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"desegregating" Synonyms
abolishing segregation ending segregation giving equal access giving equal opportunity integrating blending combining incorporating merging amalgamating fusing joining uniting assimilating intermixing coalescing melding mingling homogenising(UK) homogenizing(US) intermingling meshing mixing banding desegregation assimilation integration reconciliation reunion unification reassimilation inclusion reinclusion reintegrating reintegration More
"desegregating" Antonyms
segregating separating isolating dividing severing detaching disconnecting divorcing dissociating sequestering partitioning insulating secluding protecting quarantining shielding excluding islanding closeting sorting out confining withdrawing cloistering screening removing hiding retiring blockading concealing covering evicting ostracising(UK) segregation apartheid separation division partition dissociation exclusion isolation seclusion disunion

192 Sentences With "desegregating"

How to use desegregating in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "desegregating" and check conjugation/comparative form for "desegregating". Mastering all the usages of "desegregating" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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Ferguson (1896), desegregating the University of Texas Austin Law School.
It was a first step in desegregating New York's streetcars.
McDaniel played a pivotal role in desegregating housing in Los Angeles.
Board of Education case desegregating public schools in the United States.
Westminster, was settled in 1947, successfully desegregating public schools in California.
It was a first step in desegregating New York's streetcar lines.
Kamala Harris, who highlighted his opposition to desegregating schools through mandatory busing.
American neighborhoods are desegregating slightly, but the situation is worse for children.
This research fed the 1947 Executive Order 9981 desegregating the US armed forces.
On July 26, 1948, he signed Executive Order 9981, desegregating the entire armed forces.
And on July 26, 1948, Truman issued an executive order desegregating the U.S. armed forces.
Board of Education decision, the division began the process of desegregating schools across the nation.
So to pass something like that here in California is just ... it's like desegregating schools.
Board of Education, but a school district in Mississippi is only now fully desegregating their schools.
Board of Education found school segregation unconstitutional, schools were expected to begin the process of desegregating.
Rickey insisted that he was interested only in integrating baseball and not in desegregating the South.
Interestingly, charter schools—the current fad in school choice—do not provide similar results in desegregating education.
It was still a year before President Harry Truman would issue an executive order desegregating the military.
By summer, the sit-ins had spread to more than 50 cities, and lunch counters were rapidly desegregating.
The desegregation busing that Biden opposed looked something like this: These kinds of plans were incredibly effective at desegregating schools.
In addition to desegregating schools and local junior and teacher colleges, the board started defining enrollment by where people lived.
Most significantly, it hasn't been successful at desegregating schools, in part because there was no political coalition for it to work.
Orval Faubus, in defiance of a federal court order desegregating schools, called out the Arkansas National Guard to prevent them from entering.
Bradley, the court ruled that unless the segregation was shown to be intentional, school systems could not be held responsible for desegregating.
Although the theme of desegregating the literary canon reappears in The Origin of Others, times have changed since Playing in the Dark.
Board of Education, the United States moved in the direction of desegregating schools that kept minorities in separate and poorly funded learning environments.
Now, in this time of social and political division, Eckford has released a book, The Worst First Day: Bullied While Desegregating Central High.
Still, my hometown, Teaneck, N.J., was a beacon of diversity, and a pioneer in racial integration by voluntarily desegregating in the early 1960s.
Her K-12 plan also commits to desegregating schools and takes a strict stance on charter schools, which are independently operated but publicly funded.
Biden has said over the years that he supported the overarching idea of desegregating schools, but not forced busing as a means to achieve it.
"On this very day in 1948, President Harry Truman signed the executive order desegregating the U.S. military," House Minority Leader Nancy Pelosi (D-Calif.) said.
But the basic outline is easy to track, from the Negro Leagues to Latin America and finally to the slowly desegregating minor leagues of the 19603s.
And the court responded by desegregating public schools, upholding the constitutionality of the Voting Rights Act and legalizing interracial marriage, to name a few landmark decisions.
But when I was last active in the state's politics, in 1960, the state was a leader in desegregating schools in response to the Brown v.
"I think of busing as being in the toolbox of what is available and what can be used for the goal of desegregating America's schools," Harris said.
"I think of busing as being in the toolbox of what is available and what can be used for the goal of desegregating America's schools," she responded.
In his 2007 memoir, Mr. Biden discussed a cross-district busing effort in the 1970s aimed at desegregating schools in a county in Delaware — his home state.
Instead, the legislature passed a fee on motorists and shifted most of the cost of desegregating schools from the state to taxpayers in low-income school districts.
Then they asked about specific presidential actions, including freeing the slaves, desegregating the military, interning Japanese Americans during World War II, and deferring deportation for some unauthorized immigrants.
Biden has recovered most of his polling numbers after a rough first debate, when Harris tore into his opposition to federally mandated busing aimed at desegregating school districts.
Ten House Republicans joined with their Democratic counterparts to vote for the "Harry Truman amendment," so-named in honor of the former president's 1948 executive order desegregating the military.
It was the beginning of a federal distinction between de facto and de jure segregation, and signaled a shift in the court's willingness to be involved with desegregating state school systems.
"Today, on the anniversary of President Harry Truman's order desegregating the United States Armed Forces, President Trump is choosing to retreat in the march toward equality," Reed said in a statement.
For decades, the Department of Justice has used court-enforced agreements to protect civil rights, successfully desegregating school systems, reforming police departments, ensuring access for the disabled and defending the religious.
In a Wednesday morning tweetstorm coinciding with the 69th anniversary of Harry Truman's order desegregating the military, Trump announced a new policy barring transgender people from serving in the American military.
In 1960, while a student at the University of Michigan at Ann Arbor, he was involved in the formation of Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), then dedicated to desegregating the South.
"  Carson, who didn't grow up in public housing and hasn't held public office before, has criticized some Obama-era HUD policies, likening a rule aimed at desegregating local communities to "social engineering.
For every step forward for Black women being better represented in the beauty industry (embracing natural hair, desegregating the beauty aisle, expanding foundation shade ranges), there always seems to be two steps back.
The festivities opened with an address by the present headmaster, G.Thomas Battle Jr., to a few hundred in the school's new theater, during which Battle saluted Bill and Marvin for desegregating the school.
Letter To the Editor: Our father, George Tramontin, acting superintendent of the Charlottesville, Va., school system in the mid-1960s, took on the task, with many key allies, of desegregating the public schools.
In 1974, when the city of Boston was desegregating its schools, I watched the news with my dad, and saw the police escorts in riot gear, the protesters screaming at the buses, small frightened faces in their windows.
Trump's tweet yesterday — on the 69th anniversary of President Harry Truman desegregating the armed forces, no less — that "the United States government will not accept or allow transgender individuals to serve in any capacity in the U.S. military," matters.
He organized protests in the early 1950s aimed at desegregating buses in Mobile, Alabama, and was involved in coordinating the 1955 Montgomery bus boycott, a watershed moment in the civil rights movement that ended segregation of the city's public transportation.
Roosevelt's successor, Harry Truman—who needed the votes of Northern blacks to score his upset victory in 239 over Thomas Dewey—was even more forthright, desegregating the military and running on the strongest civil-rights platform the Democrats had ever put forth.
In other words, it is possible to achieve two laudable goals at the same time: We can advance smart housing policies consistent with the reality on the ground while simultaneously preserving the federal government's authority to enforce policies aimed at desegregating American communities.
Yet, rather than embrace the programs that once sustained his family and the families around him, he has adopted standard Republican beliefs that too much government help — both in desegregating neighborhoods and in lifting people from poverty — can discourage people from working hard.
Sanders' blueprint — called the Thurgood Marshall Plan for Public Education, after the lawyer who argued the Brown case before becoming the first black Supreme Court justice — draws a stark contrast to former vice president Joe Biden, who fought against desegregating schools in the 1970s.
In fact, it is arguably not the battle to defend Christian schools in the 1970s that launched the modern Christian right — the narrative that evangelicals themselves, including Gerson, embrace — but resistance by Jerry Falwell Sr., Bob Jones, and others to desegregating those schools in the 1960s.
During the civil-rights era, when local administrators across the South resisted desegregation and suppressed protests, business élites in Dallas and Charlotte pushed for moderation; Dallas had desegregated its downtown businesses by 1961, and Charlotte began desegregating public accommodations the year before the 1964 Civil Rights Act.
