The animal is a caecilian -- a limbless, burrowing amphibian -- that spends most of its time underground, according to a statement from EnviroBuild.
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"Paying $25,000, the highest price in the entire auction, EnviroBuild bought the naming rights for the caecilian, a type of Panamanian amphibian, which we have chosen to call Dermophis donaldtrumpi after Donald Trump," explained the press release.
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The announcement comes in tandem with the release of 24.7 new high-quality genomes for species representing all five vertebrate classes, including genomes of the greater horseshoe bat, Canadian lynx, platypus, Anna's hummingbird, the kakapo parrot (of which there are only 210 surviving individuals), Goode's desert tortoise, two-lined caecilian (a strange limbless amphibian that looks like a snake), and climbing perch.
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Given that the researchers found the trait in all of the frog, salamander, and caecilian species they tested, they might assume that fluorescence is highly conserved in their lineage—that is, long ago a common ancestor of all these animals evolved the trait, and it proved so useful that it stuck around as amphibians went their separate ways on the tree of life.
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Uraeotyphlus oxyurus, also known as the red caecilian, sharp-nosed caecilian, dark-brown caecilian, pale-throated caecilian, or harp-tailed caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to the Western Ghats in Kerala and Tamil Nadu, southern India.
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Gegeneophis ramaswamii, common names Tenmalai caecilian, Tenmalai blind caecilian, Ramaswami's caecilian, and forest caecilian is a species of caecilian. It is endemic to the southern portion of the Western Ghats, India, and is recorded from Kerala and Tamil Nadu. The specific name ramaswamii honours L. S. Ramaswami, an Indian herpetologist.
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Scolecomorphus uluguruensis (common names: Uluguru black caecilian, Nyingwa caecilian), is a species of caecilian in the family Scolecomorphidae. It is endemic to the Uluguru Mountains, Tanzania.
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Schistometopum gregorii, also known as Witu caecilian, mud-dwelling caecilian, and flood-plain-dwelling caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Dermophiidae from East Africa.
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Siphonops annulatus, the ringed caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae from South America. It might have the broadest known distribution among terrestrial caecilian species.
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Uraeotyphlus malabaricus is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to the Western Ghats of India and is known from its type locality, "Malabar" in Kerala, and from the Nilgiri mountains in Tamil Nadu. It is known with several common names: Malabar tailed caecilian, Nilgiris caecilian, Malabar caecilian, and white-lipped caecilian.
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Caecilian amphibians are worm-like in appearance, and mothers have thick epithelial skin layers. The skin on a caecilian mother is used for a form of parent-offspring nutrient transfer. The ringed caecilian is an example of an oviparous caecilian that exhibits parental investment through skin-feeding of the oviduct lining. The Taita African caecilian Boulengerula taitana is an oviparous (egg-laying) caecilian whose skin transforms in brooding females to supply nutrients to growing offspring.
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Ichthyophis mindanaoensis, also known as Todaya caecilian or Mindanao Island caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to the island of Mindanao, the Philippines.
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Uraeotyphlus narayani, or Narayan's caecilian, is a species of caecilian endemic to the Western Ghats of India.
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Ichthyophis beddomei is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. This species is distributed widely in the Western Ghats in southern India. The nominal species might be a composite of several cryptic species. It is also known as the yellow-striped caecilian, Beddome's caecilian, or Nilgherries caecilian.
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Ichthyophis glutinosus, the Ceylon caecilian or common yellow-banded caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Sri Lanka. Its natural habitats are moist tropical and subtropical forests and pastures.
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Gegeneophis carnosus is a species of caecilian found in Karnataka and Kerala states, India. Its common name Periah Peak caecilian refers to its type locality (Periya Peak, Wayanad, Kerala), though it is also known under names blind caecilian and pink blind caecilian. Gegeneophis carnosus is a rather small species of caecilian with a flesh-coloured body. The body ends in a blunt shield; the eyes are not visible externally.
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Ichthyophis sikkimensis, the Sikkimese caecilian or Darjeeling caecilian, is a species of caecilian found in India (Sikkim and West Bengal), Nepal and possibly Bhutan. It was described by Edward Harrison Taylor in 1960. ref. on page 91-95.
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Ichthyophis garoensis, the Garo Hills caecilian, is a species of caecilian found in Assam and Meghalaya in north-eastern India. The Husain's caecilian Ichthyophis husaini was until 2016 considered a separate species. It is a subterranean caecilian that lives in the moist leaf-litter of tropical forests. It is typically found close to streams and other waterbodies.
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Sylvacaecilia is a monotypic genus of caecilian. The only species is Sylvacaecilia grandisonae, also known as the Aleku caecilian or Ethiopian caecilian. It is endemic to southwestern Ethiopia and known from the Gambela, Oromia, and Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Regions.
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Dermophis parviceps is a species of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae. It is found in Costa Rica and Panama, and possibly in Colombia, depending on the source. Common names slender caecilian and La Loma caecilian have been coined for it.
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Crotaphatrema bornmuelleri is a species of caecilian in the family Scolecomorphidae. It is endemic to Cameroon. The specific name bornmuelleri honours Joseph Friedrich Nicolaus Bornmüller, a German botanist. Common names Bornmuller's caecilian and Bornmüller's caecilian have been coined for it.
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Crotaphatrema lamottei, the Mount Oku caecilian or Lamotte's caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Scolecomorphidae. It is endemic to Mount Oku in Cameroon. The specific name lamottei honours , French biologist. There is some doubt whether Crotaphatrema tchabalmbaboensis really is distinct from this species.
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Gegeneophis krishni, the Gurupur caecilian, is a species of caecilian found in India. It is only known from its type locality Gurupur, near Mangalore in Karnataka, India.
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Gegeneophis danieli, the Amboli caecilian or Daniel's caecilian, is a species of caecilians in the family Indotyphlidae. It was discovered from near Amboli in Western Ghats of Maharashtra.
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Gegeneophis madhavai, the Mudur caecilian, is a species of caecilian found in India. It is only known from its type locality Mudur village, Kundapura Taluk in Udupi district in Karnataka.
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Gegeneophis seshachari, the Seshachari's caecilian, is a species of caecilian found in the Western Ghats of India. It is only known from its type locality Dorle village, Ratnagiri district in Maharashtra.
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Battersby's caecilian (Indotyphlus battersbyi) is a slender species of caecilian endemic to the Western Ghats, India. It has a flesh-coloured body, making it look very much like a large earthworm.
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Epicrionops marmoratus, the marbled caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Rhinatrematidae endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers.
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Epicrionops parkeri, or Parker's caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Rhinatrematidae endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers.
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Gegeneophis goaensis, also known as the Goa caecilian, is a species of caecilian known from its type locality in Keri Village, Sattari Taluk, in the North Goa district of Goa, India.
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Uraeotyphlus menoni, also known as Menon's caecilian or Kerala caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to the state of Kerala in the Western Ghats, India. The specific name menoni honours K. Ramunni Menon, collector of the holotype who later became the vice-chancellor of the University of Madras.
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Chthonerpeton indistinctum is a species of caecilian in the family Typhlonectidae. It is found in northeastern Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay, and southeastern Brazil. The common name Argentine caecilian has been coined for it.
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Epicrionops peruvianus, the Marcapata Valley caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Rhinatrematidae endemic to Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers.
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Scolecomorphus kirkii (common names: Kirk's caecilian, Lake Tanganyika caecilian) is a species of caecilian in the family Scolecomorphidae. It is known from southern Malawi east of the Shire River, northern Mozambique, and Tanzania (including the Nguru, Udzungwa and Uluguru Mountains); the known distribution is discontinuous but the species is expected to occur in the intervening areas.
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Common name Mount Dulit caecilian has been coined for it.
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Common name Joinville caecilian has been proposed for this species.
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Common name Mertens' caecilian has been coined for this species.
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Ichthyophis tricolor, the three-colored caecilian or Maddatorai caecilian, is an amphibian endemic to the Western Ghats, India. Its taxonomic status is unclear, including its relationship with Ichthyophis beddomei and the possibility of cryptic species.
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Luetkenotyphlus insulanus, the insular caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is endemic to the Ilhabela archipelago in Brazil. Its natural habitat is subtropical forest where it lives in the soil.
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The two-coloured caecilian, Epicrionops bicolor, is a species of caecilian in the family Rhinatrematidae found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers.
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The parasphenoid has been lost in placental mammals and caecilian amphibians.
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Ichthyophis orthoplicatus, also known as the Pattipola caecilian or brown caecilian, is a species of caecilian endemic to Sri Lanka. It is found in a range of natural and man-made habitats including evergreen forests, rubber and tea plantations, paddy fields, rural gardens and farms, wetlands (boggy areas), and cattle pastureland. The holotype was estimated to have measured about in total length.
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Epicrionops lativittatus, the eastern Peru caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Rhinatrematidae endemic to Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, and rivers.
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The Makumunu Assumbo caecilian, Idiocranium russeli, is a species of African caecilian in the family Indotyphlidae. It is one of the smallest of caecilians, and is found in Cameroon. It is monotypic in the genus Idiocranium.
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Gymnopis is a Central American genus of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae.
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Boulengerula changamwensis, the Changamwe caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Herpelidae. It is also known as Changamwensis African caecilian and Changamwe lowland caecilian. It is found in southern Kenya (Changamwe and the Shimba Hills) and Malawi, and possibly in the intervening Tanzania and Mozambique. It is known from 10-20 specimens found in the Shimba Hills and three specimens were recorded in April 2012.
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Uraeotyphlus interruptus, also known as the Chengalam caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to the Western Ghats in southern India and is only known from its type locality, Chengalam village in Kerala.
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Geotrypetes pseudoangeli is a species of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae. It is only known from Sanokwelle near Ganta in northern Liberia and from Beyla in southeastern Guinea. Common name false Angel's caecilian has been suggested for this species.
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Rhinatrema bivittatum, the two-lined caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Rhinatrematidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Guyana, and Suriname. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers.
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Dermophis oaxacae, also known Oaxacan caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae. It is endemic to southwestern Mexico and occurs on the Pacific slopes and the Balsas depression in the states of Jalisco, Michoacán, Guerrero, Oaxaca, and Chiapas.
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Rhinatrema nigrum, the black caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Rhinatrematidae found in Guyana, Venezuela, and possibly Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers.
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Indotyphlus maharashtraensis is a species of caecilians described in 2004 by scientists of Bombay Natural History Society and the Natural History Museum, London. It is only the second species of Indotyphlus known to science, and only known from its type locality near Humbarli village, Satara District, in the Western Ghats of Maharashtra, India. Common names Humbarli caecilian, Maharashtra caecilian, and Konkan tail-less caecilian have been coined for it.
