ming bureaucracy did not increase degree quotas in proportion to the increased population. Near the end of the Ming dynasty, in 1600, there were roughly 500,000 shengyuan in a population of 150 million, that is, one per 300 people.

The Jingde Record took the passing on of the robe from Buddha Gautama to Mahākāśyapa to refer to a secret transmission of Chan teachings, within the specific Chan lineage.alt=Monk meditating and holding a flowerThe story of the Flower Sermon was also recorded in later texts, between the 11th and 14th centuries. At least one of these texts was probably written to defend the authenticity of the Flower Sermon, which was even questioned in Chan circles. Eventually, the story became well known among both Buddhist monks and Chan-oriented literati.

She was born Anne Adalisa Evans in Newcastle Emlyn, Carmarthenshire, the eldest daughter of a lawyer, Benjamin Evans, and Letitia Grace Evans, his wife,Dictionary of Welsh Biography; retrieved 24/10/2011 whose father was a lawyer and the grandson of David Davis (1745–1827). Allen Raine's mother was also the granddaughter of Daniel Rowland. In 1849, she was sent to be educated with the family of a Unitarian minister, Henry Solly, at Cheltenham. The family included literati such as George Eliot, Mrs Henry Wood, and Bulwer- Lytton.

Annick Geille is a French writer and journalist, prix du premier roman in 1981 for Portrait d'un amour coupable and prix Alfred-Née of the Académie française in 1984 for Une femme amoureuse. With Robert Doisneau, she is also cofounder of the magazine Femme. She had a long-term affair with Françoise Sagan, after Geille approached Sagan about an article for the magazine that she edited, French Playboy.Campbell, Matthew, "Lesbian love triangle stirs Paris literati", The Sunday Times, 26 December 2007 As of 2016, she is a member of the jury of the Prix Jean-Freustié.

Li Keran (; 26 March 1907 – 5 December 1989), art name Sanqi, was a contemporary Chinese guohua painter and art educator. Considered one of the most important Chinese artists in the latter half of the 20th century, he was also an influential professor at the Central Academy of Fine Arts where he taught a generation of Chinese artists. Although trained in Western oil painting, he was known for his traditional literati paintings with influences from Qi Baishi and Huang Binhong, two renowned masters in Chinese painting. Li's paintings are highly valued at auctions, with several fetching hundreds of millions of yuan.

In 2015, Riverside Theatres produced Shellshock and in 2016 Griffin Theatre Company and Bell Shakespeare Company co-produced The Literati, Fleming's adaptation of Molière's Les Femmes Savantes. 2018 saw Dresden at KXT in Sydney, and The Misanthrope in Bell Shakespeare Company's co-production with Griffin Theatre Company; and in 2019, Bell Shakespeare Company toured his translation of The Miser. Fleming has been vice president of the Australian Writers' Guild and served on the board of the Australian National Playwrights' Centre. His plays have been produced and published widely, including the UK, US, Canada, France, Australia, Belgium and Poland.

Mansions and manors mainly refer to the big houses where feudal officials, landlords, rich people, and literati live. The house generally follows the basic layout of the axis symmetry to reflect the family members' honorable status, but at the same time, it strives to break through this symmetry and seeks for a new form of space for the main courtyard's control to demonstrate its power and social status. Houses usually have series of courtyards, and their layout generally follows the traditional shape of "hall in front of the bedroom". Behind the house, there are gardens and affiliated courtyards.

Firidun bey Kocharli: National Teacher and Outstanding Philologist by Galina Mikeladze. Azerbaijanskie Izvestia He was one of the first Azerbaijani literati to raise questions about standards for the written Azerbaijani language. In 1895 he wrote his first article Tatar Comedies ("Tatar" was a common Russian name for Azerbaijanis before 1920), followed by Essays on Our Literature (1904). In 1903 he published his first academic work entitled Literature of the Azerbaijani Tatars, a critical piece that contains information on 130 Azerbaijani writers and poets. In the following years he published some smaller works like Mirza Fatali Akhundov (1911) and Gift to Children (1912).

The True Meaning of the Lord of Heaven (天主實義) is a book written by Ricci, which argues that Confucianism and Christianity are not opposed and in fact are remarkably similar in key respects. It was written in the form of a dialogue, originally in Chinese. Ricci used the treatise in his missionary effort to convert Chinese literati, men who were educated in Confucianism and the Chinese classics. In the Chinese Rites controversy, some Roman-Catholic missionaries raised the question whether Ricci and other Jesuits had gone too far and changed Christian beliefs to win converts.

Shen Fan began disassembling concrete forms and space in painting in the 80s, and started creating abstract painting works. Since the late 1990s, She Fan has endeavored to bring Chinese painting elements into a wide variety of mediums and materials including ceramics, neon light, metal, and music, expanding the boundaries between traditional and new media. He is one of the earlier Chinese artists who amalgamate classical aesthetics into the contemporary context to explore contemporary Chinese cultural expressions. Shen Fan’s works are composed of various series with distinctive features, and ever-evolving materials, while maintaining the temperament of the classical Chinese literati arts.

Alger relocated to New York City, abandoned forever any thought of a career in the church, and focused instead on his writing. He wrote "Friar Anselmo" at this time, a poem that tells of a sinning cleric's atonement through good deeds. He became interested in the welfare of the thousands of vagrant children who flooded New York City following the Civil War. He attended a children's church service at Five Points, which led to "John Maynard", a ballad about an actual shipwreck on Lake Erie, which brought Alger not only the respect of the literati but a letter from Longfellow.

Not all the later family lineages of nobility bearing the last name of Tolstoy list Pyotr Andreyevich as their ancestor. However, it is among his direct descendants in the male line where we find all the known Tolstoy writers, among them Leo Tolstoy, Aleksey Konstantinovich Tolstoy, and Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy (the former and the latter having notable descendants as well). There were a number of statesmen and soldiers descending from Pyotr Andreyevich, as Education and Interior Minister Dmitry Tolstoy. His other notable descendants were such literati as the pioneering Russian philosopher Pyotr Chaadayev and Vladimir Odoyevsky.

1982; 59(10): 833 was apparently no longer able to support him. As a result of that he left his residence in the Shijō-district of Kyōto and moved to Ikeda near Ōsaka. During his time in Ikeda he continued to paint in Busons Literati-style yet was not successful enough to support himself with his painting alone. By 1787 it was certain that he would have to join up with another band of painters, so he worked with the circle of painters around Maruyama Ōkyo (1733–1795) to work at the screen- doors of the Daijō-ji, a temple in Hyōgo prefecture.

After his death in 1781, Zhu Yun's struggle to protect his Hanlin ideals against Heshen's influence was continued by his brother Zhu Gui. Heshen used his power to block Zhu Gui from entering the Imperial Court in the 1780s, but the younger Zhu instead served as Governor of Anhui from 1790-1794 and of Guangdong from 1794-1797. After Heshen's downfall in 1799, Zhu Gui was recalled back to Beijing to serve as the head of The Boards of Personnel and Revenue. Zhu Gui's subsequent appointment marked the return of degree holding literati to important posts in the central government.

The previous exam was mainly concerned with literature, not with politics or history. The king himself ordered the system to be reformed by increasing the importance of these other subjects. He also restored the reputations of executed scholars such as Jo Gwang-jo, who died in Third Literati Purge of 1519, and denounced the accomplishments of corrupt aristocrats, notably Nam Gon, who instigated the purge under Jungjong and contributed greatly to the corruption of the era. These acts earned the king the respect of the general populace, and the country enjoyed a brief era of peace.

648–49 (officials and literati) and 650 (common men). In the Classic of Filial Piety, Confucius is cited to say that "a person's body and hair, being gifts from one's parents, are not to be damaged: this is the beginning of filial piety" (身體髮膚，受之父母，不敢毀傷，孝之始也). Prior to the Qing dynasty, adult Han Chinese men customarily did not cut their hair, but instead wore it in a topknot. Because it united Chinese of all social backgrounds into resistance against Qing rule, the hair cutting command greatly hindered the Qing conquest.

Lien Chan was descended from a family of literati. His family arrived in Taiwan during the Emperor Kang Xi era and had settled in Tainan residing in an area called Ma Bing Ying; which was the former training ground of the Zheng Cheng Gung forces in his campaign against the Dutch. Lien's family harvested sugar on their plantations for generations. Lien's grandmother's family were also wealthy merchants who traded camphor and sugar. Lien ‘s mother, Chao Lan Kun came from a wealthy Shenyang family, and is credited for having preserve the family wealth throughout the turbulent times of post-Japanese colonization.

Meng was selected to become the primary spouse and empress of Emperor Zhezong by the Empress Dowager Regent Gao, and the wedding was conducted in 1092. She came from a "literati family", was very well educated, and from her introduction to court, she was taught "wifely etiquette".Patricia Buckley Ebrey: Emperor Huizong The relationship between Meng and Zhezong was not a good one, and Zhezong resented her, possible because she had been chosen for him by the Empress Dowager Regent Gao.Patricia Buckley Ebrey: Emperor Huizong Reportedly, he tolerated, and maybe even encouraged, his favorite, Consort Liu, to be rude to Meng.

The Jijiupian was one of several similar wordbooks that circulated widely during the Qin and Han periods, but it alone survived to the present day, owing to several factors. One reason for its preservation was a model version written by the famous Jin dynasty Chinese calligrapher Wang Xizhi (303–361), which was copied by generation after generation of literati eager to perfect their calligraphy (Needham, Lu, and Huang 1986: 195). The Yuan dynasty calligrapher Zhao Mengfu (1254–1322) also produced an orthographic model Jijiupian. Another factor was the textual explanations written by famous authors in later dynasties.

William Robertson, a Scottish historian, and the Historiographer RoyalThe Poker Club published the History of Scotland 1542 - 1603, in 1759 and his most famous work, The history of the reign of Charles V in 1769.Sher, R. B., Church and Society in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh, Princeton, 1985. His scholarship was painstaking for the time and he was able to access a large number of documentary sources that had previously been unstudied. He was also one of the first historians who understood the importance of general and universally applicable ideas in the shaping of historical events.

Shin Mahāsīlavaṃsa (, variously transcribed Shin Maha Silavamsa, Shin Maha Thilawuntha or Rhaṅʻ Mahāsīlavaṃsa) is a Theravadan Buddhist monk and a classical Burmese poet who lived in 15th century Ava Kingdom (now modern-day Myanmar). He is famous for his pyo poetry and he is one of the greatest poets of pre-colonial Burma, in particular his masterpieces, Paramidawkhan Pyo () and Sodaungkhan Pyo (), which are considered ideal models of the medieval literary style. While the primary focus of Mahāsīlavaṃsa's compositions was dhamma (Buddhist teachings), he also composed the earliest extant Burmese chronicle, Yazawingyaw. His contemporary literati rival was Shin Raṭṭhasāra.

8 Daoist Immortals by Tani Bunchō He was the son of the poet Tani Rokkoku (1729–1809). As his family were retainers of the Tayasu Family of descendants of the eighth Tokugawa shōgun, Bunchō inherited samurai status and received a stipend to meet the responsibilities this entailed. In his youth he began studying the painting techniques of the Kanō school under Katō Bunrei (1706–82). After Bunrei's death, Bunchō worked with masters of other schools, such as the literati painter Kitayama Kangen (1767–1801), and developed a wide stylistic range that included many Chinese, Japanese and European idioms.

Unlike most bunjinga painters of his time, however, Bunchō was an extremely eclectic artist, painting idealized Chinese landscapes, actual Japanese sites, and poetically-inspired traditional scenery. He also painted portraits of his contemporaries (such as Ono Ranzan and Kimura Kenkadō), as well as imagined images of such Chinese literati heroes as Su Shi and Tao Yuanming. Since travel outside Japan was forbidden under the Tokugawa shogunate, Bunchō was unable to study in China; he spent many years traveling around Japan, studying Chinese, Japanese, and Western art (洋画, Yōga). Watanabe Kazan, Sakai Hōitsu and Takaku Aigai were among his disciples.

Six Gentlemen marks the genesis of Ni's personal style. His subsequent landscapes usually follow the same pattern: minimal compositions with a few trees, low mountains across a lake or river, occasionally an empty hut, and no human figures. Examples from Ni's later years include Empty Pavilion in a Pine Grove (1354), Wind among the Trees on the Riverbank (1363, painted after his wife's death), The Rongxi Studio (1372), and Woods and Valleys of Mount Yu (also 1372). This style was also frequently imitated by later artists, who took Ni and the other literati painters of the Yuan dynasty as archaic models to emulate.

Jo Gwangjo Jo Gwangjo (, 23 August 1482 – 10 January 1520), also often called by his pen name Jeong-am (), was Korean Neo-Confucian scholar who pursued radical reforms during the reign of Jungjong of Joseon in the early 16th century. He was framed with charges of factionalism by the power elite that opposed his reform measures and was sentenced to drink poison in the Third Literati Purge of 1519. He has been widely venerated as a Confucian martyr and an embodiment of "seonbi spirit" by later generations in Korea. Some historians consider him one of the most influential figures in 16th century Korea.

There appear to be no Persian miniatures that are clearly the work of a Chinese artist or one trained in China itself. The most prestigious Chinese painting tradition, of literati landscape painting on scrolls, has little influence; instead the closest parallels are with wall-paintings and motifs such as clouds and dragons found in Chinese pottery, textiles, and other decorative arts.Rawson, Chapter 5 The format and composition of the Persian miniature received strong influence from Chinese paintings.Schmitz and Desai, 172; Meri, 585 The Ilkhanid rulers did not convert to Islam for several decades, meanwhile remaining Tantric Buddhists or Christians (usually Nestorians).

His inherited prosperity afforded him the luxury of painting independently of patrons, and he did so in a way that, while revealing his historical influence, was uniquely his own. Shen possessed a large collection of paintings from the late Yuan and early Ming, which he and his scholar-painter colleagues used as models in forging the revivalist approach of the Wu style. He frequently combined experimental elements with the more rigid styles of the Yuan masters. Much of his work was done in collaboration with others, combining painting, poetry, and calligraphy at gatherings with his literati friends.

Lofty Mt. Lu by Shen Zhou Wu or Wumen School () is a group of painters of the Southern School during the Ming period of Chinese history. It was not an academy or educational institution, but rather a group united largely by the artistic theories of its members. Often classified as Literati, scholars, or amateur painters (as opposed to professionals), members idealized the concepts of personalizing works and integrating the artists into the art. A Wu School painting is characterized by inscriptions describing the painting, the date, method, or reason for the work, which is usually seen as a vehicle for personal expression.

He spent his last years in the Fu-ch'un mountains near Hangzhou devoting himself to Taoism, where around 1350 he completed one of his most famous, and arguably greatest, works, Dwelling in the Fuchun Mountains. In art he rejected the landscape conventions of his era's Academy, but is now regarded as one of the great literati painters. Art historian James Cahill identified Huang Gongwang as the artist who "most decisively altered the course of landscape painting, creating models that would have a profound effect on landscapists of later centuries."James Cahill, "The Yuan Dynasty" in Three Thousand Years of Chinese Painting, ed.

One of the most important publications the end of the Joseon period was the weekly newspaper, Hanseong Jugang (), one of the first written in the more natural style several years before the Gap-o reforms. The popular newspaper was originally started as a hanja-only publication that lasted only a few weeks before they switched formats. During the reforms, Yu Giljun () published his travel diaries, Seoyu Gyeonmun () or Observations on Travels to the West was a best-seller at this time. The success of Hanseong Jugang and Seoyu Gyeonmun urged the literati to switch to vernacular Korean in hanja- honyong.

During these years he met and befriended Sadegh Hedayat. Around this time he became active in the meetings held by Dr. Erani and was one of the famous 53 persons who were jailed in 1937 under the regime of Reza Shah for communist activities. Alavi himself claimed that he was not involved politically at the time and simply was in a group of literati, who among other things read communist writings. He was given a 7-year sentence, but was released after 4 years in 1941 after a general amnesty following the Allied control of Iran.

Frances Steloff photographed by Lynn Gilbert (1978) Ida Frances Stelov (December 31, 1887 – April 15, 1989), better known as Frances Steloff or Fanny, was the founder of the Gotham Book Mart in New York City, a center for avant-garde literature and literati from 1920 until it closed in 2007. Ida Frances Steloff was born to a poor family in Saratoga Springs, New York on December 31, 1887. Her mother died when she was young, and at 12 she was taken in by a couple who offered her a home. She dropped out of school in the seventh grade.

Yeongjo realising the detrimental effect on state administration of factional strife during the latter half of the 17th century, attempted to end factional strife as soon as he ascended the throne. Yeongjo reinstated the short-lived universal military service tax, then he even went beyond the palace gate and solicited the opinion of officials, literati (scholars), soldiers and peasants. Yeongjo reduced the military service tax by half and ordered the variance be supplemented by taxes on fisheries, salt, vessels and an additional land tax. Yeongjo also regularized the financial system of state revenues and expenses by adopting an accounting system.

Nakata 1973, p.168 Around 1736 Yoshimune began relaxing Japan's isolation policy and Chinese cultural imports increased, in particular via the port of Nagasaki. Catalogues of imported copybooks testify to a broad appreciation of Chinese calligraphers among the Japanese literati who pursued the karayō style: "traditionalists" studied Wang Xizhi and Wen Zhengming, while "reformists" modeled their work on the sōsho style of calligraphers such as Zhang Xu, Huaisu and Mi Fu. In terms of wayō, Konoe Iehiro contributed many fine kana works but generally speaking, wayō style was not as vigorously practised as karayō at that time.Nakata 1973, p.

Xue was born in either Suzhou or Jiaxing (contemporary sources disagree). According to the historian Qian Qianyi she spent at least some of her childhood in Beijing. She spent her professional life in the Qinhuai pleasure quarter of Nanjing in the 1580s, where she became something of a celebrity among the literati and government officials who frequented the "flower houses" there. She was highly selective in her clientele, accepting only learned and scholarly men as her lovers and declining to proffer her affections for mere financial gain; suitors might spend thousands of taels on her to no avail.

Whilst she excelled at poetry, painting and embroidery, the skill that set Xue apart from other courtesans and created a cult of celebrity around her was her talent for archery. Her mastery of a traditionally masculine art gave her an air of androgyny that was considered highly attractive by the literati of the time. Having practiced in Beijing as a child she furthered her skills during a sojourn in the company of a military officer in the outlying regions of China. The horsemen of the local tribes there were impressed with her shooting, and she became something of a local celebrity.

"Unificarea ortografiei și limbei literare. IX", in Transilvania, Nr. VI/1902, p.219 (digitized by the Babeș-Bolyai University Transsylvanica Online Library) Linguist Sextil Pușcariu also commended Transylvanian literati for standing up to the "unhealthy currents" promoted by Caion, Macedonski and Karnabatt. Sextil Pușcariu, "Scrisoarea a III-a", in Luceafărul, Nr. 16-18/1903, p.272 (digitized by the Babeș-Bolyai University Transsylvanica Online Library) Caion's indignation reached a peak in September 1909, when the Romanian Writers' Society (SSR) was officially established as a compromise between the Symbolists and the Transylvanians, doing away with the Romanian Society for Arts and Literature.

In November 1927, artists Antonietta Raphaël and Mario MafaiSee also it:Wiki for Antonietta Raphaël and Mario Mafai. moved to No. 325 of Roman street via Cavour, in a Savoyan palace subsequently demolished in 1930 in order to allow the fascist construction of the New Empire Way (currently the via dei Fori Imperiali). The apartment's larger room was transformed into a studio. Within a short time, this studio became a meeting point for literati such as Enrico Falqui, Giuseppe Ungaretti, Libero de Libero, Leonardo Sinisgalli, as well as young artists Scipione, Renato Marino Mazzacurati,On Mazzacurati, see also his biographical note at Scuola Romana.

Brett was admitted to the Society of Apostles, dedicated to emergent philosophies of European atheism; their number included the aristocratic literati of liberalism Frank, Gerald and Eustace Balfour, Frederick and Arthur Myers, Hallam and Lionel Tennyson, Edmund Gurney, S H and J G Butcher. Brett experimented approaching conversion to High Mass from Cardinal Newman on Sundays in London. The Oxford Movement included historians, J Sedgwick and F M Maitland holding an equally profound sway over his youthful scholarship. Brett was seen with the Carlton Gardens set of Lady Granville, he was friend of the Clare brothers, introduced by the Earl de Grey.

In 1857 Johann Voldemar Jannsen started publishing the first Estonian language newspaper and began popularising the denomination of oneself as eestlane (Estonian). Schoolmaster Carl Robert Jakobson and clergyman Jakob Hurt became leading figures in a national movement, encouraging Estonian peasants to take pride in themselves and in their ethnic identity. The first nationwide movements formed, such as a campaign to establish the Estonian language Alexander School, the founding of the Society of Estonian Literati and the Estonian Students' Society, and the first national song festival, held in 1869 in Tartu. Linguistic reforms helped to develop the Estonian language.

It was an encounter with Yanagisawa Kien, a major social and artistic figure of the time, that initiated Taiga's introduction to the world of the bunjin. Chinese painter Yi Fujiu (J: I Fukyū or Yi Hai, 1698-1740?), whose main activity was selling horses in Nagasaki, taught Chinese literati painting that soon became the main model for Ike no Taiga, as reported in the ' (A Painting Manual of Landscapes by Yi Fujiu and Ike no Taiga) published in 1803.Marco, Meccarelli. 2015. "Chinese Painters in Nagasaki: Style and Artistic Contaminatio during the Tokugawa Period (1603-1868)" Ming Qing Studies 2015, Pages 175-236.

Based on epitaphs dating to the 4th and 5th centuries, Goguryeo had concepts of Son of Heaven () and independent tianxia. The rulers of Goryeo used the titles of emperor and Son of Heaven and positioned Goryeo at the center of the Haedong "East of the Sea" tianxia, which encompassed the historical domain of the "Samhan", another name for the Three Kingdoms of Korea. In the 17th century, with the fall of the Ming dynasty in China, a concept of Korea as the cultural center of Confucianism, or the "Little China" (), emerged among the Confucian literati of the Joseon dynasty.

Morsi moved to Baghdad, Iraq in 1955, where he taught English to supplement his two-year stay. This was a time of a cultural renaissance in Iraq, when Baghdad was a center for the literati, the artists and the intellectuals. It was in Baghdad that he developed a friendship and a working relationship with several Iraqi writers and painters, among them Abd al-Wahhab al-Bayati, Fouad al-Tikerly and Ardash Kakavian; and these relationships continued to produce noteworthy creative cooperation as well as lifelong friendships throughout the coming decades. Returning to Egypt, he moved to Cairo in 1957.

During the Age of Enlightenment, sinologists started to introduce Chinese philosophy, ethics, legal system, and aesthetics into the West. Though often unscientific and incomplete, their works inspired the development of Chinoiserie and a series of debates comparing Chinese and Western cultures. At that time, sinologists often described China as an enlightened kingdom, comparing it to Europe, which had just emerged from the Dark Ages. Among those European literati interested in China was Voltaire, who wrote the play L'orphelin de la Chine inspired by The Orphan of Zhao, Leibniz who penned his famous Novissima Sinica (News from China) and Giambattista Vico.

Renowned director and producer Franco Zeffirelli owned the Villa Treville in Positano, where he took residence over a 35-year period and hosted a coterie of literati and stars of the stage and screen. He hired his friend, Renzo Mongiardino, who collaborated on many of his theater and opera projects, to design the exquisite interiors which reflect the local design sensibilities and craftsmanship. The Villa Treville has since been converted into a five- star boutique hotel. German pianist Wilhelm Kempff made Positano his summer retreat and there he taught a summer course on the Beethoven piano sonatas and concerti.

Yongbi eocheonga (hangul: 용비어천가, hanja: 龍飛御天歌) literally means "Songs of the Dragons Flying to Heaven". It was compiled during the reign of Sejong the Great as an official recognition of the Joseon dynasty and its ancestral heritage as the forerunners of Joseon, the Golden Age of Korea. The Songs were composed through the efforts of a committee of Confucian philologists and literati in the form of 125 cantos. This compilation was the first piece of Korean text to depart from a long history reliant on Chinese characters and be recorded in Hangul, the first and official alphabet of Korea.

She wrote the play Esmerelda in 1881, while staying at the "Logan House" inn near Lake Lure, North Carolina; it became the longest running play on Broadway in the 19th century. However, as had happened earlier in Knoxville, she felt the pressure of maintaining a household, caring for children and a husband, and keeping to her writing schedule, which caused exhaustion and depression. Frances Hodgson Burnett, date unknown (1890–1910) Within a few years Burnett became well known in Washington society and hosted a literary salon on Tuesday evenings, often attended by politicians, as well as local literati.

The Guo Xiang redaction of Zhuangzi revised a fifty-two chapter original by removing material he thought was superstitious and generally not of philosophical interest to his literati sensibilities, resulting in a thirty-three chapter total. He appended a philosophical commentary to the text that became famous, and within four centuries his shorter and snappier expurgated recension became the only one known. This Zhuangzi recension is traditionally divided into three sections: ‘Inner Chapters’ (1-7), ‘Outer Chapters’ (8-22), ‘Miscellaneous Chapters’ (23-33). This division is quite old and is likely to have been part of the original recension.

His critics state that Navalar was an example of a "hegemonic caste" and his hidden agenda was to promote his own caste. Arumuga Navalar found support from the Brahmins and his own literati caste of Vellalas in the Tamil community, according to Wilson, because he accepted and recognized their caste-based status. His supporters state that Navalar had no such hidden agenda, and his active efforts to reform attest to Navalar's commitment to end social vices such as alcoholism, violence against animals and others. According to Peter Schalk, Navalar has also been accused of despising the Vaishnava and Jaina community.

The 1660 destruction of TiberiasA Descriptive Geography and Brief Historical Sketch of Palestine. P.409. "Sultan Seliman surrounded it with a wall in 5300 (1540), and it commenced to revive a little, and to be inhabited by the most distinguished Jewish literati; but it was destroyed again in 5420 (1660)." occurred during the Druze power struggle in the Galilee, in the same year as the destruction of Safed. The destruction of Tiberias by the Druze resulted in abandonment of the city by its Jewish community,Joel Rappel, History of Eretz Israel from Prehistory up to 1882 (1980), Vol.2, p.531.

