The importance of "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman" in the art history of modern Russia cannot be overemphasized.
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"Worker and the Kolkhoz Woman" survived the collapse of the Soviet Union, but fell into a state of nearly total disrepair.
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But the sculpture of the "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman" also offers this warning: a different world does not necessarily mean a good or better one.
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A famous work by Alexander Kosolapov, the ironic sculpture "Mickey and Minnie" (2004), parodies "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman" while addressing the internal dichotomies of competing ideologies and their durability.
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Touring the Soviet Union, he falls for a young music student (Susan Peters) who pounds out a Tchaikovsky piano concerto with as much brio as she drives a kolkhoz tractor.
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At 14, Olena began working at the nearby kolkhoz, a Soviet collective farm, raising beets and tobacco, a job that spanned more than 40 years — until the fall of the Soviet Union.
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The painting "Mosfilm" (2014), by the duo Alexander Vinogradov and Vladimir Dubossarsky, focuses on the pop icon of "Worker and the Kolkhoz Woman" when it became the logo of the legendary film studio Mosfilm in 1947.
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Personal Case at the Worker and Kolkhoz Woman Museum, is set in a park in Moscow where sculptures have been abandoned after being removed from city squares since the collapse of the Soviet Union, creating an accidental museum-cum-theme park.
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A 70-foot-tall statue of him in Kaluzhskaya Square is one of the largest monuments in the city (others include Peter the Great; Yuri Gagarin, the first man in space; a monument to World War II; and the famous Worker and Kolkhoz Woman).
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The Worker and Kolkhoz Woman Museum opened in 22012 (it's part of Manege Moscow, an association of state museums and exhibition halls spread throughout the city) and is housed in the building at the foot of the eponymous 07 sculpture by Vera Mukhina, one of the most prominent Soviet sculptors.
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After the kolkhoz amalgamations of 1950 the territorial successor of the old village kolkhoz was the "complex brigade" (brigade of brigades), a sub-unit of the new enlarged kolkhoz.
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Since 1955 Sosnovka became a central farmstead"Central farmstead" in USSR was an office of kolkhoz or sovkhoz, or settlement, where office was situated. of Kalinin Kolkhoz. Later the Kolkhoz of Voroshilov and Kolkhoz "Pobeda" ("Victory") were established; they included some settlement: Malyonovka, Podsot, Vlasovka, Soglasovka, Kryukovka. Kolkhozes existed up to 1959.
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The Soviet Union enforced the collectivization of its agricultural sector between 1928 and 1940. The policy aimed to consolidate individual landholdings and labour into collective farms: kolkhoz and sovkhoz. Since 1929 in view of the forced collectivization campaign, in Damaskino the Kolkhoz appeared. The kolkhoz named after Mikhail Frunze was formed in two rural selsoviets: in Zhirnovo and Damaskino.
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Nikolay Vasil'yevich Lizunkov. In 1929 the artel' got a first tractor Fordson. In 1930 was established large Kolkhoz of Kalinin, including Sosnovka and village Sennoy Ovrag. Chairman of the kolkhoz was twenty-five- thousander I. D. Kalinkin.
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The brigade () was a labor force division within the Soviet collective farm (kolkhoz).
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Bayramov was born in 1900 in the village of Dodinovka to a peasant family. He graduated from lower secondary school and worked on the kolkhoz as a shepherd and then a foreman. In 1939 he became the chairman of the kolkhoz.
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As a collective farm, a kolkhoz was legally organized as a production cooperative. The Standard Charter of a kolkhoz, which since the early 1930s had the force of law in the USSR, is a model of cooperative principles in print. It speaks of the kolkhoz as a "form of agricultural production cooperative of peasants that voluntarily unite for the purpose of joint agricultural production based on [...] collective labor". It asserts that "the kolkhoz is managed according to the principles of socialist self-management, democracy, and openness, with active participation of the members in decisions concerning all aspects of internal life".
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In 1975 the kolkhoz was merged with Liepāja fishermen kolkhoz Boļševiks (The Bolshevik). In the 1970s there were around 20 fishing trawlers in Pāvilosta port. After 1991 Pāvilosta again became part of the Republic of Latvia. It was granted town rights in 1991.
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To address the issues, the Special Kolkhoz Corps was created, utilizing conscripts to garrison the frontier area.
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The pastoralistic organisation differs slightly between countries, except in Russia, where kolkhoz has replaced these earlier organisations.
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Article This is the last place in the world where Kolkhoz (collective farms) from Soviet times are preserved.
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During the Soviet period, the peasants of the village were collectivized into a kolkhoz named Put' Ilyicha (, 'Lenin's Way').
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The authorities gradually came down in favour of the fixed, combined brigade, that is the brigade with its personnel, land, equipment and draught horses fixed to it for the whole period of agricultural operations, and taking responsibility for all relevant tasks during that period. The brigade was headed by a brigade leader (brigadir). This was usually a local man (a few were women). After the kolkhoz amalgamations of 1950 the territorial successor of the old village kolkhoz was the "complex brigade" (brigade of brigades), a sub-unit of the new enlarged kolkhoz.
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Kobela is first mentioned in 1405 as Kowol. Later that area was divided into several villages and some cattle manors were established (Anne, Boose, Näsimetsa). The nowadays settlement developed when the "Linda" kolkhoz' centre was built in the 1970s. The most notable building is the Linda civic centre, formerly used as the administrative and club building of the kolkhoz; architect Toomas Rein (1973).
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Asadov was born in 1923 in Shakhsevan in a family of Azerbaijani ethnicity. He received primary education. Asadov worked on the kolkhoz after graduating.
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Many rural people had great expectations in the late 1980s, when the first reforms allowed private farmers to begin on kolkhoz and sovkhoz land.
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Abdullayev was born in 1923 in Muradxan to a peasant family. After graduating from junior high school he worked as an accountant on the kolkhoz.
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Dadashev was born on 15 February 1912 in Beştalı to a peasant family. He received lower secondary education and worked as a kolkhoz tractor driver.
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Kvachantiradze left the army in 1945 and became a head of a Kolkhoz. Vasilij Shalvovich Kvachantiradze died on February 9, 1950 at the age of 43.
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The character of Potapova was specifically written for Nonna Mordyukova. She was born in Kuban into a peasant family and her mother was a kolkhoz chairman.
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Sesks graduated from the Latvian Academy of Agriculture in Jelgava with a degree in mechanical engineering. From 1986-1987, he was chief of the transport department of the kolkhoz Zelta zvaigzne (Golden Star). From 1987-1992, he was the vice- president of the board of the kolkhoz Zieds (Flower) in Vecpils. He improved his knowledge of entrepreneurship in Germany within a cooperation project with the North Rhine-Westphalia Chamber of Commerce.
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The bas-relief portrait of Shota Rustaveli and sculptural figure of young Stalin were among his works created in that period. Two-metre tall sculpture of a kolkhoz farmer man, which was used in the design of the Gagajukh-chab pipe (a line of Samur- Davachi canal) along with a monumental statue of a kolkhoz farmer woman by Yelizaveta Tripolskaya and bas-reliefs of Pinhas Sabsai, was one of Garyaghdi's first monumental works. The statues Kolkhoz farmer, Vagif, the bas-relief sketch Farhad, cleaving the Bisutun rock, the project of Nizami's monument, portraits of Stalin, Dzhaparidze and Fioletov – all these works are related to pre-wartime period. Garyaghdi taught at the Azerbaijan State College of Arts for many years.
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Pasha Angelina, one of the first female tractor operators, was born and lived in Starobesheve and worked in the local kolkhoz. A memorial museum was open in the settlement.
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After graduating Lazarenko received a specialty of agronomist. From 1978 to 1983 he worked as agronomist, chief agronomist, and head of kolkhoz administration in the Kalinin kolkhoz, Novomoskovsk Raion. In 1984, Lazarenko was appointed a head of agricultural department of Tsarychanka Raion. From 1985 to 1987 he worked as a Communist party functionary in Tsarychanka Raion. In 1987-90 Lazarenko worked for the Communist Party of Dnipropetrovsk region in agricultural production and food industry sectors.
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In 2009, the renovated statue of Worker and Kolkhoz woman was erected on top of the building. The Worker and Kolkhoz woman sculpture was originally created to crown the Soviet pavilion of the World's Fair. The organizers had placed the Soviet and Nazi pavilions facing each other across the main pedestrian boulevard at the Trocadéro on the north bank of the Seine. Today visitors can rent a car or a bicycle to tour the site.
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However, in 1960 production of meat in Ryazan oblast plummeted to 30,000 tons, since mass slaughter had reduced the number of cattle by 65% in comparison to the level of 1958. To make matters worse, kolkhoz farmers whose private cattle were "temporarily" appropriated the year before refused to process kolkhoz land. This halved the amount of grain produced in Ryazan oblast. By the fall of 1960, it became impossible to hide the affair.
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Kadyrov was born in 1910 in a village in Samarkand Oblast, now in the Koshrabot District, to a peasant family. He graduated from primary school and worked on the Kolkhoz.
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Standard Kolkhoz Charter, Agropromizdat, Moscow (1989), pp. 4,37 (Russian). They imposed detailed work programs and nominated their preferred managerial candidates.V.I. Semchik , Cooperation and the Law, Naukova Dumka, Kiev (1991) (Russian).
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Unlike the members of a kolkhoz, which were called "kolkhozniks" (колхозники), the workers of a sovkhoz were officially called "sovkhoz workers" (работники совхозов) and rarely (and then only colloquially) "sovkhozniki".
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Yunev was born on 28 September 1924 in Krasavka village in Fyodorovsky District, Saratov Oblast to a peasant family. He graduated from ninth grade and worked as a kolkhoz tractor driver.
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They worked hard on fields, farms, and corn floors. In arid 1954 farmers got of bread for one workday unit,The kolkhoz workday unit is known as "an entry in the account book" and is identified in public conscience with unpaid work in kolkhozes during almost its entire existence. However, the kolkhoz workday unit should be considered from a more objective point of view as a measure of labour and an instrument of its stimulation. and in 1955 they sewed their clothes of cloak-tents. In 1956 the kolkhoz farmers passed 150 tons of apples to the State and in 1957–1958 years the collective farm named Petrovsky was one of the best to deliver the meat (pork) to the State and already had of garden area.
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The village remained in the Malyshevo kolkhoz "Named for the Second PyatiletkaPyatiletka was a socialistic five-year plan.". In 1960 the kolkhoz became a sovkhoz. In 1960 a water tower and two water-pumps were built in the village (before water was taken from the river Ushna, there were wells). In 1960–1980s Oznobishino population decreased, which was caused by the job hunting, the desire to provide children with an education, including higher, and by other family reasons.
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Among the first liberators was a self-propelled battery (SU-122) commanded by Lieutenant Petro Vernyhora (a native of Tarashcha) who perished three days later near the Cherkasy train station and later was buried in Heronymivka. For quite sometime an important role in the village played Halyna Burkatska. In 1950 OGPU kolkhoz merged with other artels of neighboring villages and was renamed as "Radianska Ukrayina" (Soviet Ukraine). In 1982 kolkhoz was turned into a soviet farm.
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Roy D. Laird, Collective Farming in Russia: A Political Study of the Soviet Kolkhozy, University of Kansas Publications, Lawrence, Kansas (1958), p. 120. Kolkhozniki had to do a minimum number of days work per year both on the kolkhoz and on other government work (such as road building). In one kolkhoz the requirements were a minimum of 130 days a year for each able-bodied adult and 50 days per boy aged between 12 and 16.
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It was during this period that he began to collect and write folk tales and children's books. These included Krāsainās pasakas (1973, Colored Tales), Lāču pasaka (1976, Tales of Bears) and Blēņas un pasakas (1980, Twaddle and Tales). His children's book Kas tas ir — kolhozs? (1984, What is a Kolkhoz?) directly addressed the kolkhoz or Soviet collective farm in an era when the collective system was under increasing scrutiny in Latvia as elsewhere in the USSR.
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In the palace of the manor a school was established (1942-1985), later - a kolkhoz office.Pilis.lv Tārgales muiža In Targale there is the parish administration, a primary school, and a post office.
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Kostyak was born in Michurine village, Telmanivskiy Area in Donetsk Oblast, Ukraine. In 1971 he graduated from the Crimea Agricultural Institute. In 1972 he worked as a member of the kolkhoz named after Telman in Telmanivskiy Area. From 1973-1976 he was in the service of the Armed Forces Of the USSR. From 1981 to 1983 he worked as a hydraulic engineer, later as the main hydraulic engineer and as the main agronomist of the “Hammer and Sickle” kolkhoz in Telmanivskiy Area.
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That was distributed around the year according to the agricultural cycle.Fedor Belov, The History of a Soviet Collective Farm, Praeger, New York (1955), p. 87. If kolkhoz members did not perform the required minimum of work, the penalties could involve confiscation of the farmer's private plot, a trial in front of a People's Court that could result in three to eight months of hard labour on the kolkhoz or up to one year in a corrective labor camp.Fedor Belov, op. cit.
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Tarlan Musayeva was a deputy chairman of the kolkhoz board in 1981-1991. In 1991-1992 she served as a chairman of kolkhoz board named after Samad Aga Aghamalioglu and a chairman of the Barda District People's Deputies Council. She continued her distance education while she was working, and graduated from Agdam Agricultural College, Ganja Agricultural Academy and the Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Since 1993 she is a member of the New Azerbaijan Party.
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Maharramov was demobilized in 1945 with the rank of lieutenant. He lived in Qarasuçu. He worked as the chairman of the Kyalak village council in Kazum-Ismailovsky District. Maharramov later became chairman of a kolkhoz.
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Worker and Kolkhoz Woman () is a sculpture of two figures with a sickle and a hammer raised over their heads. It is 24.5 metres (78 feet) high, made from stainless steel by Vera Mukhina for the 1937 World's Fair in Paris,Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p260 and subsequently moved to Moscow. The sculpture is an example of socialist realism in an Art Deco aesthetic. The worker holds aloft a hammer and the kolkhoz woman a sickle to form the hammer and sickle symbol.
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Mihai Ghimpu was born on 19 November 1951 in the village of Colonița, Chișinău, Moldavian SSR. His mother, Irina Ursu (daughter of Haralambie Ursu) died in 2003; she worked at the local kolkhoz. His father, Toader Ghimpu (deceased in 1980), was an elementary school teacher only a few years because he completed only seven years of schooling during the Romanian rule, then he worked at the local kolkhoz too. Mihai Ghimpu is the youngest brother of Gheorghe Ghimpu, Simion Ghimpu, Visarion, and Valentina (mother of Dorin Chirtoacă).
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13 January 2006. In 2009, the population of Rus Borisi numbered about 500 persons, of whom only 83 were Russians, consisting mainly of middle-aged and elderly people. The economy of the village is closely tied to the function of the Kalinin kolkhoz, considered a 'millionaire kolkhoz' back in the Soviet times. As of the late 1970s, it possessed 600 hectares of arable land, five poultry farms with 2,000 layers, a cattle farm of 300 milch cows and 800 head of young bulls and horses.
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Jafarov was discharged with the rank of Starshina. He returned to Balıcallı and was kolkhoz chairman. He served on the village council in Neftchala District. He also worked in the office of the Aznefterazvedka drilling trust.
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After October Revolution (1917) peasants worked at kolkhozes,Kolkhoz was a collective farm in Soviet Union. brickworks and railroad. Many people worked in town Rtishchevo. In 1921 there was big fire, Bol'shaya ("Big") street had burnt down.
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During the agrarian reforms in Latvia (1921–1930) all manors and land was nationalized and divided by the Latvian government. After the Second World War, the local Soviet kolkhoz used stones from the castle as building materials.
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Following the implementation of the Soviet collectivization campaign, Shmyryov was elected a kolkhoz chairman in 1933. By the outbreak of war between the Germans and the Soviet Union, Shmyryov had been made director of a cardboard factory.
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Gongadze Avenue Vynohradar was founded in 1935 by farmer I.I. Bekasov, who planted grape vines here, hence the name. The kolkhoz «Vynohradar» was located here in the Soviet times. A residential massive was built in 1975–1987.
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Jafarov was born on 10 July 1906 in Balıcallı to a peasant family. He joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1931. He received primary education and worked as a tractor driver on a Kolkhoz.
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Jabiyev was born on 22 February 1925 in Hamoşam to a peasant family. He received lower secondary education. After graduating, he worked on the kolkhoz. Jabiyev's ethnicity is unclear, he is described as either Talysh or Azerbaijani.
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In 1764, the monastery owned more than 3,300 male peasants. In 1923, the monastery was disbanded. Both library and treasury were taken to Moscow or Arkhangelsk. The medieval buildings were used as a sanatorium and a kolkhoz.
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During the Soviet years (1945–1990), Steigviliai was part of a kolkhoz (collective farm), named after Karolis Požela, had an elementary school, which was located in farmstead previously owned by local farmer J. Valiulis, and a library.
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The results of such investigations and tests introduced into the kolkhoz farm production of the Shughnan and Ishkashim districts of the GBAO in large areas were the basis of the master's thesis defended by him in 1961.
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The Soviet press lauded Pyryev as "a father of the kolkhoz-based musical comedy," and Ladynina became the first superstar of this peculiar Soviet genre. Pyryev, who on the day of his proposal promised his beloved one to never give her a day of rest, fulfilled his promise. Yet, when right after the Tractor Drivers she directly asked him: "Am I supposed to play kolkhoz women for the rest of my life?", he promised to think about it and soon handed her the script of Sweetheart, after Pavel Nilin's novelet.
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The village of Glūdas' was located in Jelgava (1949-1962, after 1967) and Dobele (1962-1967). In 1954, the liquidated Dorupe village and part of the Little village village were added to the village of Glude, and in 1963 kolkhoz «Cīņa (Strugle)» area was added to Svēte village. In 1974 part of Līvbērzes and Svēte village territory and part of Zaļenieki village kolkhoz «Zemgale» territory were added to Glūda village, in 1977 part Eastern village territories. In 1979 a part of the village was added to Livbērze village.
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In the beginning of the 1960s kolkhoz "Druzhba" ("friendship"), in which Ulanov was included, the village was visited by a reporter of a popular Izvestia newspaper from Moscow. The administration of the kolkhoz was afraid of negative publicity, so as a form of a bribe they produced a feast in the Ulanov restaurant for the visiting correspondent. Among the many dishes served, the potato with garlic sauce stood out for the journalist. Soon, instead of the expected negative article, Izvestia published a lengthy article praising the "Ulanov potato" and its inventors.
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"Drive to the Collective Farm!" — 1920s Yiddish-language poster featuring women kolkhoz workers "Kolkhoz-woman with pumpkins", 1930 painting Collective farming and communal farming are various types of "agricultural production in which multiple farmers run their holdings as a joint enterprise".Definition of collective farm in The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary, Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1993. There are two broad types of communal farms: Agricultural cooperatives, in which member-owners jointly engage in farming activities as a collective, and state farms, which are owned and directly run by a centralized government.
