A remarkable maize mutant, aberrant phyllotaxy1 displays a decussate phyllotactic pattern while wild type maize develops as distichous plants.
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Each pseudo-umbel with an involucre of decussate form, crossed in the form of an X, usually persistent bracts. Leaves glabrous or pubescent, domatia absent. Inflorescences axillary or solitary pseudoumbelas along very short sharp branches, appearing racemose, covered before anthesis by an involucre of bracts decussate. The flower is from greenish, yellow to white.
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Extrapyramidal tracts are those motor tracts that do not traverse the medullary pyramids. At the pyramids' most caudal end, the corticospinal axons decussate (or cross over) the midline and continue down the spinal cord on the contralateral side. The fibers that decussated will go down the lateral corticospinal tract while the fibers that did not decussate will travel down the anterior corticospinal tract. Nearly 90 percent of the fibers decussate and travel down the lateral corticospinal tract while the other 10 percent travels down the anterior corticospinal tract.
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The outer lip is thin. The siphonal canal is short. The base of the columella is finely and obliquely decussate behind.
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The apex is smooth and vitreous. The subsequent whorls are inflated and decussate. The longitudinals are oblique and tenuous. The aperture is oblong.
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The inflorescences are pseudo-umbels, flat-topped or rounded flower clusters, each pseudo-umbel with an involucre of four or six decussate bracts.
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Distorsio decussata, common name the decussate distorsio, is a species of medium-sized sea snail, a marine gastropod mollusk in the family Personidae, the Distortio snails.
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The specific epithet brachiata is from the Latin meaning "branched", referring to the decussate inflorescence. O. brachiata is native to China, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Malaysia and Indonesia.
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Its stems were slender, with opposite and decussate leaves. The leaves were oblong and measured up to long. Its reproductive structures consisted of short, loose spikes arranged in dichasial groups of 3.
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The 3-4 apical whorls are ochreous and minutely decussate, the subsequent whorls are impressed at the suture. The wide aperture is ovate. The siphonal canal is short. The outer lip is thin.
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Nestegis species are evergreen trees or shrubs. The leaves are opposite, simple, entire, and coriaceous. The inflorescence is axillary, decussate, sometimes terminal and somewhat paniculate. The flowers are either bisexual or functionally unisexual.
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They are evergreen trees or large shrubs, growing to 5–40 m tall. The leaves are scale-like, 2–6 mm long, arranged in opposite decussate pairs, and persist for three to five years. On young plants up to two years old, the leaves are needle-like and 5–15 mm long. The cones are 8–40 mm long, globose or ovoid with four to 14 scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; they are mature in 18–24 months from pollination.
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It also occurs in other plant habits such as those of Gasteria or Aloe seedlings, and also in mature plants of related species such as Kumara plicatilis. A Lithops species, showing its decussate growth in which a single pair of leaves is replaced at a time, leaving just one live active pair of leaves as the old pair withers In an opposite pattern, if successive leaf pairs are 90 degrees apart, this habit is called decussate. It is common in members of the family Crassulaceae Decussate phyllotaxis also occurs in the Aizoaceae. In genera of the Aizoaceae, such as Lithops and Conophytum, many species have just two fully developed leaves at a time, the older pair folding back and dying off to make room for the decussately oriented new pair as the plant grows.
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The trigeminal motor nucleus forms the efferent pathway of the jaw jerk reflex. Since the axons involved in this reflex do not decussate, a lesion involving the trigeminal motor nucleus would cause ipsilateral hemiparesis.
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Flora Peruviana et Chilensis.... plate LXXIV and volume 1, page 45. Typis Gabrielis de Sancha: Madrid, Spain. (see External links below). They described one species, Anthodon decussatum, named for the decussate arrangement of the leaves.
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Syzygium hemisphericum is a medium-sized tree up to 20 m tall. Bark is smooth, greyish brown, and blaze cream in colour. Branches and branchlets are terete, and glabrous. Leaves are simple, opposite, and decussate.
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The middle third of the crus cerebri contains the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers. The corticobulbar fibers exit at the appropriate level of the brainstem to synapse on the lower motor neurons of the cranial nerves. In addition to endings in these motor neurons, fibers of the corticobulbar tract also end in the sensory nuclei of the brainstem including gracile nucleus, cuneate nucleus, solitary nucleus, and all trigeminal nuclei. Only 50% of the corticobulbar fibers decussate, in contrast to those of the corticospinal tract where most decussate.
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The first-order neurons (from the trigeminal ganglion) enter the pons and synapse on second-order neurons in the principal (chief sensory) nucleus. Axons of the second-order neurons then decussate to enter the trigeminal lemniscus in the midbrain and then ascend to the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the contralateral thalamus, forming the ventral trigeminothalamic tract. A subset of these fibers do not decussate and travel to the ipsilateral ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus. These non-decussating fibers give rise to the dorsal trigeminothalamic tract.
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A warning sign in the shape of a saltire is also used to indicate the point at which a railway line intersects a road at a level crossing. In Unicode, a decussate cross is encoded at .
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The shell contains seven or eight whorls, slightly ventricose, uniformly spirally lirate. The interstices when viewed with a lens are beautifully decussate. The aperture is wide. The outer lip is thickened, transversely striate, as are the whorls.
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The Bermuda cedar is an evergreen tree growing up to 15 m tall with a trunk up to 60 cm thick (larger specimens existed in the past) and thin bark that sheds in strips. The foliage is produced in blue-green sprays, with the individual shoots 1.3–1.6 mm wide, four-sided (quadriform) in section. The leaves are scale-like (1.5–2.5 mm long, up to 4 mm long on strong-growing shoots and 1-1.5 mm broad), with an inconspicuous gland. They are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, occasionally decussate whorls of three.
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The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are also called upper motor neurons. The fibers of the upper motor neurons project out of the precentral gyrus ending in the brainstem, where they will decussate (intersect) within the lower medulla oblongata to form the lateral corticospinal tract on each side of the spinal cord. The fibers that do not decussate will pass through the medulla and continue on to form the anterior corticospinal tracts. The upper motor neuron descends in the spinal cord to the level of the appropriate spinal nerve root.
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The length of the shell attains 10 mm, its diameter 4.5 mm. This fusiform species is more effuse and inflated than its congeners. The shell contains 9 whorls including 4 apical whorls. The apical whorls are beautifully decussate.
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The shell contains 7-8 whorls 7-8. The whorls of the protoconch are smooth, white, and globose. The third whorl is elegantly but microscopically decussate. The remainder are angled a little below the sutures, delicately semitransparent, regularly cancellate.
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Stems are branches and branchlets quadrangular, glabrous. Leaves are simple, opposite, decussate; petiole 0.8-2.5 cm long, narrowly margined. It bearing white flowers, fragrant, in panicles. Fruits and seeds are drupe, ellipsoid, apiculate, to 3.7 cm long, one seeded.
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The length of the shell attains 7 mm, its diameter 2.5 mm. The small, fusiform shell is twisted. It is straw-coloured with faint rufous longitudinal tints. It contains seven whorls, of which three decussate whorls in the protoconch.
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The length of the shell attains 10 mm, its diameter 3 mm. A graceful, attenuate, fusiform species. The shell contains 11 - 12 whorls, of which 3 - 4 ocher whorls in the protoconch. The protoconch is ochraceous, and beautifully microscopically decussate.
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The remainder are finely decussate. Where the spiral lines cross the oblique riblets a gemmuliferous appearance is presented. The whorls are squarely ventricose, impressed at the sutures. The coloration consists in orange-brown lines, different in number in every specimen.
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Its color is yellowish, obscurely maculate with brown. The seven whorls are convex. The apical whorls is smooth, following 3 or 4 granulate whorls. The rest is densely spirally striate, with light incremental lines which decussate the lirulae, especially beneath.
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Melaleuca subalaris is a plant in the myrtle family, Myrtaceae, and is endemic to the south of Western Australia. It is distinguished by its small, decussate leaves and small flower heads which rarely have more than one flower in each inflorescence.
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Melaleuca decussata was first formally described by Robert Brown in 1812 in the second edition of Hortus Kewensis from material collected from the southern coastal region of Australia. The specific epithet (decussata) refers to the decussate arrangement of the leaves.
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The leaves are in decussate opposite pairs, 4.5–7 cm long (up to 11 cm long on young plants) and 6–11 mm broad. The cones are globose, 10 cm diameter, and disintegrate at maturity to release the winged seeds.
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Melaleuca cucullata is dense shrub with arching branches. It grows to a height of about high. Its leaves are sometimes arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) or sometimes alternately along the stem. They are long and wide and thick, fleshy and dished.
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Fallen foliage sprays (cladoptosis) of Metasequoia The leaves are arranged either spirally, in decussate pairs (opposite pairs, each pair at 90° to the previous pair) or in decussate whorls of three or four, depending on the genus. On young plants, the leaves are needle-like, becoming small and scale-like on mature plants of many genera; some genera and species retain needle-like leaves throughout their lives. Old leaves are mostly not shed individually, but in small sprays of foliage (cladoptosis); exceptions are leaves on the shoots that develop into branches. These leaves eventually fall off individually when the bark starts to flake.
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The foliage is arranged in flattened sprays; the leaves are scale-like, 2.5–5 mm long and 2–2.5 mm broad, arranged in opposite decussate pairs on the shoots. The seed cones are cylindrical, 12–16 mm long, with four scales each with a prominent curved spine-like bract; they are arranged in two opposite decussate pairs around a small central columella; the outer pair of scales is small and sterile, the inner pair large, each bearing two winged seeds. They are mature about six to eight months after pollination. The pollen cones are 8–10 mm long.
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The medullary pyramids are paired white matter structures of the brainstem's medulla oblongata that contain motor fibers of the corticospinal and corticobulbar tracts – known together as the pyramidal tracts. The lower limit of the pyramids is marked when the fibers cross (decussate).
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The Hungarian gentian is a perennial, herbaceous plant, which grows to a height of 20 to 60 centimetres. All the above-ground parts of the plant are hairless. Its stem is upright and strong. The five to seven-veined leaves are decussate.
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The female flowers have four perianth lobes, and are clavate-tubular and decussate-imbricate. The ovary in this genus is enclosed, with a short style, a capitate or ligulate (in P. subgen. Ligulistigma) stigma; the ovule is orthotropous. The seeds have little or no endosperm.
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The foliage is arranged in strongly flattened sprays; the leaves are scale-like, arranged in opposite decussate pairs on the shoots; the facial leaves are 1–2 mm long and 1 mm broad, and the lateral leaves markedly larger, 3–7 mm long and 1.5–3 mm broad. The seed cones are cylindrical, 10–12 mm long, with four scales each with a prominent curved spine-like bract; they are arranged in two opposite decussate pairs around a small central columella; the outer pair of scales is small and sterile, the inner pair large, each bearing two winged seeds. They are mature about six to eight months after pollination.
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It is an evergreen coniferous tree growing to 25 m tall, with a trunk up to 2.5 m diameter. The foliage is arranged in flattened sprays; the leaves are scale- like, 1.5–2 mm long and 1 mm broad, arranged in opposite decussate pairs on the shoots. The seed cones are cylindrical, 8–12 mm long, with four scales each with a prominent curved spine-like bract; they are arranged in two opposite decussate pairs around a small central columella; the outer pair of scales is small and sterile, the inner pair large, bearing two winged seeds. They are mature about six to eight months after pollination.
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The linear sutures are impressed. The small, mamillate apex is followed by 3 to 4 embryonic, well rounded and very finely decussate whorls. The aperture measures half the total length. It is subrectangular-oblique, a little more narrowed at the base, inscribed in an almost vertical plane.
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Melaleuca pauciflora is a shrub in the myrtle family Myrtaceae, endemic to the south-west of Western Australia. Its decussate leaf arrangement and its small heads of white flowers on the sides of its branches are diagnostic. This is probably the least spectacular of all the melaleucas.