Bol, 46. Furthermore, the fangzhi were almost always printed because they were intended for a large reading audience, whereas tujing were exclusive records read by the local officials who drafted them and the central government officials who collected them. Although most Song gazetteers credited local officials as the authors, already in the Song there were bibliographers who noted that non-official literati were asked to compose these works or did so on their own behalf.Bol, 47. By the 16th century—during the Ming dynasty—local gazetteers were commonly composed due to local decision-making rather than a central government mandate.

That Śākyamuni's hands are always concealed by the folds of his robe rather than forming a mudra resonates with the Zen Buddhist virtue of wordlessness. Finally, the narrative of the story itself in conjunction with artists' emphasis on earthliness suggests, in accordance with Zen teaching, that enlightenment is not found by completely cutting off oneself from the world. Historically, paintings on this motif had a relatively small audience, circulating among the overlapping networks of literati elites and Chan monks. In ritual use, Shussan Shaka paintings are hung on the walls of Rinzai Zen temples during the holiday celebrating the enlightenment of Śākyamuni Buddha.

According to Rhys' obituarist in The Times, the shop became "a focal point for the Welsh literati". Soon after its opening she obtained contracts to deliver textbooks to various Welsh educational institutions. Rhys had regular customers in Idris Foster, the professor of Celtic Studies at Jesus College, Oxford, the poets Waldo Williams and Dylan Thomas, Saunders Lewis, the co-founder of the political party Plaid Cymru, the historian John Davies, the politician Neil Kinnock and his wife Glenys Parry. The shop made an academic, financial and social success, and she soon opened a second shop in Park Place, Cardiff, which her sister managed.

P.234 and the mutilation of Kim Jong- jik's remains.In traditional East Asian culture the corpse has to be complete in order for the soul to survive in the afterlife and be reincarnated, to mutilate the corpse was seen as not only a punishment in this life but as in the next too This came to be known as the First Literati Purge (무오사화 戊午士禍). In 1504, Im Sa-hong revealed to Yeonsangun details of his mother's death and showed him a blood-stained piece of clothing, the blood allegedly vomited by her after taking poison. Joanna Rurarz (2009).

In 1770 Crofts returned to England as Chaplain to the 4th Duke of Leeds and lived in Bury Street in the fashionable district of St. James. He became a member of the literati frequenting the so- called 'Literary Coffee House' at the shop of the bookseller and publisher Thomas Payne. His friends and colleagues included Thomas Tyrwhitt, George Steevens, John Hoole and the anatomist and numismatist William Hunter. His library was now very extensive and books borrowed from it helped Tyrwhitt with 'The Canterbury Tales of Chaucer' (1775) and also Hoole with his translation of 'Orlando Furioso' (1783).

Jo Gwang-jo (조광조·1482–1519) was a neo-Confucian reformer who was framed by the conservative faction opposing his reforms in the Third Literati Purge of 1519. His political enemies slandered Jo to be disloyal by writing "Jo will become the king" (주초위왕, 走肖爲王) with honey on leaves so that caterpillars left behind the same phrase as if in supernatural manifestation. King Jungjong ordered his death by sending poison and abandoned Jo's reform measures. Jo, who had believed to the end that Jungjong would see his errors, wrote the following before drinking poison on December 20, 1519.

The sanqu were literary lyrics directly related to the zaju arias: these were dramatic lyrics written to fixed musical modes or metrical forms and could contain several aria or lyric song segments in one suite. Sanqu, however, could be composed in single discrete sections. It is often said that the sanqu verses tend to reflect excess energies and resentments of contemporary disenfranchised Chinese literati, due to contemporary Jurchen and Mongol political domination. Often the poetry could be humorous as is the following anonymous lyric: "Wearing Ruined Boots" The seams have come unstitched, All falling apart, the leather is ruined.

In 1820s and 1830s, Bao did a considerable amount of work on the reforms of the Grain Tribute Administration and the Liang-Huai Salt Administration. He advocated large scale institutional reforms, such as getting rid of the Grand Council to improve administrational efficiency, allowing the court to consult the literati, giving farmers low gentry degrees based on their agricultural technique, and reconsolidating the baojia () system. However, Bao's reputation is earned mostly for being a calligrapher and historian of calligraphy. He wrote a book Yizhou Shuangji (艺舟双楫, Two Oars for the Boat of Art) in 1844 on Wei style character formation.

These include the persecutions of Osip Mandelshtam, Boris Pasternak, Mikhail Bulgakov, and Joseph Brodsky, as well as the publication of The Gulag Archipelago by Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn. In literary world, there were dozens of literati who participated in dissident movement, including Vasily Aksyonov, Arkadiy Belinkov, Leonid Borodin, Joseph Brodsky, Georgi Vladimov, Vladimir Voinovich, Aleksandr Galich, Venedikt Yerofeyev, Alexander Zinoviev, Lev Kopelev, Naum Korzhavin, Vladimir Maximov, Viktor Nekrasov, Andrei Sinyavsky, Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, and Varlam Shalamov. In the early Soviet Union, non-conforming academics were exiled via so-called Philosophers' ships. Later, figures such as cultural theorist Grigori Pomerants were among active dissidents.

Through the Roman Empire, Greek literature also continued to make an impact in Europe long after the Empire's fall, especially after the recovery of Greek texts from the East during the high Middle Ages and the resurgence of Greek literacy during the Renaissance. Many educated Westerners from the Renaissance up to the 20th century, for instance, read Plutarch's Lives of the Noble Greeks and Romans, originally written in Greek. Shakespeare's play Julius Caesar takes most of its material from Plutarch's biographies of Caesar, Cato, and Brutus, whose exploits were frequently discussed and debated by the literati of Shakespeare's time.

Chinese scholars, court academies, and local officials carried on late Ming dynasty strengths in astronomy, mathematics, and geography, as well as technologies in ceramics, metallurgy, water transport, printing. Contrary to stereotypes in some Western writing, 16th and 17th century Qing dynasty officials and literati eagerly explored the technology and science introduced by Jesuit missionaries. Manchu leaders employed Jesuits to use cannon and gunpowder to great effect in the conquest of China, and the court sponsored their research in astronomy. The aim of these efforts, however, was to reform and improve inherited science and technology, not to replace it.

His contributions on the emerging Egyptian literature of the twentieth century are fundamental, without forgetting the Arab-Sicilian literati, such as Abū l-Ḥasan ʿAlī b. ʿAbd al-Raḥmān al-Ṣiqillī, called "al-Ballanūbī" (or Billanūbī, that is "of Villanova"). The bibliography of Umberto Rizzitano's writings records over 120 publications among those that have particularly distinguished his work as an Arabist and Islamist.Exactly 121. The complete bibliography has been published by the magazine Oriente Moderno, of the Istituto per l’Oriente Carlo Alfonso Nallino (of which he was a Councilor and then President in the three years preceding his sudden death), on n.

In December 2007 he founded his own advisory and research company, Center for Organizational Performance, in Hilversum, The Netherlands. In 2009 De Waal received the Highly Commended Award from the International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management for one of his articles, "Stimulating performance-driven behaviour to obtain better results"International Journal of Productivity and Performance Management, 53, no. 4 (2004): 301-316 In 2012 De Waal received the Highly Commended Award at the Literati Network Awards for Excellence 2012 for his publication “The Evolutionary Adoption Framework: explaining the budgeting paradox” published in Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change.Journal of Accounting & Organizational Change, Vol.

Their potentialities would be limitless and their > intelligence ungraspable by humans. In the same interview, he also blames the poor critical reaction to 2001 as follows: > Perhaps there is a certain element of the lumpen literati that is so > dogmatically atheist and materialist and Earth-bound that it finds the > grandeur of space and the myriad mysteries of cosmic intelligence anathema. In a 1969 interview to American Cinematographer, Kubrick expressed his atheism when asked if there was an unseen cosmic intelligence or god behind the events in 2001:Smith 2010, p. 68. > The whole idea of god is absurd.

From 1906–1907, he worked as a director with Max Reinhardt at the German Theater () in Berlin, and starting in 1918 he was a Dramaturg with the Vienna Burgtheater. Spokesman for the literary group Young Vienna, Bahr was an active member of the Austrian avant-garde, producing both criticism and Impressionist plays. Bahr's association with the coffeehouse literati made him one of the main targets of Karl Kraus's satirical journal Die Fackel (The Torch) after Kraus's falling out with the group. Bahr was the first critic to apply the label modernism to literary works, and was an early observer of the Expressionism movement.

Li Dian's biography in the Sanguozhi mentioned that Li was known to be a keen and humble learner who respected the literati. He did not fight with others for merits, and he regarded official duties as more important than his personal affairs.(典好學問，貴儒雅，不與諸將爭功。敬賢士大夫，恂恂若不及，軍中稱其長者。) Sanguozhi vol. 18. Chen Shou, who wrote Li Dian's biography, praised Li for his noble and gentlemanly demeanour, and for his 'duty before self' attitude.

Over the centuries, the beauty and culture of West Lake has attracted numerous literati, who left behind works of literature and poetry to describe the lake. For example, Dream in West Lake and The Enchiridion of Lake and Mountain recorded a lot about West Lake and ancient Hangzhou historic anecdotes. Poets such as Bai Juyi, Su Shi, Xu Zhimo and Hu Shih also wrote countless poems about West Lake. The Chinese legend Legend of the White Snake is also set in West Lake in Hangzhou and has been adapted into films and television series over the years.

He published a Christmas poem collection in December 1545, preceding those of Barthélémy Aneau, under a pseudonym "Count of Alsinois". He then went on to produce numerous writings and poetry using this alternate identity, as well as occasionally painting portraits. His writing brought him into a network of friends and contacts included many well-known French literati of his time, such as François de Belleforest, Joseph Scaliger, Bernard de Girard, Pierre Boaistuau, Jean-Antoine de Baïf, Claude Roillet, and Jacques Grévin. One painting executed by Denisot Thomas Seymour, 1st Baron Seymour of Sudeley is part of the National Maritime Museum collection.

In 1880, when his studies were over, he lived for a time in Istanbul (Constantinople), where he learned Turkish, got acquainted with Turkish literature and developed close ties with the Turkish literati. His keen interest in literature led him to translate short stories from Turkish to Tatar and to write poetry. Unfortunately, except for Kargalılı Sibğatullah’a İthafen (In Dedication to Sibgatullah of Karga), none of the texts from this period are extant. His first poem to be published, "Days Long Past" (as the title would be in English) was inserted anonymously in the novella "Asma," published in 1903 by Rıza Fahretdin (Reza Fahretdinov).

British Library, Topographical collections: an overview . Such views, extremely common as prints in the West, are often seen as inferior to fine art landscapes, although the distinction is not always meaningful; similar prejudices existed in Chinese art, where literati painting usually depicted imaginary views, while professional artists painted real views.British Library, Topographical prints and drawings: glossary of terms . The word "landscape" entered the modern English language as landskip (variously spelt), an anglicization of the Dutch landschap, around the start of the 17th century, purely as a term for works of art, with its first use as a word for a painting in 1598.

When Hồ Quý Ly seized the throne in 1400, as well as pursuing a programme of land reform, he sought to break the power of the Confucian literati by making Vietnamese the state language and translating the classics to make them available to all. This was reversed in 1407 after Ming China invaded the country. Similar reforms were attempted by Nguyễn Huệ from 1788, but were again reversed at the beginning of the succeeding Nguyen Dynasty (1802–1945). Finally both Literary Chinese and Chữ nôm were replaced by the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet in the early 20th century.

Some haiga paintings, such as those by Morikawa Kyoriku, reflect the formal training of the artists, while others, like those by Nakahara Nantenbō, reflect the artist's background in Zen. One overall trend that developed over time, despite this wide variety, was a shift from the circles of literati (bunjin) painters to the orbit of the Shijō school of the naturalistic painter Maruyama Ōkyo. This move was effected primarily by Maruyama Goshun, and can be seen as well in the works of Yamaguchi Soken. Some later painters, such as Takebe Sōchō, were influenced by ukiyo-e styles, and used color in highly detailed works.

Despite his initial claim that the INS was 'not an art project', McCarthy has accepted invitations to show work in his capacity as INS general secretary at art institutions around the world, including Tate Britain and the Institute of Contemporary Art in London, Moderna Museet Stockholm, the Drawing Center New York, Kunstwerke Berlin, Hartware MedienKunstVerein Dortmund, and Substation Gallery Singapore. The INS has been described by Art Monthly as "a group of wayward literati and sweet- talking parodists", and as "obscure" by The Australian. In 2003 the INS hacked the BBC website and inserted propaganda into its source code.

This genre of music, in a sense, is similar to the Chinese language. This relationship is made by tones, sliding from higher tones to lower tones, or lower to higher tones, or a combination of both. These similarities mean that the instrument is a very important part in mastering technique with both left and right hands (left hand is used to create tonality on the string, right hand is for plucking or strumming the string), particularly for the classical (literati) tradition. Sometimes, singing can be put into the music to create a harmony or a melody accompanying the instrument.

His skill at advertising no doubt played a role in building the museum's popularity. Cox produced several catalogues and a collection of verses praising his museum, which had first been published in various London newspapers (some were probably planted by Cox). Cox's Museum was among the most expensive exhibitions in London, and the price was purportedly to limit the number of patrons for security reasons. The museum was popular among London's upper classes and literati: James Boswell visited in 1772, at the recommendation of Samuel Johnson, and Frances Burney stages a debate about the uses of art at Cox's, in her novel Evelina.

Overjoyed, Blackadder embraces Johnson, but as his aunt appears and Baldrick transforms into an Alsatian; Blackadder realises that he is dreaming. The real next morning, Johnson and his devotees indeed arrive at the palace, angrily demanding the dictionary. He explains that he has worked on this book 18 hours every day these past 10 years with a rather bizarre description of his devotion: Backed into a corner, Blackadder finally admits that the dictionary has been burned. Just as the enraged literati are about to kill Blackadder, the Prince emerges from his room, holding the dictionary and offering his patronage.

Bishop was born in London, England to a literary family. Her mother, Barbara Wall, a novelist and translator, and her father, Bernard, who wrote on Italian and Spanish history and culture, were leading Catholic thinkers of the day, entertaining a stream of literati including Rene Hague, Gavin Maxwell and Dylan Thomas at their Ladbroke Road home. The poet and suffragist Alice Meynell was a great-grandmother on her mother’s side. She spent her formative years, during World War II, with her grandmother Madeline at Greatham, West Sussex, and was reunited with her parents in London following the cessation of hostilities.

A government system supported by a large class of Confucian literati selected through civil service examinations was perfected under Tang rule. This competitive procedure was designed to draw the best talents into government. But perhaps an even greater consideration for the Tang rulers, aware that imperial dependence on powerful aristocratic families and warlords would have destabilizing consequences, was to create a body of career officials having no autonomous territorial or functional power base. As it turned out, these scholar-officials acquired status in their local communities, family ties, and shared values that connected them to the imperial court.

During the Ming period soldiers were often expected to play music in processions when the Emperor would travel. These soldiers were used by the emperor to demonstrate his power. By having many soldiers following him, the Emperor would put himself in a position of power and the soldiers would be lost in the crowd, being a backdrop for the Emperor rather than being an individual musician exploring their art like the Literati. Being a musician for the military did not change their profession, soldiers were expected to protect the emperor while acting as musicians for the procession.

Taoranting Park (, also known as Leasure Pavilion Park or Taoran Pavilion Park) is a major city park located in Xicheng District to the north of Beijing South railway station, in the southern part of the city. A former location for literati to get together, while most of Beijing's gardens were reserved only for imperial families during the Qing Dynasty, it gained its name from a poem by the Tang Dynasty poet Bai Juyi, "Wait till the chrysanthemums are yellow and home-made wine is ripe, (I'll) drink with you and be carefree."(). The park has a total area of , and water area accounts for . It was built in 1952.

For moral betterment the Carolingian renaissance reached for models drawn from the example of the Christian Roman Empire of the 4th century. During this period there was an increase of literature, writing, the arts, architecture, jurisprudence, liturgical reforms and scriptural studies. Charlemagne's Admonitio generalis (789) and his Epistola de litteris colendis served as manifestos. The effects of this cultural revival, however, were largely limited to a small group of court literati: "it had a spectacular effect on education and culture in Francia, a debatable effect on artistic endeavors, and an immeasurable effect on what mattered most to the Carolingians, the moral regeneration of society," John Contreni observes.

In relatively short order he and several other influential British literati had managed to canonize Billy Budd, placing it alongside Moby-Dick as one of the great books of Western literature. Wholly unknown to the public until 1924, Billy Budd by 1926 had joint billing with the book that had just recently been firmly established as a literary masterpiece. In its first text and subsequent texts, and as read by different audiences, the book has kept that high status ever since. In 1990 the Melville biographer and scholar Hershel Parker pointed out that all the early estimations of Billy Budd were based on readings from the flawed transcription texts of Weaver.

He pointed out that both Sun He and Sun Ba held considerable prestige among the literati and scholar-gentry, who were eager to meet the two princes, so they should be allowed to interact with the outside world. Yang Dao also explained to Sun Quan that isolating the two princes from the outside world might make people think that Eastern Wu was experiencing internal instability and allow rumours to breed and spread.(督軍使者羊衜上疏曰：「臣聞古之有天下者， ... 萬國幸甚矣。」) Sanguozhi vol. 59. Sun Quan probably heeded Yang Dao's advice.

Each month, the Literati Book Club offers two meetings at which the same book is discussed; on one day the meeting is in the evening and the other day the meeting is in the morning. Other regular events include a Saturday for Educators Workshop series which is designed to enhance educators’ understanding of The Ringling’s collections and special exhibitions, while also providing an opportunity for networking, collaboration, and inspiration. The Ringling Art Library also hosts an online blog. The library is open to the public and there is a reading room for patrons to view and use materials; however, the collection is non-circulating and items cannot be checked out.

In response to the Japanese invasion, during the great policy debates he proposed the need for Western studies and three regional fleets worth of ironclad battleships. He was attacked by the Literati (though they accepted his proposal to send Li Hongzhang to negotiate treaties with Korea) but supported by Li and made director of the Fuzhou Arsenal and governor of Fujian three months later. Having propounded a pro-colonial stance to the court in the past, during his term he gave much attention to Taiwan. He witnessed the first machine excavation of coal there and oversaw the installation of the first telegraph line in China.

His most famous work is a mystic text called The Secret Rose Garden (Gulshan-i Rāz) written about 1311 in rhyming couplets (Mathnawi). This poem was written in response to seventeen queries concerning Sufi metaphysics posed to "the Sufi literati of Tabriz" by Rukh Al Din Amir Husayn Harawi (d. 1318).Lewisohn (1995) p. 21 It was also the main reference used by François Bernier when explaining Sufism to his European friends (in: Lettre sur le Quietisme des Indes; 1688) Other works include The Book of Felicity (Sa'adat-nāma) and The Truth of Certainty about the Knowledge of the Lord of the Worlds (Ḥaqq al-yaqīn fi ma'rifat rabb al-'alamīn.

Ming official Jiang Shunfu. The decoration of two egrets on his chest are a "mandarin square", indicating that he was a civil official of the sixth rank. Scholar-officials, also known as literati, scholar-gentlemen or scholar-bureaucrats () were politicians and government officials appointed by the emperor of China to perform day-to-day political duties from the Han dynasty to the end of the Qing dynasty in 1912, China's last imperial dynasty. After the Sui dynasty these officials mostly came from the scholar-gentry (紳士 shēnshì) who had earned academic degrees (such as xiucai, juren, or jinshi) by passing the imperial examinations.

As he owned no private property throughout his life, his family often struggled to make ends meet and they had no excess wealth at the time of his death.(身之衣食資仰於官，不苟素儉，然終不治私產，妻子不免饑寒，死之日家無餘財。) Sanguozhi vol. 45. Deng Zhi was also known for being firm and candid, and direct when he expressed his thoughts and feelings. As a result, he neither got along well with the scholar-elite and literati nor gained much respect and prestige among his contemporaries.

As discussed, during World War II, the Japanese were able to influence and encourage the Philippine literati in developing the vernacular literature, in parallel existence with the English language introduced by the Americans through public education. The impact of this fellow-Asian intervention lingered through and survived after the Philippines achieved the status of a freely governing Republic. Exemplars are the Philippine-language works written by Lualhati Bautista and Liwayway Arceo. There were also published manuscripts that confer personal familiarity with events that occurred during the four-year-long Japanese period such as those achieved by Estrella Alfon, Maria Luna Lopez, and Rosa Henson.

He relocated to New York in 1856. Winter became a regular at the center of Greenwich Village's Bohemian hotspot, Pfaff's, where artists, renegades, and radical thinkers of all kinds converged. This was where Walt Whitman, Mark Twain, Winslow Homer, Edwin Booth, Adah Isaacs Menken, Ada Clara, Horatio Alger Jr and an endless list of the Bohemian crowd came to mix with the journalists and radical political thinkers of the times. It was where one came to explore a new counter-culture in the Village, a salon of the Civil War era where the unconventional literati would gather-a place where no topic was off limits and all eccentricities were embraced.

The term, and the campaign against Hunt and the others, was not a question of aesthetics. It was, instead, an attack on the class background of the authors and their aspirations to the highest level of the literati, and it was, additionally, a reaction to the "Cockney" politics of the authors. The political, reformist agenda and the democratic ideology of Hunt and Hazlitt were offensive to the Blackwood's review staff, and the cultural and class background of the authors was introduced as a mechanism. Percy Bysshe Shelley was accused of being similarly offensive politically, but the reviewers excused him for his genius (and, of course, his high birth).

Dumaguete has earned the distinction of being known as the "center of learning in the South," or a university city due to the presence of universities that have made their mark nationally and abroad. The city is a melting pot of students, professionals, artists, scholars and the literati coming from different parts of the country and the world. Silliman University is the dominant institution of higher learning in Dumaguete, providing the city with a distinct university town atmosphere. It is the first Protestant university in the country and the first American university in Asia. The 610,000 m2 campus is adjacent to and intermixed with the city's downtown district.

Row of funeral monuments in the south aisleMonuments in the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo are tombs and funerary monuments ranging from the 15th to the 19th centuries. Since its rebuilding in the 1470s by Pope Sixtus IV the Basilica of Santa Maria del Popolo was one of the favourite burial places for members of the papal aristocracy, clergy and literati. Foreign artists were also buried in the church due to its location near their favourite quarter in Rione Campo Marzio. The high number of tombs and monuments makes the basilica a whole museum of sculpture as Jacob Burckhardt phrased it in his famous guide of Italian art in 1855.

The Second Literati Purge of 1504, or Kapcha Sahwa (갑자사화, 甲子士禍), followed when Yeonsangun eventually discovered that his real mother was not Queen Jung-hyeon but Deposed Queen Yun, who had been executed (by poison) in 1482 for poisoning one of Seongjong's concubines and scratching Seongjong's face. Yeonsangun was told about his mother's death and presented with a piece of clothing purportedly stained with her vomited blood. He responded by killing two of Seongjong's concubines, and ordering the execution of officials who had supported Yun's death. This event struck both the Hungu and the remnants of Sarim factions indiscriminately, including the instigators of the first purge.

Although he later described himself at that time as inexperto, aislado en Sevilla, he was in reality already known to a number of the influential Spanish literati of the period. His indecision about a choice of career continued through 1926-27. In December 1927, the Góngora tercentenary celebrations reached a climax with a series of poetry readings and lectures at the Arts Club of Seville by people such as García Lorca, Dámaso Alonso, Rafael Alberti, Jorge Guillén, José Bergamín and others. Although he took no direct part in the proceedings, he did get the chance to read some of his poems and he made the acquaintance of Lorca.

It was managed by bureaucrats and ulama who used both Persian and Arabic, its literati participated in both the Arabic and Persian traditions of high culture of the wider Islamicate world. This composite culture was the beginning of the Turko-Persian variant of Islamicate culture. As "Persianate" it was centred on a lettered tradition of Persian origin, it was Turkic because for many generations it was patronized by rulers of Turkic ancestry, and it was "Islamicate" because the Islamic notions of virtue, permanence, and excellence channeled the discourse about public issues and religious affairs of the Muslims, who were a presiding elite.Hodgson, Marshall G. S. 1974.

During the college sessions of 1779–80, 1780–1, Logan read a course of historical lectures in Edinburgh, under the patronage of William Robertson, Hugh Blair, and other literati; and in 1781 published an analysis of the lectures, entitled Elements of the Philosophy of History. Logan, however, became disillusioned with Robertson, who supported Alexander Fraser Tytler for the chair of history he had aimed at himself. The year 1787 saw the publication of one of Logan's lectures, entitled An Essay on the Manners and Governments of Asia. This was the work of William Creech, from shorthand notes, and was on the theme of despotism and theocracy.

Opened the same year, the Richmond Café next door was a favorite coffee house among local upscale patrons; Jorge Luis Borges, Graham Greene, and the Florida group of avant-garde writers were among the many literati who gathered there. The Richmond closed amid controversy in 2011. The 400 block ends at the intersection with Lavalle Street, and is overlooked by both curtain walled office mid-rises and French architecture. Lavalle Street, from the 1930s until the 1990s, rivaled Corrientes Avenue for the number of movie theaters along its downtown stretch; most have since closed, however, and Lavalle, which was pedestrianized in 1978, became largely a shopping street.

Founded by a journalist, teacher, and scientist, and a Moscow University alumnus Hasan bey Zardabi, Akinchi was regarded almost as revolutionary not only as the first periodical published in Azeri, but for being also the means of reaching the masses. In order to make media accessible to lower classes, Zardabi propagated reforms in the literal Azeri language aimed at making it more vernacular by excluding bulky expressions and loanwords from Persian and Arabic used mostly in religious texts and classical poetry. Akinchi hence would often be subject to criticism by the literati who found its written style too colloquial. Everything Began with Akinchi by Nigar Jafarova.

Weng Fanggang () (1733 - 1818) was a Chinese poet, critic, courtier and philosopher during the Qing dynasty. A native of Beijing's Daxing District, Weng came to the attention of the Qianlong Emperor who was impressed with Weng's translation of the Peach Blossom Spring (桃花源 Tao Hua Yuan) by Tao Yuanming into the Manchu language. He was employed at court as a junior compiler, and later rose to become a member of the Grand Secretariat. Despite holding government posts in Shandong, Jiangxi and Jiangsu, Weng spend most of his professional life in Beijing, so as to be close to the literati of his day.