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Ichthyophis asplenius is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae found in Malaysia and possibly Thailand. It is also known as broad-striped caecilian, Boven Mahakkam caecilian and Malayan caecilian. It is only known with certainty from Mahakam River and Matang Hunting Reserve Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
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Epicrionops petersi, or Peters' caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Rhinatrematidae found in Ecuador, Peru, possibly Brazil, and possibly Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, and intermittent rivers.
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This action by Caecilian created many enemies in Carthage who were staunchly opposed to him.
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Ichthyophis humphreyi, or Humphrey's caecilian, is a species of caecilian found presumably in tropical Asia. Its validity as a species, habits, habitat, and description are nebulous, as it is described from one larval specimen.Djoko Iskandar, Mumpuni, Mark Wilkinson, David Gower, Alex Kupfer 2004. Ichthyophis humphreyi.
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Oscaecilia bassleri, or Bassler's slender caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Ecuador, Peru, possibly Bolivia, and possibly Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia antioquiaensis, the Antioquia caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Colombia and only known from its type locality in the Cordillera Central in Valdivia, Antioquia. It is a poorly known subterranean species, occurring in humid tropical forest.
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Chthonerpeton perissodus is a species of caecilian in the family Typhlonectidae. It is endemic to Minas Gerais, Brazil, and only known from its imprecise type locality, Rio Pandeiro. Only three specimens are known. The common name Minas Gerais caecilian has been coined for this species.
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Brasilotyphlus dubium is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It was described in 2018.
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Now, the genus is described as diminutive caecilian, being no more than 305 mm in length.
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The Frigate Island caecilian (Hypogeophis rostratus) is a species of amphibians in the family Indotyphlidae, endemic to Seychelles, where it is the most widespread caecilian species. It is found on all the islands with amphibians, namely Mahé, Praslin, Silhouette, Ste. Anne, Curieuse, La Digue, Cerf, and Frégate.
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Praslinia cooperi, or Cooper's black caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Indotyphlidae. It is monotypic in the genus Praslinia. It is found on Mahé and Silhouette Islands in the Seychelles. An old reported sighting on its namesake Praslin is not known to be correct.
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The Ceylon caecilian grows to about long and resembles a large earthworm. The skin is formed into over 300 transverse folds which give the caecilian the appearance of being segmented. The head has a rounded snout and a pair of extensible tentacles near the mouth, rather closer to the eyes than to the nostrils. The colour of this caecilian is steely blue above and pale yellow underneath, with a yellow band running along either side of the body.
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The species is the largest of the few known lungless tetrapods, and the only known lungless caecilian.
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Siphonops leucoderus, the Salvador caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is endemic to eastern Brazil and only known from its type locality, the Bahia state (more precise location is unknown). It is assumed to be a subterranean species, possibly living in lowland moist forest.
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Siphonops paulensis, or Boettger's caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is found in northern Argentina, Paraguay, eastern Bolivia, and southern Brazil. It lives subterraneously in forests, savannas, shrublands, and grassland. It also adapts to anthropogenic disturbance and can even live in urban gardens.
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Caecilia degenerata, the Garagoa caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Colombia and known from the Cordillera Oriental in Boyacá, Santander, and Cundinamarca Departments. Its natural habitats are montane forests. This subterranean species is apparently common in parts of its range.
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Caecilia dunni is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Ecuador and known from the Amazon basin in Napo and Pastaza Provinces. The specific name dunni honors Emmett Reid Dunn, a prominent American herpetologist. Common name Dunn's caecilian has been coined for it.
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Oscaecilia zweifeli is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is a poorly known species only known from few specimens: the holotype from the imprecise type locality, "a small creek tributary to Río Mazaruni" in Guyana, one from similarly imprecise Cayenne in French Guiana, and another one from the Nouragues research station in French Guiana. The specific name zweifeli honors Richard G. Zweifel, an American herpetologist. Common names Zweifel's caecilian and tributary caecilian have been coined for it.
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Uraeotyphlus oommeni, sometimes known as the Oommen's caecilian, Oommen's Uraeotyphlus, or Bonnacord caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. Within Uraeotyphlus, it belongs to the U. malabaricus group showing no obvious external differentiation between primary and higher-order annuli. This species is endemic to the Western Ghats and only known from its type locality, Bonaccord, Thiruvananthapuram district, southern Kerala. Very little is known about this species known only from a single specimen collected from an imprecise location.
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Squamates Recently Discovered Diversity in Brevicipitid Frogs. The Sagala caecilian, Boulengerula niedeni, is named after him.Lifedesks African amphibians.
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Ichthyophis longicephalus, the long-headed caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. The body is dark violet-brown, and lighter ventrally. A yellow lateral stripe starts at the neck and reaches the tip of the tail. Small, yellow patches are also found on the sides of the neck.
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Caecilia inca is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Peru and only known from the holotype collected in 1944 from "Fundo Sinchona" in the Loreto Region. There are doubts regarding taxonomic validity of this species. Common name Fundo Sinchona caecilian has been coined for it.
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Scolecomorphus vittatus, the banded caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Scolecomorphidae, endemic to Tanzania. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forests.Loader, S., Howell, K., Gower, D. & Measey, J. 2004. Scolecomorphus vittatus.
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The eyes of Battersby's caecilian are concealed under the skin and are feebly visible. It is also known as the tailless caecilian, as the body ends in a blunt shield. The vent in this species is transverse as opposed to longitudinal in most other species of Indian caecilians. The total length is .
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Ichthyophis moustakius, the Manipur moustached caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to Northeast India. This species exhibits broad lateral yellow stripes from the anterior part of its tail, along its mandibles, between its nares, as well as elsewhere. The animal can reach a length of .
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Chthonerpeton viviparum is a species of caecilian in the family Typhlonectidae. It is endemic to southern Brazil and only known from the vicinity of Joinville, in the eastern Santa Catarina State. The common name Santa Catarina caecilian has been coined for it. Chthonerpeton viviparum is an aquatic species living in standing bodies of water.
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Epicrionops columbianus, the El Tambo caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Rhinatrematidae endemic to Colombia. It is known from the western slopes of the Cordillera Occidental in Cauca and Chocó Departments. The species' natural habitats are montane forests where it occurs underground or among fallen leaves. Specific threats to it are unknown.
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The forest in the Sagala Hill is ideal for Sagalla caecilian because of the large population of evergreen trees, which are a major source of food for the species. Besides the logs of these trees the Sagalla caecilian can be found in the rich soil, under organic debris, or on the edges of streams and other bodies of water. The Sagalla caecilian must be kept near water because its skin requires it to be moist at all times. Also, it can find its prey in the moist soil and stay hidden from predators.
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The Seychelles are home to 26 species of terrestrial or semi-terrestrial crabs, and 5 species of terrestrial hermit crab, including the world's largest terrestrial invertebrate, the coconut crab (Birgus latro). The granitic Seychelles are home to the country's only true freshwater crab, Seychellum alluaudi, which is endemic to the archipelago. Unusually for oceanic islands amphibians are native. Six species of frog are found here, five endemic and one introduced, as well as six endemic species of caecilian: Praslin's caecilian, the Frigate Island caecilian and four species of Grandisonia.
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Acts of the Abitinian Martyrs 20 (= Tilley, Martyr Stories, 44-46); Tilley, Martyr Stories, xi; The Bible, 9, 57-66. In 311, Caecilian was elected bishop of Carthage. His opponents charged that his traditio made him unworthy of the office, and declared itself for another candidate, Majorinus. Many others in Africa, including the Abitinians, also supported Majorinus against Caecilian.
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Ichthyophis atricollaris, also known as the Long Bloee caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to Sarawak, Borneo (Malaysia), and only known from its imprecise type locality, "Long Bloee, Boven Mahakkam, Borneo". The type series were collected during the Nieuwenhuis expedition to Borneo and were deposited at the Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden.
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Ichthyophis monochrous, the Western Borneo caecilian or black caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to northern Borneo and known from western Kalimantan (Indonesia) and Sarawak (Malaysia), likely occurring also in Brunei. It is a little-known species known from only a few specimens. It presumably inhabits tropical moist forest.
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The skin thickens, embedded scales develop and the body divides into segments. By this time, the caecilian has constructed a burrow and is living on land. ringed caecilian (Siphonops annulatus) resembles an earthworm In the majority of species of caecilians, the young are produced by viviparity. Typhlonectes compressicauda, a species from South America, is typical of these.
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It has slime glands all over its body and secretes copious amounts of noxious mucous if attacked. Nevertheless, it is eaten by birds, snakes, and large fish. At breeding time, a male and female Cayenne caecilian twine around each other and the male places a spermatophore in the female's cloaca. Fertilisation is internal and the Cayenne caecilian is viviparous.
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Boulengerula fischeri is a species of caecilian in the family Herpelidae. It is endemic to Rwanda and only known from around its type locality near Cyangugu, southwestern Rwanda. The specific name fischeri honours Eberhard Fischer, a German botanist who has worked with Rwandan fauna and flora. Common name Fischer's African caecilian has been coined for it.
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Boulengerula uluguruensis, the Uluguru pink caecilian or Uluguru African caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Tanzania where it is found in the Nguu, Nguru, and Uluguru Mountains. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Luetkenotyphlus brasiliensis, the São Paulo caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is found in Misiones Province in northern Argentina and northwards to São Paulo state in Brazil; it likely occurs in adjacent Paraguay. Luetkenotyphlus brasiliensis is a poorly known species. It probably inhabits forest, but it has also been found in urban gardens.
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Battersby's caecilian is named in honour of James Clarence Battersby (1901–1993), herpetologist at the British Museum (Natural History), London, for 45 years.
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Grandisonia alternans is a species of caecilian in the family Indotyphlidae, endemic to the Seychelles islands of Mahé, Praslin, Frégate, and La Digue.
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Grandisonia larvata is a species of caecilian in the family Indotyphlidae, endemic to the Seychelles islands of Mahé, Praslin, La Digue, and Silhouette.
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Grandisonia sechellensis is a species of caecilian in the family Indotyphlidae. It is endemic to the Seychelles islands of Mahé, Praslin, and Silhouette.
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Typhlonectes compressicauda, the Cayenne caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Typhlonectidae that lives in water. It is found in Amazonian Brazil, Peru, and Colombia as well as in Guyana and French Guiana, and likely Suriname, and according to some sources, Venezuela. It is an aquatic caecilian that inhabits permanent rivers and marshes mainly in the lowland forest zone.
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Herpele squalostoma is a species of caecilian in the family Herpelidae. It is also known by the common name Congo caecilian. It is found in Central and extreme easternmost West Africa (southeastern Nigeria, Cameroon, western Central African Republic, Equatorial Guinea (including Bioko), Gabon, Republic of the Congo, western Democratic Republic of the Congo, and possibly the Cabinda Province of Angola).