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Khudoyor Yusufbekovich Yusufbekov was born on December 10, 1928 in Pish, a village in Darmorakht subdistrict of the Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region (GBAO) in the Tajik ASSR, USSR in the family of a kolkhoz member-gardener. He was 10 years old when his mother passed away. After finishing the seventh grade school in his village, he worked as a kolkhoz farmer and as a laborer in the construction of a road (1945—1946). In 1949, he graduated the Kirov secondary school in Khorog, and in 1949—1954, he studied in Tajik Agricultural Institute.
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In 1969 he graduated from the Lankaran Agricultural College. He worked as a kolkhoz director in Astara District. Jabiyev died on 10 February 1978 and was buried in Hamoşam. In Hamoşam and Astara, there are busts of Jabiyev.
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The 59th Rifle Division () was an infantry division of the Red Army and briefly of the Soviet Army. It was originally formed in 1932 as the 1st Kolkhoz Rifle Division, and redesignated as the 59th Rifle Division in 1936.
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In 1970, Jabrayilov graduated from Azerbaijan State Agricultural University, worked as an agronom at kolkhoz named after Nariman Narimanov in Shaki Rayon.Hello, camrade! // Culture and Life. — Union of Soviet Societies for Friendship and Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, 1985.
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The pride of the museum is a layout of the sculptural composition Worker and Kolkhoz Woman which was presented at the Paris Exhibition of 1937.Russia-InfoCentre, V.Mukhina This composition the crown of the Soviet Pavilion at the exhibition.
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Stalin had initiated a project of mass rural collectivization which, in keeping with his Marxist- Leninist ideas, he believed would help convert the country into a socialist society. Gorbachev's maternal grandfather joined the Communist Party and helped form the village's first kolkhoz (collective farm) in 1929, becoming its chair. This farm was outside Privolnoye village and when he was three years old, Gorbachev left his parental home and moved into the kolkhoz with his maternal grandparents. The country was then experiencing the famine of 1932–33, in which two of Gorbachev's paternal uncles and an aunt died.
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In 1934 kolkhoz "Stalin's victory" was founded. In 1941-1944 the village was occupied by the Nazi troops. In 1967 the village Novaja Vioska (New village) was incorporated in Hančaroŭka. In 1997 it was 78, in 2008 - 61 people living in Hančaroŭka.
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Allhaverdiyev was born on 5 May 1909 in Dağ Kəsəmən to a peasant family. He received lower secondary education and worked on the kolkhoz. In 1931, he volunteered for the Red Army. He served in the Azerbaijan Rifle Division named for Sergo Ordzhonikidze.
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Collective farms in the German Democratic Republic were typically called Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft (LPG), and corresponded closely to the Soviet kolkhoz. East Germany also had a few state-owned farms which were equivalent to the Soviet sovkhoz, which were called the Volkseigenes Gut (VEG).
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Lēdurga's house of culture was built in 1973. In the same year the building was burned down by an accidental fire. Reconstruction took 9 years. In 1981 the heating in the building was provided and the first kolkhoz "Draudzība" ("Friendship") events took place.
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Elst p. 532f. Other authors on whose works copyright was restored were Anna Akhmatova (died 1966), Vera Mukhina (died 1953, sculptor of the statue "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman"), Aleksey Shchusev (died 1949, architect of the Lenin Mausoleum), Aleksey Tolstoy (died 1945), and many others.
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Elst p. 532f. Other authors on whose works copyright was restored were Anna Akhmatova (died 1966), Vera Mukhina (died 1953, sculptor of the statue "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman"), Aleksey Shchusev (died 1949, architect of the Lenin Mausoleum), Aleksey Tolstoy (died 1945), and many others.
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Myachin was born on 19 December 1918 in the village of Soldatskoye (now in Terbunsky District, Lipetsk Oblast) to a peasant family. He graduated from seventh grade and worked on the kolkhoz as a bookkeeper. In 1938, Myachin was drafted into the Red Army.
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Vasylyshyn was born on 24 April 1933 in peasant family of kolkhoz in village of Vesnyanka, Starokostiantyniv Raion, Vinnytsia Oblast (today in Khmelnytskyi Oblast), historical region of Volhynia. In 1950 he finished a training center of Ministry of Soviet Farms of the Soviet Union.
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There were several forms of collective ownership, the most significant being state property, kolkhoz property and cooperative property. The most common forms of cooperative property were housing cooperatives (жилищные кооперативы) in urban areas, consumer cooperatives (потребительская кооперация, потребкооперация) and rural consumer societies (сельские потребительские общества, сельпо).
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School was located in the manor building until 1970 when it was closed and building was used as an administration of the local kolkhoz and library. In 1985 building again was reconstructed. Today building is owned by the local Municipality and houses administration of the Vecsaliena parish.
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He subsequently worked as an assistant to the Forestry Minister of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic in 1949-1953. Upon returning to the Belarusian countryside from Minsk in 1953, he was again elected a kolkhoz chairman of a Belarusian village. Korzh died on 5 May 1967.
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During the Holodomor famine of 1933, kulak Vasiliy Horbatiuk was the leader of the Shkarbynka kolkhoz. In order to prevent his village from starving, Horbatiuk allowed the people to glean the fields. He was promptly arrested for this act, and he died at the age of 28 in prison.
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The Azermemarlayiha state project began its activity in 1930 as the Kolkhoz Cooperative Construction Bureau. Since its establishment, the main activity of the organization has been the design of important agricultural facilities, district planning projects, drawing up master plans for cities and districts, and designing public and residential buildings.
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In 1932 it became the Stalin National High Communist Agricultural University, "the Party smithy of cadres for the socialist village."Halfin, Stalinist Confessions, p. 27. During the 1933-34 academic year, about 1,200 students were being trained to serve as kolkhoz chairmen and MTS directors.Halfin, Stalinist Confessions, p. 28.
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Polosin was born in 1924 in Kazinka village, Sosnovsky District, Tambov Oblast to a peasant family. In 1932, the family moved to Vishnevka village in Morshansky District. After completing his education, Polosin became an accountant on the kolkhoz. He simultaneously worked as a freelance journalist for the regional newspaper.
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Esku is a village in Põltsamaa Parish, Jõgeva County, Estonia. It's located about west of the town of Põltsamaa. Esku has a population of 384 (as of 2010). Esku was built in the Soviet era as the centre of the V. I. Lenin Kolkhoz (named after Vladimir Lenin).
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Shelepov was born on 14 July 1920 in the village of Bogdano- Verbky in Yekaterinoslav Governorate, now in Petropavlivka Raion in a peasant family of Russian ethnicity.Герои Страны Shelepov graduated from seven classes and worked on the local kolkhoz. He was drafted into the Red Army in 1940.
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A kolkhoz (, a contraction of коллективное хозяйство, "collective ownership", kollektivnoye khozaystvo) was a form of collective farm in the Soviet Union. Kolkhozes existed along with state farms or sovkhoz. These were the two components of the socialized farm sector that began to emerge in Soviet agriculture after the October Revolution of 1917, as an antithesis both to the feudal structure of impoverished serfdom and aristocratic landlords and to individual or family farming. The 1920s were characterized by spontaneous emergence of collective farms, under influence of traveling propaganda workers. Initially a collective farm resembled an updated version of the traditional Russian "commune", the generic "farming association" (zemledel’cheskaya artel’), the association for joint cultivation of land (TOZ), and finally the kolkhoz.
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Kurdamir district was founded in 1930 as the center of the Aran economic region. In 1963, due to the creation of the party committees of the kolkhoz-sovkhoz production department, the Agsu and Kurdamir regions were united and in January of the same year the Kurdamir kolkhoz-sovkhoz party committee was established. In 1964, according to the plenum of Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Azerbaijan SSR the new system was abolished, the old structure was restored, Kurdamir and Agsu districts were separated and each started to function as an independent region. The share of industry in economy of Kurdemir began to rise in 1883 after the establishment of Baku-Tbilisi railway line.
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Shebalkov was born on 30 October 1921 in the village of Gorkaya Balka to a peasant family. He graduated from seven years of school and worked as a Kolkhoz tractor driver. In April 1941, he was drafted into the Red Army. He served with the 37th Tank Regiment in Ternopil Oblast.
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The Latvian kolkhoz Jaunā dzīve was established there in 1929. Today, Latvians make up approximately 300 out of almost 2000 inhabitants of the municipality. In Siberia (modern Krasnoyarsk Krai), the village Nizhnyaya Bulanka (, ) was founded by Latvian settlers in 1859. The village still exists and has less than one hundred inhabitants.
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Man ļoti patīk jaunais vilnis is the second album by Latvian band Dzeltenie Pastnieki, released through magnitizdat in 1982, and 'officially' in 2003. The name of the album is Latvian for "I really like new wave". It was essentially recorded on the premises of the fishing kolkhoz "Uzvara" in Lielupe, Jūrmala.
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Chuginka is a small village in the east part of the Luhansk Oblast of Ukraine. It is near the border of Ukraine and Russia. Estimated population of the village is 1,720.Ukrainian Parliament The area is mostly used for farmland, used by individual families after the breakup of the Kolkhoz.
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The main bazaar of Isfana During the Soviet era, there were some factories in Isfana. Also, there was a large kolkhoz. Since Kyrgyzstan became independent in 1991, almost all of the factories have closed. Many Isfanans now go abroad to make a living, with the most popular destination being Russia.
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Ruzhytskyi was born in the village of Malyshivka in the Koziatyn Raion of the Vinnytsia Oblast in the Soviet Union on January 4, 1938. He graduated from the Uman Agricultural Institute in 1960. From 1960 to 1961, he worked as the Chief Agronomist of the Zhovten Kolkhoz in the Mykolaiv Oblast.
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A Sovkhoz or Soviet farm (, abbreviated from советское хозяйство, "sovetskoye khozyaistvo (sovkhoz)"; ), is a state-owned farm. The term originated in the Soviet Union, hence the name. The term is still in use in some post-Soviet states. It is usually contrasted with kolkhoz, which is a collective-owned farm.
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Yangiabad is a city located in the Angren municipality of Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan. The village has only three sources of drinking water. The village was previously the site of Kolkhoz (collective farms), but currently there are only farmers and workers. The farmers file quarterly reports to the mayor of Fergana Region.
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On holidays, bonfires were set up on Ludimägi. During Soviet times, a kolkhoz cellar was built on Uusvada ludimägi from dolomite, which was later used as a horse stable. However, the cellar has collapsed and all that is left are limestone cellar walls. Uusvada ludimägi is a private property, in Ludimägi estate.
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The kolkhoz became famous for its beer, still brewed in Lielvārde by AS Lāčplēša alus, part of the Scandinavian Royal Unibrew brewing group since 2005. Lielvārde air base was built by the Soviets in 1970; the largest in the Baltic States, it was taken over by the Latvian Air Force in 1994.
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The love story of married chairman of kolkhoz Zakhar Deryugin to young woman Mannya Polivanova during a harvest in Russian village of 30th. During World War II Zakhar Deryugin is mobilized and going to front. While the battles he is taken as a prisoner and makes runaway. Bryukhanov's wife Katya appears in occupation.
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Cossacks of the Kuban () from Mosfilm is a color film, glorifying the life of the farmers in the kolkhoz of the Soviet Union's Kuban region, directed by Ivan Pyryev and starring Marina Ladynina, his wife at that time.Cossacks of the Kuban (Shown in Paris, 2009) The movie premiered on 26 February 1950.
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Antseborenko was born into a peasant family near Poltava in the Ukrainian SSR in 1925. However, his parents were killed in 1933 during collectivization. He was therefore brought up in a kolkhoz. In 1939, he graduated from high school in Glushki and worked in a factory until the outbreak of war in 1941.
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Letov also invented a word chanted by punk fans during concerts, Hoi (a mixture of the Oi! movement and the Russian profanity word Hui (literally penis)). In the late 1980s Sektor Gaza formed, reaching cult status. They created a genre called "Kolkhoz punk", which mixed elements from village life into punk music.
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In 1945, Ābeļi, Ezera and Salas were united into the parish village council, but the parish was liquidated in 1949. In 1954, in Dregen village kolkhoz 'Soviet homeland' was created. In 1990 the village was reorganized into a parish. In 2009, Ābeļi Parish was included as an administrative territory in Jekabpils county.
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As of the 2010 Census, the total population of the district was 78,421. The district is named after the village of Alexeyevo, which existed on this site before urbanization. It is largely centered on Mira Avenue. The famous Worker and Kolkhoz Woman statue, as well as Cosmonauts Alley, are located in Alexeyevsky District.
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A woman loses her husband in the war and dedicates her life to the kolkhoz. Many started to dislike Sasha Potapova for her honesty and uncompromising character, however she is elected chairman of the collective farm. Unexpected love to the secretary of the District Committee Danilov makes her life happy and difficult.
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There are two theories regarding the origin of the name. The first states that Chuvanskoye is simply named after the Chuvans themselves, whereas the second theory suggests that the name is derived from an older tribe, the Cha'achen, who used to live in the area and were a Yukaghir tribe from which the Chukchi themselves eventually developed. Chuvanskoye was founded in 1930 as a collective farm, which was reorganised in the 1940s as the Chuvanskoye Kolkhoz "Znamya Sovetov" (although other sources suggest the village was not formally established until 1951Rural Village of Chuvanskoye at Anadyr Municipal District official website). In the 1960s the Kolkhoz was merged with the collective farm in Markovo and Lamutskoye to form the "Markovsky State Farm".
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Worker and Kolkhoz Woman by Vera Mukhina (1937) Workers inspect architectural model under a statue of Stalin, Leipzig, East Germany, 1953. The purpose of socialist realism was to limit popular culture to a specific, highly regulated faction of emotional expression that promoted Soviet ideals.Nelson, Cary and Lawrence, Grossberg. Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture.
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Before 1939, it was a part of Viipuri Province, Finland and was known as Keskikylä. It also consisted of four lesser settlements: Jääskelä, Norkkola, Orola, and Pyykkölä. In 1948, Jääskelä was renamed Voskhod () after a kolkhoz of the same name had been established in the village. Soon after it was renamed again, this time Staroselye.
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Abdalev was born in a peasant family of Kazakh ethnicity in Chimkent Uyezd, Syr-Darya Oblast, in Russian Turkestan in the Russian Empire (present-day Tole Bi District, Kazakhstan) in 1908. He attended school and graduated in 1924, after the Russian Revolution of 1917. From 1924 until 1941 he worked on the Taldybulak Kolkhoz.
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In the beginning of the 20th century he changed the interior of the palace. Melzinski's widow and her daughter Maria Janušova Zdiechovska were the last owners of Renavas manor. In 1940 the estate was nationalised by the Soviet government. After the Second World War the manor housed the administration of kolkhoz, library and cultural house.
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Maharramov was born on 29 August 1920 in Bıçaqçı to a peasant family. He worked on the kolkhoz from age 10. In 1936 he graduated from secondary school and entered the Baku Technical College of Economic Accounting, from which Maharramov graduated with honors in 1939. He was drafted into the Red Army in October 1939.
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In 1911-1914 Pyotr Stolypin founded the farming school in the old estate. For this school the new nice building was built (destroyed in 1944). In 1924 Dotnuva Agricultural College was founded in Dotnuva estate, these days called Akademija. On 26 February 1947, the first kolkhoz in Lithuania – the Marytės Melninkaitės kolūkis – was established nearby.
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After the Soviet invasion of Estonia the main building became the office of a kolkhoz, and it stayed so until Estonia re-gained its independence. In 1991, it was turned into a kindergarten. The presently visible main building dates from the 1830s and is designed in a Neoclassical style. The interiors have largely been destroyed.
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Agriculture accounts for the main business of the population, and the local Kolkhoz is still in good use. The crops that are cultivated are mostly grapes, wheat, sunflowers, and peas. Livestock are also reared (beef-breeding, pig-breeding, poultry), and cheese is produced for the local market. There are some parks, workshops, and factories (e.g.
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In 1939 Władysław Litmanowicz obtained the Master's degree at Faculty of Law and Administration at the University of Warsaw. In June 1941 he was deported in deeply Soviet Union. He worked as an accountant in kolkhoz and in Kagalnik near Azov (1941). In August 1941 he was mobilized to Red Army and directed to the monthly officer school.
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Baghlani was born in 1931, the son of an immigrant from Tajikistan who had been a chairman of a kolkhoz in that country.Authors European Society for Central Asian Studies. International Conference, Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, Julia Katschnig; Editors Gabriele Rasuly-Paleczek, Julia Katschnig . Central Asia on display: proceedings of the VIIth Conference of the European Society for Central Asian Studies.
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The faint dividing lines between collective and state farms were obliterated almost totally in the late 1960s, when Khrushchev's administration authorized a guaranteed wage to kolkhoz members, similarly to sovkhoz employees. Essentially, his administration recognized their status as hired hands rather than authentic cooperative members. The guaranteed wage provision was incorporated in the 1969 version of the Standard Charter.
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Savisaar was born to Edgar and Marie Savisaar (née Burešin), who lived in Vastse-Kuuste. His mother was born in what in 1920 became Petseri county. In 1949, his parents wanted to leave the local kolkhoz with their livestock, this resulted in a physical conflict. Both were arrested on charges of seizing public property, tax evasion and assault.
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In 1968–1970 he served in the army in the Far East. After this he worked as a miner and in kolkhoz. He could receive tertiary education only in 2001 at the University of Luhansk. Last years Holoborodko spent in Luhansk, but because of the War in Donbas of 2014 he had to move to Irpin.
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In 1950 region's kolkhoz construction was funded by 328,000 rubles. Kolkhozes competed socially in timber processing, land cultivation, grain sowing and harvesting, milking, and fish hauling. The long Aģe river creek houses the Skulte fishing port (), where artel's ships and motorboats anchored. Next to the port was located Vidzeme's second largest Skulte fish canning factory () office.
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Place and time In 1946, Geisiškės Orthodox parish counted 642 members. During the Soviet period, local kolkhoz was rich and advanced, compared to others and shown as exemplary. After a wave of migration of local inhabitants to Vilnius in the second half of the 20th century, Geisiškės benefits from its proximity to both Vilnius and touristic Kernavė.
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But, the Soviet authorities started a campaign of forced collectivisation. This action largely nullified the earlier political gains from the land reform as the peasants generally did not want to join the Kolkhoz farms, nor to give away their crops for free to fulfill the state-imposed quotas, which undercut nearly everyone's material needs.Rieber, pp. 14, 32–37.
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FC Druzhba Berdyansk () was a football club from Berdyansk, Zaporizhia Oblast, Ukraine. Before 1990s Berdyansk was represented by FC Torpedo Berdyansk which disappeared following 1991. FC Druzhba Osypenko was created in 1990 at the Druzhba collective farm (kolkhoz) in a village of Osypenko, Berdyansk Raion. In 1991 it was a runner-up in the Zaporizhia Oblast Football Championship.
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Galinskaya, A. V. "Василий Захарович Корж" ("Vasily Zakharovich Korzh"). Belarusian Great Patriotic War Museum. 2008. Retrieved 4 December 2009. Arriving in the Soviet Union in 1925, Korzh began working in agriculture and became a kolkhoz chairman after organizing the first peasants' commune in the village of Metyavichi, though not yet a member of the Communist Party.
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In 2014 Lukashenko announced the introduction of new law that will prohibit kolkhoz workers (around 9% of total work force) from leaving their jobs at will – change of job and living location will require permission from governors. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. Similar regulations were introduced for the forest industry in 2012.
