The firm acquired the marketing rights to a portfolio of anaesthetics from AstraZeneca in September last year for $770 million and will add almost all of GlaxoSmithKline's anaesthetics from this month.
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The company also paid $370 million for GlaxoSmithKline's anaesthetics drugs in February.
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The commercial pharmaceuticals business consists of regional brands, anaesthetics, thrombosis and high potency & cytotoxics portfolios.
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Prototype ships were built there, and a naval surgeon perfected the manufacture of ether for anaesthetics in 1854.
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"For anaesthetics we haven't had massive incremental expenses because we are able to use our existing commercial footprint," Saad said.
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He added that Pechier was suspected of injecting lethal doses of potassium chloride or anaesthetics in perfusion bags during benign surgeries.
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But a wide variety of medicines, including common anaesthetics and drugs for epilepsy, heart disease, cancer and schizophrenia, have run low of late.
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Aspen said the results were largely boosted by the $770 million acquisition of marketing rights to a portfolio of anaesthetics from AstraZeneca in September last year.
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Therapeutic focused brands comprising the Anaesthetics, Thrombosis and High Potency and Cytotoxic portfolios, delivered revenue of 9.9 billion rand, contributing 45 percent of total group revenue.
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Besides cancer medication, there are critical shortages of insulin, anaesthetics, specific antibiotics needed for intensive care, serums, intravenous fluids and other blood products and vaccines, Hoff said.
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The article concludes with a consideration of Susan Buck-Morss's reading of Walter Benjamin's meditations on the aestheticisation of politics in an age of what she calls capitalist anaesthetics.
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Therapeutic-focused brands comprising the anaesthetics, thrombosis and high potency and cytotoxic portfolios, delivered revenue of 9.9 billion rand, contributing 45 percent of total group revenue during the period.
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The company said profits, up 46 percent, were helped by a 7 billion rand ($532 million) revenue contribution from its anaesthetics portfolio in the year to the end of June.
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Heading the team there is Adnan Al-Kaisy, who studied medicine at the University of Basrah, Iraq, and later worked in anaesthetics at specialist centers in England, the US, and Canada.
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New drugs from the laboratory, such as ether and nitrous oxide, found a role in "laughing gas" parties and "ether frolics" well before they were pressed into medical service as anaesthetics.
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Critics say it does not always numb the pain caused by the other drugs, which prevent breathing and stop the heart; it came into fashion only after preferable anaesthetics were withdrawn.
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Aspen said the acquisition of the commercial rights to the anaesthetics portfolios of AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline generated revenue of 7 billion rand ($532 million) out of a total of 41.2 billion rand.
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To dispel myths, nurse-recruitment campaigns showcase nursing as a professional job with career progression, specialisms like anaesthetics, cardiology or emergency care, and use for skills related to technology, innovation and leadership.
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CW+ has been able to demonstrate this with their initiative RELAX Anaesthetics — a tablet based-app that provides art, music and games to help calm children while they are anesthetized before surgery.
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The deals have made Aspen the largest anaesthetics seller outside the United States, Saad said, adding that the new products can be distributed through the networks it set up earlier for thrombosis medicines.
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The deal with AstraZeneca covers the intellectual property and manufacturing rights to a portfolio of anaesthetics a year after Aspen bought the commercial rights in all parts of the world excluding the United States.
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JOHANNESBURG, Sept 14 (Reuters) - South Africa's Aspen Pharmacare reported a 46 percent rise in full-year profit, buoyed by a revenue boost from an anaesthetics portfolio acquired from AstraZeneca and GlaxoSmithKline, the company said on Thursday.
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Aspen, a drugmaker with operations in 21.5 countries, has looked to injectibles such as anaesthetics to increase sales, building up its business in the past year with the commercial rights to AstraZeneca drugs and products from GlaxoSmithKline .
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In Asia, the business has expanded substantially with the addition of AstraZeneca anaesthetics, the firm said in a statement, boosting total sales for the six months to 19.8 billion rand, up 13 percent on a year earlier.
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Over the past five years Aspen has transitioned from a generics-focused pharmaceutical business operating in a few select countries into a multi-national firm with strong regional brands and diversifying into specialised therapies such as thrombosis and anaesthetics.
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In 1985, a premature baby was born in Maryland who needed surgery to tie off a dangerous blood…Read more ReadThe inability to accurately detect and assess physical discomfort in an infant makes it difficult to prescribe pain relief, such as morphine, paracetamol, or local anaesthetics.
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Aspen's debt stood at 54 billion rand ($3.7 billion) at the end of 2018, over six times more than in 2013 when it began buying everything from blood-clot treatment brands and a sterile plant from GlaxoSmithKline to anaesthetics rights from AstraZeneca and a factory in the Netherlands.
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Topical anaesthetics are used under adhesive occlusive dressings in children before venesection.
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Desflurane, isoflurane and sevoflurane are the most widely used volatile anaesthetics today. They are often combined with nitrous oxide. Older, less popular, volatile anaesthetics, include halothane, enflurane, and methoxyflurane. Researchers are also actively exploring the use of xenon as an anaesthetic.
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Remarkably, inhibition of these proteins by general anaesthetics was directly correlated with their anaesthetic potencies. Luciferase inhibition also exhibits a long-chain alcohol cutoff, which is related to the size of the anaesthetic-binding pocket. These observations were important because they demonstrated that general anaesthetics may also interact with hydrophobic protein sites of certain proteins, rather than affect membrane proteins indirectly through nonspecific interactions with lipid bilayer as mediator. It was shown that anaesthetics alter the functions of many cytoplasmic signalling proteins, including protein kinase C, however, the proteins considered the most likely molecular targets of anaesthetics are ion channels.
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Experimental studies have shown that general anaesthetics including ethanol are potent fluidizers of natural and artificial membranes. However, changes in membrane density and fluidity in the presence of clinical concentrations of general anaesthetics are so small that relatively small increases in temperature (~1 °C) can mimic them without causing anaesthesia. The change in body temperature of approximately 1 °C is within the physiological range and clearly it is not sufficient to induce loss of consciousness per se. Thus membranes are fluidized only by large quantities of anaesthetics, but there are no changes in membrane fluidity when concentrations of anaesthetics are small and restricted to pharmacologically relevant.
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All general anaesthetics induce immobilization (absence of movement in response to noxious stimuli) through depression of spinal cord functions, whereas their amnesic actions are exerted within the brain. According to the Meyer-Overton correlation the anaesthetic potency of the drug is directly proportional to its lipid solubility, however, there are many compounds that do not satisfy this rule. These drugs are strikingly similar to potent general anaesthetics and are predicted to be potent anaesthetics based on their lipid solubility, but they exert only one constituent of the anaesthetic action (amnesia) and do not suppress movement (i.e. do not depress spinal cord functions) as all anaesthetics do.
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Piercers and other non-medical personnel are not legally permitted to administer anaesthetics in the United States.
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A combination of antiseptics and anaesthetics helped surgeons operate more carefully and comfortably on their patients. Anaesthetics made painless dentistry possible. At the same time sugar consumption in the British diet increased, greatly increasing instances of tooth decay. As a result, more and more people were having teeth extracted and needing dentures.
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General anaesthetics (or anesthetics, see spelling differences) are often defined as compounds that induce a loss of consciousness in humans or loss of righting reflex in animals. Clinical definitions are also extended to include an induced coma that causes lack of awareness to painful stimuli, sufficient to facilitate surgical applications in clinical and veterinary practice. General anaesthetics do not act as analgesics and should also not be confused with sedatives. General anaesthetics are a structurally diverse group of compounds whose mechanisms encompasses multiple biological targets involved in the control of neuronal pathways.
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Gordon was born in Paddington, London. He studied at Selwyn College, Cambridge, and worked as an anaesthetist at St. Bartholomew's Hospital (where he had been a medical student) and later as a ship's surgeon and as assistant editor of the British Medical Journal. He published several technical books under his own name, including Anaesthetics for Medical Students (1949), later published as Ostlere and Bryce-Smith's Anaesthetics for Medical Students in 1989; Anaesthetics and the Patient (1949), and Trichlorethylene Anaesthesia (1953). He left medical practice in 1952, and took up writing full-time.
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Amino esters are a class of local anesthetics. They are named for their ester bond (and are unlike amide local anaesthetics).
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Multiple factors affect the depth and duration of local anaesthetics' action. Examples of these factors include the patients individual response to the drug, vascularity and pH of tissues at the site of drug administration, the type of injection administered etc. Hence figures citing the duration of action of local anaesthetics is an approximation, as extreme variations may occur among patients.
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He began a career in General Practice, giving anaesthetics for his patients when they needed surgery. Anaesthesia became his main interest, and he gained a Diploma in Anaesthetics in 1941. He developed an extensive practice in the leading local hospitals, before joining the Royal Army Medical Corps. He was posted to a mobile neurosurgical unit in Oxford, and later to North Africa.
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Meyer and Overton had discovered the striking correlation between the physical properties of general anaesthetic molecules and their potency: the greater the lipid solubility of the compound in olive oil the greater is its anaesthetic potency. This correlation is true for a wide range of anaesthetics with lipid solubilities ranging over 4-5 orders of magnitude if olive oil is used as the oil phase. However, this correlation can be improved considerably in terms of both the quality of the correlation and the increased range of anaesthetics if bulk octanol or a fully hydrated fluid lipid bilayer is used as the “oil” phase. It was noted also that volatile anaesthetics are additive in their effects (a mixture of a half dose of two different volatile anaesthetics gave the same anaesthetic effect as a full dose of either drug alone).
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He determined to make anaesthetics an academic discipline in Edinburgh and recommended that anaesthetists in the RIE should have university status. He was appointed lecturer in anaesthetics by the University. and was later promoted to J Y Simpson Reader in anaesthesia. Among the contributions which he made was the invention of the Gillies anaesthetic machine, thought to be the first British closed circuit apparatus.
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According to this theory general anaesthetics are much more selective than in the frame of lipid hypothesis and they bind directly only to small number of targets in CNS mostly ligand(neurotransmitter)-gated ion channels in synapse and G-protein coupled receptors altering their ion flux. Particularly Cys-loop receptors are plausible targets for general anaesthetics that bind at the interface between the subunits. The Cys-loop receptor superfamily includes inhibitory receptors (GABA A, GABA C, glycine receptors) and excitatory receptors (acetylcholine receptor and 5-HT3 serotonin receptor). General anaesthetics can inhibit the channel functions of excitatory receptors or potentiate functions of inhibitory receptors, respectively.
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His other contributions to anaesthesia include the Boyle-Davis gag (still used today during tonsillectomy operations) and a popular textbook, Practical Anaesthetics (1907 and two subsequent editions).
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The biochemical mechanism of action of general anaesthetics is not well understood. Theories need to explain the function of anaesthesia in animals and plants. To induce unconsciousness, anaesthetics have myriad sites of action and affect the central nervous system (CNS) at multiple levels. Common areas of the central nervous system whose functions are interrupted or changed during general anaesthesia include the cerebral cortex, thalamus, reticular activating system, and spinal cord.
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General anesthetics are frequently administered as volatile liquids or gases Inhalational anaesthetic substances are either volatile liquids or gases, and are usually delivered using an anaesthesia machine. An anaesthesia machine allows composing a mixture of oxygen, anaesthetics and ambient air, delivering it to the patient and monitoring patient and machine parameters. Liquid anaesthetics are vapourised in the machine. Many compounds have been used for inhalation anaesthesia, but only a few are still in widespread use.
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Skou thought that other types of membrane protein might also be affected by local anaesthetics dissolving in the lipid part of the membrane. He therefore had the idea of looking at an enzyme which was embedded in the membrane and finding out if its properties were affected by local anaesthetics. He looked at ATPase in crab nerves. The enzyme was there, but unfortunately its activity was very variable and he needed a highly active enzyme for his studies.
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Elements of the morphine structure have been used to create completely synthetic drugs such as the morphinan family (levorphanol, dextromethorphan and others) and other groups that have many members with morphine-like qualities. The modification of morphine and the aforementioned synthetics has also given rise to non- narcotic drugs with other uses such as emetics, stimulants, antitussives, anticholinergics, muscle relaxants, local anaesthetics, general anaesthetics, and others. As well, morphine-derived agonist–antagonist drugs have also been developed.
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The AAGBI derived from the Section of Anaesthetics of the Royal Society of Medicine because that was not allowed to engage in 'political' or 'trade union' activities nor as an examining body.
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Sir Robert Reynolds Macintosh (17 October 1897, Timaru, New Zealand - 28 August 1989, Oxford, England) was a New Zealand-born anaesthetist. He was the first professor of anaesthetics outside the United States.
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Homomultimeric TRPC5 and heteromultimeric TRPC5-TRPC1 channels are activated by extracellular reduced thioredoxin. This channel has also been found to be involved in the action of anaesthetics such as chloroform, halothane and propofol.
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Joseph Thomas Clover (28 February 1825; baptised 7 May 1825 – 27 September 1882) was an English doctor and pioneer of anaesthesia. He invented a variety of pieces of apparatus to deliver anaesthetics including ether and chloroform safely and controllably. By 1871 he had administered anaesthetics 13,000 times without a fatality. Clover assisted at surgery of public figures including Napoleon III, Princess Alexandra of Denmark and her husband King Edward VII (then Prince of Wales), Sir Robert Peel, and Florence Nightingale.
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Brophy commenced work as a Resident Medical Officer in 1951, at the Royal Brisbane Hospital. She was Senior Resident Medical Officer (Anaesthetist) in 1953 and Registrar the following year. She took a Diploma degree in Anaesthetics from the Royal College of Physicians, London and the Royal College of Surgeons, UK in 1955. She received the Nuffield Prize in the same year, and moved to London, where she was Anaesthetics Registrar at Poplar Hospital, London in 1955 and at the London Hospital in 1956.
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Dundee founded the Department of Anaesthetics at Queen's University Belfast in 1958. He was appointed Professor of Anaesthetics there in 1964—a post he held until his retirement in 1987. He worked as an anaesthetist in the Royal Victoria Hospital of Belfast, was a Fellow of the Faculty of Anaesthetists of the Royal College of Surgeons, and was Dean of the Faculty of Anaesthetists at the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland. He presented the Joseph Clover Lecture in 1988.
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In the United Kingdom, PHEM was recognised as a subspecialty of emergency medicine and anaesthetics in July 2011 by the General Medical Council. Intercollegiate Board for Training in Pre-hospital Emergency Medicine, 2014, Sub-specialty Training in Pre- hospital Emergency Medicine, p. 5 (PDF) From February 2015, this was extended to intensive care medicine and acute medicine. The formal PHEM training programme can be entered at ST5 and above after gaining enough experience in emergency medicine, intensive care medicine, acute medicine and anaesthetics.
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Nicholas Peter Franks FRS FRSB (born 14 October 1949) has been Professor of Biophysics and Anaesthetics at Imperial College London since 1993. His research focuses on how general anaesthetics act at the cell and molecular levels as well as with neuronal networks. Franks holds patents on use of xenon gas as a neuroprotectant and has published research on the use of the anesthetic properties of xenon. He was educated at Mill Hill School and King's College London (BSc 1972; PhD 1975).
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Although protein targets for anaesthetics have been partly identified the exact nature of general anaesthetic-protein interactions still remains a mystery. It was initially hypothesized that general anaesthetic binds to its target ion channel by a key-lock mechanism and changes its structure dramatically from open to closed conformation or vice versa. However, there is a significant amount of evidence against direct key-lock interaction of membrane proteins with general anaesthetics Various studies have shown that low affinity drugs including inhaled general anaesthetics do not usually interact with their target proteins via specific lock-and-key binding mechanism because they do not change molecular structures of transmembrane receptors, ion channels and globular proteins. Based on these experimental facts and some computer simulations modern version of protein hypothesis was proposed.
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In a study they determined how participants responded to stimuli, while measuring their brain activity using EEG and fMRI. They found common patterns of brain activity when their participants lost consciousness due to anaesthetics.
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Clover's health was fragile throughout his life. He died of uraemia aged 57. He is buried in Brompton Cemetery, London. His grave is only 200 yards away from that of fellow anaesthetics pioneer, John Snow.
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An outdated theory of anaesthetic action, Ernst von Bibra and Emil Harless, in 1847, were the first to suggest that general anaesthetics may act by dissolving in the fatty fraction of brain cells. They proposed that anaesthetics dissolve and remove fatty constituents from brain cells, changing their activity and inducing anaesthesia. Below is the abstract of a recent German scientific paper on their work. :Frühe Erlanger Beiträge zur Theorie und Praxis der äther- und Chloroformnarkose : Die tierexperimentellen Untersuchungen von Ernst von Bibra und Emil Harless U. v.
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After surgery, optimal pain management and infection control is important. Several studies have shown variable-significance positive effects when a multidisciplinary, multifactorial approach to elderly patient is followed during pre, peri and post-operative care. A Cochrane review explored whether inhalation anaesthetics or intravenous anaesthetics were more likely to cause POCD when used in the elderly for non-cardiac surgery. Seven studies (869 participants) included in the review led to the conclusion that fewer people experienced POCD with total intravenous anaesthesia (TIVA) compared to inhalational anaesthesia.
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Sansom was educated at Queenwood College near Stockbridge, Hampshire and then at King's College, London. He wrote one of the first and most practical handbooks on anaesthetics and read a paper Anaesthetics in Obstetric Practice before the Obstetrical Society. In 1869–1870 he emphasized the importance of Pasteur's research, together with some research of his own, in a series a papers he presented to the Medical Society of London. He was consulting physician to the London Hospital and to the North-Eastern Hospital for Children.