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Unlike other worms, the Sagalla caecilian does not need the moisture to help with reproduction. The forest and the farms must be at an altitude of 1,000-1,500 meters above sea level for the worm to survive. This altitude is preferred because the temperatures are cooler and the Sagalla caecilian will not be dehydrated when on the decomposing litter on the surface.
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The ringed caecilian Siphonops annulatus, an oviparous caecilian, exhibits characteristics similar to viviparous caecilians. Mothers have paler skin tones than non-attending females, suggesting that offspring feed on glandular secretions on the mother's skin—a process that resembles mammalian lactation. This scraping method is different from the peeling actions performed by oviparous caecilians. For both oviparous and viviparous caecilians, delayed investment is a common benefit.
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Oscaecilia osae is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Costa Rica and is only known from the Golfo Dulce area, on the Pacific Ocean side of Costa Rica. The specific name osae refers to its type locality, the airstrip at La Sirena, being located on the Osa Peninsula. It is also known as the airstrip caecilia or airstrip caecilian.
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Atractaspis aterrima occurs in a wide range of habitats: coastal grasslands, dry and moist savannas, and forests. It is fossorial. Based on gut contents of a single snake, the prey include caecilian Scolecomorphus kirkii and lizards (an unidentified tail). The snake in question was in total length, whereas the caecilian was comparatively large at total length—an earlier study had indicated that A. aterrima eats smaller prey.
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Brasilotyphlus guarantanus is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It was described in 2009 from a specimen collected in the north part of Mato Grosso, Brazil.
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Caecilia guntheri is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist montane forests.
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Caecilia pressula is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Guyana and possibly Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
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Most recently, Rileymillerus has been shown to be closely related to brachyopoids and plagiosauroids and to Chinlestegophis jenkinsi, a similarly small Late Triassic temnospondyl interpreted as a stem caecilian.
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Microcaecilia iwokramae is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is endemic to Guyana and only known from its type locality in the Iwokrama Forest. It was first described as Caecilita iwokramae in the monotypic genus Caecilita, before being recognised as belonging to Microcaecilia. Microcaecilia iwokramae was first thought to be the second known species of lungless caecilian and first from a terrestrial habitat, the other lungless species being the aquatic Atretochoana eiselti.
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Ichthyophis biangularis, the angular caecilian or Metang caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Borneo (Malaysia): it is only known from its type locality, Mount Matang in Sarawak, where the holotype was collected in 1872 by Alfred Hart Everett. New specimens were collected from the type locality only in 2009. In addition, one larval sample was collected from the same region and identified as likely Ichthyophis biangularis using genetic methods.
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Siphonops hardyi, or Hardy's caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is endemic to southeastern Brazil where it occurs in the states of São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Espírito Santo, and Minas Gerais, possibly wider. This species lives in soil and under leaf litter or stones in primary forest, plantations, and rural gardens. It is a common species; it can locally suffer from infrastructure development but is not generally threatened.
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Caecilia thompsoni, commonly called Thompson's caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Colombia. It is the largest of the worm-like caecilians and reaches a length of 1.5 m (5 ft) and can weigh up to about 1 kg (2.2 lb). Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forest, subtropical or tropical moist montane forest, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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The Western Ghats of India are one of the global biodiversity hotspots, and a centre of caecilian diversity. Of the 39 described species of Caecilians from India, 26 are endemic. From distributional records it is apparent that the hot spot of known caecilian diversity in India is the Western Ghats. Of the 26 currently recognized Western Ghats species, most are known from the southern part of the range, including seven species endemic to this area.
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Caecilia bokermanni is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and possibly Peru. Its natural habitat is subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests.
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Ichthyophis monochrous is a moderately slender caecilian. The holotype measures in length and about in width. The head is long and has visible eyes. Tail is short (3.8 mm) but distinct.
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Gegeneophis primus is a species of caecilian discovered in Wynad district in the Western Ghats of Kerala, India. The species was described in 2012 by Ramachandran Kotharambath, Mark Wilkinson, and colleagues.
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Ichthyophis davidi, the Chorla giant striped caecilian, is a new caecilian species of India discovered in Chorla, a village situated on the borders of Goa, Maharashtra, and Karnataka in the Mhadei region of India. It is one of the largest known limbless, yellow-striped caecilians from the Western Ghats. It is named in honour of David Gower, department of zoology, Natural History Museum, London, in recognition of his contributions to Indian caecilian studies. The discovery was made by researchers Gopalakrishna Bhatta of the department of biology, BASE Educational Services Private Limited, Bengaluru; K. P. Dinesh and C. Radhakrishnan of western ghats regional centre, Calicut; P. Prashanth of Agumbe Rainforest Research Station, Agumbe; and Nirmal Kulkarni of Mhadei Research Centre, Chorla Ghat.
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Caecilia albiventris is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Suriname. Its natural habitats are tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Dermophis glandulosus is a species of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae. It is found in northwestern Colombia (Córdoba and Antioquia Departments), Costa Rica, and Panama. It is the southernmost species among Dermophis.
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Ichthyophis hypocyaneus, the bantam caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae of caecilians, endemic to Indonesia. Until its rediscovery in 2000, it was known only from the 1827 type specimen.
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The Mexican burrowing caecilian (Dermophis mexicanus) is a species of limbless amphibian in the family Dermophiidae. It is found in Mexico and Central America, where it burrows under leaf litter and plant debris.
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Uraeotyphlus gansi, the Gansi caecilian, is a rare species of caecilian, endemic to the Western Ghats of India. It was discovered in the Kaakkaachi- Naalumukku area of the Kalakkad Mundanthurai Tiger Reserve. U. gansi was named after Carl Gans (1923–2009), a renowned herpetologist from Texas. According to Albert Rajendran, Research Department of Zoology, St. John's College, Palayamkottai, Rajendran spotted the species, along with his collaborator David J. Gower of the Natural History Museum, London, and two other experts in caecilians.
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Ichthyophis supachaii, or Supachai's caecilian, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae found in Thailand's provinces of Nakhon Si Thammarat and Trang, and possibly Malaysia. It is known mostly from 11 specimens of various ages collected in 1958 by Edward Harrison Taylor at several localities in a wide area of tropical forest in southern Thailand. Later, it was recorded among the moist banks of a river near an abandoned zinc mine. It is likely to be threatened by habitat loss.
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The limbless South American caecilian Siphonops paulensis The order Gymnophiona (from the Greek gymnos meaning "naked" and ophis meaning "serpent") or Apoda comprises the caecilians. These are long, cylindrical, limbless animals with a snake- or worm-like form. The adults vary in length from 8 to 75 centimetres (3 to 30 inches) with the exception of Thomson's caecilian (Caecilia thompsoni), which can reach . A caecilian's skin has a large number of transverse folds and in some species contains tiny embedded dermal scales.
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Ichthyophis dulitensis is a moderately slender caecilian. The holotype measures in snout–vent length and about in average body width. The head is long. The eyes are small with white pupils and black iris.
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Oscaecilia elongata is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Oscaecilia equatorialis is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Oscaecilia koepckeorum is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Maciel, A.O. & M.S. Hoogmoed, "Taxonomy and distribution of caecilian amphibians (Gymnophiona) of Brazilian Amazonia, with a key to their identification" Zootaxa, 2984: 1-53 This genus has also been suggested as paraphyletic to Microcaecilia.
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Caecilia armata is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia flavopunctata is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia perdita is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Mimosiphonops vermiculatus is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is endemic to Brazil. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia corpulenta is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, swamps, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia subdermalis is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Oscaecilia ochrocephala is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Colombia and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia attenuata is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia disossea is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Ecuador and Peru. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia tenuissima is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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There has been a report of the bird eating a caecilian (Caecilia sp.)Solano-Ugalde, A. (2011). The Plate-billed Mountain Toucan (Andigena laminirostris) feeding on a Caecilia spp (Gymnophiona: Amphibia). Boletín SAO 20(2) 43-5.
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As an amphibian, this caecilian is likely to feed on insects, earthworms and other small invertebrates. Clutches of eggs have been found under rocks, where they are guarded by the female. The larvae probably develop in streams.
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The digit formula for Doleserpeton is 4 digits on the forelimbs and 5 digits on the hindlimb. This digit formula is primitive to all living amphibians with a few exceptions in Caecilian and some outlying amphibious species.
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The Sagalla caecilian is a caecilian, a highly unusual group of amphibians characterized by an elongated, limbless, externally segmented body, closely resembling that of a large earthworm. Depending on the micro-habitat the amphibian is found its color may vary. When found in areas with shade and high altitude they tend to be a dark brown while when found in lower elevations they tend to be a light brown with some traces of blue. Meanwhile, the bodies of juveniles only have a long, dark, narrow band on its back, and otherwise are not pigmented.
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Eocaecilia micropodia, an early caecilian that shares many similarities with Rhynchonkos Rhynchonkos shares many features with the early caecilian Eocaecilia, including an elongated snout, small limbs, and a similar skull. Based on these features, it has been suggested that caecilians originated from Rhynchonkos or another closely related microsaur. Carroll and Currie (1975), the first to suggest this possible relationship, noted similarities in temporal fenestration, palatal structure, braincase composition, and mandibular dentition. In the temporal region of the skulls of Rhynchonkos and caecilians, the number of bones is reduced.
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Eocaecilia, the earliest known caecilian Little is known of the evolutionary history of the caecilians, which have left a very sparse fossil record. The first fossil, a vertebra dated to the Paleocene, was not discovered until 1972. Other vertebrae, which have characteristic features unique to modern species, were later found in Paleocene and Late Cretaceous (Cenomanian) sediments. The earliest fossil attributed to a stem-caecilian (a species closer to caecilians than to frogs or salamanders but not a member of the extant lineage) comes from the Jurassic period.
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While the undefinable organic material may show the caecilians eat detritus, the remains may be from earthworms. Caecilians in captivity can be easily fed with earthworms, and worms are also common in the habitat of many caecilian species.
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Microcaecilia nicefori is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, arable land, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, and irrigated land.
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Gegeneophis ramaswamii is a relatively large caecilian with a total body length of . The colouration is greyish dorsally and light grey ventrally. The eyes are not visible. Its tentacles are placed just behind and below the level of the nostrils.
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Caecilia abitaguae is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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Caecilia caribea is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia marcusi is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Bolivia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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Caecilia subnigricans is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Colombia and Venezuela. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia volcani is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Rhynchonkos shares many similarities with Eocaecilia, an early caecilian from the Early Jurassic of Arizona. Similarities between Rhynchonkos and Eocaecilia have been taken as evidence that caecilians are descendants of microsaurs. However, such a relationship is no longer widely accepted.