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Melaleuca acuminata is an erect, rather open shrub with papery or fibrous bark and many ascending branches. The leaves are in alternating pairs on either side of the stem (decussate), narrow elliptic in shape, long, wide with a short petiole.M. acuminata foliage, flowers and fruit.M. acuminata barkM.
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The leaves are in decussate opposite pairs, 5–7 cm long (up to 20 cm long on young plants) and 8–12 mm broad. The cones are oval, up to 15 cm long and 12 cm diameter, and disintegrate at maturity to release the winged seeds.
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The neurons in the optic nerve decussate in the optic chiasm with some crossing to the contralateral optic nerve tract. This is the basis of the "swinging-flashlight test". Loss of accommodation and continued pupillary dilation can indicate the presence of a lesion on the oculomotor nerve.
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The length of the shell attains 8 mm, its diameter 3 mm. (Original description in Latin) The delicate ovate- cylindrical shell is semi-transparent and has a milky white color. It contains 7-8 whorls of which 2⅓ whorls in the protoconch. These are white and rather slowly decussate.
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The leaf margin can sometimes have minute hairs lining it. The leaves are simple and arranged oppositely with pairs alternating at 90 degrees along the branch (decussate). The leaf bud has no gap at the base. The flowers are white, in a raceme spike up to 11 cm long.
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Leaves are opposite and decussate, and range from oval- lanceolate to heart-shaped, with crenate or dentate border. Leaves, dark green and usually pubescent, measure 3–8 cm per 2–6 cm, and have 1–3 cm petiole. Upper face is wrinkled, with a net-like vein pattern.
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The foliage is produced in flattened sprays with scale-like leaves long; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four; the facial pairs are flat, with the lateral pairs folded over their bases. The leaves are bright green on both sides of the shoots with only inconspicuous stomata. The foliage, when crushed, gives off an aroma somewhat akin to shoe-polish. The seed cones are long, pale green to yellow, with four (rarely six) scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; the outer pair of scales each bears two winged seeds, the inner pair(s) usually being sterile and fused together in a flat plate.
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The leaves are opposite or whorled. The scalelike leaves fuse into a sheath at the base and this often sheds soon after development. There are no resin canals. The plants are mostly dioecious: with the pollen strobili in whorls of 1-10, each consisting of a series of decussate bracts.
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Excoecaria oppositifolia, an understory and evergreen tree species, belongs to the genus Excoecaria of the family Euphorbiaceae. It is found in Western Ghats of India and Sri Lanka. Trees are tall and leaves are simple and decussate in nature. Unisexual flowers are dioecious and inflorescence depends on the type of flower.
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When five sepals are present they are quincuncial, and when four sepals are present they are opposite and decussate. Sepals can be equal or unequal. Sepals can be united at their base, as seen in sections Hirtella, Taeniocarpium, and Arthrophyllum. The margins are variable, having marginal glands, teeth, or hairs.
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Melaleuca penicula is an erect, woody shrub growing to tall. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that there are four rows of leaves along the stem. The leaves are long, wide, narrow egg- shaped and tapering to a point. Young leaves are covered with soft, silky hairs.
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Memecylon angustifolium, or blue mist, is a species of plant in the family Melastomataceae. It is native to India and Sri Lanka. Leaves are simple, opposite, decussate; lamina narrow linear-elliptic to linear-lanceolate; apex acute, base attenuate, with entire margin. Flowers are blue in color and show axillary umbels inflorescence.
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The stems of the plant grow up to 30 or 40 cm long. Leaves are decussate, arranged oppositely in perpendicular pairs along the stems. The leaves are oval with thick, whitish, cartilaginous margins and measure up to 2 cm long. Flowers occur in leaf axils singly or in short, spikelike inflorescences.
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The length of the shell attains 7 mm, its diameter 3 mm. (Original description in Latin) The delicate ovate- cylindrical shell is semi-transparent and has a milky white color. It contains 8-9 whorls of which 2⅓ or 3 whorls in the protoconch. These are pale reddish and rather thinly decussate.
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Hebe has four perpendicular rows of leaves in opposite decussate pairs. The flowers are perfect, the corolla usually has four slightly unequal lobes, the flower has two stamens and a long style. Flowers are arranged in a spiked inflorescence. Identification of Hebe species is difficult, especially if they are not in flower.
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The base of the shell is similarly variegated, but the dots are sometimes brown. Furrows between the bead-rows are finely and densely decussate by spiral and oblique raised striae or threads. The spire is straightly conic with an acute, roseate apex and about six whorls. The body whorl is deflexed in front.
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Calluna has small scale-leaves (less than 2–3 mm long) borne in opposite and decussate pairs, whereas those of Erica are generally larger and in whorls of 3–4, sometimes 5.Clive Stace, (2010) New Flora of the British Isles, 3rd edition. Cambridge University Press. It flowers from July to September.
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Libocedrus plumosa is an evergreen coniferous tree growing to tall, with a trunk up to diameter. The bark is loose, fibrous and light brown. The foliage is arranged in flattened sprays; the leaves are scale-like, arranged in opposite decussate pairs on the shoots; the facial leaves are 1–2 mm long and 1 mm broad, and the lateral leaves distinctly larger, 2–5 mm long and 1.5–2 mm broad. The seed cones are cylindrical, 12–18 mm long, with four scales each with a prominent curved spine-like bract; they are arranged in two opposite decussate pairs around a small central columella; the outer pair of scales is small and sterile, the inner pair large, each bearing two winged seeds.
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The overall size varies between species from 30 cm tall up to 2 m tall. The leaves are entire, opposite and decussate (each leaf pair at right angles to the next) and rugose or reticulate veined. The bracts (floral leaves) are similar or different from the lower leaves. All parts are frequently covered with hairs.
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Close-up of a C. quadriculare flower The following description is based on the one by Yuan et alii (2010) and applies to only the monophyletic circumscription of Clerodendrum. Clerodendrum is a genus of small trees, shrubs, lianas, and subherbaceous perennials. Leaves decussate or whorled, never spiny as in some close relatives. Inflorescence usually terminal.
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However, no definite transitional point occurs between the phases. The intermediate phase, when the largest leaves are often formed, links the juvenile and adult phases.Brooker & Kleinig (2001) In all except a few species, the leaves form in pairs on opposite sides of a square stem, consecutive pairs being at right angles to each other (decussate).
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Members of the genus Passerina are ericoid shrubs or shrublets, often with a tendency to having pendulous branches. Their leaves are markedly decussate. They are concave or closely involute, lined with woolly hairs, and cling to leafy stems without being large enough to cover them. This gives the plants a characteristic plaited or corded appearance.
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The species was first formally described by Robert Chinnock in 2007 and the description was published in Eremophila and Allied Genera: A Monograph of the Plant Family Myoporaceae. The type specimen was collected by Chinnock near Ooldea. The specific epithet (decussata) is a Latin word referring to the decussate leaf arrangement in this species.
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Melaleuca quadrifaria was first formally described in 1886 by Ferdinand von Mueller in "Southern Science Record". (The description was not formally published but a page proof was distributed by Mueller.) The specific epithet (quadrifaria) is derived from the Latin meaning "four" and meaning "-fold" referring to the decussate or "four-fold" arrangement of the leaves.
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Glycymeris decussata, or the decussate bittersweet, is a species of bivalve mollusc in the family Glycymerididae. It can be found in Caribbean waters, ranging from Florida to the West Indies and Brazil.Abbott, R.T. & Morris, P.A. A Field Guide to Shells: Atlantic and Gulf Coasts and the West Indies. New York: Houghton Mifflin, 1995. 13.
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It is a large evergreen tree growing to 40–50 m tall. The leaves are scale-like, 1.5-3.5 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad on small shoots, up to 10 mm long on strong-growing shoots, and arranged in opposite decussate pairs. The cones are globose, 1.5-2.2 cm long, with four scales.
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These are rounded but much impressed at the sutures. The two almost vitreous whorls in the protoconch are most delicately decussate. The remainder of the whorls are closely obliquely ribbed, crossed by many spirals, slightly gemmulate at the points of junction. This gives a white shining appearance to the ribs, which on the body whorl number about twenty- six.
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Then the fibers decussate and form the middle cerebellar peduncle, terminating in the cerebellar cortex as mossy fibers. This pathway transmits signals that inform the cerebellum about the movement in progress and the upcoming movement. This helps the continuous adjustment of motor activity. The initiation of the movement is relayed to cerebellum via the corticoreticulocerebellar pathway.
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The leaves are simple, undivided, and entire; there is only one case of pinnately compound leaves (Pentagonia osapinnata). Leaf blades are usually elliptical, with a cuneate base and an acute tip. In three genera (Pavetta, Psychotria, Sericanthe), bacterial leaf nodules can be observed as dark spots or lines on the leaves. The phyllotaxis is usually decussate, rarely whorled (e.g.
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Darwinia biflora is an erect, sometimes spreading, often straggly shrub which grows to a height of . The leaves are glabrous and arranged in a decussate pattern along the branches. The leaves are long, flattened and often pressed against the branches. The flowers are arranged on stalks less than long near the ends of the branches, usually in pairs.
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The shell is broadly oval to quadrate with the umbones distinctly anterior. The posterior hinge line is straight, the posterior margin truncate, and the anterior hinge line grades into the down-sloping anterior margin. It is prominent posteriorly, where the shell is conspicuously decussate. The surface has a sculpture of fine concentric striae and bolder radiating lines.
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It is a small evergreen tree growing to 5–7 m (rarely to 20 m) tall. The leaves are scale-like, 1.5 mm long and 1 mm broad on small shoots, up to 15 mm long on strong-growing shoots, and arranged in opposite decussate pairs. The cones are globose to rectangular, 2–3 cm long, with four scales.
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Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Conifer Specialist Group 2000: Libocedrus yateensis It is an evergreen coniferous shrub or small tree growing to 12 m tall, sometimes multi-stemmed, with trunks up to 30 cm diameter. The foliage is arranged in flattened sprays; the leaves are scale-like, arranged in opposite decussate pairs on the shoots; the facial leaves are 1.5–2 mm long and 1 mm broad, and the lateral leaves slightly larger, 2–5 mm long and 1–2 mm broad. The seed cones are cylindrical, 9–10 mm long, with four scales each with a prominent curved spine-like bract; they are arranged in two opposite decussate pairs around a small central columella; the outer pair of scales is small and sterile, the inner pair large, each bearing two winged seeds.
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Streptocarpella leaves can be decussate in arrangement (each pair of leaves at a node is at 90 degrees to the ones preceding or following it), or ternate (whorls of 3 leaves at each node). Some specimens may exhibit both on the same plant. Streptocarpella are grown as houseplants, hanging plants, and sometimes as bedding plants. These two Streptocarpus subgenera do not interbreed.
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The others are convex with an indistinct suture. The longitudinal ribs are dense and are crossed by two transverse striae on each whorl, subsutarally sulcate and decussate by small lirae. The superior part of the narrow, oblique body whorl is slightly rounded, the inferior part attenuate and elongate. The superior part of the columella is concave, inflated at the middle.
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The plant is endemic to western Tasmania, where it is a low shrub growing to 1 m tall at high altitudes. Its leaves are scale-like, arranged (unusually for the Podocarpaceae) in opposite decussate pairs, superficially resembling those of the unrelated Diselma archeri (Cupressaceae). It shares the common name Creeping pine with several other plants. Females produce tiny, red, edible berries in summer.
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Melaleuca ordinifolia is a shrub to about tall. Its leaves are crowded together, and arranged in alternating pairs (decussate), so that they are in four rows along the branchlets. Each leaf is long and wide, very narrow oval in shape, slightly dished and with a rounded end. This species flowers profusely with many heads of white flowers on the sides of the branches.
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Bulbils may form along the stem or leaf margins. The leaf arrangement is opposite and decussate or alternate and spiral, and they are frequently aggregated into rosettes. The leaf shape is simple (rarely pinnate) and usually entire, or crenate to broadly lobed, sometimes dentate or more deeply incised, glabrous (smooth) or tomentose. In cross section the leaf blades are flat or round.