Flavours of another era The place became a meeting place for the poets, artistes, literati and people from the world of art and culture. In 1958, the management decided to shut down the Coffee House, but it was re-opened the same year, after professors of Presidency College and Calcutta University rushed off a special petition to the government, to save the heritage place. In 2006, a huge financial crunch kept the co-operative society from undertaking renovation of the coffee house. Though a few companies such as Asian Paints approached the society with offers to renovate the restaurant, the offers were refused due to clash of norms and conditions.

Their home became a salon for the capital's literati and politically powerful. In 1881, the Adamses purchased a lot on the northwest corner of 16th Street NW and H Street NW on Lafayette Square, and with their friend John Hay began building the famous Hay-Adams Houses—two of the most architecturally important private residences ever built in the city. Marian Adams' beloved father, to whom she was exceptionally close, died on April 13, 1885, and she sank into a deep depression. Just months before she was to occupy her spacious and luxurious new home, Adams committed suicide on December 6, 1885, by swallowing potassium cyanide.

Ihor Pidhainy. Apr 2006 His wife went to his family's house in Chengdu and took care of financial matters, the household and the raising of Yang family children, and only occasionally had time to visit him. Yang Shen was well received by the Yunnanese literati and produced a substantial amount of writing inspired by the nature and culture of that province. Particularly well known are the Linjiangxian or The Immortals by the River () (later employed by Luo Guan Zhong as the introductory poem to the Romance of the Three Kingdoms), and his essay Roaming atop Diancang Mountain (, Diancang Shan Zhi), inspired by a 1530 trip.

Songs in Bollywood movies are deliberately crafted with lyrics often written by distinguished poets or literati (often different from those who write the film script), and these lyrics are often then set to music, carefully choreographed to match the dance routine or script of the film. They are then sung by professional playback singers and lip-synched by the actors. Bollywood cinema is unique in that the majority of songs are seen to be sung by the characters themselves rather than being played in the background. Although protagonists sing often, villains in films do not sing because music and the arts are a sign of humanity.

During a baguan zhai one was expected to avoid all meat (and fish) and take the eight precepts (and therefore, also includes not eating after noon), and the duration of the fast varied, common forms were a six day fast (liuzhai) and a three day fast (sanzhai). Another form was a long fast (changzhai) which is observed continuously, "in the first half of the first, fifth, and ninth month."Chuan Cheng, Ethical Treatment of Animals in Early Chinese Buddhism: Beliefs and Practices, Cambridge Scholars Publishing, 2014, p. 68. These practices were popular among many Chinese lay Buddhists, including high ranking literati and officials who would gather together to observe fasts.

A profile in the Sunday Times retells the reception of this novel by critics: "head Booker judge Richard Cobb voted Kelman's The Busconductor Hines to be one of the two worst books submitted to the competition. Addressing his audience, Cobb recalled with astonishment: "There was even one novel written entirely in Glaswegian!" This is just the kind of pompous remark that has fuelled Kelman's love-hate relationship with English critics (they love him, he hates them) and led to his metamorphosis into a cultural icon." An article in the Scotland on Sunday wrote that Kelman's debut "landed among the literati like a mortar bomb at Heathrow".

In Britain, Breda was exposed to the work of many great painters and was able to study with Joshua Reynolds. Reynolds was said by his pupil James Northcote to "not trouble himself much with his students", but his influence on Breda led to a "revolutionary change" in Breda's style, and through him had an effect on many subsequent Swedish portrait painters. Breda painted a portrait of Reynolds, which was his diploma picture for his admission to the Stockholm Academy of Arts in 1791. Breda established a London studio in St James's Street and quickly became a popular portraitist with "learned men and literati" and "many lovely ladies".

The angry Poe pushed English into a fistfight, during which his face was cut by English's ring. Poe later claimed to have given English "a flogging which he will remember to the day of his death", though English denied it; either way, the fight ended their friendship and stoked further gossip about the scandal. Later that year, Poe harshly criticized English's work as part of his "Literati of New York" series published in Godey's Lady's Book, referring to him as "a man without the commonest school education busying himself in attempts to instruct mankind in topics of literature". The two had several confrontations, usually centered around literary caricatures of one another.

Literatų Street (literally: Literati Street; ) is one of streets in the Old Town of Vilnius, the capital of Lithuania. It is a short narrow street mostly known for public display of decorative and artistic plaques dedicated to writers who have lived and worked in Vilnius or otherwise have shared a connection with Vilnius and Lithuania. The artwork was first added in 2009 when Vilnius was designated as the European Capital of Culture and has grown to some 200 plaques. Its name originates from the many printing houses and bookstores which were located in the street or from the fact that prominent poet Adam Mickiewicz briefly lived there in 1823.

His teeth were broken and he had no choice but to wrote to Linghu Tao because this could be seen as a great insult to literati. Linghu Tao accused a clerk but acquitted the patrolling soldier, and he blamed this incident on Wen's bad manner. Some scholars like Mou believe that these two incidents may have been adapted by the eunuch at that time to belittle Wen Tingyun. l Changing the name Wen Tingyun used to have another name called Wen Qi. This may have something to do with the Jiang Huai incident as he can't use that name to take the exam anymore (Mou 2004).

He was assigned by the Iron Guard's "National Legionary State" to direct the Romanian Propaganda Office in Rome, together with writers Aron Cotruș and Vintilă Horia, Carmen Burcea, "L'immagine della Romania sulla stampa del Ventennio (II)" , in The Romanian Review of Political Sciences and International Relations, No. 2/2010, p.31 and, in May 1941, became its president. In old age, Bacaloglu witnessed the August 1944 Coup, Soviet occupation, and the transition from fascism to democracy, then to communism. In 1947 she sold the letters she had received from Italian literati to the publicist I. E. Torouțiu, who passed them on to the Romanian Academy Library.

According to statute, Qing society was divided into relatively closed estates, of which in most general terms there were five. Apart from the estates of the officials, the comparatively minuscule aristocracy, and the degree-holding literati, there also existed a major division among ordinary Chinese between commoners and people with inferior status. They were divided into two categories: one of them, the good "commoner" people, the other "mean" people who were seen as debased and servile. The majority of the population belonged to the first category and were described as liangmin, a legal term meaning good people, as opposed to jianmin meaning the mean (or ignoble) people.

The art of gentleman scholars tended to idealize retreat into the beauties of nature and contemplation, an idea parallel to the travel literature of Su Shi and Yuan Hongdao; painting by Song Dynasty artist Ma Yuan, c. 1200-1230\. 19th century Ancestors gallery The term "landed gentry", or "gentry", originally used for Britain, does not correspond to any single term in Chinese. One standard work remarks that under the Ming dynasty, the elite who held privileged status through passing the Imperial exams were called shenshi 紳士 or jinshen 縉紳. These literati, or scholar-officials, are "loosely known in English as the Chinese gentry".

The role of the Classical Chinese Han language or Hanmun language in Korea was akin to the same role in Japan of Chinese Kanbun and in Vietnam of Chinese Hán văn; a role which is broadly comparable to that of the Latin language in Europe.Korean frontier Vol.1-2 1970 p294 "Chinese literature in Korea: The Chinese culture that swept the Korean peninsula was somewhat similar to the Greek and Latin ... At the turn of the 20th century, when dynasty rule came to an end, hanmunhak, or Chinese literature in Korea, ." During this period the use of written Chinese language did not indicate that Korean literati were fluent in spoken Chinese.

Cha was born Zha Liangyong in Haining, Zhejiang in Republican China, the second of seven children. He hailed from the scholarly Zha clan of Haining (), whose members included notable literati of the late Ming and early Qing dynasties such as Zha Jizuo (1601–1676), Zha Shenxing (查慎行; 1650–1727) and Zha Siting (查嗣庭; died 1727). His grandfather, Zha Wenqing (), obtained the position of a tong jinshi chushen (third class graduate) in the imperial examination during the Qing dynasty. His father, Zha Shuqing (), was arrested and executed by the Communist government for allegedly being a counterrevolutionary during the Campaign to Suppress Counterrevolutionaries in the early 1950s.

For example, Haywood was frequently the recipient of invitations from Mabel Dodge Luhan and "other fashionable literati," and "a romanticized IWW" was the subject of books and poems throughout the 1910s. Conlin observes that "no later than 1908, the Wobblies were vividly conscious of their romantic aspect and took easily to self- dramatization." This was evident in their singing, in their song parodies, in their skits, in their poetry and in their cartoons. From soap boxing to the Paterson pageant, from their colorful lingo to "building the battleship" in the free speech fight jails, Wobblies seemed to instinctively comprehend the benefits of publicity for their cause.

At Valencia on 20 February 1393, John I of Aragon (Joan I el Caçador / Chuan lo Cazataire) founded an annual festival (la festa de la Gaya Ciencia or Gaia Ciència) to be celebrated in honour of the Virgin Mary on the day of Annunciation (15 May) or the following Sunday in Barcelona.Riquer, 565. The festival included a Catalan poetry contest, modelled on those held in Toulouse, Paris, and other illustrious cities,The poetic academy of Toulouse is well known, that of Paris is only mentioned here, and the other unspecified cities remain unidentified. and the poems submitted would be judged by a panel of literati.

The Metropolitan Museum of Art also noted that in spite of the gradual assimilation of Yuan monarchs, the Mongol rulers largely ignored the literati and imposed harsh policies discriminating against southern Chinese. In his Kublai Khan: His Life and Times, Rossabi explains that Kublai "created government institutions that either resembled or were the same as the traditional Chinese ones", and he "wished to signal to the Chinese that he intended to adopt the trappings and style of a Chinese ruler".Rossabi, Khubilai Khan, 56. Nevertheless, the ethno-geographic caste hierarchy favoring the Mongols and other ethnicities were accorded higher status than the Han Chinese majority.

He was the seventh son of Thomas Butterworth Bayley, of Hope Hall, near Manchester, where he was born 6 December 1777; his mother was Mary, only child of Vincent Leggatt. Butterworth Bayley was an elder brother. Bayley was educated at the grammar school of Winwick in Lancashire, and at Eton College, which he entered in May 1789, and left 9 December 1795. At Eton he associated with Sir William Pepys, Henry Hallam, William Frere, William Herbert, and others, known as the "literati"; and he contributed to the Musæ Etonenses. He came into residence at Trinity College, Cambridge, in April 1796. In February 1798 he obtained a university scholarship.

Qin music tends to linger on certain notes, with an emphasis on silence and timbre, giving it a meditative quality. Being an instrument historically associated with literati, its aim is Confucian (in trying to cultivate one's mind) as well as Daoist (in seeking harmony between man and nature). 「琴棋書畫」 (qin qi shu hua) refers to the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar, wherein 『琴』 qin/music refers specifically to guqin. [This phrase is a rather late invention of the Song period (according to the Wuzhizhai Qinpu), so it is not clear how essential it was to the pedagogy of earlier scholar classes].

Towards the end of the 17th century in the Edo period, Chinese merchants visiting Nagasaki showed how brewed tea should be drunk, as practised in the Ming dynasty court. This practise of the Chinese tea culture spread in the 18th century until the beginning of the Meiji era, particularly among literati merchants, in the form of friends meeting in a less formal atmosphere than the chanoyu. Appreciation of painting and literacy objects then took on particular importance. These meetings, often followed by genuine meals, were the opportunity to admire the host's collections, most often composed of objects imported from China or made in Japan in Chinese style called karamono.

Many Chinese literati before Wang Tao introduced western ideas and translated books into Chinese. Wang Tao was the first Chinese scholar who participated in two way cultural exchange; on the one hand, Wang Tao worked with W.A. Medhurst, A. Wylie and J. Edkins to translate western religion books and western sciences into China; on the other hand, he also played an important role in assisting James Legge in the translation of a large number of important ancient Chinese classics into English. Wang Tao forged a bridge between China and the West. Wang Tao Memorial Hall is located in a Qing style house at No 6.

In 1981, Wilson brought together the book Why the South Will Survive, by Fifteen Southerners, a restatement of the Agrarian message of I'll Take My Stand on its fiftieth anniversary. The volume included contributions by Cleanth Brooks, Andrew Lytle, George Garrett, and other well- known literati. In 1993 he was active in the formation of the League of the South and served on its board of directors for the first ten years. He has stated reasons for his role in creation of the League, alleging that it was necessary to preserve the unique features of southern culture and to promote devolution from an over-centralized U.S. government.

In 1391, the Hongwu emperor issued a decree that only loose tea would be accepted as a "tribute". As a result, tea production shifted from cake tea to loose- leaf tea and processing techniques advanced, giving rise to the more energy efficient methods of pan-firing and sun-drying, which were popular in Jiangnan and Fujian respectively.The last group to adopt loose-leaf tea were the literati, who were reluctant to abandon their refined culture of whisking tea until the invention of oolong tea. By the end of the 16th century, loose-leaf tea had entirely replaced the earlier tradition of cake and powdered tea.

There were also instances where he carelessly divulged state secrets (probably due to a slip of the tongue) and discussed politics in inappropriate settings. However, he got off lightly because he held much prestige among the literati for his status as a learned Confucian scholar.(時孟光亦以樞機不慎，議論干時，然猶愈於敏，俱以其耆宿學士見禮於世。) Sanguozhi vol. 42. Meng Guang's behaviour had a huge negative impact on his career: he never made it to higher positions – his highest appointment was Minister of Finance (大司農) – and never received any honours/privileges (e.g.

Brush painting was one of the "Four Arts" expected to be learnt by China's class of scholar-officials. Ink wash painting appeared during the Tang dynasty (618–907), and its early development is credited to Wang Wei and Zhang Zao, among others. In the Ming dynasty, Dong Qichang would identify two distinct styles: a clearer, grander Northern School (北宗画 or 北画, C: Beizonghua or Beihua, J: Hokushūga or Hokuga), and a freer, more expressive Southern School (南宗画 or 南画, C: Nanzonghua or Nanhua, J: Nanshūga or Nanga), also called "Literati Painting" (文人画, C: Wenrenhua, J: Bunjinga).Watson, William, Style in the Arts of China, 1974, Penguin, p.

A further detailed study of Bethnal Green was carried out in the 1950s by sociologists Michael Young and Peter Willmott, in Family and Kinship in East London.Family and Kinship in East London Michael Young and Peter Willmott (1957) Themes from these social investigations have been drawn out in fiction. Crime, poverty, vice, sexual transgression, drugs, class-conflict and multi-cultural encounters and fantasies involving Jewish, Chinese and Indian immigrants are major themes. Though the area has been productive of local writing talent, from the time of Oscar Wilde's The Picture of Dorian Gray (1891) the idea of 'slumming it' in the 'forbidden' East End has held a fascination for a coterie of the literati.

There was an orphanage in Yangzhou operated by a French Roman Catholic where a number of infants had died of natural causes. However, this fueled the rumors that Chinese children were disappearing.Taylor (2005), page needed Marshall Broomhall later noted regarding the cause of the riot: About two weeks before the riot, a meeting of the literati was held in the city, and soon anonymous handbills were posted up throughout the city containing many absurd and foul charges. These handbills were followed by large posters calling the foreigners " Brigands of the religion of Jesus," and stating that they scooped out the eyes of the dying and opened foundling hospitals in order that they might eat the children.

Li Hung-chang had earlier negotiated the Tientsin Accord, and had been widely criticized in China for too many concessions to France. Conservative literati prevented the provisions of the Tientsin Accord from being put into effect, resulting in a clash between French and Chinese troops at Bắc Lệ in Tonkin. This confrontation had led directly to the outbreak of the Sino-French War on 23 August 1884. Although the hardline elements in the Ch'ing court were unable to prevent the empress dowager from again appointing Li Hung-chang to negotiate a peace treaty with the French, they insisted that Li was accompanied by two members of the Tsungli Yamen, Hsi Chen and Teng Ch'eng-hsiu (鄧承修).

Since only a select few could become court or local officials, the majority of the scholar-literati stayed in villages or cities as social leaders. The scholar- gentry carried out social welfare measures, taught in private schools, helped negotiate minor legal disputes, supervised community projects, maintained local law and order, conducted Confucian ceremonies, assisted in the governments collection of taxes, and preached Confucian moral teachings. As a class, these scholars claimed to represent morality and virtue. The district magistrate, who by regulation was not allowed to serve in his home district, depended on the local gentry for advice and for carrying out projects, which gave them the power to benefit themselves and their clients.

Relief of "Bishop Sliney sentenced to transportation from Cove to Lisbon". St. Colmans Cathedral, Cobh, Co. Cork. Typical Anglo-Norman families such as Sleyne's, would have possessed resources to support Gaelic culture and language. Sleyne was among the literati clergy who had replaced the native ruling families as patrons of Sráid-éigse (Gaelic or Street poetry) in the second half of the seventeenth, and who believed that "gurb ionann caomhnú na Gaeilge and caomhnú an Chreidimh chaitlicí agus fós gurbh í an gheilge an chosaint ab fhearr ar an bProstastúnachas (the preservation of the Irish language and the preservation of the Catholic Faith is one of the most important defenses against Protestantism)".

In August of the same year, Venables created a website called Orwell Direct, a forum for academics and enthusiasts alike to exchange views about Orwell, which in 2008, began publishing a series of twenty articles written by eminent Literati, who between them had written at length about George Orwell. They included Sir Bernard Crick, Gordon Bowker, DJ Taylor, Professor Peter Davison and Orwell’s son, Richard Blair. Contributors encouraged Venables to institute a more formal collective of Orwell enthusiasts and on December 27th, 2010, The Orwell Society was inaugurated by Venables at Phyllis Court. In 2015, she compiled and published Orwell’s poetry, and in 2017, she published an account of her own war time experiences.

Osaragi lived in Kamakura, Kanagawa prefecture from 1921 to his death in 1973. Osaragi was a central figure in Kamakura's literary life, and he also campaigned avidly for the protection of Kamakura's scenic beauty. When housing developers threatened the mountainside behind Kamakura's famous Tsurugaoka Hachiman-gū, he banded together with a number of famous literati and artists (including Hideo Kobayashi, Nagai Tatsuo, Yasunari Kawabata, Riichi Yokomitsu, Itō Shinsui, Kiyokata Kaburagi), residing in Kamakura to oppose the development. This led to the foundation of the Japan National Trust, modeled after the National Trust in Great Britain, and which has been successful in preserving the historical ambience of Kamakura and parts of other cities around Japan.

The Executed Renaissance: Anthology from 1917–1933: Poetry—prose—drama—essay () is an anthology of works from Ukrainian poets and prosaists from 1920-1930. The term's origin is attributed to the Ukrainian emigre and literary critic Yurii Lavrinenko, who published the anthology in 1959 in Paris with the support of Jerzy Giedroyc, a Polish writer and activist. The anthology itself is based on the concept of the "Executed Renaissance," which Giedroyc coined to describe hundreds of writers - both Ukrainian literati and intellectuals - who were executed under Joseph Stalin. This cultural elite became the target of the Soviet purges because they were in a position to expose oppression and betrayal and could quickly become targets of treason themselves.

Publisher's Weekly described the book as "a lively, entertaining, and informative recounting of a time and place that shaped and greatly enriched American culture," namely Harris's life as a young person in New York City in the 1970s amid black luminaries including James Baldwin, Maya Angelou, and Toni Morrison; Harris was introduced to this circle through her romantic relationship with Sam Floyd, Baldwin's best friend. Reviewing the book for The New York Times, critic Dwight Garner described it as having a "simmering warmth" and "was never, to this reader, uninteresting" even if it also had a "softness of focus", suggesting at times the book fails to "recall the best lines and jokes" from the literati Harris describes.

The only approved Chinese Catholic Bible version is Studium Biblicum. The Bible did not play a primary role in Church preaching in sixteenth-century Europe or in the first Jesuit China missions; translation of the Bible was not a major concern. The Jesuit missionaries in Beijing were granted permission in 1615 to conduct mass in the vernacular and to translate sacred texts, though not into the vernacular but into “erudite language proper to the literati.” Jesuit superiors in Beijing, however, determined that it would be more useful to translate other works than the Bible, though they made translations of the Ten Commandments, the Sermon on the Mount, a catechism based on the Bible, and a life of Christ.

Monju Sarkar's Tamosh, Nagno Agontuk, Protima Upakhyan and Abashbhumi, Imdadul Haq Milan's Jabojjibon (written in 1976, published in 1900), Nodi Upakhyan, Bhumiputro, Poradhinota, Rajakartontro, Moinul Ahsan Saber's Adomer Jonye Opekhkha, Pathor Somoy, Char Torun Toruni, Manush Jekhane Jai Na, Dharabahik Kahin, Opeksha, Kobej Lethel, Tumi Amake Niye Jabe, Prem O Protishodh, Songsher Japon got much recognition from the literati. Shahidul Zahir, wrote his first novel Jibon O Rajnoitic Bastobota, published in 1988 while his second, till now the last, Shei Rate Purnima Chhilo came out in 1995. Magic realism, which is a recent trend of the Latin American novels, takes place in Shahidul Zahir's narration. The last decade of twentieth century is comparatively fruitful for Bangladeshi novels.

The inscribed works includes examples by the kabuki actor Ichikawa Danjūrō V, the geisha Katsu, the courtesan Nareginu, the kyōka master Shikatsube Magao, the novelist Santō Kyōden, and the kanshi (Chinese-style verse) poets Kikuchi Gozan and Ōkubo Shibutsu. There are paintings by the ukiyo-e artists Hokusai and Hokuba in the album. A further two fan paintings, one with a Chinese-style landscape by Haruki Nanmei (1795–1878) and a playful image of the Chinese poet Li Bai in his cups by Unshitsu Dojin, shows Shokusanjin's links to the more aloft of the literati artists. The album is a compendium of material documenting the interaction between prominent members of literary, theatre, and art circles of the day.

Scrabble and Scrabble-like game sites on the Internet such as Yahoo! Games' Literati, Internet Scrabble Club and Lexulous offer automatic verification as an option, which makes it impossible to play an invalid word. The Facebook version of Scrabble and Zynga's mobile game Words With Friends make automatic verification compulsory without imposing a penalty for wrong guesses or a limit on the number of attempts, allowing players to guess repeatedly at words until the computer verifies one to be acceptable. On the Internet Scrabble Club, where multiple languages are available, automatic validation allows players to play in their second language or even languages they have no experience with, without the fear of an invalid word ever being played.

The sport of cricket has long held a special place in Anglophone culture, and a specialised niche in English literature. Cricket is the official summer sport in England, and it is widely known as the "gentleman's game", owing to the unique culture of the sport and its emphasis on ideals such as grace, sportsmanship, character and complexity. Cricket has therefore often attracted the attention (and in some cases, fandom) of the literati – Lamb, Hazlitt and Leigh Hunt were all players of the game – and some of the greatest English writers have written about cricket. This was particularly true in the era before the Second World War, for example, during the Edwardian era, and in the 1920s and 1930s.

Dr. Irving Greenfield's work has appeared in a variety of media. Greenfield's short stories have appeared in several publications, including Amsterdam Quarterly, The Vignette Review, A Thousand and One Stories, Maudlin House, Hippocampus Magazine, Electron Magazine, Chicago Literati, The Stone Canoe (electronic edition), The Stone Hobo, Contraposition, The Furious Gazelle, Festival Writer, Shadowgraph, Way Too Fantasy, Prime Mincer, Lavender Wolves Literary Journal, eFiction Mag, Foliate Oak Literary Magazine, The Note, Sleet Magazine, Barking Sycamores, Writing for Tomorrow, The Raven's Perch, Brawler, Runaway Parade, and Amarillo Bay. Universal International adapted his novel Tagget into a 1991 film for TV starring Daniel J. Travanti. Greenfield has additionally published one-act and full-length plays, to much critical acclaim.

He was the author of an early history of Ireland as regarded from the standpoint of the New English; Hibernia Anglicana, or, The History of Ireland (1689–90), (called ‘trite’ by Oxford Dictionary of National Biography); purporting to be the first chronological history of Ireland, and incidentally attacking "the ridiculous stories which they have publish of the Firbolgs and Tuah-de-danans". When Aodh Buí Mac Cruitín, hereditary poet to the O’Briens of Thomond a representative of the Gaelic literati, in the preface of 'A Brief Discourse in Vindication of the Antiquity of Ireland', published in 1717, refuted some of the statements made in 'Hibernia Anglicana', Cox had him imprisoned in New Gate prison for one year.

There was a surplus of huagong in that time period, so they needed to specialize, and many of them chose to become New Year picture artisans. The vast increase in novels production led to rapid improvement of the woodblock printing technique, and in Ming China, it was the “Golden Age” of the woodblock printing technique. Here are some famous Chinese novels that were published in Ming dynasty: Journey to the West, The Golden Lotus, Water Margin, Romance of the Three Kingdoms, etc. New Year picture artisans had lower social status than literati painters in Ming China, so there was no signature on New Year pictures and no famous New Year Picture artisans in Ming China.

Pierrot can be deemed "tragic" only in a "realistic" pantomime, and Gautier's "review" sets the solitary precedent. (Gautier had obviously had "high" drama in mind: he titled his review "Shakspeare [sic] at the Funambules", invoking memories of Macbeth, and he doubtless expected his French readers to recall the end of Molière's Don Juan—and perhaps of Mozart's Don Giovanni—when the Commander's statue pays a visit to his murderer.) Gautier's "review" was widely admired by the literati, and it was instrumental in taking the character of Pierrot one step beyond the tearful, sentimental creation of Legrand.Rémy, in fact, argues that Legrand appeared in The Ol' Clo's Man (p. 174), but Storey disputes the claim (Pierrots on the stage, p.

And Beda Allemann, "Heidegger und die Politik", in Heidegger: Perspektiven zur Deutung seines Werks, Pöggeler (ed.), Beltz Athenäum 1994, S.258 For instance, Austrian-born Israeli philosopher Martin Buber said in 1911: "Blood is the deepest power stratum of the soul" (Three addresses on Judaism). In 1936, anti-fascist poet Antonin Artaud wrote that "Any true culture is based on race and blood." Moreover, the 1933–34 lecture course "On the Essence of Truth" contains a clear note of dissent against "blood and soil" as the sole requirement for Dasein: > There is much talk nowadays of blood and soil as frequently invoked powers. > Literati, whom one comes across even today, have already seized hold of > them.

