The sulcus, between the clitoris and labia majora, was gone, Dr. Percec said.
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The mentolabial sulcus, the point of the pyramid, seems to be the most sensitive part.
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Seventeen of the 18 long-term astronauts experienced a narrowing of the central sulcus in the brain.
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All three astronauts who developed this visual impairment also experienced a narrowing of the central sulcus in the brain.
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For novices, this region — which is called the occipitotemporal sulcus and often processes animal images — didn't show a preference for pokémon.
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The central sulcus is a critical area that separates the region responsible for much of our motor function from the region that regulates input of sensory stimuli, Roberts said.
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The scans revealed that a brainfold called the occipitotemporal sulcus, which lines the temporal lobe, was the dedicated spot for the recollection of specific Pokémon in all the subjects.
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Previous studies have shown that the occipitotemporal sulcus is also responsive to animal images, so it makes sense that the animalistic characters of Pokémon end up filed away there.
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Inside a major groove, or sulcus, that runs through the auditory cortex, there was a "hot spot of music selectivity," he said, above and a little forward of the ear.
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The fifth traced the brain's perception of speech, and for the sixth the data turned operatic, disclosing a neuronal hot spot in the major crevice, or sulcus, of the auditory cortex that attended to every music clip the researchers had played.
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But soon Luna is playing with a pyramid stencil, trying to get the positioning right on Sam's chin, which proves difficult because of the mentolabial sulcus, the groove that dips in below your lower lip before the chin bulges out.
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It extends posteriorly toward the calcarine sulcus. The precuneus is bordered anteriorly by the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus (margin of cingulate sulcus), posteriorly by the parietooccipital sulcus, and inferiorly by the subparietal sulcus.
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The subparietal sulcus (Sulcus subparietalis) or suprasplenial sulcus is a sulcus, or crevice, on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere, above the splenium of the corpus callosum. It separates the precuneus from the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus. It is the posterior continuation of the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate sulcus actually "terminates" as the marginal sulcus of the cingulate sulcus (margin of cingulate gyrus).
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The precentral sulcus is a part of the human brain that lies parallel to, and in front of, the central sulcus. (A sulcus is one of the prominent grooves on the surface of the human brain.) The precentral sulcus divides the inferior, middle and superior frontal gyri from the precentral gyrus. In most brains, the precentral sulcus is divided into two parts: the inferior precentral sulcus and the superior precentral sulcus. However, the precentral sulcus may sometimes be divided into three parts or form one continuous sulcus.
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The anterolateral sulcus (or ventrolateral sulcus) is a sulcus on the side of the medulla oblongata between the olive and pyramid. The rootlets of the hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) emerge from this sulcus.
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The paracentral sulcus is a sulcus of the brain. It forms the paracentral lobule's anterior border. It is part of the cingulate sulcus.
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The cingulate sulcus is a sulcus (brain fold) on the cingulate cortex in the medial wall of the cerebral cortex. The frontal and parietal lobes are separated from the cingulate gyrus by the cingulate sulcus. It terminates as the marginal sulcus of the cingulate sulcus. It sends a ramus to separate the paracentral lobule from the frontal gyri, the paracentral sulcus.
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The marginal sulcus (margin of the cingulate sulcus) may be considered the termination of the cingulate sulcus. It separates the paracentral lobule anteriorly and the precuneus posteriorly.
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The accessory, vagus, and glossopharyngeal nerves correspond with the posterior nerve roots, and are attached to the bottom of a sulcus named the posterolateral sulcus (or dorsolateral sulcus).
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The name tiger stripes is an unofficial term given to these four features based on their distinctive albedo. Enceladean sulci (subparallel furrows and ridges), like Samarkand Sulci and Harran Sulci, have been named after cities or countries referred to in The Arabian Nights. Accordingly, in November 2006, the tiger stripes were assigned the official names Alexandria Sulcus, Cairo Sulcus, Baghdad Sulcus and Damascus Sulcus (Camphor Sulcus is a smaller feature that branches off Alexandria Sulcus). Baghdad and Damascus sulci are the most active, while Alexandria Sulcus is the least active.
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The transverse occipital sulcus comes down along the lateral occipital surface or the inferior occipital sulcus.
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He was the first to describe the sulcus sagittalis gyri fusiformis (today: mid- fusiform sulcus), and correctly determined that a sulcus divides the fusiform gyrus into lateral and medial partitions. W. Julius Mickle mentioned the mid- fusiform sulcus in 1897 and attempted to clarify the relation between temporal sulci and the fusiform gyrus, calling it the “intra-gyral sulcus of the fusiform lobule”.
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The postcentral sulcus of the parietal lobe lies parallel to, and behind, the central sulcus in the human brain. (A sulcus is one of the prominent grooves on the surface of the brain.) The postcentral sulcus divides the postcentral gyrus from the remainder of the parietal lobe.
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The inferior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the middle frontal gyrus and the inferior frontal gyrus.
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The superior frontal sulcus is a sulcus between the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus.
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The anterior interventricular sulcus (or anterior longitudinal sulcus) is one of two grooves that separates the ventricles of the heart, the other being the posterior interventricular sulcus. The anterior interventricular sulcus is situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin. The anterior interventricular branch of the left coronary artery runs in the sulcus along with the great cardiac vein.
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In addition, while the width of the central sulcus varies, the central sulcus of males has shown to have a larger average width than the central sulcus of females. However, this is specific to the right hemisphere since the central sulcus of the left hemisphere has not shown significant results regarding gender differences. With regard to gender differences between hemispheres, females have been shown to have a larger average width of the central sulcus on the left side compared to that of the central sulcus on the right side. Age also affects the shape of the central sulcus.
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Segments 5–16 have a transverse sulcus, which is common among males. The sulcus is rarely present in females.
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In brain anatomy, the lunate sulcus or simian sulcus also known as the sulcus lunatus is a fissure in the occipital lobe variably found in humans and more often larger when present in apes and monkeys. The lunate sulcus marks the transition between V1 and V2. The lunate sulcus lies further back in human brains but has a more forward location in chimpanzees. The evolutionary expansion of the frontal areas of the lunate sulcus would have caused a shift in the particular location of the fissure.
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Rumen of a sheep from left. 1 Atrium ruminis, 2 Saccus dorsalis, 3 Saccus ventralis, 4 Recessus ruminis, 5 Saccus cecus caudodorsalis, 6 Saccus cecus caudoventralis, 7 Sulcus cranialis, 8 Sulcus longitudinalis sinister, 9 Sulcus coronarius dorsalis, 10 Sulcus coronarius ventralis, 11 Sulcus caudalis, 12 Sulcus accessorius sinister, 13 Insula ruminis, 14 Sulcus ruminoreticularis, 15 Reticulum, 16 Abomasum, 17 Oesophagus, 18 Spleen. The rumen is composed of several muscular sacs, the cranial sac, ventral sac, ventral blindsac, and reticulum. The lining of the rumen wall is covered in small fingerlike projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 5 mm in length and 3 mm wide in cattle.
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The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus. Its depth is an indicator of congenital anosmia.
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The Anterolateral sulcus of spinal cord is a landmark on the anterior side of the spinal cord. It denotes the location at which the ventral fibers leave the spinal cord. The anterolateral sulcus is less visible than the posterolateral sulcus.
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Sulci are divided into following categories: On the basis of function: #A limiting sulcus separates at its floor into two areas which are different functionally and structurally e.g. central sulcus between the motor and sensory areas. #Axial sulcus develops in the long axis of a rapidly growing homogeneous area e.g. postcalcarine sulcus in the long axis of the striate area.
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The transverse occipital sulcus is a structure in the occipital lobe. The transverse occipital sulcus is continuous with the posterior end of the occipital ramus of the intraparietal sulcus, and runs across the upper part of the lobe, a short distance behind the parietooccipital fissure.
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The inferior frontal junction area is an area of the brain located at the junction of the inferior frontal sulcus and the inferior precentral sulcus.
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050 As motor functions develop, it is expected that the shape of the central sulcus will change. This is due to the role of the central sulcus in separating the primary motor cortex and primary somatosensory cortex. For example, differences along the central sulcus have been reported in musicians, particularly with regard to an omega formation along the center portion of the central sulcus, commonly referred to as the "hand knob". Among musicians who specialize in string instruments, this omega formation is specific to the right central sulcus.
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The basilar sulcus (groove for basilar artery) is a groove in the pons, part of the brainstem. The basilar sulcus is vertical directed and lies in the midline of the pons on its anterior (front) surface. The basilar artery runs within the basilar sulcus. The basilar sulcus is bounded on either side by an eminence caused by the descent of the cerebrospinal fibers through the substance of the pons.
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The superior temporal sulcus (STS) is the sulcus separating the superior temporal gyrus from the middle temporal gyrus in the temporal lobe of the brain. The superior temporal sulcus is the first sulcus inferior to the lateral fissure. Studies reveal multisensory processing capabilities. Research has documented activation in the STS as a result of five specific social inputs, and thus the STS is assumed to be implicated in social perception.
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At the front edge of the occipital lobe are several occipital gyri, which are separated by lateral occipital sulcus. The occipital aspects along the inside face of each hemisphere are divided by the calcarine sulcus. Above the medial, Y-shaped sulcus lies the cuneus, and the area below the sulcus is the lingual gyrus. Damage to the primary visual areas of the occipital lobe can cause partial or complete blindness.
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The lateral sulcus (also called Sylvian fissure or lateral fissure) is one of the most prominent features of the human brain. The lateral sulcus is a deep fissure in each hemisphere that separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe. The insular cortex lies deep within the lateral sulcus.
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Brodmann area 31, also known as dorsal posterior cingulate area 31, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies portions of the posterior cingulate gyrus and medial aspect of the parietal lobe. Approximate boundaries are the cingulate sulcus dorsally and the parieto-occipital sulcus caudally. It partially surrounds the subparietal sulcus, the ventral continuation of the cingulate sulcus in the parietal lobe.
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Thus, it is bounded caudally by the inferior precentral sulcus (H) and rostrally by the anterior ascending limb of lateral sulcus (H). It surrounds the diagonal sulcus (H). In the depth of the lateral sulcus it borders on the insula. Cytoarchitectonically it is bounded caudally and dorsally by the agranular frontal area 6, dorsally by the granular frontal area 9 and rostrally by the triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (Brodmann area 45 BA 45).
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The surface area of the central sulcus has proven to have an effect on the handedness of an individual. Studies have found that when the central sulcus is larger in the left hemisphere, the individual tends to me more right hand dominant. This is also true about the central sulcus for left handed individuals; there is a greater surface area of the central sulcus in the right hemisphere. While the surface area of the central sulcus is shown to affect the handedness of an individual, it is not understood what the shape of the central sulcus affects as it is not widely explored. There is a region of the central sulcus, called the “hand knob”, which is a notch in the area of the hand motor region. The position of this “knob” can be indicative as well of someone's handedness.
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On either side of the posterior median sulcus of the spinal cord, and at a short distance from it, the posterior nerve roots are attached along a vertical furrow named the posterolateral sulcus. The portion of the medulla spinalis which lies between this and the posterior median sulcus is named the posterior funiculus.
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The occipital gyri (OcG) are three gyri in parallel, along the lateral portion of the occipital lobe, also referred to as a composite structure in the brain. The gyri are the superior occipital gyrus, the middle occipital gyrus, and the inferior occipital gyrus, and these are also known as the occipital face area. The superior and inferior occipital sulci separates the three occipital gyri. The intraoccipital sulcus, also known as the superior occipital sulcus, stems from the intraparietal sulcus and continues until the sulcus reaches the transverse occipital sulcus, separating the superior occipital gyrus from the middle occipital gyrus.