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Despite collectivization and the institution of the kolkhoz, the Nganasans were able to maintain a semi-nomadic lifestyle following domesticated reindeer herds up until the early 1970s, when the state settled the Nganasans along with the Dolgans and Enets in three different villages it constructed: Ust'-Avam, Volochanka, and Novaya. Nganasan kolkhoz were combined to create the villages, and after settling in them, the Nganasans shifted from employment in kolkhozes to working for gospromkhoz Taymirsky, the government hunting enterprise, which supplied meat to the burgeoning industrial center Norilsk to the southwest. By 1978, all domestic reindeer herding had ceased, and with new Soviet equipment, the yield of wild reindeer reached 50,000 in the 1980s. Most Nganasan men were employed as hunters, and the women worked as teachers or as seamstresses decorating reindeer boots.
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In May 1931, a special resolution of the Western-Siberian Regional Executive Committee (classified "top secret") ordered the expropriation of property and the deportation of 40,000 kulaks to "sparsely populated and unpopulated" areas in Tomsk Oblast in the northern part of the Western-Siberian region.Western- Siberian resolution of deportation of 40,000 kulaks to northern Siberia, May 5, 1931. The expropriated property was to be transferred to kolkhozes as indivisible collective property and the kolkhoz shares representing this forced contribution of the deportees to kolkhoz equity were to be held in the "collectivization fund of poor and landless peasants" (фонд коллективизации бедноты и батрачества). It has since been perceived by historians such as Lynne Viola as a Civil War of the peasants against the Bolshevik Government and the attempted colonization of the countryside.
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While kolkhozy were typically created by combining small individual farms together in a cooperative structure, a sovkhoz would be organized by the state on land confiscated from former large estates (so-called "state reserve land" that was left over after distribution of land to individuals) and sovkhoz workers would be recruited from among landless rural residents. The sovkhoz employees would be paid regulated wages, whereas the remuneration system in a kolkhoz relied on cooperative-style distribution of farm earnings (in cash and in kind) among the members. In farms of both types, however, a system of internal passports prevented movement of employees and members from rural areas to urban areas. In effect farmers became tied to their sovkhoz or kolkhoz in what is described by some as a system of "neo-serfdom".
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The sovkhoz were members that earned wages, for example reindeer breeders. The kolkhoz were members that shared in the profits, for example fishermen, whose profits oscillated depending on the season. Families were forced to rely on subsistence activities applied in a sedentary format: limited hunting, fishing, occasionally planting gardens. Some families were allowed to own individual stocks of cattle, reindeer and horses.
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In February 1938, Shusha State Kolkhoz and Sovkhoz Theatre was established. In 1943, the collective was renamed the Shusha State Musical Drama Theatre named after Uzeyir Hajibeyov. Shusha Musical Drama Theater ceased its activities in early 1949. By the decision of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Ministry of Culture restored the activity of Shusha State Musical Drama Theater.
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The architect of the Soviet pavilion was Boris Iofan. Vera Mukhina designed the large figurative sculpture on the pavilion. The grand building was topped by Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, a large momentum-exerting statue, of a male worker and a female peasant, their hands together, thrusting a hammer and a sickle. The statue was meant to symbolize the union of workers and peasants.
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From 1960 the chairman of the kolkhoz was Ivan Moysa, from 1967 it was Boris T. Bershadskiy, later Bilov Ivan, from 1976 Vereshchak S. In the period from 1966 to 1972 the garage housed 40 various vehicles (garage foreman Mikhail Pilipenko). In 1970 dairy farm no. 2 expanded and a dairy complex was built; milking machines were introduced. The dairy farms no.
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The Nivkh were forced into mass agricultural and industrial labour collectives called kolkhoz. Nivkh fishermen were difficult to convert to agricultural practices because of their belief that ploughing the earth was a sin. The Nivkh were soon working and living as a second-class minority group among the massive Russian labour force. These collectives irrevocably altered the lifestyle of the Nivkh.
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During battles in the Courland Pocket several fishermen families fled from the second Soviet occupation with motorboats to Gotland, only 150 kilometres to the west. After the war, Pāvilosta became a port town in the Latvian SSR. Local fishermen artel used motor boats until 1949 when the first fishing ship was bought. In 1951 artel was transformed into fishermen kolkhoz Dzintarjūra (Amber sea).
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When their strategies failed, villagers turned to violence: committing arson, and lynching and murdering local authorities, kolkhoz leaders, and activists.Viola, Peasant Rebels Under Stalin Others responded with acts of sabotage, including the burning of crops and the slaughter of draught animals. The amount of livestock dropped by half from 1928 to 1932 as a result of the slaughters.McCauley 2008 p.
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Out of sheer despair, Martha wonders if there could be other ways to a promising agriculture. One day a revolutionary awakens in Martha. Together with four other farmers who are in a similarly precarious situation, they set up their own kolkhoz. Time and again there are setbacks, but gradually the benefits of this production community are apparent to all parties involved.
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An Orlov Trotter as used in a Soviet kolkhoz. The Civil war was a major disaster for horse breeding in Russia. Many horses died in battle, yet more were eaten for food, and there was a general collapse of the economy, making horse breeding a luxury few could afford. However, after 1920, the raising of Orlov Trotters resumed and crossbreeding was forbidden.
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In the 1990s the kolkhoz began functioning on a self-supporting basis, hence currently it only produces cabbage and potato. The village has an aid post and a secondary school with Russian as the language of instruction. The construction of the second Russian-language school intended for up to 180 pupils began in 2009.Second Russian School to Be Built in Goranboy. Vesti.az.
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During World War II, Muszkat relocated to Vilnius first, where worked in Prawda Wileńska, and lectured at the Vilnius University. In June 1941 he evacuated to the Soviet Union. In 1941–1943 he was a clerk in a kolkhoz and a teacher in the Gzy–Orda Pedagogic Institute. In May 1943 Muszkat joined the People's Army of Poland (Ludowe Wojsko Polskie).
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The pre-war years (1937–1941) can be called the time of prosperity of the kolkhoz Oznobishino. There was dairy-farm, stables with smithy, mill on the Usna river, bee-garden, potato storage, machine and tractor station with fuel station, fuels and lubricants oils. All the households had cattle. Large village herd was until the 1980s. During the Great Patriotic War in 1941–1945, 29 villagers fell.
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Bauskas alus is a brewery in Bauska, Latvia. It was established in 1981, at the time as a part of a local kolkhoz canning factory. At first the brewery produced traditional beers such as Marta alus (Märzen), Rīgas alus (Beer of Riga) and Senču alus (Ancestors' Beer). In 1982 the brewery started producing their main articles Bauskas gaišais (Bauska Light) and Bauskas tumšais (Bauska Dark).
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The Uzbek Gymnasium (; ; ) is a gymnasium and boarding school located in Isfana, Kyrgyzstan. The official name of the school is U. Matkarimov Gymnasium and Boarding School (; ; ). In some documents it is written as U. Matkarimov Gymnasium and Secondary School (; ; ). The school bears the name of Usmon Matkarimov who served as the head of Isfana's kolkhoz for many years and made a significant contribution to the town's development.
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Skomorokha is from Dnipropetrovsk Oblast. His working career he started at the Zhovtneva Revolyutsiya (October Revolution) kolkhoz in village of Promin. After his obligatory military service Skomorokha enrolled to the Kharkiv Law Institute. He graduated Yaroslav Mudryi National Law University (Kharkiv Law Institute) in 1967 and after a brief internship-like training, until 1969 Skomorokha was a people's judge at the Krasnyi Luch city court.
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In 1951, the territory of Kolkhoz the "Red Star" in Vīksniņa village was added to the village of Vecumnieki, in 1954 villages of Birznieki and Umparte both were added as well. In 1977, small areas were exchanged with Birzgale Parish. In 1990, the village was reorganized into a parish. In 2009, the parish was included as one of the administrative territories of the Vecumnieki Municipality.
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After World War II ends, soldier Yegor Trubnikov comes back to his native village to restore the ruined collective farm facilities. Rebuilding the kolkhoz is as hard for him as fighting the war. Becoming chairman, he charges himself with the burden of responsibility not only for the collective farm business, but also for the destiny of the people who are so close to him.
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Fishing kolkhozes received funds for tool production and installation. Press reported artel Zvejnieks having twice exceeded their initial plan by skillful use of new equipment and increase of their fishing fleet. The first year following region's establishment, fishermen already towed a successful catch. A lot of Saulkraste attention was directed at kolkhoz construction — allocating long- term loans, supplying building materials, and educating construction specialists.
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Zolotukhin was born in the Bystry Istok village (modern-day Bystroistoksky District of the Altai Krai, Russia) into a peasant family just one day before the Great Patriotic War started. He was one of the three sons of Sergei Illarionovich Zolotukhin, the head of the local kolkhoz who left for the frontline the next day. Valeri spent war years with his mother Matryona Fedoseyevna Zolotukhina.Aleksandr Trutnev (2006).
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The 1917 Revolution, catalyzed in part by women workers' demonstrations, generated a surge of membership in the organization. In the same year, because of the society's continued lobbying, Russia became the first major world power to grant women the right to vote. the iconic Soviet statue that symbolized union of a male worker and a kolkhoz woman, which represented the ideal of equality under Communism.
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Forced labor was used extensively in the Soviet Union as a means of controlling Soviet citizens and foreigners. Forced labor also provided manpower for government projects and for reconstruction after the war. It began before the Gulag and Kolkhoz systems were established, although through these institutions, its scope and severity were increased. The conditions that accompanied forced labor were often harsh and could be deadly.
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In 1941, when he was 11 years old, the Finnish Army occupied his home area during the Continuation War. He then continued to attend the Finnish school established by the occupiers. Lonin has said that only two people from his home village went to evacuation further in the Soviet Union. They were the head of the local kolkhoz, and the teacher Maria Ivanovna Pepšina (b. 1915).
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Krist'epore Nikolozi Mosulishvili was born in village Kvemo Machkhaani, near the town Sighnaghi in eastern Georgian historic region of Kakheti. After graduating from technical high school, he worked in local kolkhoz. In 1939 Pore was recruited in the Red Army. When the Germans invaded the Soviet Union, he completed his duty with great distinction, and was given a field promotion to non-commissioned officer.
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Private plots were among many attempts made to restructure Soviet farming. However, the weak worker incentives and managerial autonomy, which were the crux of the problem, were not addressed. The private plots were also an important source of income for rural households. In 1977, families of kolkhoz members obtained 72% of their meat, 76% of their eggs and most of their potatoes from private holdings.
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Podshibyakin was born on 1 January 1928 in Nikitskoe village in Tulskaya oblast. His grandfather was a batman of Nicholas II; his father – Tihon Afanasyevich – was one of the first kolkhoz presidents. There were four children in the family besides Vasiliy. From 1943 to 1945 he studied at vocational school №8 of Uzlovaya town to get profession of a machinist. In 1951 Podshibyakin entered Moscow Oil University.
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Their songs became the folklore of the youth, speaking about things nobody else dared to speak about. The band was for no expressed reason banned by the Soviet power in 1983. They continued to play as an ensemble of the kolkhoz "Soviet Latvia", careful not to mention the title Pērkons again. In 1985, after a concert in Ogre, a group of teenagers demolished two train compartments.
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After this, the group was banned again immediately, even though it had nothing to do with the incident. (The concert, demolished train, and court trials were documented by Juris Podnieks in the film, Vai viegli būt jaunam? (Is It Easy to Be Young). After a few more years, in 1987, they arrived to the song festival Liepājas dzintars () as the ensemble of the fishermen's kolkhoz "Selga".
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After the outbreak of World War II and the invasion of Poland by the Soviet army on 17 September 1939, she was sent with her family to Kazakhstan in 1940. There she worked in a sovkhoz, a Soviet state-owned farm. In 1944 she was resettled to Odessa in Ukraine and worked on a kolkhoz, a collective farm. Her father did not survive the experience.
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By no means was joining the collective farm (also known as the kolkhoz) voluntary. The drive to collectivize came without peasant support. The intent was to increase state grain procurements without giving the peasants the opportunity to withhold grain from the market. Collectivization would increase the total crop and food supply but the locals knew that they were not likely to benefit from it.
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Pervomaysky's economy is largely dependent on agriculture and logging. There are a number of kolkhoz in the district, as well as a number of lumber firms. The district is home to 23,600 hectares of cropland, which primarily grow cereals, legumes, potatoes and vegetables. The area is also home to some deposits of natural minerals, such as sand, gravel, clay, chalk, brown coal, peat, and limestone.
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In 1945, after two and a half years at the school, but before finishing, he quit to work in a kolkhoz. In 1946 Shukshin left his native village and worked as a metal craftsman at several enterprises in the trust Soyuzprommekhanizatsiya: at the turbine plant in Kaluga,биография на rusactors.ru at the tractor plant in Vladimir, etc. In 1949, Shukshin was drafted into the Navy.
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That same year she was invited to perform at the kolkhoz in Stalinabad. She joined the Tajikistan State Philharmonic Society as a dancer in 1940, remaining a member of the company until 1960. She spent time honing her skills by working with the Ensemble of Soviet Dancers. She traveled with other Tajik artists to the front during World War II, performing for soldiers there.
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Starodubtsev graduated from Voronezh Agricultural Institute and All-USSR Correspondence Agricultural Institute. For many years he was a chairman of kolkhoz in Novomoskovsk district. Among his awards were Hero of Socialist Labour title, three Orders of Lenin, USSR State Prize, Order of the October Revolution, Order of the Badge of Honour. He had Candidate of Sciences degree in agriculture and was a corresponding member of VASKhNIL.
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Qimil is considered one of the centers of carpet-making in the Quba district. "Gimil" carpets are made in Qimil village, and can be found in museums and private collections around the world.The Famous Gimil Carpets The kolkhoz system of collective farming, introduced during the Soviet period, led to a decline in this craft. However, Qimil residents continued to weave carpets, primarily for dowries.
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The village was established in 1501 by a legendary blacksmith Myna Nazarenko. In 1753 here was built a wooden church of St. Volodymyr dedicated to Vladimir the Great. In 1797 Kovalivka became a center of volost within the Vasylkiv county. During the Soviet period, the village housed the Shchors collective farm (kolkhoz) which after dissolution of the Soviet Union was reorganized into an agro firm "Svitanok".
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The division was formed in March 1932 as the 1st Kolkhoz Rifle Division, part of the Special Kolkhoz Corps of the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army, covering the Grodekovo direction against expected Japanese attack with headquarters in Primorsky Oblast. A voluntary program to resettle demobilized Red Army soldiers and their families in the border areas of the Soviet Far East was established in 1929–1930, in order to increase the population and economic activity of such areas, supply food to the Special Red Banner Far Eastern Army, and to provide a force for its defense. By 1932 42 Red Army Kolkhozes had been established under the program. However, due to labor shortages and a lack of construction materials, engineers, and technicians, most of the settlers returned to their former homes; by 1932, only 1,476 remained out of 8,134 who arrived between 1930 and 1932.
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At the same time, there were three other legal alternatives to closed distribution stores: commercial stores, Torgsin stores and Kolkhoz markets. All had higher prices than the closed distribution stores. Since the state controlled all of these distribution methods, it could exercise a distribution monopoly. The first five-year plan caused the closure of all artisan methods of consumer goods production, such as small private factories and workshops.
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He was rehabilitated in 1956 during the de-Stalinization campaign. A monument to Angarietis by sculptor Alfonsas Vincentas Ambraziūnas was unveiled in Vilnius in 1972, his 90th birth anniversary. A school in Šakiai, kolkhoz in his native Obelupiai, and streets in Vilnius, Panevėžys, and Kalvarija were named in his honor. After Lithuania restored independence in 1990, the streets were renamed and the monument was moved to the Grūtas Park.
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It became a holidays center for the inhabitants of the nearby cities of Ternopil, and Lviv. After the World War II, the site was annexed by the Soviet Union. The village was renamed "Okopy" and was turned into a Kolkhoz, and soon totally depopulated, as a result of the forced migration of Poles to Siberia. The ruins of the stronghold can be found in the western part of the village.
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They existed as independent inter-kolkhoz service until 1958, when the machinery was transferred to the farms, and MTS transformed into machinery service stations (), which were still known under the old name for longer time. In 1972 they were further renamed into Regional Association "Selkhoztekhnika" (, an abbreviation for , agricultural machinery). In post-Soviet Russia some economists expressed ideas about the revival of MTSs to help small independent farmers.
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Temen-Suu (, , historically also Төмөн-Суу - Tömön-Suu) is a village in the Moskva district of Chuy Region in Kyrgyzstan. It is located 18 km south of Belovodskoye, the administrative center of Moskva district, and was part of the former Karl Marks Kolkhoz. Temen-Suu is the administrative center for the Ak-Suu village council, which also includes the villages of Ak-Bashat, Ak- Torpoq, Bala-Ayylchy, and Keper-Aryk.
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Tribal lands were forcibly "donated" for the advancement of the Soviet cause. This land was divided into hunting/herding areas, fishing sections and specific slaughtering points, often for reindeer. After being placed in the collective, indigenous peoples were redistributed to manage these areas, with an emphasis on food production to support the increase in urban population. The collective divided members into two types of workers: sovkhoz and kolkhoz.
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Tarlan Musayeva was born on 22 January 1955 in the Kalantarly village of Barda District, Azerbaijan. In 1972, she graduated from Secondary School No. 1 in Tartar and in the same year, was admitted to the technical vocational school No. 105 in Barda District. In 1973 she graduated from Vocational School of Mechanical Engineering, and began her career as a mechanization expert in the "Communism" kolkhoz of Barda District.
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Aghashirin Agamamed oglu Jafarov (; 10 July 1906–3 May 1984) was an Azerbaijani Red Army Starshina and a Hero of the Soviet Union. He was awarded the title on 1 November 1943 for his actions during the Battle of the Dnieper, where he was reported to have killed up to 300 German soldiers with his machine gun. He was discharged postwar and worked as chairman of a Kolkhoz.
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Award List scan at The People's Feat During the Great Patriotic War of 1941—1945 database His parents divorced when he was three years old. He was raised by a stepfather, Pavel Antonovich Litvinenko, the head of kolkhoz. His mother Claudia Chukhray took an active part in the collectivization and dekulakization of the Ukrainian SSR, then worked as an investigation officer at militsiya. In 1939, he was drafted to the army.
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Villagers were afraid the old landowners/serf owners were coming back and that the villagers joining the collective farm would face starvation and famine. More reason for peasants to believe collectivization was a second serfdom was that entry into the kolkhoz had been forced. Farmers did not have the right to leave the collective without permission. The level of state procurements and prices on crops also enforced the serfdom analogy.
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VDNKh is located in Ostankinsky District of Moscow, less than a kilometer from Ostankino Tower. It is served by VDNKh subway station, as well as by Moscow Monorail. Cosmonauts Alley and the Worker and Kolkhoz Woman statue are situated just outside the main entrance to VDNKh. It also borders Moscow Botanical Garden and a smaller , and in recent years the three parks served as a united park complex.
