172 Sentences With "authenticates" | Random Sentence Generator

He particularly likes YubiKey, a token that authenticates a user's identity.

Then Paidy authenticates them with a four-digit code sent through SMS or voice.

This week the company bought a start-up called Confirm that authenticates user identities.

It also authenticates every purchase, eliminating the scammers who plague other re-sellers like eBay.

The company authenticates every pair of shoes it receives from sellers in order to prevent counterfeits.

Last year, the Comité Marc Chagall, which authenticates the artist's works, determined that it was a fake.

The web service will only allow access to the account if the mobile's fingerprint scanner authenticates the user.

Finally, there's the free "Posh Authenticate," which authenticates items and offers shipping on purchases of $500 or more.

The company authenticates consignments, sets prices and handles photography and shipping; consignors receive a percentage of the sale.

Auth0 offers a security service that authenticates and authorizes users to have access to enterprise apps and devices.

It authenticates with Face ID, logs in with a new account and doesn't reveal new personal information, Apple said.

This is a small device that typically plugs into your computer via USB, and authenticates your identity that way.

Film is a repository of societal beliefs — it authenticates experience, archives cultural memories, and suggests aesthetic and moral standards.

The service, called Project Verify, authenticates app logins so that users don't need to memorize passwords for all their apps.

Julius authenticates the works, his seal of approval opening the doors for other art-world luminaries to follow his lead.

StockX authenticates all products before they're sent to you, so you never have to worry about scammers and fake items.

All three items were auctioned off by Darren Julien, CEO of Julien's Auctions, which authenticates celebrity memorabilia before selling it.

Truepic, a startup that authenticates digital photos, is scooping up a rival technology developed by one of the field's leading experts.

Sesame then authenticates the user's voice by matching it with a prerecorded passphrase, and passes the request onto Alexa to fulfill.

ValiMail tells me that it now authenticates 1.5 billion emails per month and that it has two dozen clients in production.

Airports around the world already employ advanced technology such as biometrics, which authenticates travelers' identities based on physical attributes like fingerprints.

Stiller and McPheters told Business Insider the company authenticates every pair of shoes they receive before posting them on the site.

"By working with the best athletes around the world, it authenticates the product and then trickles down to the consumer," said Hatfield.

When you want to log in to an online account, you plug in the key to your device and it authenticates you.

Because of the way iMessage authenticates encrypted messages, the researchers were able to methodically gain information about intercepted messages and eventually decrypt them.

When you want to log in to one of your accounts, you plug in the key to your device and it authenticates you.

Once a sender puts in the amount and authenticates with a preset PIN to confirm who they're sending money to, a transaction happens in seconds.

When all is said and done, Chevy "authenticates" the car as having been delivered and driven at Daytona, and they send you on your way.

In layperson's terms, a TLS certificate authenticates a website to your browser and ensures that people can't snoop on the information you send to the site.

The brand also has a brick-and-mortar store in New York where it sells sneakers to walk-in customers as well as authenticates online sales.

It would also add more personalized features, like an enterprise security layer that identifies and authenticates different people using the app at work, one person said.

The sources who described the attack to Reuters said the hackers appeared to be searching for technical information that could explain how Yandex authenticates user accounts.

Still, Patrick Murphy, a former Democratic congressman from South Florida, said it was time that the state reviewed how it authenticates mail-in and other ballots.

Similarly, the Pro authenticates your identity with Face ID instead of Touch ID, and since it's lacking a Home button, you'll be navigating iOS exclusively with gestures.

Storyful, a Dublin-based consultancy that authenticates online content, says there has been a recent upsurge in suspicious new Twitter accounts that talk about abortion in Ireland.

Redrock's technology converts a palm image into a unique signature and authenticates the user in 10- to 100-milliseconds depending on CPU speed, according to a statement.

The groom, 41, is the senior valuation manager for watches at the RealReal, a luxury consignment company in New York, for which he authenticates and valuates timepieces.

In initial tests last year, NYU researchers explored master prints by manually identifying various features and characteristics that could combine to make a fingerprint that authenticates multiple people.

Clients verify they are who they say with a government issued photo ID that Notarize authenticates using computer imaging technology and some kind of software-based forensic analysis.

But cybersecurity circles have been abuzz here for most of the day in anticipation that the fix repairs flaws in how the operating system authenticates and secures data.

With the S10, I can be as sloppy as I like with my finger placement in the lower third of the screen and it authenticates me without a problem.

Each key stores its firmware in a secure element that can't be modified, preventing anyone from extracting the private data in the key that's authenticates you with Google when you login.

To protect against knockoffs, sellers ship purchased products to StockX, which authenticates the items and sends them to buyers by day's end, similar to services provided by other high-end marketplaces.

De Beers, the world's biggest diamond producer by value and a leader in equipment that grades and authenticates diamonds, traditionally sold its gems to a limited group of trusted individuals called sightholders.

The RealReal has long tried to differentiate itself from competitors by saying it has a process by which it authenticates every item on its site to make sure there are no counterfeits.

Elsewhere in the land of monetary bits, things move more slowly but trouble is brewing: a potential patent war looms over the blockchain, a distributed ledger that authenticates and records every bitcoin transaction.

Blockchain, or distributed ledger technology, keeps track of and authenticates a continuously growing list of transaction data which is secured by a global network of computers and cannot be tampered with or revised.

Cotter: Cotter is building a phone number-based login platform that authenticates a user's device in a workflow that the company's founders say has the convenience of SMS-based OTP without the security issues.

By comparison, sites asking for sensitive data like credit-card numbers generally use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol Secure (HTTPS) instead, as it encrypts, protects and authenticates communications between the website and the user's browser.

And with a device that's aware of who you are, what your behavior patterns are, it actually continually authenticates that you're you – without having to put in a pin or a password or a fingerprint.

Then when a third-party app needs access to a particular subset of your data, say your transactions for the last 24 months to do a more accurate credit score, it authenticates via the Digi.

" As part of her research, Duguay analyzed how Tinder authenticates new users, finding that mobile dating "intensifies the need to confirm that potential dates are not misrepresenting themselves and are safe to meet in person.

Blockchain - or distributed ledger - technology keeps track of and authenticates a continuously growing list of transaction data, which is secured by a global network of computers and is virtually impossible to be tampered with or revised.

When I am asked about Kaepernick, there's a sense that I need to provide an answer that authenticates my responsibilities to the race as a black man or my duties to the country as a military man.