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"Intermammary" ("inter", between + "mamma", breasts + "ry", placeinter-, Merriam-Webstermamma, Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press-ery, Dictionary.com) means something that is located or performed between the breasts (example: intermammary intercourse).intermammary, Merriam- Webster "Sulcus" is a Latin word that means a furrow or groove, commonly used to mean a fold, fissure or furrow of the brain (example: lateral sulcus).sulcus, Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879), A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Presssulcus, Merriam-Webster sulcus, Cambridge Dictionary sulcus, Collins Dictionary In popular usage the area is commonly referred to as a cleavage of breasts.
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In the occipital lobe, the lateral occipital sulcus, where present, divides the lateral, or middle occipital gyrus into a superior and an inferior part, which are then continuous in front with the parietal and temporal lobes. The anterior portion is often incomplete, but in some individuals it may encounter the superior temporal sulcus whilst the posterior portion originates from the middle of the curved lunate sulcus, or from a curved portion of the transverse occipital sulcus if absent.
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The junctional epithelium (JE) is that epithelium which lies at, and in health also defines, the base of the gingival sulcus. The probing depth of the gingival sulcus is measured by a calibrated periodontal probe. In a healthy- case scenario, the probe is gently inserted, slides by the sulcular epithelium (SE), and is stopped by the epithelial attachment (EA). However, the probing depth of the gingival sulcus may be considerably different from the true histological gingival sulcus depth.
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The anal sulcus coincides with the end of the keel.
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The terminal sulcus is a groove in the right atrium of the heart. The terminal sulcus marks the separation of the right atrial pectinate muscles from the sinus venarum. The terminal sulcus extends from the front of the superior vena cava to the front of the inferior vena cava, and represents the line of union of the sinus venosus of the embryo with the primitive atrium. On the internal aspect of the right atrium, corresponding to the terminal sulcus is the crista terminalis.
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The limbic lobe is an arc-shaped region of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. The term is ambiguous, with some authors including the paraterminal gyrus, the subcallosal area, the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus and the subiculum; while the Terminologia Anatomica includes the cingulate sulcus, the cingulate gyrus, the isthmus of cingulate gyrus, the fasciolar gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the parahippocampal sulcus, the dentate gyrus, the fimbrodentate sulcus, the fimbria of hippocampus, the collateral sulcus, and the rhinal sulcus, and omits the hippocampus.
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Pitcher D, Japee S, Rauth L, Ungerleider LG. The Superior Temporal Sulcus Is Causally Connected to the Amygdala: A Combined TBS-fMRI Study. J Neurosci. 2017;37(5):1156–1161. doi:10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0114-16.2016 The patterns of activations found in this study suggests that facial information is processed by projections in the right hemisphere from the posterior superior temporal sulcus, through the anterior superior temporal sulcus, and into the amygdala. Another study showed that the resting-state functional connectivity between the right posterior superior temporal sulcus, the right occipital face area, early visual cortex, and bilateral superior temporal sulcus was positively correlated with each subject’s ability to recognize facial expression.
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The limbic lobe is an arc-shaped region of cortex on the medial surface of each cerebral hemisphere of the mammalian brain, consisting of parts of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes. The term is ambiguous, with some authors including the paraterminal gyrus, the subcallosal area, the cingulate gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the dentate gyrus, the hippocampus and the subiculum; while the Terminologia Anatomica includes the cingulate sulcus, the cingulate gyrus, the isthmus of cingulate gyrus, the fasciolar gyrus, the parahippocampal gyrus, the parahippocampal sulcus, the dentate gyrus, the fimbrodentate sulcus, the fimbria of hippocampus, the collateral sulcus, and the rhinal sulcus, and omits the hippocampus.
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The surface is otherwise smooth except for faint incremental lines. The aperture is lunate. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The outer lip is sharp, thin and arcuately produced in front of the sulcus.
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The calcarine sulcus is where the primary visual cortex (V1) is concentrated. The central visual field is located in the posterior portion of the calcarine sulcus and the peripheral visual field in the anterior portion.
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On the external aspect of the right atrium, corresponding to the crista terminalis is a groove, the terminal sulcus or commonly known as sulcus terminalis. The crista terminalis provides the origin for the pectinate muscles.
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Back side and base of the heart. The coronary sinus (labeled) runs in the coronary sulcus; the middle cardiac vein (labeled) runs in the posterior interventricular sulcus. The two sulci meet in the crux cordis. The crux cordis or crux of the heart (from Latin "crux" meaning "cross") is the area on the lower back side of the heart where the coronary sulcus (the groove separating the atria from the ventricles) and the posterior interventricular sulcus (the groove separating the left from the right ventricle) meet.
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In anatomy, a fissure (Latin fissura, plural fissurae) is a groove, natural division, deep furrow, elongated cleft, or tear in various parts of the body also generally called a sulcus, or in the brain a sulcus.
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The gingival sulcus is lined by a non-keratinised layer called the oral sulcular epithelium; it begins at the gingival margin and ends at the base of the sulcus where the junctional epithelium and attached gingiva begins.
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In the human subcentral area 43, a sub area of the cytoarchitecture is defined in the postcentral region of the cerebral cortex. It occupies the postcentral gyrus, which is between the ventrolateral extreme of the central sulcus and the depth of the lateral sulcus, at the insula. Its rostral and caudal borders are approximated by the anterior subcentral sulcus and the posterior subcentral sulcus, respectively. Cytoarchitecturally, it is bounded rostrally, by the agranular frontal area 6, and caudally, for the most part, by the caudal postcentral area 2 and the supramarginal area 40.
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The development of the shape of the central sulcus is influenced by both genetic and non-genetic factors. The deep structure of the central sulcus has been found to be more consistent in different brains than its superficial structure, suggesting that the superficial structure is more susceptible to non-genetic factors. The shape of the central sulcus has been found to be different between people of different biological sex. Those of male biological sex have been found to have a less convoluted (small fractal dimension) right anterior wall of the central sulcus.
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In adults, the distance between the anterior and posterior walls (sulcal span) increases, while the surface area of walls, the sulcal length of the posterior wall, and the convolution (fractal dimension) for the right posterior wall of the central sulcus decrease. The posterior walls of the central sulcus appear to be affected more with age. Differences between genders regarding the average width of the central sulcus as one ages has also been shown. The average width of the central sulcus in males tends to increase more rapidly over time than that of females.
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The orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus also known as the pars orbitalis is the orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus. In humans, this region is bordered by the triangular part of the inferior frontal gyrus (pars triangularis) and, surrounding the anterior horizontal limb of the lateral sulcus, a portion of the opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus (pars opercularis). Bounded caudally by the anterior ascending limb of the lateral sulcus, it borders on the insula in the depth of the lateral sulcus. It is bordered anteriorly/inferiorly by the lateral orbital sulcus.
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Many studies have suggested that the posterior superior temporal sulcus is associated the crossmodal binding of auditory and visual stimuli. The activation of this posterior portion of the superior temporal sulcus was reported in the detection of audio-visual incongruences and in voice perception. The posterior superior temporal sulcus has also been shown to be preferentially activated by lip reading.Uno T, Kawai K, Sakai K, et al.
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The calcarine sulcus begins near the occipital pole in two converging rami and runs forward to a point a little below the splenium of the corpus callosum, where it is joined at an acute angle by the medial part of the parieto-occipital sulcus. The anterior part of this sulcus gives rise to the prominence of the calcar avis in the posterior cornu of the lateral ventricle.
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The posterior interventricular sulcus or posterior longitudinal sulcus is one of the two grooves that separates the ventricles of the heart and is on the diaphragmatic surface of the heart near the right margin. The other groove is the anterior interventricular sulcus, situated on the sternocostal surface of the heart, close to its left margin. In it runs the posterior interventricular artery and middle cardiac vein.
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Brodmann area 4 refers to the primary motor cortex of the human brain. It is located in the posterior portion of the frontal lobe. Brodmann area 4 is part of the precentral gyrus. The borders of this area are: the precentral sulcus in front (anteriorly), the medial longitudinal fissure at the top (medially), the central sulcus in back (posteriorly), and the lateral sulcus along the bottom (laterally).
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The central sulcus is a sulcus, or fold, in the cerebral cortex in the brains of vertebrates. Also called the central fissure, or the fissure of Rolando or the Rolandic fissure, after Luigi Rolando. It is sometimes confused with the medial longitudinal fissure. The central sulcus is a prominent landmark of the brain, separating the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.
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There are two coronary sulci in the heart including left and right coronary sulci. The left coronary sulcus originates posterior to the pulmonary trunk, and travels inferiorly separating the left atrium and left ventricle. The location of the left coronary sulcus is marked by the circumflex branch of left coronary artery and coronary sinus. Similarly, the right coronary sulcus begins anteriorly and superiorly on the sternocostal surface of the heart.
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The insular cortex lies deep within the lateral sulcus. The lateral sulcus has a number of side branches. Two of the most prominent and most regularly found are the ascending (also called vertical) ramus and the horizontal ramus of the lateral fissure, which subdivide the inferior frontal gyrus. The lateral sulcus also contains the transverse temporal gyri, which are part of the primary and below the surface auditory cortex.
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Brodmann area 40 (BA40) is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. The inferior part of BA40 is in the area of the supramarginal gyrus, which lies at the posterior end of the lateral fissure, in the inferior lateral part of the parietal lobe. It is bounded approximately by the intraparietal sulcus, the inferior postcentral sulcus, the posterior subcentral sulcus and the lateral sulcus. It is bounded caudally by the angular area 39 (H), rostrally and dorsally by the caudal postcentral area 2, and ventrally by the subcentral area 43 and the superior temporal area 22 (Brodmann-1909).
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Comparison of the Affenspalte homologue, renamed the lunate sulcus by Sir Grafton Elliot Smith, in the primary visual cortex of chimpanzee versus human brains. The Affenspalte, or lunate sulcus, is marked by the red line. The lunate sulcus was first identified during the early 1900s in the human brain as a homologue of the Affenspalte, a major sulcus defining the primary visual cortex (V1) in apes and other monkey species, by anatomist and Egyptologist Sir Grafton Elliot Smith. Based on Smith’s observations from studying over 400 Egyptian and ape brains, he noticed that the sulcal patterns between humans and apes were very similar.
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The mid-fusiform sulcus is a shallow sulcus that divides the fusiform gyrus into lateral and medial partitions. Functionally, the MFS divides both large- scale functional maps and identifies fine-scale functional regions such as the anterior portion of the fusiform face area.
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Furthermore, movement perception and movement interpretation are believed to be localized in different regions of the superior temporal sulcus, with movement perception being processed in a posterior region of the superior temporal sulcus and movement understanding being processed in a more anterior region.
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The lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) in a normal brain. In Einstein's brain, this was truncated.
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The anal sulcus is large. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated. The columella is smooth.
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The precuneus is the portion of the superior parietal lobule on the medial surface of each brain hemisphere. It is located in front of the cuneus (the upper portion of the occipital lobe). The precuneus is bounded in front by the marginal branch of the cingulate sulcus, at the rear by the parietooccipital sulcus, and underneath by the subparietal sulcus. It is involved with episodic memory, visuospatial processing, reflections upon self, and aspects of consciousness.
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Sulcoplasty is an orthopedic surgical procedure performed on a groove (sulcus) or indentation present on particular bones. In veterinary surgery it is often employed to remedy a displaced kneecap ("patellar luxation") by deepening the trochlear sulcus, the groove on which the patella normally sits.
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A periodontal pocket is a dental term indicating the presence of an abnormally deepened gingival sulcus.