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The next year he became the first person to be appointed as a specialist anaesthetist to a South African hospital (the Johannesburg General Hospital). in 1908 he returned to Cape Town as a general practitioner while continuing to work in anaesthetics. Daniell advocated the use of ethyl chloride as a general anaesthetic for short operations. In 1919 Daniell was appointed as a specialist anaesthetist at the Somerset Hospital, and two years later also as lecturer in anaesthetics at the Medical School of the University of Cape Town.
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Physiological Trespass in Anæsthesia: President's Address. Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine, 45, 1, 1–6. Minnitt, R. J., Gillies, J. (1948). Textbook of Anaesthetics ... With a section on regional analgesia by L.B. Wevill, etc.
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Jack Stanley Gibson (1909–2005) was an Irish surgeon remembered for having advocated the use of hypnosis as an alternative to anaesthetics, not only through his surgical practice, but also through popular phonograph records, books, and videotapes.
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Drugs given to induce general anaesthesia can be either as gases or vapours (inhalational anaesthetics), or as injections (intravenous anaesthetics or even intramuscular). All of these agents share the property of being quite hydrophobic (i.e., as liquids, they are not freely miscible—or mixable—in water, and as gases they dissolve in oils better than in water). It is possible to deliver anaesthesia solely by inhalation or injection, but most commonly the two forms are combined, with an injection given to induce anaesthesia and a gas used to maintain it.
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The Meyer- Overton correlation for anaesthetics The nonspecific mechanism of general anaesthetic action was first proposed by Von Bibra and Harless in 1847. They suggested that general anaesthetics may act by dissolving in the fatty fraction of brain cells and removing fatty constituents from them, thus changing activity of brain cells and inducing anaesthesia. In 1899 Hans Horst Meyer published the first experimental evidence of the fact that anaesthetic potency is related to lipid solubility in his article entitled "Zur Theorie der Alkoholnarkose". Two years later a similar theory was published independently by Overton.
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Hypnosurgery is a name used for an operation where the patient is sedated using hypnotherapy rather than traditional anaesthetics. It is claimed that hypnosis for anaesthesia has been used since the 1840s where it was pioneered by the surgeon James Braid. There are occasional media reports of surgery being conducted under hypnosis,Pain-free alternative to anaesthetics?, BBC, 18 April 2008Hypnotist puts himself into trance as surgeon saws through his ankle without general anaesthetic, The Mirror, 28 August 2013 but since these are not carried out under controlled conditions, nothing can be concluded from them.
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After a further two years in Newcastle he moved back to Scotland in 1954 as consultant anaesthetist at the Edinburgh Royal Infirmary. In 1956 he moved, this time to McGill University, Montreal as Wellcome research Professor of Anaesthetics, where he carried out research on halothane and the neurophysiology of anaesthetic drugs. In 1964, a final move took him to the Royal Postgraduate Medical School, Hammersmith, London as Professor of Anaesthetics, where he stayed until his retirement in 1986. He was knighted in 1982 and president of the Royal Society of Medicine from 1986 to 1988.
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Tropane alkaloids are known to be effective as analgesics and anaesthetics, and can be used to increase circulation and dilate pupils, among other effects. Continued use of M. autumnalis in folk medicine was reported in Sicily in 2014.
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He was tried for high treason and hanged at Tyburn in London in 1723. Nearby, a plaque commemorates Joseph Thomas Clover (1825-82), the father of modern anaesthetics, who was born above a shop overlooking the Market Place.
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Fluoride is present in oral hygiene products such as toothpastes and mouth washes, hence this type of acne is seen mostly around the mouth and jawline. Acute fluoroderma has been observed in patients exposed to anaesthetics containing fluoride such as sevoflurane.
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Judith Elizabeth Hall is Professor of Anaesthetics, Intensive Care and Pain Medicine at Cardiff University. She leads the Phoenix Project, a Cardiff University partnership with the University of Namibia that seeks to reduce poverty, promote health and support sustainable environmental development.
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Analgesics and anaesthetics are commonly used for surgery on fish Teleost fish have a functional opioid system which includes the presence of opioid receptors similar to those of mammals. All four of the main opioid receptor types (delta, kappa, mu, and NOP) are conserved in vertebrates, even in primitive jawless fishes (agnathastoma). The same analgesics and anaesthetics used in humans and other mammals, are often used for fish in veterinary medicine. These chemicals act on the nociceptive pathways, blocking signals to the brain where emotional responses to the signals are further processed by certain parts of the brain found in amniotes ("higher vertebrates").
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Ointments and lotions containing bufexamac are used for the treatment of subacute and chronic eczema of the skin, including atopic eczema, as well as sunburn and other minor burns, and itching. Suppositories containing bufexamac in combination with local anaesthetics are used against haemorrhoids.
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In 1936 and 1937 he studied the alkaloids of the genus Senecio with Prof George Barger. During the Second World War he and his staff were heavily involved in the production of anaesthetics and painkillers. He died in Edinburgh on 30 October 1946.
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Anita Holdcroft is an Emeritus Professor of Anaesthetics at Imperial College London and Honorary Consultant at Chelsea and Westminster Hospital. She specialised in acute pain in women and was the first to study the changes that occur in the brain during parturition.
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In May 2018 Jon Rouse announced that there would be a review of hospital specialities across the region which would lead to proposal for reconfiguration in paediatrics, respiratory, cardiology, orthopaedics, breast services, neuro-rehabilitation, benign urology, critical care and anaesthetics, and vascular services.
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Richard Townsend "Richie/Ritchie" Gun (born 27 May 1936) is a retired politician and doctor. Born in Adelaide, South Australia, he was educated at St Peter's College and the University of Adelaide. He was on the anaesthetics registrar at the Royal Adelaide Hospital.
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As well as being used therapeutically, ECT was used to control the behaviour of patients. Originally given in unmodified form (without anaesthetics and muscle relaxants) hospitals gradually switched to using modified ECT, a process that was accelerated by a famous legal case.
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All of the practitioners are registered with the Royal College of Dental Surgeons of Ontario as specialists and to provide anaesthesia during procedures. In addition, a medical anaesthetist, registered through the College of Physicians and Surgeons of Ontario provides anaesthetics for more challenging medical requirements.
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Sykes was born in Clevedon, Somerset, the only son of economist Joseph Sykes (1899–1967) and Phyllis Mary Greenwood. He studied at Magdalene College, Cambridge, then underwent training in anaesthetics while serving in the Royal Army Medical Corps, and at University College Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital.
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J Calif Dent Assoc. 2007 Apr;35(4):271-3. However, articaine is able to penetrate dense cortical bone -- as found in the lower jaw (mandible) -- more than most other local anaesthetics. In people with hypokalemic sensory overstimulation, lidocaine is not very effective, but articaine works well.
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3, no. 2, pp. 163-5 "Read Article" If tape is used to hold the eyes closed, ocular injury occurs during 0.1-0.5% of general anaesthetics, and is usually corneal in nature.S Contractor & JG Hardman 2006, 'Injury During Anaesthesia', Continuing Education in Anaesthesia, Critical Care & Pain, vol.
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It remained the principal pharmaceutical code of the Parisian medical faculty until 1651. He is well known for the preparation, Aurea Alexandrina. Theodoric Borgognoni (1205-1296) was an Italian Dominican friar and Bishop of Cervia who promoted the uses of both antiseptics and anaesthetics in surgery.
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The exact mechanism of the action of general anaesthetics have not been delineated. Enflurane acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA, glycine, and 5-HT3 receptors, and as a negative allosteric modulator of the AMPA, kainate, and NMDA receptors, as well as of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors.
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Subsequent modifications further enhanced its application. The Fell-O'Dwyer apparatus supplied practical instrumentation for intermittent positive pressure ventilation. The Fell-O'Dwyer Apparatus was widely used in cases of asphyxia, even in those caused by overdosage of anaesthetics. Some of his pioneering work anticipated methods of intensive care medicine.
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Daniell wrote a number of papers on the health benefits of the mineral waters there: He recommended both drinking and bathing in the hot mineral water, which he considered beneficial for anemia, rheumatism, gout, neuralgia, chronic diarrhoea, skin diseases, and many other complaints. After the Anglo-Boer War (1899-1902) he returned to England to specialise in anaesthetics, working as anaesthetist in several London hospitals to the middle of 1903 and then practising as an anaesthetist in Edinburgh until the end of 1904. During this time he was also an instructor in anaesthetics in London and Edinburgh. He used several agents in addition to ether and chloroform, such as ethyl chloride and a mixture of nitrous oxide and oxygen.
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The hospital has 10 medical staff who are designated rural practitioners, general practitioners who have had specialised training in trauma and anaesthetics. For air transfers, a local airfield is used, where fixed-wing aircraft can also land: the helipad at the hospital was closed in 2014 due to safety concerns.
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The Asklepios Klinik St. Georg is a general hospital with 758 beds and 67 day-care places (e.g. for patients with AIDS). The hospital has 10 departments, including internal medicine, surgery (including urology), neurology, neurosurgery, anaesthetics and intensive care and ambulant surgery. The hospital is specialized among others for heart surgery and oncology.
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Bottles of sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and desflurane, the common fluorinated ether anaesthetics used in clinical practice. These agents are colour-coded for safety purposes. Note the special fitting for desflurane, which boils at room temperature. An inhalational anesthetic is a chemical compound possessing general anesthetic properties that can be delivered via inhalation.
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More recent research has shown that ice water is faster and less stressful than anaesthetics for killing tropical ornamental fishes like zebrafish.Wilson et al. 2009.Evaluation of Rapid Cooling and Tricaine Methanesulfonate (MS222) as Methods of Euthanasia in Zebrafish (Danio rerio). Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science 48, 785–789.
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During transport water needs to be maintained to a high quality, with regulated temperature, sufficient oxygen and minimal waste products. In some cases anaesthetics may be used in small doses to calm fish before transport. Aquaculture is sometimes part of an environmental rehabilitation program or as an aid in conserving endangered species.
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The exact mechanism of the action of general anaesthetics has not been delineated. Sevoflurane acts as a positive allosteric modulator of the GABAA receptor in electrophysiology studies of neurons and recombinant receptors. However, it also acts as an NMDA receptor antagonist, potentiates glycine receptor currents, and inhibits nAChR and 5-HT3 receptor currents.
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Sergeants Xavier Gourmelom and Philippe Boyer of the Sapeurs-Pompiers arrived at around 12:32 a.m. Doctor Jean-Marc Martino, a specialist in anaesthetics and intensive care treatment and the doctor in charge of the SAMU ambulance, arrived at around 12:40 a.m. Diana was removed from the car at 1:00 a.m.
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Normal interactions between residues in protein regions (loops) at the water-lipid interface that play critical roles in protein functions and agonist binding may be disrupted by general anaesthetic. Interactions within the same loop or between different loops may be disrupted by anaesthetics and ultimately functions of Cys-loop receptors may be altered.
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Roe and Woolley underwent surgery on 13 October 1947 at the Chesterfield Hospital. It was managed under the general supervision of the Minister of Health. Before entering the operating theatre, an anaesthetic consisting of Nupercaine was administered by means of a lumbar puncture. The spinal anaesthetics had been given by Dr.Malcolm Graham.
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Methohexital or methohexitone (marketed under the brand names Brevital and Brietal) is a drug which is a barbiturate derivative. It is classified as short-acting, and has a rapid onset of action. It is similar in its effects to sodium thiopental, a drug with which it competed in the market for anaesthetics.
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AirMed held 'Special Care' accreditation from the European Aero-Medical Institute. AirMed were registered with England's Care Quality Commission (CQC) as a private ambulance provider. The medical team that worked on board the aircraft included clinicians at the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust specialising in anaesthetics, neonatology, paediatrics, cardiology and intensive care.
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From late 1945 to 1957 he was Director of Anaesthetics to the Auckland hospitals, where he was a pioneer in cardiothoracic anaesthesia. He was especially well regarded by Sir George Douglas Robb for his ability to have his patients wake up promptly enough to say "Thank you, Mr. Robb" before leaving theatre.
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Sir James Gordon Robson (18 March 1921 - 23 February 2007) was a Scottish anaesthetist ‘ROBSON, Prof. Sir (James) Gordon’, Who Was Who, A & C Black, an imprint of Bloomsbury Publishing plc, 2007; online edn, Oxford University Press, Dec 2007 accessed 3 Sept 2013 He was born in Stirling, Scotland and educated at the high school in Stirling and at Glasgow University, where he graduated MB ChB in 1944, towards the end of the Second World War. After working in obstetrics for a few months he joined the Royal Army Medical Corps and was posted to East Africa, where he began a career in anaesthetics. After the war he returned to Glasgow for four years as a Senior Registrar in anaesthetics.
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He later moved to the UK with his wife and two children, where he practised as a consultant anaesthetist at Central Middlesex Hospital in London, becoming Head of Anaesthetics and later Clinical Director of the pioneering Ambulatory Care and Diagnostics Centre (ACAD) which opened in 1999. He suffered an untimely but natural death in 2005.
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He was president of the Section of Anaesthetics of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1923, a founding member of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland and an early examiner for the Diploma in Anaesthesia. Since 2000 the department at St Bartholomew's Hospital has been named the Boyle Department of Anaesthesia.
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A vaporizer holds a liquid anesthetic and converts it to gas for inhalation (in this case sevoflurane) An anaesthetic machine. Bottles of sevoflurane, isoflurane, enflurane, and desflurane, the common fluorinated ether anaesthetics used in clinical practice. These agents are colour-coded for safety purposes. Note the special fitting for desflurane, which boils at room temperature.
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Most general anaesthetics are induced either intravenously or by inhalation. Intravenous injection works faster than inhalation, taking about 10–20 seconds to induce total unconsciousness. This minimizes the excitatory phase (Stage 2) and thus reduces complications related to the induction of anaesthesia. Commonly used intravenous induction agents include propofol, sodium thiopental, etomidate, methohexital, and ketamine.
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Indeed, he seems to have realised the importance of his discovery only gradually, and he continued his studies on local anaesthetics. In 1958 Skou went to a conference in Vienna to describe his work on cholinesterase. There he met Robert Post (born 1920), who had been studying the pumping of sodium and potassium in red blood cells.
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But before she can tell Ric, Zubin returns to the hospital and it is revealed he is the new head of anaesthetics and ITU. He then begins to get involved in Jess and Sean's relationship. A patient injures Jess and leaves her with a bruise on her face. Zubin sees her bruise and assumes that Sean is hitting her.
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In 1896, she began work in anaesthetics at the Birmingham and Midland Hospital for Women. Established in 1871, the hospital was unusual in that constitutionally 50 per cent its committee of management was female. She cared for her aunt, the women's rights activist, Eliza Sturge who died at her house in 1905. Sturge inherited all of her estate.
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The only anaesthetics available were chloroform and ether. His notes from the period express particular distress at wounds involving the knee-joint, and the regularity of gangrene- induced amputations. The quality of Jimmy's work earned him a transfer to , a newly built destroyer. Its mission was to escort troopships across the Channel, and to carry out anti-submarine patrols.
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Some people with EDS also show a resistance to local anaesthetics. Resistance to lidocaine and bupivacaine is not uncommon, and mepivacaine tends to work better in people with EDS. There are special recommendations for anesthesia in people with EDS. Detailed recommendations for anesthesia and perioperative care of people with EDS should be used to improve safety.
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Whether fish are able to perceive pain is contentious. However, teleost fishes have a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements.
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He was a son of William T. G. Morton, whose name is connected with the first anaesthetic use of ether. He was educated at the Boston Latin School, Harvard University and in Vienna. On his graduation there, in 1872, his thesis on “Anaesthetics,” gained him the Boylston Prize. He practised medicine at Bar Harbor, Maine, and in Boston.
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In 1879, he invented an improved pattern of artery forceps, which prevented entanglement of surrounding structures by the handles of the implement when in use. He was also one of the earliest surgeons to make use of anaesthetics in operations. He published a number of important medical books and articles. Thomas Spencer Wells was elected member of Leopoldina in 1886.
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Prostaglandins increase the effect of oxytocin and vice versa. The contractions should be carefully monitored if oxytocin is given after a prostaglandin dose. Syntometrine may enhance the blood pressure raising effect of vasoconstrictors (medicines given to constrict the blood vessels). Some inhaled anaesthetics used for general anesthesia, such as cyclopropane and halothane, may reduce the effect of oxytocin and ergometrine.
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He became a lecturer in anaesthetics at the medical school there, a post he held for 44 years. In 1913 he was appointed governor of the hospital.Irish Journal of Medical Science, Volume 32, Number 11 / November, 1957 In 1908 he was appointed registrar of the Royal College of Physicians of Ireland. He was for many years consultant at the Lock Hospital, Dublin.
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Potassium channel subfamily K member 6 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNK6 gene. This gene encodes K2P6.1, one of the members of the superfamily of potassium channel proteins containing two pore-forming P domains. K2P6.1, considered an open rectifier, is widely expressed. It is stimulated by arachidonic acid, and inhibited by internal acidification and volatile anaesthetics.