Hacking the firewall and SFTP server would allow an attacker to potentially intercept the results as they're transmitted and send fake results to the FTP server, depending on how securely the ES&S system authenticates the data.

Bhalla also mentioned that a consumer "could wear a band around their wrist that measures the pulse" that constantly authenticates them, and such technology could bring biometric authentication to all kinds of purchases rather than just transit payments.

In short, many of these apps mishandle the way they transmit data that is normally encrypted, and will accept an encryption certificate—a file that authenticates where a request for data is coming from—no matter who made it.

However, I can't say such positive things about Hand ID. Hand ID unlocks your phone when it authenticates the unique vein layout in your palm above the Z Camera, and LG notes that this is a less secure method of protecting your phone.

And if you're flying to Singapore's Changi Airport, Terminal 4 has gone all-in for AI. Its departure process, from check-in to bag drop to immigration and boarding, is fully automated, thanks to AI and facial and thumbprint recognition that authenticates a passenger's identity.

I wonder if, in the future, we can have a biosensor in AirPods that authenticates with me and thus gives me security clearance to process a secure request like reading email, checking on a family member or other sensitive requests without having to unlock the phone first.

Instead of handing over your email address to a developer or using a social account like Facebook or Google, you'll soon be able to sign into apps with your Apple ID. Tapping the Sign in with Apple button authenticates with Face ID or Touch ID, and the feature creates a unique random ID that keeps developers from accessing your personal data.

The game even goes out of its way to explain that there indeed is electricity in the version of Hyrule and suggests that Link will harness it on his quest: In the demo, Link enters a shrine using what appears to be a futuristic—not a magical—elevator, sticks his phablet into another hole and, after the electric podium literally authenticates itself with the Sheikah's servers, allows him to download an OS update that does not give his phablet magic powers but merely gives it software that allows it to use magnets.

BPA Worldwide, May–June 2007 of materials and authenticates a pharmaceutical's composition.

Syntax: :`OPER ` Authenticates a user as an IRC operator on that server/network. Defined in RFC 1459.

When Jimmy and Katti land in England, Roger vouches for Jimmy which, authenticates the important message. Jimmy and Katti decide to marry later.

At BaselWorld 2009, Hublot unveiled a new method of detecting counterfeit watches. Using a smart card, the system authenticates watches on Hublot's servers. The system went live in August 2009.

MagicDraw Teamwork Server integrates with LDAP servers. This integration authenticates MagicDraw users against the LDAP Server using the Simple User + Password combination or SASL authentication as well as the SSL/TLS protocol.

NHL Live allows streaming of in- market teams if the user authenticates themselves as a subscriber to Sportsnet and/or TSN, while Sportsnet Now+ is a direct-to-consumer version of the Sportsnet channels themselves.

Kerberos support is planned for the Karoshi server and client system, providing single sign on to all services provided by the Karoshi distribution. This will be unfeasible until Samba 4 is released due to the complexities surrounding integration of user resolution and file access across multiple operating systems, such as those that do not support the Active Directory protocols. Some integration has occurred already with a working client system that authenticates using Kerberos, then authenticates successfully with Moodle, Samba and Squid using Kerberos credentials.

The requesting party authenticates and provides identity claims to the HIE of One authorization server specified by the patient. The HIE of One authorization server can accept direct login (username/password or multi-factor), federated identity, and even self-sovereign identity.

The Form 3CD is to be checked by the Tax Auditor and then submitted to the Tax Auditing Authority. The Auditing Authority then verifies and authenticates the furnished information. The Management of the enterprise is responsible for preparation of Form 3CD.

It is normally terminated in the base station controller (BSC). # Mobility Management (MM). This sublayer authenticates users and tracks their movements from cell to cell. It is normally terminated in the Visitor Location Register (VLR) or Home Location Register (HLR).

EmID: Web authentication by email address. With the second method, a service provider sends a personalised OTAC (e.g. an Enciphered token) to an authenticated email address, when the user types the OTAC into the website the server authenticates the user.

DKIM authenticates parts of the message content. DKIM checks the message content, deploying digital signatures. Rather than using digital certificates, the keys for signature-verification are distributed via the DNS. That way, a message gets associated to a domain name.

HJC authenticates Jewish purchase of Beit HaShalom in Hebron. Tovah Lazaroff, Jerusalem Post, 11 March 2014. The court found that the original vendors had turned a blind eye to the fact that the buyer was a strawman working for a Jewish group.

Bento XVI fala à Comunidade Shalom, access on 16 July 2014. According to Emmir Nogueira, co-founder of the Community, this recognition: 1\. Authenticates the Vocation and its way of life as true; 2\. Declares its need for the Church anywhere in the world; 3\.

Like rsh, rexec enables the user to run shell commands on a remote computer. However, unlike the rsh server, the rexec server (rexecd) requires login: it authenticates users by reading the username and password (unencrypted) from the network socket. rexec uses TCP port 512.

The names are completely arbitrary. After the application authenticates itself with the CCOW vault, the applications are ready to communicate the context (a.k.a. the active user). Here would be a step-by-step example of a CCOW exchange: #The computer boots up and the medical applications load.

He/she is answerable only to the Speaker, his action cannot be discussed or criticised in or outside the Lok Sabha. On behalf of the President of India, he/she summons members to attend session of Parliament and authenticates bills in the absence of the Speaker.

Performers are usually aware of what their audience expects from them and what viewers enjoy. Webber could theorize that women use this knowledge and personal intentions to produce pornography in which men anonymously consume, which then authenticates the normality of such depictions of sex as being appropriate and desirable.

One recommendation to prevent disinformation from fake election-related web sites and email spoofing is for local governments to use .gov domain names for web sites and email addresses. These are controlled by the federal government, which authenticates the legitimate government controls the domain. Many local governments use .

This statement authenticates the bravery of these people in wars. Ibusa historians are currently conducting researches on the history of wars fought by the Igbuzo people especially in the homes of their Isu kiths and kin in Nnewi, present Anambra State to determine whether any relationship exists between the two communities.

In order to authenticate, the user is asked to input a series of numbers based on a preregistered pattern on a grid (that the user knows) and a grid of pseudo-random numbers generated by the authenticator. This results in a different series of numbers each time the user authenticates.

The European Commission assesses a third country's legal and supervisory framework to determine an equivalence decision. It does this with advice from the three European Supervisory Authorities. The Commission bases this assessment process on a proportionality and risk-based approach. It then authenticates the third- country's compliance with the equivalence criteria.