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Animation. Parietal lobe (red) of left cerebral hemisphere. The parietal lobe is defined by three anatomical boundaries: The central sulcus separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe; the parieto-occipital sulcus separates the parietal and occipital lobes; the lateral sulcus (sylvian fissure) is the most lateral boundary, separating it from the temporal lobe; and the longitudinal fissure divides the two hemispheres. Within each hemisphere, the somatosensory cortex represents the skin area on the contralateral surface of the body. Immediately posterior to the central sulcus, and the most anterior part of the parietal lobe, is the postcentral gyrus (Brodmann area 3), the primary somatosensory cortical area.
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His claim that the lunate sulcus, a sulcus which marks the boundary of the occipital lobe, was in a posterior position to that of apes suggests that the reduction of the occipital lobe was accompanied by enlargements of parts of the brain associated with higher cognitive function.
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The calcarine sulcus (or calcarine fissure) is an anatomical landmark located at the caudal end of the medial surface of the brain of humans and other primates. Its name comes from the Latin "calcar" meaning "spur". It is very deep and known as a complete sulcus.
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Brodmann area 23 (BA23) is a region in the brain that lies inside the posterior cingulate cortex. It lies between Brodmann area 30 and Brodmann area 31 and is located on the medial wall of the cingulate gyrus between the callosal sulcus and the cingulate sulcus.
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The lateral sulcus divides both the frontal lobe and parietal lobe above from the temporal lobe below. It is in both hemispheres of the brain. The lateral sulcus is one of the earliest-developing sulci of the human brain. It first appears around the fourteenth gestational week.
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The human primary motor cortex is located on the anterior wall of the central sulcus. It also extends anteriorly out of the sulcus partly onto the precentral gyrus. Anteriorly, the primary motor cortex is bordered by a set of areas that lie on the precentral gyrus and that are generally considered to compose the lateral premotor cortex. Posteriorly, the primary motor cortex is bordered by the primary somatosensory cortex, which lies on the posterior wall of the central sulcus.
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Separating this from the posterior parietal cortex is the postcentral sulcus. The posterior parietal cortex can be subdivided into the superior parietal lobule (Brodmann areas 5 + 7) and the inferior parietal lobule (39 + 40), separated by the intraparietal sulcus (IPS). The intraparietal sulcus and adjacent gyri are essential in guidance of limb and eye movement, and—based on cytoarchitectural and functional differences—is further divided into medial (MIP), lateral (LIP), ventral (VIP), and anterior (AIP) areas.
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It then becomes a distinct invagination that lengthens towards the lateral sulcus and towards the longitudinal fissure at approximately 22 to 23 weeks of gestational age. Between 2 and 3 years of age, the landmark ‘Pli de Passage Frontoparietal Moyen’ (PPFM), which is a depression buried at the central part of the central sulcus, begins to appear. At 3 years of age, the average depth curve of the central sulcus is similar to that of adults.
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The hypothalamic sulcus (sulcus of Monro) is a groove in the lateral wall of the third ventricle, marking the boundary between the thalamus and hypothalamus. The upper and lower portions of the lateral wall of the third ventricle correspond to the alar lamina and basal lamina, respectively, of the lateral wall of the fore-brain vesicle and are separated from each other by a furrow, the hypothalamic sulcus, which extends from the interventricular foramen to the cerebral aqueduct.
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The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The outer lip is arcuate. The siphonal canal is straight.
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It has weak and narrowly impressed vertex, with median sulcus is being present on its posterior half.
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The aperture is simple. The anal sulcus is inconspicuous. The siphonal canal is very short and wide.
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The anal sulcus is wide and deep. The columella is straight. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated.
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The LCX follows the left part of the coronary sulcus, running first to the left and then to the right, reaching nearly as far as the posterior longitudinal sulcus. There have been multiple anomalies described, for example the left circumflex having an aberrant course from the right coronary artery.
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The depth of this crevice, known as a sulcus, is in a constant state of flux due to microbial invasion and subsequent immune response. Located at the depth of the sulcus is the epithelial attachment, consisting of approximately 1 mm of junctional epithelium and another 1 mm of gingival fiber attachment, comprising the 2 mm of biologic width naturally found in the oral cavity. The sulcus is literally the area of separation between the surrounding epithelium and the surface of the encompassed tooth.
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As children increase their reading expertise, the occipitotemporal sulcus should strengthen, eventually becoming specialized to writing as well.
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Moderately umbilicated. Sulcated. Grooved. Sulcus. A longitudinal furrow. Superanal. Above the anus. Supra-peripheral. Above the periphery. Symmetrical.
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In the human brain, the rhomboid fossa is divided into symmetrical halves by a median sulcus which reaches from the upper to the lower angles of the fossa and is deeper below than above. On either side of this sulcus is an elevation, the medial eminence, bounded laterally by a sulcus, the sulcus limitans. In the superior part of the fossa the medial eminence has a width equal to that of the corresponding half of the fossa, but opposite the superior fovea it forms an elongated swelling, the colliculus facialis, which overlies the nucleus of the abducent nerve, and is, in part at least, produced by the internal genu of the facial nerve.
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Studies using fMRI analysis to measure superior temporal sulcus activation have found that phonemes, words, sentences, and phonological cues all lead to increased activation throughout a posterior-anterior axis in the temporal lobe. This pattern of activation, which most frequently occurs in the left hemisphere, has been termed the ventral stream of speech perception. Many studies consistently indicate that the superior temporal sulcus activation is associated with the interpretation of phonological signals. Although present research suggest that the left hemisphere of the superior temporal sulcus and its associated left ventral stream plays a role in phonological processing, the right hemisphere of the superior temporal sulcus has been connected to the perception of voice and the prosody of speech.
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Different regions of the brain are activated throughout the duration of prism exposure and have proven to contribute to the error reductions in pointing to a visual target. An fMRI study done in 2009 by Laute et al. examined the neural activation patterns associated with the error correction phase of prism adaptation and found that the left anterior intraparietal sulcus was activated proportional to pointing deviation, and its activation gradually decreased with adaptation, while an increase in activation of the parieto-occipital sulcus was observed as movement plans were adjusted on a trial-by-trial basis. It was suggested that the intraparietal sulcus is involved in error detection whereas the parieto- occipital sulcus is involved in error correction.
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Foramen cecum and terminal sulcus labelled above Features of the tongue surface The upper surface of the tongue is called the dorsum, and is divided by a groove into symmetrical halves by the median sulcus. The foramen cecum marks the end of this division (at about 2.5 cm from the root of the tongue) and the beginning of the terminal sulcus. The foramen cecum is also the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct and is formed during the descent of the thyroid diverticulum in embryonic development. The terminal sulcus is a shallow groove that runs forward as a shallow groove in a V shape from the foramen cecum, forwards and outwards to the margins (borders) of the tongue.
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Medusae Sulci based on day THEMIS day-time image on Mars Sulcus (plural: sulci ) is, in astrogeology, an area of complex parallel or subparallel ridges and furrows on a planet or moon. For example, Uruk Sulcus is a bright region of grooved terrain adjacent to Galileo Regio on Jupiter's moon Ganymede.
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Its position is marked by the location of the right coronary artery and small cardiac vein. The right coronary sulcus separates the right atrium and its auricle from the right ventricle inferiorly. The right coronary sulcus then passes inferiorly onto the diaphragmatic surface of the heart and traverses to the left.
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The inferior parietal lobule (subparietal district) lies below the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus, and behind the lower part of the postcentral sulcus. Also known as Geschwind’s territory after Norman Geschwind, an American neurologist, who in the early 1960s recognised its importance. It is a part of the parietal lobe.
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Furthermore, other research suggests a more posteriorly positioned lunate sulcus from the early hominin fossil record. Based on all these findings, de Sousa et al. (2010) concluded V1 reduction began during early hominin evolution given the more lateral-anterior position of the lunate sulcus in human and other primate brains today.
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The hypopharyngeal eminence develops mainly by the growth of endoderm from the third pharyngeal arch. The boundary between the two parts of the tongue, the anterior from the first arch and the posterior from the third arch is marked by the terminal sulcus. The terminal sulcus is shaped like a V with the tip of the V situated posteriorly. At the tip of the terminal sulcus is the foramen cecum, which is the point of attachment of the thyroglossal duct where the embryonic thyroid begins to descend.
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The superior parietal lobule is bounded in front by the upper part of the postcentral sulcus, but is usually connected with the postcentral gyrus above the end of the sulcus. The superior parietal lobule contains Brodmann's areas 5 and 7. Behind it is the lateral part of the parietooccipital fissure, around the end of which it is joined to the occipital lobe by a curved gyrus, the arcus parietooccipitalis. Below, it is separated from the inferior parietal lobule by the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus.
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The anal sulcus, also called the anal sinus or anal canal, in Gastropods is a notch, a shelly tube at the top of the aperture. It is the first notch close to the suture. It houses the anal siphon through which the snail expels water and waste products. Shell of Drillia poecila Sysoev & Bouchet, 2001, showing the anal sulcus on top of the aperture The anal sulcus can be described, according to the species, as well-defined, weakly defined, shallow, sharp, wide, narrow or inverted U-shaped.
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The middle frontal gyrus makes up about one-third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. (A gyrus is one of the prominent "bumps" or "ridges" on the surface of the human brain.) The middle frontal gyrus, like the inferior frontal gyrus and the superior frontal gyrus, is more of a region in the frontal gyrus than a true gyrus. The borders of the middle frontal gyrus are the inferior frontal sulcus below; the superior frontal sulcus above; and the precentral sulcus behind.
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The inferior frontal gyrus (IFG), (gyrus frontalis inferior), is the lowest positioned gyrus of the frontal gyri, of the frontal lobe, and is part of the prefrontal cortex. Its superior border is the inferior frontal sulcus (which divides it from the middle frontal gyrus), its inferior border is the lateral sulcus (which divides it from the superior temporal gyrus) and its posterior border is the inferior precentral sulcus. Above it is the middle frontal gyrus, behind it is the precentral gyrus. photos on p526 & p.
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The anal sulcus is large for the size of the shell, rounded and deep. The outer lip is rounded and produced. On the body a small mass of callus limits the posterior edge of the sulcus. The body is smooth and callous, the enamel extending upon the columella, which is short and attenuated.
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The anal sulcus is large, close to the suture, with a thick subsutural callus. The outer lip is thickened with no internal lirae, a knob- like varix a little way behind it. The body and the columella are callous. The siphonal sulcus is deep, the siphonal canal is wide, short and slightly recurved.
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Sulcus subtarsalis is a groove in the inner surface of eyelid near the eyelid margin and which is also parallel to it. This separates marginal conjunctiva from tarsal conjunctiva. It provides space for lodging of foreign bodies. Arlt's line is a linear line present in the sulcus subtarsalis in Chlamydia trachomatis infection.
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Rotating image of human brain, illustrating the lateral sulcus Illustration depicting general brain structures including sulci In neuroanatomy, a sulcus (Latin: "furrow", pl. sulci) is a depression or groove in the cerebral cortex. It surrounds a gyrus (pl. gyri), creating the characteristic folded appearance of the brain in humans and other mammals.
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The superior temporal sulcus has been found to have a unique sensitivity to observable manifestations of movement understanding, which suggest that the superior temporal sulcus is heavily involved in the recognition of movements and gestures required for normal social information processing in humans. In fMRI studies evaluating the interpretation of a point-light display that represents a moving human figure as a pattern of dots, a cluster of significant brain activity was observed in the posterior superior temporal sulcus of the right hemisphere in subjects that correctly identified the biological motion being shown in the point-light display.Herrington JD, Nymberg C, Schultz RT. Biological motion task performance predicts superior temporal sulcus activity. Brain Cogn. 2011;77(3):372-381. doi:10.1016/j.bandc.2011.09.001.