Through her grass-roots nonprofit organization, Integrated Schools, which she founded in 2015 and which now has about 20 chapters around the country, Ms. Everts Mykytyn (pronounced mih-KIT-in) worked to reimagine a different path to the difficult goal of desegregating schools whose student bodies are mostly nonwhite.
Captions suggest that Nixon balanced a conservative's wariness of big government with a pragmatist's willingness to wield federal authority to heal chronic ills, whether that involved desegregating schools in the South to an extent that had eluded his Democratic predecessors or creating the Environmental Protection Agency to clean up rivers so polluted that they caught fire.
As a result of the order, handed down late Friday by the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Mississippi, the Cleveland School District will combine the two high schools together, as well as join the junior high and middle school into one, desegregating the secondary schools for the first time in the district's 100-year history.
In the July poll, Warren was at 4.23%, Sanders was at 24.2% and Biden was at 21% -- all trailing Harris, who got both a fundraising and a polling bounce after she delivered a fiery performance in the first debate in Miami by questioning the former vice president's past opposition to busing for the purpose of desegregating schools.
But Richard D. Kahlenberg, a senior fellow at the Century Foundation, a public policy research group, said that desegregating by class rather than by race could be easier to sell politically, and that there was significant evidence that having poor and middle-class students learn side by side was generally good for children, especially those who are poor.
During a guest appearance on the comic Larry Wilmore's Black on the Air podcast last month, Booker was asked if he was jealous that Harris had landed a shot with her personal story in the first debate about being bused to school as a child, in spite of Biden's opposition to the practice as a means of desegregating public schools.
These three landmark pieces of legislation pushed back against discrimination and segregation and the impact of each cannot be overstated: Schools and universities across America were forced to take meaningful steps to desegregate; African Americans, especially in Southern states, were granted unprecedented access to the ballot box; and racial discrimination in the sale and rental of housing was banned, a first step in desegregating entire neighborhoods.
Video | How to Make Ice Cream Infographic | A Census Time Machine: Sioux Falls Is the Past, Staten Island the Present, Las Vegas the Future Video | 6 Years Old and Desegregating a School Photos | Summery Images of Youth at Play, From a Pro-Skateboarder Podcast | Katy Perry, Lorde and Halsey: How to Make a Pop Album in 2017 Political Cartoon | On the Travel Ban Video | Broadway's Biggest Night — for Teenagers Or, you might be a fan of the Opinion section, finding pieces like ... A Girlfriend of My Own Marriage, Baby Carriage and Poverty College Students Want to Talk About Sex.
After the war, he was instrumental in desegregating professional baseball.
Much of the ACLU's progress in the South was due to Charles Morgan Jr., the charismatic leader of the Atlanta office. He was responsible for desegregating juries (Whitus v. Georgia), desegregating prisons (Lee v. Washington), and reforming election laws.
Annie Stein was a civil rights activist who focused on desegregating Washington, D.C. theaters, restaurants and department stores.
The Washington Post, September 8, 1956, "Va. Assembly Hears Backers of Stanley Plan" The plan required the closing of all desegregating schools, even those desegregating pursuant to court order. It was invalidated within three years by both federal courts and the Virginia Supreme Court. The plan's legacy of racially based school closures and funding disruptions persisted in some localities until 1964, and was the nadir of the Byrd political brand.
Dudley E. Flood (born September 13, 1932) is a former educator and administrator in the North Carolina Department of Public Instruction and was instrumental in desegregating North Carolina schools.
It dragged its heels when desegregating. When desegregation finally came in 1976 there was a massive white flight. Today the streets are empty. One can rent a store on the main street for a dollar a year.
City of Boston 5 Cush. (Mass.) 198 (1850). Roberts brought the issue to the state legislature with Sumner's help and in 1855, the Commonwealth of Massachusetts banned segregated schools in the state.Massachusetts Chapter 256, Desegregating Public Schools, 1855.
While the company expanded operations in Indianapolis and overseas, it established a reputation as a good place to work by providing employee assistance, sound wages, maintaining a positive outlook, and desegregating its workforce.Madison, Eli Lilly, p. 96, 101, 120.
Public school administrators had to begin the process of desegregating the schools through the development of policies that would promote racial mixing. A backlash of resistance and violence ensued. Even members of Congress refused to abide by the decision.
The plan continued successfully and the lunch counters were integrated without any further incidents of violence. Nashville thus became the first major city in the southern United States to begin desegregating its public facilities.Lovett, Profiles, 97.Wynn, "The Dawning of a New Day", 53.
Nicholas von Hoffman was a reporter for the Chicago Daily News. When we were working on desegregating churches in Mississippi, I would talk to Nick every night. Nick would suggest what to do next because he knew what would make the news. And we'd act it out.
Rather than desegregating its golf courses, the city sold them. The trespassing charges that had begun this story were later retried, and all six men were found guilty, as records of this trial and injunction were withheld in that case. The sentences of the six men were later commuted.
In 1948 Burnett became President of the Topeka chapter of the NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People). His focus as president settled on desegregating public schools in Topeka, Kansas. For two years he held meetings and wrote letters, trying to convince the school board to integrate schools. They kept refusing.
Despite the fact that Boutwell and the council members were inaugurated on April 15, Hanes continued his legal fight. He also championed resistance against the civil rights protests in support of desegregating downtown Birmingham stores in May and fully supported the drastic measures taken by Connor, which included turning fire hoses on protesters.
He began his law practice in Tucson shortly thereafter. Udall became increasingly active in public service, being elected to the School Board of Amphitheater Public Schools (District 10) in Tucson in June 1951. As a school board member, he participated in desegregating the Amphitheater School District before the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in Brown v. Board of Education.
In 1948, President Harry S. Truman signed an order desegregating the military, and Black citizens increasingly challenged other forms of racial discrimination. Paul Robeson signed the We Charge Genocide petition. The Cold War raised American concerns about Communist expansionism. The CRC petition was viewed by the US government as being against America's best interests with regard to fighting Communism.
Rather than desegregating, the New York management discontinued live performances in 1948. One prestige attraction, the Washington premier of the British film The Red Shoes, was presented. Earlier in 1941, Walt Disney's Fantasia played at the theatre for seven weeks, also as a prestige attraction. Then the theatre remained dark until it reopened as an integrated theater in 1952.
Dunjee was a leader in the Oklahoma Youth Legislature, the National Negro Democratic Association, and the Negro Business League. He also served in a leadership role in the NAACP for many years. He played a vital role in desegregating Oklahoma State University in 1948 (Rummel). He also worked for years to desegregate the University of Oklahoma.
Justice Felix Frankfurter demanded that the opinion in 1955's Brown v. Board of Education II order desegregation with "all deliberate speed". The South took it as an excuse to emphasize "deliberate" over "speed" and conducted resistance to desegregating schools, in some jurisdictions closing public schools altogether. For fifteen years, schools in the South remained segregated.
Marston is prominently remembered for his role in desegregating the University of Mississippi medical school, his stewardship of the National Institutes of Health, and his advancement of the academic reputation and standing of the University of Florida." Robert Q. Marston, 76, Dies; Directed Institutes of Health," The New York Times, Sec. B, p. 9 (March 16, 1999).
Brooks argued that since Southside Christian School was formed before the final court order desegregating Greenville schools, the school was not a discriminatory institution. In 2002, Southside Christian School received inquiries from parents seeking to withdraw their children from public schools after a racially charged debate on school assignment zone changes. The school's gymnasium was destroyed in a fire on November 20, 2002.
Both acts were rendered unconstitutional by Judge J. Skelly Wright, a federal judge from the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Louisiana in New Orleans, in the case Earl Benjamin Bush v. Orleans Parish School Board on February 1956. Nevertheless, the Orleans Parish School Board and neighboring parish school boards vowed to postpone desegregating their public schools indefinitely.
Willis Clark Conover, Jr. (December 18, 1920 – May 17, 1996) was a jazz producer and broadcaster on the Voice of America for over forty years. He produced jazz concerts at the White House, the Newport Jazz Festival, and for movies and television. By arranging concerts where people of all races were welcome, he is credited with desegregating Washington D.C. nightclubs.Robert McG.