The Windows version also recognizes and tunnels IPX traffic. Each client establishes and maintains a control connection to the server cluster. When the connection is established, the client goes through a login sequence, followed by the discovery process and state synchronization. The login step authenticates the client to the server and vice versa.

Corso leaves her to arrange a robbery of Fargas' mansion to obtain his copy of the book. "Irene" calls him to announce that Fargas has been murdered and his copy has been burned. She and Corso leave for Paris. Corso confers with Replinger, an antiquarian and Dumas scholar, who authenticates the Dumas manuscript.

Criminal law varies according to jurisdiction, and differs from civil law, where emphasis is more on dispute resolution and victim compensation, rather than on punishment or rehabilitation. Criminal procedure is a formalized official activity that authenticates the fact of commission of a crime and authorizes punitive or rehabilitative treatment of the offender.

The female children also join the culture, but their membership known as Erere is not as serious as the male children. A male child of Umunoha initiation into Mmanwu signifies and authenticates the child as an Okechi son, or "Diala Okechi" as they hail and greet each other, meaning real son of Umunoha.

An email is one of the common ways of using OTACs, there are two main methods used. With the first method, a service provider sends a personalised one time URL link to an authenticated email address e.g. @ucl.ac.uk, when the user clicks the URL link the server authenticates the user.Adida, B. (2008).

Application level authentication and authorization mechanisms may be effective means of providing abstraction from the database layer. The primary benefit of abstraction is that of a single sign-on capability across multiple databases and platforms. A single sign-on system stores the database user's credentials and authenticates to the database on behalf of the user.

The Security Account Manager (SAM) is a database file in Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, 8.1 and 10 that stores users' passwords. It can be used to authenticate local and remote users. Beginning with Windows 2000 SP4, Active Directory authenticates remote users. SAM uses cryptographic measures to prevent unauthenticated users accessing the system.

It authenticates and registers user agents, such as VoIP devices and softphones, and routes SIP sessions between user agents. Brekeke Software, Inc. has developed two versions of this software: Standard Edition and Advanced Edition. Brekeke SIP Server offers, among other things, SIP over TCP/UDP support, TLS support, original NAT traversal functionality, SIP Redundancy feature.

The first round trip is ordinary password authentication. After the claimant authenticates with a password, the verifier sends a challenge to a conforming browser, which communicates with the U2F authenticator via a custom JavaScript API. After the claimant performs the TUP, the authenticator signs the challenge and returns the signed assertion to the verifier via the browser.

Auditing the ballot allows the voter to verify that the ciphertext is correct. Once ballot auditing is complete, that ballot is discarded (to provided some protection against vote-buying and coercion) and a new ballot is constructed. When the voter is ready to cast their ballot, they must provide their login information. Helios authenticates the voter's identity and the ballot is cast.

Verivo’s AppStudio allows users to centrally build, deploy, and manage cross-device native enterprise applications across multiple devices including iPhones, iPads, Android smartphones and tablets and Research In Motion’s BlackBerry devices. It includes built-in security and built-in reporting capabilities. Verivo’s AppServer authenticates users, delivers app configurations, manages data synchronization, integrates with a wide range of data sources and more.

The Army Publishing Directorate (APD) supports readiness as the Army's centralized publications and forms management organization. APD authenticates, publishes, indexes, and manages Department of the Army publications and forms to ensure that Army policy is current and can be developed or revised quickly. APD also provides content management services, manages procurement of printed and electronic media products to HQDA customers.

After currency is prepared on the count table, it is transferred to the machine's operator, who inserts the prepared stacks into the machine. The machine authenticates each banknote, separates the counted banknotes according to denomination, and provides a printed or electronic report of the results. The opposite of soft count is hard count in which coins and chips are counted.

A customer authenticates to this ACS by providing their username and password and the ACS signs the result (success or failure). This signature is then passed through the customer's browser and to the MPI. The plug-in verifies the ACS signature and decides if it wishes to proceed with the transaction. Commercial MPI software is available from a number of vendors.

Both SPF and DKIM records protect the domain from email spoofing and phishing attacks. SPF record authenticates the email message sent from an authorized domain's DNS server on which the SPF is set up. DKIM record affixes a digital signature linked to a domain name to each outgoing email. It ensures that the message was sent from an authorized domain's DNS server.

Blockchain technology secures and authenticates transactions and data through cryptography. With the rise and widespread adoption of technology, data breaches have become frequent. User information and data are often stored, mishandled, and misused, causing a threat to personal privacy. Currently , many are pushing for the widespread adoption of blockchain technology for its ability to increase user privacy, data protection, and data ownership.

GBG had previously held an investment stake of 30% in Loqate. In 2016 GBG acquired IDscan Biometrics Ltd, a provider of software that authenticates documents including passports, visas, ID cards, driving licenses, utility bills and work permits. IDscan also provides facial recognition software to check that those documents are not stolen. In 2017 GBG acquired PCA Predict, a leading provider of UK and international address validation services.

GIC established a separate wing of IP Clinic, which helps students to easily patent their innovative ideas and projects. GIC also looks after GTU's UDP program, which authenticates Final year student projects, on quality and genuineness perspectives. Thus it will give them relevant idea. GTU Innovation Council took the momentum when they launched Crowdfunding Initiator program in association with Start51, an indigenous crowd-funding platform in India.

In Kedar- khand Puran this land is regarded the land of lord Shiva. The authentic script about the history of Garhwal is found only 6th AD onward. Some of the oldest examples of these are the trishul in Gopeshwar, lalitsur in Pandukeshwar. The Narvaman rock script in siroli the chand pur Gari rock script by king Kankpal authenticates the history and culture of Garhwal.

In 2016, F.P. Journe launched Patrimoine Service, an official program that acquires out-of- production watches for interested collectors. F.P. Journe purchases, authenticates, and services the watches at their Geneva headquarters, then resells the watches via their official boutiques. A new guarantee card, box, and three-year warranty accompany all watches sold via the Patrimoine Service. F.P. Journe is the first Swiss manufacture to offer such a service.

Cassiodorus (ca 485 AD – ca 585 AD), authenticates Enoch as Scripture by quoting Jude 14 ("In these words he (Jude) verifies the prophecy") and that Enoch was inspired and was integral to the Old Testament. In the same Latin translation of comments on the First Epistle of Peter attributed to Clement of Alexandria (ca.150 – 211/216), Cassiodorus also uses Enoch to establish doctrine that fallen angels are apostates from God.