Abd as-Samad, a Persian painter who moved to the Mughal Empire, was given a number of significant administrative jobs, as indeed was his artist son. The court remained the focus of patronage of painting in the "sub-Mughal" princely courts of India, whether Muslim or Hindu; the 18th-century painter Nainsukh is a leading example. In China court painters tended to work in an entirely different style and paint different subject-matter to the more respected literati painters, who mostly painted landscapes in monochrome ink wash painting, though there was overlap in both directions. The court style was usually what is known as gongbi ("meticulous"), brightly coloured, fairly realistic, and using precise brush-strokes.

In these periods, artists often adopted Chinese style in their artworks. However, Koreans not only adopted but also modified Chinese culture with a native preference for simple elegance, purity of nature and spontaneity. This filtering of Chinese styles later influenced Japanese artistic traditions, due to cultural and geographical circumstances. The prehistory of Korean ends with the founding of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, which are documented in the Samguk Sagi, a 12th-century CE text written in Classical Chinese (the written language of the literati in traditional Korea), as beginning in the 1st century BCE; some mention of earlier history is also made in Chinese texts, like the 3rd-century CE Sanguo Zhi.

Cocaine established Pitigrilli as a literary figure in Italy. It was not translated into English until 1933; it was reissued in the 1970s, and a release by New Vessel Press is scheduled for September 2013. The New York Times wrote: “The name of the author Pitigrilli … is so well known in Italy as to be almost a byword for ‘naughtiness’ … The only wonder to us is that some enterprising translator did not render some of his books available in English sooner.” Alexander Stille, who documented Segre's later collaboration with the fascist government (see below), wrote: In 1924 Segre founded the literary magazine Grandi Firme, which attracted a large readership of young literati.

The Orchid Pavilion Gathering of 42 literati included Xie An and Sun ChuoYip, 137 and Wang Pin-Chih at the Orchid Pavilion (Lanting) on Mount Kuaiji just south of Kuaiji (present-day Shaoxing in Zhejiang), during the Spring Purification Festival, on the third day of the third month, to compose poems and enjoy huangjiu. The gentlemen had engaged in a drinking contest: rice-wine cups were floated down a small winding creek as the men sat along its banks; whenever a cup stopped, the man closest to the cup was required to empty it and write a poem. This was known as "floating goblets" ). In the end, twenty-six of the participants composed thirty-seven poems.

It was ideally suited to literary candidates. Thus, toward the end of the Ming Dynasty, the system attracted the candidature of Tang Xianzu (1550-1616). Tang at 14 passed the imperial examination at the county level; and at 21, he did so at the provincial level; but not until he was 34 did he pass at the national level. However, he had already become a well-known poet at age 12, and among other things he went on to such distinction as a profound literati and dramatist that it would not be far-fetched to regard him as China's answer to William Shakespeare: Wang Rongpei and Zhang Ling (eds), The Complete Works of Tang Xianzu (2018).

Under their rule new styles of architecture based on pre-Islamic Iranian traditions were developed, Persian literature was encouraged and schools of miniature painting and book production were established at Herat, Tabriz and Esfahan. In the 16th century, Persianate culture became sharply distinct from the Arab world to the west, the dividing zone falling along the Euphrates. Socially the Persianate world was marked by a system of ethnologically defined elite statuses: the rulers and their soldiery were non-Iranians in origin, but the administrative cadres and literati were Iranians. Cultural affairs were marked by a characteristic pattern of language use: New Persian was the language of state affairs, scholarship and literature and Arabic the language of religion.

Kesi (cut silk) silk tapestry is one type of textile that was first used in the Tang dynasty, but continued to proliferate until the end of the Qing. The technique of cutting silk can also be used to replicate famous paintings and paintings of literati but mostly featured symmetrically composed designs. Kesi was mostly used for table and chair coverings during formal occasions but their patterning also became imbued in other forms of surfaces, such as lacquer, jade, and bamboo carving. Kesi silk tapestry were among the many art forms catalogued during the Qianlong emperor's reign (producing the Bidian Zhulin and the Shiqu Baoji, published in 1744–1745, 1793, and 1816), alongside painting and calligraphy.

Subsequently, the presence of Taoism shrank noticeably, and during the 1592 Japanese invasion, Taoism was systematically abolished. In the 16th to 18th centuries, Taoism flourished, as literati, monks, private scholars (sarim), and even women, studied and practiced Taoist meditation and inner alchemy (naedan/Danhak) and produced hagiographic and anecdotal accounts of their Taoist contemporaries and forebears. The most important of these accounts known to date are four anecdotal biographies of immortals (Sason chon) in the collected writings of Heo Gyun (1569–1618), the Ch'onghakjip (Collected Discourses of Master Blue Crane) by Cho Yojok (early 17th century). While these were written to encourage Koreans to practice inner alchemy for the sake of immortality (i.e.

The Han Chinese Yan Changming had the ability to read Tibetan, Oirat, and Mongolian. Han Chinese officials learned languages on the frontier regions and Manchu in order to be able to write and compile their writings on the region. A Manchu- language course over three years was required for the highest ranking Han degree holders from Hanlin but not all Han literati were required to study Manchu. Towards the end of the Qing it was pointed out that a lot of Bannermen themselves did not know Manchu anymore and that Manchu was not able to be forced upon the people and minister of the country at the beginning of the Qing dynasty.

He rubbed elbows with the Hungarian literati of the day including Ferenc Molnár the playwright, whose most famous work Liliom is known to English speaking audiences as the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical Carousel. It only made sense then that Niki was encouraged to put pen to paper and as a young adult began to produce his own little one-scene plays for the various small theatres and cabarets around the city. These "little plays" became his fame and provided spare income to support his "young man with possibilities" lifestyle. It even afforded him the time to work on some larger more comprehensive works which he would eventually complete as full multi-act plays.

23–24 Early examples are also common in Ming- and Qing- dynasty opera, such as Romance of the Western Chamber, which uses the term caizi jiaren in its text, and The Peony Pavilion. In both of these operas lovers elope, have secret trysts, or were perfect matches in spite of parental disapproval. But the genre finally achieved an independent cultural and historical identity in the early Qing, when a writers began to use the term caizi jiaren for a group of vernacular novels with twenty or so chapters which had formulaic or standard characters and plots. The mid-18th century novel Dream of the Red Chamber criticized them, and literati dismissed them as inferior and obscene.

He ably described their cultural colonialism when he wrote of the "ideal Canadian litterateur" as > a man who has been educated as an English gentleman, though certain New > England Universities will pass; in addition he should know about Canada as > accurately and sympathetically as possible from the point of view of an > omniscient tourist who, after all, knows better things. We want not so much > to be different as to have had different experiences about which we can talk > at tea as suavely as anybody. It amounts in fact to our wanting to be > American or English with an added background which will lend chic.Raymond > Knister, "Canadian Literati," Journal of Canadian Fiction, No. 14 (1975), > 160.

The Transmission of the Lamp (景德傳燈錄), compiled in 1004 by Daoyuan, is one of the essential Chan writings. It was compiled by a member of the Fayan school, but published after editorial revision by Yang Yi (974-1020), a leading Song literati figure, and a supporter of the Linji faction at the Song court. The Fayang school still has prominence among the competing factions which are portrayed in the Chuangdeng lu, but the growing influence of the Linji-faction is emerging in this document. The Transmission of the Lamp first gives brief biographical information on Lijni, followed by Linji's interactions with Hunagbo, to strengthen the claim of Linji's descendancy form Hunagbo and the Mazu-lineage.

When land is given to military or officials for the performance of their duties, their independence increases and the power of the ruler weakens (consider the Mameluks and their rebellions, or the difference between Chinese Confucian literati who were never able to overthrow the power of the emperor and European knights who evolved into powerful aristocracy in many cases vastly limiting the power of the kings (especially in the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth)). Patrimonial dominance has often prevailed in the Orient, where land remained in the control of the ruler. However, in the Occident the ruler lost control of the lands given to the nobility, which according to Weber was a major reason for patrimonialism being replaced by feudalism.

Tao's simple and direct style was somewhat at odds with the norms for literary writing in his time. Relatively well-known as a recluse poet in the Tang dynasty (618-907), during the Northern Song dynasty (960-1127), influential literati figures such as Su Shi (1037-1101) declared him a paragon of authenticity and spontaneity in poetry, that Tao Yuanming would achieve lasting literary fame. However, Tao Yuanming's inclusion in the 6th century literary anthology Wen Xuan argues for at least a beginning of fame in his own era, at least in his own birth area. Tao Yuanming would later be regarded as the foremost representative of what we now know as Fields and Gardens poetry.

In the 1280s Dorpat joined the Hanseatic League. As in all of Estonia and Latvia, the largely German-speaking nobility, but in Tartu/Dorpat (as in Tallinn) even more so, the Baltic German bourgeoisie, the literati, dominated culture, religion, architecture, education, and politics until the late 19th century. For example, the town hall of Dorpat was designed by an architect from Rostock in Mecklenburg, while the university buildings were designed by Johann Wilhelm Krause, another German. Many, if not most, of the students, and more than 90 percent of the faculty members were of German descent, and numerous statues of notable scholars with German names can still be found in Tartu today.

Shitao (1642–1707), who was related to the Ming imperial family, was one of many artists and writers who refused to give their allegiance to the Qing. Art historian Craig Clunas suggests that Shitao used a poem inscribed on this "Self-Portrait Supervising the Planting of Pines" (1674) to allude to the restoration of the Ming dynasty The defeat of the Ming dynasty posed practical and moral problems, especially for literati and officials. Confucian teachings emphasized loyalty (忠 zhōng), but the question arose as to whether Confucians should be loyal to the fallen Ming or to the new power, the Qing. Some, like the painter Bada Shanren, a descendant of the Ming ruling family, became recluses.

The 19th century library of Cheikh El Mouhoub is another indication of the extent of literacy in Berber society; it contained more than 500 manuscripts from different periods on subjects including fiqh, literature, astronomy, mathematics, botany and medicine. Among the Aït Yaala, libraries were known in kabyle as "tarma". This word is certainly of Mediterranean origin and is used from Iraq to Peru to designate libraries. It is testament not only to the cultural enrichment brought to the region by refugees from Andalusia and of literati from Béjaïa, but also of the extent to which local people travelled; far from being secluded in their villages, they had links with the wider world.

Choe's diary accounts of his travels in China became widely printed during the 16th century in both Korea and Japan. Modern historians also refer to his written works, since his travel diary provides a unique outsider's perspective on Chinese culture in the 15th century. The attitudes and opinions expressed in his writing represent in part the standpoints and views of the 15th century Confucian Korean literati, who viewed Chinese culture as compatible with and similar to their own. His description of cities, people, customs, cuisines, and maritime commerce along China's Grand Canal provides insight into the daily life of China and how it differed between northern and southern China during the 15th century.

Wu's progressive accumulation of political power through enhancement of the examination system involved attaining the allegiance of previously under-represented regions, alleviating frustrations of the literati, and encouraging education in various locales so even people in the remote corners of the empire would study to pass the imperial exams. These degree holders would then become a new nucleus of elite bureaucrats around which the government could center itself. In 681, a fill in the blank test based on knowledge of the Confucian classics was introduced.Yu, 58 In 693, Wu Zetian's government further expanded the civil service examination system by allowing commoners and gentry previously disqualified by their non-elite backgrounds to take the tests. p.

Nevertheless, both of them got off lightly because they held much prestige among the literati for their status as learned Confucian scholars.(時孟光亦以樞機不慎，議論干時，然猶愈於敏，俱以其耆宿學士見禮於世。) Sanguozhi vol. 42. Lai Min, in particular, came from an elite family background and had previously served as an attendant to the Shu emperor Liu Shan when the emperor was still crown prince, therefore he was able to return to service every time after he got fired.(而敏荊楚名族，東宮舊臣，特加優待，是故廢而復起。) Sanguozhi vol. 42.

However, at the height of his success, they at last catch up with him and force him to give up his career to find himself lonely. For the character of Per Sidenius, Pontoppidan drew on his own biography as a Jutlandic vicar's son who traveled to Copenhagen to train as an engineer before becoming an author. The novel was well received by German literati such as Thomas Mann, Georg Lukács, and Ernst Bloch, who considered it "a cosmopolitan masterpiece of epochal sweep and a profound social, psychological, and metaphysical anatomy of the modernist transition". While it had been translated into 11 languages before the end of the 20th century, the first English translation was published in 2010 by Naomi Lebowitz, titled "Lucky Per".

Through the international world of Arabic journalism, Karam was part of the literary scene in Cairo and the Levant, which was the locus of the Arabic literary and cultural Renaissance (al-Nahda). Feminist currents spread among a segment of the Arab intelligentsia, giving rise to the establishment of a number of women's journals just before and just after the turn of the twentieth century. In an early issue of her journal The New Women's World, Karam pays homage to the women's magazines in Cairo, Beirut, and Damascus, calling her own journal their "child." In turn, literati in Arab countries recognized Karam as a journalist and a novelist and her articles were republished in women's journals such as Fatāt al-Sharq (Young Woman of the East).

During his visit to Paris, Dickens met the French literati Alexandre Dumas, Victor Hugo, Eugène Scribe, Théophile Gautier, François-René de Chateaubriand and Eugène Sue. In early 1849, Dickens started to write David Copperfield. It was published between 1849 and 1850. In Dickens’ biography, Life of Charles Dickens (1872), John Forster wrote of David Copperfield, “underneath the fiction lay something of the author’s life.” It was Dickens's personal favourite among his own novels, as he wrote in the author's preface to the 1867 edition of the novel. In late November 1851, Dickens moved into Tavistock House where he wrote Bleak House (1852–53), Hard Times (1854), and Little Dorrit (1856).. It was here that he indulged in the amateur theatricals described in Forster's Life.

Fort did hold unofficial meetings and had a long history of getting together informally with many of New York City's literati such as Dreiser and Hecht at their apartments where they would talk, have a meal and then listen to brief reports. The magazine Fortean Times (first published in November 1973), is a proponent of Fortean journalism, combining humour, scepticism, and serious research into subjects which scientists and other respectable authorities often disdain. Another such group is the International Fortean Organization (INFO). INFO was formed during the early 1960s (incorporated in 1965) by brothers, the writers Ron and Paul Willis, who acquired much of the material of the Fortean Society, which had largely ceased by 1959 with the death of Tiffany Thayer.

Sartre's philosophy, and his actions in the world, were opposed by a group of French literati dubbed the Hussards. Sartre, who stated in his preface to Frantz Fanon's The Wretched of the Earth that, "To shoot down a European is to kill two birds with one stone, to destroy an oppressor and the man he oppresses at the same time: there remains a dead man and a free man", has been criticized by Anderson and Michael Walzer for supporting the killing of European civilians by the FLN during the Algerian War. Walzer suggests that Sartre, a European, was a hypocrite for not volunteering to be killed. The critic, poet, essayist and philosopher Clive James excoriated Sartre in his book of mini biographies Cultural Amnesia (2007).

If we take the example of formal adjudication, Wang Huizu tells us that when he was in Ning-yüan county in 1787, out of the two-hundred plaints he received each day, only ten usually led to a formal lawsuit. This shows that, in a majority of cases, arbitrage was used to ensure civil justice, this was a convenient mean to maintain social peace. Although, many literati got involved into literature, notably into poetry, this was not the case of Wang Huizu. However, he was in contact with other Chinese scholars such as the historian Zhang Xuecheng and Zhu Yun, who originated the Complete Library of the Four Treasuries under the Qianlong emperor, Shao Chin-Han, Liu Chu-kao or the bibliophyle Pao T'ing-po.

The Romance languages, a major branch of the Indo-European language family, comprise all languages that descended from Latin, the language of the Roman Empire. The Romance languages have more than 700 million native speakers worldwide, mainly in the Americas, Europe, and Africa, as well as in many smaller regions scattered through the world. All Romance languages descend from Vulgar Latin, the language of soldiers, settlers, and slaves of the Roman Empire, which was substantially different from that of the Roman literati. Between 200 BC and AD 100, the expansion of the Empire and the administrative and educational policies of Rome made Vulgar Latin the dominant vernacular language over a wide area which stretched from the Iberian Peninsula to the west coast of the Black Sea.

The beginnings of this genre of literature in can be traced back to the early twentieth century when important literary impulses came from the journalistic and literary efforts of Mahmud Tarzi (1865–1933). Tarzi's regular elaborations in his influential newspaper Seraj al-Akhbar on Western literature and its various genres and movements were not only noticed by Afghan literati but also greatly influenced their work. In this manner, the new forms of prose writing gradually entered the literature of . Pazhwak's turning away from traditional style of prose writing, for example, his limited use of the picturesque metaphorical prose of the East and his turning to increasingly more realistic style of writing are in tune with what Tarzi defined as the important criteria for modern prose writing.

Later political genealogies may remove this generation to make the monarch appear closer to the historical Eóganachta, his natural kindred having mostly fallen into obscurity. Byrne reproduces one of these (2001), and does not give his source, probably Laud 610, in which the father of Crimthand Mór is a certain Láre Fidach, son of Ailill Flann Bec. Possibly this is a mistake, or an attempt by the Eóganachta literati, well known for their political fables, to more closely associate the brother and sister with the new Munster dynasty. Mongfind is simply called the daughter of Dáire (Cerbba?), not of Fidach, in the Book of Lismore, and there Dáire's father is called Findchad, while Crimthand Mór is not mentioned at all.

It was Min Yide who also made the famous text known as The Secret of the Golden Flower along with its emphasis on internal alchemy, the central doctrinal scripture of the Longmen tradition. The fall of the Ming Dynasty was blamed by some Chinese literati on Taoist influences and therefore they sought to return to a pure form of Han Confucianism during a movement called Hanxue, or "Han Learning" which excluded Taoism. The study and practice of Taoist philosophy saw a steep decline in the more tumultuous times of the later Qing dynasty. By the beginning of the twentieth century, Taoism had declined considerably, and only one complete copy of the Daozang still remained, at the White Cloud Monastery in Beijing.

An ardent bibliophile, Chortasmenos is notable both as a writer as well as a teacher, counting such luminaries as Mark of Ephesus, Bessarion and Gennadius Scholarius among his pupils. He was the author of philological, historical and philosophical works, as well as at least 56 surviving letters to various literati and to Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos. He wrote a hagiography of Constantine the Great and Helena of Constantinople, commentaries on John Chrysostomos and Aristotle, a treatise on hyphenation, as well as poems. It has been suggested that he wrote a historical work, now lost, covering the period between the end of the history of Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos and the early 15th century, when the historians who wrote after the Fall of Constantinople started their works with.

With the consent of the Marquis, Voltaire moved to Cirey. When Voltaire arrived in 1734 he found a somewhat run-down building in the style of Louis XIII in red brick and pale stone. He set renovations in hand, and between 1734 and 1735 he had a new wing built, in which the couple installed their laboratory and a library of 21,000 books. In the following years, until the early death of Madame du Châtelet in 1749, Cirey was a meeting point for literati and intellectuals from every part of France. From Émilie’s son Louis Marie Florent du Châtelet, later duke of Châtelet, the chateau passed to his niece, later Madame de Simiane, Diane-Adélaïde de Damas, who received La Fayette there many times.

In 1927, Raphael and Mafai moved to an apartment in via Cavour in Rome which quickly became a meeting point for literati including Giuseppe Ungaretti and Leonardo Sinisgalli, as well as young artists including Scipione, Renato Marino Mazzacurati, and Corrado Cagli. This represented the birth of the Scuola Romana. In 1929, Raphael exhibited for the first time at I Sindacale of Lazio, supported by art historian Roberto Longhi. In 1930 she and Mafai went to Paris, and there she began to concentrate on sculpture rather than painting. In 1932 she was in London and met Jacob Epstein. She then moved permanently to Rome and started working on her masterpiece Fuga da Sodoma (Escape from Sodom),See Fuga da Sodoma , 1935-1936.

It was transmitted from the Daoists Bi Yun and Jing Yun during late Ming Dynasty and early Qing Dynasty. Tian Hui (田廻) was the ninth- generation-continuator and made contributions on revealing, organizing and practicing Bagua Zhang, spreading promoting, and writing books of Yin Yang Bagua Zhang to the public. The works "Python form palms" (蟒形掌) and "Lion form palms" (狮形掌) in Tian family's Yin Yang Bagua Zhang are part of the "Chinese Wushu Literati Archive" series, and included in the "China's Wushu Complete Encyclopedia". Mr. Tian Keyan (田克延), the tenth-generation-continuator, did in- depth research and exploration on the theories and combat techniques and formed a complete theoretical system of teaching.

Zhu Qizhan was born into a wealthy merchant family with a fine collection of Chinese painting in Taicang, Jiangsu province. He received a traditional education as a child and in 1912 entered the Shanghai Fine Arts College. He was an excellent student, resulting in his appointment as a professor in the College the following year. In 1917 he left for Japan to study Western oil painting with the prominent painter Fujishima Takeji (1867-1945) at the Kawabata Art School in Tokyo. He returned to China for the May Fourth Movement of 1919. Under its influence, he left behind the literati intellectual style, and founded his work on the more basic expressions of artists who arose from the common people, like Qi Baishi (1964-1957).

In the initial split of Sarim into the Western and Eastern factions, there was a large element of generational conflict. The Westerners were largely older Sarim scholars who entered politics during Myeongjong's reign while the Easterners, led by Kim Hyo-won (김효원) were mainly younger generation who became officials in Seonjo's reign and saw themselves uncorrupted by excesses of Myeongjong's era, which was marred by his maternal uncle Yoon Won-hyeong's corruption. The Westerners were led by Shim Eui-gyeom (심의겸), Myeongjong's brother-in-law whose house was on the west of the palace. Although Sarim scholars were usually hostile to royal in-laws as corrupting influence, Shim was Yi Hwang's disciple and protected Sarim scholars by impeaching his uncle who was planning another literati purge.

If one understood the workings of mantra, then any sounds could be a representative of ultimate reality. This emphasis on sounds was one of the drivers for Kūkai's championing of the phonetic writing system, the kana, which was adopted in Japan around the time of Kūkai. He is generally credited with the invention of the kana, but there is apparently some doubt about this story amongst scholars. This mantra-based theory of language had a powerful effect on Japanese thought and society which up until Kūkai's time had been dominated by imported Chinese culture of thought, particularly in the form of the Classical Chinese language which was used in the court and amongst the literati, and Confucianism which was the dominant political ideology.

Along with his medical work, in 1856 he took over from "Carl'Ampellio Calderini" as director of the "Annali universali di medicina", a monthly medical publication: he would retain this directorship till 1874. Nor did Griffini ever lose his political commitment. He was a frequent visitor at the Salotto Maffei, a salon hosted by the Contessa Maffei, and a favourite meeting place for literati, artists, scholars and composers where it was not unknown for the conversation to turn to politics. He was a co-founder of "Crepusculo" (literally: Dusk), a publication which helped to keep the flag of patriotism alive in Lombardy during the long run up to 1859, and to which he regularly contributed articles on medical and social issues.

Persia was the destination for many of these commodities, and they were partly paid for in horses and pearls taken from Hormuz (Barbosa, I, p. 82). It was the latter item, in particular, which led Sultan Sikandar Lodi of Delhi, according to Ali-Muhammad Khan, author of the Mirat-i-Ahmadi, to complain that the "support of the throne of Delhi is wheat and barley but the foundation of the realm of Gujarat is coral and pearls" (apud Bayley, p. 20). Hence, the sultans of Gujarat possessed ample means to sustain lavish patronage of religion and the arts, to build madrasas and ḵānaqāhs, and to provide douceurs for the literati, mainly poets and historians, whose presence and praise enhanced the fame of the dynasty.GUJARAT – Encyclopædia Iranica . Iranicaonline.org.

These tasks included the elucidation of the Confucian classics and Chinese history to the emperor; the education of the scions of high-ranking notables and the younger members of the kesig; the collection, collation, and compilation of books; and the appraisal and classifications of the paintings and calligraphic works in the imperial collection. Of the 113 officials successively serving in the academy, there were many distinguished Chinese literati, and the best Mongolian and Muslim scholars of Chinese learning of the time. Concentrating so many talents in one governmental organ to perform various literary, artistic, and educational activities was unprecedented not only in the Yuan dynasty but also in Chinese history. The academy was responsible for compiling and publishing a number of books.

A plate bearing Coolbrith's poem "Copa De Oro (The California Poppy)" in raised porcelain enamel text is set into the sidewalk at the high-traffic northwest corner of Addison and Shattuck Avenues. 200x200px Through the efforts of the City of Berkeley, the Berkeley Historical Society, the Berkeley Historical Plaque Project, and the Berkeley Path Wanderers Association, the name of a stairway in the hills that connects Grizzly Peak Boulevard and Miller Avenue has been changed from Bret Harte Lane to Ina Coolbrith Path. At the bottom of the stairway, the Berkeley Historical Society has installed a plaque to commemorate Coolbrith. When byways in the Berkeley hills were named after Bret Harte, Charles Warren Stoddard, Mark Twain, and other literati in Coolbrith's circle, women were not included.

Public buildings from the 4th century onward tended to be much more modest and funded from central budgets, as the regional taxes had dried up. Second, Heather says "the landowning provincial literati now shifted their attention to where the money was ... away from provincial and local politics to the imperial bureaucracies." Having set the scene of an Empire stretched militarily by the Sassanid threat, Heather then suggests, using archaeological evidence, that the Germanic tribes on the Empire's northern border had altered in nature since the 1st century. Contact with the Empire had increased their material wealth, and that in turn had led to disparities of wealth sufficient to create a ruling class capable of maintaining control over far larger groupings than had previously been possible.

For 40 years, Aspen Summer Words has hosted over 300 writers who have read, taught and performed for 20,000+ audience members and students. ASW literati have included an international cast of authors — Nobel Laureates, Pulitzer Prize winners, National Book Awardees, and many other notable and bestselling writers — who each year transform Aspen into the Rocky Mountain gateway to the literary world. Established in 1976, Aspen Summer Words (ASW) is a festival of words, stories and ideas held each June in Aspen, Colorado. The six-day event celebrates authors in all their guises (novelists, poets, memoirists, journalists, songwriters, filmmakers, comedians, editors, literary agents, and more) during a jam-packed schedule of events designed to spark the imaginations of readers and writers alike.