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Clove stalks are slender stems of the inflorescence axis that show opposite decussate branching. Externally, they are brownish, rough, and irregularly wrinkled longitudinally with short fracture and dry, woody texture. Mother cloves (anthophylli) are the ripe fruits of cloves that are ovoid, brown berries, unilocular and one-seeded. This can be detected by the presence of much starch in the seeds.
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The members of the genus are typically small perennial, deciduous herbs with annual flowering stems. Flowering shoots are produced from the basal rootstock or condensed rhizome during the onset of rainy season which dies after producing the fruits. Leaves are opposite, decussate and mostly unequal within pairs. The inflorescence is pair-flowered cyme, typical of the Gesneriad family, with few to many flowers.
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Yellow or white flowers emerge from the fissure between the leaves after the new leaf pair has fully matured, one per leaf pair. This is usually in autumn, but can be before the summer solstice in L. pseudotruncatella and after the winter solstice in L. optica. The flowers are often sweetly scented. decussate budding leaves growing between the mature leaves.
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Melaleuca radula is a spreading shrub, growing to tall with coarse bark. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the branches. The leaves are long, wide, linear to elliptic in shape with the sides turned up so that they are crescent moon- shaped in cross section. There are prominent oil glands on the lower surface.
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Melaleuca squarrosa is a shrub, sometimes a small tree growing to high, with white or grey papery bark. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that its leaves are in four rows along the stems. They are long, wide, flat and linear to narrow egg-shaped tapering to a point. They have between 5 and 7 distinct veins.
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Occidentales, which was defined as "characterised by opposite-decussate seedling leaves and adult leaves in true whorls." This arrangement stood until 1999, when George largely reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. Under George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, B. seminudas taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg. Banksia :::B. sect.
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Rotala ramosior is a species of flowering plant in the loosestrife family known by the common name lowland rotala. This aquatic or semiaquatic plant is native to North America, where it grows in lakes, streams, and irrigation ditches. The branching stems of the plant grow to about 40 cm long. Leaves are decussate, arranged oppositely in perpendicular pairs along the stems.
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Verticordia × eurardyensis is a shrub which grows to a height of and up to wide. The leaves are arranged in decussate pairs, egg-shaped to elliptic, dished and long. Their margins are slightly hairy or have minute teeth. The flowers are scented and arranged in spike-like groups near the ends of the branches, each flower on a spreading stalk about long.
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There are also thin wings along the angles of the stem. The glabrous opposite leaves in a decussate arrangement are noticeably toothed (dentate to serrate) and are up to 12 cm long and 5 cm wide. They are ovate, lanceolate-ovate, or lanceolate, gradually narrowing to a sharp point at the apex. At the base are narrowly winged petioles about 1.2 cm long.
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Greater stitchwort can grow up to in height, with roughly 4-angled stems. The long, narrow (lanceolate) leaves are greyish green, hairless, sessile, opposite, and decussate (the successive pairs borne at right angles to each other). The flowers are white, across, with five petals split to about halfway the length of the petal. The sepals are much shorter than the petals.
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The variety grown in horticulture is very pale blue, verging on cream, with a falcate upper lip. The small calyces are typically violet-purple. The inflorescences are short, with a main flowering stem that has alternating pairs of flower stems at right angles to each other, a botanical arrangement known as decussate. The mathematically precise flower structure gives the plant a striking appearance.
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Melaleuca uxorum is a shrub growing to a height of . Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate), long, wide, v-shaped in cross section and lacking a stalk. Head of flowers appear on the ends of the branches in November and December, each head composed of 4 to 12 groups of flowers, each group composed of three flowers. The heads are in diameter.
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Foliage of the cultivar 'Rheingold' Thuja are evergreen trees growing from tall, with stringy-textured reddish-brown bark. The shoots are flat, with side shoots only in a single plane. The leaves are scale-like 1–10 mm long, except young seedlings in their first year, which have needle-like leaves. The scale leaves are arranged in alternating decussate pairs in four rows along the twigs.
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Beaufortia empetrifolia is a compact, much branched shrub which grows to a height of . The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs (decussate) so they make four rows along the stems. The leaves are egg-shaped, long and wide. The flowers are pink to purplish red and are arranged in heads about in diameter, on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering.
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Regelia megacephala is an erect, straggly shrub which grows to a height of . Its leaves are small and are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along its long stems. The flowers are mauve and arranged in dense heads across on the ends of long stems which continue to grow after flowering. There are 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 bundles of stamens.
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Regelia ciliata is rigid, spreading shrub which grows to a height of . The leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stems. They are broadly egg-shaped, about long and wide and fringed with short hairs. The flowers are mauve and arranged in dense heads across on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering.
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The tract that ascends before synapsing is known as Lissauer's tract. After synapsing, secondary axons decussate and ascend in the anterior lateral portion of the spinal cord as the spinothalamic tract. This tract ascends all the way to the VPLN, where it synapses on tertiary neurons. Tertiary neuronal axons then travel to the primary sensory cortex via the posterior limb of the internal capsule.
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The leaves have characteristic pellucid dots and are linear to linear-oblanceolate. The leaves are rounded at their tip and narrow towards their sessile or subpetiolar base. The leaves are 1–4 cm long and 1–6 mm wide. Pairs of leaves are spirally arranged but not decussate, and lower leaves become more purplish, smaller, more elliptic, and crowded due to shortening of the internodes.
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The leaves are decussate (produced in alternate, perpendicular pairs) slender, erect and tapering gradually to a point. They are covered in a fine, pale waxy covering that gives the leaves a slight grey colour. The seed capsule is held close to the plant, has valves with awns, and even after it has dried out and released its seeds, it remains persistent on the plant, for many years.
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A small Widdringtonia nodiflora specimen in cultivation as an ornamental. Cape Town. It is an evergreen multistemmed shrub or small to rarely medium-sized tree growing to 5–7 m (rarely to 25 m) tall. The leaves are scale-like, 1.5–2 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad on small shoots, up to 10 mm long on strong-growing shoots, and arranged in opposite decussate pairs.
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Species are perennial or rarely annual herbs, usually glabrous stems, sometimes woody at base, from thin woody rhizome. Leaves decussate or alternate, with narrow base, and several hydathodes on lower face along margins. The flowering branches are erect or descending, with dense inflorescences exhibiting many flowered terminal pleiochasia (several buds come out at the same time). Flowers 4-7 parts, sepals usually unequal, petals free, usually spreading.
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RGC axons traveling to the contralateral optic tract need to cross. Shh plays a role in this. It is expressed along the midline in the ventral diencephalon, providing a repulsive cue to prevent RGCs from crossing the midline ectopically. However, a hole is generated in this gradient, thus allowing RGCs to decussate (research is still actively done to understand the mechanism behind this isolated obliteration).
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Melaleuca fulgens subsp. fulgens is a woody shrub growing to a height of up to and a width of , with glabrous branchlets. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs at right angles to those immediately above and below (decussate) so that the leaves are in four rows along the stems. The leaves are long, wide, linear to narrow elliptic in shape, concave and with prominent oil glands.
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The flowers are usually bright red, but sometimes other shades of red, pink or white and are arranged in spikes on the sides of the branches. The spikes are up to in diameter and length. Each spike contains 6 to 20 individual flowers arranged in a decussate pattern. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower, each bundle containing 22 to 80 stamens.
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M. flexialabastra is a compact, bushy plant found in high altitude sub-tropical rainforests and the drier rainforests between Queensland and New South Wales. The inflorescence is a terminal raceme off a central axis, and the pink to red tubular flowers occur in strongly reflexed, decussate pairs with a central sessile flower. The ovoid fruits (6 - 15 mm long) are a red-blotched yellowish-green.
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Melaleuca fulgens subsp. corrugata is an erect, woody shrub growing up to high and wide with glabrous branchlets. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs at right angles to those immediately above and below (decussate) so that the leaves are in four rows along the stems. The leaves are long, wide, narrow elliptic in shape with the outer edge of the leaves curled upward and inward.
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Sometimes the edges of the leaves are turned under, giving the appearance of a linear shape. The flowers are usually bright red, but sometimes other shades of red, pink or white and are arranged in spikes on the sides of the branches. The spikes are up to in diameter and long. Each spike contains 6 to 20 individual flowers arranged in a decussate pattern.
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VLPO have the same function as DPO, but act in a different area. PVO, CPO, RPO, VMPO, ALPO and SPON (inhibited by glycine) are various signalling and inhibiting nuclei. The trapezoid body is where most of the cochlear nucleus (CN) fibers decussate (cross left to right and vice versa); this cross aids in sound localization. The CN breaks into ventral (VCN) and dorsal (DCN) regions.
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The flowers are unscented. The flowering period is from May to October and the flowers are frequently visited by flies, like Rhingia campestris. The plant grows to 30–90 cm, with branching stems. The deep green leaves are in opposite and decussate pairs, simple acute ovate, 3–8 cm long with an untoothed margin; both the leaves and stems of the plant are hairy and slightly sticky.
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These are woody plants with opposite or whorled leaves (but not decussate), with insect-pollinated flowers having a nectary disc and typically five petals. This family is now placed in the order Malpighiales, though under the Cronquist system, they formed an order in themselves (Rhizophorales). These species are often hermaphrodites, more rarely polygamomonoecious. Mangrove species are usually viviparous while those living on land are not.
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Melaleuca calycina grows to a height of about or less and has rough, corky bark. The leaves are long and wide, arranged in alternating opposite pairs (decussate). The flowers are white or cream-coloured and occur singly or in small groups, sometimes at the ends of branches and sometimes in the leaf axils. At the base of each flower there are brown, papery, overlapping bracts.
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Melaleuca cheelii grows to a height of . Its leaves are arranged in alternating opposite pairs (decussate), each leaf with an elliptic shape, long and wide. The flowers are white to cream- coloured and arranged in spikes at the ends of the branches which continue to grow after flowering. The flower spikes are up to long and in diameter and carry 2 to 10 flowers.
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Darwinia procera is an erect shrub which grows to a height of about and has upright branches. The leaves are laterally compressed and arranged in a decussate pattern along the branches. The leaves are long, glabrous, have a bluish tinge, curve upwards and taper to a point. The flowers are arranged in clusters of about four on the ends of the branches, each flower on a stalk long.
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Melaleuca oxyphylla is a shrub growing to a height of . Its leaves are covered with soft, silky hairs when young but become glabrous as they mature. They are crowded together in alternating pairs, each pair at right angles to the ones above and below, so that they form four rows along the branchlets (decussate). Each leaf is long, wide, narrow elliptic in shape with a fine, but not prickly tip.
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Melaleuca monantha is a shrub growing to tall. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs, (decussate) so that they are in four rows along the stems. Each leaf is oval to egg-shaped, long, wide tapering to a point on the end. The flowers are white and arranged in small heads on the ends of branches that continue to grow after flowering or in the upper leaf axils.
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Resin canals are found in both leaves and the seed cones. The bark is usually smooth at first, becoming fissured or flaking with age. The leaves are generally flat with a decurrent base and a spreading blade, but leading and cone-bearing shoots may also have small appressed scale-like leaves. The base phyllotaxis or leaf arrangement is spiral though the leaves usually form subopposite and nearly decussate pairs.
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Melaleuca adenostyla is a shrub growing to about tall with mostly glabrous leaves and branches. The leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) and are long, wide, and linear or narrow elliptic in shape. The flowers are cream coloured and arranged in a spike at the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering. Each spike contains between one and 12 individual flowers and is up to in diameter.
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Two specimens turned up, which differ from the type by the predominating spiral sculpture and very feeble axial plications. Typically there are delicate spiral threads, but in our specimens there are distinct chords present, which are crossed by flexuous longitudinal striæ. Only the upper whorls are distinctly decussate. The protoconch, consisting of two smooth whorls, is much larger than in fossil specimens from Petane, more bulbose, and with an oblique nucleus.