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Alfaxolone/alfadolone is short-acting, rapid onset anaesthetic which has been used for out-patient surgery. It does not have significant analgesic properties and anaesthesia has often been maintained with inhalational anaesthetics such as halothane. These have also been accompanied by neuromuscular blockers. Procedures carried out under this drug are greatly varied and have included orthopaedic, gynaecological, dental and urological surgery.
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GnRH analogues like nafarelin and busurelin are used for the treatment of anovulatory infertility, hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, delayed puberty and cryptorchidism. Other potential drug candidates for nasal administration include anaesthetics, antihistamines (Azelastine), antiemetics (particularly metoclopramide and ondansetron) and sedatives that all benefit from a fast onset of effect.H.R. Costantino, L. Illum, G. Brandt, P.H. Johnson, and S.C. Quay. Intranasal delivery: physicochemical and therapeutic aspects.
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Treatment was by surgery, where all the diseased flesh was cut out. Before the introduction of anaesthetics this was a simple process for the surgeon but terrifying for the patient. Alternative treatments were also proposed including the application of an arsenic paste poultice. The real cause of this cancer was unproved until the discovery of weak carcinogens in soot by Passley in 1922.
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She was Professor of Anaesthetics at the University of Queensland from 1978-1993. Brophy was a founding member of the Brisbane branch of the Order of Malta in 1974. This organization oversaw work in health and education projects in Timor Leste, the Mt Sion Eye Project in Papua New Guinea and for Mount Olivet Hospice Home Care Service in Brisbane.
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The DDD is generally the same for all formulations of a drug, even if some (e.g., flavoured syrup) are designed with children in mind. Some types of drug are not assigned a DDD, for example: medicines applied to the skin, anaesthetics and vaccines. Because the DDD is a calculated value, it is sometimes a "dose" not actually ever prescribed (e.g.
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WSM is the Association's largest annual events. Held in London each year, WSM is the leading anaesthetic meeting in the UK with an attendance of around 800 national and international delegates. The scientific programme is led by high-profile speakers and focuses on current issues in anaesthesia. There is an extensive trade exhibition with around 40 leading companies in anaesthetics attending.
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Two other medical innovations also appeared at this time, anesthetic and antiseptic. The use of ether and chloroform as anaesthetics became common in England and the US after 1846. In Canada, Dr. David Parker of Halifax is credited as the first to use anaesthesia during surgery. Antiseptic was being used in the operating rooms of the Montreal and Toronto General hospitals by 1869.
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The Asklepios Klinik Altona is a general hospital with 922 beds located Paul-Ehrlich-Strasse. The hospital has 13 departments, including internal medicine, surgery, gynaecology/maternity clinic, urology, neurology, neurosurgery, ophthalmology, anaesthetics and intensive care and ambulant surgery.Hospitals in Hamburg, side 7 In Othmarschen were 10 day-care centers for children and also 27 physicians in private practice and 1 pharmacy.
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Gillies, with RJ Minnitt, jointly wrote the sixth and seventh editions of Textbook of Anaesthetics. in March 1949, Gillies anaesthetised King George VI for the operation of lumbar sympathectomy, performed in Buckingham Palace by his colleague Sir James Learmonth. It is likely that he gave the anaesthetic using his own Gillies machine. He retired in 1960 and died in 1976.
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Cephalopod veterinary medicine sometimes uses the same analgesics and anaesthetics used in mammals and other vertebrates. If anaesthetic (1% ethanol and MgCl2) is administered prior to a crushing injury, this prevents nociceptive sensitisation. General anaesthesia in cephalopods has been achieved with a large range of substances, including isoflurane. Benzocaine is considered to be an effective anaesthetic for the giant Pacific octopus (Enteroctopus dofleini).
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However, due to high rates of side-effects with the drugs used at the time, sclerotherapy had been practically abandoned by 1894.Coppleson VM, The Treatment of Varicose Veins by Injection, Hardcover text,2nd Ed 1929. With the improvements in surgical techniques and anaesthetics over that time, stripping became the treatment of choice. Work continued on alternative sclerosants in the early 20th century.
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Current theories on the anaesthetized state identify not only target sites in the CNS but also neural networks and loops whose interruption is linked with unconsciousness. Potential pharmacologic targets of general anaesthetics are GABA, glutamate receptors, voltage-gated ion channels, and glycine and serotonin receptors. Halothane has been found to be a GABA agonist, and ketamine is an NMDA receptor antagonist.
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After Raventos established its pharmacological properties, it was given to Michael Johnstone, an anaesthetist in Manchester, England, who recognised its great advantages over the other anaesthetics available and established its first clinical trial in 1956. This process of systematic study of chemical compounds with a set of pre-defined characteristics has been identified as one of the first examples of modern drug design.
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Daniell developed and modified equipment to make administration of the new agents safer and simpler. Some of his early modifications of apparatus and original designs were displayed in the anaesthetics Museum of the British Medical Association in 1910. described Daniell as "an insatiable gadgeteer". In January 1906 he returned to South Africa and started to practise as an anaesthetist in Cape Town.
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In its 187th report, the Law Commission dealt with the matter on capital punishment under but under the theme “Mode of Execution of Death Sentence and Incidental Matters”. The issue was taken suo moto by the commission examining “technological advances in the field of science, technology, medicine, anaesthetics” and thus did not answer or present views on the debate of abolishing capital punishment.
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Proteins of four-α-helix bundle structural motif served as models of monomer of pentameric Cys-loop receptor because binding pockets of inhaled anaesthetics are believed to be within transmembrane four- α-helix bundles of Cys-loop receptors. Inhaled general anaesthetic does not change structure of membrane channel but changes its dynamics especially dynamics in the flexible loops that connect α-helices in a bundle and are exposed to the membrane-water interface. It is a well known fact that dynamics of protein in microsecond-millisecond timescale is often coupled with functions of the protein. Thus it was logical to propose that since inhaled general anaesthetics do not change protein structure they may exert their effect on proteins by modulating protein dynamics in a slow microsecond- millisecond timescale and/or by disrupting the modes of motion essential for function of this protein.
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Sykes, pages 8,30. Clover's choice of speciality helped to fill the vacancy created by the death of John Snow in 1858. Clover was probably present at Robert Liston's first operation under ether anaesthesia at University College Hospital in December 1846. Clover wrote in 1871 that he had given chloroform more than 7000 times, in addition to other anaesthetics in another 4000 cases, without a fatality.
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Respiratory acidosis results from a build-up of carbon dioxide in the blood (hypercapnia) due to hypoventilation. It is most often caused by pulmonary problems, although head injuries, drugs (especially anaesthetics and sedatives), and brain tumors can cause this acidemia. Pneumothorax, emphysema, chronic bronchitis, asthma, severe pneumonia, and aspiration are among the most frequent causes. It can also occur as a compensatory response to chronic metabolic alkalosis.
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It is not clear whether there truly is one, none, or many tonotopic organizations maps present in the MMGN. Anaesthetics tend to have large effects on cells within the MMGN, making responses difficult to study. Finally, the behaviour of MMGN cells are complicated by the fact that sensory stimulation from other modalities modifies the responsiveness of many, but not all, cells in the MMGN.
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Anesthesia may be placed topically (eyedrops) or via injection next to (peribulbar) or behind (retrobulbar) the eye. Topical anaesthetics are commonly used at the same time as a intracameral lidocaine injection to reduce pain during the operation. Oral or intravenous sedation may also be used to reduce anxiety. General anesthesia is rarely necessary, but may be employed for children and adults with particular medical or psychiatric issues.
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Individuals with the disorder may have trouble releasing their grip on objects or may have difficulty rising from a sitting position and a stiff, awkward gait. Myotonia can affect all muscle groups; however, the pattern of affected muscles can vary depending on the specific disorder involved. People suffering from disorders involving myotonia can have life-threatening reactions to certain anaesthetics called anaesthesia-induced rhabdomyolysis.
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For long he was noted as the only surgeon who had succeeded in the operation of ovariotomy in a London hospital. This occurred in 1846, when anaesthetics were unknown. He did much to popularize colostomy. A successful operator, he nevertheless was attached to conservative surgery, and was always more anxious to teach his pupils how to save a limb than how to remove it.
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Stereoisomers that represent mirror images of each other are termed enantiomers or optical isomers (for example, the isomers of R-(+)- and S-(−)-etomidate). Physicochemical effects of enantiomers are always identical in an achiral environment (for example in the lipid bilayer). However, in vivo enantiomers of many general anaesthetics (e.g. isoflurane, thiopental, etomidate) can differ greatly in their anaesthetic potency despite the similar oil/gas partition coefficients.
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Traditional medical uses of coca are foremost as a stimulant to overcome fatigue, hunger, and thirst. It is considered particularly effective against altitude sickness. It also is used as an anesthetic and analgesic to alleviate the pain of headache, rheumatism, wounds and sores, etc. Before stronger anaesthetics were available, it also was used for broken bones, childbirth, and during trepanning operations on the skull.
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A number of drugs add to the low blood pressure caused by nitrovasodilators: for example, other vasodilators, antihypertensive drugs, tricyclic antidepressantss, antipsychotics, general anaesthetics, as well as ethanol. Combination with PDE5 inhibitors, including sildenafil (Viagra), is contraindicated because potentially life-threatening hypotension may occur. Nitrates increase the bioavailability of dihydroergotamine (DHE). High DHE levels may result in coronary spasms in patients with coronary disease.
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With propofol-based anaesthetics, however, supplementation by inhalation agents is not required. At the end of surgery, administration of anaesthetic agents is discontinued. Recovery of consciousness occurs when the concentration of anaesthetic in the brain drops below a certain level (usually within 1 to 30 minutes, depending on the duration of surgery). In the 1990s, a novel method of maintaining anaesthesia was developed in Glasgow, Scotland.
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Curt Theodor Schimmelbusch (November 16, 1860 – August 2, 1895) was a German physician and pathologist who invented the Schimmelbusch mask, for the safe delivery of anaesthetics to surgical patients. He was also a key figure in the development of mechanical methods of sterilisation and disinfection for surgical procedures, on which his Anleitung zur aseptischen Wundbehandlung ("Guide to the aseptic treatment of wounds") was considered a seminal work.
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However, while GABAA receptor currents are increased by barbiturates (and other general anaesthetics), ligand-gated ion channels that are predominantly permeable for cationic ions are blocked by these compounds. For example, neuronal nAChR channels are blocked by clinically relevant anaesthetic concentrations of both thiopental and pentobarbital. Such findings implicate (non-GABA-ergic) ligand- gated ion channels, e.g. the neuronal nAChR channel, in mediating some of the (side) effects of barbiturates.
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Therefore, extracting amniotic fluid can the required foetal genetic material for the genotyping of the RhD gene. Before amniocentesis commences, the doctor will inject local anaesthetics to the mother's abdomen. The doctor will then apply ultrasound to locate the foetus in the uterus. Under the guidance of the ultrasound imaging, a long, thin, hollow needle will insert through the skin of the abdomen to the uterus of the mother.
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The Association of Anaesthetists, in full the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland (AAGBI), is a professional association for anaesthetists in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was founded by Dr Henry Featherstone in 1932, when GPs gave most anaesthetics in the UK and Ireland as a sideline. Anaesthetists were not respected by other specialists and were poorly paid. Surgeons provided referrals and collected and paid their fees.
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Some anaesthetics and chemotherapy are injected intrathecally into the subarachnoid space, where they spread around CSF, meaning substances that cannot cross the blood-brain barrier can still be active throughout the central nervous system. Baricity refers to the density of a substance compared to the density of human cerebrospinal fluid and is used in regional anesthesia to determine the manner in which a particular drug will spread in the intrathecal space.
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There are several examples of molecules that present amphiphilic properties: Hydrocarbon-based surfactants are an example group of amphiphilic compounds. Their polar region can be either ionic, or non-ionic. Some typical members of this group are: sodium dodecyl sulfate (anionic), benzalkonium chloride (cationic), cocamidopropyl betaine (zwitterionic), and 1-octanol (long-chain alcohol, non- ionic). Many biological compounds are amphiphilic: phospholipids, cholesterol, glycolipids, fatty acids, bile acids, saponins, local anaesthetics, etc.
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These drugs are referred to as nonimmobilizers. The existence of nonimmobilizers suggests that anaesthetics induce different components of anaesthetic effect (amnesia and immobility) by affecting different molecular targets and not just the one target (neuronal bilayer) as it was believed earlier. Good example of non-immobilizers are halogenated alkanes that are very hydrophobic, but fail to suppress movement in response to noxious stimulation at appropriate concentrations. See also: flurothyl.
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Hamilton graduated from Medical School with an MB ChB (Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery). He then went on to specialize in several fields such as Orthopedic surgery, Geriatric medicine and Anaesthetics, and lectured Anatomy and Biomedical Sciences at the University of Manchester. In 2007, Hamilton worked in an A&E; in Withington as a registrar. He is currently training as a general practitioner at Lockside Medical Centre in Stalybridge.
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John Gillies, (6 February 1895 18 July 1976) was a Scottish anaesthetist, who worked at the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). For gallantry as a serving soldier in WWI he was awarded the Military Cross. He founded the department of anaesthetics in the RIE and became its first director. The Gillies anaesthetic machine which he devised was the first British closed circuit anaesthetic device and was in use until the 1960s.
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The lidocaine/prilocaine combination is indicated for dermal anaesthesia. Specifically it is applied to prevent pain associated with intravenous catheter insertion, blood sampling, superficial surgical procedures; and topical anaesthesia of leg ulcers for cleansing or debridement. Also, it can be used to numb the skin before tattooing as well as electrolysis and laser hair removal. It is also sometimes used in advance of injected local anaesthetics for minor surgery and biopsies.
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Commonly used medications can interact with anaesthetics, and failure to disclose such usage can increase the risk to the patient. An important aspect of pre-anaesthetic evaluation is an assessment of the patient's airway, involving inspection of the mouth opening and visualisation of the soft tissues of the pharynx. The condition of teeth and location of dental crowns are checked, and neck flexibility and head extension are observed.
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Felypressin is a non-catecholamine vasoconstrictor that is chemically related to vasopressin, the posterior pituitary hormone. It is added to some local anaesthetics such as prilocaine in a concentration of 0.03 IU/ml. Felypressin is a Vasopressin 1 agonist, and will thus have effects at all Arginine vasopressin receptor 1As. It will, however, have its main physiological effects on vascular SMC's due to the form in which it is administered.
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Elwin Marg (March 23, 1918 – July 15, 2010) was an American optometrist and neuroscientist at the University of California at Berkeley. He was the first to receive a PhD from UC Berkeley School of Optometry. It was he who gave the name electrooculogram, a technique for measurement of nerve impulse in the eye. He developed an improved tonometer that avoided use of anaesthetics for the first time in optometrical diagnosis.
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Harris completed a Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery at Flinders University in 1988, he subsequently completed anaesthetics training in the United Kingdom and New Zealand. Harris works as an aeromedical consultant and anaesthetist for the South Australian Ambulance Service’s medical retrieval service, he has also worked on medical assistance teams in natural disasters in the Pacific region and taken part in Australian Aid missions to Vanuatu.
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Ill health caused him to give up in 1853 and he turned to general practice.City of Westminster green plaques He then worked as a general practitioner in 1853. He set up his practice at 3 Cavendish Place, London, which became his home until his death in 1882. After several years in general practice he devoted his practice to anaesthetics, and became "chloroformist" to the University College Hospital, the Westminster Hospital and the London Dental Hospital.
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Geoffrey Kaye was born Geoffrey Alfred Kornblum in St Kilda, Melbourne, Australia in 1903, the son of Rosetta Levison and Alfred Kornblum. He was educated in England, and studied medicine at the University of Melbourne, graduating MBBS in 1926. As Resident Medical Officer at Melbourne's Alfred Hospital in 1927, he was assigned to anaesthetics and quickly developed an affinity for the practice. He was appointed Honorary Anaesthetist to the Alfred Hospital in 1930.
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Cyanide poisoning – New recommendations on first aid treatment Automated versions of the BVM system, known as a resuscitator or pneupac can also deliver measured and timed doses of oxygen direct to people through a facemask or airway. These systems are related to the anaesthetic machines used in operations under general anaesthesia that allows a variable amount of oxygen to be delivered, along with other gases including air, nitrous oxide and inhalational anaesthetics.
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Microneurography is based on tungsten needle electrodes which are inserted through the skin and into a nerve. Anaesthetics are not required because surprisingly the procedure is not very painful. The tungsten microelectrodes have a shaft diameter of 100-200 μm, a tip diameter of 1-5 μm, and they are insulated to the tip with an epoxy resin. Electrode impedance varies between 0.3 and 5 MΩ at 1 kHz as measured initially.
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Hornabrook maintained his interest in anaesthesia after the war, but confined his practice to the Children's Hospital, the Melbourne Dental College, and the Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital. He retired in 1934 after suffering a heart attack. He was in 1929 elected the first chairman of the Anaesthetics section of the British Medical Association, Victorian branch. In 1934 Hornabrook and Gilbert Brown (the Society's first president) were foundation members of the Australian Society of Anaesthetists.
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Born in Glasgow, Scotland, Macdonald was educated in Edinburgh, the University of London (MB,BS) and Kings College Hospital. During this time, he was involved with the Royal College of General Practitioners (MRCGP) and joined the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists, obtaining a Diploma in Anaesthetics (DA) and a Diploma in Obstetrics (DRCOG). Macdonald emigrated to Australia in 1972. He settled in Manly and worked as a general practitioner from 1973 to 2006.