A sample of token Tokens generically are something the claimant possesses and controls that may be used to authenticate the claimant's identity. In e-authentication, the claimant authenticates to a system or application over a network. Therefore, a token used for e-authentication is a secret and the token must be protected. The token may, for example, be a cryptographic key, that is protected by encrypting it under a password.

Windows XP implements "simple file sharing" (also known as "ForceGuest"), a feature that can be enabled on computers that are not part of a Windows domain. When enabled, it authenticates all incoming access requests to network shares as "Guest", a user account with very limited access rights in Windows. This effectively disables access to administrative shares. By default, Windows Vista and later use User Account Control (UAC) to enforce security.

A domain controller (DC) is a server computer that responds to security authentication requests within a computer network domain. It is a server on a network that is responsible for allowing host access to domain resources. It authenticates users, stores user account information and enforces security policy for a domain. It is most commonly implemented in Microsoft Windows environments (see Domain controller (Windows)), where it is the centerpiece of the Windows Active Directory service.

The real expert, meanwhile, is "hijacked" by Patrick and led through the neighboring nudist camp. The deception ends up being uncovered, the inspector visits the correct campsite, examines the excavated pottery ... and authenticates it as genuine. The archaeological site is proven, and so the redevelopment work will not take place. The time comes for Patrick to leave and, having managed to seduce the lovely Pauline, they set out together for his home in Dijon.

Using her powerful powers of persuasion, Sita befriends Seter and his son James, authenticates the text, and discovers that Kalika wishes to kill the baby. She also learns that the Suzama Society was formed in order to protect the child. Mother and Daughter are reunited over the phone and through an apparent miscalculation on Kalika's part, Sita discovers where her daughter lives. Sita goes with Dr. Seter, James, and the Suzama Society to Kalika's home.

In computing, the Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol (CHAP) authenticates a user or network host to an authenticating entity. That entity may be, for example, an Internet service provider. CHAP provides protection against replay attacks by the peer through the use of an incrementally changing identifier and of a variable challenge-value. CHAP requires that both the client and server know the plaintext of the secret, although it is never sent over the network.

Mainstream hip hop music authenticates homophobia and sexism in order to celebrate images of violence. Rappers create explicit, violent lyrics against women to assert dominance over them and prove their authenticity as gangsters. Public speculation suggests that rappers fear being considered "soft" and "fake"; therefore, rappers associate themselves with hypermasculine self-portrayals and hostile representations of women. The willingness to socially oppress women becomes a way for hip hop/rap artists to assert their masculinity.

The Hot Touch (also credited as Hot Touch) is a 1981 Canadian crime comedy film directed by Roger Vadim. This caper film is set in the world of art forgery. An accomplished art forger and a businessman have for many years been successful in a company which authenticates paintings before they are auctioned. They are discovered by an art dealer and blackmailed into forging paintings which disappeared in the Second World War.

EyeVerify is part of the Kansas City Crossroads neighborhood alongside several other tech companies. EyeVerify's flagship product is Eyeprint ID, a system that authenticates users by recognizing patterns of blood vessels that are visible in the sclera, the whites of the eyes, as well as other eye-based micro-features. An independent assessment by iBeta determined that Eyeprint ID meets the requirements for inclusion as a built-in subsystem in an Electronic Prescription of Controlled Substance (EPCS) Application.

According to historian Abraham Hoffman, Charles J. Bonaparte, Secretary of the Navy, several Secret Service bodyguards, Edith Roosevelt, the President's wife, and the well known entrepreneur Cornelius Vanderbilt were also aboard the Mayflower during Roosevelt's September fleet review. A signed letter from Hollandersky's book authenticates a relationship between him and President Roosevelt. The letter extends an invitation from the President for Abe to visit him at the White House. Correspondence also is documented from Roosevelt's wife Edith.

OTPW is supported in Unix and Linux (via pluggable authentication modules), OpenBSD, NetBSD, and FreeBSD, and a generic open source implementation can be used to enable its use on other systems. OTPW, like the other one-time password systems, is sensitive to a man in the middle attack if used by itself. This could for example be solved by putting SSL, SPKM or similar security protocol "under it" which authenticates the server and gives point- to-point security between the client and server.

Baseball autographed by Juan Lagares Usually the MLB Authentication Program authenticates items used during baseball games, with baseballs and baseball bats being the most common. Other game-used items which are authenticated include "player jerseys, locker tags, lineup cards, the pitching rubber, home plate, broken bats", and base pads. Any player can request that any item be authenticated, with the request usually being passed to the authenticators by the relevant clubhouse manager. Any item with an MLB association can be authenticated.

The Federal Digital System (FDsys) replaces GPOAccess,US Government Printing Office: FDsys an information storage system to house electronic government documents with a modern information management system. FDsys authenticates, preserves and provides permanent public access to federal government documents. The system automates the collection, management and dissemination of electronic information from all three branches of the federal government. The goal is to have a complete historical record of all federal government documents from the founding of our nation to the present.

The major disadvantages of online password managers are the requirements that the user trusts the hosting site and a keylogger is not on the computer they are using. With servers and the cloud being a focus of cyber attacks, how one authenticates into the online service and that the passwords stored there are encrypted with a user defined key are just as important. Again, users tend to circumvent security for convenience. Another important factor is whether one or two way encryption is used.

In conjunction with preference-based authentication, self-service password reset procedures could also rely on the network of existing human relations among users. In this scenario, the user who forgot the password asks a colleague for assistance. The "helper" colleague authenticates with the password reset application and vouches for user's identity. In this scenario, the problem changes from one of authenticating the user who forgot the password to one of understanding which users should have the ability to vouch for which other users.

SPF authenticates the sender IP address. SPF allows the receiver to check that an email claimed to have come from a specific domain comes from an IP address authorized by that domain's administrators. Usually, a domain administrator will authorize the IP addresses used by their own outbound MTAs, including any proxy or smarthost. The IP address of the sending MTA is guaranteed to be valid by the Transmission Control Protocol, as it establishes the connection by checking that the remote host is reachable.

An authenticator is the means used to confirm the identity of a user, that is, to perform digital authentication. A person authenticates to a computer system or application by demonstrating that he or she has possession and control of an authenticator. In the simplest case, the authenticator is a common password. Using the terminology of the NIST Digital Identity Guidelines, the party to be authenticated is called the claimant while the party verifying the identity of the claimant is called the verifier.