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This species can be very abundant locally, and is considered the most abundant species of caecilian within its range. It adapts to agricultural areas is not believed to be facing any significant threats. It is known to occur in some protected areas.
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Ichthyophis sumatranus, also known as the Sumatra caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to Sumatra, Indonesia. It is known from western Sumatra, but many records lack precise location data and its exact range is poorly known.
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Microcaecilia pricei is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is endemic to Colombia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, and irrigated land.
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Potamotyphlus kaupii (also known as Kaup's caecilian) is a species of amphibian in the family Typhlonectidae. It is monotypic within the genus Potamotyphlus. It is found widely in the Amazon Basin and The Guianas in South America.Oliveira; Meneghell; Messias; Gomes; and Coragem (2012).
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Ringed caecilian measures in total length. The body is cylindrical and slightly wider than deep. It is bluish-black to slate in colour. The annular grooves that completely encircle the body (except the 3–4 posteriormost ones) are edged in white or cream.
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Caecilia isthmica is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Colombia and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Dermophis costaricense is a species of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae. It is endemic to Costa Rica and is found on the Atlantic versant of Cordillera de Tilarán, Cordillera Central, and Cordillera de Talamanca. Its taxonomic status is in need of a review.
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Dermophis occidentalis is a species of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae. It is endemic to south-western Costa Rica and occurs in the Pacific lowlands and premontane slopes, extending to the western part of the central valley. Its taxonomic status is unclear.
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Herpele multiplicata is a species of caecilian in the family Herpelidae. It is endemic to Cameroon. It is only known from its holotype, which is now lost. The only available information is the brief species description published in 1912 by Fritz Nieden.
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Ichthyophis kodaguensis, also known as the Kodagu striped Ichthyophis, is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to the southern Western Ghats, India. All confirmed records are from southern Karnataka state, although it is also reported from adjacent Kerala.
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Hypogeophis brevis is a species of caecilian formerly included in the genus Grandisonia and found on the islands of Mahé and Silhouette in the Seychelles. It is known only from two specimens collected on Mahé in 1910 and more collected recently from Silhouette.
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Dermatotrophy is a rare reproductive behaviour in which the young feed on the skin of its parents. It has been scientifically observed in several species of caecilian, including Boulengerula taitana, and is claimed to exist in the newly-discovered unpublished species Dermophis donaldtrumpi.
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Microcaecilia grandis is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is endemic to Suriname and only known from the Lely Mountains. It measures around in total length, and possesses bicuspid vomeropalatine teeth as well as more than 20 premaxillary-maxillary teeth.
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Ichthyophis khumhzi, the Khumhzi striped ichthyophis, is a species of caecilian found in India. It has narrow and irregular lateral yellow stripes. It can attain lengths larger than . Its head is V-shaped while short; the animal shows scales as far anterior as its collars.
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Ichthyophis nigroflavus, the Kuala Lumpur caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Malaysia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
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Ichthyophis paucidentulus, the Kapahiang caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
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Ichthyophis singaporensis, the Singapore caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Singapore. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forests, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
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Caecilia crassisquama is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is endemic to Ecuador and only known from the holotype collected in "Normandia, Zuñía, Río Upana", now in the Sangay National Park. It is a subterranean species that was collected in montane forest.
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Caecilia gracilis is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Brazil, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, possibly Colombia, and possibly Guyana. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, moist savanna, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Ichthyophis pseudangularis is a species of caecilian endemic to Sri Lanka. It is found in a range of natural and man-made habitats: forests, rubber plantations, paddy fields, rural gardens and farms, wetlands (boggy and muddy areas), and pastureland. The holotype measured in total length.
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There are seven amphibian species native to São Tomé and Príncipe, all of them endemic: six frogs (Leptopelis palmatus, Hyperolius molleri, H. thomensis, Phrynobatrachus dispar, P. leveleve, and Ptychadena newtoni) and one caecilian, the cobra bobo Schistometopum thomense. Exactly how these species (or their ancestors) have managed to colonize the islands is not obvious as amphibians generally have low tolerance to sea water. Dispersal by birds or storms seems unlikely, especially for the subterranean caecilian. Instead, it has been suggested that the most plausible explanation is rafting, with floating conglomerations of tree trunks, freshwater aquatic plants, and even soil, during periods when sea surface salinity was lower.
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There were 13 endemic species of bird recorded in the park, including Salvadori's pheasant and Schneider's pitta. Amphibians include the caecilian Ichtyopis glutinosa and the long-nosed horned frog, etc. In 2008 the population of Sumatran tigers has been estimated to be between ca.30 to 100.
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Caecilia tentaculata is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Peru, Suriname, Venezuela, possibly Bolivia, and possibly Guyana. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Caecilia orientalis is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Colombia and Ecuador. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, pastureland, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.
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Dermophis oaxacae is a relatively large caecilian with a reported maximum total length of . It has 119–139 primary and 101–133 secondary annuli; these high counts distinguish it from all other Dermophis. The body is somewhat robust and the head is relatively large. The mouth is subterminal.
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This is a list of amphibians found in El Salvador. 29 amphibian species have been registered in El Salvador, which are grouped in 2 orders: salamanders (Caudata) and frogs and toads (Anura). No caecilian (Gymnophiona) species have been registered. This list is derived from the database listing of AmphibiaWeb.
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The four remaining orthologs are the two-lined caecilian, the West Indian Ocean coelacanth, the electric eel, and the northern pike. These orthologs represent the Amphibia, Sarcopterygii, and Actinopterygii clades respectively. The CCDC121 gene likely appeared 433 million years ago in a common ancestor of Actinopterygii and Sarcopterygii.
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The issue was complicated because there it was not only Catholic bishops who were suspected of being traditores; some Donatist bishops were also suspected of the same, in contradiction to their sect's basic teaching. Further, bishops suspected of being traditores refused to be challenged. Donatus succeeded in expanding the Donatist sect in spite of lack of success in removing Caecilian from office, in large part due to the unpopularity of Caecilian and the Roman administration - particularly amongst the rural population. Donatist priests and bishops were much closer to the rural agricultural population which consisted of Roman farmers and the Berber and Phoenician descendants of the indigenous people who lived there before the Romans conquered North Africa.
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Caeciliidae is the family of common caecilians. They are found in Central and South America. Like other caecilians, they superficially resemble worms or snakes. Although they are the most diverse of the caecilian families, the caeciliids do have a number of features in common that distinguish them from other caecilians.
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The Bobbio Scholiast describes the first provision:Hildebrandt, P. Scholia In Ciceronis Orationes Bobiensia. Stuttgart, Germany: B. G. Teubner, 1971. pp. 106. "The Caecilian and Didian law decreed that the period of trinundium be observed for promulgating laws."Caecilia est autem et Didia, quae iubebant in promulgandis legibus trinundium tempus observari.
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Ichthyophis bernisi, the Indonesian caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
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The Javan caecilian (Ichthyophis javanicus) is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Indonesia. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forests, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
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The Upper Laos caecilian, Ichthyophis laosensis, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to Laos and only known from a single specimen (holotype) collected from the imprecise type locality, "Upper Laos". Presumably a tropical moist forest species, nothing definite is known about its habitat or ecology.
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Ichthyophis paucisulcus, the Siantar caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae found in Indonesia and Singapore. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forests, seasonally flooded agricultural land, and canals and ditches.
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Dermophis gracilior is a species of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae. It is found on the Pacific slopes of Cordillera de Talamanca in eastern Costa Rica and western Panama, as well as in the central Pacific Costa Rica. Some sources also report it from the Atlantic slope of Costa Rica.
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Gymnopis syntrema is a species of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae. It is found in Belize, Guatemala, and possibly Honduras. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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In 311 Caecilian (a new bishop of Carthage) was consecrated by Felix of Aptungi, an alleged traditor. His opponents consecrated Majorinus, a short- lived rival who was succeeded by Donatus. Two years later, a commission appointed by Pope Miltiades condemned the Donatists. They persisted, seeing themselves as the true Church with valid sacraments.
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Ichthyophis larutensis, the Larut Hills caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae found in Malaysia and Thailand. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
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The Cayenne caecilian occurs in South America, including the Amazon basin and river systems in the Guianas. It is found at altitudes of up to above sea level. Because it is common and has a wide range, it is listed as of "Least Concern" in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.
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Oscaecilia hypereumeces is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It appears to be endemic to Brazil and is only known from two specimens. The holotype was collected from Joinville in Santa Catarina, although there are some doubts whether this really is its correct origin. Another specimen originates from an unknown locality.
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Uraeotyphlus interruptus is a medium-sized caecilian measuring in length. The body has 162 folds. The primary annuli cross the dorsum only on the posterior half and venter only in front of the vent. The collar region is slightly wider than the head; the two collars are completely fused dorsally but are distinct ventrally.
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Of the bird species, 16 are endemic and six are near endemic, of which four are only shared with Príncipe. Six species are considered vulnerable, and three are critically endangered (São Tomé ibis, São Tomé fiscal and São Tomé grosbeak). Schistometopum thomense, a bright yellow species of caecilian, is endemic to São Tomé.AmphibiaWeb (2011).
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Ichthyophis youngorum, the Doi Suthep caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is known only from 10 adult and 13 larval specimens collected in 1957 by Edward Harrison Taylor. They were collected in the rainforest of Doi Suthep, near Chiang Mai, in Thailand, in a small valley at above sea level.
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Caecilia leucocephala is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae. It is found in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forest.Lynch, J., Solís, F., Ibáñez, R., Jaramillo, C., Fuenmayor, Q., Coloma, L.A., Ron, S., Renjifo, J.M. & Wilkinson, M. 2004.
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This caecilian is viviparous. Fertilisation is internal and up to 16 developing larvae subsist on the yolks of their eggs for three months. Then, they develop rasping teeth and feed on maternal glandular secretions, scraping the inside of the oviduct to stimulate their production. When they emerge, after 11 months of gestation, they are long.
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Microcaecilia rabei is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is known from Suriname and the Bolívar State in eastern Venezuela; it is likely to occur in intervening Guyana and adjacent Brazil. Microcaecilia rabei is a subterranean species living in tropical moist environments, especially lowland rainforests. There are also records from secondary habitats.
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This caecilian, the third species in the genus Crotaphatrema, is differentiated from the others by size, body shape, color pattern, and the lack of grooves on its collars. The type series consists of two adult females measuring in total length, and a subadult female measuring . The body width is . The eyes are not visible externally.
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The unique lizard and reptile populations of the Seychelles include seven species of caecilian and the iconic giant tortoises, Dipsochelys arnoldi on the Granitic Seychelles, and Dipsochelys dussumieri on Aldabra. There have been some extinctions but the remaining endemic birds of these islands include the Seychelles scops owl (Otus insularis) and the Seychelles paradise flycatcher (Terpsiphone corvina).