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Hans Horst Meyer, bust in the Arkadenhof of the University of Vienna Hans Horst Meyer (March 17, 1853 - October 6, 1939) was a German pharmacologist. He studied medicine and did research in pharmacology. The Meyer-Overton hypothesis on the mode of action on general anaesthetics is partially named after him. He also discovered the importance of glucuronic acid as a reaction partner for drugs, and the mode of action of tetanus toxin on the body.
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For example, the R-(+) isomer of etomidate is 10 times more potent anaesthetic than its S-(-) isomer. This means that optical isomers partition identically into lipid, but have differential effects on ion channels and synaptic transmission. This objection provides a compelling evidence that the primary target for anaesthetics is not the achiral lipid bilayer itself but rather stereoselective binding sites on membrane proteins that provide a chiral environment for specific anaesthetic-protein docking interactions.
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During the Fengdu campaign in 1916, Liu was hit by a bullet in the head, which passed through his right temple and went out from his right eye. A German surgeon performed surgery to remove the eyeball and debride necrotic tissues. To keep his brain nerves from being damaged by the anaesthetics, Liu insisted on operation without anesthesia. After the procedure was finished, Liu told the surgeon that he counted a total of 72 cuts.
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Simpson was born in Leamington, Warwickshire. His father, Robert Warren Simpson, was a descendant of Sir James Young Simpson, the Scottish pioneer of anaesthetics; his mother, Helena Hendrika Govaars, was the daughter of Gerrit Govaars, founder of the , the Dutch arm of the Salvation Army. Simpson studied at Westminster School. He was intended for a medical career and studied in London for two years before his determination to be a musician gained the upper hand.
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36, in a process called chemotaxis. The presence of lymphocytes in tissue in greater than normal numbers is likewise called infiltration. As part of medical intervention, local anaesthetics may be injected at more than one point so as to infiltrate an area prior to a surgical procedure. However, the term may also apply to unintended iatrogenic leakage of fluids from phlebotomy or intravenous drug delivery procedures, a process also known as extravasation or "tissuing".
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A Sugar pack or Surgical pack,formal name "Haversack, Surgical, Airborne" was designed for the airborne forces of the British Army during the Second World War . The Sugar pack was a standardised haversack sized webbing carrier, composed of anaesthetics, drugs, bandages, gauze, swabs and plaster of Paris. It was designed to contain sufficient supplies for ten surgical cases. Sugar packs were sized so a number of them could be fitted into an airborne parachute container.
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The uncertainties then go through a process of prioritisation, which aims to culminate in a top ten list of priorities for research, shared by patients, carers and clinicians. To date, the process has been completed for over 75 health areas including Urinary Incontinence, Anaesthetics and Perioperative Care, Living With and Beyond Cancer, Intensive Care, Prostate Cancer, Cystic Fibrosis, Oral and Dental Health, Mental Health in Children and Young People, and Surgery for Common Shoulder Problems.
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The Sisters who ran the hospital received all their professional healthcare qualifications, religious training and work attachment at a hospital in the United Kingdom. At the time of opening, the hospital was equipped with two operating theatres, an anaesthetics room, a recovery room, two labour wards, a nursery and a milk kitchen. A physiotherapy department was also in place, as well as one outpatient department and a dispensary. X ray department was set up immediately.
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Dr Ruth McNair has obtained Diplomas of obstetrics and gynaecology, and anaesthetics (in the UK), and has a Fellowship from the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners. She completed a PhD in lesbian and bisexual women's health in 2009. She has clinical interests in women’s health including lesbian and bisexual women’s health, trans health, mental health and wellbeing, adolescent health, fertility and pregnancy care, and is accredited as an antenatal shared care provider.
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Mandragora species have a long use in traditional medicine, extracts being used for their real or supposed aphrodisiac, hypnotic, emetic, purgative, sedative and pain-killing effects. Tropane alkaloids are known to be effective as analgesics and anaesthetics, and can be used to increase circulation and dilate pupils, among other effects. Hyoscine and anisodamine are used medicinally in China. Continued use of M. autumnalis in folk medicine was reported in Sicily in 2014.
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Ipswich Hospital is a major acute teaching hospital located 40 kilometres west of Brisbane in Ipswich, Queensland, Australia. The hospital is part of the West Moreton Hospital and Health Service which provides services for over 280,000 people within the 9,521 kilometre West Moreton region. Ipswich Hospital has 351 beds and has specialities including anaesthetics, emergency, medicine, surgery, intensive and coronary care, orthopaedics, obstetrics, paediatrics, palliative care, rehabilitation, mental health and allied health services.
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European travelers in the Great Lakes region of Africa (Uganda and Rwanda) during the 19th century reported cases of surgery in the kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. One observer noted a "surgical skill which had reached a high standard". Caesarean sections were performed on a regular basis with the use of antiseptics, anaesthetics and of cautery iron. The expectant mother was normally anesthetized with banana wine, and herbal mixtures were used to encourage healing.
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He studied medicine in Paris, where he received his doctorate in 1885. In 1888 he became a hospital surgeon, subsequently performing surgery at the Hôpitaux Broussais, Boucicaut, and Lariboisièr during his career.Henri Victor Chaput at Who Named It He was at the forefront of surgical asepsis, advocating the use of sterile rubber (caoutchouc) gloves during operations. He was known for his preference of lumbar anaesthetics (using stovaine) instead of general anaesthesia for most surgical operations.
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Schimmelbusch invented a mask in 1890 to allow safer anaesthetisation of patients. In 1890, Schimmelbusch invented a mask for the delivery of anaesthetics to surgical patients. It was primarily designed for ether anaesthesia, but he also proposed its use for chloroform anaesthesia. Both ether and chloroform can cause irritation if they come into contact with the patient's skin, so Schimmelbusch designed a metal mask, over which a gauze could be stretched and secured.
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Medway Maritime Hospital has 588 beds in 29 wards under five main departments: accident and emergency, adult medicine, surgery and anaesthetics, children and women, clinical support services. Under an ongoing and regularly updated NHS survey, the quality of service is regarded as "fair", with 96% of patients waiting less than 18 weeks for treatment. The hospital is run by the Medway NHS Foundation Trust, one of four hospital trusts in Kent. The trust employs over 3,500 staff.
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Many anaesthetists favoured ACE mixture and one author in 1887 in the British Medical Journal considers the ACE mixture, at the time, the best anesthesia for general use and use in childbirth. He states one downside; the "excited" state of patients on regaining consciousness after the anaesthetic, due to the alcohol in the mixture. Another downside of the mixture, as with most anaesthetics at the time, was its high flammability. Deaths have been known to occur from the mixture.
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The operation was performed like a battlefield operation under the command of M. Dubois, then accoucheur (midwife or obstetrician) to the Empress Marie Louise, and seen as the best doctor in France. Burney would later describe the operation in detail, since she was conscious through most of it, as it took place before the development of anaesthetics. > I mounted, therefore, unbidden, the Bed stead – & M. Dubois placed me upon > the Mattress, & spread a cambric handkerchief upon my face.
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The Meyer-Overton rule predicts the constant increase of anaesthetic potency of n-alkanols with increasing chain length. However, above certain length the potency vanishes. If general anaesthetics disrupt ion channels by partitioning into and perturbing the lipid bilayer, then one would expect that their solubility in lipid bilayers would also display the cutoff effect. However, partitioning of alcohols into lipid bilayers does not display a cutoff for long-chain alcohols from n-decanol to n-pentadecanol.
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He was then appointed as anaesthetist to the Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh (RIE). Here he worked in the professorial surgical unit, initially with Sir John Fraser and subsequently with Sir James Learmonth and latterly with Sir John Bruce. In 1940 Gillies set up the Department of Anaesthetics in the RIE, the first such in Scotland with two junior anaesthetists whose training he supervised. When the National Health Service was established in 1948 he was appointed Director of Anaesthesia.
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A Don pack or Dressing pack, was designed for the airborne forces of the British Army during the Second World War . The Don pack was a standardised haversack sized webbing carrier, composed of anaesthetics, drugs, serum, dressings, tins of tea, milk and sugar powder, cubes of meat extract, cigarettes, soap and candles. It was designed to contain sufficient supplies for twenty patients. Don packs were sized so a number of them could be fitted into an airborne parachute container.
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Jeffray explained that the chain saw would allow a smaller wound and protect the adjacent neurovascular bundle. Symphysiotomy had too many complications for most obstetricians but Jeffray's ideas became accepted, especially after the development of anaesthetics. Mechanised versions of the chain saw were developed but in the later 19th century, it was superseded in surgery by the Gigli twisted wire saw. For much of the 19th century, however, the chain saw was a useful surgical instrument.
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Mice in which the TASK-3 gene has been deleted have reduced sensitivity to inhalation anaesthetics, exaggerated nocturnal activity and cognitive deficits as well as significantly increased appetite and weight gain. A role for TASK-3 channels in neuronal network oscillations has also been described: TASK-3 knockout mice lack the atropine- sensitive halothane-induced theta oscillation (4–7 Hz) from the hippocampus and are unable to maintain theta oscillations during rapid eye movement (REM) sleep.
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Lunn, J.N. (1982) Lecture Notes on Anaesthetics, 2nd edn. Blackwell Scientific Publications, Oxford.Guedel AE. Inhalation anesthesia, Ed 2, New York, 1951, Macmillan This classification was designed for use of a sole inhalational anesthetic agent, diethyl ether (commonly referred to as simply "ether"), in patients who were usually premedicated with morphine and atropine. At that time, intravenous anesthetic agents were not yet in common use, and neuromuscular-blocking drugs were not used at all during general anesthesia.
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Dominican doctor taking a pulse. Rare Book & Manuscript Library University of Pennsylvania LJS 2413th century anatomical illustration showing blood vessels. Theodoric Borgognoni (1205 – 1296/8), also known as Teodorico de' Borgognoni, and Theodoric of Lucca, was an Italian who became one of the most significant surgeons of the medieval period. A Dominican friar and Bishop of Cervia, Borgognoni is considered responsible for introducing and promoting important medical advances including basic antiseptic practice in surgery and the use of anaesthetics.
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To reduce the pain of the initial injection, a topical anaesthetic ointment may be applied. Examples of these local anaesthetics that are used on neonates are ropivacane and bupivacane. Neonates are able to safely get these injections because they are born with enzymes that are able to thoroughly digest these chemicals without it damaging their liver too much. Regional anaesthesia requires the injection of local anaesthetic around the nerve trunks that supply a limb, or into the epidural space surrounding the spinal cord.
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Following completion of medical school, junior doctors then enter a vocational training phase. In the UK a doctor's training normally follows this path: Newly qualified doctors enter a two-year Foundation Programme, where they undertake terms in a variety of different specialities. These must include training in General Medicine and General Surgery but can also include other fields such as Paediatrics, Anaesthetics or General Practice. Following completion of the Foundation Programme a doctor can choose to specialise in one field.
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In 1832 the company began manufacture of morphine acetate (the medicinal version of heroin) and hydrochloride, which led to the development and manufacture of the anaesthetics ether and chloroform. This allowed the company to develop sterile dressings for Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister under contract. After acquiring the Abbeyhill chemical works in 1840 for the production of alkaloids, from 1870 the production of codeine began in 1886. The company then acquired another site in Northfield, Edinburgh, in 1900 for the production of strychnine.
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As stated previously local anaesthesia used in dentistry can vary significantly as there are various preparations with a multitude of qualities. Each preparation has slight differences in how the anaesthetic affects the body. This is due to the use of different constituents. Local Anaesthetics which contain adrenaline such as Lidocaine (using 1:80,000 of adrenaline) or Articaine (using 1:100,000 of adrenaline) have a direct effect on the cardiac output by increasing the rate and contraction of the heart itself.
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The first British Nobel Prize was awarded in 1902 to Ronald Ross, professor at the School of Tropical Medicine, the first school of its kind in the world. Orthopaedic surgery was pioneered in Liverpool by Hugh Owen Thomas, and modern medical anaesthetics by Thomas Cecil Gray. The world's first integrated sewer system was constructed in Liverpool by James Newlands, appointed in 1847 as the UK's first borough engineer. Liverpool also founded the UK's first Underwriters' Association and the first Institute of Accountants.
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The patients were mainly poor people who were expected to contribute to their care if they could afford it. Rich patients were treated and operated on at home rather than in hospital. The patients at the Old Operating Theatre were all women. Until 1847, surgeons had no recourse to anaesthetics and depended on swift technique (surgeons could perform an amputation in a minute or less), the mental preparation of the patient, and alcohol or opiates to dull the patient’s senses.
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In the U.K. Body Piercing is an unregulated industry and only requires the studio to be registered with the Environmental Health Department of their local Council. In addition, there are rules which prohibit or recommendations not to use some forms of anaesthetics. There are also, unlike Tattooing, no minimum age requirements for the Piercee, although professional Body Piercers will act responsibly. In some areas of London there are voluntary codes about minimum ages, but this varies from borough to borough.
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The examinations were very similar to those taken in university medical schools. Basic sciences and basic anatomy were examined at the end of the first year, anatomy, physiology and materia medica at the end of the second year with clinical examinations being taken in the final year. The examinations changed with time to take account of advances in medicine and medical education. They came to include anaesthetics, paediatrics, psychiatry, ophthalmology, diseases of the ear, nose and throat, forensic medicine, and venereal disease.
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Cranioplasty is a surgical operation on the repairing of cranial defects caused by previous injuries or operations, such as decompressive craniectomy. It is performed by filling the defective area with a range of materials, usually a bone piece from the patient or a synthetic material. Cranioplasty is carried out by incision and reflection of the scalp after applying anaesthetics and antibiotics to the patient. The temporalis muscle is reflected, and all surrounding soft tissues are removed, thus completely exposing the cranial defect.
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Annual Congress is the flagship event of the Association and is held in various locations around the UK and Ireland. Annual Congress is one of the leading anaesthetic meetings in the UK with an attendance of around 800-1000 national and international delegates. It features informative sessions, high- profile speakers and an extensive trade exhibition with over 40 leading anaesthetics companies attending. Annual Congress is aimed all levels of anaesthetists from trainees to consultants and is a European CPD accredited meeting.
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Historically the European medicinal leech, another invertebrate parasite, has been used in medicine to remove blood from patients. They have three jaws (tripartite) that look like little saws, and on them are about 100 sharp teeth used to incise the host. The incision leaves a mark that is an inverted Y inside of a circle. After piercing the skin and injecting anticoagulants (hirudin) and anaesthetics, they suck out blood, consuming up to ten times their body weight in a single meal.
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Most antifouling coatings are based upon chemical compounds that inhibit fouling. When incorporated into marine coatings, these biocides leach into the immediate surroundings and minimize fouling. The classic synthetic antifouling agent is tributyltin (TBT). Natural biocides typically show lower environmental impact but variable effectiveness. The chemical structure of bufalin (3,4-dihydroxybufa-20,22 dienolide) Natural biocides are found in a variety of sources, including sponges, algae, corals, sea urchins, bacteria, and sea-squirts, and include toxins, anaesthetics, and growth/attachment/metamorphosis-inhibiting molecules.
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Anesthesiology, anaesthesiology, anaesthesia or anaesthetics (see Terminology) is the medical speciality concerned with the total perioperative care of patients before, during and after surgery. It encompasses anesthesia, intensive care medicine, critical emergency medicine, and pain medicine. A physician specialised in this field of medicine is called an anesthesiologist, anaesthesiologist or anaesthetist, depending on the country (see Terminology). The core element of the specialty is the study and use of anesthesia and anesthetics to safely support a patient's vital functions through the perioperative period.
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On 2013's Cyanide Lake, Jonathan Handley has reunited the classic Rats line-up by utilising previous band members, Leonard Dixon and Herbie Parkin, during visits that year to South Africa and, as ever, its original vocalist Dave Davies. Jonathan Handley and Dave Davies still record and perform together. Handley is an anaesthetist practising in Pietermaritzburg and continues to record and archive in his home studio in Winterskloof. As an anaesthetist, he also oversees the training of future diplomate in anaesthetics.
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Peter and Wendy Brunton Gibb both excelled in elocution. Wendy appeared in the 1949 film Sons of Matthew, left for London and joined Dan O'Connor's British Commonwealth Players and in 1953 became Mrs Michael Benge. Barbara was educated at Fort Street High School and worked as a radio and stage actress associated with Doris Fitton's Independent Theatre and Mercury Theatre David became Professor of Anaesthetics and Intensive Care at UNSW in 2001. He is commemorated at Sydney High School by the David Brunton Gibb Prize for Soccer.
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For his services, he was appointed an OBE in 1960. The same year, he returned to England and established a medical practice in North London. After his return, his family drew his attention to a passage in the novel Exodus by American author Leon Uris. The passage, on page 155, read: > Here in Block X Dr. Wirths used women as guinea pigs and Dr. Schumann > sterilized by castration and X-ray and Clauberg removed ovaries and Dr. > Dehring performed 17,000 'experiments' in surgery without anaesthetics.
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The sulfa drug Sulfathiazole was one of the results of these research activities. The company Tika was acquired in 1939, and the pharmaceutical factories of Paul G. Nordström in Hässleholm (later renamed to Hässle, and operated as a division of Astra) in 1942. This established Astra as the leading Swedish pharmaceutical company. In the 1940s, two product families were established which were to become quite important to Astra: penicillin and anaesthetics, initially in the form of Xylocain, which was introduced on the Swedish market in 1948.