In any authenticated on-line transaction, the verifier is the party that verifies that the claimant has possession and control of the token that verifies his or her identity. A claimant authenticates his or her identity to a verifier by the use of a token and an authentication protocol. This is called Proof of Possession (PoP). Many PoP protocols are designed so that a verifier, with no knowledge of the token before the authentication protocol run, learns nothing about the token from the run.

Cosign is an open-source project originally designed by the Research Systems Unix Group to provide the University of Michigan with a secure single sign-on web authentication system. Cosign authenticates a user on the web server and then provides an environment variable for the user's name. When the user accesses a part of the site that requires authentication, the presence of that variable allows access without having to sign on again. Cosign is part of the National Science Foundation Middleware Initiative (NMI) EDIT software release.

If the RES parameter sent by the user is equal to XRES had calculated the HSS during the first registration attempt, then the HSS authenticates the user by means of the message DIAMETER SAA. Finally the S-CSCF sends a SIP 200 OK message to P-CSCF, which forwards it to the user. Security processes are always executed by the Home Network, even if the user is roaming. alt= Support confidentiality of SIP messages between the UE and the P-CSCF through the use of is provided.

Unlike one-time passwords, mobile push does not require a shared secret beyond the password. After the claimant authenticates with a password, the verifier makes an out-of-band authentication request to a trusted third party that manages a public-key infrastructure on behalf of the verifier. The trusted third party sends a push notification to the claimant's mobile phone. The claimant demonstrates possession and control of the authenticator by pressing a button in the user interface, after which the authenticator responds with a digitally signed assertion.

As Ari waits for his buyer to arrive and authenticate the painting, Wheels (whose name he has already revealed as Andy) comes in and attempts to convince Ari that Kate and Abby are not Viceroy and Monarch. In response, Ari shows Wheels the painting Kate delivered to him, completely torpedoing Wheels' credibility. Ari's buyer comes and authenticates the painting, but just as she finishes, a clown under Ari's extortion arrives and initiates a shootout. In the ensuing gunfire, Viceroy and Monarch and take down Ari's henchmen and buyer.

Apostles tend to be charismatic in the Weberian sense of being seen to possess a supernatural authority which authenticates their ministry. An international network of apostles is facilitated by modern communication technologies such as the internet, allowing the sharing of ideas and pursuit of joint projects without the limitations of operating within a hierarchical structure.Christerson & Flory 2017a, pp. 50—53. These modern technologies allow INC leaders to build international ministries and followings, using the internet and social media to create interconnected online venues which do not depend of geographical ties.

This was integrated into the casino's online database and is designed to provide customers with a more efficient identification procedure. Customers are required to scan their passport or driving license via their device camera, and Netverify then authenticates it using a range of security features. In November 2016 Grosvenor Casinos has confirmed the launch of new sports betting offering for its online and land-based players. Grosvenor awarded TCS John Huxley a new 3-year deal to service and maintain their gaming equipment across the UK, starting February 2015.

The File Manager provides a time- limited cachable capability for clients to access the storage objects. A file access from the client to the disks has the following sequence: # The client authenticates itself with the file manager and requests for the file access. # If the client can be granted access to the file requested, the client receives the network location of NASD disks and their capability. # If the client is accessing the disk for the first time, it receives a time-limited key for the establishment of secure communication to the disk.

Synaptics acquired Renesas SP Drivers Inc., a Japanese company specializing in chips that manage LCD displays, in 2014. The acquisition enabled Synaptics to integrate offerings of touch and display driver technologies into a single "TDDI" (Touch and Display Driver Integration) chip. With its growing portfolio of touch, display, and fingerprint offerings, in 2015 the company expanded into additional markets, including automotive, wearables and PC peripherals. In July 2015, Synaptics debuted a unique “match-in-sensor” fingerprint authenticator for laptops and other devices that authenticates the fingerprint within the chip itself for greater security.

Unlike `su`, `sudo` authenticates users against their own password rather than that of the target user (to allow the delegation of specific commands to specific users on specific hosts without sharing passwords among them and while mitigating the risk of any unattended terminals). Some Unix-like systems implement the user group wheel, and only allow members to become root with su. This may or may not mitigate these security concerns, since an intruder might first simply break into one of those accounts. GNU su, however, does not support the group wheel for philosophical reasons.

Hamachi is a proprietary centrally- managed VPN system, consisting of the server cluster managed by the vendor of the system and the client software, which is installed on end-user devices. Client software adds a virtual network interface to a computer, and it is used for intercepting outbound as well as injecting inbound VPN traffic. Outbound traffic sent by the operating system to this interface is delivered to the client software, which encrypts and authenticates it and then sends it to the destination VPN peer over a specially initiated UDP connection. Hamachi currently handles tunneling of IP traffic including broadcasts and multicast.

In layman's terms, during SRP (or any other PAKE protocol) authentication, one party (the "client" or "user") demonstrates to another party (the "server") that they know the password, without sending the password itself nor any other information from which the password can be derived. The password never leaves the client and is unknown to the server. Furthermore, the server also needs to know about the password (but not the password itself) in order to instigate the secure connection. This means that the server also authenticates itself to the client, without reliance on the user parsing complex URLs.

Prior to her work at the Georgia O'Keeffe Museum, Lynes served as an independent consultant to the National Gallery of Art in Washington, D.C. from 1992-1999 and has taught art history at Vanderbilt University, Dartmouth College, Montgomery College, and the Maryland Institute College of Art (MICA). Lynes holds a PhD in French Literature from the University of California, Riverside and a PhD in Art History from Indiana University Bloomington. She has written books, book chapters, and essays on O'Keeffe and other American modernists, including the award-winning two volume Georgia O'Keeffe catalogue raisonné (1999) that documents and authenticates O'Keeffe's extensive oeuvre.

In computing, Internet Protocol Security (IPsec) is a secure network protocol suite that authenticates and encrypts the packets of data to provide secure encrypted communication between two computers over an Internet Protocol network. It is used in virtual private networks (VPNs). IPsec includes protocols for establishing mutual authentication between agents at the beginning of a session and negotiation of cryptographic keys to use during the session. IPsec can protect data flows between a pair of hosts (host-to-host), between a pair of security gateways (network-to-network), or between a security gateway and a host (network-to-host).