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As all Rubiaceae species, the leaves are opposite, simple and entire, and they have interpetiolar stipules. The phyllotaxis is decussate, sometimes conspicuously so (e.g. Canthium inerme), and rarely whorled (e.g. Fadogia). Some species have spines (e.g. Canthium). Secondary pollen presentation is characteristic for the tribe and the species develop a conspicuous “stylar head”-complex, which is a structural unit consisting of a pollen presenting organ combined with stigmatic surfaces.
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Beaufortia cyrtodonta is a compact shrub which grows to a height of . The leaves are linear, crowded and arranged in alternate pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stems. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped, long and often have a covering of fine hairs, giving them a greyish appearance. The flowers are red and are arranged in heads about in diameter on the ends of branches.
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Beaufortia purpurea is an erect, sometimes open, spreading shrub with long, straight, thin branches and which grows to a height of about . The leaves are arranged in alternate pairs (decussate) on the younger branches, so that they make four rows along the stems. The older leaves are lance-shaped to egg-shaped while the olders ones are linear. The leaves are long and have 3 or 5 veins.
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This is the largest species of its genus, with leaves over in length. The leaves are bright green, upturned, fleshy and are born in pairs. The two leaves in a leaf-pair are a very similar size, unlike many other species of Glottiphyllum. The leaf-pairs grow in a decussate arrangement (each leaf-pair at right angles to the previous one, rather than all in the same two distichous rows).
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Melaleuca foliolosa is a tree growing up to tall with white or greyish papery bark and a bushy crown. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) and are long and wide. They are almost triangular in shape and pressed against the stem so that they almost overlap. The flowers are cream to greenish white and arranged in short spikes or almost spherical heads in the upper leaf axils.
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Its flowers are terminal or axillary, bisexual, solitary or in an up to nine-flowered open panicle, pedicel with small paired bracts. It has four decussate sepals sub-orbicular, persistent and variously enlarged and thickened in fruit. Stamens are numerous, free or connate only at the base, ovary superior (1-2 celled) each cell with one to two axillary ovules. They are slender with a peltate to four-lobed stigma.
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The leaves have an opposite decussate arrangement (each opposing pair of leaves at right angles to the next pair along the stem), are short stalked and oval shaped, have a shiny coat, and are smooth on both sides. The leaves are about long and wide. The flowers are small with a pale green colour and a funnel shape. They bloom in the cold season and have a foul smell.
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It is a small evergreen tree, 4–12 m (rarely to 20 m) high, with a trunk up to 50 cm diameter. The leaves are scale-like, 2–6 mm long and 0.5 mm broad, arranged in decussate whorls of three on very slender shoots 0.7–1 mm diameter. The cones are globose, 1–2 cm diameter, with six triangular scales, which open at maturity to release the seeds.
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The root system is deep and strong, and the trees are highly wind resistant. The leaves are green and glossy, elliptical to lanceolate, 7–15 cm long and 2–4 cm wide. They are borne on short petioles and held in a decussate pairs, but twisted so they lie in one plane. Leaves in the shade, of juvenile trees, and of individuals growing in wetter regions, tend to be larger.
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The leaves of melastomes are somewhat distinctive, being opposite, decussate, and usually with 3-7 longitudinal veins arising either from the base of the blade, plinerved (inner veins diverging above base of blade), or pinnately nerved with three or more pairs of primary veins diverging from the mid-vein at successive points above the base. Flowers are perfect, and borne either singly or in terminal or axillary, paniculate cymes.
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Dasymalla glutinosa is a spreading shrub which grows to a height of with sticky but glabrous branches and leaves. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs (that is, they are decussate), oblong to egg-shaped, long, wide with a blunt end. The flowers are white or cream- coloured and arranged singly in upper leaf axils on a stalk long and sticky. The flowers are surrounded by leafy bracts long.
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The Willowmore cypress is a protected tree in South Africa. It is a medium- sized evergreen tree growing to 20–25 m (formerly known to 40 m) tall. The leaves are scale-like, 1.5 mm long and 1 mm broad on small shoots, up to 10 mm long on strong-growing shoots, and arranged in opposite decussate pairs. The cones are globose to rectangular, 2–3 cm long, with four scales.
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It is threatened by habitat loss. It is a large evergreen tree growing up to 60 m tall. The leaves are in decussate opposite pairs, 7–10 cm long and 18–30 mm broad on mature trees, up to 13 cm long and 45 mm broad on young trees. The cones are oval, 8.5–10 cm long and 6.5-7.5 cm diameter, and disintegrate at maturity to release the winged seeds.
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The leaves are opposite, basal 1/3–2/3 connate their length. There is one ovule in each cone that is enclosed by two pairs of cone bracts. Pollen cones, consist of three or four pairs of decussate scales with broad margin, are oblong-spherical shaped, sessile or subsessile at nodes and paired or rarely solitary. Bracts of pollen cones are in two to four pairs, 1/2 connate their length.
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Melaleuca gibbosa is a medium- sized shrub, about tall and wide with egg-shaped leaves which are about long and wide. The leaves are sessile and arranged in crowded, alternating, opposite pairs along the stem (decussate). The flowers are mauve, in dense, cylindrical spikes about long, containing up to about ten pairs of flowers. The stamens are conspicuous, long and arranged in five bundles around each flower, each with between 5 and 25 stamens.
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Beaufortia bicolor is a densely branched shrub which grows to a height of about and about wide. The leaves are arranged in opposite pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stems. The leaves are long, long, usually hairy and are bird-winged in cross section. The flowers are red, orange and yellow and are arranged in dense heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering.
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Melaleuca agathosmoides is usually a shrub growing to a height of . The leaves are glabrous, long and decussate (arranged in alternating pairs). The flowers are ramiflorous, that is they grow along lengths of old wood rather than at the ends of branches or in the axils of leaves, singly or in groups of up to 20. The stamens are grouped in five bundles around the flower, each bundle containing 12 to 19 stamens.
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Beaufortia decussata is an erect, open shrub with few branches growing to a height of . The leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stems. They are egg-shaped, pointed at the end, about long and usually have 5 veins visible. The flowers are red to orange red and are arranged in heads about in diameter and long, forming a cylinder around the long stems under their branches.
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Melaleuca coccinea grows to a height of about with many slender, tangled branches. The leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) along the branches, lack a stalk, are , wide, egg-shaped to heart- shaped, dished and have a pointed but not sharp end. The flowers are brilliant red, arranged in bottlebrush-like spikes, long and about diameter on side branches. The petals are long and fall off soon after the flower opens.
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They are usually bisexual and verticillastrate (a flower cluster that looks like a whorl of flowers, but actually consists of two crowded clusters). Although this is still considered an acceptable alternative name, most botanists now use the name Lamiaceae in referring to this family. The leaves emerge oppositely, each pair at right angles to the previous one (decussate) or whorled. The stems are frequently square in cross section,Parnell, J. and Curtis, T. 2012.
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Regelia inops is an upright, often spreading shrub which grows to a height of . The leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stems. They are egg-shaped or triangular, and long with their lower part pressed against the stem. The flowers are mauve and arranged in small heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering and sometimes also on small side branches.
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Regelia cymbifolia is much branched shrub which grows to a height of . The leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate), so that they make four rows along the stems. They are egg-shaped, usually less than long, curved with their lower half pressed against the stem and have a prominent mid-vein. The flowers are deep pink to purple and arranged in small clusters on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering.
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After the two tracts terminate upon these nuclei, the heavily myelinated fibres arise and ascend anteromedially around the periaqueductal gray as internal arcuate fibres. These fibres decussate (cross) to the contralateral (opposite) side, so called the sensory decussation. The ascending bundle after the decussation is called the medial lemniscus. Unlike other ascending tracts of the brain, fibres of the medial lemniscus do not give off collateral branches as they travel along the brainstem.
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The leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs or whorls of three; the adult leaves are scale-like, long on lead shoots and broad. The juvenile leaves (on seedlings only) are needle-like and are long. The cones are berry-like, in diameter, blue brown with a whitish waxy bloom, turning reddish brown, and contain a single seed (rarely two or three). The seeds are mature in about 8 or 9 months.
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The inflorescences which are in the axils of leaves or deciduous bracts, include panicles (rarely heads), racemes, compound cymes, or pseudoumbels (spikes in Cassytha), and are sometimes enclosed by decussate bracts. The flowers are bisexual only or staminate and bisexual on some plants, pistillate and bisexual on others. The flowers are usually yellow to greenish or white, rarely reddish. The hypanthium are well- developed, resembling calyx tube tepals and the stamens perigynous.
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Melaleuca fulgens subsp. steedmanii is a woody shrub growing to a height of up to and sometimes a width of , with glabrous branchlets. Its leaves are blue-green and arranged in alternating pairs at right angles to those immediately above and below (decussate) so that the leaves are in four rows along the stems. The leaves are long, wide, narrow egg-shaped with a rounded end but with a small, distinct point in the middle.
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Thai basil is sturdy and compact, growing up to , and has shiny green, slightly serrated, narrow leaves with a sweet, anise-like scent and hints of licorice, along with a slight spiciness lacking in sweet basil. Thai basil has a purple stem, and like other plants in the mint family, the stem is square. Its leaves are opposite and decussate. As implied by its scientific name, Thai basil flowers in the form of a thyrse.
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Melaleuca hypericifolia is a large woody shrub or small tree growing to in height, with greyish papery bark. Its leaves are arranged in alternate pairs (decussate), long, wide, narrow elliptic in shape with a central groove on the upper surface. The flowers are red to orange, arranged in a spike, usually on the older wood. The spike is up to in both diameter and length and contains up to 40 individual flowers.
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Verticordia decussata was first formally described by Norman Byrnes in 1977 and the description was published in Austrobaileya. The specific epithet (decussata) was suggested by Dr. Stanley Blake but Blake did not fulfill his intention of describing the species. The epithet refers to the decussate leaf arrangement. When Alex George reviewed the genus Verticordia in 1991, he placed this species in subgenus Eperephes, section Tropica along with V. cunninghamii and V. verticillata.
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Melaleuca pritzelii is a shrub which grows to about tall with rough grey bark. The plant is glabrous except for the new growth when it first appears covered with matted hairs. Its leaves are usually arranged in opposite pairs at right angles to the pairs above and below (decussate) so that there are four rows of leaves along the branchlets. The leaves are long and wide, concave and egg-shaped tapering to a pointed end.
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Melaleuca decussata is a densely branched shrub growing to a height and width of . The leaves are arranged in alternating pairs at right angles to the ones above and below so that the leaves are in 4 rows along the stems (decussate). The leaves are long, wide, linear, narrow elliptic or narrow egg-shaped tapering to a point and concave in cross section. They also have prominent oil glands on their lower surface.
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Melaleuca basicephala grows to a height of about with glabrous branches. The leaves are in alternating opposite pairs (decussate) and are long, wide, oval or tear-drop shaped and glabrous. The flowers are in heads on the previous year's shoots in groups of two to ten, the heads up to in diameter. The stamens are in five bundles around the flower, each bundle with 17 to 23 pinkish-purple or mauve-pink stamens.
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Melaleuca sylvana is a shrub or small tree growing to a height of with an open crown. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate), so that there are four rows of leaves along the stems. The leaves are long, wide, egg-shaped with the narrower end at the base and crescent- or half-moon shaped in cross section. The flowers are white and arranged in heads or short spikes between the leaves on the fresh growth.
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A diagonal cross (decussate cross, saltire, St. Andrew's Cross) A saltire, also called Saint Andrew's Cross or the crux decussata, is a heraldic symbol in the form of a diagonal cross, like the shape of the letter X in Roman type. The word comes from the Middle French sautoir, Middle Latin saltatoria ("stirrup").Heraldic use 13th century (attested 1235, Huon de Méry, Tournoiemenz Antecrist, v. 654). In 1352 also of a particular form of stirrup (Comput. Steph.