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The detainees were given few or no blankets, kept awake by guards, given little or no food and denied their statutory right to make phone calls and see a lawyer. They could hear crying and screaming from other cells. Police doctors at the facility also participated in the torture, using ritual humiliation, threats of rape and deprivation of water, food, sleep and medical care. A prisoner named Richard Moth was given stitches in his head and legs without anaesthetics, which made the procedure painful.
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An absence or mutation of the BCHE enzyme leads to a medical condition known as pseudocholinesterase deficiency. This is a silent condition that manifests itself only when people that have the deficiency receive the muscle relaxants succinylcholine or mivacurium during a surgery. Pseudocholinesterase deficiency may also affect local anaesthetic selection in dental procedures. The enzyme plays an important role in the metabolism of ester-based local anaesthetics, a deficiency lowers the margin of safety and increases the risk of systemic effects with this type of anaesthetic.
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Adams stayed in Eastbourne throughout the war, and in 1941 he gained a diploma in anaesthetics and worked in a local hospital one day a week, where he acquired a reputation as a bungler. He would fall asleep during operations, eat cakes, count money, and even mix up the anaesthetic gas tubes, leading to patients waking up or turning blue. In 1943, his mother died, and in 1952 his cousin Sarah developed cancer. Adams gave her an injection half an hour before she died.
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Gillies was a house physician in Cumberland Infirmary, Carlisle before entering general practice in the West Riding of Yorkshire. Much of his work involved giving anaesthetics for operations performed by one of his partners. To gain experience in this field he went to London in 1931 to study anaesthetic technique under Dr John Hunter and Dr (later Sir) Ivan Magill, a pioneer of endotracheal tube anaesthesia. The following year he returned to Edinburgh to work as an anaesthetist at the Royal Hospital for Sick Children.
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Infection-related deaths fell noticeably as a result. As the British Empire expanded, Britons found themselves facing novel climates and contagions; there was active research into tropical diseases. In 1898, Ronald Ross proved that the mosquito was responsible for spreading malaria. Although nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, had been proposed as an anaesthetic as far back as 1799 by Humphry Davy, it was not until 1846 when an American dentist named William Morton started using ether on his patients that anaesthetics became common in the medical profession.
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One of the major findings from Tracey's work is the cerebral signature for pain perception, the representation of pain in the brain. In an early study she identifies the anterior insula and the prefrontal cortex to be involved in the anticipation of pain. Together with one of her postdoctoral fellows, she later identified one particular region of the brain that is pain- specific, the dorsal posterior insula. More recently she has been interested in the how states of consciousness are altered by using anaesthetics.
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A clinical school was opened in St Vincent's Hospital in 1909 as part of the University of Melbourne. It is one of the clinical schools at the University of Melbourne (the others being based at the Royal Melbourne Hospital, the Austin Hospital, Western Hospital, the Northern Hospital, Epping, Goulburn Valley Health, Ballarat Base Hospital and Northeast Health). St Vincent's Hospital is also a clinical school of the University of Notre Dame, Sydney. Third and fourth year students have placements in geriatrics, anaesthetics and ICU.
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The spray is a combination of local anaesthetics lidocaine and prilocaine in a metered- dose aerosol that is sprayed directly on the penis to numb sensations. It was developed by the same group that invented the erectile dysfunction drug sildenafil. The drug was approved in Europe and was released in the UK market in November 2016 and within the EU will be marketed by, early in 2017 In the United States, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is expected to approve the drug in 2018.
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Jonathan Mark Fielden (born 9 September 1963) is an anaesthetics and intensive care consultant. He is a former medical director of University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust and former Director of Specialised Commissioning NHS England. His first consultant post was at Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust in anaesthesia and intensive care medicine. He was chairman (2006–2009) of the Central Consultants and Specialists Committee of the British Medical Association, he also served as the secondary care specialist on the governing body of Aylesbury Vale Clinical Commissioning Group.
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Under hyperbaric conditions (pressures above normal atmospheric pressure), other gases such as nitrogen, and noble gases such as argon, krypton, and xenon become anaesthetics. When inhaled at high partial pressures (more than about 4 bar, encountered at depths below about 30 metres in scuba diving), nitrogen begins to act as an anaesthetic agent, causing nitrogen narcosis. However, the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) for nitrogen is not achieved until pressures of about 20 to 30 atm (bar) are attained. Argon is slightly more than twice as anaesthetic as nitrogen per unit of partial pressure (see argox).
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Most of the commonly used anaesthetic drugs are detectable by Entropy monitoring, a notable exception being nitrous oxide, in common with BIS monitoring. Other vital signs such as pulse, heart rate, blood pressure, and movement are indirect indicators of consciousness, but are unreliable. When these are combined with expired gas analysis of inhalational anaesthetic agents, an experienced anaesthetist can be confident a patient is unconscious and not aware of their surroundings. However, the direct measurement of brain activity using a basic EEG is purported to measure effects of anaesthetics more comprehensively.
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In the broadest meaning of "medicine", there are many different specialties. In the UK, most specialities have their own body or college, which has its own entrance examination. These are collectively known as the Royal Colleges, although not all currently use the term "Royal". The development of a speciality is often driven by new technology (such as the development of effective anaesthetics) or ways of working (such as emergency departments); the new specialty leads to the formation of a unifying body of doctors and the prestige of administering their own examination.
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These hospitals were manned by the Medical Staff Corps and provided services to the British expedition to China in 1860. The ships provided relatively spacious accommodation for the patients and were equipped with an operating theatre. Another early example of a hospital ship was in the 1860s, which aided the wounded soldiers of both sides during the American Civil War. During the Russo-Turkish War (1877–78), the British Red Cross supplied a steel-hulled ship, equipped with modern surgery equipment including chloroform and other anaesthetics and carbolic acid for antisepsis.
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The larger arteries throughout the brain supply blood to smaller capillaries. These smallest of blood vessels in the brain, are lined with cells joined by tight junctions and so fluids do not seep in or leak out to the same degree as they do in other capillaries; this creates the blood–brain barrier. Pericytes play a major role in the formation of the tight junctions. The barrier is less permeable to larger molecules, but is still permeable to water, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and most fat-soluble substances (including anaesthetics and alcohol).
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He did not feel he could refuse, because he thought it was better for him to perform the operations than if they were performed by an untrained person. Furthermore, he claimed the organs he removed were already damaged, and that he removed them for the benefit of the prisoners' health. He also claimed he feared for his life if he did not comply with Schumann's request. Finally, he denied having operation without anaesthetics, and claimed that of the 17,000 operations he performed at Auschwitz, only about 130 were not ordinary proper operations.
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Sleeping gas is an oneirogenic general anaesthetic that is used to put subjects into a state in which they are not conscious of what is happening around them. Most sleeping gases have undesirable side effects, or are effective at doses that approach toxicity. Examples of modern volatile anaesthetics that may be considered sleeping gases are BZ, halothane vapour (Fluothane), methyl propyl ether (Neothyl), methoxyflurane (Penthrane), and the undisclosed fentanyl derivative delivery system used by the FSB in the Moscow theater hostage crisis. Picture of a sleeping gas alarm on sale in Finland.
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The reversal potential of the GABAA-mediated inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP) in normal solution is −70 mV, contrasting the GABAB IPSP (-100 mV). The active site of the GABAA receptor is the binding site for GABA and several drugs such as muscimol, gaboxadol, and bicuculline. The protein also contains a number of different allosteric binding sites which modulate the activity of the receptor indirectly. These allosteric sites are the targets of various other drugs, including the benzodiazepines, nonbenzodiazepines, neuroactive steroids, barbiturates, alcohol (ethanol), inhaled anaesthetics, kavalactones, and picrotoxin, among others.
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In 1958, he joined the Postgraduate Medical School at Hammersmith Hospital as a lecturer in anaesthesia and consultant anaesthetist, becoming a reader there in 1967 and a professor of clinical anaesthesia in 1970. He joined the University of Oxford as Nuffield professor of anaesthetics in 1980 and became an Honorary Fellow of Pembroke College in 1996. He is the author of books about the clinical measurement, treatment of respiratory failure, and the history of anaesthesia. A 1997 interview with him, by Lady Wendy Ball, is in Oxford Brookes' Medical Sciences Video Archive, catalogue number MSVA159.
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Electric motors were, however, a problem in the operating theatres of that time, as their use caused an explosion hazard in the presence of flammable anaesthetics such as ether and cyclopropane. In 1952, Roger Manley of the Westminster Hospital, London, developed a ventilator which was entirely gas-driven and became the most popular model used in Europe. It was an elegant design, and became a great favourite with European anaesthetists for four decades, prior to the introduction of models controlled by electronics. It was independent of electrical power and caused no explosion hazard.
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After his primary education, he attended Government College Ibadan in Oyo State for his West African School Certificate where he excelled at his Higher School Certificate examination. Ehanire went on to study Medicine at Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich in Germany, qualifying as a Surgeon. He went on to the Teaching Hospital of the University of Duisburg and Essen and to the BG Accident Hospital in Duisburg, Germany for his post graduate education. In 1976, he attended the Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland where he obtained a postgraduate Diploma in Anaesthetics.
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Becoming assistant to the medical unit at the London Hospital by 1929, Evans developed a close connection with Sir Arthur Ellis and Clifford Wilson. However, his first attempt at MRCP was not successful and he had to retake in 1930. During the same year he acquired an MD. His first job was as house physician to Sir Arthur and he was supported by Sir Arthur right from the beginning of his career. He then gained a wide range of clinical experience by taking up posts in surgery, obstetrics, anaesthetics and pathology.
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Amphibians, particularly anurans, fulfill several physiological and behavioural criteria proposed as indicating that non-human animals may experience pain. These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements. Pain in amphibians has societal implications including their exposure to pollutants, (preparation for) cuisine (e.g. Frogs legs) and amphibians used in scientific research.
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The Crimean War also led to the realisation by the Russian government of its technological inferiority, in military practices as well as weapons. Meanwhile, Russian military medicine saw dramatic progress: N. I. Pirogov, known as the father of Russian field surgery, developed the use of anaesthetics, plaster casts, enhanced amputation methods, and five-stage triage in Crimea, among other things. The war also led to the establishment of the Victoria Cross in 1856 (backdated to 1854), the British Army's first universal award for valour. 111 medals were awarded.
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She drags him back, and as she tries to phone Ian, Bobby attacks her, hitting her across the head with the hockey stick. When she falls, he strikes her two more times, leaving her seriously injured. Paramedics reveal Jane has head trauma and spinal injuries and, although Ian initially tries to protect Bobby, he accompanies Jane in the ambulance, denying Bobby access. In the ambulance, Jane enters critical condition when her spinal injury restricts her ability to breathe, requiring anaesthetics and spinal surgeons upon arrival at the hospital.
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Many commonly used sedative and anxiolytic drugs that affect the GABA receptor complex are not agonists. These drugs act instead as positive allosteric modulators (PAMs) and while they do bind to the GABA receptors, they bind to an allosteric site on the receptor and cannot induce a response from the neuron without an actual agonist being present. Drugs that fall into this class exert their pharmacodynamic action by increasing the effects that an agonist has when potentiation is achieved. Most general anaesthetics are PAMs of GABA-A receptor.
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In 1994, Baiul won the silver medal at the European Championships in Copenhagen, again finishing second to Bonaly. At the 1994 Winter Olympics, she was second to Nancy Kerrigan after the short program of Ladies' singles. During a practice session before the long program, she collided with Germany's Tanja Szewczenko, sustaining a wrenched lower back and a small cut on her right shin, which required three stitches. She received two Olympic-approved pain- killing injections of anaesthetics in her lower back and shoulder, which enabled her to compete in the free skate.
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The Place des États- Unis (Square Thomas Jefferson) is the site of a monument to the American dentist, Horace Wells (1815–1848), who was a pioneer in the use of anesthesia. The monument was dedicated on 27 March 1910 during the tenth session of the FDI World Dental Federation, which was then known as the Fédération dentaire internationale. On the right side of the base of the monument, the sculptor, René Bertrand-Boutée, incised the medallion of the physiologist, Paul Bert, who was also an early experimenter in anaesthetics, respiration, and asphyxia.
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Hans Horst Meyer Medal awarded by the Vienna Academy of Sciences Meyer is best remembered for three discoveries.Klaus Starke: A history of Naunyn-Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology. In: Naunyn- Schmiedeberg’s Archives of Pharmacology 1998; 358:1–109 With Schmiedeberg, he discovered glucuronic acid as the most important reaction partner of drugs (in his case, a metabolite of camphor).O. Schmiedeberg und Hans Meyer: Ueber Stoffwechselprodukte nach Campherfütterung. In: Zeitschrift für Physiologische Chemie 1879; 3:422–450 He also discovered a relationship between the lipophilicity of general anaesthetics and their potency.
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St Mark's was unique in not employing a physician until 1948, with the arrival of Francis Avery-Jones, "the father of British gastroenterology" and pioneer of medical treatment of peptic ulcer. In 1859, Frederick Salmon resigned from his post as Surgeon. He is said to have performed 3,500 operations without a single fatality, a remarkable feat in an age when anaesthetics were only just beginning to be used and antiseptics were unknown. The Governors commissioned a portrait of him which is now displayed outside of the ward that bears his name.
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Alex Macqueen plays Keith Greene, a consultant anaesthetist who is constantly maligned within the show for his poor sense of humour and irritable temper. He has featured in Holby City since its seventh series, becoming the show's Head of Anaesthetics following the departure of Zubin Khan. In episode "The Key Is Fear", Keith is verbally abused by a drunken Stuart McElroy, who surmises him to be an "obsequious, supercilious, insipid four-eyed toss-pot." In the episode "Breathe Deeply", Greene collapses during surgery after becoming contaminated by a toxin from a patient.
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A plot of chain length vs. the logarithm of the lipid bilayer/buffer partition coefficient K is linear, with the addition of each methylene group causing a change in the Gibbs free energy of -3.63 kJ/mol. The cutoff effect was first interpreted as evidence that anaesthetics exert their effect not by acting globally on membrane lipids but rather by binding directly to hydrophobic pockets of well-defined volumes in proteins. As the alkyl chain grows, the anaesthetic fills more of the hydrophobic pocket and binds with greater affinity.
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Spinal anaesthetics are typically limited to procedures involving most structures below the upper abdomen. To administer a spinal anaesthetic to higher levels may affect the ability to breathe by paralysing the intercostal respiratory muscles, or even the diaphragm in extreme cases (called a "high spinal", or a "total spinal", with which consciousness is lost), as well as the body's ability to control the heart rate via the cardiac accelerator fibres. Also, injection of spinal anaesthesia higher than the level of L1 can cause damage to the spinal cord, and is therefore usually not done.
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The hospital's departments include: Trauma and Emergency, Paediatrics, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Surgery, Internal Medicine, ARV clinic for HIV/AIDS in adults and children, Anaesthetics, Paediatric Surgery, Family Medicine, Psychiatry, Dermatology, Otolaryngology (ENT), Ophthalmology and burns unit. The Orthopaedic department runs a weekly clinic. Other facilities include an operating theatre, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for adult, paediatric and neonatal patients, and high-care wards for general and obstetric patients. The hospital also offers allied health services such as physiotherapy, occupational therapy, speech and language therapy, psychology, social worker, dentistry and dietetics.
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Over 600 consultants work from the hospital, offering a range of services including Orthopaedics, Cardiology, Fertility treatment, an imaging suite including CT and MRI, seven operating theatres, and a 12-bed intensive care unit. The hospital has 171 beds, all in individual en-suite rooms. The hospital's latest inspection by the Care Quality Commission found most aspects of care to be 'Good', but the safety of its intensive care facility was judged as 'Requires Improvement'. In 2016, the hospital was criticised for employing an anaesthetics nurse who had forged her qualifications.
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Its physiological role involves attention and arousal, including control of the level of cortical activity. Some frequencies of extracellular electrical stimulation of the centromedian nucleus can cause absence seizures (temporary loss of consciousness) although electrical stimulation can be of therapeutic use in intractable epilepsy and Tourette's syndrome. General anaesthetics specifically suppress activity in the ILN, including the centromedian nucleus. Complete bilateral lesions of the centromedian nucleus can lead to states normally associated with brain death such as coma, death, persistent vegetative state, forms of mutism and severe delirium.
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The Jadad scale independently assesses the methodological quality of a clinical trial judging the effectiveness of blinding. Alejandro "Alex" Jadad Bechara, a Colombian physician who worked as a Research Fellow at the Oxford Pain Relief Unit, Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, at the University of Oxford described the allocating trials a score of between zero (very poor) and five (rigorous) in an appendix to a 1996 paper. In a 2007 book Jadad described the randomised controlled trial as "one of the simplest, most powerful and revolutionary forms of research".
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They could not ignore the £2 million on offer and Macintosh took up his appointment in February 1937, the first professor of anaesthetics outside America. In the Second World War, Macintosh held the rank of Air Commodore and trained anaesthetists for the armed services. His research included hazardous experiments to test life jackets (immersing E A Pask in a wave tank while anaesthetised), the provision of respirable atmospheres in submarines and survival during parachute descent from high altitudes. Macintosh designed equipment that now bears his name: a laryngoscope, an anaesthetic vaporiser, spray and endobronchial tube.