Mary Ellen Henderson (September 18, 1885 – February 4, 1976) was an African- American educator and civil rights activist in the mid-1900s. She is most famous for her work desegregating living spaces in Falls Church, working to build better facilities for black students in Falls Church, Virginia and starting the CCPL (Colored Citizens Protective League), the first rural branch of the NAACP.
As a way of desegregating the school, the district opened an arts program. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1986. Graham wrote that after the 1970s "Gradually, Meredith turned around." In 2011 Graham wrote that Meredith was "small but high-achieving",Graham, Kristen A. "Parents come to the rescue of a cherished public school" (Archive).
These riots at the University were what was, to date, the most violent, post-Brown, anti-integration demonstration. After the riots, the University suspended Lucy from school because her own safety was a concern. Lucy was known and described as "the architect of desegregating Alabama's education systems." Thurgood Marshall helped win the 1954 landmark Supreme Court desegregation case, Brown v.
Ulysses Simpson Wiggins (1896 - April 8, 1966) was an American doctor, civil rights activist, president of the Camden County branch of the NAACP, and president of the New Jersey Conference of Branches of the NAACP. Wiggins was a proponent of desegregating Camden's schools during his time as president of the Camden NAACP, and he was a well respected leader in his community.
Charleston County School District began desegregating in 1963 and was among the earliest to integrate, though the district was still largely segregated. While the district was no longer legally segregated, only 11 black students attended a white school in the first year. The district did not integrate on a large scale until the early 1970s. Many pro-segregationists supported segregation academies.
"National Register of Historic Places Inventory/Nomination: Uptown–Parker–Gray Historic District" (PDF). The appeal was approved and, despite the fact that African Americans were among the poorest of residents of Alexandria, Mr. Blair held a variety of fund- raising activities and raised the funds to purchase the property.Ochs, Stephen J., Desegregating the Altar: The Josephites and the Struggle for Black Priests, 1871-1960, LSU Press, 1993.
In pursuit of that mission, he served as president of the Hillsborough Education Association (1951–1956) and then as President of the Florida Education Association in 1957. He was especially proud of his role as one of the educators who contributed toward desegregating the FEA. Braulio was elected president of the National Education Association and took office in July, 1967."Tampan Takes NEA Reigns".
1950: the council was established at the beginning of the 1950s during a convention of Chicano civil rights groups in El Paso, Texas. George I. Sanchez was the first executive director of the council. Sanches and the council were dedicated to desegregating schools. In 1952 the council joined the Alianza Hispano- Americana and filed several lawsuits against Arizona school districts, which continued to practice school segregation.
DISD superintendent Linus Wright first proposed creating Townview in 1978 as a way to save costs; having a centrally located magnet center would reduce transportation costs. U.S. federal judge Barefoot Sanders, involved in desegregating DISD, supported the plan. Yvonne Ewell and one other DISD administrator were tasked with developing the center, and Ewell of land in East Oak Cliff. Ewell retired from DISD in 1984.
When her father became governor, he first enrolled Holton in a prestigious grade school. In response to a federal court decision desegregating Richmond Public Schools, she and her siblings attended predominantly black schools, including Mosby Middle School, near the Virginia Executive Mansion. Holton graduated from Open High School.Jason Horwitz, For Anne Holton, Tim Kaine's Wife, Elite Circles Are Old Turf, New York Times (August 5, 2016).
Professor Carr invited McCollum to visit Fisk University to see a classroom of autistic children. He also invited her to come hear Kelly Miller Smith speak at First Baptist, Capitol Hill.Civil Rights Oral History Project, Salynn McCollum, Special Collections Division, Nashville Public Library. Participation in Civil Rights Movement McCollum attended training sessions led by Reverend James Lawson on non-violent protesting and also nightly meetings about desegregating downtown Nashville.
Prior to desegregating, Livingston Parish only had one school for African Americans called West Livingston. As a result, black students were bussed from all over the parish to attend school. A former student later described the bus route as going "'as far north as Watson all the way to the St. Helena parish line.'"Colombo, Sarah, and Daniel Landry. “African American Oral History Project.” Livingston Parish Public Library, 10 Dec.
He stopped short of desegregating the state's universities, however, and told a group of black and white educators that "it is not wise to educate the white and colored in the same school in the South. It is not prepared for it yet."Miller, "Chandler Civil Rights Record Shows 'Paradox'" In 1939, he appointed the first woman trustee on the University of Kentucky Board of Trustees, Georgia M. Blazer of Ashland.
Board of Education case, Clark was still dissatisfied by the lack of progress in school desegregation in New York City. In a 1964 interview with Robert Penn Warren for the book Who Speaks for the Negro?, Clark expressed his doubts about the efficacy of certain busing programs in desegregating the public schools. Clark also felt very discouraged by the lack of social welfare organizations to address race and poverty issues.
Bailey was born in South Memphis and grew up near Mississippi Boulevard. He attended the segregated Booker T. Washington High School from 1955–59, as Tennessee resisted desegregating its schools, as did numerous other southern states. Bailey attended the nation's largest historically black university, Southern University in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. As president of the school’s freshman class, and for the next two years, Bailey was drawn into the fight against segregation.
Pigee was a fierce integrationist. With fellow NAACP members, she played a pivotal role in desegregating the Clarksdale Bus Terminal in 1961. Ben C. Collins, the Clarksdale chief of police, called her "the most aggressive leader of the NAACP in Clarksdale." Vera Pigee owned a beauty shop and her income didn't depend on the white community, so her being an activist didn't cause her to lose her job.
Although Americans generally cheered the Court's decision in Brown, most white Southerners decried it. Many Southern white Americans viewed Brown v. Board of Education as "a day of catastrophe--a Black Monday--a day something like Pearl Harbor." In the face of entrenched Southern opposition, progress on integrating American schools moved slowly: In Virginia, Senator Harry F. Byrd organized the Massive Resistance movement that included the closing of schools rather than desegregating them.
3 (August 1955), pp. 343-389. During the first Eisenhower term, South Carolina’s whites who had supported him became extremely critical because Eisenhower was blamed for Brown v. Board of Education, whose requirement of desegregating the state’s schools was intolerable. Consequently, state leaders like Thurmond argued that the GOP could not be a useful tool for opposing civil rights, and most of the state’s Democrats endorsed Stevenson for his rematch with Eisenhower.
The administration continued to hold that full desegregation "would place the University outside of the community," as Vice-Chancellor Leslie Buchan claimed in 1951, and could spark "incidents on campus." However, under mounting internal and external pressure, the Board of Trustees in May 1952 passed a resolution desegregating the school's undergraduate divisions.Amy M. Pfeiffenberger, "Democracy at Home: The Struggle to Desegregate Washington University in the Postwar Era," Gateway-Heritage (Missouri Historical Society), vol. 10, no.
Prior to desegregating, Livingston Parish only had one school for African Americans called West Livingston. As a result, black students were bussed from all over the parish to attend school. Because there was a large Ku Klux Klan presence in Livingston Parish, there was not a large African American population outside of the City of Denham Springs. Those who did attend Walker High School following integration likely faced harsh treatment from their peers.
On another assignment, she helped develop the social research which was critical in the Legal Defense Fund's victory in the Supreme Courts' 1954 decision in Brown v. Board of Education, which ended legal segregation in America. She aided psychologist Kenneth Clark in examining experiences of children in segregated schools and in the process of desegregating various institutions.Social Scientists for Social Justice: Making the Case Against Segregation, by John P. Jackson, NYU Press (2001).
Allwright, 321 U.S. 649, 64 S. Ct. 757, 88 L. Ed. 987 (1944), the Court finally struck down the Texas white primary, finding that the discriminatory voting practice was unconstitutional. Wesley was also an instrument in desegregating the University of Texas Law School, by providing support for Heman Sweatt, who was not admitted because he was black. Wesley even employed Sweatt at one of his newspapers while the suit was going through the courts.
In 1953, Newman moved to Portland, Oregon where he practiced law. He was a founding member of the American Civil Liberties Union of Oregon, serving as its first secretary and as a board member between 1955-1968. In 1982, the Oregon ACLU awarded him its highest honor, the E.B. MacNaughton Civil Liberties Award. From 1968-1979 Newman served on the Portland school board and was "a driving force behind desegregating the schools".
The Allen School closed on June 3, 1974. By the fall of 1965, high schools in Western North Carolina were desegregating. As a result, the Allen School had difficulty surviving financially. According to then principal, Ruth Walter, “We just couldn’t charge the tuition we needed to keep the school running.” The year it closed, the Allen School graduated 10 girls, which brought the total number of graduates from the school to 1,177.