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Beaufortia incana is a shrub that typically grows to a height of . The leaves are arranged alternately, crowded on the younger stems, linear to lance-shaped and arranged in alternate pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stems. The leaves are long and have a covering of fine hairs on both surfaces. The flowers are red, arranged in dense heads about in diameter on the ends of the branches and are surrounded by long soft hairs.
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It is a small tree reaching 5-15 m (rarely to 20 m) tall, with a trunk up to 1 m (rarely 2 m) diameter. The shoots are slender, diameter. The leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, or occasionally in whorls of three; the adult leaves are scale-like, 1–3 mm long (to 5 mm on lead shoots) and broad. The juvenile leaves (on young seedlings only) are needle-like, 5–10 mm long.
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Beaufortia squarrosa is a shrub which grows to a height of about . The leaves are crowded and arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stems. The leaves are egg-shaped to oval, less than long and have 5 or 7 veins. The flowers are usually bright red but sometimes orange or yellow and are arranged in roughly spherical heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering.
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Beaufortia schaueri is a small, compact shrub which grows to a height of about . The leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stems. The leaves are about long, linear in shape, overlap each other and are triangular to almost circular in cross section. The flowers are bright pink to mauve and are arranged in almost spherical heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering.
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The reticulotegmental nucleus, tegmental pontine reticular nucleus (or pontine reticular nucleus of the tegmentum) is an area within the floor of the midbrain. This area is known to affect the cerebellum with its axonal projections. These afferent connections have been proven to project not only ipsilaterally, but also to decussate and project to the contralateral side of the vermis. It has also been shown that the projections from the pontine tegmentum to the cerebellar lobes are only crossed fibers.
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Regelia velutina is a large shrub, sometimes a small tree growing to a height of , with long, straight stems. Its leaves, which are up to long are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stems. The flowers are reddish-orange, sometimes yellow, and arranged in almost spherical heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering. There are 5 sepals, 5 petals and 5 bundles of stamens in each flower.
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The seed cones are 10–15 mm long, pale purple with a whitish wax coating, with four (rarely six) scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; the outer pair of scales each bears two winged seeds, the inner pair(s) usually being sterile; the cones are borne on a 4–6 mm long peduncle covered in small (2 mm) scale leaves. The cones turn brown when mature about 8 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 4–5 mm long.
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Trees are up to 12 m tall. Bark is smooth, and dark brown in color; blaze white. Leaves simple, opposite, decussate; petiole 0.6-1.5 cm long, canaliculate, sheathing at base, glabrous; lamina 6.5-15 x 3.5-8 cm, usually elliptic, sometimes narrow obovate, apex acute to acuminate, base attenuate; coriaceous or subcoriaceous, glabrous; secondary_nerves 6-8 pairs; tertiary_nerves obscure. Flowers show inflorescence and are dioecious; male flowers in fascicles, axillary; female flowers larger than male, solitary, axillary.
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The four-lined stem of Hypericum subalatum The four thin ridges of tissue along the stems are closely to the opposite-decussate leaves of Hypericum. The ridges can be minor, just being called "ridges", or prominent, being called "wings". Terete, two-lined, and six-lined stems can occur occasionally. When a species has a tree or shrub habit, the internodes become mostly terete with age, though some trace of lines can still be detected in mature plants.
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Letters A-F correspond to descriptions in the adjacent Morphology paragraph. Paulownia is a genus of angiosperm trees, and one of the fastest growing trees in the world. Paulownia tomentosa can grow over 30 meters tall and has (E) large heart shaped leaves ranging from 10–20 cm wide and 15–30 cm long with a 10–20 cm long petiole. The leaves grow in opposite decussate pairs, and as the name tomentosa suggests, are covered in hairs.
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They are large shrubs or trees, reaching 5–20 m tall (to 40 m in W. whytei). The leaves are evergreen and scale-like, except on seedlings, which have needle-like leaves 1-1.5 cm long. The adult scale leaves are arranged in decussate opposite pairs in four rows along the twigs, while the juvenile needle leaves are arranged spirally. The male cones are small, 3–6 mm long, and are located at the tips of the twigs.
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The medial lemniscus, also known as Reil's band or Reil's ribbon, is a large ascending bundle of heavily myelinated axons that decussate in the brainstem, specifically in the medulla oblongata. The medial lemniscus is formed by the crossings of the internal arcuate fibers. The internal arcuate fibers are composed of axons of nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus. The axons of the nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus in the medial lemniscus have cell bodies that lie contralaterally.
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The trapezoid body (the ventral acoustic stria) is part of the auditory pathway where some of the axons coming from the cochlear nucleus (specifically, the anterior cochlear nucleus) decussate (cross over) to the other side before traveling on to the superior olivary nucleus. This is believed to help with localization of sound. The trapezoid body is located in the caudal pons, or more specifically the pontine tegmentum. It is situated between the pontine nuclei and the medial lemniscus.
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Melaleuca platycalyx is a spreading, glabrous shrub which grows to a height and width of about . Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that there are four rows of leaves along the branches. Each leaf is long and wide, elliptical in shape with a short point on the end and with distinct veins and oil glands. The flowers are a shade of pink or purple and are arranged in short spikes which develop from the sides of the branches.
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Beaufortia aestiva is sometimes a dense, rounded shrub and others an open spreading one. It occasionally grows to a height of but more usually and wide. The leaves are egg-shaped with the narrower end towards the base, long and are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate), so that they form four rows along the stems. The flowers are creamy orange-coloured to red and are arranged in heads in diameter, on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering.
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Prostanthera spinosa is a small, rigid, upright shrub with a scrambling habit mostly semi-prostrate, usually high. The aromatic branches may be sparsely or moderately densely hairy with either upward spreading, straight or curled hairs long, or smooth with a few hairs at the nodes and consistent decussate spines long. The small leaves are thickly hairy or with occasional hairs, mostly on the petiole. The leaf is narrowly egg-shaped to broadly elliptic or trullate long, wide and the petiole long.
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The pronator teres is innervated by the median nerve. To stimulate the pronator teres, a signal begins in the precentral gyrus in the brain and goes down through the internal capsule. It continues down the corticospinal tracts through the capsule, midbrain, and pons where it arrives at the medullar pyramids. Once at the pyramids, the corticospinal tracts decussate and the signal goes down the lateral corticospinal tract until it reaches the ventral horns of C5, C6, C7, C8, and T1.
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It lives up to both its scientific and common names, reaching only 10–30 cm tall but often spreading several metres wide. The shoots are slender, diameter. The leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, or occasionally in whorls of three; the adult leaf blades are scale-like, 1–2 mm long (to 8 mm on lead shoots) and broad, and derive from an adnate petiole. The juvenile leaves (on young seedlings only) are needle-like, 5–10 mm long.
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Melaleuca haplantha is a spreading shrub with papery bark to about tall. Its leaves are arranged in alternate pairs (decussate), each leaf long and wide, linear or very narrow elliptic in shape and tapering to a point. The flowers are white to creamy-yellow, in heads at or near the ends of the branches which often continue to grow after flowering and are about in diameter. There is usually only one flower in the head but sometimes up to three flowers.
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Either way, the primary axon ascends to the lower medulla, where it leaves its fasciculus and synapses with a secondary neuron in one of the dorsal column nuclei: either the nucleus gracilis or the nucleus cuneatus, depending on the pathway it took. At this point, the secondary axon leaves its nucleus and passes anteriorly and medially. The collection of secondary axons that do this are known as internal arcuate fibers. The internal arcuate fibers decussate and continue ascending as the contralateral medial lemniscus.
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The leaf-pairs grow in a decussate arrangement (each leaf-pair at right angles to the previous one, rather than all in the same two distichous rows). The stems spread horizontally along the ground and the plant eventually can form large mats. The seed capsules have very high tops, and their stalks disintegrate quickly after the seeds have been released. This species most resembles its close relative, Glottiphyllum surrectum, which is found further to the west, in the western Little Karoo.
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There are many distinct oil glands and a mid- vein visible on the lower surface of the leaves The flowers are a shade of white to pink or mauve and are arranged in spikes on the sides of the branches. The spikes are up to in diameter and long and contain 6 to 20 individual flowers arranged in a decussate pattern. The stamens are arranged in five bundles around the flower, each bundle containing 22 to 80 stamens. The stamen filaments are long.
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Melaleuca fulgens is a woody shrub growing to a height of with glabrous branchlets. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs at right angles to those immediately above and below (decussate) so that the leaves are in four rows along the stems. The leaves are grey-green, long, wide, varying in shape depending on subspecies but generally linear to egg-shaped. The flowers are a shade of red, pink or white and are arranged in spikes on the sides of the branches.
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It is a prostrate shrub, usually growing tall, occasionally ; while it does not get very tall it can get quite wide, across or more, with long prostrate branches. The branches tend to intertwine and form a dense mat. The leaves are arranged in decussate whorls of three; all the leaves are juvenile form, needle-like, 6–8 mm long and 1-1.5 mm broad, with two white stomatal bands on the inner face. It is dioecious with separate male and female plants.
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Tietea singularis was a Marattialean tree fern from the Late Carboniferous to Permian which grew up to in height. It is estimated to represent close to 90% of some fossil assemblages in Brazil.Rössler & Galtier (2002a)Petrified Wood Museum: The Anatomy of Arborescent Plant Life Through Time Tietea singularis stems usually are less than in diameter, bearing four orthostichies of leaves in a decussate arrangement. The stem is surrounded by a continuous ring of sclerenchyma that separates it from the root mantle.
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It is an evergreen shrub or small tree growing to 5 m tall. The leaves are borne in decussate whorls of three, scale-like, 2–5 mm long and 1–1.5 mm broad; leaves on seedlings are longer and needle-like, not scale-like. The seed cones are globose, 1–2 cm diameter, with six scales in two whorls of three; they mature in about 18 months from pollination. The pollen cones are cylindrical, 3–6 mm long and 1.2–2 mm broad.
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Melaleuca biconvexa grows to a height of (sometimes to ) and has fibrous to papery bark. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate), long and wide, narrow oval in shape. The leaves are distinctive in having the mid-vein in a groove with either side of the leaf blade curving up wing-like from this vein. The flowers are cream to white, at or near the ends of the branches in heads of 2 to 10 flowers, the heads up to in diameter.
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Sensory pathways from the periphery to the cortex are separate for touch-position and pain-temperature sensations. All sensory information is sent to specific nuclei in the thalamus. Thalamic nuclei, in turn, send information to specific areas in the cerebral cortex. Each pathway consists of three bundles of nerve fibers connected in series: alt=Flow chart from sensory receptors to the cerebral cortex The secondary neurons in each pathway decussate (cross the spinal cord or brainstem), because the spinal cord develops in segments.
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Melaleuca densispicata grows to a height of , sometimes to . Its leaves are in alternating pairs (decussate), each leaf measuring long, wide, linear to narrow elliptic in shape, glabrous and lacking a stalk. The flowers are white and arranged on a dense spike up to long, usually at the end of branches which continue to grow after the flowering period. Each spike contains between 5 and 24 flowers, each flower with five bundles of stamens, each bundle with 8 to 15 stamens.
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The generic name means "teardrop cedar", apparently referring to drops of resin. The leaves are scale-like, 3–7 mm long, in apparent whorls of four (actually opposite decussate pairs, but not evenly spaced apart, instead with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced). The cones are 8–20 mm long, and have just 2 pairs of moderately thin, erect scales, each scale with a distinct spine 3–7 mm long on the outer face, and bearing two winged seeds on the inner face.
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Beaufortia orbifolia is an erect, sometimes open, spreading shrub which grows to a height of about . The leaves are arranged in alternate pairs (decussate), so that, especially on the younger branches, they make four rows along the stems. The leaves are flat or slightly dished, broad egg-shaped to round, long and have 5 or 7 veins. The flowers are red and green and are arranged in bottlebrush-like spikes about in diameter and long on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering.
