Crasis (merging of adjacent vowels) is one way how words are univerbated, in some languages.
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Coronis, marking crasis in the word The coronis () marks a vowel contracted by crasis. It was formerly an apostrophe placed after the contracted vowel, but is now placed over the vowel and is identical to the smooth breathing. Unlike the smooth breathing, it often occurs inside a word.
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The coronis (, korōnís, "crow's beak" or "bent mark"), the symbol written over a vowel contracted by crasis, was originally an apostrophe after the letter: . In present use, its appearances in Ancient Greek are written over the medial vowel with the smooth breathing mark----and appearances of crasis in modern Greek are not marked.
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For the Irascible passions do follow the temper of the heart, but the concupiscible distractions the crasis of the liver.
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Crasis (; from the Greek , "mixing", "blending"); cf. , "I mix" wine with water; kratēr "mixing-bowl" is related. is a type of contraction in which two vowels or diphthongs merge into one new vowel or diphthong, making one word out of two (univerbation). Crasis occurs in Spanish, Portuguese, French and Arabic as well as in Ancient Greek, for which it was first described.
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The generic name, Pallimnarchus, is derived from a crasis compound word of Pan, Limnos and Archon, which together mean "ruler of all the swamps".
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Some types of abbreviations are acronyms (which are pronounceable), initialisms (using initials only), or grammatical contractions or crasis. An abbreviation is a shortening by any of these, or other, methods.
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In some cases, as in the French examples below, crasis involves the grammaticalization of two individual lexical items into one, but in other cases, like in the Greek examples, crasis is the orthographic representation of the encliticization and vowel reduction of one grammatical form with another. The difference between the two is that the Greek examples involve two grammatical words and a single phonological word and the French examples involve a single phonological word and grammatical word.
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Revell holds a Getty Fellowship as part of the Arts of Rome's Provinces workshop. She is a trustee of the Roman Research Trust, and a member of the editorial board of Britannia. She has appeared on Time Team. She delivered the keynote lecture at the Crasis Annual Meeting at the University of Groningen in 2019.
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In Emilian-Romagnol, a grave accent placed over e or o denotes both length and openness. In Emilian è and ò represent and , while in Romagnol they represent and . In Portuguese, the grave accent indicates the contraction of two consecutive vowels in adjacent words (crasis). For example, instead of a aquela hora ("at that hour"), one says and writes àquela hora.
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In Italian, î is occasionally used in the plural of nouns and adjectives ending with -io as a crasis mark. Other possible spellings are -ii and obsolete -j or -ij. For example, the plural of vario "various" can be spelt vari, varî, varii; the pronunciation will usually stay with only one . The plural forms of principe "prince" and of principio "principle, beginning" can be confusing.
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Acronyms, initialisms, contractions and crasis share some semantic and phonetic functions, and all four are connected by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance. A contraction is a reduction of size by the drawing together of the parts; a contraction of a word or words is made by omitting certain letters or syllables and bringing together the first and last letters or elements, such as "I'm" . Thus contractions are a subset of abbreviations.
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The generic name is derived from a crasis compound word from the Latin parva ancora (small anchor). The specific name of the type species, P. minchami, honors Mr. H. Mincham, the private collector, who in 1957 had collected and presented a number of fine specimens of Ediacaran fossils to the South Australian Museum. The specific name of P. sagitta is the Latin word sagitta (arrow), in direct reference to the arrow-like shape.
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A synalepha or synaloepha Greek συναλοιφή (or ), from : συν- "together" and "I anoint", "smear". is the merging of two syllables into one, especially when it causes two words to be pronounced as one. The original meaning in Ancient Greek is more general than modern usage and includes coalescence of vowels within a word. Similarly, synalepha most often refers to elision (as in English contraction), but it can also refer to coalescence by other metaplasms: synizesis, synaeresis or crasis.
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Kalos kagathos or kalokagathos ( ), of which kalokagathia () is the derived noun, is a phrase used by classical Greek writers to describe an ideal of gentlemanly personal conduct, especially in a military context. Its use is attested since Herodotus and the classical period.. The phrase is adjectival, composed of two adjectives, ("beautiful") and ("good" or "virtuous"), the second of which is combined by crasis with "and" to form . Werner Jaeger summarizes it as "the chivalrous ideal of the complete human personality, harmonious in mind and body, foursquare in battle and speech, song and action".
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People were thought to be either of the four temperaments: choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic, or sanguine. During the Middle Ages in Europe, the Latin term complexio served as the translated form of the Greek word crasis, meaning temperament. The term “temperament” referred to the balance of the qualities of hot, wet, cold, and dry; each human body carried a different mixture of the elements. Thus, the Scythians, who lived in a cold climate, were considered colder and moister in complexion; the Aethiopians were hotter and drier. Complexion was defined as “that quality which results from the mutual interaction and interpassion of the four contrary primary qualities residing within the elements.
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A contraction is a shortened version of the written and spoken forms of a word, syllable, or word group, created by omission of internal letters and sounds. In linguistic analysis, contractions should not be confused with crasis, abbreviations and initialisms (including acronyms), with which they share some semantic and phonetic functions, though all three are connoted by the term "abbreviation" in loose parlance. Contraction is also distinguished from clipping, where beginnings and endings are omitted. The definition overlaps with the term portmanteau (a linguistic blend), but a distinction can be made between a portmanteau and a contraction by noting that contractions are formed from words that would otherwise appear together in sequence, such as do and not, whereas a portmanteau word is formed by combining two or more existing words that all relate to a singular concept that the portmanteau describes.
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