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By September 2013, Jonathan Handley and his team of tutors at the hospital have successfully trained more than 100 diplomate in anaesthetics. Many of his junior doctors likened him to a wizard for his extraordinary problem solving skills and appreciate him as one of their best teachers ever. Davies still resides in the same house in Springs where he has always lived. Herbie Parkin is living, working, and playing in Sweden, most recently with Men on the Border, while Leonard Dixon has settled in Germany where he is still drumming.
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During postdoctoral studies at the Australian National University with David Curtis, he helped establish the role of glutamate as a central neurotransmitter and characterised its actions between AMPA, N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) and kainate receptor subtypes. At the Royal Veterinary College, Lodge linked his interests in anaesthesia and glutamate receptors by making the key discovery that the dissociative anaesthetics, ketamine and phencyclidine, selectively blocked NMDA receptors. He related NMDA receptor antagonism to psychotomimetic effects. This provided a basis for the glutamate hypothesis of schizophrenia and redirected pharmaceutical search for schizophrenia therapies.
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He served in the Royal Navy in World War I, and in May 1917 was wounded in action. After the war, he worked as an anaesthetist in Birmingham before returning to New Zealand in 1922 to practise anaesthetics as a specialty -- the first New Zealander qualified to do so. Between the wars Anson practised in Wellington and was a key figure in the New Zealand Branch of the British Medical Association. During World War II he served in the New Zealand Army Medical Corps, both in Egypt and on the hospital ship Oranje.
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Ramani Moonesinghe MD(Res) FRCP FRCA FFICM is Professor of Perioperative Medicine at University College London (UCL) and a Consultant in Anaesthetics and Critical Care Medicine at UCL Hospitals. Moonesinghe is Director of the National Institute for Academic Anaesthesia (NIAA) Health Services Research Centre and between 2016 and 2019 was Associate National Clinical Director for Elective Care for NHS England. In 2020 on she took on the role of National Clinical Director for Critical and Perioperative care at NHS England and NHS Improvement. Her research focuses on evaluating interventions aimed at improving perioperative outcomes, including technological and service innovations.
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Moonesinghe was appointed to UCL Hospitals in 2010 as consultant in Anaesthetics and Critical Care Medicine, and was appointed Professor of Perioperative Medicine at UCL in 2018. Co-Director of the NIHR funded SOURCE Surgical Outcomes Research Centre (SOuRCe) Between 2008 and 2012, Moonesinghe was a Council Member of the Royal College of Anaesthetists. In June 2016 was appointed Director of NIAA Health Services Research Centre and also in 2016 appointed Associate National Clinical Director for Elective Care at NHS England. She was the NIAA academic training advisor between 2012 and 2017 and a NIAA Board member from 2009.
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Joyce Jacobson Kaufman (21 June 1929 - 26 August 2016) was an American chemist known for advancing the science of quantum chemistry and for clinical research on anaesthetics. Born to an immigrant family in the Bronx and educated at Johns Hopkins University, she worked at the Sorbonne and at Martin Marietta before returning to Johns Hopkins. She was elected as a fellow of the American Institute of Chemists in 1965, and of the American Physical Society in 1966. Her other accolades include the 1973 Garvan Medical Award of the American Chemical Society and the Legion of Honour in 1969.
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From 1973 to 1975, Hillman did postgraduate training at St Vincent's Hospital. He continued his post graduate training in Anaesthetics and Intensive Care at St Bartholomew's Hospital in London from 1976 to 1981. Appointed Director of Intensive Care at Charing Cross Hospital in London in 1981, he subsequently returned to Australia in 1983 and after a brief period at the Sir Charles Gairdner Hospital in Perth moved to Sydney as the Director of Intensive Care at Liverpool Hospital in 1985. Hillman is considered a pioneer in the field of developing and evaluating emergency responses to deteriorating patients in acute hospitals.
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There is greatest chance of this occurring in a posterior superior alveolar nerve block or in a pterygomandibular block. Giving local anaesthesia to patients with liver disease can have significant consequences. Thorough evaluation of the disease should be carried out to assess potential risk to the patient as in significant liver dysfunction, the half-life of amide local anaesthetic agents may be drastically increased thus increasing the risk of overdose. Local anaesthetics and vasoconstrictors may be administered to pregnant patients however it is very important to be extra cautious when giving a pregnant patient any type of drug.
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Karl Koller (December 3, 1857 – March 21, 1944) was an Austrian ophthalmologist who began his medical career as a surgeon at the Vienna General Hospital and a colleague of Sigmund Freud. Koller introduced cocaine as a local anaesthetic for eye surgery. Prior to this discovery, he had tested solutions such as chloral hydrate and morphine as anaesthetics in the eyes of laboratory animals without success. Freud was fully aware of the pain-killing properties of cocaine, but Koller recognized its tissue-numbing capabilities, and in 1884 demonstrated its potential as a local anaesthetic to the medical community.
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In 1901, the use of anaesthetics via the epidural space was first reported, mostly for the treatment of urological diseases but not for surgical procedures. Several techniques were developed in the following years, but never became popular for surgical purposes: most institutions made the transition from a slight sedation to twilight sleep to heavy sedation to general anaesthesia. Original drawing by Fidel Pagés explaining the technique of epidural anesthesia Fidel Pagés published an article in July 1921 called "Anestesia Metamérica" (i.e. metameric anesthesia or epidural anesthesia) in the "Revista Española de Cirugía" and the "Revista de Sanidad Militar".
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The Cut quotes dietitian Abby Langer as stating that food is not medicine, but that seed cycling might be "a worthwhile component of a treatment plan" for a hormonal imbalance, warning that seed cycling recipes using primrose oil could interact dangerously with anticoagulants and anaesthetics. Shape magazine notes that the seeds could possibly help regulate hormones, given their phytoestrogen content, but quotes Melinda Ring of the Osher Center for Integrative Medicine at Northwestern University in Chicago as stating that evidence is lacking, that the outcomes are unpredictable, and that she has seen women whose cycles became "more irregular" after taking phytoestrogens.
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The Sixth Doctor experienced extreme paranoia and flew into a murderous rage, nearly killing his companion (The Twin Dilemma). The Eighth Doctor experienced amnesia due to the anaesthetics affecting his physiology (1996 Doctor Who television film). While his regeneration first appeared to be smooth ("The Parting of the Ways"), the Tenth Doctor began to experience spasms and became somewhat manic, frightening his companion as he pushed the TARDIS to dangerous extremes (Children in Need mini-episode). After crash-landing the TARDIS, the Doctor collapsed and remained unconscious for most of the next fifteen hours ("The Christmas Invasion").
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Christie trained as a doctor at King's College, and was a member of Thames Rowing Club. In the 1948 Summer Olympics in London, he was a member of the coxless fours crew.Sports Reference Olympic Sports – Thomas Christie In 1949 he won the Silver Goblets at Henley, partnering Tony Butcher.Henley Royal Regatta Results of Final Races 1946–2003 He also won the Wyfold in 1946 for Kings College London, and the Grand and the Stewards in 1948 for Thames Rowing Club. Christie qualified as a doctor in 1950 and spent time at Westminster Hospital and St Thomas’s Hospital training in anaesthetics.
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Neumann was particularly recognized for his works on painless operations on bone without anaesthetics, on the clinics and pathology of intracranial complications of infections of the middle ear, equilibrium, and otosclerosis. Neumann devised a new and life-saving operation for opening the labyrinth, a technique that has later been general practice. Named after him is Neumann's Method which is a manner to apply local anaesthesia of the middle ear and the mastoid process by a procaine-adrenaline injection on the surface of the mastoid process along the connection of the inner and outer ear and under the periost of the auditory meatus.
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This idea brought about the creation of children's hospitals in Philadelphia, Boston, Washington, D.C, and San Francisco – all which emphasized children as their focus. Along with specialized physicians, the 20th century brought the removal of voluntary or religiously associated female care and replaced it with professionally trained nurses. In addition to separate institutions for children and a professional staff, both medical and technological advancement helped solidify children's hospitals as centres of physical healing. The discovery of vaccines, anaesthetics, and surgical improvements made children's hospitals more reliable and more effective in the treatment of childhood disease and illness.
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Edward Henry Embley (28 February 1861 – 9 May 1924) was an Australian physician who did important work in the study of the effects of chloroform on the human body. Embley was born at Castlemaine, Victoria, younger son of Richard Edward Embley, a baker, and his wife Mary, née Smith, who both came from Gloucestershire, England. He was educated at Castlemaine Grammar School, the Bendigo High School and the University of Melbourne, where he graduated M.B., B.S. in 1889. He practised in Latrobe-street, Melbourne, and taking much interest in anaesthetics, gained the degree of M.D. in 1901 with a thesis on that subject.
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McGown eventually developed a deep interest in post operative pain relief, and decided to begin experimenting with new drugs and anaesthetics in 1981 on his predominantly underage black patients. From 1986 to 1992, he performed his method on 500 patients without their knowledge. Among his victims were 10-year-old Kenyan-born girl Lavender Khaminwa (who died following a supposed appendectomy) and two and a half years old Kalpesh Nagindas, a Zimbabwean boy of Indian origin. Nagindas had been admitted to the Avenues Clinic in Harare on 13 July 1988 for a circumcision because he had problems urinating.
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Putting it the other way round, a man is not > negligent, if he is acting in accordance with such a practice, merely > because there is a body of opinion who would take a contrary view. At the > same time, that does not mean that a medical man can obstinately and pig- > headedly carry on with some old technique if it has been proved to be > contrary to what is really substantially the whole of informed medical > opinion. Otherwise you might get men today saying: “I do not believe in > anaesthetics. I do not believe in antiseptics.
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Specialist training takes at least seven years. On completion of specialist training, physicians are awarded CCT and are eligible for entry on the GMC Specialist register and are also able to work as consultant anaesthetist. A new consultant in anaesthetics must have completed a minimum of 14 years of training (including: five to six years of medical school training, two years of foundation training, and seven years of anaesthesia training). Those wishing for dual accreditation (in Intensive care and anaesthesia) are required to undergo an additional year of training and also complete the Diploma in Intensive Care Medicine (DICM).
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A foundation member of Faculty of Anaesthetists of the Royal College of Surgeons of England in 1948, he served as vice-dean in 1952 and dean in 1964. Gray was the editor of the British Journal of Anaesthesia from 1948 to 1964. He was President of the Section of Anaesthetics of the Royal Society of Medicine in 1955 and the first anaesthetist to be awarded the Sir Arthur Sims Commonwealth Travelling Fellowship by the RCS (England). An active council member of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain and Ireland, Gray served as treasurer and as president (1957–1959).
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Fish fulfill several criteria proposed as indicating that non-human animals may experience pain. These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements. If fish feel pain, there are ethical and animal welfare implications including the consequences of exposure to pollutants, and practices involving commercial and recreational fishing, aquaculture, in ornamental fish and genetically modified fish and for fish used in scientific research.
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After being wounded, Lord Uxbridge was taken to his headquarters in the village of Waterloo, a house owned by M. Hyacinthe Joseph-Marie Paris, Maison Tremblant, who was still in his residence at 214, Chaussée de Bruxelles.The house was demolished in the twentieth century (The Tomb of Lord Uxbridge's Leg) but the monument remains in the garden. There, his damaged leg was amputated at mid-thigh by Doctor John Hume, assisted by surgeons James Powell of the Ordnance Medical Department, and James Callander of the 7th Hussars. The operation was carried out without antiseptic or anaesthetics.
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They fulfill several criteria proposed as indicating that non- human animals may be capable of perceiving pain. These fulfilled criteria include having a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors, opioid receptors, reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics used for vertebrates, physiological changes to noxious stimuli, displaying protective motor reactions, exhibiting avoidance learning and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance and other motivational requirements. Furthermore, it has been argued that pain may be only one component of suffering in cephalopods; others potentially include fear, anxiety, stress and distress. Most animal welfare legislation protects only vertebrates.
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During a break from construction of the Gunbarrel Highway in June 1957, Beadell convinced a visiting dental surgeon at Woomera, Dr Bruce Dunstan, to give him a crash course on tooth extraction. Beadell had prior experience of the trouble that teeth could cause himself and his crew when days or weeks away from city facilities. This instruction and further assistance from an Alice Springs dentist, Ray Meldrum, equipped him with dental supplies and local anaesthetics sufficient for bush work. Beadell carried out his first extraction in March 1958 on Cyril Koch, a cook, during construction of the Gunbarrel Highway.
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Patterson Companies Inc is a medical supplies conglomerate primarily in the business of veterinary and dental products (ranging from xray equipment to consumable products, dental consumables make up the biggest part of the dental industry). Traditionally a dental company, it diversified its business at the turn of the millennium when it acquired 55-year-old company, JA Webster Inc, a distributor of veterinary products. That business segment (now known as Patterson Veterinary) currently distributes equipment (diagnostic and surgical) and medicine (anaesthetics, vaccines). The company operates directly in only the US and Canada (in Canada through subsidiary Patterson Dental Canada).
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After earning her PhD, Hall spent two years as a postdoctoral fellow at the Laboratoire d'Electrochimie in Clermont, France (1977–1978) and the Institut für Organische Chemie, Johannes Gutenberg Universität, in Mainz, Germany (1978–1980). From 1980 to 1981 she worked as a Senior Analyst for Bernard Dyer and Partners in London, England. Later that year, Hall was recruited by the Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford to work on blood and anaesthetic gas sensors. In 1985 Hall relocated to the University of Cambridge where, from 1985 to 1999, she was a 'New Blood' Lecturer in Biosensors.
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The lecture is dedicated to Professor Ronald Woolmer who was the first Director of the Research Department of Anaesthetics at the Royal College of Surgeons. Woolmer convened a meeting at the Royal College of Surgeons, London, to discuss the evolving field of engineering applied to medicine. It was agreed that the group should hold regular meetings and as a result the Biological Engineering Society (BES) was formed with Ronald Woolmer as the first President. Woolmer died two years after the formation of the BES and it was agreed that a memorial lecture would be sponsored in recognition of his achievements.
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Team doctors come from a range of professional backgrounds: general practice, anaesthetics, emergency medicine, surgery and other specialities. All have had formal training in pre-hospital emergency medicine, and many of the team's doctors hold either the Diploma or Fellowship in Immediate Medical Care (DIMC / FIMC), awarded by the Faculty of Prehospital Care Royal College of Surgeons of Edinburgh. Many of the doctors from acute specialities will have undertaken specific in-house training and assessment in how to undertake pre-hospital rapid sequence induction of anaesthesia, as part of the management of the severely injured patient.
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The duration of action of intravenous induction agents is generally 5 to 10 minutes, after which spontaneous recovery of consciousness will occur. In order to prolong unconsciousness for the required duration (usually the duration of surgery), anaesthesia must be maintained. This is achieved by allowing the patient to breathe a carefully controlled mixture of oxygen, sometimes nitrous oxide, and a volatile anaesthetic agent, or by administering medication (usually propofol) through an intravenous catheter. Inhaled agents are frequently supplemented by intravenous anaesthetics, such as opioids (usually fentanyl or a fentanyl derivative) and sedatives (usually propofol or midazolam).
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Emergence is the return to baseline physiologic function of all organ systems after the cessation of general anaesthetics. This stage may be accompanied by temporary neurologic phenomena, such as agitated emergence (acute mental confusion), aphasia (impaired production or comprehension of speech), or focal impairment in sensory or motor function. Shivering is also fairly common and can be clinically significant because it causes an increase in oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, cardiac output, heart rate, and systemic blood pressure. The proposed mechanism is based on the observation that the spinal cord recovers at a faster rate than the brain.
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Volatile anaesthetics may be the main cause of early but not delayed postoperative vomiting: a randomized controlled trial of factorial design. British Journal of Anaesthesia 2002; 88: 659–668Apfel CC, Korttila K, Abdalla M, Kerger H, Turan A, Vedder I, Zernak C, Danner K, Jokela R, Pocock SJ, Trenkler S, Kredel M, Biedler A, Sessler DI, Roewer N: A factorial trial of six interventions for the prevention of postoperative nausea and vomiting. NEJM. 2004 Jun 10;350(24):2441-51. Among these trials, many studies were aiming to get a label for the indication of PONV prevention (phase II and III trials).
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A major trauma centre (MTC) is a specialist unit within the National Health Service of the United Kingdom, set up to provide specialised trauma care and rehabilitation. They are usually found within larger hospitals in major cities which have the necessary infrastructure and staff to deal with major trauma cases. MTCs provide emergency access to life and limb saving consultant-led care in a wide range of specialisms including anaesthetics, orthopaedics, neurosurgery, geriatricians and emergency medicine. All MTCs have an on-site CT scanner and emergency operating theatres on standby to perform immediate, life-saving surgery.
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The Dragon's Breath chili was tested at 2.48 million Scoville units, exceeding the 1.5 million of the Carolina Reaper, the hottest previously known chili, but was surpassed several months later by Pepper X at 3.18 million Scoville units. Nottingham Trent University researchers suggest that the pepper's ability to numb the skin might make its essential oil useful as an anaesthetic for patients who cannot tolerate other anaesthetics, or in countries where they are too expensive. Experts at the university warned that swallowing one might cause death by choking or anaphylactic shock; one science writer noted that this was a standard warning that applied only to those with relevant allergies.
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It has been reported that MIH-affected teeth were more difficult to anaesthetise. Difficulty achieving anaesthesia in MIH- affected teeth may be caused by the chronic inflammation of the pulp due to the penetration of bacteria as the presence of inflammation can reduce the efficacy of local anaesthetics which may then result in more anaesthetic being given to achieve anaesthesia. Some dental treatment has been undertaken without local anaesthesia which could result in a child becoming more fearful and anxious when receiving dental treatment. This can be especially challenging in paediatric dentistry thus more specialised methods may be needed to increase the efficiency of anaesthetising teeth.