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Beaufortia sprengelioides is a rigid, spreading shrub which grows to a height of about . The leaves are crowded and mostly arranged in alternate pairs (decussate), so that, especially on the younger branches, they make four rows along the stems. The leaves are flat or slightly dished, broad egg-shaped to round, long and have 3 veins, not including the marginal veins. The flowers are pale pink to white and arranged in spherical heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering.
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A strobilus (plural: strobili) is a structure present on many land plant species consisting of sporangia-bearing structures densely aggregated along a stem. Strobili are often called cones, but some botanists restrict the use of the term cone to the woody seed strobili of conifers. Strobili are characterized by a central axis (anatomically a stem) surrounded by spirally arranged or decussate structures that may be modified leaves or modified stems. Leaves that bear sporangia are called sporophylls, while sporangia- bearing stems are called sporangiophores.
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In the spinal cord, the axons synapse and the secondary neuronal axons decussates and then travel up to the superior cerebellar peduncle where they decussate again. From here, the information is brought to deep nuclei of the cerebellum including the fastigial and interposed nuclei. From the levels of L2 to T1, proprioceptive information enters the spinal cord and ascends ipsilaterally, where it synapses in Clarke's nucleus. The secondary neuronal axons continue to ascend ipsilaterally and then pass into the cerebellum via the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
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Detail of leaves and seed capsule This species can be distinguished by its bright, white margins on its slender, upcurved leaves. The leaves grow in pairs, that each appear in a decussate arrangement (each leaf-pair at right angles to the previous one, rather than all in the same two distichous rows). Each leaf-pair is also strongly anisophyllous (one leaf is much larger than the other). The larger leaf of each pair has a notch at its base, and the other is very much smaller.
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Melaleuca eleuterostachya is a shrub or tree with grey papery or fibrous bark, thin arching branches and which grows to a height of about . The leaves are arranged in alternate pairs (decussate), are narrow lance- shaped or narrow oval to linear, about long and wide. They have hooked leaves but the tip is not sharp. The flowers are cream or white, arranged in short spikes or heads of flowers containing 8 to 20 groups of flowers in threes, the heads up to in diameter.
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The two pyramids contain the motor fibers that pass from the brain to the medulla oblongata and spinal cord. These are the corticobulbar and corticospinal fibers that make up the pyramidal tracts. About 90% of these fibers leave the pyramids in successive bundles and decussate (cross over) in the anterior median fissure of the medulla oblongata as the pyramidal decussation or motor decussation. Having crossed over at the middle line, they pass down in the posterior part of the lateral funiculus as the lateral corticospinal tract.
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Verticordia wonganensis is a shrub with a single main branch and which usually grows to a height of and up to wide. The leaves are arranged in decussate pairs, elliptic in shape, long and more or less pressed against the stem. The flowers are scented and arranged in spike-like groups near the ends of the branches, each flower on a spreading stalk about long. The floral cup is top-shaped, about long, has 5 ribs and green appendages and is glabrous and slightly rough.
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Leaves are (simple). Leaves may appear one at a time (singly) with each occurrence on alternating sides of the stem (alternate),Apocynaceae, Thomas Rosatti, Jepson Herbarium but usually occur in pairs ( and rarely in whorls). When paired, they occur on opposite sides of the stem (opposite), with each pair occurring at an angle rotated 90° to the pair below it (decussate). There is no stipule (a small leaf-like structure at the base of the leaf stem), or stipules are small and sometimes fingerlike.
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On older trees, the bark presents longitudinal fissures and becomes aromatic. The leaves are arranged in flattened branchlet systems, with the branchlets in one plane. The leaves on adult trees are in opposite decussate pairs, the alternating pairs not evenly spaced so appearing as whorls of 4 at the same level; they are sub- acute, about 2–5 mm long, glossy green above, and with white stomatal bands below. The lateral leaves are ovate and compressed, and facial leaves are oblanceolate with a triangular apex.
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Melaleuca subalaris is a shrub or sometimes a small tree growing to about tall with branches and leaves that are glabrous when mature. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs, each pair at right angles to the ones above and below (decussate) so that the leaves form four rows along the stems. Each leaf is long and wide, narrow oval to egg-shaped, oval in cross-section and with a blunt end. The flowers are white to pale yellow and arranged on the side branches.
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The optic chiasm is formed by the union of the two optic nerves. The nasal fibers of each optic nerve decussate (cross) across the chiasm to the contralateral side while the temporal fibers course posteriorly to form the optic tract on the ipsilateral side. This arrangement allows the left half of the visual field to end up on the right side of the brain and the right half of the visual field to locate to the left side. The optic nerves consist of the axons from the retinal ganglion of each eye.
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Chemical hazard The diagonal cross (decussate cross) or X mark is called "saltire" in heraldic and vexillological contexts. A black diagonal cross was used in an old European Union standard as the hazard symbol for irritants (Xi) or harmful chemicals (Xn). It indicated a hazard less severe than skull and crossbones, used for poisons, or the corrosive sign. The Maria Theresa thaler has a Roman numeral ten to symbolize the 1750 debasement of the coinage, from 9 to 10 thalers to the Vienna mark (a weight of silver).
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Melaleuca elliptica is a shrub with pale grey, papery bark usually growing to no more than high and wide. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate), each pair at right angles to the ones above and below so that there are four rows of leaves along the stems. The leaves are elliptic to egg- shaped with the ends usually rounded, and long, wide with a short stalk. The flowers are arranged in spikes on the sides of the branches, each spike up to in diameter and long and containing 20 to 60 individual flowers.
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Melaleuca linariifolia is a small tree growing to a height of with distinctive and attractive white or creamy white, papery bark and a dense canopy. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs (decussate), glabrous except when very young, long, wide, linear to lance-shaped and with a distinct mid-vein. The flowers are white to creamy-white, perfumed and arranged in spikes on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering, sometimes also in the upper leaf axils. Each spike is up to wide and long and contains 4 to 20 individual flowers.
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The bark is orange-brown weathering greyish, smooth at first, becoming fissured and exfoliating in long strips on the lower trunk on old trees. The foliage is produced in flattened sprays with scale-like leaves 1.5–8 mm long; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four; the facial pairs are flat, with the lateral pairs folded over their bases. The upper side of the foliage sprays is glossy green without stomata, the underside is white with dense stomata.
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Melaleuca trichostachya is a small tree, usually less than tall with white or brownish, papery bark. Its leaves are usually arranged in alternating pairs (decussate) so that they make four rows along the stem, but unlike Melaleuca linariifolia the leaves are sometimes arranged alternately. The leaves are long, wide, flat, linear to lance-shaped and tapering to a point. The flowers are white or cream-coloured and are arranged in spikes usually on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering, sometimes in the upper leaf axils.
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This much-branched evergreen tree varies in size from high. The leaves have an opposite, decussate arrangement, and are entire, long and wide; the apex is acute with a small hook or point, and the base is attenuate to cuneate. Leaf margins are entire and recurved, the upper surface is grey- green and glossy, and the lower surface has a dense covering of silvery, golden or brown scales. Domatia are absent; venation is obvious on the upper surface and obscure on the lower surface; the petiole is up to long.
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It is an erect biennial (occasionally annual) plant growing up to 1.5 m tall, with a glaucous blue-green stem. The leaves are arranged in decussate opposite pairs, and are lanceolate, 5–15 cm long and 1-2.5 cm broad, glaucous blue-green with a waxy texture and pale greenish- white midrib and veins. The flowers are green to yellow-green, 4 mm diameter, with no petals. The seeds are green ripening brown or grey, produced in globular clusters 13–17 mm diameter of three seeds compressed together.
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Melaleuca minutifolia is a shrub or small tree growing to about high with white papery bark and glabrous branches. The leaves are arranged in alternate pairs (decussate), making four rows of leaves along the stems. They are rhombic in shape, long, wide with their upper surface pressed against the stem revealing raised oil glands on their lower (outer) surface. The flowers are white to creamy white and are arranged in short spikes on the ends of the branches which continue to grow after flowering or on their sides.
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Plants in the genus Homoranthus are shrubs with their leaves arranged in opposite pairs, at right angles to the ones above and below (decussate) so that the leaves are in four rows along the stems. They are linear to cylindrical in shape, sometimes thicker than wide. The flowers are arranged singly or in groups of up to four in the upper leaf axils. There are five sepals and five petals which are enclosed in two bracteoles before the flower opens, and which surround the base of the style.
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The foliage forms in open sprays with scale-like leaves 1–8 mm long and 1–1.5 mm broad; the leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four. The cones are 10–15 mm long, green ripening brown in about 8 months from pollination, and have four thick scales arranged in two opposite pairs. The seeds are 5–7 mm long and 2 mm broad, with a 3–4 mm broad papery wing on each side.
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Verticordia decussata is an open, spreading, irregularly branched shrub which grows to a height of up to . The leaves are crowded, arranged in alternating pairs at right angles to the ones above and below so that the leaves are in four rows (decussate) on short side branches. They are linear to rectangular in shape, semi-circular in cross-section, long, about wide, leathery in texture and have a groove on the lower surface. The flowers are faintly scented and arranged in small groups in leaf axils on stalks long.
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The branches are relatively short, loosely arranged and, usually, sharply directed upwards, and the bark, brownish, is detached in narrow vertical strips. The twigs are compressed and are arranged in vertical planes. The leaves, arranged in four rows, fleshy, opposite, decussate, truncated, imbricated as adults, somewhat curved inwards, of uniform green color and with a resiniferous gland on the underside. The female cones, of pink-salmon color and later bluish-greenish when immature, centimetric and of annual maturation, are oval with 6-8 flattened, thick scales, coriaceous and provided with an apical hook.
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It is a perennial subshrub with small pink bell-shaped drooping flowers borne in compact clusters at the ends of its shoots, and leaves in whorls of four (whence the name). The flowers appear in summer and autumn. The distinction between E. tetralix and the related species Erica cinerea is that the linear leaves are usually glandular and in whorls of four, while those of Erica cinerea are glabrous and borne in whorls of three. The leaves of Calluna vulgaris are much smaller and scale-like and borne in opposite and decussate pairs.
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Melaleuca sparsiflora is a shrub which grows to a height of up to . Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs at right angles to the ones above and below (decussate) so that the leaves are in four rows along the stems. They are long, wide, covered with short, soft hairs, narrow elliptic or narrow egg-shaped and crescent-shaped in cross section. The flowers are white or cream, a single flower (or rarely a pair) on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering and are about in diameter.
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Melaleuca sciotostyla is a shrub to about tall. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs, each pair at right angles to the ones above and below (decussate) so that the leaves form four rows along the stems. Each leaf is long and wide, linear to narrow elliptic in shape, slightly fleshy and with the end tapering to a point. The flowers are cream to white and arranged in small heads on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering and sometimes in the upper leaf axils.
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Melaleuca sculponeata is a shrub growing to about tall with branches and leaves that are glabrous when mature. Its leaves are arranged in alternating pairs, each pair at right angles to the ones above and below (decussate) so that the leaves form four rows along the stems. Each leaf is long and wide, narrow oblong in shape and fleshy with the lower part of the leaf touching the stem. The leaf is concave on the upper surface, convex on the lower surface where 6 to 8 oil glands are visible but not prominent.
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The blood sucking bugs Triatoma infestans may also have a specialised thermoception organ. In humans, temperature sensation from thermoreceptors enters the spinal cord along the axons of Lissauer's tract that synapse on second order neurons in grey matter of the dorsal horn. The axons of these second order neurons then decussate, joining the spinothalamic tract as they ascend to neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. A study in 2017 shows that the thermosensory information passes to the lateral parabrachial nucleus rather than to the thalamus and this drives thermoregulatory behaviour.
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Berries It is a semi-evergreen or deciduous shrub, growing to 3 m (rarely up to 5 m) tall. The stems are stiff, erect, with grey-brown bark spotted with small brown lenticels. The leaves are borne in decussate opposite pairs, sub-shiny green, narrow oval to lanceolate, 2–6 cm long and 0.5–1.5 cm broad. The flowers are produced in mid-summer in panicles 3–6 cm long, each flower creamy-white, with a tubular base and a four-lobed corolla ('petals') 4–6 mm diameter.