This may be attributed to the ethos of later times, particularly of the Southern Song dynasty . The state of Shu Han, in particular, was viewed by later literati as the "legitimate" successor to the Han dynasty, so fictionalised accounts assign greater prominence than the historical records warrant to the roles of Liu Bei, Zhuge Liang and other heroes from Shu. This is generally accomplished by minimising the importance of Eastern Wu commanders and advisors such as Zhou Yu and Lu Su . While historical accounts describe Lu Su as a sensible advisor and Zhou Yu as an eminent military leader and "generous, sensible and courageous" man, Romance of the Three Kingdoms depicts Lu Su as unremarkable and Zhou Yu as cruel and cynical .

A troublesome split in the ranks of the theater literati caused Sterling and Heron to found an alternative theater society, the California (or Western) Drama Society; the factions were eventually reconciled and returned to the Forest Theater. In 1915 – a season that boasted 11 separate productions – audiences saw the premiere of Newberry's Junipero Serra, a historical pageant focusing on the life of Father Junípero Serra. In 1916 two of the celebrated productions were Yolanda of Cyprus and The Piper, in which four Carmel artists acted and painted scenery: Arthur Vachell, Mary DeNeale Morgan, William Frederic Ritschel, and Laura Maxwell.Christian Science Monitor, 25 July 1916, p. 6.San Francisco Chronicle, 25 June 1916, p.21.The Wasp (San Francisco, CA), 8 July 1916, p. 11.

Another fact about himself that Nigellus discloses in his poetry was that he was a soldier in King Pippin's army during his second Brittany campaign. Although he was a soldier, Ermoldus admits he wasn't a very good one, and he quotes King Pippin as telling him to stick to writing rather than pursuing his swordplay, which was useless against the Bretons. This fact is problematic for scholars who believe that Ermoldus was a monk as monks did not typically bear arms or fight. He could have been an abbot as they were expected to do military service but it seems more likely that he was part of the "court literati" (educated men who served in court as military leaders, envoys and teachers).

The Constitutional Revolution was in some ways the first political expression of the public sphere, that the poets and the literati, now completely out of the Qajar court had drafted with diligence and steadfast determination. The foreign interest in archeology and Iranian history has also peaked with several well known scholars from France, England and Russia vying for control. France in particular was very influential in preservation of the Iranian artifacts and in fact the involved French parties exhibited both interest in Persian history, and archeology and at the same time feared that these artifacts would be dispersed and sold. France would play a critical role in protection of Iranian artifacts but ironically it also wanted an absolute monopoly for all Persian artifacts in Iran.

Generally, Southern School painters worked in ink wash painting with black ink, and focused on expressive brushstrokes and a somewhat more impressionistic approach than the Northern School's formal attention to detail and use of color and highly refined traditional modes and methods. The stereotypical literati painter lived in retirement in the mountains or other rural areas, not entirely isolated, but immersed in natural beauty and far from mundane concerns. They were also lovers of culture, hypothetically enjoying and taking part in all Four Arts of the Chinese Scholar as touted by Confucianism, that is, painting, calligraphy, music, and games of skill and strategy. They would often combine these elements into their work, and would gather with one another to share their interests.

The academy was dedicated to teaching the Chinese classics to the sons of the gentry. Scholars affiliated with the academy include: Bi Yuan (畢沅, 1730–1797), Sang Tiaoyuan (桑调元, 1695–1771), Shen Qiyuan (沈起元, 1685–1763), He Shaoji (何紹基, 1799–1873), Kuang Yuan (匡源, 1815–1881), Wang Zhihan (王之翰, 1821–1850), Liu Yaochun (), Zhu Xuedu (朱学笃, 1826–1892), and Miao Quansun (缪荃孙, 1844–1919). In 1881, the American Presbyterian missionaries John Murray () and Stephen A. Hunter () attempted to purchase a property adjacent to the Luoyuan Academy for use as a chapel. This led to a violent reaction when on July 13, 1881, literati from the Academy incited an attack on the property.

Korean version of the Chinese literati style by Jeong Seon who was unusual in often painting landscapes from life. Most early landscapes are clearly imaginary, although from very early on townscape views are clearly intended to represent actual cities, with varying degrees of accuracy. Various techniques were used to simulate the randomness of natural forms in invented compositions: the medieval advice of Cennino Cennini to copy ragged crags from small rough rocks was apparently followed by both Poussin and Thomas Gainsborough, while Degas copied cloud forms from a crumpled handkerchief held up against the light.Clark, 26 The system of Alexander Cozens used random ink blots to give the basic shape of an invented landscape, to be elaborated by the artist.

I, No. 1 (1987), Nanora Sweet Press, St. Louis, MO. # "His Bread I Eat, His Song I Sing," "Ingestion," Eads Bridge: A Literary Review, Vol. XIV, No. 1 (1987), St. Louis University Press, St. Louis, MO. # "The Crying House," Saint Louis Home Magazine (1987), Pershing Publishing Corporation, St. Louis, MO. # "My Father’s Secret Life," Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Poetry (1989), Putnam Press, St. Louis, MO. # "Corn," "Phone," "Plate," "Glove," "Cards," "River," "Mirror," "Shoes," Webster Review, Vol. XIV, No. 1 (1989), Webster University Press, St. Louis, MO. # "Your Face," Eads Bridge: A Literary Review, Vol. XVI, No. 1 (1989), St. Louis University Press, St. Louis, MO. # "Friday Nights," "Sparrows," River Styx, No. 32 (1990), Big River Association Press, St. Louis, MO. # "Rebirth," Literati Internazionale, Vol.

In 1585 Wanli 13 (万历十三年), at the age of 36, Zang Maoxun was dismissed from office and returned to his hometown Changxing after a homosexual liaison with one of his students. Living in his hometown, Zang Maoxun entertained himself with poetry and kept a close relationship with many men of letters of that time like Mei Dingzuo (梅鼎祚) and Yuan Zhongdao (袁中道). Famed for his quick wits and elaborate literary style, Zang Maoxun was ranked with Wu Jiadeng (吴家登), Wu Mengyang (吴梦旸) and Mao Wei (茅维) among the Four Scholars of Wuxing, a group of representative literati of Wuxing. After 50 years old, Zang presented an active state in the field of publishing.

A typical jíbaro group nowadays might feature a cuatro, guitar, and percussion instrument such as the güiro scraper and/or bongo. Lyrics to jíbaro music are generally in the décima form, consisting of ten octosyllabic lines in the rhyme scheme abba, accddc. Décima form derives from 16th century Spain. Although it has largely died out in that country (except the Canaries), it took root in various places in Latin America—especially Cuba and Puerto Rico—where it is sung in diverse styles. A sung décima might be pre-composed, derived from a publication by some literati, or ideally, improvised on the spot, especially in the form of a “controversia” in which two singer-poets trade witty insults or argue on some topic.

William Humphrey was born on 18 June 1924 to Clarence and Nell (Varley) Humphrey in Clarksville, Texas, a region that is culturally southern rather than western. His parents were poor and uneducated, and they moved from house to house because they were unable to keep up with the rent. His father eventually owned and operated an auto repair shop in Clarksville. By the 1950s, Humphrey had escaped his origins: He was thought of as a member of the glittering literati of the northeast, and Vogue magazine featured him in its “gallery of international charmers among men,” along with Marlon Brando, Sir Edmund Hillary, Leonard Bernstein, and John F. Kennedy. But Humphrey thought little of such “honors” and took no opportunity to capitalize on such chances at fame.

The Shinmachi in Osaka and Shimabara in Kyoto arose shortly after Edo's Yoshiwara, all three established by the Tokugawa shogunate, alongside the theatre districts, to centralize and control these entertainment districts. The pleasure quarters quickly came to be centers of popular culture in general, and the refined world of the courtesans began to attract literati types, along with artists and writers. This can be demonstrated in the way the pleasure districts in Edo and Kamigata figured prominently in plays that became popular particularly during the 18th and 19th centuries such as Brilliance and Bravado, Message of Love, Five Great Powers, Ise Dances and Taihei Chronicles. Female and male prostitutes also became the subjects of popular fiction, songs, pictorial art, and even travel guides.

Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz for his part recalls that Ginczanka was "very good" as a poet from the first, without any initial period of incubation of the poetic talent, and conscious of her literary prowess kept herself apart from literary groupings, in particular wishing to distance herself publicly from the Skamander circle with which she would have normally been associated by others.Jarosław Iwaszkiewicz, Marginalia, ed. M. Iwaszkiewicz, P. Kądziela & L. B. Grzeniewski, Warsaw, Interim, 1993, p. 60. . Thus for example, her frequenting of the Mała Ziemiańska café, the renowned haunt of the Warsaw literati where with gracious ease she held court at the table of Witold Gombrowicz, was memorialized in her poem "Pochwała snobów" (In Praise of Snobs) published in the satirical magazine Szpilki in 1937.

In a key scene in the poem, Martín Fierro and El Moreno compete by improvising songs on universal themes such as time, night, and the sea, reflecting the real-world gaucho tradition of payadas, improvised musical dialogues on philosophical themes.Gabriel Waisman, Sergio (2005) Borges and Translation: The Irreverence of the Periphery, Bucknell University Press, pp. 126–29; Borges, Jorge Luis and Lanuza, Eduardo González (1961) "The Argentine writer and tradition" Latin American and European Literary Society Borges points out that Hernández evidently knew the difference between actual gaucho tradition of composing poetry versus the "gauchesque" fashion among Buenos Aires literati. In his works he refutes the arch-nationalist interpreters of the poem and disdains others, such as critic Eleuterio Tiscornia, for their Europeanising approach.

On 5 October 1993, the newspaper Izvestiya published the open letter "Writers demand decisive actions of the government" to the government and President signed by 42 well-known Russian literati and hence called the Letter of Forty-Two. It was written in reaction to the events and contained the following seven demands: In the weeks following the storming of the White House, Yeltsin issued a barrage of presidential decrees intended to consolidate his position. On 5 October, Yeltsin banned political leftist and nationalist organizations and newspapers like Den', Sovetskaya Rossiya and Pravda that had supported the parliament (they would later resume publishing). In an address to the nation on 6 October, Yeltsin also called on those regional Soviets that had opposed him—by far the majority—to disband.

Duke Ling was one of the most famous representatives of the homosexual tradition in China, as portrayed in the philosophic work Han Fei Zi by Han Fei. In the chapter of Shuonan (說難), Duke Ling favors a courtier named Mizi Xia, whom he allows to use the ducal carriage without permission, and whom he admires for handing over the remainder of an especially delicious peach.The Homosexual Tradition in China: Selections from Chinese Homosexual Literature Han Fei records that once Mizi Xia's looks faded, however, the Duke turned against his former lover, accusing him of stealing the carriage and of degrading the Duke by giving him a half-eaten peach. This story was so widespread amongst the literati of China that the phrase "the bitten peach" became a byword for homosexuality.

With the fragmentation of political power, the style of writing changed and varied greatly throughout the Middle Ages, even after the invention of the printing press. Early deviations from the classical forms were the uncial script, a development of the Old Roman cursive, and various so-called minuscule scripts that developed from New Roman cursive, of which the insular script developed by Irish literati & derivations of this, such as Carolingian minuscule were the most influential, introducing the lower case forms of the letters, as well as other writing conventions that have since become standard. The languages that use the Latin script generally use capital letters to begin paragraphs and sentences and proper nouns. The rules for capitalization have changed over time, and different languages have varied in their rules for capitalization.

The idea of a "Confucian Church" as the state religion of China was proposed in detail by Kang Youwei as part of an early New Confucian effort to revive the social relevance of Confucianism. The idea was proposed at a time when Confucianism was not institutionalized, after the collapse of the Qing dynasty and the Chinese empire. Kang modeled his ideal "Confucian Church" after European national Christian churches—hierarchical and centralised institutions closely bound to the state, with local church branches, Sunday prayers and choirs, missions, journals, and even baptisms, devoted to the worship and the spread of the teachings of Confucius. The large community of Confucian literati—who were left without an organization or an outlet for their rituals, values, and identity after the dissolution of state Confucianism, supported such projects.

In 1752 Kenrick publicly mocked Henry Fielding and Tobias Smollett in his entertainment Fun: a Parodi-tragi-comical Satire, a parody of Macbeth in which the weird sisters circle about their cauldron, throwing in contemporary novels, periodicals and pamphlets. The play was banned by the Lord Mayor however "as it was to have been perform’d at the Castle-Tavern, Pater-noster-Row, on Thursday, February 13, 1752, but Suppressed, by a Special Order from the Lord-Mayor and Court of Aldermen." (see the Paper War of 1752-1753). James Boswell records a meeting with Kenrick on Friday, 3 April 1772: > In the evening came a company of literati invited for me: Dr. Jeffries, Dr. > Gilbert Stuart, a Mr. Leeson, and Kenrick, now Dr. Kenrick, who once wrote > an 18d.

He also defeated the rebellion of the Three Feudatories, three Chinese military commanders who had played key military roles in the Qing conquest, but had now become entrenched rulers of enormous domains in southern China.. The civil war (1673–1681) tested the loyalty of the new Qing subjects, but Qing armies eventually prevailed. (details of the campaigns). Once victory had become certain, a special examination for "eminent scholars of broad learning" (Boxue hongru 博學鴻儒) was held in 1679 to attract Chinese literati who had refused to serve the new dynasty.. The successful candidates were assigned to compile the official history of the fallen Ming dynasty. The rebellion was defeated in 1681, the same year the Kangxi Emperor initiated the use of variolation to inoculate children of the imperial family against smallpox.

For six weeks, Corda retreated to Berlin to enjoy the company of his close friend Kurt Sprengel and his many associates in the literati, Alexander von Humboldt, Carl Sigismund Kunth, Johann Horkel and Martin Lichtenstein. Following his return to Reichenberg, Corda was inspired to the study of botany following the receipt of a letter from the Berlin Academy proposing a study of the growth of palms and related plants with a travel grant for a return trip to Berlin. Corda enthusiastically responded by writing De incremento stipitis plantarum with nearly 100 accompanying illustrations which he completed in 1834 along with a monograph on the "Anatomy of the Rhyzosperms". During his return to Prague, Corda collected at the Karlovy Vary Hot Springs where he studied aquatic zooplankton and visited Nees von Esenbeck.

The same year his compilation CD Cri du coeur, which includes lyrics from the works of Marguerite Duras, Aragon, Brecht, Pablo Neruda and other writers and poets, marked a departure from his usual entertainment-oriented style and gave him wide recognition among France's literati. He declared, in Paris Match magazine, that same year, he noticed former nazi officer, Klaus Barbie, had attended one his concerts in Bolivia, that helped arrest him to deport him to France for trial.Paris Match, Capri c'est fini a aidé àarrêter Klaus Barbie N°2876/79, P.343 In 2006, he wrote an autobiography L'âme seule followed a year later by Le Bal des papillons, recounting in both books his experiences from humble origins to stardom and the relationship he developed with his mother after he found her.

One early example of art book fair as differentiated from trade book fairs or art exhibitions is by artist-run non-profit organization Printed Matter, which emerged in New York City in the 1960s. Printed Matter began a bookstore and gallery which celebrated publishing as an artistic medium, artist-run culture, and alternative art practice, an ethos which has carried through to contemporary art book events. In 2004 Printed Matter and then director, artist AA Bronson, launched the first New York Art Book Fair, and later the LA Art Book Fair in 2013. These fairs have grown steadily to an audience well beyond the local art scenes or literati: the 2015 NY Art Book Fair was host to 370 exhibitors from 28 countries and had an estimated 35,000 guests in attendance.

Wang Xizhi watching geese; by Qian Xuan; 1235-before 1307; handscroll (ink, color and gold on paper); 9 x 36 in.; Metropolitan Museum of Art The conceptual separation of arts and decorative arts or crafts that have often dominated in Europe and the US is not shared by all other cultures. But traditional Chinese art had comparable distinctions, distinguishing within Chinese painting between the mostly landscape literati painting of scholar gentlemen and the artisans of the schools of court painting and sculpture. Although high status was also given to many things that would be seen as craft objects in the West, in particular ceramics, jade carving, weaving, and embroidery, this by no means extended to the workers who created these objects, who typically remained even more anonymous than in the West.

Systematic sociology of education began with the work of Émile Durkheim (1858–1917) on moral education as a basis for organic solidarity, and with studies by Max Weber (1864–1920) on the Chinese literati as an instrument of political control. After World War II, however, the subject received renewed interest around the world: from technological functionalism in the US, egalitarian reform of opportunity in Europe, and human-capital theory in economics. These all implied that, with industrialization, the need for a technologically skilled labour force undermines class distinctions and other ascriptive systems of stratification, and that education promotes social mobility. However, statistical and field research across numerous societies showed a persistent link between an individual's social class and achievement, and suggested that education could only achieve limited social mobility.

Her brother, Frank C. Havens, Sterling's uncle, went to San Francisco in the late 19th century and established himself as a prominent lawyer and real estate developer. Sterling eventually followed him to the West in 1890 and worked as a real estate broker in Oakland, California. With the publication of his small volume of poetry in 1903, The Testimony of the Sun and Other Poems, he quickly became a hero among the East Bay literati and artists, some of whom included Joaquin Miller, Jack London, Xavier Martinez, Harry Leon Wilson, Perry H. Newberry, Henry Lafler, Gelett Burgess, and James Hopper. Portrait photograph of George Sterling taken by Arnold Genthe February 9, 1904Dear Master: Letters of George Sterling to Ambrose Bierce, 1900–1912, Roger K. Larson, ed. (San Francisco: Book Club of California, 2002), p. 65.

Yoshimoto, who had pursued a theory of war responsibility of the literati, supported the Anpo Protests against the 1960 revision of the US-Japan Security Treaty as an expression of the contradictions of the postwar order fifteen years after the end of the war. Strongly opposing the new treaty, he became an "enthusiastic supporter" and "patron saint" of the Zengakuren student activists.Cassegard, section "Maruyama Masao", final paragraph.. Yoshimoto was invited to give speeches at Zengakuren meetings in December 1959 and January 1960, and he joined the student activists in a sit-in at Shinagawa Station in Tokyo as part of a nationwide general strike against the Treaty on June 4, 1960. On June 15, 1960, at the climax of the protests, he joined the Zengakuren students in crashing into the National Diet compound.

He recalls the recital by himself, when a boy, of the famous opening of the second act. Cheever then compares old Norval, who only sought to increase his flock and selfishly kept Douglas at home to do it, with those modern merchants who try to keep down anti-slavery agitation because it is bad for business (Cheever was well known in his time, and was listed by Edgar Allan Poe as one of the "Literati of New York City" in his famous 1846 series of articles of that name). Hugh MacDiarmid, the twentieth century pioneer of the Scottish Renaissance, included the following lines in A Drunk Man Looks at the Thistle (1922): Also referenced in George B. Shaw's play You Never Can Tell by the twins, Philip and Dolly.

Phan Huy Lê Phan Huy Lê (Thạch Châu, Lộc Hà district, Hà Tĩnh province, 23 February 1934 – 23 June 2018) was a Vietnamese historian and professor of history at the Hanoi National University. He authored of many studies on village society, landholding patterns and peasant revolution in particular, and in Vietnamese history in general.Liber amicorum: mélanges offerts au professeur Phan Huy Lê - John Kleinen, Philippe Papin, Huy Lê Phan - 1999Việt Nam: Borderless Histories - Page 4 Nhung Tuyet Tran, Anthony Reid - 2006 "A key figure in the dialogue is Professor Phan Huy Lê, doyen of Vietnamese historians and heir of a famous literati family, whose career has spanned the evolution of independent ViӾt Nam's historiography." Phan was director of the Center for Vietnamese and Intercultural Studies at Vietnam National University, Hanoi.

In the Western and some East Asian traditions, art that demonstrates the imagination of the artist is accorded the status of high art. In the West this tradition began in Ancient Greece, was reinforced in the Renaissance, and by Romanticism, which eliminated the hierarchy of genres within the fine arts, which was established in the Renaissance. In China there was a distinction between the literati painting by the scholar-officials and the work produced by common artists, working in largely different styles, or the decorative arts such as Chinese porcelain, which were produced by unknown craftsmen working in large factories. In both China and the West the distinction was especially clear in landscape painting, where for centuries imaginary views, produced from the imagination of the artist, were considered superior works.

The Third Literati Purge of 1519 was widely viewed as a missed opportunity to fulfill ideal neo-Confucian society by later generations because Joseon politics soon degenerated into power struggle among in-laws and relatives of the royal family. Later its victims, called Gimyo Sarim or "Wise men of Gimyo," were venerated as Confucian martyrs while instigators became symbols of wickedness for many generations (For instance, fermented fish of lowest quality is still called Gonjangyi, combined word from Nam Gon and Shim Jung's given names). Nam Gon, one of main instigators who fabricated the conspiracy, regretted his role in the purge late in his life and willed that all his writings be burnt. No writing of his remains except for one short poem although he was a famous writer.

The Delhi Sultans modeled their life-styles after the Turkic and Persian upper classes, who now predominated in most of Western and Central Asia. They patronized literature and music, but became especially notable for their architecture, because their builders drew from Muslim world architecture to produce a profusion of mosques, palaces, and tombs unmatched in any other Islamic country. In Mongol and Timurid times the predominant influences on Turco- Persian culture were imposed from Central Asia, and in this period Turco- Persian culture became sharply distinguishable from the Arabic Islamic world to the west, the dividing zone fell along Euphrates. Socially, the Turco- Persian world was marked by a system of ethnologically defined elite statuses: the rulers and their soldiery were Turkic or Turkic-speaking Mongols; the administrative cadres and literati were Persian.

' Giddens drew particular attention to the first page of the Preface:.Giddens (1980) :Lenin's wry comments on the efflorescence of Marxism in Russia at the turn of the century seem quite pertinent to our own time and place: :'Marxist books were published one after another, Marxist journals and newspapers were founded, nearly everyone became a Marxist, Marxists were flattered, Marxists were courted and the book publishers rejoiced at the extraordinary, ready sale of Marxist literature.' :Lenin was not too enthusiastic about a species of Marxism that appeared to be more congenial to the literati than to the class that really mattered. On these grounds alone, it is unlikely that he would have felt very differently about the Marxist products that have been manufactured and marketed in western universities over the past decade or so.

Many Chinese scholars of the time argued that the non-Han, "barbarian" Liao dynasty did not merit its own official history, but rather posited that the Liao histories should be an addendum to the history of the Song, which was ethnically Han Chinese. This was part of the larger dispute between the Mongol court and the Chinese literati scholars, in which the Chinese political theory whereby only one dynasty could be deemed legitimate at a time clashed with the Mongol's beliefs to the contrary.Hok-lam Chan, p.73 Due to this dispute between two different political cultures, the Liao Shi, as well as the histories of the concurrent Jin and Song dynasties, was not officially compiled until 1343–1344, when the pro-Chinese Chief Councillor Toqto'a took up the pre-Yuan histories project again.

Lady Charlotte Elizabeth Guest (née Bertie; 19 May 1812 – 15 January 1895), later Lady Charlotte Schreiber, was an English aristocrat who is best known as the first publisher in modern print format of The Mabinogion which is the earliest prose literature of Britain. Guest established The Mabinogion as a source literature of Europe, claiming this recognition among literati in the context of contemporary passions for the Chivalric romance of King Arthur and the Gothic movement. The title Guest used derived from a mediaeval copyist error already established in the 18th century by William Owen Pughe and the London Welsh societies. As an accomplished linguist, and the wife of a foremost Welsh ironmaster John Josiah Guest, she became a leading figure in the study of literature and the wider Welsh Renaissance of the 19th century.

Since Chinese academia was more or less connected with officialdom, the academic dress of ancient China is essentially that of official dress. This basically consists of a red long round-collar robe with long sleeves called a panling lanshan (盤領襴衫) worn with a cap called a (幞頭) which was almost always black and had curved wings which was typical of the Tang dynasty. Other dynasties had similar dress with their own take on it, but they basically follow the same pattern and are distinctive from common dress. Another form of dress was those of the literati and scholars who wore simple everyday dress but wore hats that distinctively indicated their status, such as the (四方平定巾; or simply, : 方巾), the Chinese equivalent of the "mortarboard".

These can include shi (, historical works), zi (, philosophical works belonging to schools of thought other than the Confucian but also including works on agriculture, medicine, mathematics, astronomy, divination, art criticism, and other miscellaneous writings) and ji (, literary works) as well as jing (Chinese medicine). In the Ming and Qing dynasties, the Four Books and Five Classics were the subject of mandatory study by those Confucian scholars who wished to take the imperial exams to become government officials. Any political discussion was full of references to this background, and one could not be one of the literati (or, in some periods, even a military officer) without having memorized them. Generally, children first memorized the Chinese characters of the "Three Character Classic" and the "Hundred Family Surnames" and then went on to memorize the other classics.

Such names and characters as "Wei-lei Hsu" and "Khang-sang Tze" are fictitious, and the pieces where they occur are not to be understood as narratives of real events. ::But Chuang was an admirable writer and skillful composer, and by his instances and truthful descriptions hit and exposed the Mohists and Literati. The ablest scholars of his day could not escape his satire nor reply to it, while he allowed and enjoyed himself with his sparkling, dashing style; and thus it was that the greatest men, even kings and princes, could not use him for their purposes. ::King Wei of Chu, having heard of the ability of Chuang Chau, sent messengers with large gifts to bring him to his court, and promising also that he would make him his chief minister.

Yet, there has been a general lack of historical records about their origins and ethnography, leading to several constructed proposals, and their mention in older Moroccan literature is generally limited to their status as slaves and more focused on the rights on their owners. It is their contemporary economic and social marginalization that has awakened renewed interest in their history and their oral histories. The Haratins remain indispensable workers in modern oases societies, states Ensel, and continue to be mistreated in contrast to the upper strata called the "Shurfa". According to Remco Ensel, Haratin, along with Swasin in Morocco and other northern fringe societies of the Sahara, were a part of a social hierarchy that included the upper strata of nobles, religious specialists, and literati, followed by freemen, nomadic pastoral strata, and slaves.

Mironescu (2011), p.93 In his memoirs, Sanielevici ventured to state that his own writing was generally "more elegant" than Maiorescu's, and "precise" in the manner of 18th-century literati. Against the Junimists, Gherea's disciple was slowly visualizing an "optimistic" and "balanced" Classicism that was not aristocratic, but rather could belong to any social class "at the peak of its domination".Mironescu (2011), p.93-94 However, in discussing the delayed Romanticism of Mihai Eminescu's work, Sanielevici spoke of "genius", and boasted having been the first to describe Eminescu as a poet of European proportions. Leonida Maniu credits him with having been the first exegete to document Eminescu's kinship with German idealism and, in particular, with Novalis' "magic idealism". For Doris Mironescu, the work on Sărmanul Dionis remains one of Sanielevici's most commendable efforts.