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The lateral side of the ventricle is marked by a sulcus - the hypothalamic sulcus - from the inferior side of the interventricular foramina to the anterior side of the cerebral aqueduct. The lateral border posterior/superior of the sulcus constitutes the thalamus, while anterior/inferior of the sulcus it constitutes the hypothalamus. The interthalamic adhesion usually tunnels through the thalamic portion of the ventricle, joining together the left and right halves of the thalamus, although it is sometimes absent, or split into more than one tunnel through the ventricle; it is currently unknown whether any nerve fibres pass between the left and right thalamus via the adhesion (it has more resemblance to a herniation than a commissure). The posterior border of the ventricle primarily constitutes the epithalamus.
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Such shifts have been accredited with predicting whether the lunate sulcus will occur or not based on an increase or reduction in V1 volume, thus providing an explanation for inconsistencies in its presence and position in the occipital lobes. Moreover, a study conducted by de Sousa et al. (2010) compared the volumes of the V1 relative to the position of the lunate sulcus in three- dimensional reconstructed non-human hominoid brains in order to determine if an allometric relationship existed between V1 volume and lunate sulcus position. The researchers found that the position of the lunate sulcus does accurately predict V1 volume in apes, and that V1 volume in humans is smaller than would be expected based on our large brain size.
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On reaching the intertubercular sulcus, it gives off a branch which ascends in the sulcus to supply the head of the humerus and the shoulder-joint. The trunk of the vessel is then continued onward beneath the long head of the Biceps brachii and the deltoideus muscle, and anastomoses with the posterior humeral circumflex artery.
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The aperture has a very deep sulcus nextto the suture. The outer lip in front of it is much produced, a feeble sulcus at the middle of the base. In front of the arcuate columella there is a smaller rounded indentation. Behind the columella there is a deep groove ending in a minutely perforate umbilicus.
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Brodmann area 45 (BA45), is part of the frontal cortex in the human brain. It is situated on the lateral surface, inferior to BA9 and adjacent to BA46. This area in humans occupies the triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (H) and, surrounding the anterior horizontal limb of the lateral sulcus (H), a portion of the orbital part of the inferior frontal gyrus (H). Bounded caudally by the anterior ascending limb of the lateral sulcus (H), it borders on the insula in the depth of the lateral sulcus.
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In radiology, the deep sulcus sign on a supine chest radiograph is an indirect indicator of a pneumothorax. In a supine film, it appears as a deep, lucent, ipsilateral costophrenic angle within the nondependent portions of the pleural space as opposed to the apex (of the lung) when the patient is upright. The costophrenic angle is abnormally deepened when the pleural air collects laterally, producing the deep sulcus sign. Patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) may exhibit deepened lateral costophrenic angles due to hyperaeration of the lungs and cause a false deep sulcus sign.
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Dissociated roles of the inferior frontal gyrus and superior temporal sulcus in audiovisual processing: top-down and bottom-up mismatch detection. PLoS One. 2015;10(3):e0122580. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0122580 An area of the right posterior superior temporal sulcus was characterized by a recent study by a stronger response to audiovisual stimuli compared to that of auditory or visual stimuli alone.Watson R, Latinus M, Charest I, Crabbe F, Belin P. People-selectivity, audiovisual integration and heteromodality in the superior temporal sulcus. Cortex. 2014;50(100):125–136. doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2013.07.
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They are crossed by three strong, rounded, subequally spaced, spiral keels and rounded axial ribs between the sutures. The latter extend from the summit to and over the second keel, but not over the sulcus separating this from the third. The junctions of the axial ribs and the spiral keels form strong tubercles. The sulcus between the second and the third keel is deep, decidedly deeper than the peripheral sulcus, both of which, as well as the sulci of the base, are crossed by minute closely placed, axial raised threads.
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The environment of the gingival sulcus is unlike any other location within the mouth. The ecosystem of the gingival sulcus is more anaerobic, and the site is filled with Gingival Crevicular Fluid (GCF). In the presence of periodontal disease, the gingival sulcus becomes a periodontal pocket and the oxidation reduction potential will decrease to low levels as the site is very anaerobic. At the same time, the gingival crevicular fluid would have increased by 147% when gingivitis is present and would have increased by up to 30-fold where periodontitis is present.
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The inferior or orbital surface of the frontal lobe is concave, and rests on the orbital plate of the frontal bone. It is divided into four orbital gyri by a well-marked H-shaped orbital sulcus. These are named, from their position, the medial, anterior, lateral, and posterior, orbital gyri. The medial orbital gyrus presents a well-marked antero-posterior sulcus, the olfactory sulcus, for the olfactory tract; the portion medial to this is named the straight gyrus, and is continuous with the superior frontal gyrus on the medial surface.
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The superior frontal gyrus is situated above the superior frontal sulcus and is continued on to the medial surface of the hemisphere, the medial frontal gyrus. The medial and superior frontal gyri are two of the frontal gyri of the frontal lobe. The portion on the lateral surface of the hemisphere is usually more or less completely subdivided into an upper and a lower part by an antero-posterior sulcus, the paramedial sulcus, which, however, is frequently interrupted by bridging gyri. There is some evidence that it plays a role in executive mechanisms.
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The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The outer lip is varicose. The inner lip is smooth. The columbella is straight.
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In anatomical terms, the cleft in the human body between the breasts is known as the intermammary cleft or intermammary sulcus.
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Its specific name sulcata is from the Latin word sulcus meaning "furrow" and refers to the furrows on the tortoise's scales.
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The left coronary sulcus is often neglected in echocardiography. As a result, normal variations and rare pathologic findings can be missed.
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Mosby Inc. It can also be located by searching laterally from the medial eminence. It is parallel to the median sulcus.
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The posterior median sulcus of medulla oblongata (or posterior median fissure or dorsal median sulcus) is a narrow groove; and exists only in the closed part of the medulla oblongata; it becomes gradually shallower from below upward, and finally ends about the middle of the medulla oblongata, where the central canal expands into the cavity of the fourth ventricle.
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The mid-fusiform sulcus was first identified in 1896 by Gustav Retzius. Retzius is known for many other discoveries such as Cajal-Retzius cells. He first identified the MFS as the sulcus sagittalis gyri fusiformis. Since his label, there have been several other proposed labels, but the MFS nomenclature is the most widely accepted in present day.
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BA10 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex. It occupies the most rostral portions of the superior frontal gyrus and the middle frontal gyrus. In humans, on the medial aspect of the hemisphere it is bounded ventrally by the superior rostral sulcus. It does not extend as far as the cingulate sulcus.
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The Sulcus sign is an orthopedic evaluation test for glenohumeral instability of the shoulder. With the arm straight and relaxed to the side of the patient, the elbow is grasped and traction is applied in an inferior direction. With excessive inferior translation, a depression occurs just below the acromion. The appearance of this sulcus is a positive sign.
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Squirrel Systems was founded in 1984, and released the first restaurant point of sale system to use an integrated diskless touchscreen terminal for order management. Originally a wholly owned subsidiary of Sulcus Hospitality Technologies Corporation, in 1998 Sulcus merged with Eltrax Systems, Incorporated (Nasdaq SmallCap: ELTX). Squirrel is currently a wholly owned subsidiary of Marin Investments Ltd.
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The KNOB is also a suggested cortical substrate of the hand, as there have been anatomical asymmetries which have been linked to hand preference and skill, further suggesting the development of hands in the formation of the central sulcus seeing as the KNOB is the central portion of the central sulcus folded over the buried gyrus.
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The anal fascicle is inconspicuous, the anal sulcus feeble. The aperture is simple. The outer lip is sharp. The axis is pervious.
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Several small, irregular fossæ may also be seen on either side of the sagittal sulcus, for the reception of the arachnoid granulations.
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Nevertheless, the notably deep and extensive sulcus present between the medial and lateral condyles is in line with that of other silesaurids.
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The superior frontal gyrus makes up about a third of the frontal lobe. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus.
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Analyzing variability in the location of gross anatomical landmarks, like sulci, is an accepted method for studying evolutionary hominin brain reorganization. Notably, the position of the lunate sulcus in the occipital lobe has been studied in humans, early hominin endocasts, apes, and other monkey species by researchers seeking to make inferences about the morphological evolution of brain regions associated with human visual versus cognitive behaviors. However, some scientists remain skeptical about whether the lunate sulcus is a valid and reliable indicator for studying volumetric changes in the V1 due to the inconsistencies of the sulcus’ presence and lack of histological correspondence with cytoarchitectonic boundaries in hominoids. Despite this, previous allometry studies have suggested that the lunate sulcus shifts from a lateral-anterior to a medial-posterior position as brain size increases.
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The aperture is narrow. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated. The outer lip (immature?) is thin and sharp. The anal sulcus is obscure.
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The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is feeble. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated. The outer lip is straight, thin and sharp.
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In studies on dysfunctional social cognition in neurological disorders, such as what is observed in people with high- functioning autism, the role of the superior temporal sulcus in processing social information has been identified as the mechanism that lies at the root of these impairments in social interpretation. Children with high-functioning autism have been reported to have no significant change in superior temporal sulcus activation for biological motion compared to non-biological motion, which suggests that the superior temporal sulcus is not specifically activated in the processing of biological motion like it is in children without autism. In subjects with schizophrenia, another neurological disorder associated with significant impairments to social cognition, these social impairment have been linked to an alteration in posterior superior temporal sulcus activation in affective theory of mind, emotional recognition, and the interpretation of neutral facial expressions. More specifically, it was determined that schizophrenic subjects exhibited hyperactivity within the posterior superior temporal sulcus of the right hemisphere in processing neutral facial expressions, but they also exhibited hypoactivity within this same region for emotional recognition and affective theory of mind.
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The direct limbic connection makes the olfactory sense unique. The brain cortical regions are related to the auditory, visual, olfactory, and somatosensory (touch, proprioception) sensations, which are located lateral to the lateral fissure and posterior to the central sulcus, that is, more toward the back of the brain. The cortical region related to gustatory sensation is located anterior to the central sulcus. Note that the central sulcus (sometimes referred to as the central fissure) divides the primary motor cortex (on the precentral gyrus of the posterior frontal lobe) from the primary somatosensory cortex (on the postcentral gyrus of the anterior parietal lobe).
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The gingival sulcus (G) is bounded by the enamel (A) of the crown of the tooth and the sulcular epithelium. The sulcular epithelium is that epithelium which exists on the sulcular side of the free gingival margin (F). The oral epithelium (E) exists on the other side of the free gingival margin. The sulcular epithelium is that epithelium which lines the gingival sulcus.
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Each facial colliculus, contrary to their names, do not contain the facial nerve nuclei. Instead, they have facial nerve axons traversing superficial to underlying abducens (CN VI) nuclei. Lateral to all these bumps previously discussed is an indented line, or sulcus that runs rostrally, and is known as the sulcus limitans. This separates the medial motor neurons from the lateral sensory neurons.
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The internal surface of the squamous part of the frontal bone is concave and presents in the upper part of the middle line a vertical groove, the sagittal sulcus, the edges of which unite below to form a ridge, the frontal crest; the sulcus lodges the superior sagittal sinus, while its margins and the crest afford attachment to the falx cerebri.
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The lingual gyrus of the occipital lobe lies between the calcarine sulcus and the posterior part of the collateral sulcus; behind, it reaches the occipital pole; in front, it is continued on to the tentorial surface of the temporal lobe, and joins the parahippocampal gyrus.Mendoza. John E.. and Anne L. Foundas. Clinical Neuroanatomy: A Neurobehavioral Approach. New York: Springer. 2008. Print.