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The Academy of Sciences edifice Initially planned as House of Kolkhoz workers (Kolhoznieku nams), construction was started in 1951 and finished in 1958, although the building was officially opened only in 1961. Upon finishing the building was turned over to the Latvian Academy of Sciences. It has 21 floors and a conference hall that seats 1,000 people.Nams ar raksturu The 108-meter high Academy is not the tallest building in Riga.
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Khust Factory Technological Equipment and a brick factory of the "Radyanska Ukrayina" kolkhoz (collective farm). In 2006-2014 Hubal was a member of the Khust Raion council. In 2014-2015 he was a head of the Zakarpattia Oblast State Administration (Governor of Zakarpattia). When serving as a head of the Zakarpattia Oblast State Administration, Hubal was not able to prevent the 2015 Mukacheve incident, according to the parliamentary investigative committee.
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The Soviet collectivization campaign of the 1920s and 1930s made this otherwise non- notable village a part of a larger subtropical agricultural area. A tea kolkhoz farm created at Ochkhamuri triggered an influx of migrants which significantly increased the settlement's population. Jaoshvili, Vakhtang (1968), Население Грузии ("The Population of Georgia"), p. 121. Tbilisi: Metsniereba In 1954, the village was given the status of an urban-type settlement (Georgian: daba).
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In 1968 the village Farm Guardians of Illich, and a clubhouse was built. The former kolkhoz become a state farm, and vineyards were planted. In 1977, a new school (which included a kindergarten) opened; by then, most of the 200-year-old estate had disappeared. The dissolution of the Soviet Union at the end of the 20th century led to a decrease in the population of Mykhailo-Laryne.
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The local selsoviet chairman Sagid Shovgenov and kolkhoz chairman Khusin Lakhov arranged a meeting, where they decided to adopt 36 children and distribute food reserves among the adoptive parents. They also forged all documents in the village, referring to the adoptive families, as well as all documents of the children. Soon, the Germans broke the front and occupied the territory. They met the evacuating orphanage in Teberda and massacred them.
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In 1957, Avdyushko was cast for the leading role in Mikhail Schweitzer's Tight Knot, adapted from a story by Vladimir Tendryakov. He portrayed Pavel Mansurov, an idealist Kolkhoz general secretary who is corrupted by the power of his office. The film had to be heavily censured in order to be released, and its title was changed to Sasha Comes to Life. The full version was only released in 1988.
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Clay, p.259 The Rai establishment continued to function in the 1920s, when Ananyiv was included in the Moldavian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The new Soviet administration tried to transform it into a kolkhoz named "From Darkness to Light". However, in 1930, the Soviet anti-religious newspaper Bezbozhnik announced that Inochentism had been stamped out of Soviet Moldavia, noting that the sect was still active in Romanian Bessarabia.
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For instance, he and Gromov boasted of Ryzhkov's resistance to a number of reforms enacted by Gorbachev. Ryzhkov's candidacy saw strong support from peasants, the military, and pensioners. Most of Ryzhkov's support among voters came from the countryside. Ryzhkov saw strong support from the agricultural sector, as agricultural bureaucrats hoped that, as president, Ryzhkov would resist far- reaching privatization of land and the abolition of the kolkhoz system.
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He depictured suffering of the Soviet people, work of the women, old people and children on the kolkhoz fields during the war. After the war Plastov kept the motives of the village life. A characteristic for Plastov's works is the 1951 painting Spring (Весна). It shows a young naked woman dressing up a girl in front of a wood hut (a Banya, the Russian counterpart to the Finnish sauna).
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A second forced "voluntary" collectivization campaign was initiated in the winter–summer of 1931 with significant assistance of the so-called "tug-brigades" composed from kolkhoz udarniks. Many "kulaks" along with families were deported from Ukraine. According to declassified data, around 300,000 peasants in Ukraine out of a population of about 30 million were subject to these policies in 1930–31. Ukrainians composed 15% of the total 1.8 million 'kulaks' relocated Soviet- wide.
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Maly Trostinets, Reichskommissariat Ostland. The camp's location is marked by the black-and-white skull icon. Built in the summer of 1941 on the site of a Soviet kolkhoz, a collective farm in size, Trostinets was set up by Nazi Germany as a concentration camp with no fixed killing facilities. It was originally established for Soviet prisoners of war captured during the invasion of the Soviet Union, which began on 22 June 1941.
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In 1902, Cossacks and Tatars founded the village on the lands of the Cossack settlement Prechistenskaya Orenburg Governorate. It had the operational mosque (closed in the 30th of XX century, were not saved up to now). In 1929, in the period of collectivization, the kolkhoz Kyzyl Bayrak (the Red Banner) was organized. Since 1970, the third department of the Agapovsky state farm (now Agapovskoe CJSC) operated on the territory of the settlement.
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Every town, kolkhoz and sovkhoz had a central Palace or House of Culture. Major industrial enterprises had their own Palaces of Culture, managed by the corresponding trade unions. Palaces of Culture served another important purpose: they housed local congresses and conferences of the regional divisions of the Communist Party, the Komsomol, etc. In smaller rural settlements similar establishments of lesser scope were known as "clubs", with main activities there being dance nights and cinema.
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An account published in the Bulletin Communiste of 1930 on the 'Soviet situation at the end of 1929' read: > It is a true terror. A terror that takes two forms. The first are the > tribunals who condemn whole blocks of people to death. You would be charged > with a supposed assassination attempt against some person of authority, or > for some attempt to burn a kolkhoz and so two, three, four 'kulaks' were > shot.
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The village arose in the early 20th century on the site where were situated outbuildings residents Krutoe (later – Bolshoe Krutoe, burned by the German invaders in 1942 and not revived). There was a brick factory in Maloe Krutoe before the Second World War. During the period of collectivization in 1930, there was built a kolkhoz (collective farm) named after Lenin. October 13, 1941 Maloe Krutoe was occupied by German and Finnish troops.
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As they observed the wreck of the vehicle, the troops realized they had taken out a vehicle filled entirely with civilians: twenty-five Kurd and Azeri kolkhoz workers. Four of them, including the driver of the truck and his daughter, were killed. The rest were ordered by Melkonian to be taken to a hospital in Karabakh's capital of Stepanakert; however, as many as eleven of them died.Melkonian. My Brother's Road, 245–246.
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Nonna (Noyabrina) Viktorovna was born into a large family in the Cossack village of Kostiantynivka, Donetsk Region, Ukrainian SSR. Nonna spent her childhood in a settlement where her mother worked as chairwoman of kolkhoz (collective farm). In 1946, Mordyukova entered the Actors’ Faculty of VGIK and studied there under Boris Bibikov and Olga Pyzhova. After graduating she played on stage of Theatre Studio of Film Actor and was often featured by film directors.
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Demand for food intensified, especially in the USSR's primary grain producing regions, with new, forced approaches implemented. Upon joining kolkhozes (collective farms), peasants had to give up their private plots of land and property. Every harvest, Kolkhoz production was sold to the state for a low price set by the state itself. However, the natural progress of collectivization was slow, and the November 1929 Plenum of the Central Committee decided to accelerate collectivization through force.
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After the October Revolution, many Italians were considered foreigners and were seen as an enemy. They therefore faced much repression. Between 1920 and 1930, many anti-fascist Italians seeking asylum in Soviet Union were sent from Moscow to Kerch to organise the local Italian community. According to the plans of Soviet collective farming, the Italians were forced to create a kolkhoz, named Sacco e Vanzetti for the two American anarchists of the same name.
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The villagers are not aware that Abdullajon is responsible for all of the miracles. An old drunkard tells the head of the kolkhoz that he will tell everyone in the village that the head is responsible for all the miracles in exchange for getting a bottle of vodka every day. The head agrees and gets all the credit for the miracles. At a public meeting, he is presented a special hoe which fails to fly.
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Bozorboy tells the head of the kolkhoz about Abdullajon. The head asks Abdullajon to make his hoe fly as well, but Abdullajon refuses to comply, saying that the head is guilty of an "unforgivable crime", namely, of killing a bee. The head angrily climbs up to a tall tower with his hoe hoping he will be able to fly. However, his hoe doesn't fly and he falls to the ground and gets hurt.
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This relocation was accomplished via the Soviet collectives that the Nivkh had become so dependent on. The closure of state- funded amenities such as a school or electricity generator prompted citizenry to move into government-preferred settlements. With the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Kolkhoz collectives were abandoned. The Nivkh were dependent on the state-funded collectives, and with their dissolution, rapid economic hardship ensued for the already poor populace.
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The village of Mikhaylovka () has been known since the 17th century. It developed during the Great Patriotic War in connection with intensive coal exploitation at the Moscow Coal Basin. The Soviets built numerous mines on the lands of a kolkhoz called Young Communist International (, abbreviated as "", or KIM) and a habitat for miners. It was granted work settlement status and given its present name in 1948; town status was granted to it in 1952.
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The protagonists, a Russian swineherd and a Chechen shepherd (played by Ladynina and Vladimir Zeldin) meet at the All- Union Agricultural Exhibition and fall in love with each other. The movie is noted for a memorable score by Isaak Dunaevsky and Tikhon Khrennikov. Cossacks of the Kuban, which launched the star of Klara Luchko, presents a highly glamorized picture of life in a southern kolkhoz. Following Joseph Stalin's death, Pyryev turned his attention to adaptations.
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The main advantage of the kulak is bread embarrassments." Red Army peasants sent letters supporting anti-kulak ideology: "The kulaks are the furious enemies of socialism. We must destroy them, don't take them to the kolkhoz, you must take away their property, their inventory." The letter of the Red Army soldier of the 28th Artillery Regiment became widely known: "The last bread is taken away, the Red Army family is not considered.
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The Peri knight manor is known to have existed already in 1544 when it belonged to the von family. In the 18th century, it was acquired by the von Glasenapps and in 1863 by the Lilienfelds who were the last owners before the dispossession in 1919. The wooden Baroque main building has not survived. After the Soviet occupation the manor's and nearby farms' lands were nationalizated and a Vilde-named kolkhoz was established.
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It was founded in 1951 as a result of the ongoing Soviet policy of collectivization. The kolkhoz (collective farm) that was founded around Vayegi brought together several groups of previously nomadic herders. After the dissolution of the Soviet Union, small rural localities like Vayegi were extremely hard hit economically. In 2000, for example, when the monthly living wage across Chukotka was estimated at 3,800 rubles, the average wage in Vayegi was in the range of 700–800 rubles.
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Another name for this genre was "amateur song" (samodeyatelnaya pesnya, literally translated as "do-it-yourself song" or "self-made song"). This term reflects the cultural phenomenon of the Soviet Union called "amateur performing arts," or khudozhestvennaya samodeyatelnost. It was a widespread, often heavily subsidized occupation of Soviet people in their spare time. Every major industrial enterprise and every kolkhoz had a Palace of Culture, or at least a House of Culture, for amateur performers to practice and perform.
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Instead, he was arrested and sent to Stavropol in Russia, where he worked in his original profession as Kolkhoz agronom for a year. After the start of the German-Soviet war, he was imprisoned in July 1941. A year later, as German armies were closing in on Stavropol, he and other inmates were evacuated to prison in Krasnovodsk in present-day Turkmenistan. On the way there, he contracted dysentery and soon died on 20 September 1942.
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It recovered a bit only in the 1960s, when it became the administrative center of the local kolkhoz. Punia is proud of the Hill of Margiris (, 30 metres high), one of the largest hill forts in Lithuania, in the bend of the Nemunas River. It is believed to be the location of legendary Pilėnai which was destroyed in 1336 by the Teutonic Knights. The heroic defence of the castle is described by Władysław Syrokomla in his poetic novel "Margier".
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After his studies, Mustafa Batdyyev returned to Karachay–Cherkessia where from 1981 to 1986 he worked as an economist in the "Rodina" kolkhoz. From 1986 to 1992 he successfully headed the Economics Department of the Oblast Communist Commettee. 1992 to 1997 Mustafa Batdyyev worked in the Government of Karachay–Cherkessia dealing with economic affairs. In 1997 Mustafa Batdyyev was appointed as a chairman of the National Bank of Karachay–Cherkessia which was recognized as the best in Russian Federation.
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Three repair shop office barracks were planned, but only one was active prior to the 1944 Soviet Union occupation. During the Soviet occupation, the market was renamed Central Kolkhoz Market () in 1949. The Soviet press praised the market as one of the best markets in the Soviet Union. In 1950 nine out of ten farms were unified in kolkhozes during the agriculture collectivisation and by 1961 the majority of goods were supplied collectively by 60 kolkhozes.
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After the military, Mitalipov studied genetics at the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy in Moscow and also played blues guitar in a cover band to pay the bills. After his graduation from the academy, he worked for a short time as the chief livestock specialist in a kolkhoz in the Yaroslavl region. He received his master's degree in 1989. He earned his PhD in developmental and stem cell biology from the Research Centre of Medical Genetics in Moscow.
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Maļinova (historically and locallyOn the names of parishes and municipalities in view of the regional reform. State language centre known as Maļinovka) is a mid-size village in Maļinova parish, Daugavpils municipality, Latvia and a parish centre. It is located 19 km northeast of Daugavpils at the A13 national road/European route E262. The inhabited locality grew up out of the former Malinovka village after World War II as a centre of a selsoviet and the Znamya Oktyabrya kolkhoz.
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The question of internal organization was important in the new kolkhozes. The most basic measure was to divide the workforce into a number of groups, generally known as brigades, for working purposes. By July 1929 it was already normal practice for the large kolkhoz of 200–400 households to be divided into temporary or permanent work units of 15–30 households.'R W Davies, The Soviet Collective Farm 1929–1930 (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 1980), p.59.
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The Sumy Oblast region where he was born is predominantly Ukrainian-speaking, and this differentiated him in later life from his political counterparts, for whom Russian was the mother tongue. Viktor Yushchenko graduated from the Ternopil Finance and Economics Institute in 1975 and began work as an accountant, as a deputy to the chief accountant in a kolkhoz. Then, from 1975 to 1976, he served as a conscript in the Transcaucasian Military District on the Soviet–Turkish border.
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Among them is the human rights activist Ales Bialiatski, Vice President of International Federation for Human Rights and head of Viasna. Lukashenko announced a new law in 2014 that will prohibit kolkhoz workers (around 9% of total work force) from leaving their jobs at will—a change of job and living location will require permission from governors. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself. Similar regulations were introduced for the forestry industry in 2012.
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He was subsequently assigned to the Soviet Procurator's office, which was then focusing on the rehabilitation of the innocent victims of Stalin's purges, but found that they had no work for him. He was then offered a place on an MSU graduate course specializing in kolkhoz law, but declined. He had wanted to remain in Moscow, where Raisa was enrolled on a PhD program, but instead gained employment in Stavropol; Raisa abandoned her studies to join him there.
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The violence began on 4 June in the city of Osh after large groups of Kyrgyz and Uzbeks gathered in the territory of Lenin Kolkhoz. The riots started to spread to some other areas of Osh Province on that same day. In the city of Uzgen violence started the next day. The immediate cause of the riots in Uzgen was a dispute between the Kyrgyz and Uzbeks in the area of Uzgen bazaar and bus station.
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How Russia Is Ruled, by Merle Fainsod, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA, revised edition (1970), p. 570. In 1990, the Soviet Union had 23,500 sovkhozy, or 45% of the total number of large-scale collective and state farms. The average size of a sovkhoz was 15,300 hectares (153 km2), nearly three times the average kolkhoz (5,900 hectares or 59 km2 in 1990).Narodnoye Khozyaiatvo SSSR [Statistical Yearbook of the USSR] , State Statistical Committee of the USSR, Moscow, 1990.
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New attempts at collectivization were begun with different tactics and another name - the cooperatives in the early 1930s had been called khamtral, i.e. collective, kolkhoz - in the mid-1930s, but initially only on a very small scale: while there were 139 negdels country-wide in 1950,H.Barthel, Mongolei - Land zwischen Taiga und Wüste, Gotha 1990, p. 108f in 1949 ten negdels in Khövsgöl combined had no more than 4,700 animals, with the smallest negdel only owning 43.
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He demanded that the free trade and movement of goods should be allowed to end, that the grain requisitions should be ended and the Soviet administration and the Cheka dissolved. His troops carried out surprise raids on railway junctions, kolkhoz and the Soviet authorities. They were supported by the population and used the villages for cover and rest. Likewise, they often disguised themselves as Red Army soldiers to move about the countryside or to exaggerate the element of surprise.
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Vitaliy Mykolayovych Oluiko (; born 2 January 1961, Yampil, Ukraine) is a Ukrainian politician, member of the Verkhovna Rada. Soon after graduating the university, in 1983-1985 he worked on leading positions at local kolkhoz in Yampil. In 1985-1987 he headed the Komsomol of Ukraine in Bilohiria Raion and in 1987-1991 among the leaders of Khmelnytskyi Oblast. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, in 1991-1992 Oluiko headed the coordination council of Podolia Youth League.
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A top-secret report by the NKVD (precursor to the KGB) entitled "Counter-Revolutionary Activities in Ruzhyn District" reported that 70% of Ruzhyn and Balamutivka's 543 farmers had been grouped into a kolkhoz (a collective) and that there was a marked increase of "banditism", as people stole & scrounged for anything to eat. During this period, cannibalism was witnessed in various places throughout Ukraine, among them, the Ruzhyn District. By 1939, the Jewish community dropped to 1,108 people.
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During the Civil War here took place the 51st Rifle Division of Vasily Blyukher. According to Pavel Petrovich Popov, the Veteran of Labor of the Soviet Union, by that time there was one hundred twenty yards in Dubrovnoe. In 1928 Pavel Petrovich led the village Council and organised the first kolkhoz named "Red plowman". In 1931 other collective farms were organised: in Kosmakovo village — "Red dawn", in Shchuchye village — "May 1st", in Motushy village — "Paris commune".
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In order to meet the promise, the region had to slaughter all the bovine herd of 1959, as well as a considerable part of its dairy stock. In addition, all cattle reared by kolkhoz farmers in their private households was appropriated "temporarily". As the collected amount was still not enough to meet the target, obkom had to buy meat in neighbouring regions by reallocating funds from other sources, such as the purchase of agricultural tools and construction.
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A census was first conducted in Rytkuchi in 1939, with the first kolkhoz in the village being established the following year. A year later, cultural amenities in the village were enhanced with the arrival of a dedicated teacher and the establishment of a cultural centre and a clinic. The first sovkhoz in the village was established in 1957 for the purpose of reindeer herding. Two years later, the 1959 census revealed that most of the 80 inhabitants of the village were Russian.
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In the mid-1930s, these methods of production were allowed to return on a small scale. In May 1936, a law was passed that slightly improved the supply of consumer goods by legalizing individual practice of trades such as cobbling, cabinetmaking, carpentry, dressmaking, hairdressing, laundering, locksmithing, photography, plumbing, tailoring, and upholstery - it slightly improved the shortage of consumer goods. Artisanal activity related to food was still banned. Kolkhoz markets were set up for artisans and peasants to sell their homemade goods.
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Following the rise of communism in the Soviet Union in the first part of the twentieth century, the native herds were collectivised in 1933 into a group called "Enmitagino". Such collectivisation was very successful on the island and in 1950, the collective in Ayon was turned into a formal Kolkhoz that would eventually have around 22,000 reindeer under its control. In addition to reindeer herding, the new collective was also engaged in sea-hunting and the collection of furs.Petit Fute, Chukotka, p.110f.