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Caecilia mertensi is a species of caecilian in the family Caeciliidae from South America. The type locality is imprecise: the holotype was purportedly collected in "Seychelle Isle", but most likely originates from South America. However, more recently, several specimens have been collected from Mato Grosso, Brazil. The specific name mertensi honors Robert Mertens, a German zoologist and herpetologist.
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Dermophis glandulosus is a moderately large caecilian, measuring up to in total length. The type specimen was a juvenile measuring 159 mm. Also subsequent specimens were relatively small, leading to a conclusion that it was synonymous with Dermophis parviceps. However, new specimens have shown Dermophis glandulosus to be a separate, much larger species than Dermophis parviceps.
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Dermophis gracilior is a moderate-sized caecilian measuring in total length. It has 91–117 primary and 65–96 secondary annuli. The body is somewhat robust (length 23 to 34 times the body width). The upper surface is lead-gray in color, whereas the lower one is cream with dark mottling, or largely gray to dull black.
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The Mexican burrowing caecilian feeds on invertebrates, including earthworms, termites, crickets, slugs, and snails. It emerges onto the ground surface on nights with light rainfall and catches small prey that come within its reach. Larger individuals may eat mice and small lizards. It moves by internal concertina-like movements and by undulating its body from side to side.
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Siphonopids are oviparous caecilians, meaning they lay eggs. They have imperforated stapes and no inner mandibular teeth. Like species of some other caecilian families, their skulls have relatively few bones, with those present being fused to form a solid ram to aid in burrowing through the soil. The mouth is recessed beneath the snout, and there is no tail.
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Crotaphatrema tchabalmbaboensis is a species of caecilian in the family Scolecomorphidae, the tropical or African caecilians. It was discovered in 1997 on Mount Tchabal Mbabo in the Adamawa Plateau, western Cameroon, and described as a new species to science in 2000. Three specimens were collected at the type locality, and no individuals have been observed since.
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The Sagalla caecilian can be found mainly in low density farms and patches of indigenous forests on Sagala Hill. They are limited to an altitude of 1000–1500 meters above sea level. Besides their altitude they are only found on a patch of land that has an area of 20 km2. This area is roughly the size of Manhattan.
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In addition, a competition was organised for the people of the small Sagalla community to find a new name for the Sagalla caecilian in the local dialect, kisagalla. Conservationists had done this in order to make the species more relatable to the local people. Patrick Malonza of the National Museums of Kenya (co- describer of this species and one of the organizers of the competition) explained the importance of naming the species locally: :“If the animal has a local kisagalla name, we think that Sagalla people may recognize it for the special endemic species that it is. They have something unique to be proud of.” The Zoological Society of London's "EDGE (Evolutionarily Distinct & Globally Endangered) of Existence" campaign has begun working to establish a caecilian preserve and restore habitat for the species.
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Providing nutrition through the skin allows for redirection of nutrients, yielding fewer and larger offspring than caecilians who only provide their offspring with yolk nutrients. Rather than the mother sacrificing herself and solely being used for the offspring's nutrition, caecilian mothers supplement their offspring's growth; they provide enough nutrients for the offspring to survive, but not at the cost of their own life.
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Ichthyophis sendenyu, the Sendenyu striped ichthyophis, is a species of caecilian found in India. This species of Ichthyophis possesses broad and solid lateral yellow stripes from about the level of the posterior of its disc to its eye level on the upper jaw, while arched yellow stripes extend to its nares. Its length does not exceed . Its head is U-shaped and short.
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Ichthyophis daribokensis, or Daribok's striped caecilian, is a species of amphibian 2009: Studies on caecilians (Amphibia: Gymnophiona: Ichthyophiidae) of North East India with description of three new species of Ichthyophis from Garo Hills, Meghalaya and additional information on Ichthyophis garoensis Pillai & Ravichandran, 1999. Records of the Zoological Survey of India, Occasional Paper, 309: 1-56. found in Assam in northern India.
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The lizard collection is now made up of Serrated casquehead iguanas, Graham's anoles, caiman lizards, and a Parson's chameleon. Tortoises are represented by Galápagos and radiated. Amphibians include poison dart frogs, golden mantellas, blue-legged mantellas, a Rio Cauca caecilian, Borneo eared frogs and Morelet's tree frogs. There is also a pair of Philippine mouse-deer near the poison dart frogs.
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Ichthyophis bannanicus, the Banna caecilian, is a species of amphibians in the family Ichthyophiidae found in southern China and northern Vietnam, presumably also in adjacent eastern Myanmar and northern Laos. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land. It is threatened by habitat loss.
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Ichthyophis billitonensis, the Billiton Island caecilian, is a species of amphibians in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to the Belitung island, Indonesia. Known only from the holotype, this appears to be a small species, measuring in total length. Habitat requirements are unknown but it probably inhabits moist lowland forests. It may be threatened by habitat loss caused by opencast tin mining.
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Ichthyophis dulitensis is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. It is endemic to Borneo and only known from near its type locality, Mount Dulit in northern Sarawak, Malaysia, after which it is named. Described by Edward Harrison Taylor in 1960, the holotype was collected by Charles Hose already in 1891. It is a poorly known species with uncertain taxonomic status.
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The Cayenne caecilian lives in shallow streams and rivers. It spends the day in a communal burrow, emerging at night to hunt through the sediment for small invertebrates such as insect larvae and shrimps. It also eats small fish. It has no functional eyes and probably detects its prey by touch or by the vibrations made when the prey moves.
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Boulengerula denhardti (Denhardt's African caecilian) is a species of amphibian in the family Herpelidae. It is endemic to Kenya. It is only known from its type locality, the Tana River valley, as well as from the Ngaia Forest, Meru County. It is named for German explorer brothers Clemens Denhardt and Gustav Denhardt who explored the area where it was discovered.
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The black caecilian has a wide distribution in an area with very little human disturbance, and is known to be present in Canaima National Park in Venezuela. Although the total population size is unknown, the species is believed to be common with few known threats, and the International Union for Conservation of Nature has assessed its conservation status as being of "least concern".
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The observation of the faeces of captive caecilians indicates that they may be detritivores i.e. feeding on dead and decomposed organic matter also. Despite more than 100 years of research in the region, the number of recognised Caecilian species in the Western Ghats is still increasing rapidly. Most of the Western Ghats caecilians were previously described from the southern part of the peninsula.
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Numerous reptiles, amphibians, birds, and even some mammals rely on litter for shelter and forage. Amphibians such as salamanders and caecilians inhabit the damp microclimate underneath fallen leaves for part or all of their life cycle. This makes them difficult to observe. A BBC film crew captured footage of a female caecilian with young for the first time in a documentary that aired in 2008.
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Battersby's caecilian is distributed in the Western Ghats in Maharashtra and Kerala (India). The population is unknown and threats are also not well known but are thought to be land changes for agriculture, wood and timber extracting by locals, road construction, agrochemical soil pollution and fires. It occurs in Sanjay Gandhi National Park and may occur in Koyna Wildlife Sanctuary and Phansad Wildlife Sanctuary.
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Ichthyophis elongatus, the elongated caecilian, is a species of amphibians in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to Sumatra, including some nearby islands; however, whether these belong to this species is uncertain. Specimens allocated to this species with certainty have been collected from lowland forest and from a ravine near degraded forest. The type series varied in total length. It is relatively slim, with body width of .
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Ichthyophis glandulosus, the Basilan Island caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, freshwater springs, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forest, irrigated land and seasonally flooded agricultural land. The population is unknown as only two specimens have been collected.
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The Ceylon caecilian is endemic to southwestern and central Sri Lanka. It has also been reported to occur in northeastern India, but more likely this sighting referred to a different species. It lives in burrows in damp earth or leaf litter in subtropical or tropical moist lowland and montane forests, subtropical or tropical swamps, cleared forested areas, and pasturelands at elevations of up to above sea level.
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They may increase their length sixfold and be two-fifths as long as their mother before being born. By this time they have undergone metamorphosis, lost their eyes and gills, developed a thicker skin and mouth tentacles, and reabsorbed their teeth. A permanent set of teeth grow through soon after birth. The ringed caecilian (Siphonops annulatus) has developed a unique adaptation for the purposes of reproduction.
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The adult Mexican burrowing caecilian grows to a length of . In general appearance, it resembles a large earthworm. Around a hundred transverse annular folds in the skin give the appearance of segments. The head has a pointed snout, a single row of teeth in the lower jaw, and two vestigial eyes covered with skin, with a pair of protrusible tentacles between the eyes and the nostrils.
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The Mexican burrowing caecilian is listed as least concern in the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. It has several disjunct populations, and in areas where it used to be abundant it now seems to be less common, and the locations in which it is found seem to be fewer in number. It may be persecuted in some locations because it superficially looks like a snake.
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Since Sagalla Hill is considered a biodiversity hotspot, many other organizations also have stakes in the area. However, little is being done specifically for the Sagalla caecilian. Some priorities for the Sagalla caecilian's conservation include: stabilizing the soil by restoring vegetation and improving agricultural practices, careful replacement of eucalyptus plantations with indigenous trees, working with local communities, and continuing to study the caecilian's ecology.
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The Bishop of Carthage, Mensurius, died in 311. Caecilian, a deacon under Mensurius and a traditor, was appointed as his successor and consecrated by Felix of Aptungi. Secundus was opposed to the election of a traditor as Bishop, and presided over the rival Council of 70 that elected Majorinus instead.Munier, “Cirta” in The Encyclopedia of the Early Church (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992).
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Gegeneophis goaensis lives at 32–42 meters above sea level. The first three known specimens were collected from vegetation rotting in small streams. The species is said to be clearly able to "adapt to certain anthropogenic habitats;" its original natural habitat remains unknown. The reproductive cycle of the Goa caecilian is assumed to be no different than the one of other members of its genus.
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As far as is known, all Indian Caecilians are oviparous i.e. they lay eggs and have a free-living, aquatic larval stage except Gegeneophis seshachari. The smallest Indian caecilian is about in length (Gegeneophis krishni) and the longest is (Ichthyophis malabarensis). As per the available information, most caecilians are opportunistic feeders and feed on earthworms, termites, larvae and pupae of a variety of insects.
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The Christians from Abitinae had been brought to the city and imprisoned. Friends and relatives of the prisoners came to visit, but encountered resistance from a local mob. The group was harassed, beaten, and whipped; the food they had brought for their imprisoned friends was scattered on the ground. The mob had been sent by Mensurius, the bishop of the city, and Caecilian, his deacon, for reasons that remain obscure.