The Encyclopedia of Theology says that the 27 books which make up the New Testament canon of Scripture are not based on a Scriptural list that authenticates them to be inspired, thus their legitimacy is considered impossible to be distinguished with certainty without appealing to another infallible source, such as the Magisterium of the Catholic Church which first assembled and authenticated this list at the Council of Rome. Catholicism considers the Magisterium, i.e. the teaching authority, has equal position and linked together with Sacred Tradition and Sacred Scripture, each acts in its own way for the goodness of the Church.Dei verbum, n. 10.

Game- used memorabilia remains the property of each team, which authenticates items for players who have reached certain milestones, for sale to fans at the team store or on the MLB online store, and for sale to retailers and other marketers of authenticated MLB merchandise. Occasionally items are sent for inclusion in the National Baseball Hall of Fame and Museum. In 2001 MLB Properties contracted with the Arthur Andersen accounting firm to oversee and authenticate private autographing sessions for balls, bats, base pads, and other items. The Deloitte & Touche accounting firm took over this role in 2002.

The chairman and the other members of the Standing Committee have to resign from their posts when the National Assembly dissolves itself, which it normally does every fifth year. The chairman presides over the sessions of the National Assembly and authenticates laws and resolutions passed by the National Assembly by signing them. The chairman leads the activities of the Standing Committee and organises its external relations with other state bodies and is responsible for maintaining cordial relations between the members of the Standing Committee. The deputies of the National Assembly have the right to question the chairman.

Secure Sockets Layer certificate refers to a set of data files that bind an encrypted public key to the organization's critical information. The certificate must be installed first on a web server to ensure the secure communication. After the secure connection is established through installing the SSL certificate, users can safely conduct their transactions with the web service as the data transfer between the web server and the web browser is safely encrypted. Through this process, the user should be able to verify whether a site's connection is secure and authentic since the service provider authenticates its own authenticity first.

Perhaps the oldest extant Christian crown in Europe is the Iron Crown of Lombardy, of Roman and Longobard antiquity, used by the Holy Roman Empire and the Kingdom of Italy. Later again used to crown modern Kings of Napoleonic and Austrian Italy, and to represent united Italy after 1860. Today, the crown is kept in the Cathedral of Monza. In the Christian tradition of European cultures, where ecclesiastical sanction authenticates monarchic power, when a new monarch ascends the throne, the crown is placed on the new monarch's head by a religious official in a coronation ceremony.

The coat of arms of the Committee on Heraldry of the New England Historic Genealogical Society. The Committee on Heraldry of the New England Historic Genealogical Society, established in 1864, is the world's oldest non- governmental body primarily concerned with heraldry. It authenticates and records coats of arms rightfully borne in the United States or by U.S. citizens living abroad, publishing historic arms in A Roll of Arms, Registered by the Committee on Heraldry of the New England Historic Genealogical Society. The committee illustrated the published Roll of Arms with only the escutcheons or shield of arms for the registration.

Historically, the Kirati Tripuri converted Hindu rulers of Tripura's Manikya dynasty had always encouraged the immigration of and settlement of non-tribals, especially Bengalis to Tripura. Rajmala authenticates the fact that Ratna Manikya (1464-1468) was the first to 'settle 4000 Bengalis in four places' in Tripura. During Noakhali riots in 1946 many Bengali Hindu survivors referred to as East Bengali Refugees were sheltered in temporary relief camps in Comilla, Chandpur, Agartala the present capital of Tripura and other places. A large migration of Bengali Hindus and Muslims took place in Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura and other places during Bangladesh Liberation War on 1971.

DNSCrypt is a network protocol that authenticates and encrypts Domain Name System (DNS) traffic between the user's computer and recursive name servers. It was originally designed by Frank Denis and Yecheng Fu. Although multiple client and server implementations exist, the protocol was never proposed to the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) by the way of a Request for Comments (RFC). DNSCrypt wraps unmodified DNS traffic between a client and a DNS resolver in a cryptographic construction in order to detect forgery. Though it doesn't provide end-to-end security, it protects the local network against man-in-the-middle attacks.

In the canonical use case: # A user first accesses a resource hosted by a web server (the service provider) that has Shibboleth content protection enabled. # The SP crafts a proprietary authentication request that is passed through the browser using URL query parameters to supply the requester's SAML entityID, the assertion consumption location, and optionally the end page to return the user to. # The user is redirected to either their home IdP or a WAYF (Where Are You From) service, where they select their home IdP for further redirection. # The user authenticates to an access control mechanism external to Shibboleth.

In 1994 the Holy See (the diocese of Rome and the Papal administration) and South Africa established diplomatic relations, setting up an Apostolic Nunciature for the Holy Seein Pretoria and a South African Embassy in the Vatican. To help him administer the Archdiocese of Cape Town, the Archbishop has appointed two vicars general. A chancellor is appointed in each diocese, whose task it is to act as a notary or someone who authenticates any official document which the archbishop might issue. To help in the ministry of the various departments of the Archdiocese of Cape Town, a number of priests have been appointed as vicars or heads of those departments.

In December 2010, a group calling itself fail0verflow announced recovery of the ECDSA private key used by Sony to sign software for the PlayStation 3 game console. However, this attack only worked because Sony did not properly implement the algorithm, because k was static instead of random. As pointed out in the Signature generation algorithm section above, this makes d_A solvable and the entire algorithm useless. On March 29, 2011, two researchers published an IACR paper demonstrating that it is possible to retrieve a TLS private key of a server using OpenSSL that authenticates with Elliptic Curves DSA over a binary field via a timing attack.

As a critic of Cartesian subjectivity, Heidegger sought to ground human subjectivity in death as that certainty which individualizes and authenticates our being. As he wrote in 1927: > This certainty, that "I myself am in that I will die," is the basic > certainty of Dasein itself. It is a genuine statement of Dasein, while > cogito sum is only the semblance of such a statement. If such pointed > formulations mean anything at all, then the appropriate statement pertaining > to Dasein in its being would have to be sum moribundus [I am in dying], > moribundus not as someone gravely ill or wounded, but insofar as I am, I am > moribundus.

A server running Active Directory Domain Service (AD DS) role is called a domain controller. It authenticates and authorizes all users and computers in a Windows domain type network—assigning and enforcing security policies for all computers and installing or updating software. For example, when a user logs into a computer that is part of a Windows domain, Active Directory checks the submitted password and determines whether the user is a system administrator or normal user. Also, it allows management and storage of information, provides authentication and authorization mechanisms, and establishes a framework to deploy other related services: Certificate Services, Active Directory Federation Services, Lightweight Directory Services, and Rights Management Services.