In 1962, Jordan and Bruce R. Watkins co-founded Freedom, Inc., "A Vote For Freedom: The Life of Leon Mercer Jordan" by Dr. Robert M. Farnsworth, UMKC Professor Emeritus of English an organization which advocated political awareness among African-Americans in the city by organizing a massive voter registration drive and promoting black political candidates. In 1963, Jordan and Watkins helped pass an accommodations ordinance, desegregating all public facilities in Kansas City. In 1964, Freedom, Inc.
From 1954 to 1959, he worked as the City Attorney of Frederick, where he supported civil rights for African Americans. He played a role in desegregating the local Opera House movie theater, which restricted African American seating to the back of the theater. Mathias also worked to relocate the Frederick post office and helped protect a park in the city. In 1958, he was elected to the Maryland House of Delegates, serving from 1959 to 1960.
Johnson was born on 25 June 1943 in Alice, Texas and educated in a small segregated schoolhouse, with children in four different grades in each of its two rooms. Because he had been taught by his grandfather how to read and do arithmetic, he skipped two grades of school. After the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education decision, desegregating public schools, he was allowed to attend the formerly- all-white secondary schools in Alice, beginning in the ninth grade.
American Economic Review, 1613-1634. It did not take long for the program to grow in popularity as the state began to provide grants to participating suburban districts. While METCO enjoyed early success as a peaceful, voluntary approach to desegregating Boston's public schools, it has been largely overshadowed by the violent busing struggle that occurred in Boston in the mid-1970s. As METCO has grown, the Massachusetts Department of Elementary and Secondary Education regulates the METCO award program.
Kermit Edward Krantz (June 4, 1923 – July 30, 2007) was a surgeon, inventor and faculty member at the University of Kansas Medical Center. He is most known as the co-developer of the Marshall-Marchetti-Krantz (MMK), a medical procedure for stress urinary incontinence which he performed over 5000 times. He served as Chairman of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the University of Kansas. He was largely credited with desegregating the maternity ward of that hospital in the 1960s.
The Civil Rights Movement was energized by a number of flashpoints, including the 1946 police beating and blinding of World War II veteran Isaac Woodard while he was in U.S. Army uniform. In 1948 President Harry S. Truman issued Executive Order 9981, desegregating the armed services. As the Civil Rights Movement gained momentum and used federal courts to attack Jim Crow statutes, the white-dominated governments of many of the southern states countered by passing alternative forms of restrictions.
The Albany Movement lead by Charles Sherrod in Albany, Georgia was from October 1961 to 1964. The Albany Movement was a series of boycotts, marches, sit-ins and other events focused on desegregating the town of Albany and gaining voting rights for black citizens. The movement was built off nonviolent methods Charles Sherrod learned from Martin Luther King Jr. and Gandhi. The movement was composed of students from Albany colleges and high schools in the town.
He leveled much of this criticism at Branch Rickey, the general manager of his beloved Dodgers.Rusinack, Kelly, "Baseball on the Radical Agenda: The Daily and Sunday Worker on Desegregating Major League Baseball," Clemson University, Master's Thesis, 1995; Silber, Press Box Red, pp. 6-15, 31-85. Rodney served in the South Pacific in World War II, and it was during his service that Branch Rickey announced the signing of Los Angeles native and war veteran Jackie Robinson to a minor league contract.
In 1972, Clara Luper was a Oklahoma candidate for election to the United States Senate. When asked by the press if she, a black woman, could represent white people, she responded: “Of course, I can represent white people, black people, red people, yellow people, brown people, and polka dot people. You see, I have lived long enough to know that people are people.” Luper continued desegregating hundreds of establishments in Oklahoma and was active on the national level during the 1960s movements.
In July 1951, a mixed race group began to picket outside the store, protesting racial segregation in the store's cafeteria. The offending policy was changed in January of the following year. Hecht's moved its flagship store to a new building in downtown Washington in 1985. The former Hecht Company main building, now across from the Capital One Arena, was extensively renovated and reopened in 2003 as Terrell Place, honoring Mary Church Terrell's role in desegregating that and other public accommodations in Washington.
Erin, she said, had suffered from mental illness but had been off his prescribed medication for several years. The newspaper later reported that prosecutors investigating the fatal shooting had decided that the police officers concerned were justified in shooting Eckford. In 2018, 60 years after leaving Little Rock Central High, Eckford told her story in her first autobiography, The Worst First Day: Bullied While Desegregating Little Rock Central High. The book was coauthored with Dr. Eurydice Stanley and Grace Stanley of Pensacola, Florida.
Cook was involved in desegregating schools in Georgia as a child, and still has physical scars from attacks on Black children who enrolled in formerly White schools. She is a cousin of chemist Percy Julian. She read for a BA in Physics and Philosophy (magna cum laude) from Spelman College in 1986, where she was named a Harry S. Truman Scholar. She proceeded to Oxford University as Spelman's first Marshall Scholar where she earned another BA in Philosophy, Politics, and Economics in 1988.
Alan Lightman was born and grew up in Memphis, Tennessee. His father Richard Lightman was a movie theater owner and played a major role in desegregating movie theaters in the South in 1962. His mother Jeanne Garretson was a dance teacher and Braille typist. Early on, Lightman demonstrated an interest in both the sciences and the arts by winning city and state science fairs as well as being a state winner of the National Council of Teachers of English award.
Dentler later advised on desegregation plans for New York City, Buffalo, Rochester and White Plains, New York; Bridgeport and Stamford, Connecticut; Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Los Angeles and San Bernardino, California. From 1973 to 1985, Dentler was involved in drafting and implementing Boston's controversial desegregation plan. In 1979, he worked on desegregating the University of North Carolina system. In the 1980s, he advised desegregation efforts in the southern school districts of St. Louis and Kansas City, Missouri; Little Rock; Mobile, Alabama; and DeKalb County, Georgia.
Ruiz was born on May 21, 1955 to Erminia Pablita Ruiz Mercer and Robert Mercer in Atlanta, Georgia. She grew up in Florida where she attended public schools that were still in the process of desegregating. Because her father owned a small sport fishing business, her early years were spent moving up and down the coast, following seasonal work, and attending two or more schools a year. It was in the eighth grade that the family settled down in Florida (due to the insistence of her mother).
In the 1920s Parsons was recognized as a proponent of racial integration, in contrast to most of his professional colleagues. In 1924 the Army War College surveyed commissioned officers about whether and how to integrate Army units. At the time, African Americans served in segregated units, usually under white officers. Based on his experience in the Spanish–American War and his observations of African American soldiers during World War I, Parsons argued for desegregating army units and having each one incorporate a set percentage of black soldiers.
The Robert Russa Moton Museum (popularly known as the "Moton Museum" or "Moton") is a historic site and museum at 900 Griffin Boulevard in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia. It is located in the former Robert Russa Moton High School, considered "the student birthplace of America's Civil Rights Movement" for its initial student strike and ultimate role in the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education case desegregating public schools. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1998, and is now a museum dedicated to that history.
In April, the 2nd Ranger Infantry Company was reattached to the 7th Infantry Division, this time to the 31st Regimental Combat Team. The company spent the month training replacements, with up to 400 enlisted men filtering into the company. By May, the process of transferring these men to other units began as U.S. Army units throughout Korea, driven by necessity, began slowly desegregating. The Rangers eventually settled at a force of 123 men, among them the first white member of the unit, medic Joe Russo.
In apprehension to the Brown vs. Board of Education Supreme Court ruling in 1954, the city of Dallas resisted desegregating their schools with the help of federal judges such as Judge William H. Atwell, the Chief Judge of the United States District Court for the Northern District of Texas. To combat the inevitability of desegregation of schools, Dallas, in 1961, initiated a "Stairstep Plan". The proposed plan stated that all DISD schools would begin desegregation one grade level per year, beginning with the first grade.
Nixon opposed busing personally but enforced court orders requiring its use. Some scholars, such as James Morton Turner and John Isenberg, believe that Nixon, who had advocated for civil rights in his 1960 campaign, slowed down desegregation as president, appealing to the racial conservatism of Southern whites, who were angered by the civil rights movement. This, he hoped, would boost his election chances in 1972. In addition to desegregating public schools, Nixon implemented the Philadelphia Plan in 1970—the first significant federal affirmative action program.