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See also: MacMullen, vii, and passim. Because of the persecution, however, a number of Christian communities were riven between those who had complied with imperial authorities (traditores) and those who had refused. In Africa, the Donatists, who protested the election of the alleged traditor Caecilian to the bishopric of Carthage, continued to resist the authority of the central Church until after 411.Barnes, Constantine and Eusebius, 56; Tilley, Martyr Stories, xi.
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Rhinatrematidae, the family of Neotropical tailed caecilians, American tailed caecilians or beaked caecilians, are found in the equatorial countries of South America. They are usually regarded as the most basal of the caecilian families, with numerous characteristics lacking in the other groups. For example, they still possess tails, and their mouths are not recessed on the underside of their heads. They lay their eggs in cavities in the soil.
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Ichthyophis nguyenorum is a species of caecilian in the family Ichthyophiidae. They were first found in Kon Plông District, Kon Tum Province, central Vietnam, in 2006, and formally described in 2012. The species is now also known from the Cat Tien National Park in the Lam Dong Province, southern Vietnam, and is presumed to occur more widely in suitable habitat in central and southern Vietnam as well as in eastern Cambodia.
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The secretion is often sticky and distasteful or toxic. Snakes have been observed yawning and gaping when trying to swallow African clawed frogs (Xenopus laevis), which gives the frogs an opportunity to escape. Caecilians have been little studied in this respect, but the Cayenne caecilian (Typhlonectes compressicauda) produces toxic mucus that has killed predatory fish in a feeding experiment in Brazil. In some salamanders, the skin is poisonous.
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The Cayenne caecilian is an elongated, dark grey, black or steely blue amphibian with no limbs. The body is flattened laterally and has a number of transverse folds, giving it a segmented appearance. A long fin runs along its back, and it grows to a length of . It has a more highly derived morphology than some more primitive species, showing differences in lung structure, the reproductive organs, and the kidneys.
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The habitat requirements and ecology of this are poorly known, but it is assumed to be a subterranean species inhabiting lowland tropical forest. Predators of Oscaecilia zweifeli include the giant tarantula Theraphosa blondi: an adult tarantula was found with its caecilian prey under a rotten trunk, and it had produced a silk cocoon around the head of the dead animal, which was already partly digested. Threats to this species are unknown.
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Atretochoana, however, entirely lacks lungs, and has a number of other features associated with lunglessness, including sealed choanae, and an absence of pulmonary arteries. Its skin is filled with capillaries that penetrate the epidermis, allowing gas exchange. Its skull shows evidence of muscles not found in any other organism. The Vienna specimen of Atretochoana is a large caecilian at a length of , while the Brasília specimen is larger still at .
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Geotrypetes seraphini, the Gaboon caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Dermophiidae. It is found in Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ivory Coast, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Liberia, Nigeria, Sierra Leone, and possibly Angola, and the Republic of the Congo. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, heavily degraded former forests, and seasonally flooded agricultural land.
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Gymnopis multiplicata is a species of caecilian in the family Dermophiidae found in Costa Rica, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama, and possibly Guatemala. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, pastureland, plantations, rural gardens, and urban areas. The eye sockets are enclosed in bone. Uniformly coloured, from grey-purple, with skin folds of a paler shade.
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Microcaecilia albiceps is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is found in the Amazonian lowlands and slopes of the eastern Andes in Colombia (Caquetá and Putumayo Departments) and Ecuador (Napo Province), possibly extending into Loreto in Amazonian Peru. Microcaecilia albiceps occurs in tropical primary forests where it lives underground. It has also been found in degraded forest, but it is unknown whether it can adapt to such habitat.
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Microcaecilia taylori is a species of caecilian in the family Siphonopidae. It is known from two widely separated populations, one in southern Suriname and other one in Pará, Brazil, south of the Amazon River. It is not clear whether the gap is real or whether the populations south of the Amazon River represent a distinct species. Microcaecilia taylori was confused with Microcaecilia marvaleewakeae before the latter was described in 2013.
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One of these "traditors", named Caecilian, had returned to the fold of the Church once the persecutions ended, and was consecrated Bishop of Carthage and Primate of North Africa. Those of the faithful who refused to accept the authority of such a spiritual leader raised Majorinus as a rival bishop; however, Majorinus died shortly after being consecrated, and it fell to Donatus to take his place and continue the struggle.
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Karapuzha dam, Wayanad The Western Ghat hills at Matheran in Maharashtra, India Caecilian from Wayanad district The Western Ghats in India are home to several species of caecilians (Gymnophiona). Caecilians are legless, burrowing amphibians which mostly live in leaf litter, loose soil, under rocks and decaying logs. They are also found in agricultural fields and only surface during the monsoon. The body is elongated and smooth with a slimy skin.
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However, moderate recent effort expended in the herpetologically-under-explored northern region has uncovered several new species. The current picture of caecilian biology in the northern Western Ghats is well illustrated by recent discoveries. In the last 18 months, five new species have been described from northern Karnataka and Maharashtra. We know almost nothing of their biology and they are all deficient of data regarding their conservation status.
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Numerous groups of lepospondyls evolved reduced limbs, elongated bodies, and burrowing behaviors, and morphological studies on Permian and Carboniferous lepospondyls have placed the early caecilian (Eocaecilia) among these groups.. Divergent origins of caecilians and other extant amphibians may help explain the slight discrepancy between fossil dates for the origins of modern amphibia, which suggest Permian origins, and the earlier dates, in the Carboniferous, predicted by some molecular clock studies of DNA sequences. Most morphological and molecular studies of extant amphibians, however, support monophyly for caecilians, frogs, and salamanders, and the most recent molecular study based on multi-locus data suggest a Late Carboniferous–Early Permian origin of extant amphibians. The Late Triassic stem-caecilian Chinlestegophis from the Chinle Formation of Colorado bolsters the proposed pre-Triassic origin of Lissamphibia suggested by molecular clocks by filling a gap in the fossil record of early caecilians and suggesting that groups of stereospondyls, including Metoposauridae, are closely related to caecilians.
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Matriphagy is one of the most extreme forms of parental care observed in the animal kingdom. However, in some species such as the Funnel- web spider Coelotes terrestris, matriphagy is only observed under certain conditions and extended maternal protection is the main method by which offspring receive care. In other organisms such as the African social velvet spider, Stegodyphus mimosarum and Caecilian amphibians, parental behavior closely related in form and function to matriphagy is used.
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Third instar larva of olive fruit fly The egg is around 0.7 to 1.2 mm long, elongated, and slightly flattened in its stomach, with a small, white microfleece nodule, which is important for the respiration of the embryo. The larva is Caecilian and has a conical-cylindrical, narrow front. It develops through three stages (larva, first, second and third stage). The mature larva is 6–7 mm long, white-yellowish in colour, elongated, and subconical.
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The Donatists refused to abide by the decision of the Roman council, demanding that a local council adjudicate the dispute and appealing directly to Constantine. In a surviving letter, a frustrated Constantine called for what became the first Council of Arles in 314. The council ruled against the Donatists, who again appealed to Constantine. The emperor ordered all parties to Rome for a hearing, ruled in favor of Caecilian and warned against unrest.
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Boulengerula spawlsi is a species of caecilian in the family Herpelidae. It is endemic to Kenya and only know from the vicinity of its type locality, Ngaia Forest Reserve, in the Nyambene Hills, Meru County; the type locality is also spelled "Ngaya" or "Ngaja". The specific name spawlsi honours Stephen Spawls who first collected this species and who has contributed substantially to African herpetology. Common name Spawls' boolee has been coined for it.
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Ichthyophis weberi, the Malatgan River caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae endemic to the Philippines. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, plantations, rural gardens, heavily degraded former forests, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land. In 2011, the species was found in Cleapatra's Needle, a diverse landscape of ancient rainforest in Palawan, after 50 years of disappearance.
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The Ceylon caecilian feeds on earthworms and other small invertebrates. When it has captured an earthworm, it reverses into its burrow, sometimes twisting its head around or twirling its whole body to subdue its prey. Reproduction takes place in underground chambers or other hidden places, where the female lays strings of about 30 white, jelly-coated eggs. She then coils her body around the eggs and broods them until they hatch into larvae about long.
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The holotype measured in snout–vent length and was wide, albeit in a badly shrunken state. This species can be distinguished based on its high number of annuli. The original species description does not differentiate between primary and secondary annuli (the latter not reaching round the body), but the description can be interpreted as implying 166 primary annuli and eight (possibly more) secondary annuli. The first is the highest count for an African caecilian.
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Felix, Bishop of Aptunga, in proconsular Africa was a 4th-century churchman, at the center of the Donatist controversy. Felix was one of those who laid hands on Caecilian as Bishop of Carthage in 311AD.Augustine. Brevie. Coll. iii. 14, 26; 16, 29. However, Felix was considered to have been a Traditor during the Diocletian Persecution and as such his enactment of this consecration was not supported by the majority of the Church.
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Dermophis donaldtrumpi is a proposed species of caecilian a nearly-blind, serpentine amphibian to be named after Donald Trump. It was originally discovered in Panama and is yet to be confirmed as a new species; as of , the binomial name has not been formally published. It was given its name after the Rainforest Trust held an auction for the naming rights. The company EnviroBuild won the auction and named the species in protest against Trump's environmental policies and views.
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Among leaf litter frogs in Panama, frogs that actively hunt prey have narrow mouths and are slim, often brightly coloured and toxic, while ambushers have wide mouths and are broad and well-camouflaged. Caecilians do not flick their tongues, but catch their prey by grabbing it with their slightly backward-pointing teeth. The struggles of the prey and further jaw movements work it inwards and the caecilian usually retreats into its burrow. The subdued prey is gulped down whole.
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Six to 14 young with gills develop inside the female's oviduct. At first, they feed on the yolks of their eggs, but they develop rasping teeth and later consume glandular secretions produced by the lining of the oviduct. Birth takes place after about eight months and the juvenile caecilians shed their temporary teeth and develop their adult dentition. The Cayenne caecilian is considered to have several characteristics that are more highly derived than other more primitive species.
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Unlike modern caecilians, which are legless, Eocaecilia possessed small legs, and while modern caecilians have poorly developed eyes and spend a lot of time under ground, Eocaecilia's eyes were somewhat better developed. Although the precise ancestry of Eocaecilia is debated (and other caecilians by extension), it likely resided among the ancestral lepospondylJenkins, F.A. & Walsh, D.M. (1993) An Early Jurassic caecilian with limbs. Nature 365: 246-250.Huttenlocker, A. K.; Pardo, J. D.; Small, B. J.; Anderson, J. S. (2013).