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In his new positions, Khrushchev continued his kolkhoz consolidation scheme, which decreased the number of collective farms in Moscow province by about 70%. This resulted in farms that were too large for one chairman to manage effectively. Khrushchev also sought to implement his agro-town proposal, but when his lengthy speech on the subject was published in Pravda in March 1951, Stalin disapproved of it. The periodical quickly published a note stating that Khrushchev's speech was merely a proposal, not policy.
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Threshing in the fields in a Jewish kolkhoz, c. 1930 Komzet (, ) was the Committee for the Settlement of Toiling Jews on the Land (some English sources use the word "working" instead of "toiling") in the Soviet Union. The primary goal of the Komzet was to help impoverished and persecuted Jewish population of the former Pale of Settlement to adopt agricultural labor. Other goals were getting financial assistance from the Jewish diaspora and providing the Soviet Jews an alternative to Zionism.
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Imagery frequently drew on heroic realism.eye magazine, "Designing heroes" The Soviet pavilion for the Paris World Fair was surmounted by Vera Mukhina's a monumental sculpture, Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, in heroic mold. This reflected a call for heroic and romantic art, which reflected the ideal rather than the realistic.Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p355-6 Art was filled with health and happiness; paintings teemed with busy industrial and agricultural scenes, and sculptures depicted workers, sentries, and schoolchildren.
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Jüri has grown out of two parts: the centre of Sommerling kolkhoz (former Rosenhagen Manor) in the west and construction industry base with a residential area (former Jüri church and village) in the east. In the middle there is a protected Lehmja oak grove. In the 1630s the Rosenhagen Manor (Lehmja since 1917) was established; nowadays the site is located in western Jüri. Today, though the wooden main building has been destroyed, several side buildings such as the workers house have remained.
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224 In 1934, a new doctrine called Socialist realism came about. This new movement rejected the "bourgeois influence on art" and replaced it with appreciation for figurative painting, photography and new typography layouts. Writers were explicitly enjoined to develop "heroization." At the Paris World Fair, Vera Mukhina's Worker and Kolkhoz Woman exemplified the ideal New Soviet Man, depicting a man and woman in working clothes, with his hammer and her sickle crossed, in a monumental statue with both striding forward.
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In Russia, the age-old ways of life of the Sámi were brutally interrupted by the collectivization of the reindeer husbandry and agriculture in general. Most Sámi were organized in a single kolkhoz, located in the central part of the Peninsula, at Lovozero (Sámi: Lojavri). The Soviet state made an enormous effort to develop this strategically important region, and the Sámi people witnessed their land being overrun by ethnic Russians and other Soviet nationalities, including Nenets and other Arctic peoples.
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Kõljala estate () traces its history to 1250, when it belonged to the Baltic German family von Buxhoeveden. It has subsequently belonged to various Baltic noble families but was expropriated during the land reform following the declaration of independence of Estonia in 1919. From 1921 to 1955 it housed an agricultural school and after that a kolkhoz until Estonia re-gained its independence in 1991. The main building dates from the 18th century; the dominating portico was added during the 19th century.
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Viru Brewery grew out of one of the branches of the Viru collective farm, or kolkhoz in 1975. Originally only Žiguli beer was produced, a pale lager with minimum 2.8% abv which was brewed throughout the Soviet Union.Kuulutaja. THE VIRU AND VIRU-NIGULA BREWERIES ARE PART OF THE HISTORY OF ESTONIAN BEER. (in Estonian) During the first year, 640.000 litres of beer was produced, and in the following year more than five million litres of beer was made in Haljala.
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In the 1970s the chairman of the local kolkhoz, Erich Erilt, initiated restoration works, the first such undertaking in then- occupied Estonia. His efforts sparked a renewed interest in manor house architecture and eventually led to the restoration of many more manors in Estonia, such as Palmse, Sagadi, Pirgu and others. The main building seen today dates from the end of the 18th century; an earlier building was devastated during the Great Northern War. A wing was added after a fire in 1889.
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Since 1985 Kovalivka is dominated by a local agrarian company "Svitanok" (meaning "Dawn"), formerly "Shchors Kolkhoz" which is controlled by the Zasukha family (Anatoliy and Tetiana). In 1996 in the village was built a Church of Nativity of the Theotokos (Russian Orthodox Church). In 2007 in Kovalivka started to be built a convent of St.Anastasia dedicated to the Russian Grand Duchess Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg (Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate), UOC-MP). Since 2009 Kovalivka hosts ethnic festival "Zhnyva" (Reaping).
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The modern history of Abasha is primarily associated with a resonant Soviet-era economic experiment introduced by the Georgian Communist party chief Eduard Shevardnadze in the 1970s. In 1971, Shevardnadze grouped all regional agricultural institutions, including the kolkhoz, into a single management association. At the same time, those who worked on the land received material and financial preference. The move facilitated local initiative and coordination and led to a rapid increase in agricultural production in the previously very poor Abasha District.
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The main occupations revolve around traditional indigenous economic activities of fishing and hunting, both on land and sea. There is also a successful reindeer herding enterprise on the pastures surrounding Khatyrka with around four hundred heads. Although this is a traditional enterprise among many Arctic peoples, these formerly nomadic enterprises were grouped together in the Soviet Union to form a collective farm (kolkhoz). Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, almost all government support was removed from the state farms as the market economy took over.
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This work was presented at the Republican exhibition in Kiev, and then at the All-Union Exhibition in Moscow. In the 1960s pictures on the historical and revolutionary themes took the most important place in the Ukrainian art. Anatoly Nasedkin began working on the theme of the first years of Soviet power. Three paintings – «To Kolkhoz!» (1960), «Bread of Revolution» (1965), «Food Squad (Requisition)» (1967) – became a kind of triptych. In 1968 the work «Food Squad (Requisition)» appeared on the all-union and republican exhibitions.
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After these incidents, wolves began to chase children systematically: On November 6, in the "New Village" kolkhoz of the Alexandrovsk locality, wolves attacked and dismembered an 8-year-old girl in broad daylight. Two days later at 11:00 AM in the Beretzovskiy settlement, a 14-year-old postwoman named Tamara Musinova was bitten to death by nine wolves. On November 19, 16-year-old Maria Polakova was killed by wolves while returning to work with her sister in a forest clearing of the Ramenskiy locality.
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Federal Republic of Germany, June 1989 They married in September 1953 and moved to her husband's home region of Stavropol in southern Russia upon graduation. There, she taught Marxist–Leninist philosophy and defended her sociology research thesis about kolkhoz life. She gave birth in 1957 to their only child, Irina Mikhailovna (married name: Virganskaya; Ирина Михайловна Вирганская). When her husband returned to Moscow as a rising Soviet Communist Party official, Gorbacheva took a post of a lecturer at her alma mater, Moscow State University.
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In 1947 she published the novel Kruzhilikha, translated as Looking Ahead (Stalin Prize in 1948), about people working in a Ural factory. She had begun writing the novel in 1944, but had been interrupted by the hospital train assignment. In 1949 she wrote the novel Yasny Bereg (Bright Shore; Stalin Prize of 1950) about people working in a kolkhoz. With the onset of the Khrushchev Thaw she wrote Vremena Goda (Span of the Year, 1953) about the relations of fathers and sons within the Soviet intelligentsia.
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Pavlo Lazarenko was born in a village of Karpivka (Shyroke Raion) that is located just outside a former Inhulets city (today part of Kryvyi Rih) on 23 January 1953 in peasant family (gardener). In 1970 he worked as a driver in the kolkhoz "Zoria Komunizma" (Dawn of Communism) in Shyroke Raion. From May 1971 to June 1973 Lazarenko served in the Soviet Army on the border with Afghanistan. After that in 1973-1978 he studied at the Dnipropetrovsk State Agrarian University in Agronomic Department.
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Russian Volunteers in the Wehrmacht Amongst other things, Rosenberg issued a series of posters announcing the end of the Soviet collective farms (kolkhoz). He also issued an Agrarian Law in February 1942, annulling all Soviet legislation on farming and restoring family farms for those willing to collaborate with the occupiers. But decollectivisation conflicted with the wider demands of wartime food production, and Hermann Göring demanded that the collective farms be retained, save for a change of name. Hitler himself denounced the redistribution of land as "stupid".
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Naumov was drafted into the Red Army in July 1941 by the Krasnoperekopsky military district authority and sent to the . He graduated in an accelerated program in November 1942 and was made a lieutenant and joined the 91st Tank Brigade at their muster point near Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod). Here Naumov was assigned as a commander of a KV-1 in the 344th Tank Battalion. His tank was part of the , named for a kolkhoz at Tambov whose workers had funded the tanks' construction.
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The main structural units of VSS were physical culture collectives by the enterprises, public-service institutions, collective farms (kolkhoz), state farms (sovkhoz), educational institutions, etc. These collectives were primary organizations of VSS and numbered 114 thousands (including 105 thousands under Trade Unions), united into 36 VSS (29 of them were of Trade Unions) as of 1971. There were six All- Union VSS () and 30 republican VSS - 15 united physical culture collectives of industrial enterprises and other 15 united rural collectives. Those were the standard societies.
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Some of those dekulakized were declared to have been labeled mistakenly and received their property back, and some returned home. As a result, the collectivization process was rolled back. On May 1, 1933, 38.2% of Ukrainian SSR peasant households and 41.1% of arable land had been collectivized—by the end of August these numbers declined to 29.2% and 35.6% respectively. A second forced-voluntary collectivization campaign was initiated in the winter of 1931, with significant assistance of the so-called tug-brigades composed of kolkhoz udarniks.
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In 1917, he became a member of Moscow bureau of Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, secretary of the party committee in Tula and served in administration of the 2nd army. In 1920-1921, Kaminsky was the First Secretary of Azerbaijan Communist Party, chairman of the Baku Commune and Red Army deputies. From 1922 through 1929, he was the chairman of Central Committee of Vserabotzemles trade union and a chairman of kolkhoz center. In 1930, he was appointed the Secretary of Moscow State Committee of the Communist Party.
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Mirza Agamurad oglu Jabiyev (; 22 February 1925-10 February 1978) was a Red Army captain and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Jabiyev was awarded the title on 19 April 1945 for his actions in the Battle of Königsberg during the storming of Fort Five. Jabiyev led his platoon in the storming of the fort and reportedly raised the red flag on the main tower of the fort. Jabiyev left the army in 1946 and became chairman of the village council and a kolkhoz director.
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The congregation owned the deteriorating castle until the beginning of the 19th century when it was confiscated by the Tsarist authorities pursuant to the Russification policies and given to an Eastern Orthodox monastery. In 1923, after the , the property was divided and sold to farmers. In the early 20th century, a farmhouse was built in the southwestern corner of the former castle. During the Soviet era, the former castle belonged to a kolkhoz and suffered further damage as ramparts were plowed over, particularly on the southern side.
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Cho was initially supposed to enroll at the Moscow University, but he was robbed at a train station in Omsk. With no money, Cho was stranded and had to work at a kolkhoz in Omsk for the summer to get some. The rector of the Omsk University, Aleksandr Sergeevitch Slivko was touched by his fate and decided to admit him in the university. Thus, from 1933 until his graduation in 1937, he attended the Faculty of Literature of the Gorky Omsk State Pedagogical University.
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Vladimir Putin (right) greets Abdulmajid Dostiev (left) Abdulmajid Salimovich Dostiev (, ; born 1946) is a Tajikistan politician and diplomat. Born in Bokhtar District in 1946, Dostiev served in the Soviet Army from 1966 until 1968 before pursuing a career in agriculture. Dostiev worked on a kolkhoz (communal farm) and went on to study entomology at the Agricultural University of Tajikistan, graduating in 1974. In 1977 he became the chief agronomist at the Qurghonteppa Department of Agriculture, and in 1980 he became head of that department.
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The mass collectivization drive of the late 1920s and early 1930s pushed the peasantry from individual household production into an archepeligo of collective farms. The question of internal organization was important in the new kolkhozes. The most basic measure was to divide the workforce into a number of groups, generally known as brigades, for working purposes. `By July 1929 it was already normal practice for the large kolkhoz of 200-400 households to be divided into temporary or permanent work units of 15-30 households.
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The Germans, violating their own treaty with the Soviet Union (the Molotov-Ribbentrop Agreement), invaded the USSR in 1941. On July 17 the German army seized Ruzhyn, intending to preserve the kolkhoz system – merely diverting the collected produce from its intended destination in Moscow to its own warehouses. All craftsmen were expected to contribute to the Nazi German Army. Not only were provisions demanded (milk, foodstuffs, meat and warm clothing), but also an annual head tax of 200 rubles was imposed on the town.
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In the spring of 1921, a general change-over from revkoms and kombeds to Soviets took place. In order to help the Azerbaijani oil industry the Supreme Council of the National Economy decided in the same year to provide it with everything necessary out of turn. The new oilfields, like Ilyich Bay, Qara-Chukhur, Lok-Batan and Kala have been discovered. In 1929 a great kolkhoz movement had developed and Azerbaijan became the second Soviet tea producer after the Georgian SSR for the first time.
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Life at a small railway station - as seen through the eyes of two 8-year-olds, Vasya and Petya, - is in turmoil. An expedition arrives from a regional center to examine the possibility of building an aluminum factory nearby. In a parallel development the majority of locals choose to form a kolkhoz, kulak Danila and two of his friends being fierce opponents. Yegor, a local Selsoviet chairman disappears with a large sum of money, collected by people for purchasing some machinery for their future enterprise.
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The 69th Rifle Division was an infantry division of the Red Army and later the Soviet Army, formed twice. It was first formed in 1936 from the 3rd Kolkhoz Rifle Division in the Soviet Far East, and in the spring of 1941 converted to the 69th Motorized Division. Sent west after the start of Operation Barbarossa, the German invasion of the Soviet Union, it was reorganized into the 107th Tank Division shortly after arriving at the front. The division fought in the Battle of Smolensk before being redesignated the 107th Motor Rifle Division in September.
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The decree was signed by Joseph Stalin, Premier of the Soviet Union, and , Administrator of Affairs of the Council of Ministers, and ordered "to eternally transfer 4000 anti-kolkhoz kulaks and their families to Krasnoyarsk Krai and Tomsk Oblast". The briefing of the Ministry of State Security (MGB) of the Lithuanian SSR was held on September 6. Lists of the deportees were to be prepared by local administration and committees of the Communist Party of Lithuania. An aggregate list was prepared by MGB listed 4,215 families (14,950 people).
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Kazakevich was born at Kremenchuk in Ukraine (then part of Imperial Russia) in 1913 and received training as an engineer at Kharkiv. In the early 1930s he moved to the Jewish autonomous region of Birobidzhan on the Amur River, where he became the chairman of a local kolkhoz and also ran a theatre. During these years he began writing and publishing poems and stories in Yiddish. In 1941 he was in Moscow, taking part in the defence efforts of the capital and later joining the regular Red Army for frontier service.
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Kusa mostly developed from a former manor with few houses into a village under Soviet rule in the 1970s under the guidance of the PMK-19 land improvement brigade (Latvian: Pārvietojamā mehanizatoru kolonna, Mobile Mechanizator Column), which was draining marshes and working on other amelioration tasks for the local Soviet collective farm (kolkhoz). Block houses, a district heating system and paved roads were built. Kusa has a postal office (postal code LV-4847), primary school (Kusas pamatskola) with approximately 250 students, small shops, a hotel, saw mill, car-repair workshops and a gas station.
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In any event, there was still a fair degree of tolerance for Jewish religious practice in the 1920s: in the Belarusian capital Minsk, for example, of the 657 synagogues existing in 1917, 547 were still functioning in 1930.Elissa Bemporad, Becoming Soviet Jews: The Bolshevik Experiment in Minsk, Indiana University Press, 2013, p. 119 Threshing in the fields in a Jewish kolkhoz. In order to promote agricultural labor amongst Russian Jews, on January 17, 1925 the CPSU formally created a government committee, the Komzet, and a complementary public society, the OZET.
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The Soviet base of support was strengthened by a land reform program initiated by the Soviets in which most of the owners of large lots of land were labeled "kulaks" and dispossessed of their land, which was then divided among poorer peasants. However, the Soviet authorities then started a campaign of forced collectivisation, which largely nullified the earlier gains from the land reform as the peasants generally did not want to join the Kolkhoz farms, nor to give away their crops for free to fulfill the state-imposed quotas.
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The name of the village is related to the former Cherkasy starosta (elder) and Voivode of Volhynia Hieronim Janusz Sanguszko and according to the "Tales about populated localities of Kiev Governorate" of 1864 by Lavrentiy Polkhylevych, it was founded sometime in the 18th century. Orthodox church of 1856 In 1930 in the village was established OGPU collective farm (kolkhoz) along with the Communist party cell. During the World War II, Heronymivka was occupied by the Nazi Germany in 22 August 1941 to 17 November 1943. The village was retaken by the Soviet troops.
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The power to issue passports rested with the head of the kolkhoz, and identity documents were kept by the administration of the collective farms. This measure stayed in place until 1974. The lack of passports could not completely stop peasants' leaving the countryside, but only a small percentage of those who illegally infiltrated into cities could improve their lot. Unable to find work or possibly buy or beg a little bread, farmers died in the streets of Kharkiv, Kyiv, Dnipropetrovsk, Poltava, Vinnytsia, and other major cities of Ukraine.
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The Mosfilm personnel returned to Moscow at the end of 1943. The famous Mosfilm logo, representing the monument "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman" by Vera Mukhina and Spasskaya Tower of the Kremlin, was introduced in 1947 in the musical comedy, Spring directed by Grigori Aleksandrov and starring Lyubov Orlova and Nikolai Cherkasov. By the time the Soviet Union was no more, Mosfilm had produced more than 3,000 films. Many film classics were shot at Mosfilm throughout its history and some of these were granted international awards at various film festivals.
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In the Russian language compounding is a common type of word formation, and several types of compounds exist, both in terms of compounded parts of speech and of the way of the formation of a compound.Student Dictionary of Compound Words of the Russian Language(1978) Compound nouns may be agglutinative compounds, hyphenated compounds (стол-книга 'folding table', lit. 'table-book', "book-like table"), or abbreviated compounds (acronyms: колхоз 'kolkhoz'). Some compounds look like acronym, while in fact they are an agglutinations of type stem + word: Академгородок 'Akademgorodok' (from akademichesky gorodok 'academic village').
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It was the largest and most prosperous agricultural colony near Derazhnia, at one point in the late 19th century it had a population of over 700. The colony continued until it was turned into a kolkhoz Stary Maidan by the Soviets in 1928. It was nicknamed "Yiddish Maidan" by its residents, primarily to distinguish it from the nearby village of Novyi Maidan ("New Maidan"). Due to periodic pogroms and to impoverished conditions in the first two decades of the 20th century, many residents emigrated to the United States (and some to Israel).
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Worker and Kolkhoz Woman commemorated in a stamp Art, whether literature, visual art, or performing art, was for the purpose of propaganda.Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p282, Furthermore, it should show one clear and unambiguous meaning.Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p368 Long before Stalin imposed complete restraint, a cultural bureaucracy was growing up that regarded art's highest form and purpose as propaganda and began to restrain it to fit that role.Richard Pipes, Russia Under the Bolshevik Regime, p283, Cultural activities were constrained by censorship and a monopoly of cultural institutions.