Additional causes of deteriorating conditions in ghettos ranged from lack of jobs and extreme poverty to menacing streets and violence. Development of ghettos through modern housing segregation can also be blamed on de facto racism as well as de jure segregation. Centralized racism began the segregation, but, with the legal barriers to entry for blacks having fallen, the price rather than the legality of living in certain areas has excluded blacks. Rent vouchers and other forms of remittances have been proposed as a way of desegregating America.
According to a biographer of Governor Al Smith, May played a role in desegregating a New York country club. As told by Hugh Carey, Smith and May were about to tee off when club officials attempted to stop them because of May's religion—the club did not admit Jewish members. Smith replied that either May would play the round with him, or Smith would have the golf course turned into a state park within a week. They played, and the club changed its membership policy.
The case was initially tried in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Virginia in Richmond. Plaintiffs filed suit in 1965 for injunctive relief against maintenance of allegedly segregated schools. In response, the Board, in order to remain eligible for federal financial aid, adopted a "freedom of choice" plan for desegregating the schools. The plan permitted students, except those entering the first and eighth grades, to choose annually between the schools; those not choosing were assigned to the school previously attended; first and eighth graders must affirmatively choose a school.
Board of Education of Topeka, however, that called for nationwide desegregation of all public schools. Following the original Brown decision, the Supreme Court in Brown II (1955) called for integration to take place with "all deliberate speed"—a phrase interpreted differently by each side. Supporters of desegregation thought that it meant schools should be desegregated immediately, but opponents of desegregation believed that leniency was allowed in the timeframe for desegregation. Despite progressive feelings in New Orleans on desegregating the city, feelings toward the school system took a different turn.
Eight counties became part of the Diocese of St. Petersburg and the new Diocese of Orlando. Miami was made an archdiocese by Pope Paul VI, and was named Metropolitan See for all of Florida. Carroll became an archbishop on March 2, 1968. He participated in the church reforms of Vatican II as one of the Council Fathers. During the civil rights struggles of the 60's, Carroll was influential in stemming threatened racial riots in Miami and in desegregating Catholic schools roughly 10 years before the rest of the State.
The Denver school district was accused of maintaining this de facto segregation by means of attendance zones, optional zones, and mobile classroom units in the Park Hill neighborhood. But in April 1969, a plan was put forth by the superintendent of the school board to begin desegregating public schools in the Denver Area by means of integrated busing. However, two months later after these plans were introduced, a new superintendent was voted in to power over the incumbent. The new superintendent cancelled the previous integration plan all together.
Green v. Connally (1971) set the standard by which the Internal Revenue Service identifies a segregation academy, a so-called "Paragraph (1) School". The IRS must deny exemption to schools: > which have been determined in adversary or administrative proceedings to be > racially discriminatory; or were established or expanded at or about the > time the public school districts in which they are located or which they > serve were desegregating, and which cannot demonstrate that they do not > racially discriminate in admissions, employment, scholarships, loan > programs, athletics, and extracurricular programs.
The award propelled her to national speaking and writing engagements and to head the national Indian Affairs Division for the GFWC. She was the first Native American to be named mother of the year, as well as the first to head the GFWC's Indian Affairs Division, which she led for eight years. Developing a "Point Four Program", which included desegregating Indian populations from mainstream schools and opportunities, providing leadership training, expanding cultural programs, and conducting studies. She urged each affiliated club to develop Indian Affairs committees and by 1951 had offices in forty state affiliates.
After graduating high school, Keyes was accepted at Harvard, class of 1963, and during his time there joined demonstrations at Woolworth's in support of desegregating their stores in the American South (inspired by the Feb. 1960 Greensboro sit-ins), taught Spanish at the local jail, leafleted about nuclear weapons, and joined a variety of liberal groups. His activism led to a deterioration of his grades. Then in February 1961, he left university to join Polaris Action, an activist group bent on civil disobedience to protest against nuclear weapons.
Gray entered the University of the Witwatersrand in 1980 where she studied at the medical school for six years followed by seven years of specialisation in pediatrics. Her siblings were already at the university and one of her brothers was involved with a radical student union that was opposed to apartheid. Gray joined the Health Workers Association, a group intent on desegregating South Africa's hospitals. In 1983 the first HIV/AIDS cases and deaths were confirmed in South Africa and Gray committed to educating South African communities about how to prevent HIV.
The public mischief referred to in the opinion consisted of threats by white parents to cause their children to drop out of or transfer to schools other than Florida's white state schools if blacks were allowed to attend. In 1958, Hawkins withdrew his application to the University of Florida College of Law in exchange for a Florida Supreme court order desegregating the University of Florida’s graduate and professional schools. Hawkins attended law school in Boston but was denied permission to take the Florida Bar exam because the law school was unaccredited.
Soon after the Jackson's first victory, they decided to go after the widespread issue of racial segregation in the Marvell, Arkansas, school district. Throughout the autumn of 1966, a six-week boycott was created by Earlis and Gertrude along with Rev. Anderson at the county fair to yet again keep African-American families out of the schools. In conjunction with a class-action lawsuit, a case was brought to the United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit which led to the decision of fully desegregating classes, faculty, and students in the beginning school year of 1970.
Once, when colleague Harlan Fiske Stone remarked to him about an attorney's brief: "That was the dullest argument I ever heard in my life," McReynolds replied: "The only duller thing I can think of is to hear you read one of your opinions." McReynolds's rudeness was not confined to colleagues on the Court, or Jews. When Charles Hamilton Houston, one of the foremost African American lawyers of his day, appeared before the Court to argue in favor of desegregating the University of Missouri Law School in Gaines v. Canada, McReynolds turned his chair backwards so he would not be looking at Hamilton.
After the Supreme Court of the United States ruled in both Brown v. Board of Education and Brown II that racially segregated schools in the United States were unconstitutional, many states began the arduous process of desegregating their public school systems. Prior to this case many of these initial efforts to desegregate were done primarily in the southern states, as segregation by law was far more common than in the northern states. However, in one school district located in Denver, Colorado, there had been evidence of de facto school segregation almost 15 years after the Brown ruling.
A notion commonly referred to as "separate but equal". In reality, the acts did little more than legally force the southeast's black population to reside in poor living conditions and also denied black citizens entry into most white establishments such as businesses and public institutions. Following the events surrounding the landmark ruling of the Supreme Court case of Brown v. Board of Education in 1954, desegregating American schools and the Montgomery bus boycott in 1955 and 1956 leading to a similar ruling regarding public bus segregation by the Supreme Court, marked the beginning of the Civil Rights Movement, meant to abolish American segregation.
Mahmood Al-Yousif has adopted a series of socio- political causes including the "JUST BAHRAINI" campaign launched in 2006 which is aimed at desegregating the Sunni and Shiite population of Bahrain. Awareness of the cause is raised through the distribution of wristbands and badges with the campaign slogan "Not Shi'i, Not Sunni, JUST BAHRAINI". Amongst several other causes adopted by Al-Yousif is the promotion of freedom of speech in Bahrain and on the internet. In an entry entitled "It's Over" posted on his blog on October 8, 2008, Al-Yousif explained that he had decided to stop blogging and "move on".
The Houston Independent School District (HISD) in the late 1960s and early 1970s refused to consider Chicano students as a minority for the purposes of desegregating schools. The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) opened a case against HISD, alleging that the district was illegally segregating black and Chicano students from white students. In addition, a group called the Mexican American Education Council (MAEC) was formed to coordinate efforts to protest school segregation. Some people were critical of the actions taken by huelga schools and felt that the issue was motivated by racism against African Americans.
As students marched in Birmingham, Alabama, Associated Press photographer Bill Hudson took this well-known image of Parker High School student Walter Gadsden being attacked by dogs. In 1963, SCLC agreed to assist its co-founder, Fred Shuttlesworth, and others in their work on desegregating retail businesses and jobs in Birmingham, Alabama, where discussion and negotiations with city officials had yielded little. Weeks of demonstrations and marches resulted in King, Ralph Abernathy, and Shuttlesworth being arrested and jailed. King wanted to fill the jails with protesters, but it was becoming more difficult to find adults to march.