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Mount Dulit is a mountain in Borneo. It peaks at above sea level and stands at the head of the Baram River in northern Sarawak, Malaysia. It is a western outlier of the Bornean cordillera and is largely covered with tropical rainforest. It has given its name to various plants and animals including the Dulit frogmouth (Batrachostomus harterti), Dulit partridge (Rhizothera dulitensis), the frog Rhacophorus dulitensis, the caecilian Ichthyophis dulitensis, and to the trilobite beetle genus Duliticola.
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Vertebrates present in the Kayenta Formation at the time of Kayentavenator included hybodont sharks, indeterminate bony fish, lungfish, salamanders, the frog Prosalirus, the caecilian Eocaecilia, the turtle Kayentachelys, a sphenodontian reptile, various lizards, and the pterosaur Rhamphinion. Also present were the synapsids Dinnebitodon, Kayentatherium, Oligokyphus, morganucodontids, the possible early true mammal Dinnetherium, and a haramiyid mammal. Several early crocodylomorphs were present including Calsoyasuchus, Eopneumatosuchus, Kayentasuchus and Protosuchus.Jenkins, F. A., Jr., Crompton, A. W., and Downs, W. R. 1983.
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In 413, the Donatists accused Marcellinus and his brother, Apringius, of being involved in the rebellion of Heraclianus. General Marinus, who had put down the rebellion and who had Donatist sympathies, arrested the brothers and put them in prison. Even with Bishop Augustine intervening on their behalf with Caecilian, the judge in the case, the two brothers were executed,O'Malley, Vincent J., "St. Marcellinus of Carthage", Saints of Africa, Our Sunday Visitor Publishing, 2001 on September 13.
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The black caecilian is native to south eastern Venezuela and western Guyana, and possibly northern Brazil. It occurs at altitudes of between in moist lowland and montane forests, cloud forests, seasonally dry forests, wetlands, marshes and the banks of temporary and permanent water courses. Only four specimens have been recorded, and it is likely that the range of this species is in reality wider than is currently known. Whether the species can adapt to secondary habitats is unknown.
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Since the Sagalla caecilian is a recently discovered species, much is still unknown. However, it is not known to appear in any protected areas, like national parks or conservations. This particular species is seen as an indicator for rich soil, so efforts have been made in order to improve the quality of the land. While Boulengerula niedeni has not been targeted specifically through conservation initiatives, the attempts to better the soil are often coupled with studies of amphibian diversity.
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Caecilians (; New Latin for "blind ones") are a group of limbless, vermiform or serpentine amphibians. They mostly live hidden in the ground and in stream substrates, making them the least familiar order of amphibians. All modern caecilians and their closest fossil relatives are grouped as a clade, Apoda, within the larger group Gymnophiona, which also includes more primitive extinct caecilian-like amphibians. Caecilians are mostly distributed in the tropics of South and Central America, Africa, and southern Asia.
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Coelophyisis kayentakatae, and the "Shake N Bake" theropod, and the armored dinosaurs Scelidosaurus and Scutellosaurus. The Kayenta Formation has yielded a small but growing assemblage of organisms. Vertebrates present in the Kayenta Formation at the time of Saharasaurus included hybodont sharks, indeterminate bony fish, lungfish, salamanders, the frog Prosalirus, the caecilian Eocaecilia, the turtle Kayentachelys, a sphenodontian reptile, various lizards, and the pterosaur Rhamphinion. Also present were the synapsids Dinnebitodon, Kayentatherium, Oligokyphus, morganucodontids, the possible early true mammal Dinnetherium, and a haramiyid mammal.
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North African bishops struggled with Christian bishops who had been ordained by Donatus in opposition to Caecilian from 313 to 316. The African bishops could not come to terms, and the Donatists asked Constantine to act as a judge in the dispute. Three regional Church councils and another trial before Constantine all ruled against Donatus and the Donatism movement in North Africa. In 317, Constantine issued an edict to confiscate Donatist church property and to send Donatist clergy into exile.
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Typhlonectes natans, also incorrectly called the rubber eel, is a species of caecilian in the family Typhlonectidae found in Colombia, Venezuela, and possibly Trinidad and Tobago. Its natural habitats are dry savanna, subtropical or tropical dry shrubland, subtropical or tropical moist shrubland, subtropical or tropical seasonally wet or flooded lowland grassland, and rivers. The rubber eel is commonly kept as an aquarium pet, and is sometimes sold as a "fish" in aquarium stores. They grow to 45 to 55 cm in length.
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Menon was invited to preside over the annual Music Academy's Sadas in 1944 and was also one of the founding fathers of the Tamil Isai Sangam. He is also the maternal grandfather of musicologist Indira Menon. He first proposed in a letter to G. H. Hardy dated 28 July 1920 to pay Ramanujan's wife a monthly annuity of 20 rupees per month for handing over her husband's documents. A species of amphibian, Menon's caecilian (Uraeotyphlus menoni), is named for him.
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This necessarily restricts their size: all are small and rather thread-like in appearance, maximising skin surface relative to body volume. Other known lungless tetrapods are the Bornean flat-headed frog and Atretochoana eiselti, a caecilian. The lungs of amphibians typically have a few narrow internal walls (septa) of soft tissue around the outer walls, increasing the respiratory surface area and giving the lung a honey-comb appearance. In some salamanders even these are lacking, and the lung has a smooth wall.
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The sect developed and grew in North Africa, with unrest and threatened riots in Carthage connected to the bishop controversy. Constantine, hoping to defuse the unrest, gave money to the non- Donatist bishop Caecilian as payment for churches damaged or confiscated during the persecution. Nothing was given to the Donatists; Constantine was apparently not fully aware of the seriousness of the dispute, which his gift exacerbated. The Donatists appealed to Rome for equal treatment; Constantine tasked Miltiades with resolving the issue, which led to the 313 commission.
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Wheeler's caution led him to complete two working versions of the score, neither of which saw the light of day in performance. On 26 May 1965 Arthur Bloom premiered the first completed version of Wheeler's work with the Caecilian Symphony Orchestra. This was the third version, which he had completed in 1955. Wheeler made further changes to his work, and his final, fourth complete score was performed in New York City by Jonel Perlea with the Manhattan School of Music Orchestra in November 1966.
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The Koh Tao Island caecilian, Ichthyophis kohtaoensis, is a species of amphibian in the family Ichthyophiidae found in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, and Vietnam. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical moist lowland forests, subtropical or tropical moist montane forests, rivers, intermittent rivers, swamps, freshwater marshes, intermittent freshwater marshes, plantations, rural gardens, urban areas, heavily degraded former forests, irrigated land, and seasonally flooded agricultural land. The scientific name refers to Ko Tao Island in the Gulf of Siam, where the type specimen was collected.
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The caecilian Ichthyophis glutinosus with eggs and developing embryo Most terrestrial caecilians that lay eggs do so in burrows or moist places on land near bodies of water. The development of the young of Ichthyophis glutinosus, a species from Sri Lanka, has been much studied. The eel-like larvae hatch out of the eggs and make their way to water. They have three pairs of external red feathery gills, a blunt head with two rudimentary eyes, a lateral line system and a short tail with fins.
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The Mexican burrowing caecilian is found in Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, and possibly Belize, mostly on the Atlantic side, but also in some isolated parts of the Pacific slope. Its natural habitats are subtropical or tropical dry forests, moist lowland forests, moist montane forests, plantations, rural gardens, and heavily degraded former forests. It is fossorial, living in damp, loose soil and under leaf litter, logs, and plant debris, often in banana and coffee plantations. It is found at altitudes of up to above sea level.
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The ringed caecilian (Siphonops annulatus) has dental glands that may be homologous to the venom glands of some snakes and lizards. The function of these glands is unknown. The middle ear consists of only the stapes and the oval window, which transfer vibration to the inner ear through a reentrant fluid circuit as seen in some reptiles. The species within the Scolecomorphidae lack both stapes and an oval window, making them the only known amphibians missing all the components of a middle ear apparatus.
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Most morphological and molecular studies of extant amphibians, however, support monophyly for caecilians, frogs, and salamanders, and the most recent molecular study based on multi-locus data suggest a Late Carboniferous–Early Permian origin of extant amphibians. The proposed molecular clock for the origin of lissamphibians has been further strengthened by the discovery of Chinlestegophis from the Late Triassic Chinle Formation of Colorado.Jason D. Pardo; Bryan J. Small; Adam K. Huttenlocker (2017). "Stem caecilian from the Triassic of Colorado sheds light on the origins of Lissamphibia".
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Up to 30 species of amphibians including the Gunther's toad (Bufo hololius), pond frogs (Euphlyctis), cricket frog (Fejervarya), bull frogs (Hoplobatrachus), burrowing frogs (Sphaerotheca), balloon frogs (Uperodon), small-mouthed frogs (Microhyla), and tree frog (Polypedates) occur here. Endemic ones include the golden-backed frogs (Hylarana spp.), the bush frog Raorchestes terebrans and the recently described caecilian Gegeneophis orientalis and an Ichthyophis species that is known from old records.Srinivasulu, C., & Das, I. (2008). The herpetofauna of Nallamala Hills, Eastern Ghats, India: an annotated checklist, with remarks on nomenclature, taxonomy, habitat use, adaptive types and biogeography.
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India has been suggested as a ship for the movement of several African taxa into Asia. These taxa include five frog families (including the Myobatrachidae), three caecilian families, a lacertid lizard and freshwater snails of the family Potamiopsidae.Briggs, JC (2003) The biogeographic and tectonic history of India. Journal of Biogeography, 30:381–388 A thirty million year old Oligocene-era fossil tooth from the Bugti Hills of central Pakistan has been identified as from a lemur-like primate, prompting controversial suggestions that the lemurs may have originated in Asia.
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The Ceylon caecilian is listed as being of "least concern" by the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. This is because, although its range is probably less than , it is locally common in the areas in which it lives and does not seem to have any significant threats. It is a very adaptable animal and can cope with changes in its habitat. Large areas of its range are found in well-protected national parks, including the Sinharaja World Heritage Site, the Knuckles Range Forest Reserve, the Dellawa Forest Reserve and the Udawatta Kele Sanctuary.
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Unlike earthworms, caecilians possess a prominent mouth, nostrils, and, uniquely amongst vertebrates, a pair of retractable tentacles, one on each side of the head, between the eye and nostril. The snout of the Sagalla caecilian is rounded, with short, globular tentacles, and a relatively large mouth, with two rows of teeth in each jaw. The eyes in some are highly reduced, and, sometimes, almost entirely covered by bone and skin. The eyes may form like this due to the lack of need for vision, beyond sensing light, while digging.
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Little is known of the evolutionary history of the caecilian lineage, which has left a sparse fossil record. The first fossil belonging to this group, a vertebra dated to the Paleocene, was not discovered until 1972. The first pre-Cenozoic genus, Eocaecilia, had small limbs and well-developed eyes. In their 2008 description of the fossil batrachian Gerobatrachus, Anderson and co-authors suggested that caecilians arose from the Lepospondyl group of ancestral tetrapods, and may be more closely related to amniotes than to frogs and salamanders, which arose from Temnospondyl ancestors.