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In literature, Maxim Gorky urged that one obtained realism by extracting the basic idea from reality, but by adding the potential and desirable to it, one added romantism with deep revolutionary potential.R. H. Stacy, Russian Literary Criticism p. 188 Worker and Kolkhoz Woman Stalin understood the powerful message which could be sent through images to a primarily illiterate population. Once he was in power, posters quickly became the new medium for educating illiterate peasants on daily life—from bathing, to farming, the posters provided visual instruction on almost everything.
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Peter the Great stayed at Schaaken Castle three times; it was Alexander Suvorov's headquarters during the Seven Years' War. In the first third of the 19th century the residential building of the castle was remodeled in a Romantic Gothic style, with a new roof and slender corner towers. The kitchen building, the underground vaults, and the stone ring wall remained largely unchanged. At the time of World War II, the castle and of land was a family farm; the Red Army took it in January 1945, and the farm subsequently became a kolkhoz.
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In 1937, at the Congress organized to commemorate the First Congress held in 1907, Mašiotienė presented a paper, The Political and National Work of Women from 1907 to 1937, which was published as a book the following year. World War II brought significant changes to Mašiotienė's life. Her daughter left the country in 1944, moving to Australia. She was banned from teaching, and though she was allowed to live on her estate, she and her husband had to volunteer to participate in a kolkhoz, a Soviet agricultural collective.
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Mammad Ali oglu Maharramov (; 9 October 1919 5 May 1977) was an Azerbaijani Red Army lieutenant and a Hero of the Soviet Union. Maharramov fought in the Winter War after being drafted into the Red Army in 1941. He fought in World War II from 1941 and was awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union on 22 February 1944 for leading his squad in reportedly killing 50 German soldiers during the Battle of the Dnieper, among other actions. After the war, Maharramov was chairman of the village council and a kolkhoz.
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Abramov was from a peasant background. He studied at Leningrad State University, but put his schooling on hold to serve as a soldier in World War II. In 1951 he finished his schooling at the university, then remained as a teacher until 1960. After he left the university he became a full-time writer. His essay, written in 1954, "People in the Kolkhoz Village in Postwar Prose", which addressed the glorified portrayal of life in Communist Soviet Villages, was denounced by the Writers' Union and the Central Committee.
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Onoprienko was born on 19 December 1911 in the village of Uil in Aktobe Region to a peasant family of Ukrainian ethnicity. In 1927, he graduated from seven years of education and worked at his father's farm. In August 1930, he became the foreman of the village "Felix Dzerzhinsky" Kolkhoz. In July 1931, Onoprienko was drafted into the Red Army. He graduated from the school of the 14th Turkestan Mountain Rifle Regiment of the 3rd Turkestan Rifle Division in the Central Asian Military District in May 1932 at Termez.
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The old Market Square was transformed into October Square rallies with the Lenin Monument (1951), while the new Kolkhoz Market was created in 1950 in the place of the old town's ruined houses between Pludson and Industrial Streets. A canning-wine plant was built in place of the war-torn mill. In the former pastor's manor behind a pontoon bridge, a canning factory was established in 1946. A couple of kilometers from the town, a Bauska incubator and a poultry farm were established, starting a poultry farming industry.
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By August 1, 1939, more than 250 pavilions were built on . A 1937 statue by Vera Mukhina, Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, atop the USSR pavilion of the Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937) (Paris Expo of 1937), was rebuilt at the entrance gates. Pavilions were created in the national styles of Soviet republics and regions; a walk through the exhibition recreated a tour of the huge country. The central pavilion by Vladimir Schuko was based slightly on the abortive 1932 Palace of Soviets draft by Zholtovsky.
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Yelena (Mariya Strelkova), a well-off would-be singer who can't carry a tune, mistakes shepherd Kostya Potekhin (Leonid Utyosov) for a famous Italian conductor of a jazz orchestra and invites him to an elegant party held in her house. He plays his pan flute, which attracts the herd of animals from his kolkhoz to the dining tables. Yelena's servant Anyuta (Lyubov Orlova) falls for Kostya. But Kostya is attracted to Yelena, and when she turns him down following the discovery of his real identity, he is very upset.
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He kept in close contact with other German emigres too, such as Johannes R. Becher, Adam Scharrer and Erich Weinert. He worked in various architect's offices and ran drawing groups together with another exiled artist, the painter Heinrich Vogeler. After the attack on the Soviet Union in 1941 he was expelled from the greater Moscow region, this time for being German, and arrived first of all in the Tatar Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, where he worked at a "kolkhoz" collective farm. A year later he was conscripted into the Labour Army and brought to Kazan.
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Amadeo Bordiga wrote about his view of the Soviet Union as a capitalist society. In contrast to those produced by the Trotskyists, Bordiga's writings on the capitalist nature of the Soviet economy also focused on the agrarian sector. Being the engineer that he was, Bordiga displayed a kind of theoretical rigidity which was both exasperating and effective in allowing him to see things differently. He wanted to show how capitalist social relations existed in the kolkhoz and in the sovkhoz, one a cooperative farm and the other the straight wage-labor state farm.
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When the former owner with her husband, who was admiral, came to the police kennel to see the dog, he rushed at her. It had developed a conditioned reflex: "Only the guide has the right to call him by name". In winter, Mukhtar is on the trail of a recidivist Frolov, who killed the kolkhoz farm guard, and the traces of the bandit are covered by a strong snowstorm. During detention recidivist, who armed with a pistol, hit Mukhtar by two bullets, but the dog from last forces clung to the throat of the criminal.
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Lithuanian SSR postage stamp, showing workers of a kolkhoz Collectivization in the Lithuanian SSR took place between 1947 and 1952. The 1990 per capita GDP of the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic was $8,591, which was above the average for the rest of the Soviet Union of $6,871. This was half or less of the per capita GDPs of adjacent countries Norway ($18,470), Sweden ($17,680) and Finland ($16,868). Overall, in the Eastern Bloc, systems without competition or market-clearing prices became costly and unsustainable, especially with the increasing complexity of world economics.
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The plan, overall, was to transition the Soviet Union from a weak, poorly controlled, agriculture state, into an industrial powerhouse. While the vision was grand, its planning was ineffective and unrealistic given the short amount of time given to meet the desired goals. In 1929, Stalin edited the plan to include the creation of "kolkhoz" collective farming systems that stretched over thousands of acres of land and had hundreds of thousands of peasants working on them. The creation of collective farms essentially destroyed the kulaks as a class (dekulakization).
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Major General Vitaly Ivanovich Gamov (; 1962 - 28 May 2002), "Я вернусь домой генералом..." Karavan 31 May 2002 was a Deputy Commander of the Pacific Regional Directorate of the Border Guard Service of Russia.Расследование уголовного дела об убийстве генерала Гамова завершено Regnum He was killed in his house after refusing to take bribes and allow poachers to outsource their recourse to Japan.Гамова сожгли неосторожные хулиганы Gazeta.ru 19 June 2008 Gamov was born to the family of a kolkhoz truck driver in Gorny Gigant near Almaty, Kazakhstan, then part of the Soviet Union.
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In May 1932, he introduced a system of kolkhoz markets where peasants could trade their surplus produce. At the same time, penal sanctions became more severe; at Stalin's instigation, in August 1932 a decree was introduced wherein the theft of even a handful of grain could be a capital offense. The second five-year plan had its production quotas reduced from that of the first, with the main emphasis now being on improving living conditions. It therefore emphasised the expansion of housing space and the production of consumer goods.
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Attempts were made to manage the problem with bread speculation by imposing a quota on all carried foods met with very limited success. On the request of Kosior such provisions were lifted by Stalin at the end of May 1932. The July GPU reports for the first half of 1932, mentioned the “difficulties with food” in 127 rayons (out of 484), acknowledged the fact that they did not have information for all regions. The Decree of Sovnarkom on “Kolkhoz Trade” issued in May, fostered rumors amongst peasants that collectivization was once again rolled-back as it had been in the spring 1930.
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According to the most recent research, Gerasimovka was described in the Soviet press as a "kulak nest" because all its villagers refused to join the kolkhoz, a state-controlled collective farm during the collectivization. Pavlik informed on neighbours when they did something wrong, including his own father, who left the family for another woman. Pavlik was not a Pioneer, although he wanted to be one. Kelly believes there is no evidence that the family was involved in the murder of the boy, and that it was probably the work of other teenagers with whom Pavlik had a squabble over a gun.
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The local VdgB was disciplined and ordered to pay the sales proceeds to the MAS. The Degebrodt family fled East Germany. In 1953, in the course of the communist collectivisation of the agriculture started in 1952, Banzendorf's farmers were urged to join the local Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft (LPG, Agricultural Production Comradeship or Community; the East German variants of the kolkhoz).Despite the name element Genossenschaft, meaning actually cooperative, the LPG were no cooperatives, because membership was not voluntary, and the assembly of members could not freely elect their board of executives, which were imposed by the superior authorities.
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Khrushchev did what he could to assist his hometown. Despite Khrushchev's efforts, in 1945, Ukrainian industry was at only a quarter of pre-war levels, and the harvest actually dropped from that of 1944, when the entire territory of Ukraine had not yet been retaken. In an effort to increase agricultural production, the kolkhozes (collective farms) were empowered to expel residents who were not pulling their weight. Kolkhoz leaders used this as an excuse to expel their personal enemies, invalids, and the elderly, and nearly 12,000 people were sent to the eastern parts of the Soviet Union.
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Modern art was banned as being decadent, bourgeois and elitist. The comparison of sculptures placed by national pavilions during the 1937 International Exhibition in Paris is revealing. The exhibition was dominated by the confrontation between Germany and the Soviet Union, with their imposing pavilions facing each other.Dawn Adès (et al.), Art and Power: Europe under the Dictators, 1930-1945, London: The South Bank Centre, 1995 On one side, Josef Thorak’s sculptures were displayed by the German pavilion’s entrance. And on the other, Vera Mukhina’s sculpture, Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, was placed on top of the Soviet pavilion.
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In 1936, he was also in the leadership of the Iaşi section of the Student Democratic Front. The June 1940 Soviet occupation of Bessarabia found him on vacation there; he chose to remain and become a Soviet citizen. In September 1940 he began working at the Institute for Scientific Research in Chişinău, forced to flee in June 1941 following the province's recapture by Romania. Ending up in the Karaganda area, for nearly two years he was a teacher, school director, miner and party activist on a kolkhoz, until being sent to Moscow in 1943 to resume his studies.
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On the eve of World War II, Ivan Chonkin, the most dispensable soldier, is sent to guard a disabled military plane that crash landed on a kolkhoz (collective farm). Forgotten by his command, he earns favors of a nearby kolkhoznik woman Nyura and moves in with her. Nyura's cow eats the patch of experimental tomato-potato hybrids of the local mad genius agronomist Gladyshev, and in a retaliation the latter sends an anonymous note to NKVD that Chonkin is a deserter. When NKVDists come to arrest Chonkin, he, being a Good Soldier, refuses to leave the post, and arrests the NKVDists himself.
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Worker and Kolkhoz Woman commemorated in a Soviet stamp in Socialist realist style. The Soviet man was to be selfless, learned, healthy, muscular, and enthusiastic in spreading the socialist Revolution. Adherence to Marxism-Leninism, and individual behavior consistent with that philosophy's prescriptions, were among the crucial traits expected of the New Soviet man, which required intellectualism and hard discipline.B. R. Myers, The Cleanest Race, p 81 He was not driven by crude impulses of nature but by conscious self-mastery, a belief that required the rejection of both innate personality and the unconscious, which Soviet psychologists therefore rejected.
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In 1945, by decision of the Soviet Government School of Technical Drawing, it was re-established as the College of Art and Design which provides training in the monumental, decorative and industrial arts. In 1948 it became the Leningrad Higher School of Art and Industry. It was renamed the Leningrad Vera Mukhina Higher School of Art and Design in 1953 (after Vera Mukhina, the monumentalist author of Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, whose name was a symbol of Soviet art). As Mukhina was not personally linked to the school, the educational establishment (informally known as Mukha) was renamed after its founder in 1994.
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December 1932 Initially, such sanctions were applied to only six villages, but later they were applied to numerous rural settlements and districts. For peasants, who were not kolkhoz members and who were "underperforming" in the grain collection procurement, special measures were adopted. To reach the grain procurement quota amongst peasants, 1,100 brigades were organized, which consisted of activists, often from neighboring villages, who had either already accomplished their grain procurement quota or were close to accomplishing it. In the end at least 400 collective farms where put on the "Blackboard," more than half of them in Dnepropetrovsk alone.
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Soviet regime promoted "socialist realism" (the pictured Worker and Kolkhoz Woman by Vera Mukhina being an example) such that certain artistic styles received large-scale support while the state actively censored other material. Within the totalitarian regimes of Nazi Germany and Soviet Russia, all sorts of created material previously seen as not necessarily political became forced into ideological frameworks due to the all- encompassing nature of those governments' polices. Less dramatic instances have occurred in various other contexts inside of different nations during the 20th century and since. The politicization of music serves as an example.
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After a successful test involving MTS which served one large kolkhoz each, Khrushchev ordered a gradual transition—but then ordered that the change take place with great speed. Within three months, over half of the MTS facilities had been closed, and kolkhozes were being required to buy the equipment, with no discount given for older or dilapidated machines. MTS employees, unwilling to bind themselves to kolkhozes and lose their state employee benefits and the right to change their jobs, fled to the cities, creating a shortage of skilled operators. The costs of the machinery, plus the costs of building storage sheds and fuel tanks for the equipment, impoverished many kolkhozes.
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The local Jewish population was murdered during the Holocaust; after the war, members of the local nobility as well as wealthier peasants and non-Ukrainians were either executed or deported to Siberia by the communists, where they perished in the gulags. Farmers were forced to hand over their land for collectivization. After the fall of the Iron Curtain in 1989 and the collapse of the local kolkhoz, high unemployment forced many, especially young people, to leave for larger towns in flights of urbanization. The 2001 national census counted 164 inhabitants, and in 2009 the village consisted of around 40 houses, down from 300 in the past.
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Hava was born on December 25, 1929 in the town of Świerże in Eastern Poland to Yerachmiel Len and Esther Wienograd Len. In early 1940, after the Soviet invasion of Poland and the fall of the Second Polish Republic, Yerachmiel was arrested on charges of political dissent and deported to a gulag in Siberia with the rest of his family. After a year in the gulag, Hava and her family were sent to work on a kolkhoz in order to help feed the proliferous ranks of the Soviet Army. Between 1942-1944 the family managed to emigrate to Osh, Kyrgyzstan, where Hava completed secondary school in 1946.
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In Kimry, a little town of koustari-cobblers, the administration wants > to shut a church, and so a crowd offers passive opposition by regrouping en > masse in front of the doors while shouting their disagreement - without the > least bit of violence, but nevertheless, five are singled out by Soviet > authorities and sentenced to death. In Abkhazia, for a reason everyone > ignores, nine have been condemned to death. In Siberia, some 15 to 20 will > be shot on Monday for offering some passive resistance to the kolkhoz, etc, > etc. The second terror were the officers of the GPU, who, we could almost > say, shot peasants indiscriminately.
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Over 4,000 Chinese firms or Kazakhstani firms with some Chinese investors are officially registered with the government; however, , only 213 were active. There is a Chinese bazaar in Almaty, the Barakholka Bazaar, which in addition to selling general Chinese-made products such as electronics or foodstuffs to local people, also sells products aimed at Chinese people such as Chinese pop music or Chinese-language newspapers. These are not in evidence in other urban areas. It came to be dominated by Uyghur and Dungan traders in the 1990s; it is actually located near the site of a former Dungan kolkhoz and the areas of traditional Uyghur settlement in Almaty - Zarya Vostoka village.
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Memorial plaque in Voronezh Troepolsky was born in Tambov Governorate, the son of a Russian Orthodox priest. He graduated from an agricultural school in 1924 and worked as an agronomist on kolkhozes until 1954, when he became a full-time writer, all his books dealing with nature and people who work the land. His first short story appeared in 1937. His first book, the collection Iz zapisok agronoma [Diaries of an Agronomist], was published in 1953 by Novy Mir; in it he "ridiculed district party secretaries, kolkhoz chairmen, village demagogues and thieves"Yitzhak M. Brudny, Reinventing Russia: Russian Nationalism and the Soviet State, 1953–1991 (Harvard University Press, 2000: ), p. 48.
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Speculative prices of food in the cooperative network (5–10 times more compared to neighboring Soviet republics) brought significant peasant "travel for bread", while attempts to handle the situation had very limited success. The quota on carried-on foods provision was lifted by Stalin (at Kosior's request) at the end of May 1932. The July GPU reports for the first half of 1932 mentioned the "difficulties with food" in 127 out of 484 rayons and acknowledged the incompleteness of the information for the regions. The decree of Sovnarkom on "Kolkhoz Trade" issued in May fostered rumors amongst peasants that collectivization was rolled back again, as it had been in spring 1930.
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The artist turned to murals and landscape painting as well, and created large-sized panels that are included in the list of Latvian art heritage. When the canvas became too small for her imagination, she worked as a muralist and portrait painter, dealing with themes of ecology, ancient history and topical problems of her time. The decorative landscapes she did during the “Talsi period” (1973–1980) feature the characteristic architectural motifs of the city Talsi (triptych Kurland, The City of Nine Hills, Encounter, Unite). From 1980–1982, she also did an order to draw sketches for the stained-glass windows at Liepāja fishermen kolkhoz Boļševiks (The Bolshevik) house in Bārta.
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Although seven representatives were caught in an accident caused by Soviet reconnaissance, and German occupation authorities also sent their representative to the Congress, the Congress was nonetheless very important because the Lithuanian Army for Freedom came out of it as the main organiser of resistance. On 7 October 1944 Kaltinėnai was occupied by the soviet army and the second Soviet Occupation began. Although this was one of the most difficult times in Lithuanian history, Kaltinėnai retained considerable significance as the centre of the precinct, kolkhoz and parish. The population declined sharply after World War II, but it began to climb again some years later.
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In 1950 Parajanov married his first wife, Nigyar Kerimova, in Moscow. She came from a Muslim Tatar family and converted to Eastern Orthodox Christianity to marry Parajanov. She was later murdered by her relatives because of her conversion. After her murder Parajanov left Russia for Kiev, Ukraine, where he produced a few documentaries (Dumka, Golden Hands, Natalia Uzhvy) and a handful of narrative films: Andriesh (based on a fairy tale by the Moldovan writer Emilian Bukov), The Top Guy (a kolkhoz musical), Ukrainian Rhapsody (a wartime melodrama), and Flower on the Stone (about a religious cult infiltrating a mining town in the Donets Basin).
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The sovkhozy tended to emphasize larger scale production than the kolkhozy and had the ability to specialize in certain crops. The government tended to supply them with better machinery and fertilizers, not least because Soviet ideology held them to be a higher step on the scale of socialist transition. Machine and tractor stations were established with the "lower form" of socialist farm, the kolkhoz, mainly in mind, because they were at first not trusted with ownership of their own capital equipment (too "capitalist") as well as not trusted to know how to use it well without close instruction. Labor productivity (and in turn incomes) tended to be greater on the sovkhozy.