Dentler worked as a director of the Institute for Urban Studies, established in 1963 by faculty at Columbia University Teachers College. In that capacity, Dentler was hired by the New York State Education Commission as a researcher and staff writer. He and colleagues Richard Boardman and Bernard Mackler co-authored Desegregating the New York City Public Schools (1964), commonly known as the Allen Report. The Allen Report was intended to provide the data and research to support the desegregation of the New York City public school system, then the nation's largest school district with more than 1,000 schools and over a million students.
The process of desegregation at Washington University began in 1947 with the School of Medicine and the School of Social Work. During the mid and late 1940s, the university was the target of critical editorials in the local African American press, letter-writing campaigns by churches and the local Urban League, and legal briefs by the NAACP intended to strip its tax-exempt status. In spring 1949, a Washington University student group, the Student Committee for the Admission of Negroes (SCAN), began campaigning for full racial integration. In May 1952, the Board of Trustees passed a resolution desegregating the school's undergraduate divisions.
Peterson began work at the University of Denver as the executive director of the Rocky Mountain Council of Inter-American Affairs. In 1948, she was hired by the newly elected mayor, J. Quigg Newton, to work on the Commission on Community Telations. The mayor had a goal of desegregating the community and to do that, he needed voters willing to change the municipal charter. Working with Bernie Valdez, Director of the Denver Welfare Department, Peterson attempted to build bridges between the established Latin American citizens and the new migrant farm workers who had come to work on the beetroot farms.
The desegregation orders of Brown I and Brown II had not been followed for more than a decade, and schools in the South were desegregating slowly if at all. During lower court battles over segregation, school districts would remain segregated until all appeals were exhausted. The petitioners and others suing the Holmes County Board of Education in Mississippi for failure to desegregate, were represented by Jack Greenberg. They asked the Court to order the original HEW plans to be implemented, and proposed that the Court shift the burden of proof, making desegregation the main objective of plans.
In August 1941 Lacy moved to Chicago to work for another black newspaper, the Chicago Defender, where he served as its assistant national editor. While in the Midwest he made repeated attempts to engage Major League Baseball commissioner Kenesaw Mountain Landis on the topic of desegregating the game, writing numerous letters, but his efforts went unanswered. Lacy also targeted blacks in management and ownership positions with the Negro Leagues, some of whom had a vested financial interest in keeping the game segregated. In a Defender editorial, he wrote: On January 4, 1944, Lacy returned East, joining the Afro-American in Baltimore as sports editor and columnist.
Bayard Rustin, while not a founder of CORE, was a campus traveler for the Fellowship of Reconciliation; he worked with and advised the founders. Houser reported that James Farmer, in addition to his Chicago activities, traveled the country with FOR and spoke about his national vision for CORE. He said that Fisher was the nuts and bolts person for CORE in Chicago and later St. Louis. Houser mentioned pre-CORE and initial activities in Chicago of Jim Farmer, Jim Robinson, Bernice Fisher, Homer Jack and Joe Guinn that included the Fellowship house (an early effort at desegregating housing), Jack Spratt restaurant sit-in, and White City roller-rink among others.
Richard William Ervin Jr. (born Richard Reehorse Ervin,January 26, 1905 – August 24, 2004) was the Florida Attorney General from 1949 to 1964 and served as chief justice of the Florida Supreme Court from 1969 to 1971. He is credited with guiding the state from segregation (based on the brief he wrote to the United States Supreme Court's request from each state's Attorney General on how to rule regarding Brown v. Board of Education), and desegregating its schools. His son, Richard W. Ervin III, was a judge of the First District Court of Appeal for 30 years and retired at the end of 2006.
But Dees discovered that, in order to avoid desegregating its recreational facilities, the city of Montgomery had signed a secret agreement with the YMCA to operate them as private facilities and on the city's behalf. He introduced evidence of this agreement in court and challenged the constitutionality of the YMCA position. The trial court ruled that the YMCA effectively had a "municipal charter" by this agreement with the city, and was therefore bound by the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (and Civil Rights Act) to desegregate its facilities. According to historian Timothy Minchin, Dees was "emboldened by this victory" when he founded the SPLC in 1971.
He joined the Advisory Council for the Government of the Virgin Islands in 1934 and resigned in 1935 to protest President Roosevelt's silence at Southern Democrats' blocking of anti-lynching legislation to avoid retaliatory obstruction of his New Deal policies. White oversaw the plans and organizational structure of the fight against public segregation. He worked with President Truman on desegregating the armed forces after the Second World War and gave him a draft for the Executive Order to implement this. Under White's leadership, the NAACP set up its Legal Defense Fund, which conducted numerous legal challenges to segregation and disfranchisement, and achieved many successes.
While working with the International Ladies’ Garment Workers Union in Chicago, Rich became involved with numerous community improvement organizations, primarily in the city’s West Side neighborhood of North Lawndale. Rich’s involvement with the Westside Chicago Branch of National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) began in 1945 and lasted until her death in 1990. There she served as Education Chairman, focusing her work on desegregating Chicago Public Schools and instituting an intensive phonetic program to the city’s reading curriculum. She served on the NAACP Textbook Committee, revising school textbooks to remove bias and better reflect contributions made by African Americans, Catholics, Jews and other groups.
At the same time, a group of black and white activists, protesters who had arrived from Albany, Georgia, JT Johnson, Brenda Darten, and Mamie Nell Ford, jumped into the Monson's swimming pool. Brock—by now on edge from the constant picketing of his business—appeared to pour hydrochloric acid into the pool to burn the protesters. Photographs of this, and of a policeman jumping into the pool in everything but his shoes to arrest them, made headline news around the world. By now the Civil Rights Act had been passed, but St. Augustine businesses—particularly in the restaurant and culinary trades—were slow at desegregating.
"Benson initially resisted overtures by students and faculty to begin the process of desegregating Harding, but in the fall of 1963 he announced that the school would be admitting its first black students." About this time, Harding College also received its first substantial national opposition and criticism in the news media, much of it in association with criticism of the movement supporting the Barry Goldwater campaign. Benson influenced nationalist agendas at other Church of Christ-related institutions also. The American Studies Institute at Abilene Christian College and the American Citizenship Center at Oklahoma Christian University were among the programs initially modeled on his work at Harding with the NEP.
After a short time, Sanderlin left Minnis and Williams, P.A., and formed his own law practice with attorneys Frank White and Frank Peterman, known as White, Peterman and Sanderlin, P.A, located on 22nd Street South in St. Petersburg, Florida. At first the firm struggled, as most people around this time overlooked black attorneys and favored more established firms downtown.Frank H. White, Interview by A.B. Gooden, St. Petersburg, Florida, 18 March 1995 Sanderlin's first priority was desegregating Pinellas County Schools. Surprisingly, some of his most vocal opposition came from members of the black community, many of whom wanted to maintain Gibbs High School as an all-black school.
However, many leaders in SNCC were fundamentally opposed to King and the SCLC's involvement. They felt that a more democratic approach aimed at long-term solutions was preferable for the area other than King's tendency towards short-term, authoritatively-run organizing. Although the Albany Movement is deemed by some as a failure due to its unsuccessful attempt at desegregating public spaces in Southwest Georgia, those most directly involved in the Movement tend to disagree. People involved in this movement labeled it as a beneficial lesson in strategy and tactics for the leaders of the civil rights movement and a key component to the movement's future successes in desegregation and policy changes in other areas of the Deep South.
There the two endorsed proposed constitutional amendments to halt forced busing for the purpose of desegregating public schools and to require the election, instead of presidential appointment and U.S. Senate confirmation, of U.S. judges. Jenkins told the rally: > What we need in America is a constitutional amendment against forced busing, > and any American who says he is against busing and won't support a > constitutional amendment is a liar."Hundreds rally in Alexandria", Minden > Press-Herald, January 15, 1981, p. 1 In 1989, Jenkins joined a coalition of mostly supporters of Edwin Edwards to defeat a tax reform referendum designed by the Roemer administration to reduce sales taxes and state income taxes while raising property taxes.
In 1962, Smith was named Executive Secretary of the branch, and continued in that role until her retirement in 1995. In 1960, Smith assisted in desegregating Memphis public schools, and in 1961 Smith personally escorted the first 13 black children to their new desegregated schools. Through her leadership with the Memphis NAACP, Smith advocated for civil rights by organizing sit-ins, marches, lawsuits, voter registration drives, and student boycotts such as the "If You're Black, Take It Back" campaign to boycott downtown stores which had segregated water fountains and work forces. In 1968, Smith served on the coordinating committee of the Memphis Sanitation Strike, an event which brought Martin Luther King, Jr. to the city, where he was assassinated.