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Others such as Araucaria columnaris have leaves that are awl-shaped. In the majority of conifers, the leaves are arranged spirally, exceptions being most of Cupressaceae and one genus in Podocarpaceae, where they are arranged in decussate opposite pairs or whorls of 3 (−4). In many species with spirally arranged leaves, such as Abies grandis (pictured), the leaf bases are twisted to present the leaves in a very flat plane for maximum light capture. Leaf size varies from 2 mm in many scale-leaved species, up to 400 mm long in the needles of some pines (e.g.
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The hands and mouth have a much larger area dedicated to them than other body parts, allowing finer movement; this has been visualised in a motor homunculus. Impulses generated from the motor cortex travel along the corticospinal tract along the front of the medulla and cross over (decussate) at the medullary pyramids. These then travel down the spinal cord, with most connecting to interneurons, in turn connecting to lower motor neurons within the grey matter that then transmit the impulse to move to muscles themselves. The cerebellum and basal ganglia, play a role in fine, complex and coordinated muscle movements.
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The seed cones are 10–20 mm long, pale purple with a whitish wax coating, with four (rarely six) scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs; the outer pair of scales each bears two winged seeds, the inner pair(s) usually being sterile; the cones are borne on a 1–2 cm long peduncle covered in very small (1 mm) scale leaves. The cones turn brown when mature about 8 months after pollination. The pollen cones are 4–8 mm long. foliage of Calocedrus macrolepis It is closely related to Calocedrus formosana, with the latter often treated as a variety of C. macrolepis.
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The ventral spinothalamic fasciculus (or anterior spinothalamic tract; Latin: tractus spinothalamicus anterior) situated in the marginal part of the anterior funiculus and intermingled more or less with the vestibulo-spinal fasciculus, is derived from cells in the posterior column or intermediate gray matter of the opposite side. Aβ fibres carry sensory information pertaining to crude touch from the skin. After entering the spinal cord the first order neurons synapse (in the nucleus proprius), and the second order neurons decussate via the anterior white commissure. These second order neurons ascend synapsing in the VPL of the thalamus.
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Variations are numerous. The posterior belly may arise partly or entirely from the styloid process, or be connected by a slip to the middle or inferior constrictor; the anterior belly may be double or extra slips from this belly may pass to the jaw or mylohyoideus or decussate with a similar slip on opposite side; anterior belly may be absent and posterior belly inserted into the middle of the jaw or hyoid bone. The tendon may pass in front, more rarely behind the Stylohoideus. The mentohyoideus muscle passes from the body of hyoid bone to chin.
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It is closely related to the New Zealand and New Caledonian genus Libocedrus, and some botanists treat it within this genus, as Libocedrus chilensis, though it resembles Libocedrus less than the other South American cypress genus Pilgerodendron does. It is a slow-growing, narrowly conical evergreen tree which grows from 10–24 m in height, with scale-like leaves arranged in decussate pairs. The leaves are unequal in size, with pairs of larger (4–8 mm) leaves alternating with pairs of smaller (2–3 mm) leaves, giving a flattened shoot. Each leaf has a prominent white stomatal stripe along the outer edge.
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The number of lines is an important distinguishing characteristic; for example, H. perforatum and Hypericum maculatum are easily confused save for H. perforatum having two lines and H. maculatum having four. The pale and dark glands are present on stems of various species, and other various species have stems without any glands. In section Hypericum, the glands are only present on stem lines, and in other sections, including Origanifolia and Hirtella, the glands are distributed across the stems. Nearly all leaves of Hypericum species are arranged opposite and decussate, an exception being section Coridium in which whorls of three to four leaves occur.
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In humans, temperature sensation enters the spinal cord along the axons of Lissauer's tract that synapse on second order neurons in grey matter of the dorsal horn, one or two vertebral levels up. The axons of these second order neurons then decussate, joining the spinothalamic tract as they ascend to neurons in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus. In mammals, temperature receptors innervate various tissues including the skin (as cutaneous receptors), cornea and urinary bladder. Neurons from the pre-optic and hypothalamic regions of the brain that respond to small changes in temperature have also been described, providing information on core temperature.
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In some narrow-leaved species, for example E. oleosa, the seedling leaves after the second leaf pair are often clustered in a detectable spiral arrangement about a five-sided stem. After the spiral phase, which may last from several to many nodes, the arrangement reverts to decussate by the absorption of some of the leaf-bearing faces of the stem. In those species with opposite adult foliage the leaf pairs, which have been formed opposite at the stem apex, become separated at their bases by unequal elongation of the stem to produce the apparently alternate adult leaves.
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Chamaecyparis thyoides is an evergreen coniferous tree usually growing to (but may grow up to ) tall with an average diameter of , up to , and feathery foliage in moderately flattened sprays, green to glaucous blue-green in color. The leaves are scale- like, long, and produced in opposite decussate pairs on somewhat flattened shoots; seedlings up to a year old have needle-like leaves. The tree is bare of branches for three-fourths of the trunk height and the bark can be ash-gray to reddish brown. Bark is smooth on juveniles, but mature trees have deep ridges and bark as thick as .
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Most are evergreen with the leaves persisting 2–10 years, but three genera (Glyptostrobus, Metasequoia and Taxodium) are deciduous or include deciduous species. Tetraclinis cones The seed cones are either woody, leathery, or (in Juniperus) berry-like and fleshy, with one to several ovules per scale. The bract scale and ovuliferous scale are fused together except at the apex, where the bract scale is often visible as a short spine (often called an umbo) on the ovuliferous scale. As with the foliage, the cone scales are arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus.
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The olivocerebellar tract, also known as olivocerebellar fibers, are neural fibers which originate at the olivary nucleus and pass out through the hilum and decussate with those from the opposite olive in the raphe nucleus, then as internal arcuate fibers they pass partly through and partly around the opposite olive and enter the inferior peduncle to be distributed to the cerebellar hemisphere of the opposite side from which they arise. They terminate directly on Purkinje cells as the climbing fiber input system.Eccles J.C, Llinas R, and Sasaki. Excitation of cerebellar Purkinje cells by the climbing fibers.
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Melaleuca quadrifaria grows to the size of a large shrub up to tall usually with dark fibrous bark, sometimes with gey or brown papery bark. Its leaves are small and arranged in alternating pairs at right angles to those above and below (decussate) so that they form four rows along the branches. The leaves are long, wide, narrow oval in shape, half-moon shape in cross-section and tapering to a blunt point or rounded end. The flowers are white or cream and are arranged in small heads or spikes on the sides of the branches.
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Closeup of tulsi leaves Ocimum tenuiflorum flowers Holy basil is an erect, many-branched subshrub, tall with hairy stems. Leaves are green or purple; they are simple, petioled, with an ovate, up to -long blade, which usually has a slightly toothed margin; they are strongly scented and have a decussate phyllotaxy. The purplish flowers are placed in close whorls on elongated racemes. The three main morphotypes cultivated in India and Nepal are Ram tulsi (the most common type, with broad bright green leaves that are slightly sweet), the less common purplish green- leaved (Krishna tulsi) and the common wild vana tulsi.
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The leaves are scale-like and arranged in decussate pairs, with each leaf equal in size, giving the shoots a square cross-section (unlike the Libocedrus species, where pairs of larger leaves alternate with pairs of smaller leaves, giving a somewhat flattened shoot). The seed cones are 5–12 mm long and 4–6 mm broad, with four scales, two sterile basal scales and two fertile scales; each scale has a slender spine-like bract, and each fertile scale has two winged seeds 3–4 mm long. The pollen cones are 5–10 mm long and 2 mm broad, with 12–20 scales.
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It consists of descending fibers that arise from cells in the motor area of the ipsilateral cerebral hemisphere. The impulse travels from these upper motor neurons (located in the pre-central gyrus of the brain) through the anterior column. In contrast to the fibers for the lateral corticospinal tract, the fibers for the anterior corticospinal tract do not decussate at the level of the medulla oblongata, although they do cross over in the spinal level they innervate. They then synapse at the anterior horn with the lower motor neuron which then synapses with the target muscle at the motor end plate.
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Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the superior colliculus Cross-section of the midbrain at the level of the inferior colliculus. The midbrain tegmentum is the portion of the midbrain ventral to the cerebral aqueduct, and is much larger in size than the tectum. It communicates with the cerebellum by the superior cerebellar peduncles, which enter at the caudal end, medially, on the ventral side; the cerebellar peduncles are distinctive at the level of the inferior colliculus, where they decussate, but they dissipate more rostrally. Between these peduncles, on the ventral side, is the median raphe nucleus, which is involved in memory consolidation.
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Utah Juniper (Juniperus osteosperma) leaves, female cones and male cones, and (center) galls The shoots are fairly thick compared to most junipers, 1.5–2 mm diameter. The leaves are arranged in opposite decussate pairs or whorls of three; the adult leaves are scale-like, 1–2 mm long (to 5 mm on lead shoots) and broad. The juvenile leaves (on young seedlings only) are needle-like, 5–10 mm long. The cones are berry-like, in diameter, blue-brown with a whitish waxy bloom, and contain a single seed (rarely two); they mature in about 18 months and are eaten by birds and small mammals.
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It is a slow-growing coniferous tree growing to 40 m tall with a trunk up to 2 m in diameter. The bark is red-brown, vertically fissured and with a stringy texture. The foliage is arranged in flat sprays; adult leaves are scale-like, 0.8–1.5 mm long, with acute tips (unlike the blunt tips of the leaves of the closely related Japanese Chamaecyparis obtusa (Hinoki Cypress), green above, green below with a white stomatal band at the base of each scale-leaf; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs on the shoots. The juvenile leaves, found on young seedlings, are needle-like, 4–8 mm long.
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Most species are herbaceous perennials or subshrubs but a few are woody shrubs or small trees. The phyllotaxy is usually opposite and decussate, but leaves have a spiral or alternate arrangement in some groups. As with other members of the Lamiales the flowers have a (usually) zygomorphic corolla whose petals are fused into a tube and there is no one character that separates a gesneriad from any other member of Lamiales. Gesneriads differ from related families of the Lamiales in having an unusual inflorescence structure, the "pair-flowered cyme", but some gesneriads lack this characteristic, and some other Lamiales (Calceolariaceae and some Scrophulariaceae) share it.
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After neurons carrying proprioceptive or fine touch information synapse at the gracile and cuneate nuclei, axons from secondary neurons decussate at the level of the medulla and travel up the brainstem as the medial lemniscus on the contralateral (opposite) side. It is part of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway, which transmits touch, vibration sense, as well as the pathway for proprioception. The medial lemniscus carries axons from most of the body and synapses in the ventral posterolateral nucleus of the thalamus, at the level of the mamillary bodies. Sensory axons transmitting information from the head and neck via the trigeminal nerve synapse at the ventral posteromedial nucleus of the thalamus.
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Catophractes alexandri, the only species in the genus Catophractes, is a spiny shrub or small tree up to 3m tall, belonging to the family Bignoniaceae and occurring in the hot, low-rainfall regions of Namibia, the Northern Cape, Kalahari Desert, Botswana, western Zimbabwe and Limpopo. Preferring calcrete, limestone outcrops and soils, the species often forms pure communities, or grows in association with Colophospermum mopane, Rhigozum virgatum, Phaeoptilum spinosum and Acacia nebrownii. It is parasitised by several Tapinanthus spp. The specific name honours James Edward Alexander, the Victorian soldier and explorer, while the generic name refers to leaves and flowers arising from below the paired, decussate, opposite spines.
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Juniperus tibetica, the Tibetan juniper, is a species of juniper, native to western China in southern Gansu, southeastern Qinghai, Sichuan, and Tibet, where it grows at high to very high altitudes of . This species may possess the highest elevation treeline in the world. It is an evergreen coniferous shrub or small to medium-sized tree growing to (rarely ) tall, with a trunk up to diameter. The leaves are of two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves long on seedlings and occasionally (regrowth after browsing damage) on adult plants, and adult scale-leaves long on older plants; they are arranged in decussate opposite pairs or whorls of three.