Wallace characters such as District Commissioner Sanders can be taken to represent the values of colonial white supremacy in Africa, and now viewed by liberals as deeply racist and paternalistic. His writing has been attacked by some for its conception of Africans as stupid children who need a firm hand.The Popular Press Companion to Popular Literature, Victor E. Neuburg, Popular Press, 1983, p196 Sanders, for example, pledges to bring 'civilisation' to "half a million cannibal folk". George Orwell called Wallace a "bully worshipper" and "proto-fascist", though many critics conceived Wallace more as a populist writer who wrote for the market of the time. Selling over 50 million copies of his works, including 170 novels, Wallace was very much a populist writer, and was dismissed by the literati as such.

Early blue and white porcelain, c. 1335, the shape from Islamic metalwork The Mongol Yuan dynasty enforced the movement of artists of all sorts around the Mongol Empire, which in ceramics brought a major stylistic and technical influence from the Islamic world in the form of blue and white porcelain, with underglaze painting in cobalt. This has been described as the "last great innovation in ceramic technology".Medley, 169 Decoration by underglaze painted patterns had long been a feature of Chinese pottery, especially in the popular Cizhou ware (mostly using black over slip), but was perhaps regarded as rather vulgar by the court and the literati class, and the finest ceramics were monochrome, using an understated aesthetic with perfect shapes and subtle glaze effects, often over shallow decoration carved or moulded into the surface.

Portrait of the neo-Confucian scholar, Jo Gwang-jo 조광조 (1482–1519) Yeonsangun is often considered the worst tyrant of the Joseon, whose reign was marked by Korean literati purges between 1498 and 1506. His behavior became erratic after he learned that his biological mother was not Queen Junghyeon but the deposed Queen Lady Yun, who was forced to drink poison after poisoning one of Seongjong's concubines out of jealousy and leaving a scratch mark on Seongjong's face. When he was shown a piece of clothing that was allegedly stained with his mother's blood vomited after drinking poison, he beat to death two of Seongjong's concubines who had accused Consort Yun and he pushed Grand Queen Insu, who died afterward. He executed government officials who supported Consort Yun's death along with their families.

In 1991, the Conference of African Ministers of Education and Culture, meeting in Cotonou, Benin, resolved to establish 7 November, the day on which PAWA was founded, as International African Writers' Day, which is now celebrated throughout the continent.Femi Akomolafe, "The PAWA of Africa’s literati", New African, 9 December 2014. In November 2015, more than 300 writers and scholars gathered to commemorate the 22nd International African Writers’ Day at a three-day conference, held in Accra, that took as its theme "Celebrating the life and works of Chinua Achebe: The Coming of Age of African Literature?", with a keynote address by Henri Lopès and presentations by James Currey, Margaret Busby and others in honour of Achebe.Evelyn Osagie, "Echoes of Achebe’s works at writers’ show", The Nation (Nigeria), 25 November 2015.

Landscapes were idealized, mostly reflecting a pastoral ideal drawn from classical poetry which was first fully expressed by Giorgione and the young Titian, and remained associated above all with hilly wooded Italian landscape, which was depicted by artists from Northern Europe who had never visited Italy, just as plain-dwelling literati in China and Japan painted vertiginous mountains. Though often young artists were encouraged to visit Italy to experience Italian light, many Northern European artists could make their living selling Italianate landscapes without ever bothering to make the trip. Indeed, certain styles were so popular that they became formulas that could be copied again and again.See the landscape work of Barent Gael and Jacob van der Ulft, for example, whose Italian-style landscapes were formulaic copies, sometimes from prints.

During the Tang dynasty, various ethnic groups including Koreans, Indians and Tibetans journeyed to Chang'an and other major Tang cities for business or study. These people brought their religions and customs: Buddhism, Islam, Zoroastrianism (Xianjiao), Manichaeism (Monijiao) and Syriac Christianity (Jingjiao), all of which flourished. This cosmopolitan policy caused controversy among the literati, many of whom questioned the recommendation of the Kaifeng governor for the participation of Arab-born Li Yan-sheng in the 847 imperial examinations and several similar incidences of what they believed as incorrect racial privileging. Such was the discourse that Tang intellectual Chen An wrote an essay defending the governor's decision; The Heart of Being Hua (), which is often cited as expressing the sentiments of the "non-xenophobic" Chinese position on the Hua–Yi distinction.

This sentiment was further inspired by the rediscovery of a contemporary, 13th-century wall painting of Tamar in the then-ruined Betania monastery, which was uncovered and restored by Prince Grigory Gagarin in the 1840s. The fresco became a source of numerous engravings circulating in Georgia at that time and inspired the poet Grigol Orbeliani to dedicate a romantic poem to it. Furthermore, the Georgian literati, reacting to Russian rule in Georgia and the suppression of national institutions, contrasted Tamar's era to their contemporary situation, lamenting the irretrievably lost past in their writings. Hence, Tamar became a personification of the heyday of Georgia, a perception that has persisted down to the present time.. Tamar's marriage to the Rus' prince Yuri has become a subject of two resonant prose works in modern Georgia.

Sullivan, 132-133 The rock-cut cave complexes and royal tombs also contain many wall- paintings. Court painting mostly survives in what are certainly or arguably copies from much later, though the front section of the famous portrait of the Emperor Xuanzong's horse Night-Shining White is probably an original by Han Kan of 740-760.Sullivan, 134-135 The Tang dynasty saw the maturity of the landscape painting tradition known as shanshui (mountain-water) painting, which became the most prestigious type of Chinese painting, especially when practiced by amateur scholar-official or "literati" painters in ink-wash painting. In these landscapes, usually monochromatic and sparse, the purpose was not to reproduce exactly the appearance of nature but rather to grasp an emotion or atmosphere so as to catch the "rhythm" of nature.

Court dress was a controversial topic during the Shunzhi era. High official Chen Mingxia was denounced in 1654 because he advocated returning to Ming-dynasty court dress, an example of which is shown in this 17th-century portrait of Ni Yuanlu. On 7 April 1651, barely two months after he seized the reins of government, the Shunzhi Emperor issued an edict announcing that he would purge corruption from officialdom.. This edict triggered factional conflicts among literati that would frustrate him until his death.. One of his first gestures was to dismiss grand academician Feng Quan (馮銓; 1595–1672), a northern Chinese who had been impeached in 1645 but was allowed to remain in his post by Prince Regent Dorgon. (dismissal of Feng Quan in 1651); (for the story of the failed purge of Feng Quan in 1645).

The "Six Edicts" (Liu yu 六諭) that the Shunzhi Emperor promulgated in 1652 were the predecessors to the Kangxi Emperor's "Sacred Edicts" (1670): "bare bones of Confucian orthodoxy" that instructed the population to behave in a filial and law-abiding fashion. ("bare bones"); . In another move toward Chinese-style government, the sovereign reestablished the Hanlin Academy and the Grand Secretariat in 1658. These two institutions based on Ming models further eroded the power of the Manchu elite and threatened to revive the extremes of literati politics that had plagued the late Ming, when factions coalesced around rival grand secretaries.. To counteract the power of the Imperial Household Department and the Manchu nobility, in July 1653 the Shunzhi Emperor established the Thirteen Offices (), or Thirteen Eunuch Bureaus, which were supervised by Manchus, but manned by Chinese eunuchs rather than Manchu bondservants.

This is also reflected in many short stories written in the Tang about people accidentally winding up in the realm of the dead, only to come back and report their experiences. Buddhism, originating in India around the time of Confucius, continued its influence during the Tang period and was accepted by some members of imperial family, becoming thoroughly sinicized and a permanent part of Chinese traditional culture. In an age before Neo-Confucianism and figures such as Zhu Xi (1130–1200), Buddhism had begun to flourish in China during the Northern and Southern dynasties, and became the dominant ideology during the prosperous Tang. Buddhist monasteries played an integral role in Chinese society, offering lodging for travelers in remote areas, schools for children throughout the country, and a place for urban literati to stage social events and gatherings such as going-away parties.

An alternative interpretation to the traditional theory is that the work was the product of the Taigong's disciples, growing and evolving around a core of material dating from antiquity until finally being compiled and revised shortly before Qi's conquest by Qin, in 221 BC. A third theory is that, rather than having anything to do with the Taigong, Huang Shigong simply wrote the work himself shortly before giving it to Zhang Liang. Supposedly, this accounts for the book's nominal early-Han Dynasty Daoist perspective. Another theory, historically identified with conservative literati in late Chinese history, is that the work is a forgery dating from the Wei-Jin period (or later). Typical condemnations by scholars associated with this theory are that the work's Daoist perspective is "empty", that its content is "brutal", and that its language is "rustic".

The organization was formed in the early 1960s by brothers, the writers Ron and Paul Willis, who acquired much of the material of the original Fortean Society which had begun in 1932 in the spirit of Charles Fort but which had grown silent by 1959 with the death of its founder Tiffany Thayer. The Fortean Society was formed by a friend of Charles Fort, Theodore Dreiser, who had threatened his publisher that he would leave if The Book of the Damned was not put into print. The original society included many of New York's literati including Booth Tarkington, Ben Hecht, Clarence Darrow, Alexander Woollcott and Dorothy Parker. Oliver Wendall Holmes and H.L. Mencken were also early members along with a number of fledgling science-fiction writers such as Eric Frank Russell, Edmond Hamilton and Damon Knight.

This victory seemed to have left a very important impression on the Sinhalese literati and political leaders. The glory of Sapumal Kumaraya is sung in the Kokila Sandesaya (Message carried by Kokila bird) written in the fifteenth century by the Principal Thera of the Irugalkula Tilaka Pirivena in Mulgirigala. The book contains a contemporary description of the country traversed on the road by the cookoo bird from Devi Nuwara (City of Gods) in the South to Nallur (Beautiful City) in the North.The fifteenth century route to Yapa Patuna , Padma EDIRISINGHE (Sunday Observer) Retrieved 20 November 2015 The return of the Prince to Kotte is sung by the poet, Sri Rahula Thera of Totagomuva in the Selalihini Sandesaya (Message carried by the Selalihini bird) thus: He is known as Chempaha Perumal as well as Ariavettaiadum Perumal in Tamil sources.

The austerity of Ni's brushwork is also thought to be connected to his reputed obsession with cleanliness and purity. The visual isolation of the “six gentlemen” in the painting may reflect the attitude of intellectuals like Ni who preferred to live a life of seclusion in the countryside rather than serve as government officials under the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty, which had conquered the native Chinese Song dynasty. This theme is suggested by Huang’s inscription, which may be referring to the likeminded individuals gathered in Lu Heng’s house when Ni Zan painted Six Gentlemen, or to the “six gentlemen” of the Song dynasty, a group of officials who were purged from the government for their views. The importance of individual expression (both political and aesthetic), and the rejection of realistic detail, are major themes in late Yuan dynasty literati painting.

Wakoski then turned her attack against the younger poets, whom she called, "really the spokesmen for the new conservatism," which she called an unfortunate continuation of the legacies of Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, T.S. Eliot, and Robert Frost. Robert McPhillips (2006), The New Formalism: A Critical Introduction, pages 3-4. Wakoski further called these younger poets, "a new kind of 'il-literati' espousing tradition. They are the ones who don't have a classical education, who don't read Latin and Greek poetry, who don't really know much about traditional metrical verse and who undoubtedly don't have the celestial ears of an Auden or a Wilbur, and they are the ones who preach metrics in old-fashioned ways, often being interested in form, whatever that is, for the sake of form." Robert McPhillips (2006), The New Formalism: A Critical Introduction, page 4.

The commercial state concept (and its important variant, commercial society) is sometimes associated with Adam Ferguson's concept of civil society and refers to a government or political state devoted primarily to the promotion and advancement of commercial interests. Ferguson, Adam Smith and other representatives of the Scottish Enlightenment (and who referred to themselves as the literati) were more likely to use the term commercial society. The underlying idea of the commercial state can also be linked to the American School of Economics (and in particular to the legacy of the political and economic approach of Alexander Hamilton). In its modern manifestation, national, state and local governments which pursue business and commercial development and other forms of economic and industrial development through tax policies and forms of positive incentives and inducements may properly be termed commercial states.

Tangier and Morocco George was a regular visitor to Morocco, where his friends Paul Bowles and Jane Bowles had lived for many years. He had first gone there in 1950 with Irving Thalberg, Jr., the son of the famous film producer of the same name, who later became a professor of philosophy. An article in the fashion magazine Flair, which was aimed at the New York literati, published with a transparent cover by the Condé Nast Publications heiress Fleur Cowles described George as: > an apprentice Yankee Balzac – and a be-bop hipster perched on a cliff > outside Tangier celebrating the virtues of hashish... – which was based on testimony of Gore Vidal who had met him on a visit to Morocco. After George returned to Madrid, he took the first Orient Express train to run through Greece to Istanbul since the end of WWII.

In 1851 he made the journey to Nagasaki, where he studied with the painter Hidaka Tetsuō for six months and became acquainted with Chinese artists. Katei returned to Edo in 1854 and worked briefly for the shogunate, but in 1856 he left for Fujioka, Gunma, and from there continued north, to Echigo Province. For the next ten years he made his living travelling between Niigata, Sado Island, Sakata and Hakodate, fulfilling commissions for private patrons. Katei returned to Edo in 1866 but due to the disruptions surrounding the Meiji Restoration of 1868, he travelled for a while to Noda, where he found a number of patrons who continued to support him in later years. During the 1870s and early 1880s, Katei had a wide circle of friends and acquaintances in the Tokyo literati community, and his contributions to collaborative works are numerous.

In 1720, two months after the King's enthronement, Prince Yeoning was installed as Royal Prince Successor Brother (wangseje, 왕세제, 王世弟). This aggravated the power struggle and led to a great massacre, namely the Shinim literati purges (신임사화, 辛壬士禍). The Norons sent messages to the king to no effect while the opposing Soron faction (소론, 少論) used this to their advantage – claiming the Noron were trying to usurp power and subsequently getting their rival faction removed from several offices. Members of the Soron faction then came up with an idea to assassinate the heir (Yeoning-gun) under the pretence of hunting for a white fox said to be haunting the palace, but Yeoning-gun sought shelter with his stepmother, Queen Dowager Inwon, who protected him and he was able to stay alive.

Two Tone prioritised the author of the imagination rather than the revisionist historian or political revolutionary - a position which became increasing tenuous during the oppressive years of the Ian Smith regime. The magazine received scathing criticism from academics, political activist and many black poets who increasingly saw it as a "banal" and "pretentious outlet" for a closed minority of "White literati", whose "patronizing approach" to black writing supported the political status quo. The antagonism was only exacerbated by the publication of defensive editorials which argued that "separatism and elitism" create the assurances of liberty to "foster imaginative literature." Despite the controversy, the journal's legacy is secured through the writing of seminal contemporary Zimbabwean poets such as D. F. Middleton, Julius Chingono, Charles Mungoshi, Bonus Zimunya, John Eppel and Patricia Schonstein, all of whom began their literary careers on the pages of Two Tone.

Jean-Bernard, abbé Le Blanc (1707–1781, Paris) was a French art critic, one of the Parisian literati, who through his patron Mme de Pompadour was appointed historiographer of the Bâtiments du Roi, the defender of state expenditures and official French policy in the arts, and was also an advocate before the Parlement de Paris. Le Blanc was born in Dijon. His minor orders were strictly pro forma, and he made his reputation with the Lettres d'un François (1745), of which he made an English translation.In full, Lettres d'un François concernant le gouvernement, la politique et les moeurs des Angloiset des François; Ralph Arthur Nablow, in The Addisonian Tradition in France: Passion and Objectivity in Social ..., 2001:79–93, treats Le Blanc's Lettres at length, in the context of the tradition of social observation in the wake of Joseph Addison's Spectator.

In Japan the critique was taken over by Yamada Shouji who took a critical stance to the understanding of all Japanese culture, including gardens, under the nominator of Zen.Yamada Shoji, (Earl Hartman transl.) Shots in the Dark, Japan, Zen, and the West, The University of Chicago Press, 2009 Christian Tagsold summarized the discussion by placing perceptions of the Japanese garden in the context of an interdisciplinary comparison of cultures of Japan and the West.Christian Tagsold, Spaces in Translation: Japanese Gardens and the West, University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017 Zen priests quote from Chinese treatises on landscape painting indicating that the Japanese rock garden, and its karesansui garden scenery was and still is inspired by or based on first Chinese and later also Japanese landscape painting. Landscape painting and landscape gardening were closely related and practiced by intellectuals, the literati inspired by Chinese culture.

The term yayue itself appeared in the Analects, where yayue was considered by Confucius to be the kind of music that is good and beneficial, in contrast to the popular music originated from the state of Zheng which he judged to be decadent and corrupting. Yayue is therefore regarded in the Confucian system as the proper form of music that is refined, improving, and essential for self-cultivation, and one that can symbolize good and stable governance. It means the kind of solemn ceremonial music used in court, as well as ritual music in temples including those used in Confucian rites. In a broader sense, yayue can also mean a form of Chinese music that is distinguishable from the popular form of music termed suyue (俗樂) or "uncultivated music", and can therefore also include music of the literati such as qin music.

"Geuter 1994, S. 69 Blüher considered an observation made by Jansen during a personal conversation as fundamental to his own intellectual life: "Where does the vitality that is capable of giving rise to such a movement of masculine youth come from, if not from men who, instead of loving a wife or becoming the father of a family, loved young men and founded Männerbünde?"Hans Blüher: Werke und Tage. München 1953, S. 231 Through Jansen, Blüher also became acquainted with the philosopher and zoologist Benedict Friedlaender and was introduced to the "Gemeinschaft der Eigenen" (Community of the Unique), an association of homosexual literati, scientists and artists, founded by him and Adolf Brand. Brand published the magazine Der Eigene (The Unique) from 1896 to 1932, in which he campaigned for the emancipation of homosexuals and for "art and masculine culture.

Illustration from a 1575 edition of Histoires prodigieuses His most successful titles in terms of publications were Le Théâtre du monde (which became one of early modern Europe's best- sellers), Histoires prodigieuses, and Histoires tragiques. As the contents of his works indicate, his varied interests included, among other, political theory, history, philosophy, literary fiction, theology, ecclessiastical history, and natural philosophy. Enjoying a certain degree of fame due to the success of his books, Boaistuau's network of friends and contacts included many well-known French literati of his time, such as François de Belleforest, Joseph Scaliger, Bernard de Girard, Nicolas Denisot, Jean-Antoine de Baïf, Claude Roillet, and Jacques Grévin. He was also in friendly terms with James Beaton II, ex-Archbishop of Glasgow and Scottish ambassador in Paris, to whom he dedicated his Le Théâtre du monde.

His published contributions included a succession of reviews on the works of Montale, Saba, Sbarbaro, Tecchi, Pavolini and Govoni. In terms of establishing his reputation within the academic community, the volume "Il Trecento" ("The fourteenth century"), written in 1933 and published in 1934, was probably more important than any of those learned literary reviews on the output of contemporary literati, however. The book was published by Valardi in Milan as part of the "Storia letteraria d’Italia" ("History of Italian Literature") series, replacing an earlier volume on the topic which had appeared in 1902. The replacement from Natalino Sapégno was well received by scholars: thanks, in particular, to a favourable review published in 1934 by Giulio Bertoni of the "Société de linguistique romane", won for its author one of the (four) 1934 prizes awarded by the Accademia d’Italia.

Duy Tân hội (chữ Hán: 維新會, Association for Modernization, 1904-1912) was an anti-French independence society in Vietnam founded by Phan Bội Châu and Prince Cường Để.Chu Trinh Phan, Sính Vĩnh Phan Châu Trinh and his political writings - Page 7 2009 "Phan Boi Chau was the major figure within this group of literati.20 A founder of the Vietnam Modernization Association (Viet Nam Duy Tan Hoi, 1904), Phan Boi Chau went to Japan in 1905, primarily to ask for military aid. "Education in Vietnam - Page 48 Jonathan D London - 2011 "Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) was founder of the Duy Tân Hội (Reformation Society) and Đông Du (“Go East”) movement that encouraged nationalist Vietnamese youth to study in Japan. Later, he founded the Vietnam Quang Phuc Hoi ..." Gilbert Trần Chánh Chiêu was an agent of the Society.

Shang Wei, "The Literati Era and Its Demise" in The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, edited by Steven Owen and Kang-i Sun Chang. Cambridge, 2010, pp.263-64.Fong, Grace S.; Widmer, Ellen, The Inner Quarters and Beyond: Women Writers from Ming through Qing In his eulogy of Jin Yi, Yuan Mei wrote: “At a very early age she could already read books and distinguish the four tones. She loved to compose poetry, and every time she let fall her brush it was like a fleet horse prancing along unable to talk.”Women Writers of Traditional China: An Anthology of Poetry and Criticism,’’ edited by Kang-I Sun Chang and Haun Saussy, Stanford: Stanford University Press, 1999, pp. 485-87Hu Wenkai 胡文楷, Lidai funü zhuzuo kao 歴代婦女箸作考, SHanghai, 1985, pp.

Gutierrez was a scholar of D. H. Lawrence, and wrote about the last period (late 1920s) of Lawrence, whom Gutierrez describes as having dealt with death and symbolic renewal in an "ontological" manner, a lens through which Lawrence offered keen insights into humankind and society. An erstwhile Berkeley student who observed the "Bohemian-literati" world in the 1950s, Gutierrez has also written memoirs and commentaries on the "Beat" scenes of Berkeley and San Francisco. Gutierrez also produced many works on Kenneth Rexroth and other writers of that time. Gutierrez' post-2000 work and writings moved away from an academic focus of literature and fine arts, and he latterly wrote articles and essays more as a social and political commentator, with topics of: social justice, human rights abuses, economic inequities, and the major role he feels U.S. domestic and foreign policy plays in these.

Li Jin is best known for being "immortalized" by the famous poet, Du Fu. He was listed in the second place in Du Fu's poem Eight Immortals of the Wine Cup through the following lines: : 汝阳三斗始朝天， (He can drink three big barrels before drunk) : 道逢麴车口流涎， (He can't resist the temper of drinking when seeing the carts transporting Chinese white wine on his way) : 恨不移封向酒泉。 (that he would rather move his mansion to Jiuquan, the place where wines are produced.) Du Fu and Li Jin were part of a group of scholar-officials and literati friends, who all enjoyed drinking as well as writing together. Du Fu even dedicated a poem to Li Jin, "Twenty Two Rhymes Given to Li Jin, the Prince of Ru Yang".

In the early 1930s, Smith attempted a return to the USA, summering in Los Angeles. While Smith enjoyed the brio of new ideas and buzz around Hollywood, she was not ready to leave Paris. The high point of this period was probably the tennis foursome Smith called together, with George Gershwin, Arnold Schoenberg and Groucho Marx. (Marx believing until the last minute that the Schoenberg in question was his uncle, the entertainer Al Schoenberg). Returning to Paris, Smith’s position as a patron saw her play a useful role in the mounting of the Museum of Modern Art's 1936 exhibition, Fantastic, Dada, and Surrealism. The use of the word ”Fantastic” in the show’s title has been attributed to Smith. Smith traveled to New York for the show’s opening. The exhibition’s rapturous reception amongst New York’s literati and the deteriorating political situation in Europe inclined Smith to return to America.

From the start of his reign, Cao Mao acted in defiance of the Simas, refusing to accept the imperial seal directly from Sima Shi, and, after Sima Shi's death in 255, he attempted to order Sima Zhao to remain in Xuchang to keep watch over Shouchun (present-day Shou County, Anhui), where a rebellion led by Guanqiu Jian and Wen Qin had just been suppressed. However, Sima Zhao ignored Cao Mao's edict and returned to the capital Luoyang. While Sima Zhao administered state affairs, Cao Mao attempted to gain the favour of the literati in the court through unremarkable meetings to discuss literature with some officials—Sima Zhao's cousin Sima Wang, Wang Shen (王沈), Pei Xiu, and Zhong Hui. Cao Mao also provided Sima Wang with a chariot and five imperial guardsmen as escorts because the latter lived further away from the palace than the others.

In something of the same way Sanskrit in India and Nepal, Tamil in India and Sri Lanka and Pali in Sri Lanka and in Theravada countries of South-East Asia (Burma, Thailand, Cambodia), were literary languages for many for whom they were not their mother tongue. Comparably, the Latin language (qua Medieval Latin) was in effect a universal language of literati in the Middle Ages, and the language of the Vulgate Bible in the area of Catholicism, which covered most of Western Europe and parts of Northern and Central Europe also. In a more practical fashion, trade languages, such as ancient Koine Greek, may be seen as a kind of real universal language, that was used for commerce. In historical linguistics, monogenesis refers to the idea that all spoken human languages are descended from a single ancestral language spoken many thousands of years ago.

It is because > he puts forth his dirty ironies as boldly as a bandit ... Tsuji himself is > very shy and timid in person ... but his clarity and self-respect exposes > the falsities of the famous in the literary world ... [though] to many he > really comes across as an anarchistic rogue ... The literary world only sees > him as having been born in this world to provide a source for gossip, but he > is like Chaplin producing seeds of humour in their rumours ... The common > Japanese literati do not understand that the laugh of Chaplin is a > contradictory tragedy ... In a society of base, closed-minded people > idealists are always taken as madmen or clowns. > > Tsuji Jun is always drunk. If he doesn't drink he can't stand the suffering > and sorrow of life. On the rare occasion he is sober ... he does look the > part of an incompetent and Unmensch-ian fool.

Dagdeviren was also awarded the Science and Sci Life Prize for Young Scientists in Translational Medicine Category by Science/AAAS and SciLifeLab, and attended the Nobel Prize Ceremony in Stockholm, Sweden. Since beginning her current position at the MIT Media Lab, Dagdeviren and her students published a paper “Towards personalized medicine: the evolution of imperceptible healthcare technologies,” published in the November 2018 issue of Foresight, a journal of future studies, strategic thinking, and policy. The paper was selected by the journal's editorial board as an Outstanding Paper for the 2019 Emerald Literati Awards. In 2019, Dagdeviren was awarded the Kadir Has University Promising Scientist Award, and recognized in Fortune Turkey's “40 Under 40.” She was also named as one of the United States's “87 brightest young engineers” by the National Academy of Engineering (NAE), and took part in the NAE's 25th annual US Frontiers of Engineering (USFOE) Symposium.