The March on Washington Movement (MOWM), 1941–1946, organized by activists A. Philip Randolph and Bayard Rustin was a tool designed to pressure the U.S. government into providing fair working opportunities for African Americans and desegregating the armed forces by threat of mass marches on Washington, D.C. during World War II. When President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802 in 1941, prohibiting discrimination in the defense industry under contract to federal agencies, Randolph and collaborators called-off the initial march. Randolph continued to promote non-violent actions to advance goals for African Americans. Future civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and other younger men were strongly influenced by Randolph and his ideals and methods.
Due to South Carolina's reluctance to pursue the case, President Harry S. Truman ordered a federal investigation. The sheriff, Lynwood Shull, was indicted and went to trial in federal court in South Carolina, where he was acquitted by an all-white jury. Such miscarriages of justice by state governments influenced a move towards civil rights initiatives at the federal level. Truman subsequently established a national interracial commission, made a historic speech to the NAACP and the nation in June 1947 in which he described civil rights as a moral priority, submitted a civil rights bill to Congress in February 1948, and issued Executive Orders 9980 and 9981 on June 26, 1948, desegregating the armed forces and the federal government.
After winning a public battle over desegregating the club's audience, Baker followed up her sold-out run at the club with a national tour. Rave reviews and enthusiastic audiences accompanied her everywhere, climaxed by a parade in front of 100,000 people in Harlem in honor of her new title: NAACP's "Woman of the Year". In 1952 Baker was hired to crown the Queen of the Cavalcade of Jazz for the famed eighth Cavalcade of Jazz concert held at Wrigley Field in Los Angeles which was produced by Leon Hefflin, Sr. on 1 June. Also featured to perform that day were Roy Brown and His Mighty Men, Anna Mae Winburn and Her Sweethearts, Toni Harper, Louis Jordan, Jimmy Witherspoon and Jerry Wallace.
In 1975, it was reported that the government was being slow to approve desegregating communities, due to fears of Afrikaner backlash. In 1981, The New York Times reported that Pieter Willem Botha's cabinet colleagues, "sensitive to the danger of a white backlash", was publicly listing statistics which proved it was spending far more money, per capita, on education for white children, compared to black children. In 1990, as apartheid was being phased out, Jeane Kirkpatrick wrote that State President Frederik Willem de Klerk "knows full well that several opinion polls show a strong white backlash against his policies". By the late 1990s, there were fears of a white Afrikaner backlash unless Nelson Mandela's ANC government permitted Orania, Northern Cape to become an independent Volkstaat.
Scott wrote to the national headquarters to enlist their help in desegregating the Girl Scout Movement in Washington, D. C. At the end of 1956, Scott appeared in Atlanta, playing selections of music by Albéniz, Czerny, Debussy, Mompou, Prokofiev, and Ravel, as well as Bach's Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring, Chopin's Études, and Schumann's Davidsbündlertänze, leaving the audience "spellbound" by her "technical excellence". In 1957, she held a second performance at The Town Hall, containing much of the same repertoire as she had in Atlanta. The New York Times critic said of the Czerny Toccata Op. 92, "the brilliance of her playing and bravura spirit won shouts of approval" from the audience. She continued to play throughout the United States and Canada, into the early 1960s.
Milton Price Webster (1887-1965) was an American trade unionist, best remembered as the first Vice-President and leader of the Chicago division of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP). As lead official for the union in contract negotiations, Webster was influential in securing a collective bargaining agreement with the Pullman Company — the first national contract won by any black-led American trade union. During the years of World War II Webster was appointed by President Franklin D. Roosevelt as a member of the Fair Employment Practice Committee and its successor organization, attempting to end racial discrimination in the defense industry. Their work helped open access to jobs for black workers, desegregating the work forces in industries with federal contracts that supplied the war effort.
Prior to his current role, Mr. Kamras served in a number of senior roles at District of Columbia Public Schools (DCPS). His work was instrumental to DCPS achieving unprecedented gains in student learning, student and staff satisfaction, graduation rates, and enrollment, prompting former Secretary of Education Arne Duncan to highlight DCPS as one of the fastest improving urban districts in the nation. Mr. Kamras began his career in education in 1996 as a seventh and eighth grade mathematics teacher at John Philip Sousa Middle (formerly Junior High) School (DCPS), a National Historic Landmark for its role in desegregating public education in the nation's capital. He taught at Sousa for eight years, receiving numerous awards, including the Mayor's Arts Award for infusing photography into his mathematics instruction.
Fred Shuttlesworth, a civil rights leader in Birmingham, founded the Alabama Christian Movement for Human Rights in the wake of the outlawing of the NAACP in the State of Alabama in 1956, the group held its first meeting at Smith & Gaston's offices. When students at Miles College, a historically black college in Fairfield, attempted to use sit-in and boycott tactics to desegregate downtown Birmingham in 1962, Gaston used his position as a member of the board of trustees of the institution to dissuade them from continuing their campaign while he pursued negotiations with them. Those negotiations produced some token changes, but no significant progress toward desegregating the stores or hiring black employees. When the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), represented locally by Rev.
While President Truman had begun the process of desegregating the Armed Forces in 1948, actual implementation had been slow. Eisenhower made clear his stance in his first State of the Union address in February 1953, saying "I propose to use whatever authority exists in the office of the President to end segregation in the District of Columbia, including the Federal Government, and any segregation in the Armed Forces".State of the Union Address, February 2, 1953, Public Papers, 1953 pp. 30–1. When he encountered opposition from the services, he used government control of military spending to force the change through, stating "Wherever Federal Funds are expended ..., I do not see how any American can justify ... a discrimination in the expenditure of those funds".
Both candidates made their cases on the floor and nine Democrats voted along with all the Republicans to end the challenge and seat Bellmon. Although the Democratic Party had a 62–38 majority, seven Democrats were not in Washington and did not vote. He did not run for a third term in 1980. During his service in the Senate, he sometimes took moderate positions that put him at odds with the largely conservative Oklahoma Republican Party: he supported Gerald Ford over Ronald Reagan in the 1976 presidential election (even though the state delegation was committed to Reagan); he opposed a constitutional amendment to prohibit forced busing for the purpose of racially desegregating public schools; and he supported the Panama Canal treaty.
Seawell subsequently denounced some civil rights groups, chiefly those who had intervened in the Kissing Case, as a greater threat to peace in North Carolina than the KKK. Upon the commencement of the Greensboro sit-ins in early 1960 by black college students aimed at desegregating lunch counters, Seawell suggested that store owners could have demonstrators removed for trespassing and advised university administrators to keep their students on campus. On February 20, 1960 Seawell announced his intention to seek the Democratic nomination to become Governor of North Carolina and sent a letter of resignation from the Attorney's General office to Hodges, effective February 29. He ran as a fiscal conservative, emphasizing industrialization as a means of improving North Carolinians' wages and supporting public schools.
Kelly was born in 1952 in Chicago's Garfield Ridge neighborhood to parents Frank and Catherine Kelly. She attended St. Paul- Kennedy "shared-time" high school, which split her days between a Catholic institution where she was given the writings of Daniel Berrigan and Martin Luther King Jr. to read alongside biblical texts, and a desegregating public school where interracial violence was common. She obtained her BA from Loyola University Chicago working a succession of night jobs to help cover tuition, including a stint on a meat-packing factory line which inspired her to become a lifelong vegetarian. During these years she remembers being deeply moved by Alain Resnais' Holocaust documentary Night and Fog, by a lecture by Vietnam War activist Tom Cornell, and by the activist scripture writings of William Stringfellow.
Boston was decided in favor of the city, five years later Massachusetts outlawed segregated schools.Massachusetts Chapter 256, Desegregating Public Schools, 1855 The book itself would go through two more printings—in 1848, B. F. Roberts and the Committee reissued Light and Truth in four numbers; in 1851, a "Second Edition" was published by the Reverend Moses M. Taylor of Boston; this was essentially a reprint of the 1844 text, with a preface written by Taylor. Light and Truth can be found in many libraries—the 1844 edition produced by the Committee of Colored Gentlemen has been reprinted in two twentieth century versions—in 1970 by Kraus Reprint and most recently by Black Classic Press. Lewis was an ethnologist, and his book Light and Truth was an African American ethnology that denounced notions of white superiority.