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Ruzhytskyi joined the Communist Party of the Soviet Union in 1961. He served as the First Secretary of the Yelanets District Committee of the Komsomol of Ukraine from 1961 to 1962. He then served as the Deputy Head of a Kolkhoz in the Nova Odessa Raion of the Mykolaiv Oblast from 1962 to 1964. From 1964 to 1965, he was once again involved with the Komsomol of Ukraine. From 1965 to 1970, he served as the Second Secretary of the Nova Odessa District Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and was promoted to First Secretary of the Nova Odessa District Committee in 1970.
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Pressure from Moscow to collectivize continued and the authorities in Latvia sought to reduce the number of individual farmers (increasingly labelled kulaki or budži) through higher taxes and requisitioning of agricultural products for state use. The first kolkhoz was established only in November 1946 and by 1948, just 617 kolkhozes had been established, integrating 13,814 individual farmsteads (12.6% of the total). The process was still judged too slow, and in March 1949 just under 13,000 kulak families, as well as a large number of individuals, were identified. Between March 24 and March 30, 1949, about 40,000 people were deported and resettled at various points throughout the USSR.
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Threshing in the fields in a Jewish kolkhoz, c. 1930 In order to resolve socio-economic difficulties of the Russian Jews and promote agricultural labor among them, on January 17, 1925 the CPSU formally created a government committee, the Komzet, and a complementary public society, the OZET. While the land for new kolkhozes was contributed and distributed by the Soviet government via the Komzet, the job of the OZET was assisting the transfer of settlers to a new location, housebuilding, irrigation, training, providing them with cattle and agricultural tools, education, medical and cultural services. The funds were to be provided by private donations, charities and lotteries.
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Vasily (Vasil) Zakharovich Korzh (, ; 13 January 18995 May 1967), also known under the Soviet partisan nom de guerre "Komarov", was a Belarusian communist activist and Soviet World War II hero. A kolkhoz chairman, NKVD officer, and volunteer with the Spanish Republican forces in the Spanish Civil War, he is best remembered for organizing and leading one of the first Soviet partisan units during the 1941-1944 occupation of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic by Nazi Germany. On account of his partisan service, Korzh was made a major-general in the Soviet military in 1943 and was awarded the honorary title Hero of the Soviet Union in August 1944.
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The project is on the verge of collapse: people are horrified by the idea that Yegor, a trustworthy man and a Civil War hero, should turn out a thief. Then the reason for one of the boys, Petya’s strange behaviour becomes clear. It turns out that he’s found Yegor’s blood-stained cap in the forest and seems to know who the murderer is. The three kulak guys get arrested for the crime one of them committed, Yegor’s dead body is found in the woods to be buried by the river, the kolkhoz project gets revived as does Vasya and Petya's long-cherished dream of distant lands and happiness for all.
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Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic Collectivization in Ukraine, officially the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic, was part of the policy of Collectivization in the USSR and dekulakization that was pursued between 1928 and 1933 with the purpose to consolidate individual land and labour into collective farms called kolkhoz and to eliminate enemies of the working class. The idea of collective farms was seen by peasants as a revival of serfdom. In Ukraine this policy had a dramatic effect on the Ukrainian ethnic population and its culture as 86% of the population lived in rural settings. The forceful introduction of the policy of collectivization was one of the main causes of the Holodomor.
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Land in rural areas was allotted for housing and some sustenance farming, and persons had certain rights to it, but it was not their property in full. In particular, in kolkhozes and sovkhozes there was a practice to rotate individual farming lots with collective lots. This resulted in situations where people would ameliorate, till and cultivate their lots carefully, adapting them to small-scale farming and in 5–7 years those lots would be swapped for kolkhoz ones, typically with exhausted soil due to intensive, large-scale agriculture . There was an extremely small number of remaining individual farmsteads (khutors; хутор), located in isolated rural areas in the Baltic states, Ukraine, Siberia and cossack lands.
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In late September 1944 in the vicinity of the Buracovskii settlement, an 18-month-old child was caught by a wolf and carried toward a forest, before being rescued by peasants. Some days later, in a kolkhoz "Giant" in the Mendeleevskiy locality, a pair of wolves ambushed a girl watching a horse in a meadow, biting her and tearing her clothes. On September 21, in the village of Golodaevshchina, 13-year-old Valentina Starikova was carried off by a wolf near a riverbank, while she was watching another wolf attacking a calf on the other side of the bank. A few hours later, a part of her leg was found in a nearby forest.
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Due to their experience with agriculture on kolkhoz during communism, many of the Poles in Kazakhstan were able to obtain invitations from rural communes in Poland, which hoped to revive farms that would otherwise be sold to German expatriates. However, in practise many were specialised with only one type of skill, and lacked familiarity with other aspects of farm operation that they would need in their new lives in Poland. In other cases, Polish students came to Kazakhstan with grants from the Polish Ministry of Education (100 each year), and later invited their family members to join them. There were also reports of people from Poland travelling to Kazakhstan and selling invitations at a high price.
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The opening of the Riga–Daugavpils Railway in 1861 led to the expansion of the town around the railway station Ringmundhofa later named Rembate. The town was entirely destroyed in World War I but was swiftly rebuilt after Latvia achieved independence. After the occupation of Latvia and its incorporation into the Soviet Union as the Latvian SSR, Edgars Kauliņš (1903–1979), the local Communist Party secretary, was able to save all of the farmers in the district from deportation during the period of forced collectivization, declaring that there were no kulaks in the area and he would rather be deported himself. In 1948 Kauliņš became the founding chairman of the kolkhoz Lāčplēsis ("The Bear Slayer"), now part of Lielvārde.
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Roza Shanina was born on 3 April 1924 in the Russian village of Edma in Arkhangelsk Oblast to Anna Alexeyevna Shanina, a kolkhoz milkmaid, and Georgiy (Yegor) Mikhailovich Shanin, a logger who had been disabled by a wound received during World War I. Roza was reportedly named after the Marxist revolutionary Rosa Luxemburg and had six siblings: one sister Yuliya and five brothers: Mikhail, Fyodor, Sergei, Pavel, and Marat. The Shanins also raised three orphans. Roza was above average height, with light brown hair and blue eyes, and spoke in a Northern Russian dialect. After finishing four classes of elementary school in Yedma, Shanina continued her education in the village of Bereznik.
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The Polish settlers came to Siberia as part of the colonization efforts of the Stolypin reform. In the beginning Polish settlers were doing fairly well and the village developed quickly, but the situation changed after the October Revolution. At the time of the Soviet Union the residents of Belostok resisted compulsory collectivisation for a long time, refused to join the kolkhoz, fought for the right to keep their identity and religion. Between 1936–1938, Poles were affected by mass repressions on the part of the NKVD: attempts were made to ban the use of the Polish language at school, orders undermining everyday life were sent, severe punishments were imposed, and matters of faith and tradition were interfered into.
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Projects included demolition and redevelopment of the Leningrad kolkhoz neighborhood as the "14th Line", and the Gazha and Vosmushka neighborhoods as the "15th Line". Subsequent to conclusion of the Asian Indoor and Martial Arts Games, the "16th Line" project, a redevelopment of the Köşi neighborhood and extension of Magtymguly Prospect to the west, was begun in 2018. In addition, the Gurtly and Choganly housing complexes, both greenfield projects, were constructed. The largest current residential project is construction of "Ashgabat-City" () north of the Choganly residential neighborhood, which is planned to include over 200 buildings on 744 hectares, and for the first time in the city's history to feature some buildings as tall as 35 stories.
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If none of the previous measures were effective the defiant peasant would be deported or exiled. The practice was made legal in 1929 under Article 61 of the criminal code. Many peasant families were forcibly resettled in Siberia and Kazakhstan into exile settlements, and most of them died on the way. Estimates suggest that about a million so-called 'kulak' families, or perhaps some 5 million people, were sent to forced labour camps. On August 7, 1932, the Decree about the Protection of Socialist Property proclaimed that the punishment for theft of kolkhoz or cooperative property was the death sentence, which "under extenuating circumstances" could be replaced by at least ten years of incarceration.
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During World War II, Alfred Rosenberg, in his capacity as the Reich Minister for the Occupied Eastern Territories, issued a series of posters announcing the end of the Soviet collective farms in areas of the USSR under German occupation. He also issued an Agrarian Law in February 1942, annulling all Soviet legislation on farming, restoring family farms for those willing to collaborate with the occupiers. But decollectivization conflicted with the wider demands of wartime food production, and Hermann Göring demanded that the kolkhoz be retained, save for a change of name. Hitler himself denounced the redistribution of land as 'stupid.'Leonid Grenkevich, The Soviet Partisan Movement, 1941–1945: A Critical Historiographical Analysis, Routledge, New York (1999), pp. 169–71.
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The "Radioelectronics" exhibition hall for some years housed the working (and unique) prototypes of the most advanced ES EVM computers to date, which were time-shared by many research organisations right on the premises. The most memorable feature of the exhibition site was the Worker and Kolkhoz Woman (Rabochiy i kolkhoznitsa) statue, featuring the gigantic figures of a man and woman holding together the famous "hammer and sickle". The sculpture, which reaches 25 meters toward the sky, was designed by Vera Mukhina and originally crowned the 35-meter-tall Soviet pavilion at the Paris Exposition Internationale des Arts et Techniques dans la Vie Moderne (1937). The statue featured on a logo of Mosfilm, Russia's largest movie studio.
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Maxime Perepelitsa is a cheerful and quick-witted guy from a Ukrainian village, well-known personality in his native town. He has a fantastic ability to invent all sorts of stories and take time off from work. Having received a summons to the army, wishing to "protect" himself against potential rivals, he sends pumpkins to all the guys in the village on behalf of his beloved girl Maroussi – this is a traditional rejection of courtship in Ukraine which ends up causing a stir in the village. The kolkhoz assembly even wants to deprive Perepelitsa of his honorable duty to serve in the Soviet Army, but Maksim gives his word to correct his behavior.
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The mission had been preceded by five years of political negotiation and technical co-operation, including exchanges of American and Soviet engineers between both countries' space centers. Trade relations between both blocs increased substantially during the era of détente. Most significant were the vast shipments of grain that were sent from the West to the Soviet Union each year and helped to make up for the failure of the kolkhoz, the Soviet collective farms. At the same time, the Jackson–Vanik Amendment, signed into US federal law by US President Gerald Ford on 3 January 1975 after a unanimous vote by both houses of the US Congress, was designed to leverage trade relations between the Americans and the Soviets.
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This musical comedy with Ladynina as singer Natasha Malinina pretended to raise serious ethical and moral questions but Sergey Eisenstein, for one, dismissed it as "Russian lubok imported from Czechoslovakia" (that was where the film had been shot). Cossacks of the Kuban (1949) saw Ladynina for the first time playing a mature woman, not some starry-eyed, naïve ingénue. The role of the Kolkhoz chairman Galina Peresvetova, a woman of tough character and tender heart, proved to be so difficult to handle that the actress for a time being was on the verge of quitting. Some argued that when it came to verve and charms, young Klara Luchko stole the show, but it was this hit that earned Ladynina the prestigious People's Artist of the USSR title.
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The "Sacco and Vanzetti Centuria" was an American anarchist military unit in the Durruti Column that fought in the Spanish Civil War.Beevor, Antony, The Battle for Spain (Penguin Books, 2006),127 Many sites in the former USSR are named after "Sacco and Vanzetti": for example, a beer production facility in Moscow,International Steam: "A Moscow Railway Miscellany, Russia, 2010", accessed July 9, 2010 a kolkhoz in Donetsk region, Ukraine; and a street and an apartment complex in Yekaterinburg.;Google Maps: "Sacco and Vanzetti Apartment", accessed July 9, 2010 'Sacco and Vanzetti' was also a popular brand of Russian pencil from 1930–2007. Numerous towns in Italy have streets named after Sacco and Vanzetti, including Via Sacco-Vanzetti in Torremaggiore, Sacco's home town; and Villafalletto, Vanzetti's.
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Following the rise of communism in the Soviet Union in the first part of the twentieth century, the teacher Ignat Toroyev (known as "Red Yaranga" () came to the island and the native herds were collectivised in 1933 into a group called "Enmitagino". Such collectivisation was very successful on the island and in 1950, the collective in Ayon was turned into a formal Kolkhoz that would eventually have around 22,000 reindeer under its control. In addition to reindeer herding, the new collective was also engaged in sea- hunting and the collection of furs. A polar station was established on the site of the village in 1941 and the icebreaker Krasin brought Pyotr Sidersky and a crew of seven people to man the new station.
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However, most of the marketplace deaths came from the second and third explosions, which occurred within 100 yards of each other in the central bazaar area, "near the flowers and confectionery stalls." According to the Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty correspondent Andrei Babitsky, the worst hit area was the so-called kolkhoz sector of the market, located near the building of the Chechen military headquarters. Reuters reporter Maria Eismont counted at least 90 bodies on the scene, while the local AFP correspondent said he witnessed 17 corpses recovered from the market. Some time afterwards, another missile fell about 200 meters from the bazaar, claiming the life of Supian Ependiyev, the first journalist to be killed while covering the Second Chechen War.
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Sergei Kramarenko was born on 10 April 1923 in the village of Kalinovka in Sumy Oblast, Ukraine, the eldest of three sons of Makar Kramarenko and Nadezhda Galkovskaya. His parents were divorced when he and his brothers were still children and he went with his mother and brothers to live first in the Caucasus, and later to a kolkhoz near the Volga river. During the 1930s the young Kramarenko listened to radio broadcasts about the deeds of Soviet airmen like Valery Chkalov and Georgy Baydukov, and so decided to become a pilot. In the autumn of 1940 he began a flying course at the Dzerzhinsky aeroclub, and as one of the 80 who graduated with the highest marks was offered the opportunity to become a military pilot.
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The Nganasans first came into contact with the Soviets around in the 1930s, when the government instituted a program of collectivization. The Soviets had established that 11% of families owned 60 percent of the deer, while the lower 66% owned only 17 percent, and remedied this by collectivizing reindeer property into kolkhoz around which the Nganasan then settled. This represented a great change in lifestyle, as the Nganasan, who had primarily been reindeer hunters, were forced to expand their small stock of domesticated reindeer that had previously only been primarily for transport or eaten during periods of famine. Additionally, the Soviets took a greater interest in the Nganasans as a people, and starting in the 1930s, ethnographers began to study their customs.
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On the theoretical level, Bordiga developed an understanding of the Soviet Union as a capitalist society. Bordiga's writings on the capitalist nature of the Soviet economy in contrast to those produced by the Trotskyists also focused on the agrarian sector. In analyzing the agriculture in the Soviet Union, Bordiga sought to display the capitalist social relations that existed in the kolkhoz and sovkhoz, one a cooperative farm and the other a wage-labor state farm. In particular, he emphasized how much of the national agrarian produce came from small privately owned plots (writing in 1950) and predicted the rates at which the Soviet Union would start importing wheat after Imperial Russia had been such a large exporter from the 1880s to 1914.
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One of the most important moments in his career was in 1910, when he was awarded the gold medal in Buenos Aires and became World Champion for the first time. One of his famous victories was the defeat of Japanese jiu-jitsu master Harakiki Jindofu, who did not survive the fatal injury of the spine he received during the fight. Several times he was not allowed to be in the Russian National team due to the Russian Empire's discriminatory policy, therefore he participated in international competitions on behalf of Manchuria with the Japanese name Yamagata Makhanura. He died on 12 August 1948 in Lyeninskoe znamya kolkhoz (South Kazakhstan Province), without any disciples and learners and leaving his four wives in Turkestan.
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Soviet statue in Vilnius before its removal, depicting the working class The Soviets assiduously promoted "people's art": every exhibition, book, movie, play, museum, and the education system had to be guided by the ideological context and be in keeping with socialist-oriented art forms. From 1950, singing festivals would be staged on a regular basis, for the first time since the 1930s, featuring Lithuanian folk songs and music that did not oppose Soviet ideology. People's artists had to portray an imaginary perfect life of kolkhoz farmers and workers, their fight against the bourgeoisie for social justice, and their values of industriousness, honour, justice, integrity, and loyalty to the ideals of communism. The most meritorious people's artists would be awarded the title of Emeritus People's Artist.
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Later he studied in Tashkent and Moscow. In 1956 he was graduated from the Leningrad Art and Industry Academy (named, at that time, in honor of Worker and Kolkhoz Woman sculptor Vera Mukhina, and thus often called the Mukhina Academy during this time) with degrees in Monuments and Decorative Painting. Boscos was admitted to the Union of Russian Artists and was elected chairman of the Volgograd organization, and was elected to the boards of the Union of Russian Artists and the Union of Soviet Artists. Despite this recognition he elected not to move to the capital but to remain on the Volga, living and working in Volgograd, Samara, and Tolyatti, where he executed his most famous works, although he did finally move to Moscow to work and teach in 1978.
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Nurmagambetov was born on 29 December 1927 in the settlement of Zhartogai, Torgai region, Zhangeldin district, in the Kazakh Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic of the Russian SFSR (later Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic), now in Kostanay Region in Kazakhstan. After 9 classes of Altynsarin middle school of Torgai, he worked in 1943–44 as an accountant of Komintern kolkhoz, Torgai region, Semiozernyi division of Gosbank (State bank). On April 17, 1946, at the age of 17, Nurmagambetov was arrested after citing a poem of Turgai-born Kazakh poet Akhmet Baitursynov (who was repressed and executed in 1937). The Kostanay court charged Nurmagambetov with the infamous Article 58 (RSFSR Penal Code) (58-10) of Political repression in the Soviet Union era and he was sentenced to 7 years of prison spent in Karlag.
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Zaitsev came to attention in 1963 when he designed a chic version of the telogreika, Pavlovsky Posad shawl-inspired skirts and multi-coloured valenki for kolkhoz workers. Whilst his creations were lauded by the authorities for "sparkling with all colours of the rainbow", his collection was not approved for production by the Methodical Council. In February 1963, Paris Match became the first foreign media outlet to profile Zaitsev, and highly rated his collection. In March 1965 Zaitsev became the Chief Designer at the All-Union Fashion House, which was also known as Dom Modeli, on Kuznetsky Most. In April 1965 Pierre Cardin, Marc Bohan (then with Dior) and Guy Laroche visited Moscow and became familiar with Zaitsev's works, although Zaitsev wasn't present, and was covered in an article of Paris Match.
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In 1939, Andreyev resumed his former position as Chairman of the Central Commission, combining that with his continued role as party secretary and Politburo member. He was also Chairman of the Soviet of the Union from 1938 until 1946. Despite this array of titles, there were signs that he was being supplanted within Stalin's inner circle by Georgi Malenkov, Nikita Khrushchev Nikolai Voznesensky and other rising stars. During the war, he was not included in the emergency State Defense Committee (GOKO), or involved front line duties, but was given responsibility for transport and food supplies, as Deputy Chairman of the transport sub-committee of GOKO, and as USSR People's Commissar for Agriculture, 1943–46, and was chairman of the Kolkhoz (collective farms) Central Council from December 1943 to February 1950.