A PIN can be stored on a remote authentication server instead of with the token client, making a stolen software token no good unless the PIN is known as well. However, in the case of a virus infection the cryptographic material can be duplicated and then the PIN can be captured (via keylogging or similar) the next time the user authenticates. If there are attempts made to guess the PIN, it can be detected and logged on the authentication server, which can disable the token. Using asymmetric cryptography also simplifies implementation, since the token client can generate its own key pair and exchange public keys with the server.

The Clean Access Agent (abbreviation: CCAA, "Cisco Clean Access Agent") resides on the client's machine, authenticates the user, and scans for the required patches and software. Currently the Clean Access Agent application is only available for some Windows and Mac OS X operating systems (Windows 98, Windows Me, Windows 2000, Windows XP, Windows XP Media Center Edition, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and Mac OS X); most network administrators allow clients with non-Windows operating systems (such as Mac OS 9, Linux, and FreeBSD) to access the network without any security checks (authentication is still required and is usually handled via a Web interface).

Their slow chant is gradually accelerated and rhythmically and intervallically transformed, drowning out the Prince's remarks (only his gestures are visible). However, Gepopo receives a dispatch (a comic process in which every spy inspects and authenticates it by pantomime) and warns Go-go with more code language that a comet is drawing closer and a true Macabre is approaching. The politicians try to play it off as alarmism, but promptly flee the stage when a solitary figure approaches from the direction of the city gate. Go-go proclaims that he is "master in [his] own house" and calls on "legendary might, hallmark of Go-gos" for the tough times ahead.

Cisco Centralized Key Management (CCKM) is a form of Fast Roaming and a subset of the Cisco Compatible EXtensions (CCX) specification. When a wireless LAN is configured for fast reconnection, a Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol (LEAP) enabled client device can roam from one wireless access point to another without involving the main server. Using CCKM, an access point configured to provide Wireless Domain Services (WDS) takes the place of the RADIUS server, and authenticates the client without perceptible delay in voice or other time-sensitive applications. The WDS (which can be run as a service on a Cisco Access Point or on various router modules) caches the user credentials after the initial log-on.

The client authenticates itself to the Authentication Server (AS) which forwards the username to a key distribution center (KDC). The KDC issues a ticket-granting ticket (TGT), which is time stamped and encrypts it using the ticket-granting service's (TGS) secret key and returns the encrypted result to the user's workstation. This is done infrequently, typically at user logon; the TGT expires at some point although it may be transparently renewed by the user's session manager while they are logged in. When the client needs to communicate with a service on another node (a "principal", in Kerberos parlance), the client sends the TGT to the TGS, which usually shares the same host as the KDC.

In a typical usage scenario involving a web service that employs WS-Trust, when a client requests access to an application, the application does not authenticate the client directly (for instance, by validating the client's login credentials against an internal database). Instead, the application redirects the client to a security token service, which in turn authenticates the client and grants it a security token. The token consists of a set of XML data records that include multiple elements regarding the identity and group membership of the client, as well as information regarding the lifetime of the token and the issuer of the token. The token is protected from manipulation with strong cryptography.

Because iSCSI aims to consolidate storage for many servers into a single storage array, iSCSI deployments require strategies to prevent unrelated initiators from accessing storage resources. As a pathological example, a single enterprise storage array could hold data for servers variously regulated by the Sarbanes–Oxley Act for corporate accounting, HIPAA for health benefits information, and PCI DSS for credit card processing. During an audit, storage systems must demonstrate controls to ensure that a server under one regime cannot access the storage assets of a server under another. Typically, iSCSI storage arrays explicitly map initiators to specific target LUNs; an initiator authenticates not to the storage array, but to the specific storage asset it intends to use.

According to the scientists, "such diversity does not exclude a Medieval origin in Europe but it would be also compatible with the historic path followed by the Turin Shroud during its presumed journey from the Near East. Furthermore, the results raise the possibility of an Indian manufacture of the linen cloth." In 2017, a new examination claimed that "the most abundant pollen on the relic may be attribruted to the genus Helichrysum". According to the author, palynologist Marzia Boi, it "confirms and authenticates the theory that the corpse kept in the Shroud received a funeral and burial with all the honour and respect that would have been customary in the Hebrew tradition".

Endpoint security systems operate on a client–server model, with the security program controlled by a centrally managed host server pinned with a client program which is installed on all the network drives. There is another model called software as a service (SaaS), where the security programs and the host server are maintained remotely by the merchant. In the payment card industry, the contribution from both the delivery models is that the server program verifies and authenticates the user login credentials and performs a device scan to check if it complies with a designated corporate security standards prior to permit network access. In addition to protecting an organization's endpoints from potential threats, endpoint security allows IT admins to monitor operation functions and data backup strategies.

OOB communication is also available for wireless or wired notebooks connected to the corporate network over a host OS-based virtual private network (VPN) when notebooks are awake and working properly. AMT version 4.0 and higher can establish a secure communication tunnel between a wired PC and an IT console outside the corporate firewall. In this scheme, a management presence server (Intel calls this a "vPro-enabled gateway") authenticates the PC, opens a secure TLS tunnel between the IT console and the PC, and mediates communication.(Intel developer's blog) The scheme is intended to help the user or PC itself request maintenance or service when at satellite offices or similar places where there is no on-site proxy server or management appliance.

In the summer of 2005, Microsoft's Steve Riley posted an article detailing a serious vulnerability in the 802.1X protocol, involving a man in the middle attack. In summary, the flaw stems from the fact that 802.1X authenticates only at the beginning of the connection, but after that authentication, it's possible for an attacker to use the authenticated port if he has the ability to physically insert himself (perhaps using a workgroup hub) between the authenticated computer and the port. Riley suggests that for wired networks the use of IPsec or a combination of IPsec and 802.1X would be more secure. EAPOL-Logoff frames transmitted by the 802.1X supplicant are sent in the clear and contain no data derived from the credential exchange that initially authenticated the client.

Shippey writes that The Lord of the Rings embodies Tolkien's belief that "the word authenticates the thing", or to look at it another way, that "fantasy is not entirely made up." Tolkien was a professional philologist, with a deep understanding of language and etymology, the origins of words. He found a resonance with the ancient myth of the "true language", "isomorphic with reality": in that language, each word names a thing and each thing has a true name, and using that name gives the speaker power over that thing. This is seen directly in the character Tom Bombadil, who can name anything, and that name then becomes that thing's name ever after; Shippey notes that this happens with the names he gives to the hobbits' ponies.