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The aperture is rather narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow rounded. The outer lip is thin, arcuate, and sharp. The inner lip is erased.
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The aperture is narrow. The wide anal sulcus is shallow. The outer lip is defective. The rather narrow siphonal canal is long and straight.
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Thus, further research is needed to expand upon the precise functional role of the superior temporal sulcus in the perception of theory of mind.
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The basilar crest gives attachment to the outer edge of the basilar membrane; immediately above the crest is a concavity, the sulcus spiralis externus.
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The anal sulcus is U-shaped. The short siphonal canal is moderately wide. Sowerby G.B. III, 1897. Appendix to Marine shells of South Africa.
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Notably, Smith noticed that the position of the lunate sulcus was more posterior in human, especially those of European descent, as compared to monkey brains. Based on this observation, he was the first to hypothesize that the caudal shift of the lunate sulcus in Homo sapiens was due to the evolutionary rapid overgrowth of the cerebral cortex that is unique to human neurodevelopment. Smith’s observation that the caudal shift of the lunate sulcus could also be used as a predictor for determining both the evolutionary posterolateral shift of the occipital lobes/V1 and the corresponding expansion of the neighboring parietotemporo- occipital visual association cortices was supported by recent research. However, some scientists today disagree with Smith’s assertion that a lunate sulcus exists in humans, arguing that there is only an Affenspalte which is solely unique to apes.
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The suture is distinct, not marginate. The aperture is lunate. The anal sulcus is very wide and shallow. The outer lip is thin, arcuately protractivc.
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The anal sulcus is moderately deep. The columella is straight, anteriorly attenuated and with very little callus. The siphonal canal is slightly oblique and recurved.
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The interatrial sulcus, separating the two atria, is scarcely marked on the posterior surface, while anteriorly it is hidden by the pulmonary artery and aorta.
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The cuneus (Latin for "wedge"; plural, cunei) is a smaller lobe in the occipital lobe of the brain. The cuneus is bounded anteriorly by the parieto- occipital sulcus, inferiorly by the calcarine sulcus. The cuneus (Brodmann area 17) receives visual information from the same-sided superior quadrantic retina (corresponding to contralateral inferior visual field). It is most known for its involvement in basic visual processing.
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What separates the two components is the inside appearance of the wall. While sina venarum has smooth walls, the characteristic of the auricula are the thick muscle bundles that make it look somewhat rough. Sina venarum corresponds to the right horn of sinus venosus of the embryonic heart. Externally, the most prominent features are the right appendage (or right auricle), sulcus terminalis and coronary sulcus.
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Animation. Both left and right temporoparietal junctions are shown in red. The brain contains four main lobes: temporal lobe, parietal lobe, frontal lobe and the occipital lobe. The temporoparietal junction lies in the region between the temporal and parietal lobes, near the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). Specifically, it is composed of the inferior parietal lobule and the caudal parts of the superior temporal sulcus.
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The atria of the heart are separated from the ventricles by the coronary sulcus (also called coronary groove, auriculoventricular groove, atrioventricular groove, AV groove). The structure contains the trunks of the nutrient vessels of the heart, and is deficient in front, where it is crossed by the root of the pulmonary trunk. On the posterior surface of the heart, the coronary sulcus contains the coronary sinus.
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Specifically, in a high-resolution MRI study conducted by Allen et al. (2006), the researchers scanned and analyzed 220 human brains and found no sign of the lunate sulcus homologue. Based on this finding, they suggested that the claim asserting humans have a lunate sulcus homologue fails to account for and show appreciation of the extensive evolutionary reorganization of the visual cortex in humans.
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One of the first and most prominent sulci is the lateral sulcus (also known as the lateral fissure or Sylvian fissure), followed by others such as the central sulcus, which separates the motor cortex (precentral gyrus) from somatosensory cortex (postcentral gyrus). Most cortical gyri and sulci begin to take shape between weeks 24 and 38 of gestation, and continue to enlarge and mature after birth.
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It showed increased activation related to: voices versus environmental sounds, stories versus nonsense speech, moving faces versus moving objects, biological motion, and theory of mind (false belief stories versus false physical stories). It is involved in the perception of where others are gazing (joint attention) and is thus important in determining where others' emotions are being directed. The superior temporal sulcus has an asymmetric structure between the left and right hemisphere, with the superior temporal sulcus being longer in the left hemisphere, but deeper in the right hemisphere. This asymmetrical structural organization between hemispheres has only been found to occur in the superior temporal sulcus of the human brain.
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When the sulcular depth is chronically in excess of three millimeters, regular home care may be insufficient to properly cleanse the full depth of the sulcus, allowing food debris and microbes to accumulate, forming dental biofilm. This poses a danger to the periodontal ligament (PDL) fibers that attach the gingiva to the tooth. If accumulated microbes remain undisturbed in a sulcus for an extended period of time, they will penetrate and ultimately destroy the delicate soft tissue and periodontal attachment fibers. If left untreated, this process may lead to a deepening of the sulcus, recession, destruction of the periodontium, including the bony tooth socket, tooth mobility, and tooth loss.
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The anal sulcus is feeble. The outer lip is thin and smooth inside. The inner lip is smooth. The siphonal canal is distinct, short and straight.
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The anal sulcus is moderate. The outer lip is thickened and simple. The inner lip shows a wash of enamel. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated.
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Beside these there are irregularly distributed incremental lines. There is no indication of any spiral sculpture. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is hardly evident.
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63 The human secondary somatosensory cortex (S2, SII) is a functionally-defined region of cortex in the parietal operculum on the ceiling of the lateral sulcus.
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Using the mucogingival junction as the boundary demarcating the apical border of the attached gingiva, a periodontal probe in inserted into the gingival sulcus to measure how much of the keratinized gingiva coronal to the mucogingival junction is in fact attached to the underlying bone. The depth of the gingival sulcus, determined by the depth to which the probe enters the sulcus, is not attached to the underlying bone, and is subtracted from the total height of the keratinized tissue. Thus, if the entire height of the keratinized gingiva, from the free gingival margin to the mucogingival junction is 8 mm, and the probing depth on the tooth at that location is 2 mm, the effective width of attached gingiva is 6 mm. If the probe enters the sulcus and can descend up to or beyond the mucogingival junction, this is called a mucogingival defect.
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The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow, rounded and conspicuous. The outer lip is varicose, sharp edged, not lirate within. The inner lip is erased.
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The anal sulcus is rounded, wide and shallow. The outer lip is thin, sharp and arcuately produced. The aperture is narrowly ovate. The inner lip is erased.
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The middle cardiac vein commences at the apex of the heart; ascends in the posterior longitudinal sulcus, and ends in the coronary sinus near its right extremity.
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There are two malleolar sulci, medial and lateral. The medial malleolar sulcus is the posto-inferior groove just lateral to the medial malleolus on the distal part of the tibia. It is where the tendons of the tibialis posterior and flexor digitorum longus course on their way to their insertions on the foot. The lateral malleolar sulcus is the posto-inferior groove on the distal part of the fibula.
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In mucosal prolapse, these folds are radially. The folds in mucosal prolapse are usually associated with internal hemorrhoids. Furthermore, in rectal prolapse, there is a sulcus present between the prolapsed bowel and the anal verge, whereas in hemorrhoidal disease there is no sulcus. Prolapsed, incarcerated hemorrhoids are extremely painful, whereas as long as a rectal prolapse is not strangulated, it gives little pain and is easy to reduce.
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Sylvius also wrote about the vertebrae, but described incorrectly the sternum. Although the cerebral aqueduct (Aqueduct of Sylvius) and Sylvian (lateral) sulcus of the brain have been said to be his contributions to anatomy, the aqueduct was described by Galen nearly 1300 years before, albeit the name aqueduct in this context was first mentioned by another Sylvius (Franciscus Sylvius, 1614-1672), who apparently also described the sulcus which bears his name.
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The internal surface of the squama frontalis of the frontal bone is concave and presents in the upper part of the middle line a vertical groove, the sagittal sulcus, the edges of which unite below to form a ridge, the frontal crest; the sulcus lodges the superior sagittal sinus, while its margins and the crest afford attachment to the falx cerebri. It also is part of the parietal, and occipital bones.
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The name of the artery is sinus nodal artery is sinus nodal artery and is sometimes visible through open sternum. Another groove, which runs somewhat parallel and posterior to sulcus terminalis, is Waterstone's groove (also known as Sondergaard's). From the inside, Terminal crest (or Crista terminalis) is a prominent muscle bundle from which the pectinate muscles of the right atrium originate. Terminal crest corresponds to the external sulcus terminalis.
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The aperture is rather narrow. The outer lip is solid and sharp-edged. The anal sulcus is large, rounded, close to the suture. The inner lip is erased.
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The anal sulcus is conspicuous and shallow. The outer lip is thin and simple. The inner lip is smooth. The siphonal canal is short, wide and not recurved.
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The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is thickened, crenulate by the sculpture and not reflected. The anal sulcus is shallow but conspicuous. The columellar lip is smooth.
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The anal sulcus is shallow and rounded. The outer lip is broadly infolded, smooth within. The inner lip is smooth, not callous. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated.
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The aperture is wide. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded. The outer lip is thin, roundly produced in front. There is no perceptible callus on the body.
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The sharp outer lip is strongly sulcate. The anal sulcus is moderately deep. The columella is straight, with a thick callus. The siphonal canal is narrow and recurved.
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The shell shows a dark vernicose periostracum. There is no differentiated siphonal canal, anal sulcus or fasciole. The shell is axially ribbed. The columella is thin and twisted.
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Axons from the hypoglossal nucleus pass anteriorly through the medulla forming the hypoglossal nerve which exits between the pyramid and olive in a groove called the anterolateral sulcus.
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The anal sulcus forms nearly a semicircle. The outer lip is thin and arcuate. The siphonal canal is wide. The columella is twisted, attenuated in front; axis impervious.
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The base of the shell is evenly rounded. The aperture is ample. The anal sulcus at the suture is wide and deep. The thin outer lip is arcuately produced.
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The anal sulcus is large and rounded. The callus is thick and elevated. The columella is nearly straight. The siphonal canal is short, wide and turned to the right.
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Weaker, but still significant, projections come from other parahippocampal regions and from the superior temporal sulcus. Other inputs include anterior cingulate and insular regions, in addition to prefrontal projections.
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The floor of each sulcus features irregularly-shaped clusters of small pores; the function of these pores, which may or may not be sexual in nature, is currently unknown.
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These swellings grow downwards towards each other, quickly overgrowing the median tongue bud. The line of the fusion of the distal tongue buds is marked by the median sulcus.
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STK typically occurs in the buccal sulcus (inside the cheek) or the labial sulcus (between the lips and the teeth) and corresponds to the site where the tobacco is held in the mouth. It is painless. The appearance of the lesion is variable depending upon the type of tobacco used, and the frequency and duration of use. It takes about 1-5 years of smokeless tobacco use for the lesion to appear.
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A recent study identified a region of the posterior superior temporal sulcus that is preferentially activated in the interpretation of facial expressions.Direito B, Lima J, Simões M, et al. Targeting dynamic facial processing mechanisms in superior temporal sulcus using a novel fMRI neurofeedback target. Neuroscience. 2019;496:97-108. doi:10.1016/j.neuroscience.2019.02.024 Similarly, another study found that transcranial magnetic simulation disrupted the neural response to faces, but not the neural response to bodies or objects.
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Right appendage is pyramidal in shape with its base opening at the sina venarum. Sulcus terminalis (or terminal groove), a shallow groove that travels from IVC to SVC, separates the right appendage from the venous compartment of the right ventricle. At the upper end of sulcus terminalis lies sinoatrial node. Sinoatrial node receives blood supply from a branch of the right coronary artery or circumflex artery in 55% and 45% of people respectively.