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With the diversification of crocodile- like archosaurs and an extinction event at the end of the Triassic, most other temnospondyls disappeared. Chigutisaurid brachyopoids persisted into the Jurassic in Asia and Australia, including Koolasuchus, the youngest known stereospondyl (late Early Cretaceous) from what is now Australia. There is also sparse evidence for the persistence of some trematosauroids into the Jurassic of Asia. If the recent hypothesis that Chinlestegophis, a Late Triassic stereospondyl from North America, is indeed a stem caecilian is correct, then stereospondyls would survive to the present day.
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In her doctoral dissertation and a series of early papers she explored comparative aspects of caecilian reproductive anatomy, and in 1972 co-described the first evidence of caecilians in the fossil record. She is also recognized for her contributions towards the field of vertebrate morphology. Biologist Brian K. Hall writes: "Consistently, passionately and effectively, Marvalee Wake has advocated the teaching of morphology as a multifaceted modern science that informs evolutionary biology and evolutionary theory, and is foundational to integrative biology." She has formally collaborated with her husband—an expert in salamanders—since 1975, although the two maintain separate labs and graduate students.
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Caecilianus, or Caecilian, was archdeacon and then bishop of Carthage in 311 AD. His appointment as Bishop led to the Donatist Controversy of the Late Roman Empire. He was also one of only five Western bishops at the First Council of Nicea.Dean Dudley, The History of the First Council of Nice: A Worlds Christian Convention, A. D. 325 with a Life of Constantine (Cosimo, Inc., 2007) Page 49Philip Schaff, History of the Christian Church, Volume 3 (Library of Alexandria, 1966) online Robert Payne, The Holy Fire: The Story of the Fathers of the Eastern Church (St Vladimir's Seminary Press 1980) page 79W.
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Atretochoana eiselti is a species of caecilian originally known only from two preserved specimens discovered by Sir Graham Hales in the Brazilian rainforest, while on an expedition with Sir Brian Doll in the late 1800s, but rediscovered in 2011 by engineers working on a hydroelectric dam project in Brazil. Until 1998, it was known only from the type specimen in the Naturhistorisches Museum, Vienna. Originally placed in the genus Typhlonectes in 1968, it was reclassified into its own monotypic genus, Atretochoana, in 1996. It was also found to be more closely related to the genus Potamotyphlus than Typholonectes.
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The species B. guarantanus has been reported to have sexual dimorphism in the head.Mott, Tami, Mario Ribeiro De Moura, Adriano Oliveira Maciel, and Renato Neves Feio, "Morphological Variation and Geographical Distribution of Luetkenotyphlus Brasiliensis (Gymnophiona: Siphonopidae)," Phyllomedusa 10.2 (2011): 153-63, That is, the head of the male is wider than the head of the female. The genus Brasilotyphlus also has an open eye socket.Wake, Marvalee, and Maureen Donnelly, "A New Lungless Caecilian (Amphibia: Gymnophiona) from Guyana" Royal Society Publishing The eye was originally thought to not be visible from the outside or not be present at all.
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Caecilia nigricans, commonly known as the Rio Lita caecilian, is a species of amphibian in the family Caeciliidae. It is a subterranean species located in Colombia, Ecuador, and Panama and its natural habitats include moist, subtropical or tropical lowland forests, plantations, rural gardens, and foothill forests. The species is of least concern, as it can be found in several protected areas in Colombia like Darién National Park, however it is still threatened by human activities like deforestation. Blue, blind and defenseless, this worm-eating 'snake' is trying to burrow below the litter on Wildsumac Reserve, Ecuador.
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Most Donatist clergy in rural Numidia spoke the vernacular languages (Libyan or Punic) as well as Latin, whereas the Catholic clergy usually spoke only Latin. During the Diocletianic Persecution in Carthage there had been many who were imprisoned, some of whom were voluntary martyrs. These people claimed falsely to be in possession of Church property which they refused to give up to officials. The Bishop of Carthage, Mensurius, who was very much opposed to what he considered the fanaticism of the voluntary martyrs, sent his Archdeacon, Caecilian, to the prison to disperse by force the militant crowds gathered in support of volunteer martyrs.
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The second provision of the lex Caecilia Didia forbade leges saturae, "stuffed" laws, which were statutes dealing with heterogeneous subject matters. This meant that in a single Roman bill, there could not be a collection of unrelated measures — what might in modern terms be called omnibus bills. Cicero gave an interpretation of the law in his Oratio de domo sua ("Speech concerning His House") after his return from exile: "What other force, what other meaning, I should like to know, has the Caecilian and Didian law, except this; that the people are not to be forced in consequence of many different things being joined in one complicated bill."Cicero, Marcus Tullius.
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San Diego: Academic Press. . The massive and destructive cane toad ranks as the largest toad in the world ;Caecilians (Gymnophiona) :The largest of the worm-like caecilians is the Colombian Thompson's caecilian (Caecilia thompsoni), which reaches a length of , a width of about and can weigh up to about . ;Salamanders (Urodela) :Besides the previously mentioned Chinese and South China giant salamanders, the closely related Japanese giant salamander (Andrias japonicus) is also sometimes cited as the largest living amphibian, but salamanders of a greater size than and have never been verified for this species. Another giant of the amphibian world is the North American hellbender (Cryptobranchus alleganiensis), which can measure up to .
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Vertebrates are known from both body fossils and trace fossils. Vertebrates known from body fossils include hybodont sharks, indeterminate bony fish, lungfish, salamanders, the frog Prosalirus, the caecilian Eocaecilia, the turtle Kayentachelys, a sphenodontian reptile, lizards, and several early crocodylomorphs including Calsoyasuchus, Eopneumatosuchus, Kayentasuchus, and Protosuchus, and the pterosaur Rhamphinion. Apart from Dilophosaurus, several dinosaurs are known, including the theropods Megapnosaurus (a species in need of a new genus name that may also have had crests), and Kayentavenator, the sauropodomorph Sarahsaurus, a heterodontosaurid, and the armored dinosaurs Scelidosaurus and Scutellosaurus. Synapsids include the tritylodontids Dinnebitodon, Kayentatherium, and Oligokyphus, morganucodontids, the possible early true mammal Dinnetherium, and a haramiyid mammal.
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The first Council of Arles was held in 314, for the purpose of putting an end to the Donatist controversy. Bishops from the western part of the empire including three from Britain attended. It confirmed the findings of the Council of Rome (313), i.e. it recognized the validity of the election of Caecilian of Carthage and confirmed the excommunication of Donatus of Casae Nigrae. Its twenty-two canons dealing with various abuses that had crept into ecclesiastical life since the persecution of Diocletian (284-305) are among the most important documents of early ecclesiastical legislation. A council held in 353, and attended, among others, by two papal legates, was decidedly Arian in attitude.
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Wake has published or co-published over 200 journal articles and book chapters, edited a revision of the textbook Hyman's Comparative Vertebrate Anatomy (originally written by Libbie H. Hyman), and co-edited a general biology textbook (Biology, 1979) as well as the scholarly book The Origin and Evolution of Larval Forms (1999). Wake is commemorated in the name of the caecilian Microcaecilia marvaleewakeae, and she and her husband are jointly commemorated in the names of the frog genus Wakea and the lizard Cyrtodactylus wakeorum (Wakes' gecko). A festschrift of papers in her honor was published in the journal Zoology in 2005. Since 2013, Wake has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.
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Boulengerula niedeni, the Sagalla caecilian, is a worm-like amphibian first described in 2005. The species was described from a specimen discovered on Sagala Hill, an isolated mountain block of the Taita Hills in Kenya, and is not known from other areas. Little of the original forest remains on Sagalla Hill, but the species seems to adapt to human disturbance associated with small-scale farming activities; it is not found in the eucalyptus plantations that cover much of the hill. Because of the small range of this species, it is as of 2013 listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, while previously from 2006 been listed as critically endangered.
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Matriphagy is the consumption of the mother by her offspring. The behavior generally takes place within the first few weeks of life and has been documented in some species of insects, nematode worms, pseudoscorpions, and other arachnids as well as in caecilian amphibians. Desert Spider, Stegodyphus lineatus, one of the best described species that participates in matriphagy The specifics of how matriphagy occurs varies among different species, but the process is best described in the Desert spider, Stegodyphus lineatus, where the mother harbors nutritional resources for her young through food consumption. The mother is able to regurgitate small portions of food for her growing offspring, but between 1–2 weeks after hatching the progeny capitalize on this food source by eating her alive.
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Trinidad may also be home to a caecilian (Typhlonectes species) (a legless highly aquatic amphibian with an eel-like body that is rarely observed due to its habitat specifications) although only one specimen has ever been scientifically documented from Trinidad. Terrapins, tortoises and marine turtles make their homes on and around these islands. The giant leatherback sea turtle (Dermochelys coriacea), the hawksbill turtle (Eretmochelys imbricata), the loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta), the olive ridley turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea) and the green sea turtle (Chelonia mydas) are marine species that either nest on the islands' beaches or frequent their coastal waters. The land dwelling yellow-footed tortoise (Geochelone denticulata) or Morrocoy as it is locally known is threatened by high levels of poaching in Trinidad.
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Donatist thinking was relatively consistent with that of Saint Cyprian, who died a martyr during an earlier wave of persecutions, over half a century earlier. Effectively, the Roman Church believed that lapsed clergy could perform rituals such as baptism as long as they followed church ritual. During his tenure of some 40 years Donatus oversaw the expansion of the Donatist Christian sect but struggled unsuccessfully against the Roman Christian wing to obtain Church recognition as the legitimate Primate of North Africa. This effort failed because the Donatists were unable to prove to a series of the councils that considered the case that Caecilian had been a traditor or that his consecration was invalid because he was consecrated as bishop by a traditor, Bishop Felix of Aptunga.
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This primitive genus, Eocaecilia, had small limbs and well-developed eyes. In their 2008 description of the fossil batrachian Gerobatrachus, Anderson and co-authors suggested that caecilians arose from the Lepospondyl group of ancestral tetrapods, and may be more closely related to amniotes than to frogs and salamanders, which arose from Temnospondyl ancestors. Numerous groups of lepospondyls evolved reduced limbs, elongated bodies, and burrowing behaviors, and morphological studies on Permian and Carboniferous lepospondyls have placed the early caecilian (Eocaecilia) among these groups. Divergent origins of caecilians and other extant amphibians may help explain the slight discrepancy between fossil dates for the origins of modern amphibia, which suggest Permian origins, and the earlier dates, in the Carboniferous, predicted by some molecular clock studies of DNA sequences.
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