Home of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in George Street Union with England in 1707 meant the end of the Scottish Parliament and saw members of parliament, aristocrats and placemen move to London. Scottish law, however, remained entirely separate from English law, with the result that the law courts and legal profession continued to exist in Edinburgh; as did the University and medical establishments. Lawyers, Presbyterian divines, professors, medical men and architects, formed a new intellectual middle-class elite that dominated the city and facilitated the Scottish Enlightenment.Alexander Broadie, The Scottish Enlightenment (1997) p 10Michael Lynch, ed., Oxford Companion to Scottish History (2001) pp 133–137Richard Sher, Church and University in the Scottish Enlightenment: The Moderate Literati of Edinburgh (1985) From the late 1740s onwards, Edinburgh began to gain an international reputation as a centre of ideas, especially in philosophy, history, science, economics and medicine.

While at Constantinople, where he served under Lord Stratford de Redcliffe, Smythe gained a mastery not only of Turkish and its dialects, but of almost every form of modern Greek, from the language of the literati of Athens to the least Hellenized Romaic. He had already a large knowledge both of Persian and Arabic before going east, but until his duties led him to study the past, present and future of the sultan's empire he had given no attention to the tongues which he well described as those of the international rabble in and around the Balkan peninsula. On succeeding his brother as Viscount Strangford in 1857 he continued to live in Constantinople, immersed in cultural studies. At length, however, he returned to England and wrote a good deal, sometimes in the Saturday Review, sometimes in the Quarterly Review, and much in the Pall Mall Gazette.

The Jesuits introduced to China Western science and mathematics which was undergoing its own revolution. "Jesuits were accepted in late Ming court circles as foreign literati, regarded as impressive especially for their knowledge of astronomy, calendar-making, mathematics, hydraulics, and geography."Patricia Buckley Ebrey, p 212 In 1627, the Jesuit Johann Schreck produced the first book to present Western mechanical knowledge to a Chinese audience, Diagrams and explanations of the wonderful machines of the Far West.Ricci roundtable This influence worked in both directions: Jan Mikołaj Smogulecki (1610–1656) is credited with introducing logarithms to China, while Sabatino de Ursis (1575–1620) worked with Matteo Ricci on the Chinese translation of Euclid's Elements, published books in Chinese on Western hydraulics, and by predicting an eclipse which Chinese astronomers had not anticipated, opened the door to the reworking of the Chinese calendar using Western calculation techniques.

As demonstrated above the area has been productive of much local writing talent, however, from the time Oscar Wilde's Dorian Gray the idea of 'slumming it' in the 'forbidden' East End has held a fascination for a coterie of the literati. One contemporary manifestation of this is the school of psychogeography espoused most prominently by Peter Ackroyd, (particularly in his novel Hawksmoor) and Iain Sinclair. A colder eye on contemporary gentrification of the area and the rise of the yuppie is cast by Penelope Lively in Passing On (1989) and City of the Mind (1991) and by P. D. James in Original Sin (1994). Emblematic of the worldwide clash of civilisations between West and East, of which the East End has historically been a microcosm, are Brick Lane (2003) by Monica Ali and Salman Rushdie's controversial The Satanic Verses (1988) both of which are set amongst the Bangladeshi community of Spitalfields.

It's testament to their skill, as much as the NYRB's commitment to good stories, thoroughly told, that you find yourself rooting for the staff." Variety, though concurring that the film "comes mainly to lionize", remarked that it successfully encapsulates the paper's origins and first years, its modern day-to-day operations under Silvers, and a detailed examination of the Review's most important articles and contributors. The Times said, "Scorsese's nose for mafia-style feuds works well in this study of the literati who inhabit the Review's august and book- tsunamied offices in New York's Village."Muir, Kate. "Shining a light on a near extinct breed – At the Sheffield Doc/Fest, cinema is falling in love with the literary documentary", The Times, June 9, 2014 An Indiewire reviewer wrote, in previewing the film for its HBO release: "The 50 Year Argument ... is a must-see.

As Georg Jappe said back in 1977, “Artists like to consider Jochen Gerz a man of letters, failing to find materiality and form in his work; literati in turn like to call Jochen Gerz an artist, as they see a lack of content, categorical order and style.” It is striking how Gerz occasionally causes confusion and irritation even among connoisseurs of his work. Thus Jappe ended his talk with the words: “Upon reading this I notice that I have probably not succeeded in giving you any real understanding of Jochen Gerz, which would anyway not be in keeping with his persona.” His works are elusive, creating a space that only the recipients themselves can fill. “Epistemological doubt in the power of image and text alone to convey meaning can be observed in the works of Jochen Gerz more clearly than in any other contemporary artistic oeuvre.

On Calligraphy by Mi Fu, Song DynastyPoems of The four treasures in a scholar's study (Qing dynasty) For more than 2,000 years, China's literati—Confucian scholars and literary men who also served the government as officials—have been connoisseurs and practitioners of this art. In Imperial China, the graphs on old steles — some dating from 200 BC, and in Xiǎozhuàn style (small seal script) — are still accessible. In about 220 BC, the emperor Qin Shi Huang(秦始皇, 259–210 BC), the first to conquer the entire Chinese basin, imposed several reforms, among them Li Si's (李斯, 246 BC - 208 BC) character unification, which created a set of 3300 standardized Xiǎozhuàn characters. Despite the fact that the main writing implement of the time was already the brush, little paper survives from this period, and the main examples of this style are on steles.

See also: Artist and Professor Carlos Villa, in Remembering Wally Hedrick: > "Wally Hedrick was a chief organizer of the Six Gallery, a cooperative > gallery which to my knowledge was the first nonprofit exhibiting space in > San Francisco." in San Francisco, California with David Simpson, Hayward King, John Allen Ryan, Deborah Remington and Jack Spicer—and by 1955, had "become the official director". Although "the activities of the "6" were poorly documented",John Natsoulas, Searching for the 6, from Lyrical Vision Exhibition Catalogue, John Natsoulas Gallery, Davis, CA, 1990, pg 13. the Six Gallery functioned as an underground art gallery for the members and a meeting place for poets and literati alike. "The Six" was a focal point for countercultural activity during a crucial transition point—unconventional artists were deep underground—partly because no audience encouraged them to emerge, partly because it was safer there.

The Haratins historically lived segregated from the main society, in a rural isolation. Their subjugation regardless of their religion was sometimes ideologically justified by nobles and some Islamic scholars, even though some scholars took a more nuanced view that Muslims can only enslave non-Muslims and they should not enslave other Muslims, states Hamel – a professor of History specializing in African Studies., Quote: "This new meaning was an ideological construct to justify the subjugation of the free/freed blacks [Haratin] and was buttressed by documents that sought to advance the Makhzan's agenda by demonstrating that the Haratin were of slave origin, therefore creating a racialized caste". They along with Swasin in Morocco and other northern fringe societies of the Sahara, were a part of a social hierarchy that included the upper strata of nobles, religious specialists and literati, followed by freemen, nomadic pastoral strata and slaves.

Led by the literati such as Ilia Chavchavadze, their program attained more nationalistic colors as the nobility declined and capitalism progressed, further stimulated by the rule of the Russian bureaucracy and economic and demographic dominance of the Armenian middle class in the capital city of Tbilisi. Chavchavadze and his associates called for the unity of all Georgians and put national interests above class and provincial divisions. Their vision did not envisage an outright revolt for independence, but demanded autonomy within the reformed Russian Empire, with greater cultural freedom, promotion of the Georgian language, and support for Georgian educational institutions and the national church, whose independence had been suppressed by the Russian government. Despite their advocacy of ethnic culture and demographic grievances over Russian and Armenian dominance in Georgia's urban centers, a program of the early Georgian nationalists was inclusive and preferred non-confrontational approach to inter-ethnic issues.

" The meaning of "dissent" and the role of intellectuals and the state changed in Goldman's next books as she and her colleagues explored the continuities between 20th century intellectuals and the imperial past. Anthony Kane concluded that the title of her 1986 China's Intellectuals: Advise and Dissent pointed to this change. The earlier works, Kane says, were interested in the "negative," that is, dissenters as "Western-style creative spirits rebelling against party control." The new work expanded the concept of dissent to include the "active advisory role [intellectuals] have traditionally played and are increasingly playing again," a role which grows from a "literati tradition of qingyi (pure opinion) that dates back to traditional China." This exploration was further developed in a conference volume Goldman co-edited with Carol Hamrin, and Timothy Cheek, China's Intellectuals and the State (1986) which worked with the concept of China's "establishment intellectuals.

Manuel de Mello's early Spanish verses are tainted with Gongorism, but his Portuguese sonnets and cartas on moral subjects are notable for their power, sincerity, and perfection of form. He strove successfully to emancipate himself from foreign faults of style, and by virtue of his native genius, and his knowledge of the traditional poetry of the people, and the best Quinhentista models, he became Portugal's leading lyric poet and prose writer of the 17th century. As with Luís de Camões, imprisonments and exile contributed to make Manuel de Melo a great writer: His Letters, addressed to the leading nobles, ecclesiastics, diplomats and literati of the time, are written in a conversational style, lighted up by flashes of wit and enriched with apposite illustrations and quotations. His commerce with the best authors appears in the Hospital des lettras, a brilliant chapter of criticism forming part of the .

The Transmission of the Lamp served several needs and interests: # The needs of the Song to use Buddhism in centralizing the new state, and maintain good relations with neighboring Buddhist nations; # The interests of the Linji- faction, which was dominant around the capital city Bianjing; # The wish of the new dynasty to establish its own cultural style (wen); # The needs of literati, who were supporting a cultural style which endorsed free, spontaneous expression, different from a more traditional "ancient culture" (guwen). The convergence of these influences lead to the creation of the image of the iconoclastic Chan-master, who fulfilled all these requirements: Nevertheless, this picture deviates from what is believed to be the character of many of the Chan-masters from earlier times, who were fairly conventional: "they routinely accepted invitations to court, received purple robes and honorary titles, and had monasteries built for them by rulers and officials".

Jiandeng Xinhua (, New stories told while trimming the wick, 1378) is an early Ming dynasty collection of Chinese stories by Qu You ().not Zhu Yu (朱彧; Wade–Giles: Chu Yü) as incorrectly cited in some websitesRania Huntington - Alien Kind: Foxes and Late Imperial Chinese Narrative 2003 p25 "Foxes were not a frequent topic in the long poetic romances of the early Ming, the most famous collection of which was Jiandeng xinhua 剪灯新话 (New stories told while trimming the wick, 1378)." It was succeeded by a second volume Jiandeng Xinhua wai er zhong.Anne Gerritsen Ji'an Literati and the Local in Song-Yuan-Ming China 2007 p240 "Jiandeng Xinhua (wai er zhong) .. (New tales written while trimming the wick, two further versions) (Beijing: Zhonghua shuju, 1962)" It is the model for the first novel in Korean literature, Kumo Shinhwa, also written in the Chinese language.

Salih Al-Yousify ( January, 1918 – 25 June 1981) was a Kurdish Iraqi poet and politician, former minister, and one of the most active members in the Kurdistan Democratic Party in Iraq.kitabat,. Al-Yousify was one of the founder members of Brosik Association in 1936, then one of the memorable founders of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan in 1946. Later, after the coup of July in 1958, he became responsible on the 5th branch of the Democratic Party of Kurdistan. In 1967, he became the head of Taakhi newspaper which speaks for the Democratic Party of Kurdistan. In 1970, after declaring the accord of March 11 he took over many political positions, such as state minister, vice- president of the Iraqi-Soviet’s Cooperation and Friendship Association, the president of the Kurdish Literati and Writers Union, a member of the Iraqi Council for Peace and Solidarity, and other political positions in Iraq.

A well-read man who respected scholars, Cao Chun was also popular among the literati, many of whom flocked to him and became his retainers.(英雄記曰： ... 年十四而喪父，與同產兄仁別居。承父業，富於財，僮僕人客以百數，純綱紀督御，不失其理，鄉里咸以為能。好學問，敬愛學士，學士多歸焉，由是為遠近所稱。) Yingxiong Ji annotation in Sanguozhi vol. 9. At the age of 17, Cao Chun was called to serve in the Han government as a Gentleman of the Yellow Gate (黃門侍郎). Two years later, he followed his second cousin, Cao Cao, to Xiangyi (襄邑; present-day Sui County, Henan) to recruit soldiers.

The three cases offer a glimpse into the lives of different classes in traditional Chinese society: adventurous traders who travel vast distances along the trade routes up and down the land of China, and who are sometimes targeted by robbers and sometimes form dubious partnerships or turn outright robbers themselves; the small-scale shopkeepers and townspeople, who live within a narrow circumscribed life of routine which some find stifling; the gentry of literati, who by long tradition were considered as the land's rulers and so considered themselves. Any official departure of Judge Dee from the court compound (which also includes his private living quarters) is done with fanfare, accompanied by a large retinue of constables and officials. This approach is sometimes useful - especially when suspects are to be overawed and intimidated, or recalcitrant local officials intimidated into fully cooperating with an investigation. Sometimes, however, Judge Dee finds it expedient to go out incognito and carry out an investigation in disguise.

Wang Yangming (1472–1529), considered the most influential Confucian thinker since Zhu Xi During the Ming dynasty, the Neo-Confucian doctrines of the Song scholar Zhu Xi were embraced by the court and the Chinese literati at large, although the direct line of his school was destroyed by the Yongle Emperor's extermination of the ten degrees of kinship of Fang Xiaoru in 1402. The Ming scholar most influential upon subsequent generations, however, was Wang Yangming (1472–1529), whose teachings were attacked in his own time for their similarity to Chan Buddhism. Building upon Zhu Xi's concept of the "extension of knowledge" ( or ), gaining understanding through careful and rational investigation of things and events, Wang argued that universal concepts would appear in the minds of anyone. Therefore, he claimed that anyone – no matter their pedigree or education – could become as wise as Confucius and Mencius had been and that their writings were not sources of truth but merely guides that might have flaws when carefully examined.

The majority of writers and artists were seen as "black line figures" and "reactionary literati", and therefore persecuted, many were subjected to "criticism and denunciation" where they may be publicly humiliated and ravaged, and may also be imprisoned or sent to be reformed through hard labour. For instance, Mei Zhi and her husband were sent to a tea farm in Lushan County, Sichuan, and she did not resume writing until the 1980s. Documents released in 1980 regarding the prosecution of the Gang of Four show more than 2,600 people in the field of arts and literature were revealed to have been persecuted by the Ministry of Culture and units under it alone. Many died as a result of their ordeal and humiliation—the names of 200 well-known writers and artists who were persecuted to death during the Cultural Revolution were commemorated in 1979, these include writers such as Lao She, Fu Lei, Deng Tuo, Baren, Li Guangtian, Yang Shuo, and Zhao Shuli.

Having received a considerable addition to his fortune, he in 1834 purchased a large convent in the mountains near Salerno, which he fitted up as a residence, and there received his visitors with much hospitality. He was for many years the intimate friend and inseparable companion of Sir William Gell; he shared his own prosperity with his less fortunate comrade, cheered him when in sickness, and attended him with unwearying kindness, until Gell's death in 1836. Another of his highly esteemed acquaintances was Lady Blessington, who arrived in Naples in July 1823; with her he afterwards kept up a correspondence, and some of the letters which he addressed to that lady are given in her Life by Richard Robert Madden. He died at Naples 24 June 1851, aged 72, being the last of a triumvirate of British literati, scholars, and gentlemen who resided there for many years in the closest bonds of friendship, namely, Sir William Drummond, Sir William Gell, and the Hon.

Despite the loss of status, the family had a reputation among the literati through Murasaki's paternal great-grandfather and grandfather, both of whom were well-known poets. Her great-grandfather, Fujiwara no Kanesuke, had fifty-six poems included in thirteen of the Twenty-one Imperial Anthologies,Chokusen Sakusha Burui 勅撰作者部類 the Collections of Thirty-six Poets and the Yamato Monogatari (Tales of Yamato).Mulhern (1994), 257–258 Her great- grandfather and grandfather both had been friendly with Ki no Tsurayuki, who became notable for popularizing verse written in Japanese.Bowring (2004), 4 Her father, Fujiwara no Tametoki, attended the State Academy (Daigaku-ryō)Inge (1990), 9 and became a well-respected scholar of Chinese classics and poetry; his own verse was anthologized.Mulhern (1991), 79 He entered public service around 968 as a minor official and was given a governorship in 996, staying in service until about 1018.Adolphson (2007), 111 Murasaki's mother was descended from the same branch of northern Fujiwara as Tametoki.

Despite her one-time renown, Trotter's reputation has steadily waned over the last three centuries and has only been rescued from near obscurity by the efforts of feminist critics, such as Anne Kelley,See Catharine Trotter: an early modern writer in the vanguard of feminism, Aldershot: Ashgate, 2002 in the last two decades. Arguably, the predicament of her reputation is attributable to her having written a large amount of work very early in her life and less in her mature years. In other words, her career was extremely front-loaded, and the literati of her period (especially the men) tended to focus on her youth and beauty at the expense of her work. Some literary historians attribute her relative obscurity to a persistent emphasis being placed upon her philosophical work at the expense of her creative writing (especially by her biographer Thomas Birch, who included only one play in his two volume collection of her work and did not mention Olinda's Adventures at all).

Bret Hinsch in chapter 6 of his book 'Passions of the Cut Sleeve: the Male Homosexual Tradition in China' has detailed evidence, derived from the works of literati Li Yu and Shen De Fu, of institutionalised gay marriage practices amongst Hokkien men in Ming dynasty China."Records of Same-Sex Love and Lust in Chinese History and Tradition", ColorQ World The subculture was exported along with the human tide into Singapore and practised discreetly in an alien environment which officially espoused Victorian values. Usually, the younger of two male homosexual lovers would be "adopted" as the godson of the parents of the elder lover in a ceremony before the ancestral altar, involving an offering, amongst others, of pigs' trotters. Similarly, amongst the Indians, 'maasti' or sexual play between men who were not necessarily gaySheo S. Rai, "Same-sex love in classical Indian literature", Yawning Bread would likely have been widespread with the paucity of women.

Additionally, he cultivated a reputation as carouser-in-chief and swayed shoulder-to-shoulder with other literati of the day he had known through Envoy and who used the pub McDaid's as their base: Flann O'Brien, Patrick Kavanagh, Patrick Swift, Anthony Cronin, J. P. Donleavy and artist Desmond MacNamara whose bust of Behan is on display at the National Writers Museum. For unknown reasons, Behan had a major falling-out with Kavanagh, who reportedly would visibly shudder at the mention of Behan's name and who referred to him as "evil incarnate". Behan being asked to sing at the Jager House Ballroom, New York City, 1960 Behan's fortunes changed in 1954, with the appearance of his play The Quare Fellow, his major breakthrough at last. Originally called The Twisting of Another Rope and influenced by his time spent in jail, it chronicles the vicissitudes of prison life leading up to the execution of "the quare fellow", a character who is never seen.

His pom on Creggan ... firmly places > him in the area in the 1715 however it would appear in the following years > that he no longer composed any more poetry and likely had left the area once > more. We can assume from the scribe Ó Pronntaigh, whilst regularly in Mac a > Liondain's house during the 1720s, that he did not personally encounter Mac > Domhnaill. It is important also to note that Mac Domhnaill was not part of > the delegation of local poets which welcomed the famed poet and harper > Toirealach Dall Ó Cearullain ... to the area in 1732. More significantly, > there is no evidence of a customary eulogy ever having been composed for Mac > Domhnaill by any of his brother-poets but with the death fo his old friend > Padraig Mac a Liondain in 1732, his reputation among both the local > community and the local Gaelic literati would continue to fade further into > obscurity.

Set of sliding doors of Plum tree by Kanō Sanraku, early 17th century is one of the oldest and most highly refined of the Japanese visual arts, encompassing a wide variety of genres and styles. As with the history of Japanese arts in general, the long history of Japanese painting exhibits synthesis and competition between native Japanese aesthetics and the adaptation of imported ideas, mainly from Chinese painting, which was especially influential at a number of points; significant Western influence only comes from the later 16th century onwards, beginning at the same time as Japanese art was influencing that of the West. Areas of subject matter where Chinese influence has been repeatedly significant include Buddhist religious painting, ink-wash painting of landscapes in the Chinese literati painting tradition, calligraphy of ideographs,J. Conder, Paintings and studies by Kawanabe Kyôsai, 1911, Kawanabe Kyôsai Memorial Museum, Japan: "It is sometimes said that Japanese painting is merely another kind of writing, but..." p.

According to the historian of Japanese art Robert Treat Paine, "another family which in direct blood line produced so many men of genius ... would be hard to find".Paine, 177–178, 177 quoted The school began by reflecting a renewed influence from Chinese painting, but developed a brightly coloured and firmly outlined style for large panels decorating the castles of the nobility which reflected distinctively Japanese traditions, while continuing to produce monochrome brush paintings in Chinese styles. It was supported by the shogunate, effectively representing an official style of art, which "in the 18th century almost monopolized the teaching of painting".Paine, 177–178; Watson, 353 (quoted) It drew on the Chinese tradition of literati painting by scholar- bureaucrats, but the Kanō painters were firmly professional artists, very generously paid if successful, who received a formal workshop training in the family workshop, in a similar way to European painters of the Renaissance or Baroque.

When the Mongols rose to power under Genghis Khan, there was an influx of Muslim refugees into North India, many of whom settled in the provincial kasbahs and brought a Persianized culture. Many of these early settlers were the ancestors of the Abbasid Persianized dynasty Sayyid in the Lucknow, Faizabad, Hardoi, Juanpur, and Shaikh communities. In Azamgharh, Mubarakpur, Mau, and Vanaras, a number of cultural norms arose over time which typified many Uttar Pradesh Muslim traditions.Muslims in India edited by Zafar Imam Orient Longman The Turkic Sultans of Delhi and their Mughal successors patronized the émigré Muslim culture: Islamic jurists of the Sunni Hanafi school, Persian literati who were Shia Ithnā‘ashariyyah, and Sufis of several orders, including the Chishti, Qadiri and Naqshbandi.Muslim Peoples: volume 2: A World Ethnographic Survey edited by Richard Weekes pages 823 to 828 Found among the Salafi are Iraqis who migrated to the Ballia and Ghazipur districts in the eastern part of the state in the 16th century from Sindh, Pakistan.

Florence Beatrice Emery (née) Farr (7 July 1860 - 29 April 1917) was a British West End leading actress, composer and director. She was also a women's rights activist, journalist, educator, singer, novelist, and leader of the occult order, the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn.King 1989, page 41 She was a friend and collaborator of Nobel laureate William Butler Yeats, poet Ezra Pound, playwright Oscar Wilde, artists Aubrey Beardsley and Pamela Colman Smith, Masonic scholar Arthur Edward Waite, theatrical producer Annie Horniman, and many other literati of London's Fin de siècle era, and even by their standards she was "the bohemian's bohemian".Greer (1994) Though not as well known as some of her contemporaries and successors, Farr was a "First Wave" Feminist of the late 19th and early 20th centuries; she publicly advocated for suffrage, workplace equality, and equal protection under the law for women, writing a book and many articles in intellectual journals on the rights of "the modern woman".

It was renamed The Macclesfield, being in Macclesfield Street, and was soon leased by a retired Dutch sea captain called "Papa" De Hem who ran it as an oyster-house, charging a shilling and fourpence ha'penny for a serving. It was patronised by fin-de-siècle literati such as the poet Swinburne, who travelled 10 miles daily to eat oysters at the long marble bar, and George Sims who wrote a quatrain in praise: Oyster shells in the walls of the Shell RoomThe rhyme alludes to the common proverb that it is only safe to eat oysters when there is an R in the name of the month -- after the hot summer months from May to August. The grotto referred to was The Shell Room upstairs, created from the discarded oyster shells which decorated its walls -- some 300,000 at their peak. Only a few now remain but the bar now claims to sell a similar number of pints of Oranjeboom each year.

Andronikos Kamateros was well educated and had relations with most of the prominent literati of his day: poems were dedicated to him by Theodore Prodromos and Gregory Antiochos, and he corresponded with George Tornikes, Euthymios Malakes, Theodore Balsamon, and John Tzetzes, with whom he appears to have been "on intimate terms" (Polemis). Kamateros wrote an epigram on the procession of the Holy Spirit, but is best remembered for his Sacred Arsenal (, Hiera Hoplothēkē), an "extensive dogmatic and theological exposition on various heresies", modelled on the Dogmatic Panoply of Euthymios Zigabenos but expanded to include tracts against the teachings of the Roman Catholic Church and the Armenian Church. The work was commissioned by Emperor Manuel, and its two parts mainly consist of what Kamateros claims to be verbatim transcripts of theological disputations held by Manuel I with Catholic and Armenian envoys at Constantinople. Based on this information, the composition of the work can be dated to the period 1172–74.

S. P. Balasubrahmanyam in 1985 S. Janaki in 2007 Sri Sri was one of the influential film lyricists of his time, who garnered national honors such as Sahitya Akademi Award, Best Lyricist and Soviet Land Nehru Award for his pioneering work.Chaso Dolls Wedding & Other Stories – Page xii introduction by Renee David Shulman, 194, Cāsō – 2012 "But Vizianagaram in the mid-twentieth century was also home to other literati including the most famous poet in modern Telugu, Sri Sri (Srirangam Srinivasa Rao); Arudra, historian of Telugu literature, literary critic and poet; and Racakonda Visvanatha Sastri, the short-story writer whose statue you can find on the Visakhapatnam beach...."Dictionary of Hindu Literature Kuśa Satyendra – 2000 – Page 175 "Sriniwasaraw Srirangam (b 1910 Visakhapatnam). Telugu poet. Sri Sri, as he is popularly known, wrote his first poem at ..." Susarla Dakshinamurthi, Parupalli Ramakrishnaiah Pantulu, Ogirala Ramachandra Rao, Pithapuram Nageswara Rao, Tanguturi Suryakumari, and Mangalampalli Balamuralikrishna are some of the influential music composers of Southern Indian cinema.