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The auditory dorsal stream includes the posterior superior temporal gyrus and sulcus, inferior parietal lobule and intra-parietal sulcus. Both pathways project in humans to the inferior frontal gyrus. The most established role of the auditory dorsal stream in primates is sound localization. In humans, the auditory dorsal stream in the left hemisphere is also responsible for speech repetition and articulation, phonological long-term encoding of word names, and verbal working memory.
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The olivary body is located on the anterior surface of the medulla lateral to the pyramid, from which it is separated by the antero-lateral sulcus and the fibers of the hypoglossal nerve. Behind (dorsally), it is separated from the postero-lateral sulcus by the ventral spinocerebellar fasciculus. In the depression between the upper end of the olive and the pons lies the vestibulocochlear nerve. In humans, it measures about 1.25 cm.
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The posterior parietal cortex is essential for "the perception and interpretation of spatial relationships, accurate body image, and the learning of tasks involving coordination of the body in space". It contains individually functioning lobules. The lateral intraparietal sulcus (LIP) contains neurons that produce enhanced activation when attention is moved onto the stimulus or the animal saccades towards a visual stimulus, and the ventral intraparietal sulcus (VIP) where visual and somatosensory information are integrated.
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V5, also known as visual area MT (middle temporal), is located laterally and ventrally in the temporal lobe, near the intersection of the ascending limb of the inferior temporal sulcus and the lateral occipital sulcus. All of the neurons in V5 are motion selective, and most are directionally selective. Evidence of functional specialization of V5 was first found in primates. Patients with akinetopsia tend to have unilateral or bi- lateral damage to the V5.
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The entire surface is minutely irregularly vermiculate. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow, rounded, close to the suture. The outer lip is thin, sharp and moderately produced.
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The aperture is short, wide, with a feeble anal sulcus and hardly differentiated canal. The outer lip is thin and simple. The inner lip is erased. The throat is whitish.
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In the interspaces are very fine close spiral striae. This sculpture covers the shell. The aperture is narrow, hardly wider than the siphonal canal. The anal sulcus is very shallow.
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The anal sulcus is near the suture, wide, shallow. The outer lip is very thin, sharp, simple. The body is polished. The columella is straight, gyrate, obliquely truncate in front.
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Splenium translates as bandage in Greek. The trunk of the corpus callosum lies between the splenium and the genu. The callosal sulcus separates the corpus callosum from the cingulate gyrus.
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The superior border of the terminal sulcus designates the transverse plane in which the SA node resides. The inferior border designates the transverse plane in which the AV node resides.
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The aperture is rather narrow. The outer lip is sharp and flexuous. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow, halfway between the suture and the periphery. The columellar lip is smooth.
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Aperture :—The anal sulcus is sutural and rather deep. The outer lip is dentate by the projection of the spirals. The siphonal canal is rather long and straight. Hedley, C. 1922.
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The anal sulcus is wide and deep. The outer lip is thin, sharp and prominently arcuately produced. The inner lip is erased. The short columella is attenuated in front and gyrate.
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In the first instance the examinator guides the applicator to the proximal humerus as perpendicularly as possible to the sulcus intertubercularis. Gliding now medially shows the insertion of the subscapularis tendon.
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The circumference of the base of the glans forms a rounded projecting border, the corona of glans penis, overhanging a deep retroglandular sulcus, behind which is the neck of the penis.
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McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology Online. Retrieved on July 24, 2006. Physically they are usually strophic, with well-developed interareas. They also commonly have radiating ribs, sulcus, and fold structures.
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The anal sulcus is moderately deep. The thin outer lip is arcuate. The body and the columella are smooth. The plait is hidden behind the columella which is attenuate in front.
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Ordered from posterior to anterior activation of the superior temporal sulcus, theory of mind, biological motion, faces, voices, and language were each shown to produce strong responses when subjects perceive these stimuli. In individuals without autism, the superior temporal sulcus also activates when hearing human voices. It is thought to be a source of sensory encoding linked to motor output through the superior parietal-temporal areas of the brain inferred from the time course of activation. The conclusion of pertinence to vocal processing can be drawn from data showing that the regions of the STS (superior temporal sulcus) are more active when people are listening to vocal sounds rather than non-vocal environmentally based sounds and corresponding control sounds, which can be scrambled or modulated voices.
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The transverse temporal gyri, also called Heschl's gyri () or Heschl's convolutions, are gyri found in the area of primary auditory cortex buried within the lateral sulcus of the human brain, occupying Brodmann areas 41 and 42. Transverse temporal gyri are superior to and separated from the planum temporale (cortex involved in language production) by Heschl’s sulcus. Transverse temporal gyri are found in varying numbers in both the right and left hemispheres of the brain and one study found that this number is not related to the hemisphere or dominance of hemisphere studied in subjects. Transverse temporal gyri can be viewed in the sagittal plane as either an omega shape (if one gyrus is present) or a heart shape (if two gyri and a sulcus are present).
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It has also been shown that this region receives inputs from the ventromedial nucleus (posterior part) of the thalamus that are highly specialized to convey homeostatic information such as pain, temperature, itch, local oxygen status, and sensual touch. A human neuroimaging study using diffusion tensor imaging revealed that the anterior insula is interconnected to regions in the temporal and occipital lobe, opercular and orbitofrontal cortex, triangular and opercular parts of the inferior frontal gyrus. The same study revealed differences in the anatomical connection patterns between the left and right hemisphere. The 'circular sulcus of insula' (or sulcus of Reil)is a semi-circular sulcus or fissure that separates the insula from the neighboring gyri of the operculum in the front, above, and behind.
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The posterior part of the medulla between the posterior median sulcus and the posterolateral sulcus contains tracts that enter it from the posterior funiculus of the spinal cord. These are the gracile fasciculus, lying medially next to the midline, and the cuneate fasciculus, lying laterally. These fasciculi end in rounded elevations known as the gracile and the cuneate tubercles. They are caused by masses of gray matter known as the gracile nucleus and the cuneate nucleus.
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The glans penis is the expanded cap of the corpus spongiosum. It is moulded on the rounded ends of the corpora cavernosa penis, extending farther on their upper than on their lower surfaces. At the summit of the glans is the slit-like vertical external urethral orifice. The circumference of the base of the glans forms a rounded projecting border, the corona glandis, overhanging a deep retroglandular sulcus (the coronal sulcus), behind which is the neck of the penis.
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The right atrium and the right ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the right heart. Similarly, the left atrium and the left ventricle together are sometimes referred to as the left heart. The ventricles are separated from each other by the interventricular septum, visible on the surface of the heart as the anterior longitudinal sulcus and the posterior interventricular sulcus. The cardiac skeleton is made of dense connective tissue and this gives structure to the heart.
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Gingival Sulcus, also known as Gingival Crevice, refers to the space between the tooth surface and the sulcular epithelium. At the free gingival margin, the sulcular epithelium is continuous with the gingival epithelium. Both the attached gingivae and the free gingivae are included as part of the gingival epithelium. While the junctional epithelium is a stratified and thin epithelium that is attached to the tooth surface, the epithelium of the gingival sulcus is stratified squamous and thicker non-keratinised.
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The aperture is short, narrow, with hardly any siphonal canal. The anal sulcus is large and deeper than wide. The outer lip is thin and not internally lirate. The throat is white.
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The aperture of the holotype (probably not quite mature) is rather narrow. The anal sulcus is narrow, not deep. The outer lip is thin, sharp, prominently arcuate. The inner lip is erased.
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The shell has about seven (decollate) whorls. The suture is strongly appressed and obscure. The anal fasciole is wide, smooth and concave. The sulcus is wide and shallow, close to the suture.
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At the base of the SPL is the intraparietal sulcus, below which is the inferior parietal lobule (IPL), which in turn divides into Brodmann areas 39 (angular gyrus) and 40 (supramarginal gyrus).
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Two prominent grooves, or sulci, run along its length. The posterior median sulcus is the groove in the dorsal side, and the anterior median fissure is the groove in the ventral side.
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Wang X, Song Y, Zhen Z, Liu J. Functional integration of the posterior superior temporal sulcus correlates with facial expression recognition. Hum Brain Mapp. 2016;37(5):1930-1940. doi:10.1002/hbm.23145.
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The anal sulcus is wide, moderately deep, close to the suture. The spiral sculpture is feeble. The axial sculpture consists of moderately strong riblets. The operculum is wide, ovate, with apical nucleus.
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While similar in morphology to A. nipponicum, the two related species can be separated by the sulcus which is developed in A. browni but not seen in the samaras of A. nipponicum.
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The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The outer lip is slightly thickened and inflected. The siphonal canal is wide and hardly differentiated. The columella is short and strong, the axis impervious.
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The anal sulcus is shallow, slightly removed from the suture. The fasciole is lightly impressed on the body whorl. The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is thin, sharp and arcuately produced.
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The anal sulcus is deep and rounded. The outer lip is greatly produced, thin and smooth within. The inner lip shows a wash of callus. The siphonal canal is distinct but very short.
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The anal sulcus is wide and rather deep. The sharp outer lip is prominently arcuate. The almost vertical columella is short, twisted, strong. The axis is minutely pervious. Dautzenberg P. & Fischer H. (1896).
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The simple columella is slightly angled. The outer lip is sharp-edged. The oblique anal sulcus is deep, narrow and slightly spherical in shape.Hervier, J. (1896a) Descriptions d'espèces nouvelles de l'Archipel Néo-Calédonien.
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In the brain, an area of the intraparietal sulcus plays a large role in the focus of attention, perhaps serving as an index connected to posterior areas representing the content of active memories.
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There is no spiral sculpture. The aperture is wide, measuring less than a third of the whole length. The anal sulcus is wide and deep. The outer lip is very prominently protractively arcuate.
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The aperture is small. The anal sulcus is deep, with a subsutural callus. The outer lip is thin, sharp and arcuately produced. The inner lip and columella show a thin layer of enamel.
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The anal sulcus is deep, narrow, the fasciole separated from the suture by a beaded ridge, the outer margin of the fasciole not elevated. Type † Pleurotoma cristata Conrad, 1848. Oligocene fossil. This group is extremely close to Ancistrosyrinx Dall, 1881, the latter differing only by having the anal sulcus at the suture, with no intervening ridge, while the outer margin of the fasciole has an elevated lamella between which and the reflected keel at the shoulder there is an excavated channel.
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The posterior cingulate cortex lies behind the anterior cingulate cortex, forming a part of the posteromedial cortex, along with the retrosplenial cortex (Brodmann areas 29 and 30) and precuneus (located posterior and superior to the PCC). The PCC, together with the retrosplenial cortex, forms the retrosplenial gyrus. The posterior cingulate cortex is bordered by the following brain regions: the marginal ramus of the cingulate sulcus (superiorly), the corpus callosum (inferiorly), the parieto-occipital sulcus (posteriorly), and Brodmann area 24 (anteriorly).
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The gingival sulcus is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding gingival tissue and is lined by sulcular epithelium. The depth of the sulcus (Latin for groove) is bounded by two entities: apically by the gingival fibers of the connective tissue attachment and coronally by the free gingival margin. A healthy sulcular depth is three millimeters or less, which is readily self-cleansable with a properly used toothbrush or the supplemental use of other oral hygiene aids.
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The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The outer lip is sharp, thin, crenulated by the spiral sculpture. The body shows a thin wash of callus. The columella is straight, obliquely truncate in front.