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Some methods of culling that do not involve anaesthetics include: cervical dislocation, asphyxiation by carbon dioxide and maceration using a high-speed grinder, while other methods include using a laser to cut a hole in the egg, removing a drop of fluid to be tested and providing the sex of the chicken. Asphyxiation is the only method in the United Kingdom, while maceration is the primary method in the United States. Due to modern selective breeding, laying hen strains differ from meat production strains (broilers). In the United States, males are culled in egg production, since males "don’t lay eggs or grow large enough to become broilers".
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Kane did this, in part, to experience the procedure from the patient's perspective. He had in mind using local anaesthesia in future on patients with medical conditions that prevented a general anaesthetic being administered, and wanted to ensure that the procedure could be tolerated by the patient. Kane believed ether (the usual general anaesthetic of the time) was used too often and was more dangerous than local anaesthetics. The anaesthetic used by Kane was novocaine, a fairly recent replacement for the more dangerous cocaine. Kane performed the operation, which he had carried out nearly 4,000 times on others, with the aid of mirrors that enabled him to see the work area.
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'Flare-ups' may be attributed to, or exacerbated by growth spurts, stress, exhaustion, exercise, standing or walking for too long, illness, infection, being accidentally knocked/hurt or injured, after surgery/anaesthetics, cold weather, electrical storms, and sudden changes in barometric pressure. CED may also affect internal organs, the liver and spleen, which may become enlarged. A loss of vision and/or hearing can occur if bones are adversely affected by the hardening in the skull. Hence proactive specialist check-ups, X-rays, diagnostic tests/scans, and regular blood tests are recommended on an annual basis to monitor the CED bony growth and secondary medical issues that may arise from this condition.
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Disher received his Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree from the University of Melbourne in 1921. He married Doris Parks Kitson, a nurse, at St John's Anglican Church in East Malvern on 6 November 1926. He pursued a career as an anaesthetist, obtaining a Diploma in Anaesthetics issued jointly by the Royal College of Physicians, London, and the Royal College of Surgeons of England. He became an honorary anaesthetist at Royal Melbourne Hospital in 1928, and senior honorary anaesthetist in 1938. He became an Officer of the Order of Saint John on 22 December 1936, and was awarded the King George VI Coronation Medal in 1937.
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Whilst working at the Pain Research Unit, Nuffield department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford, Collins developed several practical Evidence Medicine tools which enable the meta-analysis of pain studies and provided the pioneering research for the Oxford Ladder of Analgesic efficacy. She is the author of several Cochrane reviews including the review of sterile water for back pain in labour. This led to her being the UK PI for ICARIS a multicentre, randomised controlled trial which finally demonstrated the analgesic efficacy of intracutaneous sterile water for back pain in labour. Collins has collaborated with Gordon N. Stevenson in the field of image analysis since her D.Phil.
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The emergency physician, in German Notarzt, must be a Physician with a Notfallmedizin (Emergency Medicine) board certification, issued by the State Chamber of Physicians. In order to obtain the board certification, a minimum term of residency in a specialty related to critical care medicine, additional training in techniques of anaesthetics and critical care medicine and the passing of a board examination is required. While the position is technically open to any physician who completes the board certification process. Once on scene, the Notarzt performs all tasks associated with physicians in the field, acts as the Crew Chief, and provides medical direction to all subordinate EMS staff.
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The house is thought to have been originally built in about 1800. After being owned briefly by Richard Potter, chairman of the Great Western Railway Company, the estate was sold in 1866 to Dr. William Francis Price of Monmouth, who is credited as the first to introduce anaesthetics to Wales. He extended and modernised the house, before selling it in 1890 to Captain Henry Walters of the Royal Navy, who enlarged it further, adding two castellated towers and constructing a new driveway to the house's roadside lodge. He added terraces to the garden and a heated glasshouse with underground boilers, and also had built a large stable block.
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At the headquarters of the U.S. Sanitary Commission at Camp Letterman in Gettysburg, PA, a physician wields a liston knife (center) as a patient (in white) is held down on a table for an amputation. The Liston knife is a type of knife used in surgical amputation. The knife was named after Robert Liston Kirkup, John: The Evolution of Surgical Instruments, 2005 a Scottish surgeon noted for his skill and speed in an era prior to anaesthetics, when speed made a difference in terms of pain and survival. The knife was made out of high- quality metal and had a typical blade length of 6–8 inches.
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The hospital departments include Trauma and Emergency department, Orthopaedic surgery, Paediatrics, Obstetrics/Gynecology, Surgery, Internal Medicine, ARV clinic for HIV/AIDS in adults and children, Anaesthetics, Family Medicine, Dermatology, Oncology for adult and paediatric patients and burns unit. The other surgical specialties include Neurosurgery, Urology, Paediatric Surgery, Otolaryngology (ENT), Ophthalmology and Maxillofacial surgery. The facilities include Operating Theatre, Endoscopy Theatre, Intensive Care Unit (ICU) for adult, paediatric and neonatal patients, high care wards for general and obstetric patients and Haemodialysis suite. Frere also offers allied health services such as Physiotherapy, Occupational Therapy, Speech and Language Therapy, Audiology, Psychology, Social workers, Orthotics, Dentistry and Dietetics.
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Anaesthetized patients lose protective airway reflexes (such as coughing), airway patency, and sometimes a regular breathing pattern due to the effects of anaesthetics, opioids, or muscle relaxants. To maintain an open airway and regulate breathing, some form of breathing tube is inserted after the patient is unconscious. To enable mechanical ventilation, an endotracheal tube is often used, although there are alternative devices that can assist respiration, such as face masks or laryngeal mask airways. Generally, full mechanical ventilation is only used if a very deep state of general anaesthesia is to be induced for a major procedure, and/or with a profoundly ill or injured patient.
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No fewer than 15 tropane alkaloids have been isolated from Atropa baetica, of which the most abundant are atropine and scopolamine – alkaloids of frequent occurrence in toxic Solanaceous plants (notably in tribes Hyoscyameae and Datureae)) with a history of employment as analgesics, anaesthetics and hallucinogens in traditional medicine.Zarate, Rafael; Hermosin, Bernardo; Cantos, Manuel and Troncoso, Antonio: Tropane Alkaloid Distribution in Atropa baetica Plants: Journal of Chemical Ecology August 1997, Volume 23, Issue 8, pp. 2059–2066Maqbool, Farhana; Singh, Seema; Kaloo, Zahoor A.; and Jan, Mahroofa, of University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India: Medicinal Importance of Genus Atropa Royle -A review: International Journal of Advanced Research (2014), Volume 2, Issue 2, 48-54.
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Griggs' specialty is trauma and retrieval; until his retirement from medicine he was the Director of Trauma Services (from 1995) and Senior Consultant (Intensive Care, Retrieval Services and Anaesthetics) (from 1989) at Royal Adelaide Hospital. He was Director, Retrieval Coordination for MedSTAR Emergency Medical Retrieval. From 2007 until 2018 he was the South Australian State Controller (Health and Medical) for disasters. He is a Clinical Associate Professor at Adelaide University and has previously been a senior lecturer at Griffith University and the University of Otago. He also worked for the South Australian Ambulance Service from the early 1980s until 2019, and has been a volunteer with St John Ambulance Australia since the mid-1970s.
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The exact location and functionality of the cough center has remained somewhat elusive: while Johannes Peter Müller observed in 1838 that the medulla coordinates the cough reflex, investigating it has been slow because the usual anaesthetics for experimental animals were morphine or opiates, drugs which strongly inhibit cough. In addition, the center likely overlaps with the respiratory rhythm generator networks.J.G. Widdicombe, Neurophysiology of the Cough Reflex, Eur Respir J, 1995, 8, 1193–1202 It is hence not so much a specific area, but a function within the respiration and reflex networks of the brainstem. Cough receptors project to relay neurones in the solitary nucleus, which project to other parts of the respiratory networks.
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A Both respirator on display at the National Museum of Australia In 1938 Edward Both traveled to England to sell an electrocardiograph which he had invented. While there he heard over BBC Radio a request for an iron lung to help treat a young patient residing in a country hospital. Responding to the call, Both hired a workshop and assembled one of his designs within 24 hours, and the Both respirator was able to quickly gain the approval of the London County Council. Subsequently he built more of the respirators during his stay, and one was sent to the Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics at the Radcliffe Infirmary where a short film was made of the device.
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His work with a French ambulance corps during the First World War is mentioned only briefly, in connection with the use of hypnotic anaesthesia when no chemical anaesthetics were available – fatally injured soldiers often died with "a smile on their lips, with my hand on their forehead." Munthe published a few other reminiscences and essays during the course of his life, and some of them were incorporated into The Story of San Michele, which vastly overshadows all his other writing both in length and popularity. Worldwide, the book was immensely successful; by 1930, there had been twelve editions of the English version alone, and Munthe added a second preface. A third preface was written in 1936 for an illustrated edition.
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This treatment was tested in clinical trials and found to be effective. Although ART was initially developed in response to the needs of populations with less access to dental care, this minimally invasive dental treatment (preserving as much as possible the dental tissues) had similar outcomes to more invasive treatments (local anaesthetic and drilling the tooth with dental bur). This means that it suitable for use in any type of setting (from deprived communities to dental clinics) and it has been widely adopted into mainstream care. Due to its “atraumatic approach”, it has also been proven to be beneficial for patients with dental anxiety or learning disabilities, even where there is adequate dental care, as neither drilling nor local anaesthetics are required.
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Stowell joined Massey University in 1976, after a 1990 PhD titled 'Cloning and expression of the cDNA for human lactoferrin,' she rose to full professor in 2015. Stowell is best-known publicly for her work on malignant hyperthermia (MH), a genetic disorder which causes a severe and potentially fatal hypermetabolic reaction in susceptible people when exposed to inhaled anaesthetics or the muscle relaxant suxamethonium. Malignant hyperthermia has an incidence of between 1:10,000 and 1:250,000 worldwide, but 1:200 at Palmerston North Hospital due to a large family in the area carrying the gene for many generations. Stowell's work has largely concentrated on identifying the genetic basis for MH susceptibility, and developing genetic testing to replace the invasive muscle biopsy test currently used.
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In 1997 he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (together with Paul D. Boyer and John E. Walker) for his discovery of Na+,K+-ATPase, making him, at the time of his death, the last Danish Nobel laureate and the first at Aarhus University. Skou had taken a few years away from his clinical training in the early 1950s to study the action of local anaesthetics. He had discovered that a substance’s anaesthetic action was related to its ability to dissolve in a layer of the lipid part of the plasma membrane, the anaesthetic molecules affected the opening of sodium channels which he assumed to be protein. This, he argued, would affect the movement of sodium ions and make nerve cells inexcitable, thus causing anaesthesia.
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A 1942 medical journal article by the Journal of Criminal Psychopathology described the lobotomization, using only local anaesthetics, of a homosexual man convicted for sodomy; a later study showed that he had mentally degenerated as a result of the lobotomy. In 1948, New York native Gore Vidal's third novel, The City and the Pillar, was published by E. P. Dutton in New York. It was the first post-World War II novel whose openly gay and well-adjusted protagonist is not killed off at the end of the story for defying social norms. It is also recognized as one of the "definitive war-influenced gay novels", being one of the few books of its period dealing directly with male homosexuality.
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John Cade and Lithium The introduction of lithium revolutionized the treatment of manic-depressives by the 1970s. Prior to Cade's animal testing, manic-depressives were treated with a lobotomy or electro-convulsive therapy. In the 1950s the first safer, volatile anaesthetic halothane was developed through studies on rodents, rabbits, dogs, cats and monkeys.Raventos J (1956) Br J Pharmacol 11, 394 This paved the way for a whole new generation of modern general anaesthetics – also developed by animal studies – without which modern, complex surgical operations would be virtually impossible.Whalen FX, Bacon DR & Smith HM (2005) Best Pract Res Clin Anaesthesiol 19, 323 In 1960, Albert Starr pioneered heart valve replacement surgery in humans after a series of surgical advances in dogs.
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In non-bisphosphonate cases of ONJ, it is mainly the cancellous portion of the bone and its marrow content that are involved in the disease process. The first stage is an oedema of the bone marrow initiated by a bone infarct, which is itself modulated by numerous causes, leading to myelofibrosis as a result of hypoxia and gradual loss of bone density characteristic of ischaemic osteoporosis. Further deterioration can be triggered by additional bone infarcts leading to anoxia and localized areas of osteonecrosis within the osteoporotic cancellous bone. Secondary events such as dental infection, injection of local anaesthetics with vasoconstrictors, such as epinephrine, and trauma can add further complications to the disease process and chronic non-pus forming bone infection osteomyelitis can also be associated with ONJ.
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The century gave rise to anaesthetics and Antiseptics prompting an increase in the number of surgeries being performed. But with this heroic status and development of techniques came the taboo ideology cast upon cosmetic surgery as the trade filtered into the population, with civilians un-pleased with their aesthetic appearance undergoing surgery. In turn the need for secrecy arose as people felt the need to hide the truth about their surgical endeavours. From here a surgeon by the name of Henry Junius Schireson, acquired his license to practice throughout multiple states of America, who became known in 1923 when he performed rhinoplasty on a Jewish actress Fanny Brice in her New York apartment, giving birth to the booming trade of cosmetic surgery for everyday civilians.
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Sally L. Collins BSc BMBCh DPhil FRCOG is an Associate Professor of Obstetrics in the Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford and a Consultant Obstetrician subspecializing in Feto-Maternal Medicine at the John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford. She is also a lecturer in Medical Sciences at St. Anne’s College, University of Oxford. Collins was formerly a researcher in the Oxford Pain Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford (1996-1999) and a professional actress (1990-1996). She is the lead author of Oxford Handbook of Obstetrics and Gynecology (2nd, 3rd Editions) and co-wrote Obstetric Medicine, one of the first books in the Oxford Specialist Handbooks in Obstetrics and Gynaecology series for which she is Series Editor.
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These fulfilled criteria include a suitable nervous system and sensory receptors; opioid receptors and reduced responses to noxious stimuli when given analgesics and local anaesthetics; physiological changes to noxious stimuli; displaying protective motor reactions; exhibiting avoidance learning, and making trade-offs between noxious stimulus avoidance; and other motivational requirements. In vertebrates, endogenous opioids are neurochemicals that moderate pain by interacting with opioid receptors. Opioid peptides and opioid receptors occur naturally in crustaceans, and although it was concluded in 2005 "at present no certain conclusion can be drawn", more recent considerations suggest their presence along with related physiological and behavioural responses as indicating that crustaceans may experience pain. Opioids may moderate pain in crustaceans in a similar way to that in vertebrates.
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The fifth child of William Duncan, a merchant, and his wife Isabella Matthews, he was born on 29 April 1826 in Aberdeen. After education at Aberdeen grammar school, he entered Marischal College, Aberdeen, studying Medicine and graduated M.A. in April 1843. He continued study at Edinburgh University in 1845, and, returning to Aberdeen, graduated M.D. in 1846, before he was 21. Duncan spent the winter of 1846–7 in Paris, attending the lectures of Gabriel Andral, Jean Cruveilhier, Mathieu Orfila, and Alfred- Armand-Louis-Marie Velpeau. He returned in April 1847, and shortly became the assistant in Edinburgh of James Young Simpson. He assisted Simpson in his experiments in anaesthetics, and on 4 November 1847 experimentally inhaled chloroform to the point of insensibility.
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Each training registrar select a speciality that can be used in a rural area from the Advanced Skills Training list and spends a minimum of 12 months completing this specialty, the most common of which are Surgery, Obstetrics/Gynaecology and Anaesthetics. Further choices of specialty include Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Health, Adult Internal Medicine, Emergency Medicine, Mental Health, Paediatrics, Population health and Remote Medicine. Shortly after the establishment of the FACRRM, the Royal Australian College of General Practitioners introduced an additional training year (from the basic 3 years) to offer the "Fellowship in Advanced Rural General Practice". The additional year, or Advanced Rural Skills Training (ARST) can be conducted in various locations from Tertiary Hospitals to Small General Practice.
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He devised neuromodels of the visual system in primates, visuo-verbal system in humans, the effect of anaesthetics on awareness, and artificial consciousness. He inspired the engineering design of one of the first stand alone neural pattern recognition systems, the WISARD (anonym for Wilkie Stonham Aleksander's Recognition Device) which was named after the co-inventors Bruce Wilkie, John Stonham and Igor Aleksander. This Brunel University prototype WISARD was commercially developed and marketed by Computer Recognition Systems, Wokingham, under the trade name of ’CRS WISARD’ in 1984. After this, the further developments of this system do not appear to have been documented. A popular link for WISARD is that of “the wisard pattern recognition machine” at the Winton Gallery, British Science Museum.
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Inhaled general anaesthetics frequently do not change structure of their target protein (of Cys-loop receptor here) but change its dynamics especially dynamics in the flexible loops that connect α-helices in a bundle thus disrupting modes of motion essential for the protein function. In the early 1980s, Franks and Lieb demonstrated that the Meyer-Overton correlation can be reproduced using a soluble protein. They found that two classes of proteins are inactivated by clinical doses of anaesthetic in the total absence of lipids. These are luciferases, which are used by bioluminescent animals and bacteria to produce light, and cytochrome P450, which is a group of heme proteins that hydroxylate a diverse group of compounds, including fatty acids, steroids, and xenobiotics such as phenobarbital.