Without the support of Vice-President Johnson, a former Senator who had years of experience in Congress and longstanding relations there, many of the Attorney-General's programs would not have progressed. By late 1962, frustration at the slow pace of political change was balanced by the movement's strong support for legislative initiatives, including administrative representation across all U.S. Government departments and greater access to the ballot box. From squaring off against Governor George Wallace, to "tearing into" Vice-President Johnson (for failing to desegregate areas of the administration), to threatening corrupt white Southern judges with disbarment, to desegregating interstate transport, Robert Kennedy came to be consumed by the civil rights movement. He continued to work on these social justice issues in his bid for the presidency in 1968.
Board of Education was decided in 1954 and 1955, the NAACP state legal staff had grown to a dozen cooperating attorneys (including Tucker), and had filed fifteen petitions requesting desegregation with local school boards by the spring of 1956.Brian J. Daugherity, Keep on Keeping On (Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press, 2016) p. 46 However, U.S. Senator Harry F. Byrd had vowed Massive Resistance to school desegregation, and that fall a special session of the Virginia General Assembly adopted (and Governor Thomas B. Stanley signed) a package of new laws to maintain segregation and close desegregating schools, which came to be known as the "Stanley Plan." That collection of bills also contained seven relating to NAACP activities, and expanded the definitions of the common law legal ethics offenses of barratry, champerty and maintenance.
During the Great Depression and the administration of Democrat Franklin D. Roosevelt, some New Deal measures were promoted as intending to aid African Americans across the country and in the poor rural South, as well as poor whites. In the post-World War II era, Democratic Party presidents and national politicians began to support desegregation and other elements of the Civil Rights Movement, from President Harry S. Truman's desegregating the military, to John F. Kennedy's support for non-violent protests.Harvard Sitkoff, "Harry Truman and the Election of 1948: The Coming of Age of Civil Rights in American Politics." Journal of Southern History 37.4 (1971): 597-616 These efforts culminated in Lyndon B. Johnson's important work in gaining Congressional approval for the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and Voting Rights Act of 1965.
In the 1960s Ragsdale collaborated with Grace Gill-Olivarez to desegregate schools and to promote better educational opportunities for Mexican American, African American, and other minority students. "Eleanor Ragsdale helped Gill-Olivarez solicit funds to defray the costs for a number of Mexican American high school students to attend evening job-training workshops, and she also worked with administrators at ASU to establish financial aid programs for both incoming African American and Mexican American students". Yet, even as Ragsdale and her colleagues won a victory in desegregating Phoenix schools in 1953, enrollment of white students in these schools dropped, leaving minority students in underfunded, poorly administered schools which created new racial tensions between the African American and Mexican American communities. Despite Ragsdale's efforts, no unified coalition was able to form.
Notre Dame at Heinz Field in 2015 Traditionally the most popular sport at the University of Pittsburgh, football has been played at the highest levels at the university since 1890. During the more than 100 years of competitive football at Pitt, the university has helped pioneer the sport by, among other things, instituting the use of numbers on jerseys and desegregating the Sugar Bowl. Some of college football's all-time greatest coaches and players have plied their trade at Pitt, including Pop Warner, Jock Sutherland, Marshall Goldberg, Joe Schmidt, Mike Ditka, Tony Dorsett, Hugh Green, Mark May, Dan Marino, Bill Fralic, Curtis Martin, Darrelle Revis, Russ Grimm, LeSean McCoy and Larry Fitzgerald. Among the top schools in terms of all-time wins, Pitt teams have claimed nine National Championships and boast 88 players that have been chosen as first-team All-Americans.
At the same time, the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in Brown vs Board of Education (1954) overturned racial segregation laws for public schools that had been in place in a number of states since the late 19th century, and ruled that separate but equal schools were "inherently unequal". Although the Brown decision affirmed principles of equality and justice, it did not specify how its ruling would promote equality in education. Thurgood Marshall and the NAACP wanted a speedy process for desegregating the school districts, but the Court waited until the following year to make its recommendations. Reasons for delaying had to do with the changes in the Court and with Chief Justice Earl Warren steering a careful course given the expected opposition from Southern states. In May 1955, the Court ruled in Brown II that the school districts desegregate "with all deliberate speed".
In the summer of 1963, Gunn’s summer job ended early, and partly for financial reasons and partly out of a desire to be closer to home he considered enrolling at Florence State College, a coeducational public institution a short distance across the Tennessee River from Tuscumbia in Florence, Alabama. The sight of a yearbook in the home of an African American Florence State employee prompted him to think seriously of enrolling. Gunn generally believed at the time that the court order desegregating the University of Alabama in June 1963 had resolved the integration of state colleges in Alabama. In the summer of 1963, Gunn visited campus to request an application to enroll. Several Florence State College employees in the Registrar’s Office came out to ask what he wanted before disappearing, and Gunn was eventually interviewed by Dean of Students Turner Allan along with President E.B. Norton.
The institutional history of the school goes back to the founding, prior to 1841, of the African Free School in the old Town of Williamsburgh, which was consolidated into the City of Brooklyn in 1855. The Brooklyn Board of Education renamed it "Colored School #3" and continued to run it while pursuing an overall policy of segregated education, even after the State of New York passed a law ostensibly desegregating the state's schools in 1873. By 1879 the school had become overcrowded, and parents petitioned the school board for a new building. Samuel Leonard (1821-1879), who was in charge of school construction in Brooklyn from 1859 to 1879, drew up plans in the Romanesque Revival style that was popular for school buildings at that time. The building, with four classrooms for 220 students, was completed in 1881 at 270 Union Avenue, at a cost of $8,963.
Pitt football claims nine football National Championships Traditionally the most popular sport at the University of Pittsburgh, football has been played at the highest levels at the university since 1889. During the more than 125 years of competitive football at Pitt, the university has helped pioneer the sport by, among other things, instituting the use of numbers on jerseys, having the first live radio broadcast of a college football game, and desegregating the Sugar Bowl. Some of football's all-time greatest coaches and players have plied their trade at Pitt, including Pop Warner, Jock Sutherland, Marshall Goldberg, Joe Schmidt, Mike Ditka, Tony Dorsett, Hugh Green, Mark May, Dan Marino, Bill Fralic, Curtis Martin, Larry Fitzgerald, Darrelle Revis, Aaron Donald, and LeSean McCoy. Among the top schools in terms of all-time wins, Pitt teams have claimed nine national championships and boast 87 players that have been chosen as first-team All-Americans.
In 1939, Tucker organized a sit-in at Alexandria Library, which refused to issue library cards to black residents. On August 21, five young black men whom Tucker had recruited and instructed – William Evans, Otto L. Tucker, Edward Gaddis, Morris Murray, and Clarence Strange – entered the library one by one, requested applications for library cards and, when refused, each one took a book off the shelf and sat down in the reading room until they were removed by the police. Tucker had instructed the men to dress well, speak politely and offer no resistance to the police so as to minimize the chance of the men being found guilty of disorderly conduct or resisting arrest. Tucker defended the men in the ensuing legal actions, which resulted in the disorderly conduct charges against the protestors being dropped by city attorney Armistead Boothe (who would later become a key figure in desegregating Virginia schools), and in a branch library being established for blacks.
Under his politically understated guidance, and in the face of continued political opposition from Mississippi Governor Ross Barnett, his administration admitted the first African-American medical students, hired the first black medical professor, integrated the medical center's patients, and set new precedents for the non-violent racial desegregation of Southern medical schools and teaching hospitals.Quinn, Promises Kept, pp. 81–89. For a longer discussion of Marston's role in desegregating the Medical Center in the context of the politics and violence of the Civil Rights Movement and Mississippi's racial problems of the early 1960s, see Quinn, Promises Kept, Chapter 5, "Taking Down Barriers." Later, in 1965, he was chosen to be the university's vice-chancellor.Quinn, Promises Kept, p. 89. He rejoined the NIH in 1966, first as NIH associate director and the director of the fledgling Regional Medical Programs Division,National Institutes of Health, The NIH Almanac – Historical Data, NIH Directors, Robert Q. Marston Biographical Sketch.

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