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The body is polished and the sculpture eroded. The columella is white, callous, obliquely truncate in front, slightly twisted, not pervious. The outer lip is thin, simple. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow.
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The aperture is moderately wide with a very shallow ill-defined sulcus. The outer lip is thickened and smooth. The siphonal canal is wide, not differentiated from the aperture. The inner lip is smooth.
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The sulcus limitans is found in the fourth ventricle of the brain. It separates the cranial nerve motor nuclei (medial) from the sensory nuclei (lateral).Nolte, John. The Human Brain 6th ed. p.685.
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The anal fasciole is obscure. The anal sulcus is very feeble. The spiral sculpture on the early whorls consists of two strong rows of nodules on the ribs. The cords connecting them are less conspicuous.
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The aperture is elongate, narrow with no differentiated siphonal canal. The outer lip is moderately varicose, sharp edged and smooth within. The anal sulcus is rounded, shallow and close to the suture. Dall, William Healey.
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The aperture is rather wide. The rounded anal sulcus is conspicuous. The outer lip is thin, prominently arcuate and smooth within. The inner lip shows a thin layer of brownish enamel, the edge raised anteriorly.
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The anal sulcus is wide and rounded with a slightly flaring edge. The outer lip is thin, sharp and prominently arcuately produced. The inner lip is erased. The columella is strong and attenuated in front.
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It lies in the middle frontal gyrus of humans (i.e., lateral part of Brodmann's area (BA) 9 and 46Brodmann, 1909). In macaque monkeys, it is around the principal sulcus (i.e., in Brodmann's area 46Walker, 1940).
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Sun ZY, Klöppel S, Rivière D, Perrot M, Frackowiak R, Siebner H, Mangin J-F. The effect of handedness on the shape of the central sulcus. NeuroImage. 2012;60(1):332–339. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.
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Anterior clypeal margin is flat to weakly convex. Mesoscutum with distinct notauli forming a Y-shape. Parapsidal furrows reduced to weak impressions. Scuto-scutellar sulcus with 7–10 narrow longitudinal ridges visible in dorsal view.
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Outside the row of holes the usual sulcus is strongly marked. About midway from the suture to the lines of holes is a raised rib, rather obscure, but differing in different individuals and corresponding to an internal sulcus. Between the central ridges and the suture there are no undulations or transverse ridges of consequence. The sculpture consists of well marked, rather flattish, spiral, close-set threads, sometimes with a single finer intercalary thread, overlaid by smaller rather compressed transverse ridges, in harmony with the incremental lines.
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The parieto-occipital sulcus (also called the parietooccipital fissure) is a deep fissure in the cerebral cortex that marks the boundary between the cuneus and precuneus, and also between the parietal and occipital lobes. Only a small part can be seen on the lateral surface of the hemisphere, its chief part being on the medial surface. The lateral part of the parieto-occipital sulcus (Fig. 726) is situated about 5 centimeters (cm) in front of the occipital pole of the hemisphere, and measures about 1.25 cm.
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Occipotemporal sulcus The visual word form area (VWFA) is located in the left lateral occipitotemporal sulcus. This area overlaps with the part of the ventral visual cortex that detects the presence of line junctions, and thus is thought to have provided the VWFA with its neuronal niche. Biederman (1987) found that line vertices are more essential to object recognition than line segments. Cross-culturally, letters/symbols used in written language are all made up of a small number of lines which meet at vertices.
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The spiral sculpture consists of obscure striae, sparser on the base. The axial sculpture consists of incremental faint lines arcuate on the anal fasciole. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is wide and moderately deep.
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The axial sculpture consists of moderately conspicuous incremental lines. The anal sulcus is wide and extremely shallow, the deepest portion at the posterior keel. There is no well-defined fascicle. The aperture is short and wide.
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Central sulcus of the brain, superior view. The cardinal features of Rolandic epilepsy are infrequent, often single, focal seizures consisting of: :a. unilateral facial sensorimotor symptoms (30% of patients) :b. oropharyngolaryngeal manifestations (53% of patients) :c.
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The anterior sacroiliac ligament consists of numerous thin bands, which connect the anterior surface of the lateral part of the sacrum to the margin of the auricular surface of the ilium and to the preauricular sulcus.
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The lateral margin (margo lateralis) lies beneath the nail wall on the sides of the nail, and the nail groove or fold (sulcus matricis unguis) are the cutaneous slits into which the lateral margins are embedded.
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The excess of glass ionomer cement will be wiped off or removed with knotted floss from between the interproximal contact, and a sickle probe from the buccal gingival sulcus on the buccal and lingual/palatal surfaces.
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The intercondylar fossa of femur (intercondyloid fossa of femur, intercondylar notch of femur) is a deep notch between the rear surfaces of the medial and lateral epicondyle of the femur, two protrusions on the distal end of the femur (thigh bone) that joins the knee. On the front of the femur, the condyles are but much less prominent and are separated from one another by a smooth shallow articular depression called the patellar surface because it articulates with the posterior surface of the patella (kneecap). The intercondylar fossa of femur and/or the patellar surface may also be referred to as the patellar groove, patellar sulcus, patellofemoral groove, femoropatellar groove, femoral groove, femoral sulcus, trochlear groove of femur, trochlear sulcus of femur, trochlear surface of femur, or trochlea of femur. On a lateral radiograph, it is evident as Blumensaat's line.
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The aperture is rather narrow. The anal sulcus is wide and deep, its deepest part at the shoulder, with no subsutural callus. The outer lip is thin, sharp and prominently arcuately produced. The inner lip is erased.
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The outer lip is sharp, with a well marked sulcus at the principal keel. The sculpture of the body is erased. The columella is very short, twisted and obliquely truncate in front. The axis is not pervious.
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The anal sulcus is narrow, short, with a subsutural callus in front of it. The outer lip is thin, sharp, with a marked varicose swelling behind it. There are no internal lirae. The inner lip is callous.
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Neuroimaging studies also report increased activation in the right intraparietal sulcus during tasks that measure symbolic but not non-symbolic processing of numerical magnitude. However, support for the access deficit hypothesis is not consistent across research studies.
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The inner surface of the mastoid portion of the temporal bone presents a deep, curved groove, the sigmoid sulcus, which lodges part of the transverse sinus; in it may be seen the opening of the mastoid foramen.
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The whole surface overrun by fine, close-packed, spiral threads. The aperture is linear. The anal sulcus is an almost closed tube at the top of a bold varix. The outer lip is insinuate near the base.
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Uruk Sulcus is a bright region of grooved terrain adjacent to Galileo Regio on Jupiter's moon Ganymede. It is thought to be younger than the darker material in Galileo Regio and similar regions elsewhere on the moon.
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About two thirds of the cortical surface is buried in the sulci and the insular cortex is completely hidden. The cortex is thickest over the top of a gyrus and thinnest at the bottom of a sulcus.
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The OFC is divided into multiple broad regions distinguished by cytoarchitecture, including brodmann area 47/12, brodmann area 11, brodmann area 14, brodmann area 13, and brodmann area 10. Four gyri are split by a complex of sulci that most frequently resembles a "H" or a "K" pattern. Extending along the rostro-caudal axis, two sulci, the lateral and orbital sulci, are usually connected by the transverse orbital sulcus, which extends along a medial-lateral axis. Most medially, the medial orbital gyrus is separated from the gyrus rectus by the olfactory sulcus.
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Near the siphonal canal these become narrower and cord-like and the channels wider, diminishing again toward the end of the canal. The spiral sculpture does not nodulate the ribs, but is minutely crenulated on the eminences by fine, even, incremental lines. The aperture is short, wide, with a deep rounded anal sulcus next the suture, a thin and much produced outer lip, a short, slightly recurved, flaring siphonal canal. The arcuate columella is callous, white and smooth, with a conspicuous nodule on the body between the sulcus and the suture.
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The occipital lobe sits directly above the cerebellum and is situated posterior to the Parieto- occipital sulcus, or parieto-occipital sulcus. This lobe is known as the centre of the visual perception system, the main function of the occipital lobe is that of vision. Retinal sensors send signals through the optic tract to the Lateral geniculate nucleus. Once the Lateral Geniculate Nucleus receives the information it is sent down the primary visual cortex where it is organized and sent down one of two possible path ways; dorsal or ventral stream.
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The right superior temporal sulcus was also noticed to have higher activation levels. When functional connectivity was analyzed it was found that the dentate nucleus was more closely involved with the functions of the superior temporal sulcus. The results suggest that performance on the pursuit task relies on the subject's ability to comprehend appropriate movement patterns in order to recreate the optimal movements. Sleep deprivation was found to interrupt the slow processes that lead to learning of this procedural skill and alter connectivity changes that would have normally been seen after a night of rest.
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It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined precentral region of cerebral cortex. In the human brain, it is located on the portions of the precentral gyrus that are not occupied by Brodmann area 4; furthermore, BA6 extends onto the caudal portions of the superior frontal and middle frontal gyri. It extends from the cingulate sulcus on the medial aspect of the hemisphere to the lateral sulcus on the lateral aspect. It is bounded rostrally by the granular frontal region and caudally by the gigantopyramidal area 4 (Brodmann, 1909).
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Outside the row of hole, s the usual sulcus is strongly marked. About midway from the suture to the lines of holes is a raised rib, rather obscure, but differing in different individuals and corresponding to an internal sulcus. Between the central ridges and the suture there are no undulations or transverse ridges of consequence. The sculpture of the shell shows a well marked, rather flattish, spiral, close-set threads, sometimes with a single finer intercalary thread, overlaid by smaller rather compressed transverse ridges, in harmony with the incremental lines.
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The lateral or orbital surface of the lacrimal bone is divided by a vertical ridge, the posterior lacrimal crest, into two parts. In front of this crest is a longitudinal groove, the lacrimal sulcus (sulcus lacrimalis), the inner margin of which unites with the frontal process of the maxilla, and the lacrimal fossa is thus completed. The upper part of this fossa lodges the lacrimal sac, the lower part, the nasolacrimal duct. The portion behind the crest is smooth, and forms part of the medial wall of the orbit.
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The frontal lobe is located at the front of each cerebral hemisphere and positioned in front of the parietal lobe and above and in front of the temporal lobe.It was first discovered by Sir Niks Dhangar. It is separated from the parietal lobe by a space between tissues called the central sulcus, and from the temporal lobe by a deep fold called the lateral sulcus also called the Sylvian fissure. The precentral gyrus, forming the posterior border of the frontal lobe, contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.
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The right parietal lobe is associated with sensory integration and perception whereas the left parietal lobe is believed to function at a more conceptual level involving speech, reading and writing. The central sulcus divides the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe which is located superior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the frontal lobe. The primary somatosensory cortex- the main processing center for tactile sensations- is positioned posterior to the central sulcus, on the post-central gyrus. The somatosensory system is also associated with the perception of temperature, taste, vision, proprioception and kinesthesia.
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The sulcus is narrow and may widen as it extends to the posterior end of the organism as in D. agilis. The plates that form the theca immediately above and directly below the cingulum are called the precingular plates and postcingular plates respectively. In the genus Durinskia, organisms have 6 precingular plates and 5 postcingular plates; the cingulum and sulcus is composed 5 unequal plates and 6 plates respectively. Although the shape of the plates varies among species, all species have cingular plates that do not align with the postcingular plates.
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The nine whorls of the teleoconch are flattened, strongly sculptured, with axial ribs and three spiral keels. There is a strong, rounded, rather broad spiral keel on each side of the deeply sulcate periphery. The peripheral sulcus is about as wide as a keel and marks the path for the shouldered and crenulated summit of the succeeding whorls. A second deep spiral sulcus, equal in width to the peripheral one, is situated just posterior to the posterior keel, and this marks the anterior termination of the strong, rounded, backward-slanting axial ribs between the sutures.