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1987 East German stamp celebrating 35 years of LPGs 1986 wheat harvest in an LPG The German expression Landwirtschaftliche Produktionsgenossenschaft (English: Agricultural Production Cooperative), or -- more commonly -- its acronym LPG was the official designation for large, collectivised farms in East Germany, corresponding to Soviet kolkhoz. The collectivisation of private and state owned agricultural land in East Germany was the progression of a policy of food security (at the expense of large scale bourgeois farmers). It began in the years of Soviet occupation (1945–48) as part of the need to govern resources in the Soviet Sector. Beginning with the forced expropriation of all land holdings in excess of , land was redistributed in small packets of around to incoming landless refugees driven off formerly German-held territories to the east.
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Throughout the two decades of Latvian independence, there was an active social and culture lifetwo elementary schools, a choir, a dance collective, an amateur theatre, a local unit of the Aizsargi Home Guard, and others societies. The Soviet occupations (first in 1940 and second 1944-1991) did not spare Ozolnieki. In the mass deportations of 1949, the 42,000 Latvians deported on March 25, 1949 to Siberia included 18 inhabitants of the municipality.Neatkarīgā Rīta avīze March 25, 2009 After those deportations, the USSR began to liquidate individual farms, forcing the formation of collective farms or kolkhozes. The kolhozes were given Soviet-inspired names such as “Sirpis un āmurs” (Sickle and Hammer), “Staļina ērglis″ (Stalin's eagle) and “Mičurina kolhozs” (Michurin's kolkhoz)whose name includes a play on the diminutive of a Latvian word regarding bodily functions.
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Ethnic Russians kept control of the area, and the Russification of the Chuvash and Mari peoples intensified. From 1930 to 1940, a shift from mainly agriculture to industry was initiated. By 1940, the Chuvash ASSR produced 35,000,000 kWh of electricity, 848,000 m2 raw timber, 369,000 m2 sawn timber, 40,000 m cotton cloth, 200,000 pairs of hosiery, 184,000 pairs of leather footwear, and 600 tons of animal fats. According to an order dated May 28, 1940 by the Central Committee of Communist Party, 20,000 Kolkhoz peasant families of Belorussian, Chuvash, Mordvin and Tatar origin were transferred to the "New districts of the Leningrad Oblast and the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic", recently conquered in the Soviet-Finnish war. In 1941, another 20,000 families followed, each family averaging five persons.
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Yeltsin with childhood friends The Soviet Union was then under the rule of Joseph Stalin, who led the one-party state governed by the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. Seeking to convert the country into a socialist society according to Marxist-Leninist doctrine, in the late 1920s Stalin's government had initiated a project of mass rural collectivisation coupled with dekulakization. As a prosperous farmer, Yeltsin's paternal grandfather, Ignatii, was accused of being a "kulak" in 1930. His farm, which was in Basmanovo, was confiscated and he and his family were forced to reside in a cottage in nearby Butka. There, Nikolai and Ignatii's other children were allowed to join the local kolkhoz (collective farm), but Ignatii himself was not; he and his wife Anna were exiled to Nadezhdinsk in 1934, where he died two years later.
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Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p258-9 This could also be a new woman; Pravda described the Soviet woman as someone who had and could never have existed before.Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p259 Female Stakhanovites were rarer than male, but a quarter of all trade-union women were designated as "norm-breaking."Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p260 For the Paris World Fair, Vera Mukhina depicted a momentual sculpture, Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, dressed in work clothing, pressing forward with his hammer and her sickle crossed. Aleksandr Zinovyev put forth the satirical argument that a new kind of person was indeed created by the Soviet system, but held that this new man - which they call Homo Sovieticus - was in many ways the opposite of the ideal of the New Soviet man.
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Robert Service, A History of Modern Russia, from Nicholas II to Putin p 247 Later, during the purges, claims were made that criminals had been "reforged" by their work on the White Sea/Baltic Canal; salvation through labor appeared in Nikolai Pogodin's The Aristocrats as well as many articles.Piers Brendon, The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s, p488-9 This could also be a new woman; Pravda described the Soviet woman as someone who had and could never have existed before. Female Stakhanovites were rarer than male, but a quarter of all trade-union women were designated as "norm- breaking."Richard Overy, The Dictators: Hitler's Germany, Stalin's Russia, p260 For the Paris World Fair, Vera Mukhina depicted a momentual sculpture, Worker and Kolkhoz Woman, dressed in work clothing, pressing forward with his hammer and her sickle crossed.
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Portrait of a working man was presented of "Portrait of Anna Lukina, collective farmer" by Irina Baldina, "Portrait of Vasiliev, old bolshevik" by Nikolai Baskakov, "Siberian hunter Belonogov", "Portrait of the milkmaid" by Dmitry Belyaev, "Motorman Eugene Zaitsev" by Alexei Eriomin, "Portrait of Nikolai Efimov, veteran of Great Patriotic war" by Boris Korneev, "Portrait of a collective farm mechanic Vasilyev" by Nikolai Kostrov, "Portrait of a Teacher" by Gevork Kotiantz, "Portrait of kolkhoz groom" by Oleg Lomakin, "Baltic sailor Zverev" by Boris Maluev, "Ilyina, one of the first collective farmers on Oyat" by Vera Nazina, "Steelworker Sevastianov" by Genrikh Pavlovsky, "Nina Brashkina, famous milkmaid" by Varlen Pen, "Portrait of aunt Masha" by Vladimir Sakson, "Chukchi reindeer herders" by Anrei Yakovlev, "Anatoli Spytsin, electrical engineer" by Elena Zhukova, and some others.Наш современник. Вторая выставка произведений ленинградских художников. Живопись. Графика. Скульптура. 1972 год. Каталог.
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The Politburo approved a measure that specifically exempted small-scale theft of socialist property from the death penalty, declaring that "organizations and groupings destroying state, social, and co-operate property in an organized manner by fires, explosions and mass destruction of property shall be sentenced to execution without trial", and listed a number of cases in which "kulaks, former traders, and other socially-alien persons" would be subject to the death penalty. "Working individual peasants and collective farmers" who stole kolkhoz property and grain would be sentenced to ten years; the death penalty would be imposed only for "systematic theft of grain, sugar beets, animals, etc."Davies and Wheatcroft, pp.167-168, 198-203 Soviet expectations for the 1932 grain crop were high because of Ukraine's bumper crop the previous year, which Soviet authorities believed were sustainable.
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For instance, the production of Nová Země (the plot of which deals with the Holodomor in Ukraine and how the Holodomor in a Ukrainian village is defeated by socialisation of production and founding the kolkhoz Nová Země (The New Earth) by National Theatre in Prague in 1936 had to be cancelled by intervention from the Ministry of Culture as communist and pro-soviet propaganda. In 1933, when Josef Suk became director of the Prague Conservatory, Hába was made a full professor and established the Department of Quarter-tone and Sixth-tone Music. Here he had much influence over his many students. It was also the early 1930s that saw the writing of what is probably Hába’s most important orchestral work, the symphonic fantasy Cesta života (The Path of Life). The 1930s also shaped Hába’s political stance and philosophy of life.
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Moselle. Flurbereinigung is the German word best translated as land consolidation. Unlike the land reforms carried out in the socialist countries of the Eastern Bloc, including East Germany, the idea of Flurbereiningung was not so much to distribute large quasi-feudal holdings to the formerly landless rural workers and/or to Kolkhoz-style cooperatives, but rather to correct the situation where after centuries of equal division of the inheritance of small farmers among their heirs and unregulated sales, most farmers owned many small non-adjacent plots of land, making access and cultivation difficult and inefficient. Two other European countries where this kind of land reform has been carried out are France (remembrement) and the Netherlands (ruilverkaveling). Although these reforms had been anticipated by agricultural planners since the beginning of the 19th century, they were not executed in grand scale until the time about 1950.
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Czar Peter's marching cadets (160 male dancers) moved from a map of the St Petersburg projected on the stadium floor to an imperial ball inspired by Leo Tolstoy's "War and Peace," and featuring ballet dancers including Danila Korsuntsev, Ivan Vasiliev, and Svetlana Zakharova. The ball included music by Aleksander Sergeyevich Zatsepin and ended with the fifth movement (Rondo) of Alfred Schnittke's "Concerto Grosso No. 1." Fourteen columns rose from the floor, then disappeared, replaced first by scenes of the Russian Revolution and Soviet industrialization, followed by a giant moving reproduction of the famous statue "Worker and Kolkhoz Woman" made by Vera Mukhina in 1937, with hammer and sickle flying over the arena, symbolising the period of great industrialisation following the Bolshevik Revolution. Dozens of men carried rockets and the name of Yuri Gagarin appeared on the floor, followed up skyscrapers emerging against a background of modern typography.
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All kulaks were assigned to one of three categories: # Those to be > shot or imprisoned as decided by the local secret political police # Those > to be sent to Siberia, the North, the Urals or Kazakhstan, after > confiscation of their property # Those to be evicted from their houses and > used in labor colonies within their own districts Kolkhozes were typically divided up into "brigades" of 15-30 households. Over time, these came to be more permanent, and, in the 1950s, they were re- organized into "complex brigades". Brigades were often themselves divided into "links" of a few people. As opposed to Sovkhozes, or state-run farms, who employed salaried workers, the Kolkhoz workers were supposed to be paid by the day worked, although the actual rate of pay varied greatly in practice—cash was occasionally used, but more often payment was given in grain, and this only meagerly.
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35 Unlike the Stalinist model applied in the Soviet Union in the 1930s, the collectivization was not achieved by mass liquidation of wealthy peasants, starvation or agricultural sabotage, but was accomplished gradually. This often included significant violence and destruction as employed by cadres, or Party representatives.Kligman & Verdery The program was launched at the plenary of the Central Committee of the Romanian Workers' Party of 3–5 March 1949, where a resolution regarding socialist transformation of agriculture was adopted along the lines of the Soviet kolkhoz. The collectivization strategy covered two directions: model collective structures were set up, such as Gospodării Agricole Colective (GAC; Collective Agricultural Institutions) and Gospodării Agricole de Stat (GAS; State Agricultural Institutions), aimed at attracting peasants; and the full propaganda system (newspapers, radio, mobile caravans, brochures, direct action by agitators) was put in motion in order to convince peasants to form collective farming units.
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In Kirghizia, ethnic tensions began to simmer in the spring of 1990 when Adolat (Uzbek for "justice"), an Uzbek nationalist group that claimed a membership of over 40,000, began to petition the Osh government for greater representation and the freedom for Uzbek language schooling, publications, and culture. At the same time, Osh Aymaghi, a Kyrgyz nationalist group, was petitioning for its own demands, the foremost of which was the redistribution of land belonging to Lenin Kolkhoz, a mostly Uzbek collective farm. The group was on the verge of seizing the land on its own when authorities finally agreed to redistribute some of the land, but their final decision to reallocate a large portion of Uzbek land to the Kyrgyz denomination with little compensation for the original inhabitants pleased neither party. Uzbek and Kyrgyz demonstrators gathered around the collective farm to protest the party’s decision.
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This, however, was not done, as Khrushchev sought to plant corn even in Siberia, and without the necessary chemicals. While Khrushchev warned against those who "would have us plant the whole planet with corn", he displayed a great passion for corn, so much so that when he visited a Latvian kolkhoz, he stated that some in his audience were probably wondering, "Will Khrushchev say something about corn or won't he?" He did, rebuking the farmers for not planting more corn. The corn experiment was not a great success, and he later wrote that overenthusiastic officials, wanting to please him, had overplanted without laying the proper groundwork, and "as a result corn was discredited as a silage crop—and so was I". Khrushchev sought to abolish the Machine-Tractor Stations (MTS) which not only owned most large agricultural machines such as combines and tractors, but also provided services such as plowing, and transfer their equipment and functions to the kolkhozes and sovkhozes (state farms).
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"Working individual peasants and collective farmers" who stole kolkhoz property and grain should be sentenced to ten years; the death penalty should be imposed only for "systematic theft of grain, sugar beets, animals, etc." Soviet expectations for the 1932 grain crop were high because of Ukraine's bumper crop the previous year, which Soviet authorities believed were sustainable. When it became clear that the 1932 grain deliveries were not going to meet the expectations of the government, the decreased agricultural output was blamed on the kulaks, and later to agents and spies of foreign Intelligence Services--"nationalists", "Petlurovites", and from 1937 on, Trotskyists. According to a report by the head of the Supreme Court, by January 15, 1933, as many as 103,000 people (more than 14,000 in the Ukrainian SSR) had been sentenced under the provisions of the August 7 decree. Of the 79,000 whose sentences were known to the Supreme Court, 4,880 had been sentenced to death, 26,086 to ten years' imprisonment, and 48,094 to other sentences.
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The Turkmen State Project Institute undertook a feasibility study in the mid-1960s to forecast Ashgabat's development to the year 2000, and on that basis to develop a new master plan. Up until then the city had largely expanded to the east, but now the plan called for development to the south and west. This plan was used for about 20 years, and led to construction of the city's first four- story apartment buildings in the Howdan () microdistricts, formerly the site of the Ashgabat-South aerodrome, as well as annexation of three collective farms in the near suburbs and their conversion into residential neighborhoods, one of which, Leningrad kolkhoz, to this day is referred to informally by its former name. The plan was reworked in 1974, and this resulted in relocation of several industrial plants away from the city center, and thus creation of the industrial zones to the northwest, south, southeast, and northeast.
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The Soviet sculptor Vera Mukhina (1889–1953; designer of the monumental sculpture Worker and Kolkhoz Woman) is sometimes credited with the rescue of the monument, although there is no written evidence to support the fact. According to her son, she took part in a meeting where the fate of the monument was discussed, at which her opinion, as reported by her son, was that the monument was of very high artistic value and that its demolition might hurt the most sacred feelings of the Latvian people. The Freedom Monument remained, but its symbolism was reinterpreted. The three stars were said to stand for the newly created Baltic Soviet Republics – Estonian SSR, Latvian SSR, and Lithuanian SSR – held aloft by Mother Russia, and the monument was said to have been erected after World War II as a sign of popular gratitude toward the Soviet leader Joseph Stalin for the liberation of the Baltic States.
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December 1932 Initially such sanctions were applied to only six villages, but later they were applied to numerous rural settlements and districts. For peasants, who were not kolkhoz members and who were "underperforming" in the grain collection procurement, special “measures” were adopted. To “reach the grain procurement quota” amongst peasants 1,100 brigades were organized which consisted of activists (often from neighboring villages) which had accomplished their grain procurement quota or were close to accomplishing it. Since most of goods supplied to the rural areas was commercial (fabrics, matches, fuels) and was sometimes obtained by villagers from neighbored cities or railway stations, sanctioned villages remained for a long period – as an example mentioned in the December 6 Decree the village of Kamyani Potoky was removed from blacklist only October 17, 1933 when they completed their plan for grain collection early. Since January 1933 the black list regime was “softened” when 100% of plan execution was no longer demanded, mentioned in the December 6 Decree villages Liutenky and Havrylivka were removed from the black list after 88 and 70% of plan completion respectively.
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The Oxford Companion to the English Language, Tom McArthur, Ed. (1992) p. 693. In "The Principles of Newspeak", the appendix to the novel, Orwell explains that Newspeak follows most of the rules of English grammar, yet is a language characterised by a continually diminishing vocabulary; complete thoughts reduced to simple terms of simplistic meaning. Linguistically, the political contractions of Newspeak—Ingsoc (English Socialism), Minitrue (Ministry of Truth), Miniplenty (Ministry of Plenty)—identify the political philosophy and the government institutions of Oceania; like the Russian contractions politburo (Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union), Comintern (Communist International), kolkhoz (collective farm), and Komsomol (Young Communists' League)—identify the institutions of the Soviet Union; likewise, the German political contractions—Nazi (Nationalsozialismus) and Gestapo (Geheime Staatspolizei)—respectively identify the political philosophy and the secret state police of Nazi Germany. The Party's long-term goal with regard to the new language is for every member of the Party and society, except the Proles—the working-class of Oceania—to exclusively communicate in Newspeak, by A.D. 2050.
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In 1931, due to the increasing mechanization of the Red Army, cavalry divisions were fully or partially reorganized to include four cavalry, one horse artillery, and one mechanized regiment with tanks and armored cars, and communications and sapper squadrons. A year later, five separate "national" cavalry brigades were expanded into divisions, initially retaining the original numbers but in 1936 were renumbered 17 through 21. Their national designations were removed in the summer of 1940. As a result of these reorganizations, the Red Army now had 20 cavalry divisions, divided into 16 full-strength (including five mountain cavalry), three territorial, and one newly formed kolkhoz division. The People's Commissariat for Defense approved a new plan in March 1935, which proposed to form nine new cavalry divisions numbered 23 through 31, and transfer territorial divisions to full strength. In August a new TO&E; was created, authorizing a strength of 6,600 personnel for a regular cavalry division with four cavalry, mechanized, and horse artillery regiments, and separate communications and sapper squadrons, totaling 97 guns, 74 tanks, and 212 cars.
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He was born in Kolkhoz "Politodel" in the Tashkent Province of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in a family of ethnic Koreans. First was Uzbekistan National University of Sport in 1967, as a boxing coach. Second was Tashkent National Institute of Culture in 1985, as orchestra conductor and classical guitarist. On a professional scene he is from 1967 in Uzbekistan National Estrada with People's Artist of the USSR – Bakir Zakirov and in a gypsy ensemble. From 1969 to 1970 he worked as a solo guitarist in the Korean ensemble "Gayageum". From 1970 to 1972 – solo guitarist in the jazz ensemble "Turkistan asterisk". From 1973 – solo guitarist in a vocal-instrumental ensemble "Synthesis" with soloist Natasha Nurmuhamedova. From 1976 to 1981 was a guitarist and music director in "Chin- chun" ensemble, which won a Lenin Komsomol Prize in USSR in 1980. From 1981 at the invitation of the Almaty Korean Theater in Kazakhstan, he worked in "Arirang" ensemble as solo guitarist and like 2nd conductor. His concerts were broadcast on the 1st Channel of Kazakh TV from 1989 till 1993.
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The victims consisted of two adults and eight children. 11–15. In that same year, five people, including an 11-year-old boy, were shot dead while sleeping in a car before their bodies were burned. Onoprienko confessed that the murders were unintentional and that he only planned to burglarize the car. 16–19. On December 24, 1995, the Zaichenko family of four were killed with a sawed-off, double-barreled shotgun during a robbery in their home at Garmarnia, a village in central Ukraine, which was set ablaze afterwards. 20–24. On January 2, 1996, a family of four were shot and killed. The murders were quickly followed by that of a male pedestrian whom Onoprienko killed in order to eliminate potential witnesses. 25–28. On January 6, 1996, Onoprienko allegedly killed four people in three separate incidents on the Berdyansk-Dnieprovs'k highway, by stopping cars before killing the drivers. The victims were Kasai, a Navy ensign; Savitsky, a taxi driver; Kochergina, a kolkhoz cook; and an unidentified victim. 29–35. On January 17, 1996, the Pilat family of five were shot and killed in their home, which was then set ablaze.
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