Ngô Sĩ Liên (吳士連) (14001499) was a Vietnamese historian of the Lê Dynasty.Patricia M. Pelley Postcolonial Vietnam: New Histories of the National Past 2002 Page 151 "In the fifteenth century, Wolters explains, the Lê dynasty historian Ngô Sĩ Liên produced a new comprehensive history, which ... Lê literati such as Ngô Sĩ Liên looked back at the Trần dynasty (1225–1400) and, with some trepidation, tried to reconstruct how things had gone so disastrously awry." He is best known for being the principal compiler of the Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, a comprehensive chronicle of the history of Vietnam and the oldest official historical record of a Vietnamese dynasty that remains today. In Đại Việt sử ký toàn thư, Ngô Sĩ Liên is appreciated not only for the precision of his records but also for the innovative method of compilation, he was the first Vietnamese writer who extracted information for historical book from collections of myths and legends such as Lĩnh Nam chích quái or Việt điện u linh tập.

Later, Kryuchkov brought Soviet Defense Minister Dmitry Yazov, Internal Affairs Minister Boris Pugo, Premier Valentin Pavlov, Vice-President Gennady Yanayev, Soviet Defense Council deputy chief Oleg Baklanov, Gorbachev secretariat head , and CPSU Central Committee Secretary Oleg Shenin into the conspiracy. "Novaya Gazeta" No. 51 of 23 July 2001 (extracts from the indictment of the conspirators) The members of the GKChP hoped that Gorbachev could be persuaded to declare the state of emergency and to "restore order". On 23 July 1991, a number of party functionaries and literati published in the hardline newspaper Sovetskaya Rossiya a piece entitled A Word to the People which called for decisive action to prevent disastrous calamity. Six days later, Gorbachev, Russian President Boris Yeltsin and Kazakh President Nursultan Nazarbayev discussed the possibility of replacing such hardliners as Pavlov, Yazov, Kryuchkov and Pugo with more liberal figures. Kryuchkov, who had placed Gorbachev under close surveillance as Subject 110 several months earlier, eventually got wind of the conversation. Timeline of the events , by Artem Krechnikov, Moscow BBC correspondentChristopher Andrew and Vasili Mitrokhin (2000).

In 1952, ‘The Three Reformations’ on the mandatory formation of xiqu was issued. After describing the evolution of Huaguxi as ‘relatively realistically reflect[ing] the working people’s wish for [a] free life’, it criticizes the form severely: ‘After huaguxi entered the international concessions, it gradually became contaminated by the semi-feudal and semi-colonial dust and dirt. In addition, the Manchu ruling class subsequently employed some feudal literati to inject feudal toxin into huaguxi. As a result, huaguxi started to be infused with certain semi-feudal and semi-colonial content during this period. This is huju’s main source of subsequent dross’.Shanghaishi wenhuaju, “Wei tongzhi xuanpai daibiao canjia guanmotuan fujing guanmo diyijie quanguo xiqu huiyan you” (To notify the selection of representatives to participate in the observation delegation to Beijing to observe the First National Traditional Theatre Festival), City of Shanghai Archives, B172–1–70 (1952), “Huju jieshao” (Introduction to Shanghai opera) According to the regulation, Huaguxi players were required to change the content of the plays—to abolish the ‘ugly, vulgar’ acting style.

Here below are what some of the various Tamil literati had to say about him: Naavalar Somasundara Bharathiar said of him – "நிரம்பிய இருமொழிக் கல்வியும் வரம்பளந்த அளவை நூலறிவும், நுண்மதியும், நடுவுநிலை திறம்பாத உளச் செம்மையும், சாந்த சீலமும் வாய்ந்த பெரியார் - a respectable elder with complete dual language knowledge, boundless knowledge of the books, refined sharp intelligence, unwavering judiciousness and equanimous". "இருமொழிப் பயிற்சியிலும், இலக்கணம் தர்க்கம் ஆகிய துறைகளிலும் அவரைப் போன்ற வித்வான்களைப் பார்க்க முடியாது - It is difficult to see an expert as good as him in dual language knowledge, grammar and logical reasoning" said the head of the department of Tamil in Madras University, Rao Sahib Thiru S. Vaiyapuri Pillai. "ஆசிரியர் செந்தமிழ் இதழில் வெளியிட்ட பொருளுரைகள் தமிழ்மொழி வளர்ச்சிக்கு இன்றியமையாதன - Senthamizh editor’s essays with detailed meanings were an important contribution for the growth of the Tamil language" so said Sunnaakam A Kumaarasaami Pulavar. Mu Raghava Iyengar of the Madurai Tamil Sangam had said "நூற்றுக் கணக்கான மாணவர்களுக்கு தமிழறிவூட்டி அக்கல்வித் துறையைப் பரவச் செய்து தமிழக குலபதியாக விளங்கியவர் - Thiru Narayana Iyengar instilled the knowledge of Tamil literature to hundreds of students, was responsible for the growth of Tamil literature and can be called the leader".

With his wide command of the language, Ricci impressed the Chinese literati and was accepted as one of them, much to the advantage of his missionary work. Several scientific works he authored or co-authored were collected in the Siku Quanshu, the imperial collection of Chinese classics. Some of his religious works were listed in the collection's bibliography, but not collected. Page from the Portuguese-Chinese dictionary manuscript by Ricci, Ruggieri, and Fernandez (1583-88) Ricci and Ruggieri, with the help of the Chinese Jesuit Lay Brother Sebastiano Fernandez (also spelled Fernandes; 1562–1621), are thought to have created the first Portuguese-Chinese dictionary some time between 1583 and 1588.Other researchers suggest that the dictionary was created during 1580-88 by a larger team of Chinese and European collaborators, still "co-ordinated" by Ricci and Ruggieri: Later, while travelling on the Grand Canal of China from Beijing to Linqing during the winter of 1598, Ricci, with the help of Lazzaro Cattaneo (1560–1640) and Sebastiano Fernandez, also compiled a Chinese-Portuguese dictionary.

He himself was a patron and a collector of manuscripts and allegedly had every book he could find in South Munster translated to Irish at his own expense (nar fhaibh se aoin leabhar Gaoidheilge da bhfuair se Leath Mogha gan a cur uile da naithsgriobh air a chostas fein ). He provided access to his library of Irish literature and verse to the Carrignavar Cuirt Eigse (literary circle) and others whose intent was to keep the love of Gaelic culture alive (fir éinn of Faithche na bhFilí), including Diarmuid Mac Sheáin Bhuí, Liam Mac Cairteáin an Dúna, Conchuir Ó Corbáin, Conchuir MacCairteáin, Joseph MacCairteáin and Domhnail Ó Colmain. Among his library was a collection of poems copied for him by Conchubair Ó Corbain, a copy of Seathrun Ceitinn's Tri Biorghaithe an Bhais, Eochairsciath an Aifrinn and Foras Feasa ar Eirinn. Others literati clergy who, like Sleyne, had studied in Paris included Bishops Tomas Deis of Meath, Padraig O' Donnghaile of Dromore, Seamas O'Gallchobhair of Raphoe and Sean O'Briain of Cloyne.

Mungello (1989), p. 305 On the other hand, the Chinese Confucian thought had changed as well: the more open outlook of the late-Ming literati was replaced in the early Qing period by widespread clinging to the Neo-Confucian orthodoxy, which was endorsed by the court as well, but had been traditionally disapproved by the Jesuits as "atheistic" and "materialistic".Mungello (1989), p. 305-307 Accordingly, by the late 17th century the way whereby the China-based Jesuits strove to bridge the gap between China and Christian Europe had changed as well. Instead of praising Confucius and the ideology attributed to him, many Jesuits, led by Joachim Bouvet (who first arrived to China in 1688), focused on China's earliest classic, I Ching, which Bouvet viewed as the oldest written work in the world, containing "precious vestiges from the remains of the most ancient and excellent philosophy taught by the first patriarchs of the world".Bouvet's letter to Le Gobien and Leibniz, November 8, 1700; quoted in Mungello (1989), p.

He also found time to remarry in 1946, his second wife being Kane Watanabe (, Watanabe Kane); they had a son, Hidehiko (), in 1947. Always gregarious, Hayashi had friends and acquaintances among the buraiha (dissolute writers), and his portraits of Osamu Dazai and Sakunosuke Oda, both taken in the bar, are now famous.For Hayashi's ability to strike up friendships, see particularly Akiyama, p. 31. At the end of that year, the literary magazine Shōsetsu Shinchō published the first of Hayashi's series of portraits, titled Bunshi (literati), of chūkan bungaku (), other writers and figures close to the world of literature, in its January 1948 issue; the series would continue until 1949 and was later collected into an anthology. Hayashi's portraits show their subjects in context, and the combination of their subject matter and the method by which he took them -- by his own account intermediate (chūkan) between the tense, decisive style of Ken Domon and the relaxed, informal style of Ihei Kimura -- led them to be termed “intermediate photographs” (, chūkan shashin).

250 Peregrine Worsthorne of The Sunday Telegraph feared that with Europe's growing Muslim population, "Islamic fundamentalism is rapidly growing into a much bigger threat of violence and intolerance than anything emanating from, say, the fascist National Front; and a threat, moreover, infinitely more difficult to contain since it is virtually impossible to monitor, let alone stamp out ...".Peregrine Worsthorne, "The Blooding of the Literati", The Sunday Telegraph, 19 February 1989 On the Muslim side, the Iranian government saw the book as part of a British conspiracy against Islam. It broke diplomatic relations with UK on 7 March 1989 giving the explanation that "in the past two centuries Britain has been in the frontline of plots and treachery against Islam and Muslims", It accused the British of sponsoring Rushdie's book to use it as a political and cultural tact on earlier military plots that no longer worked.Islamic Revolution News Agency, 7 March 1989 It also saw itself as the victor of the controversy, with the European Community countries capitulating under Iranian pressure.

The Irish poet and folklorist Ella Young, as well as the local press, described the relaxed social intercourse in this counterculture world.Carmel Pine Cone: 1 November 1935, p. 6; 14 February 1936, p.11. In 1928 the Steffenses helped to create The Carmelite, a publication that was offered as an alternative to the town’s somewhat stodgy local paper, the Carmel Pine Cone. With contributions by numerous leftist literati, including Jeffers, Martin Flavin, Lewis and the Steffenses, along with theatre, dance and art reviews by feminist artists such as Alberta Spratt, Jennie V. Cannon and Roberta Balfour, The Carmelite became one of California’s most controversial publications. Its illustrations ranged from Weston’s enigmatic photos to the “anarchist” prints of James Blanding Sloan. The Steffenses also arranged for public exhibits of Europe’s most avant-garde art, including Dada, Surrealism and the paintings of Paul Klee. Ella wrote on various topics and once reported on the very unusual meeting between the popular Modernist artists John O’Shea and Frederick O’Brien.The Carmelite, 3 April 1929, p. 3.

Wang Meng, Ge Zhichuan Moving (葛稚川移居图), Palace Museum, Beijing The Four Masters of the Yuan dynasty () is a name used to collectively describe the four Chinese painters Huang Gongwang, Wu Zhen, Ni Zan, and Wang Meng, who were active during the Yuan dynasty (1271–1368). They were revered during the Ming dynasty and later periods as major exponents of the tradition of “literati painting” (wenrenhua), which was concerned more with individual expression and learning than with outward representation and immediate visual appeal.Farrer, 115-116; 339-340 Huang Gongwang and Wu Zhen belonged to the earlier generation of artists in the Yuan period and consciously emulated the work of ancient masters, especially the pioneering artists of the Five Dynasties period, such as Dong Yuan and Juran, who rendered landscape in a broad, almost Impressionistic manner, with coarse brushstrokes and wet ink washes. While these painters were also respected by the two younger Yuan masters, the restrained thinness of Ni Zan and the almost embroidered richness of Wang Meng distinguished their work from that of their immediate predecessors.

A visit to Italy in 1827, during which she was enthusiastically welcomed by the literati of Rome and even crowned in the capitol, produced various poems, of which the most ambitious was Napoline (1833). Gay's marriage in 1831 to Émile de Girardin opened up a new literary career. The contemporary sketches which she contributed from 1836 to 1839 to the La Presse, under the nom de plume of Charles de Launay, were collected under the title of Lettres parisiennes (1843), and obtained a brilliant success. Contes d'une vieille fille a ses neveux (1832), La Canne de Monsieur de Balzac (1836) and Il ne faut pas jouer avec la douleur (1853) are among the best-known of her romances; and her dramatic pieces in prose and verse include L'École des journalistes (1840), Judith (1843), Cléopâtre (1847), Lady Tartuffe (1853), and the one-act comedies, C'est la faute du mari (1851), La Joie fait peur (1854), Le Chapeau d'un horloger (1854) and Une Femme qui deteste son mari, which did not appear till after the author's death, which occurred in Paris.

Zong-qi Cai's revised doctoral dissertation published in 1996 as The Matrix of Lyric Transformation: Poetic Modes and Self-Presentation in Early Chinese Pentasyllabic Poetry is foundational for the studies of the birth and evolution of one of the most important Chinese poetic genres. His committee at Princeton University included Chinese poetry mentor Yu-kung Kao and Andrew H. Plaks. This lyric genre emerged from the Han dynasty Music Bureau or Yuefu tradition, cultivated a distinct literati ancient style in the Nineteen Old Poems, and developed diverse modes of self- presentation in the poetry of Cao Zhi and Ruan Ji. The continuity from the earliest specimens of Chinese poetry through its subsequent developments can be experienced with unique intensity due to Cai's emphasis on close readings of the original. While the grandeur might be taken for granted in these early works, as well as selective use of folksiness, Cai traces many distinct emerging themes and emphasizes that of transience because of its centrality to subsequent Six Dynasties concerns.

During the Ming, in the mid 1580s an Italian Jesuit, Matteo Ricci not only studied the Chinese language to understand the people and the Chinese culture, he also delved into the Confucian classics and adopted the scholar's official-literati robe during his stay near the Canton trading province. Introducing China to his religious faith was in Matteo Ricci's mission, and he successfully built a church in 1601 at Beijing, also known as the Forbidden City. Johann Adam Schall von Bell, who was a German Jesuit, sent to China in 1619, learned the Chinese language in 1623 in Macau, and was later appointed into the Imperial Astronomical Bureau in 1630 by the Ming, even after the fall of Ming to the rise of Qing, Johann's presence was welcomed by the Manchu of Qing and was appointed as the head of the Imperial Astronomical Bureau. The accounts of Matteo establishing the institution of his Church during the Ming dynasty and Jesuits such as Johann who was able to acquire a bureaucratic position in the Qing's court was evident that China at one point did welcome things beyond its borders, such as religious faith that was brought by the missionaries, for instance.

Mary Masters, thought to have been born in 1694 in Otley, West Yorkshire was — by her own insistence – a self-taught poet of humble birth: the preface to her first collection reads: > The Author of the following Poems never read a Treatise of Rhetorick, or an > Art of Poetry, nor was ever taught her English Grammar. Her Education rose > no higher than the Spelling-Book, or the Writing-Master: her Genius to > Poetry was always brow-beat and discountenanced by her Parents, and till her > Merit got the better of her Fortune, she was shut out from all Commerce with > the more knowing and polite Part of the World. Despite this, she seems to have been known to many of the literati of the day, whose names are listed as subscribers to her two collections. James Boswell records that Dr. Johnson, whom she occasionally visited, revised her volumes and "illuminated them here and there with a ray of his own genius"; that association on its own, and the entry on Boswell's Life appear to have given Masters' name (if not her life and work) some historical currency.

Their co-authored works, and those of Keith alone, often tackle controversial topics such as the demise of local radio programming (2005); the legal intricacies of indecent or even obscene programming (2003); the use of radio by extreme hate groups (1999), a title on President Clinton's summer reading list one year; and the use of radio by Native Americans (1995), the first monograph to appear on that topic. Keith has been a Stanton Fellow of the International Radio & Television Society and received the Distinguished Scholar Award given by the Broadcast Education Association and the Achievement Award in the Humanities by the University of Rhode Island. In addition to his many media books and academic articles, Keith has written a well-reviewed memoir of his unconventional childhood years — The Next Better Place (Algonquin Books, 2003) — as well as a coming of age novel, Life is Falling Sideways (Parlance, 2009). He has written an ever-expanding list of short stories, which have appeared in numerous online and print journals, such as The Literati Quarterly, The Penmen Review, Lowestoft Chronicle, "Grey Sparrow Journal," and several annual anthologies.

Because Thaxter wrote so well of the sea, her graphic imagery impressed some critics with the idea that she wrote of nothing else. This was untrue: her poems were not confined to the sea, as will be remembered with the story of "A Faded Glove," "Remonstrance," "Piccola," and scores of other verses giving land pictures; not to mention her musical sonnets on Beethoven and other great masters of composition. Thaxter was happy to have attracted, very early in her literary career, the sympathy and admiration of some of the best writers and critics of the day: among the most enthusiastic of her admirers, was Thomas Wentworth Higginson, a scholar, who was also a lover of the sea, and one of the most competent judges of ocean nature painting of literati from that time. He failed to discover any lack of versatility in her work, and those who study her works as a whole, will note that there is hardly a moral idea, a practical point in ethics, or an emotion of the human heart, which has not been the subject of her pen, touched upon at least, with more or less freedom.

The promotion of the fine arts over the decorative in European thought can largely be traced to the Renaissance, when Italian theorists such as Vasari promoted artistic values, exemplified by the artists of the High Renaissance, that placed little value on the cost of materials or the amount of skilled work required to produce a work, but instead valued artistic imagination and the individual touch of the hand of a supremely gifted master such as Michelangelo, Raphael or Leonardo da Vinci, reviving to some extent the approach of antiquity. Most European art during the Middle Ages had been produced under a very different set of values, where both expensive materials and virtuoso displays in difficult techniques had been highly valued. In China both approaches had co-existed for many centuries: ink and wash painting, mostly of landscapes, was to a large extent produced by and for the scholar- bureaucrats or "literati", and was intended as an expression of the artist's imagination above all, while other major fields of art, including the very important Chinese ceramics produced in effectively industrial conditions, were produced according to a completely different set of artistic values.

Harriet Martineau wrote of the city's literati of the period, including such people as William Taylor, one of England's first scholars of German. The city "boasted of her intellectual supper-parties, where, amidst a pedantry which would now make laughter hold both his sides, there was much that was pleasant and salutary: and finally she called herself The Athens of England." St Peter Mancroft Despite Norwich's hitherto industrial prosperity, the wool trade was experiencing intense competition by the 1790s, from Yorkshire woollens and increasingly from Lancashire cottons. The effects were aggravated by the loss of continental markets after Britain went to war with France in 1793. The early 19th century saw de-industrialisation accompanied by bitter squabbles. The 1820s were marked by wage cuts and personal recrimination against owners. So amid the rich commercial and cultural heritage of its recent past, Norwich suffered in the 1790s from incipient decline exacerbated by a serious trade recession. As early in the war as 1793, a major city manufacturer and government supporter, Robert Harvey, complained of low order books, languid trade and doubling of the poor rate.

Edition of the Kokin Wakashū anthology of classic Japanese poetry with wood- carved cover, 18th century. Japanese poetry is poetry typical of Japan, or written, spoken, or chanted in the Japanese language, which includes Old Japanese, Early Middle Japanese, Late Middle Japanese, and Modern Japanese, as well as poetry in Japan which was written in the Chinese language or ryūka from the Okinawa Islands: it is possible to make a more accurate distinction between Japanese poetry written in Japan or by Japanese people in other languages versus that written in the Japanese language by speaking of Japanese-language poetry. Much of the literary record of Japanese poetry begins when Japanese poets encountered Chinese poetry during the Tang dynasty (although the Chinese classic anthology of poetry, Shijing, was well known by the literati of Japan by the 6th century). Under the influence of the Chinese poets of this era Japanese began to compose poetry in Chinese kanshi); and, as part of this tradition, poetry in Japan tended to be intimately associated with pictorial painting, partly because of the influence of Chinese arts, and the tradition of the use of ink and brush for both writing and drawing.

That December, when Paul and Foster > visited me, he suggested I start my own press, arguing that the audience for > my authors was more in North Carolina. So, on January 1, 1976, I decided to > begin Carolina Wren Press. I chose the name because I loved the bird, its > liking to be near people, its cheerful, confident call (“cheering, cheering, > cheering you!”; certainly not “teakettle, teakettle, teakettle!”), and the > male wren, I had leaned, constructed four or five nests and then let the > female choose the one she liked best. I also was very aware by then that > there was an “in crowd” of literati in North Carolina, and a triumvirate of > respected literary men: Guy Owen, who edited Southern Poetry Review; Thad > Stem of Oxford; and Sam Ragan, who edited The Pilot in Southern Pines. > Charlene Whisnant had previously challenged their hegemony, and I had found > myself surrounded by the writers who couldn’t break into the inner circle > these three dominated. These men were good people, but their vision was > limited as to what poetry could be and could express and who the important > poets were.

1999 Stamps of Azerbaijan commemorating the 1300th Anniversary of Kitabi Dede Gorgud The majority of the Turkic peoples and lands described in the Book of Dede Korkut were part of the Soviet Union from 1920 until 1991, and thus most of the research and interest originated there. The attitude towards the Book of Dede Korkut and other dastans related to the Turkic peoples was initially neutral. Turkish historian Hasan Bülent Paksoy argues that after Stalin solidified his grip on power in the USSR, and especially in the early 1950s, a taboo on Turkology was firmly established. He observed that the first full-text Russian edition of the Book of Dede Korkut, by Azerbaijani academicians Hamid Arasli and M.G.Tahmasib and based on the Barthold translation of the 1920s, was published on a limited basis only in 1939 and again in 1950. He asserts, "Turkic scholars and literati (who raised the same issues) were lost to the Stalinist 'liquidations' or to the 'ideological assault' waged on all dastans in 1950–52." According to Paksoy, this taboo of the early 1950s was also expressed in the "Trial of Alpamysh" (1952–1957), when "all dastans of Central Asia were officially condemned by the Soviet state apparatus".

Clart 2003, p. 6 It held regular public lecturing sessions given by carefully chosen lecturers (jiangsheng) who expounded the Sacred Edict and other morality books.Clart 2003, p. 6 The texts composed between 1891 and 1903 were collected and published as a single volume entitled the Consciousness of the Mysterious Heart (觉悟玄心 Juéwù xuánxīn).Clart 2003, p. 7 At the same time, similar activities were promoted by literati in the Yilan County of northern Taiwan; the Yilan cults were extremely active and spawned new groups throughout northern and central Taiwan.Clart 2003, p. 7 Phoenix halls are a variant of two types of religious organisations, patronised by local intellectual elites, that flourished in mainland China since the 19th century, in a period of profound social, political and cultural change: Taoist god-writing (fuji) cults usually focused upon a particular immortal, and salvationist charitable societies.Clart 2003, p. 10 In Taoist societies, the relationship between members and their deity follows the model of disciples and master, with the goal of immortality through self-cultivation.Clart 2003, p. 10 Phoenix halls inherit this internal structure combined with the conservative social reformism of the charitable societies.Clart 2003, p. 11 They are concerned with a salvation of society through the reaffirmation of traditional standards of morality.Clart 2003, p.

Temple of Literature in Hanoi, recording the names of doctoral graduates in the civil service examinations The Red River Delta area was occupied by Chinese empires and states for almost all of the period from 111 BC to 938 AD. When Vietnam achieved independence, it continued to use Literary Chinese. At first Buddhist monks dominated government and scholarship in the country. The earliest extant writings by Vietnamese authors are poems from the late 10th century, in Chinese, by the Buddhist monks Lac Thuan and Khuông Việt. After three short-lived dynasties, the Ly Dynasty (1009–1225) was established with the support of Buddhist clergy, but soon came under increasing Confucian influence. A Confucian Temple of Literature was erected in the capital, Hanoi, in 1070. Civil service examinations on the Chinese model began in 1075, and in the following year a college was established for training sons of the ruling elite in the Confucian classics. The influence of Confucian literati grew in the following Tran Dynasty (1225–1400) until they had a monopoly on public office, which they kept, almost uninterrupted, until the examination system was abolished by the French colonial administration in 1913. The Vietnamese nationalist Phan Boi Chau (1867–1940) wrote in Literary Chinese.

In the collection of yōkai pictures, the Konjaku Hyakki Shūi by Toriyama Sekien, there is a picture titled "ameonna," and the explanatory text says "in Fuzan (Wu Shan), China, the goddesses become a cloud in morning and rain in the evening. The ameoona is probably like one of these" (もろこし巫山の神女は朝には雲となり夕には雨となるとかや雨女もかかる類のものなりや). This quotes from an episode in the Gaotangfu (高唐賦) by the Chu literati Song Yu, wherein King Huai of Chu had a dream about falling in love with a woman in Wu Shan who, before leaving, left the words "I will be clouds in the morning, and rain in the evening, so at morning and evening, let's meet down at the balcony," and 朝雲暮雨 (Chaoyunmuyu in Chinese, Chōunbō in Japanese), written as "morning cloud evening rain," is an old chengyu (Chinese proverb) referring to secret relations between a man and woman. There are no statements about any rain-related yōkai to be seen, so it's been suggested that the ameonna is simply a made-up creation by Sekien in order to satirize the Edo Period Yoshiwara Yūkaku.

Du Shiniang (杜十娘) is a popular story and theatre plot in China.The Columbia Anthology of Chinese Folk and Popular Literature - Page 315 Victor H. Mair, Mark Bender - 2011 "In the original story, Du Shiniang (which means “tenth daughter,” or, as translated into Italian here, Decima) is a girl sold into a ... The story has been adapted into many local styles of opera and storytelling, including a famous “opening ballad” ..." It exists as a Yue opera, as a Sichuan opera, and also as a 2006 "hybrid" Chinese-language western-style opera in the repertoire of the China Central Opera.news.xinhuanet.com中西歌剧的融合<杜十娘>模糊宣叙调只唱不说 - 新华网 May 12, 2006 - 由中央歌剧院策划创作长达3年之久的大型原创歌剧《杜十娘》，将于本月26日在世纪剧院浮出水面。在昨天的发布会上，中央歌剧院院长刘锡津称，这 ..." The plot concerns the courtisane Du Shiniang, Miss Tenth-Daughter Du, who falls in love with a literati, Li Jia.Chanteurs, conteurs, bateleurs: littérature orale et spectacles ... - Page 39 Jacques Pimpaneau - 1978 "Le même thème se retrouve dans une pièce du théâtre des Ming, la Cassette aux cent trésors de Xu Yanshen et dans beaucoup d'opéras locaux.