He said that ″Hebron embodies all the worst features of apartheid, colonialism and oppression that are to be found throughout Occupied Palestine″. He added that the establishment of this settlement at Al- Rajabi House was a move toward connecting the settlement of Kiryat Arba with the other outposts in the Old City of Hebron and the Cave of the Patriarchs. Beit HaShalom is the first new settlement established inside Hebron since the 1980s and the first settlement in this particular part of Hebron. Meretz MK Zehava Gal-On noted that severe restrictions on the movements of Palestinians who live on the road already existed, and stated that the new settlement would only worsen their situation,Tovah Lazaroff, HJC authenticates Jewish purchase of Beit HaShalom in Hebron [Jerusalem Post] 11 March 2014.

A SAML authentication authority is a system entity that produces SAML authentication assertions. Likewise a SAML attribute authority is a system entity that produces SAML attribute assertions. A SAML authentication authority that participates in one or more SSO Profiles of SAML is called a SAML identity provider (or simply identity provider if the domain is understood). For example, an authentication authority that participates in SAML Web Browser SSO is an identity provider that performs the following essential tasks: # receives a SAML authentication request from a relying party via a web browser # authenticates the browser user principal # responds to the relying party with a SAML authentication assertion for the principal In the previous example, the relying party that receives and accepts the authentication assertion is called a SAML service provider.

An individual who is a resident of Virginia (or a resident of another state who normally works in Virginia) may become a notary public. They must be at least 18 years of age, have no unpardoned felony convictions, be able to read and write, and fill out an application (which itself must be notarized) which is sent to the Secretary of the Commonwealth. The application used to require the applicant obtain signatures of two Virginia voters attesting to the honesty and character of the applicant; this provision has been eliminated effective July 1. The application to become a notary points out that since the persons who sign the application as voters are parties to the document, the notary who authenticates the applicant's signature cannot be either of those persons.

After leaving the Metropolitan Museum, Pollens formed Violin Advisor, LLC, a consulting firm that authenticates and evaluates fine violins."The Talk of the Town," The New Yorker, November 24, 2008 In addition to his work there, Pollens restores stringed and early keyboard instruments for private collectors and museums (including an early New York piano for the Merchant's House Museum, an English bentside spinet for the Van Cortland House, and a Viennese fortepiano for the Morris-Jumel Mansion). He has done keyboard restoration and recording preparation work for Leonard Bernstein, Paul Badura-Skoda, John Browning, Mieczyslaw Horszowski, Byron Janis, Igor Kipnis, and many others. Among the more unusual instruments that he has restored are an accordion once owned by Alice "In Wonderland" P. Liddell and a tambourine painted by Toulouse-Lautrec.

The indication of this type of strong X-ray source means that it is more luminous than any known stellar X-ray source, but less luminous than the X-ray intensity of supermassive black holes, which places it in the range of theorized intermediate black holes. Their exact nature of ULXs has remained a mystery, but one suggestion is that some ULXs are black holes with masses between about a hundred and a thousands times that of the Sun. A mix of detected natural elements seems to indicate the actual source of the X-ray emissions are debris from the white dwarf. If evidence authenticates the observations from NASA's Chandra X-ray Observatory and the Magellan telescopes, it means the first actual observation of an intermediate black hole.

Samy Kamkar released the SkyJack hardware and software specification on December 2, 2013, as open source and detailed the creation on his website. According to the project's website: > SkyJack is a drone engineered to autonomously seek out, hack, and wirelessly > take over other drones within wifi distance, creating an army of zombie > drones under your control. Using a Parrot AR.Drone 2, a Raspberry Pi, a USB > battery, an Alfa AWUS036H wireless transmitter, aircrack-ng, node-ar-drone, > node.js, and my SkyJack software, I developed a drone that flies around, > seeks the wireless signal of any other drone in the area, forcefully > disconnects the wireless connection of the true owner of the target drone, > then authenticates with the target drone pretending to be its owner, then > feeds commands to it and all other possessed zombie drones at my will.

These chronological considerations date Solomon's fourth year as beginning in the fall of 968 BC, so that Temple construction began in the following spring, 967 BC. This is an additional demonstration of the trustworthiness that can be assigned to Josephus's citations of Menander, whose writings were used by the scholars listed above to date the beginning of Temple construction in 968/67 BC. In particular, it authenticates the 155 years measured back from Dido's flight to the start of the reign of Hiram, since the method of determining the date for the start of construction of Solomon's Temple as derived from Menander of Ephesus is "wholly independent"Barnes, Studies 31. of the means of deriving this date from the Biblical data. For many modern scholars, the agreement of these two methods, exact within one year, has caused a new appreciation of the works of the ancient historian Menander, as preserved in the writings of Josephus.

Starting on June 1, 2017, the D.C. City Council began a new commemorative flag program,Flags Flown at Wilson Building Now Available For Purchase (Retrieved November 28, 2018 from Council of the District of Columbia website DCCouncil.us) which is similar to the United States flag program operated by the Congressional Keeper of the Stationery and requested through a constituent's U.S. senator or U.S. representative. In the case of the DC flag, interested parties can fill out an online form on the DC Council's website providing a credit card or by sending a letter with applicable check or money order to the secretary of the City Council requesting a 3×5 or 4×6 District of Columbia flag; once the request is received a flag is taken and then flown on one of several flagpoles at the John A. Wilson Building. After the flag has been flown it is then packaged and sent to the requester with an accompanying certificate that authenticates the flag was flown at the top of a flagpole at the Wilson Building.

576–581, Cardiff, UK, September 2008, The development of UMTS introduced an optional Universal Subscriber Identity Module (USIM), that uses a longer authentication key to give greater security, as well as mutually authenticating the network and the user, whereas GSM only authenticates the user to the network (and not vice versa). The security model therefore offers confidentiality and authentication, but limited authorization capabilities, and no non-repudiation. GSM uses several cryptographic algorithms for security. The A5/1, A5/2, and A5/3 stream ciphers are used for ensuring over-the-air voice privacy. A5/1 was developed first and is a stronger algorithm used within Europe and the United States; A5/2 is weaker and used in other countries. Serious weaknesses have been found in both algorithms: it is possible to break A5/2 in real-time with a ciphertext-only attack, and in January 2007, The Hacker's Choice started the A5/1 cracking project with plans to use FPGAs that allow A5/1 to be broken with a rainbow table attack.