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Indeed, even as recently as 2003 there were several Both respirators still being used in private residences. In 1938 Both was in England to sell his ECG machines when he heard a request over BBC Radio for an iron lung to assist an individual suffering from poliomyelitis. With the assistance of the South Australian Agent-General, Both set up shop in a hired workshop and produced a few of his "cabinets", one of which was featured in a film produced by the Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics at Radcliffe Infirmary. The film was viewed by William Morris (Lord Nuffield), who was inspired to construct the devices at his Morris Motors LImited factory and offer them, free of charge, to any hospital in the Commonwealth that requested one.
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London's Air Ambulance Charity delivering an advanced trauma team to a critically injured patient at Tower Bridge London's Air Ambulance Charity has been at the forefront of innovation in pre-hospital emergency medical care since its inception in 1989. The service has adopted elements of medical, military and aviation culture to deliver the highest standards in intensive care to the roadside. The governance system and standard operating procedures (SOP) developed by the organisation are seen as a benchmark for other air ambulances across the world. London's Air Ambulance carries a senior doctor in addition to a paramedic at all times, providing a 24/7 advanced trauma care outside of hospital, provide general anaesthetics on scene, and carry blood on board and administer blood transfusion on the roadside.
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He developed his interest in anaesthesia as a medical student during which time he administered many anaesthetics and developed an acute awareness of the subtleties essential for safe anaesthesia practice with the drugs and techniques available at that time. Anaesthesia became his professional career and he served as Anaesthetist-in-Chief at the Montreal Homeopathic Hospital, subsequently renamed the Queen Elizabeth Hospital, from 1923 to 1959, and remained active as an anaesthetist until 1966. He introduced the use of ethylene (1923) and cyclopropane (1933) into Canadian anaesthetic practice. The outstanding achievement of his career was the introduction of muscle relaxants to the practice of anaesthesia on January 23, 1942, when he and resident Enid Johnson used curare for the first time during anesthesia to produce muscle relaxation.
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Chloroprocaine was developed to meet the need for a short-acting spinal anaesthetic that is reliable and has a favourable safety profile to support the growing need for day-case surgery. Licensed in Europe for surgical procedures up to 40 minutes, chloroprocaine is an ester- type local anaesthetic with the shortest duration of action of all the established local anaesthetics. It has a significantly shorter duration of action than lidocaine and is significantly less toxic. Chloroprocaine has a motor block lasting for 40 minutes, a rapid onset time of 3–5 minutes (9.6 min ± 7.3 min at 40 mg dose; 7.9 min ± 6.0 min at 50 mg dose) and a time to ambulation of 90 minutes without complications, especially lacking transient neurologic symptomatology.
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In April 2013, Al Maktoum's Godolphin stables trainer Mahmood Al Zarooni was disqualified for eight years from thoroughbred horse racing by the British Horseracing Authority for administering steroids to eleven racehorses. Al Maktoum stated that he was “appalled and angered” by the case and announced that the stable would be locked down while drug tests were carried out on all horses who were under Al Zarooni's care. In May, Al Maktoum as Prime Minister of the United Arab Emirates, issued a decree outlawing and criminalizing the use of anabolic steroids on horses in the United Arab Emirates. In October 2013, scandal returned to Sheikh Mohammed in the venue of horseracing, with reports of potentially toxic and dangerous steroids, anaesthetics, and anti-inflammatory drugs being shipped into UAE, mislabeled as "horse tack".
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Originally a general practitioner, he accepted a post at the Queen's Hospital, Sidcup, in 1919 as an anaesthetist. The hospital had been established for the treatment of facial injuries sustained in World War I. Working with plastic surgeon Harold Gillies, he was responsible for the development of numerous items of anaesthetic equipment but most particularly the single-tube technique of endotracheal anaesthesia. This was driven by the immense difficulties of administering "standard" anaesthetics such as chloroform and ether to men with severe facial injury using masks; they would cover the operative field. Following the closure of the hospital, and the diminishing numbers of patients seen from the war era, he continued to work with Gillies in private practice but was also appointed to the Westminster and Brompton Hospitals, London.
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In 1991, Jackie Mann, Terry Waite and John McCarthy were all given a medical examination upon their release from captivity before being taken by aircraft to RAF Lyneham in Wiltshire. In March 1996, the RAF military hospitals at Wroughton and Halton closed, as did the last one in Germany, Wegberg, along with two army hospitals too. The last military hospitals were transferred to the newly formed Defence Secondary Care Agency, and so the TPMH was renamed as The Princess Mary's Hospital, Akrotiri. In 1999, the secondary care specialisations at the hospital were described as "..anaesthetics, general medicine, general surgery, orthopaedic surgery, obstetrics and gynaecology and oral maxillo-facial surgery." In the same year, the number of staff was listed as being 124; 80 drawn from military personnel and 44 from a civilian workforce.
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On graduating from Mountview Academy of Theatre Arts Collins started her career as a professional actress appearing in several stage productions as well as Thames Television’s series ‘The Bill’ and a BBC 999 Lifesaver’s special. In 1996 she left acting and joined the team at the Pain Research Unit, Nuffield Department of Anaesthetics, University of Oxford. Here she developed several practical methods to enable the meta-analysis of pain studies most notably a tool which allows comparison between a visual analogue pain scale and categorical pain scores. During this time she published numerous Cochrane Reviews of a variety of analgesics and significantly contributed to the Oxford Ladder of Analgesic Efficacy. Collins was the Clinical Lead for Obstetrics for AirBorn, the UK’s first perinatal air ambulance service (2011-2016).
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A wrapping used to immobilize the arm to the chest wall is known as a "Velpeau bandage". There are several other medical terms associated with his name, however these terms are now primarily used for historical purposes only; these include: "Velpeau hernia" for the femoral hernia, "Velpeau's disease" for hidradenitis suppurativa, "Velpeau's canal" for the inguinal canal and "Velpeau's fossa", also known as the ischiorectal fossa.Mondofacto Dictionary definition of eponyms Despite being one of the top surgeons in his time, Velpeau believed that pain-free surgery was a fantasy, and that surgery and pain were inseparable. With the advent of anaesthetics such as ether and chloroform in the 1840s, Velpeau was amazed, saying "On the subject of ether, that it is a wonderful and terrible agent, I will say of chloroform, that it is still more wonderful and more terrible".
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Medical care is frequently compared adversely to aviation; while many of the factors that lead to errors in both fields are similar, aviation's error management protocols are regarded as much more effective. Safety measures include informed consent, the availability of a second practitioner's opinion, voluntary reporting of errors, root cause analysis, reminders to improve patient medication adherence, hospital accreditation, and systems to ensure review by experienced or specialist practitioners. A template has been developed for the design (both structure and operation) of hospital medication safety programmes, particularly for acute tertiary settings, which emphasizes safety culture, infrastructure, data (error detection and analysis), communication and training. Particularly to prevent the medication errors in the perspective of the intrathecal administration of local anaesthetics, there is a proposal to change the presentation and packaging of the appliances and agents used for this purpose.
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In the article he explained the technique he had developed in order to be able to inject the anesthetics in the lumbar region, leaving the spinal canal untouched and without the need to reach complete anesthesia. The article explained how Pagés, who had frequently performed spinal anesthesias, developed the idea of injecting the anesthetics through the lumbar space between the 4th and 5th vertebrae, described 43 operations using this technique, provided details on each step and advised on the right dose of anaesthetics (twice as much as was previously recommended in similar techniques). It also explained the effects of gradual insensibility and motor paralysis, the indications and contraindications and concluded recommending the use of this technique for surgical interventions. The technique was widely put into practice in the following months during the Spanish campaign in the Rif.
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At the inquest into Albert Voss's death at least one witness, his estranged brother, accused him of being culpable, claiming that Voss's business trips to the continent to buy anaesthetics masked a lucrative sideline in drug smuggling. This rumour had followed Voss for some time before his death and was alleged to have been the subject of investigations by the Metropolitan Police. Voss, according to his brother, was travelling aboard the aircraft together with his niece, and they were aware that the authorities were on to them. Under this theory, Voss sought to escape from the authorities by destroying the aircraft using various flammable substances to which his work gave him easy access and then bailing out in the confused circumstances, hoping that in the aftermath no one would notice one fewer body than there should have been.
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William Stewart Halsted, M.D. (September 23, 1852 – September 7, 1922) was an American surgeon who emphasized strict aseptic technique during surgical procedures, was an early champion of newly discovered anaesthetics, and introduced several new operations, including the radical mastectomy for breast cancer. Along with William Osler (Professor of Medicine), Howard Atwood Kelly (Professor of Gynecology) and William H. Welch (Professor of Pathology), Halsted was one of the "Big Four" founding professors at the Johns Hopkins Hospital.Johns Hopkins Medicine:The Four Founding Professors His operating room at Johns Hopkins Hospital is in Ward G, and was described as a small room where medical discoveries and miracles took place. According to an intern who once worked in Halsted's operating room, Halsted had unique techniques, operated on the patients with great confidence and often had perfect results which astonished the interns.
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He spent much of the years 1907–1908 in London, studying anaesthetics under one Dr. Barker, perhaps Arthur Edward James Barker (10 May 1850 – 1916) at the Queen Alexandra Military Hospital, Millbank. Hornabrook, his wife and small family moved to Victoria in early 1909, settling at Lansdowne Road, East St Kilda. He was appointed assistant anaesthetist to the Melbourne General Hospital, where he is credited with popularizing use of the "ethyl chloride-ether sequence" (chloroethane followed by di-ethyl ether) for general anaesthesia. Following the outbreak of the First World War, Hornabrook on 3 August 1914 enlisted with the Permanent Naval Force on battlecruiser HMAS Australia, serving as temporary surgeon under Staff Surgeon Alexander Ruan Caw. HMAS Australia was involved with the AN&MEF;, which captured German New Guinea, then joined the Royal Navy’s Grand Fleet as flagship of the 2nd Battlecruiser Squadron, patrolling the North Sea, but saw little action.
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There had been various investigations into the question of the safe administration of anaesthetics, but Embley was not satisfied with the conclusions arrived at and made a comprehensive inquiry into the problem. In 1902 he was able to show "that heart muscle is very sensitive to chloroform poisoning, that this drug raises the excitability of the vagus, that deaths in the induction stage of anaesthesia are syncopal and unconcerned with respiration, that failure of respiration is mainly due to fall of blood pressure, and that in the post-indication stages of anaesthesia there is a general depression of all activities and no longer syncope through excited vagus action". This was Embley's most important achievement, and the value of his work was widely recognized. Embley continued his investigations into various aspects of the subject for many years, and was honorary anaesthetist to the Melbourne hospital until 1917.
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Opium poppy seed and flower at Buddha lodge of Chaurikharka, Nepal Apothecary vessel for storage of opium as a pharmaceutical, Germany, 18th or 19th century The Mediterranean region contains the earliest archeological evidence of human use; the oldest known seeds date back to more than 5000 BCE in the Neolithic age with purposes such as food, anaesthetics, and ritual. Evidence from ancient Greece indicates that opium was consumed in several ways, including inhalation of vapors, suppositories, medical poultices, and as a combination with hemlock for suicide. The Sumerian, Assyrian, Egyptian, Indian, Minoan, Greek, Roman, Persian and Arab Empires all made widespread use of opium, which was the most potent form of pain relief then available, allowing ancient surgeons to perform prolonged surgical procedures. Opium is mentioned in the most important medical texts of the ancient world, including the Ebers Papyrus and the writings of Dioscorides, Galen, and Avicenna.
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Pagés was probably acquainted with the German and French medical literature on previous experiences with anaesthetics in the epidural space and had contact with German surgeons in Vienna who had experimented with that technique. After his return to Madrid, he continued practising surgery in the General Hospital of Madrid, publishing several medical articles (he became the editor in chief of the "Revista de Sanidad Militar", ) and working in the Ministry of War. In 1919 he founded, together with doctor Ramírez de la Mata the "Revista Española de Cirugía" (), where he published a great number of comments and articles about anesthesia (on Meltzer's endotracheal anesthesia, Ombredanne's inhaler, Trendelenburg's cannula, Victor Horsley's hedonal intravenous anesthesia and Le Filliatre's total spinal anesthesia). In 1920 he was assigned to the Emergency Military Hospital in Madrid, although he was stationed briefly in Melilla in 1921 as a result of the Spanish colonial disaster of Annual, where he practiced hundreds of surgical interventions on injured troops.
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Dame Lesley Regan (born 1956) is a British gynaecologist She is Professor and Head of Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust at St Mary's Hospital, and Deputy Head of the Division of Surgery, Oncology, Reproductive Biology and Anaesthetics at Imperial College London. She was elected the president of the Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists in 2016, the second woman and the first in 64 years to hold this position. In her first presidential address, she discussed the importance of a healthy lifestyle for a safe pregnancy, and the risks of obesity. Regan graduated from the Royal Free Hospital, London in 1980 before becoming a registrar in obstetrics and gynaecology at Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge. She was awarded an MD thesis after a secondment to the Medical Research Council’s Embryo and Gamete Research Group before moving to London to be consultant and senior lecturer in obstetrics and gynaecology at St Mary’s Hospital, where she is now chair and head of the department.
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The physician Muhammad ibn Zakariya al-Razi of Persian origin ("Rhazes", 845–930 CE) maintained a laboratory and school in Baghdad, and was a student and critic of Galen; he made use of opium in anesthesia and recommended its use for the treatment of melancholy in Fi ma-la-yahdara al-tabib, "In the Absence of a Physician", a home medical manual directed toward ordinary citizens for self-treatment if a doctor was not available. The renowned Andalusian ophthalmologic surgeon Abu al-Qasim al-Zahrawi ("Abulcasis", 936–1013 CE) relied on opium and mandrake as surgical anaesthetics and wrote a treatise, al-Tasrif, that influenced medical thought well into the 16th century. The Persian physician Abū ‘Alī al-Husayn ibn Sina ("Avicenna") described opium as the most powerful of the stupefacients, in comparison to mandrake and other highly effective herbs, in The Canon of Medicine. The text lists medicinal effects of opium, such as analgesia, hypnosis, antitussive effects, gastrointestinal effects, cognitive effects, respiratory depression, neuromuscular disturbances, and sexual dysfunction.
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Also born in proximity to Ludlow was Henry Hill Hickman (1800–1830), a very early pioneer of anaesthetics, at Lady Halton, near Bromfield. Pictorialist photographer Henry Peach Robinson (1830–1901) was born in the town. Captain Adrian Jones MVO (1845 in Ludlow – 1938), the well-known sculptor has many works throughout the world, particularly the Peace Quadriga on the Wellington arch in London, and his ashes are buried at St Laurence's church. Sir William Jukes-Steward (1841–1912), later Speaker of the New Zealand House of Representatives, had a boyhood home in Ludlow, where he attended the Grammar School, at Numbers 4–5 King Street (marked by plaque). Captain Geoffrey Bennett DSC (1909–1983), Fellow of the Royal Historical Society, naval officer and a well-known author, writing novels such as 'Sea Lion' and naval histories under his own name, retired to a cottage in central Ludlow in 1976, where he died. Lieutenant-Colonel Uvedale Corbett CBE DSO (1909–2005) was a British soldier, politician and businessman and Conservative MP for Ludlow from 1945 to 1951.
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It was agreed with the College of Physicians that, in addition to the normal examinations for all students at the University, medical students would also be examined in "all parts of Anatomy relating to the Œconomia Animalis, and in all parts of Botany, Chemistry, and Pharmacy, and that every candidate Doctor in Physic be examined as to the aforesaid subjects, and likewise in the explanation of Hippocrates' Aphorisms, and in the theory and cure of external and internal diseases." A bequest drawn up in 1711 by the eminent physician Sir Patrick Dun provided for the endowment of further professorships of physic at Trinity, to be appointed jointly by Trinity, the College of Physicians and the Archbishop of Dublin. To allow this to be carried out, a royal charter was sought to establish the School of Physic under the joint government of both Colleges, and this was granted in 1715. The school expanded significantly in the first half of the 20th century, with the establishment of professorships in pathology, bacteriology and biochemistry, and lecturerships in radiology, anaesthetics and psychological medicine, among others.
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Alleyn's digging reveals that it would have been possible for any member of the surgical team to have committed the crime. He learns that Harden loved O'Callaghan to the point that even after his death she was unable to return Phillips's feelings; that Banks is a member of an anarchist society almost completely controlled by the authorities (and which has more bark than bite, as Alleyn finds out when he attends a meeting in disguise with his amanuensis, Nigel Bathgate); that O'Callaghan's sister, an unbalanced, shrill, unintelligent hysteric, has been bullying her brother into taking quack medicine produced by an avowed Communist; and that Dr. Roberts the anaesthetist is a firm believer in eugenics to the point that he is unable to prevent himself from expounding on the topic for hours. Frustrated, Alleyn finally arranges for a re-enactment of the operation; he is suspecting Roberts to be the killer but has no real evidence for this. During the re-enactment Sister Marigold brushes by Roberts's bulky anaesthetics cart during a weak moment and Dr. Thoms erupts in anger and nervousness, screaming that she could have blown up the entire room had the cart (which carries ether) fallen over.
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