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The soma (cell bodies) in these nuclei are the second-order neurons of the posterior column-medial lemniscus pathway, and their axons, called the internal arcuate fibers or fasciculi, decussate from one side of the medulla to the other to form the medial lemniscus. Just above the tubercles, the posterior aspect of the medulla is occupied by a triangular fossa, which forms the lower part of the floor of the fourth ventricle. The fossa is bounded on either side by the inferior cerebellar peduncle, which connects the medulla to the cerebellum. The lower part of the medulla, immediately lateral to the cuneate fasciculus, is marked by another longitudinal elevation known as the tuberculum cinereum.
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It is a medium-size tree to 20–25 m tall, with a trunk up to 3 meters in diameter. The bark is orange-brown weathering greyish, smooth at first, becoming fissured and exfoliating in long strips on the lower trunk on old trees. The foliage is produced in flattened sprays with scale-like leaves 1.5–8 mm long; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the successive pairs closely then distantly spaced, so forming apparent whorls of four; the facial pairs are flat, with the lateral pairs folded over their bases. The upper side of the foliage sprays is green without stomata, the underside is marked with dense patches of white stomata.
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When RGCs approach the optic chiasm, the point at which the two optic nerves meet, at the ventral diencephalon around E10-E11 in the mouse, they have to make the decision to decussate to the contralateral optic tract or remain in the ipsilateral optic tract. In the mouse, about 5% of RGCs, mostly those coming from the ventral- temporal crescent (VTc) region of the retina, will remain ipsilateral, while the remaining 95% of RGCs will cross. This is largely controlled by the degree of binocular overlap between the two fields of sight in both eyes. Mice do not have a significant overlap, whereas, humans, who do, will have about 50% of RGCs cross and 50% will remain ipsilateral.
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The orbicularis oris is not a simple sphincter muscle like the orbicularis oculi; it consists of numerous strata of muscular fibers surrounding the orifice of the mouth, but having different direction. It consists partly of fibers derived from the other facial muscles which are inserted into the lips, and partly of fibers proper to the lips. Of the former, a considerable number are derived from the buccinator and form the deeper stratum of the orbicularis. Some of the buccinator fibers—namely, those near the middle of the muscle—decussate at the angle of the mouth, those arising from the maxilla passing to the lower lip, and those from the mandible to the upper lip.
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It is a slow-growing coniferous tree growing to 35–50 m tall with a trunk up to 2 m in diameter. The bark is red-brown, vertically fissured and with a stringy texture. The foliage is arranged in flat sprays; adult leaves are scale-like, 1.5–2 mm long, with pointed tips (unlike the blunt tips of the leaves of the related Chamaecyparis obtusa (hinoki cypress), green above, green below with a white stomatal band at the base of each scale- leaf; they are arranged in opposite decussate pairs on the shoots. The juvenile leaves, found on young seedlings, are needle-like, 4–8 mm long, soft and glaucous bluish-green.
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Melaleuca halmaturorum is a slow growing shrub or small tree, eventually growing to tall, often with a crooked, straggling, irregular or untidy form and creamy-grey, papery bark. Its leaves are dark green, glabrous and arranged in alternate pairs at right angles to the ones above and below (decussate), so that there are four rows of leaves along the stem. The leaves are linear to lance-shaped, long, wide, with many distinct oil glands on the lower surface and a stalk about long. The flowers are white or cream and arranged in heads, sometimes on the ends of branches which continue to grow after flowering but also in the upper leaf axils.
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Juniperus procera is a medium-sized tree reaching 20–25 m (rarely 40 m) tall, with a trunk up to 1.5–2 m diameter and a broadly conical to rounded or irregular crown. The leaves are of two forms, juvenile needle- like leaves 8–15 mm long on seedlings, and adult scale-leaves 0.5–3 mm long on older plants, arranged in decussate pairs or whorls of three. It is largely dioecious with separate male and female plants, but some individual plants produce both sexes. The cones are berry-like, 4–8 mm in diameter, blue-black with a whitish waxy bloom, and contain 2–5 seeds; they are mature in 12–18 months.
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Juniperus standleyi is an evergreen coniferous shrub or small to medium-sized tree growing to 5–15 m (rarely 20 m) tall. The leaves are of two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves 5–7 mm long on seedlings and occasionally (regrowth after browsing damage) on adult plants, and adult scale-leaves 1–1.5 mm long on older plants; they are arranged in decussate opposite pairs or whorls of three. The cones are globose, berry-like, 6–9 mm diameter, blue- black with a thin pale waxy coating, and contain three to six seeds; they are mature in about 18 months. The male cones are 1.5–2 mm long, and shed their pollen in spring.
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The ventral spinocerebellar tract will cross to the opposite side of the body first in the spinal cord as part of the anterior white commissure and then cross again to end in the cerebellum (referred to as a "double cross"), as compared to the dorsal spinocerebellar tract, which does not decussate, or cross sides, at all through its path. The ventral tract (under L2/L3) gets its proprioceptive/fine touch/vibration information from a first order neuron, with its cell body in a dorsal ganglion. The axon runs via the fila radicularia to the dorsal horn of the grey matter. There it makes a synapse with the dendrites of two neurons: they send their axons bilaterally to the ventral border of the lateral funiculi.
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The sensory feedback from the pectoralis major follows the reverse path, returning via first-order neurons to the spinal nerves at C5, C6, C8, and T1 through the posterior rami. After the synapse in the posterior horn of the spinal cord, sensory information concerning movement of the muscle, proprioception, and pressure then travels through a second-order neuron in the dorsal column medial lemniscus tract to the medulla. There, the fibers decussate to form the medial lemniscus which carries the sensory information the rest of the way to the thalamus, the "gateway to the cortex". The thalamus diverts some sensory information to the cerebellum and the basal nuclei to complete the motor feedback loop while some sensory information ascends directly to the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe of the brain via third-order neurons.
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The tract cells then decussate via the anterior white commissure to the anterolateral corner and ascend to the supraoptic nucleus and paraventricular nucleus in the hypothalamus, where they synapse with oxytocinergic third-order neurons. The somas of these neurons are located in the hypothalamus, but their axon and axon terminals are located in the infundibulum and pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary, respectively. The oxytocin is produced in the neuron's soma in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei, and is then transported down the infundibulum via the hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal tract with the help of the carrier protein, neurophysin I, to the pars nervosa of the posterior pituitary, and then stored in Herring bodies, where they are stored until the synapse between second- and third-order neurons. Following the electrical impulse, oxytocin is released into the bloodstream.
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These secondary neurons are situated in the posterior horn, specifically in the Rexed laminae regions I, IV, V and VI. Region II is primarily composed of Golgi II interneurons, which are primarily for the modulation of pain, and largely project to secondary neurons in regions I and V. Secondary neurons from regions I and V decussate across the anterior white commissure and ascend in the (now contralateral) lateral spinothalamic tract. These fibers will ascend through the brainstem, including the medulla oblongata, pons and midbrain, as the spinal lemniscus until synapsing in the ventroposteriorlateral (VPL) nucleus of the thalamus. The third order neurons in the thalamus will then project through the internal capsule and corona radiata to various regions of the cortex, primarily the main somatosensory cortex, Brodmann areas 3, 1, and 2.
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With respect to B. verticillata, their findings largely accorded with George's arrangement: section Oncostylis was discarded as polyphyletic, but series Spicigerae was inferred to be monophyletic, and B. verticillata appeared in a succession of clades with the species previously identified as its closest relatives: first B. littoralis, then B. seminuda, then B. brownii, and finally B. occidentalis (red swamp banksia): This clade became the basis of Thiele and Ladiges' B. subser. Occidentales, which was defined as "characterised by opposite- decussate seedling leaves and adult leaves in true whorls." This arrangement stood until 1999, when George largely reverted to his 1981 arrangement in his monograph for the Flora of Australia series. Under George's taxonomic arrangement of Banksia, B. verticillatas taxonomic placement may be summarised as follows: :Banksia ::B. subg.
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The foliage is a dull dark to light green color, with scale- like leaves 1–1.5 mm long, with the leaf tips not spreading; seedlings bear needle-like leaves 8–10 mm long. The cones are small, 11–24 mm long, and almost spherical, with six or eight scales arranged in opposite decussate pairs, with the bract visible as no more than a small lump or short spine on the scale. The seeds are 3–5 mm long, with a pair of small wings along the sides. The cones remain closed on the trees for many years, until the trees are killed by a forest fire; after the tree is dead, the cones open to release the seeds which can then germinate successfully on the bare fire-cleared ground.
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Juniperus semiglobosa is an evergreen coniferous shrub or small to medium-sized tree growing to (rarely ) tall, with a trunk up to (rarely to ) diameter with flaky bark. The leaves are of two forms, juvenile needle-like leaves 3–7 mm long on seedlings and occasionally (regrowth after browsing damage) on adult plants, and adult scale-leaves 1–2 mm long on older plants; they are arranged in decussate opposite pairs or whorls of three. The cones are flattened globose (from which the name semiglobosa) to bi-lobed or triangular, berry-like, 4–6 mm long and 4–8 mm across, blue-black, and contain two or three seeds; they are mature in about 18 months. The pollen cones are 3–5 mm long, and shed their pollen in spring.
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The coat of arms of Vatican City State is officially described, under the heading "Annex B. Official coat of arms of Vatican City State", in article 20 of the Fundamental Law of Vatican City State in force since 22 February 2001, which repeats the contents of article 19 of the original Fundamental Law of Vatican City State adopted on 7 June 1929 with immediate effect. Each of these official documents includes an illustration of the coat of arms of the state accompanied by the words "Chiavi decussate sormontate dal triregno in campo rosso" (Crossed keys beneath the papal tiara on a red field) and is accompanied by an illustration that depicts the keys as two in number, one white (argent) in bend and one golden (or) in bend sinister, interlaced at their intersection with a red (gules) cord. The tiara is represented as white with golden crowns.
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The cross mark is used to mark a position, or as a check mark, but also to mark deletion. Derived from Greek Chi are the Latin letter X, Cyrillic Kha and possibly runic Gyfu. Egyptian hieroglyphs involving cross shapes include ankh "life", ndj "protect" and nfr "good; pleasant, beautiful". Sumerian cuneiform had a simple cross-shaped character, consisting of a horizontal and a vertical wedge (𒈦), read as maš "tax, yield, interest"; the superposition of two diagonal wedges results in a decussate cross (𒉽), read as pap "first, pre-eminent" (the superposition of these two types of crosses results in the eight-pointed star used as the sign for "sky" or "deity" (𒀭), DINGIR). The cuneiform script has other, more complex, cruciform characters, consisting of an arrangement of boxes or the fourfold arrangement of other characters, including the archaic cuneiform characters LAK-210, LAK-276, LAK-278, LAK-617 and the classical sign EZEN (𒂡).
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The seedlings usually have two cotyledons, but in some species up to six. The pollen cones are more uniform in structure across the family, 1–20 mm long, with the scales again arranged spirally, decussate (opposite) or whorled, depending on the genus; they may be borne singly at the apex of a shoot (most genera), in the leaf axils (Cryptomeria), in dense clusters (Cunninghamia and Juniperus drupacea), or on discrete long pendulous panicle-like shoots (Metasequoia and Taxodium). Cupressaceae is a widely distributed conifer family, with a near-global range in all continents except for Antarctica, stretching from 71°N in arctic Norway (Juniperus communis) south to 55°S in southernmost Chile (Pilgerodendron uviferum), while Juniperus indica reaches 5200 m altitude in Tibet, the highest altitude reported for any woody plant. Most habitats on land are occupied, with the exceptions of polar tundra and tropical lowland rainforest (though several species are important components of temperate rainforests and tropical highland cloud forests); they are also rare in deserts, with only a few species able to tolerate severe drought, notably Cupressus dupreziana in the central Sahara.
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