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The human tongue is divided into anterior and posterior parts by the terminal sulcus which is a V-shaped groove. The apex of the terminal sulcus is marked by a blind foramen, the foramen cecum, which is a remnant of the median thyroid diverticulum in early embryonic development. The anterior oral part is the visible part situated at the front and makes up roughly two-thirds the length of the tongue. The posterior pharyngeal part is the part closest to the throat, roughly one-third of its length.
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It is the first step in the decline of periodontal health, and the only step which can be fully reversed to restore one's oral health. As the gingival tissue swells, it no longer provides an effective seal between the tooth and the outside environment. Vertical space is created between the tooth and the gum, allowing new bacterial plaque biofilm to begin to migrate into the sulcus, or space between the gum and the tooth. In healthy individuals, the sulcus is no more than 3 mm deep when measured with a periodontal probe.
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In monkeys, apes and hominids, including humans, region S2 is divided into several "areas". An area at the entrance to the lateral sulcus, adjoining the primary somatosensory cortex (S1), is called the parietal ventral (PV) area. Posterior to PV is the secondary somatosensory area (area S2, which must not be confused with "region S2" which designates the entire secondary somatosensory cortex, of which area S2 is a part). Deeper in the lateral sulcus lies the ventral somatosensory (VS) area, whose outer edge adjoins areas PV and S2 and inner edge adjoins the insular cortex.
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They are marked by strong, well-rounded, curved, somewhat retractive axial ribs, of which 22 occur upon the second, 26 upon the third, and 30 upon the penultimate turn; on the first they are obsolete. The intercostal spaces are well impressed, about as wide as the ribs. The posterior edge of the peripheral sulcus coincides with the summits of the whorls, which render the sutures profoundly channeled. The sulcus is bordered on each side by a well- rounded, slender, spiral cord, which forms low tubercles at the junction with the ribs.
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On the body whorl the ribs are obsolete and the spiral sculpture feebler, flatter, and with occasional intercalary smaller threads. The anal fasciole and the anal sulcus are obscure. The aperture is narrow. The inner lip is erased.
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The silky incrementatl lines are evident. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded, with a strong subsutural callus. The outer lip is sharp- edged, with a feeble varix and a brown spot behind it.
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The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is varicose, within smooth, though the spiral sculpture shining through the translucent shell gives the effect of liration. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The siphonal canal is hardly difl'erentiated.
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The band is somewhat excavated, tending to give a turreted appearance in old shells. The anal sulcus is broad, not deep. The thin outer lip is produced forward. The columella is straight, anteriorly attenuated, with very little callus.
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The anal sulcus is conspicuous, rounded, with a marked subsutural callus. The outer lip is thin, moderately arcuate, not varicose. The inner lip shows a coat of enamel with the anterior edge raised. The columella is short, straight.
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The parietal lobe is located directly behind the central sulcus, superior to the occipital lobe and posterior to the frontal lobe, visually at the top of the back of the head.Blakemore & Frith (2005). The Learning Brain. Blackwell Publishing.
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External images For terms, see: Morphology of Diptera Wing length: . Tergites 3 and 4 have a marginal sulcus. Femur 3 is entirely yellow or apical 1/4 yellow. Face is without black stripe, but with black mouth edge.
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The excessive tone can also be managed with "jolly jumpers" and other aids to the upright stance that do not constrain the child but help him or her gradually tone down the rigidity. Lateral sulcus becomes non operculated.
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The whorls are moderately rounded, spire subacute. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The outer lip is thin and simple. The body contains a wash of callus extending also over the short, straight, obliquely truncate, slightly twisted columella.
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The dark brown aperture is small. The anal sulcus is shallow and the thin outer lip is only moderately arcuate. The inner lip and the columella are simple. The siphonal canal is short, and hardly differentiated from the aperture.
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On the body whorl they decrease to six in number, and are narrow, erect, and oblique. They vanish on the base. The siphonal canal is produced, and a little twisted. The anal sulcus is sutural, rather deep and narrow.
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They are not continuous up the spire. The aperture is rather narrow. The anal sulcus is conspicuous, with a subsutural callus. The outer lip is thin, sharp, with a ribless space and a small varix behind it, smooth internally.
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The aperture is large and equals about half the length of the shell. it is strongly swollen past the lip. The large anal sulcus is broad and lies close to the suture. The sharp outer lip is strongly sulcate.
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The little black cormorant was originally described by Johann Friedrich von Brandt in 1837. Its specific epithet is derived from the Latin words sulcus "groove", and rostrum "bill". The common name in New Zealand is the little black shag.
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The Pholididea are distinguished from the other genera in Martesiinae by having only on umbonal- ventral sulcus, a longitudinally-divided mesoplax, and either no metaplax and hypoplax, or a single plate caused by deposition of calcite in the periostratum.
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In 2018 Cantlon was made the Zdrojkowski Chair in Developmental Neuroscience at Carnegie Mellon University. Using MRI, Cantlon studied activity in the intraparietal sulcus of young people during numerical tasks. She demonstrated that boys and girls have identical capabilities.
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The shell shows strong axial ribs between the sutures and three spiral keels, two of which are at the periphery, which falls in the deep sulcus between them, and one a little anterior to the middle of the base.
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Platystrophia is an extinct genus of brachiopods that lived from the Ordovician to the Silurian in Asia, Europe, North America, and South America. It has a prominent sulcus and fold. It usually lived in marine lime mud and sands.
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The aperture and the siphonal canal are short and wide. The columella shows a little callus, straight, solid. The outer lip is produced, thin, sharp and simple. The anal sulcus is wide, shallow, in the older shells nearly reaching the suture.
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The posterior median sulcus is the posterior end of the posterior median septum of neuroglia of the spinal cord. The septum varies in depth from 4 to 6 mm, but diminishes considerably in the lower part of the spinal cord.
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The outer lip is varicose and smooth within. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated.Dall (1919) Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean; Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol.
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The anal sulcus is wide and round but with no marked fasciole or subsutural callus. The outer lip is thick, infolded, the fine sculpture continued over the front of the fold. The inner lip is erased. The columella is straight.
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The lines of growth are rather strong and give the surface a rough appearance.;The aperture is short. The anal sulcus is shallow and feeble The outer lip is sharp, thin and simple. The columella is smooth, short and obliquely attenuated.
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Many of the short association fibers (also called arcuate or "U"-fibers) lie immediately beneath the gray substance of the cortex of the hemispheres, and connect together adjacent gyri. Some pass from one wall of the sulcus to the other.
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The outer lip is thin, only slightly produced in front of the sulcus. The inner lip is erased. The columella is very short. The siphonal canal is very short and wide, but distinct, slightly recurved and with an inconspicuous siphonal fasciole.
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The anal sulcus is moderately deep. The siphonal canal is short and open. The color of the shell is reddish chestnut, the ribs whitish, with a dark band below the middle of the body whorl.G.W. Tryon, Manual of Conchology vol.
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Oxyrrhis marina, Gymnodinium sp. and Kofoidinium spp.), draw prey to the sulcal region of the cell (either via water currents set up by the flagella or via pseudopodial extensions) and ingest the prey through the sulcus. In several Protoperidinium spp., e.g.
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The teres major muscle originates on the dorsal surface of the inferior angle and the lower part of the lateral border of the scapula. The fibers of teres major insert into the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus of the humerus.
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The space in front of the keel on the body whorl with about 25 strong cords shows wider interspaces. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is distinct, without a subsutural callus. The outer lip is produced, thin and smooth inside.
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The supplementary portion receives inputs from the thalamus. The thalamic nuclei supplying the supplementary motor cortex are distinct from those enervating the primary motor cortex. (Trends in Neurosciences) It is located above the cingulate sulcus inside the anterior paracentral lobule.
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The anal sulcus is close to the suture, deep and wide, with a distinct fasciole. The siphonal canal is very short, narrow, recurved. The outer lip is thin, simple and sharp. The columella is thin, gyrate, anteriorly obliquely truncate, almost pervious.
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The Postrhinal cortex is an area of the brain which borders above the entorhinal cortex. It is the cortical region dorsally adjacent and caudal to the posterior rhinal sulcus. It is implicated in the role of memory and spatial navigation.
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The anal sulcus is wide and deep, adjacent to the suture and with no subsutural callus. The outer lip is thin, sharp and prominently produced. The inner lip is erased. The columella is stout, short, white and obliquely attenuated in front.
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The corona of glans penis or penis crown refers to the circumference of the base of the glans penis in human males which forms a rounded projecting border, overhanging a deep retroglandular sulcus, behind which is the neck of the penis.
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Langer and Benton (2006) noted that Staurikosaurus can be distinguished based on the anterior trochanter being reduced to a scar. Bittencourt and Kellner (2009) also noted that the proximal fibula has a medial sulcus, which is unique to Staurikosaurus pricei.
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Phyllostachys aureosulcata, the yellow groove bamboo, is a species of bamboo native to the Zhejiang Province of China. It is a running bamboo with a distinctive yellow stripe in the culm groove (or sulcus) that is often grown as an ornamental.
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Young shoot of Phyllostachys aureosulcata cv. 'Lama Temple' Several forms and cultivars of this species exist in a variety of culm color patterns. P. aureosulcata f. spectabilis reverses the colors of the typical form with yellow culms and a green sulcus.
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The superior frontal gyrus (SFG) also marginal gyrus, makes up about one third of the frontal lobe of the human brain. It is bounded laterally by the superior frontal sulcus. The superior frontal gyrus is one of the frontal gyri.
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Although, after reviewing Posner's research, it may seem logical to conclude that covert and overt attention shifts utilize different neural mechanisms, other more recent studies have shown more overlap than not. Multiple studies have shown activity evident in the frontal cortex, concentrating in the precentral sulcus, the parietal cortex, specifically in the intraparietal sulcus, and in the lateral occipital cortex for both overt and covert attention shifts. This is in support of the premotor theory of attention. While these studies may agree on the areas, they are not always in agreement on whether an overt or covert attentional shift causes more activation.
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The Konzhukovia skull has an overall triangular appearance due to the lateral margins of the snout expanding parallel and then diverging from each other and the most anterior portion of the snout is rounded. The skull contains both infra- and supraorbital sensory sulci, the infraorbital sulcus is located on the maxilla and runs posteriorly to the lacrimal while the supraorbital sulcus extends posteriorly to the naris. The orbits are elongate and the skull shows paired anterior palatal vacuity. The orbits are positioned after the midline of the skull and are relatively widely separated from each other.
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Brodmann areas 3, 1, and 2 make up the primary somatosensory cortex of the human brain (or S1). Because Brodmann sliced the brain somewhat obliquely, he encountered area 1 first; however, from anterior to posterior, the Brodmann designations are 3, 1, and 2, respectively. Brodmann area (BA) 3 is subdivided into areas 3a and 3b. Where BA 1 occupies the apex of the postcentral gyrus, the rostral border of BA 3a is in the nadir of the Central sulcus, and is caudally followed by BA 3b, then BA 1, with BA 2 following and ending in the nadir of the postcentral sulcus.
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The circumflex artery curves to the left around the heart within the coronary sulcus, giving rise to one or more left marginal arteries (also called obtuse marginal branches (OM)) as it curves toward the posterior surface of the heart. It helps form the posterior left ventricular branch or posterolateral artery. The circumflex artery ends at the point where it joins to form to the posterior interventricular artery in 15% of all cases, which lies in the posterior interventricular sulcus. In the other 85% of all cases the posterior interventricular artery comes out of the right coronary artery.
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The frontal lobe is the largest of the four major lobes of the brain in mammals, and is located at the front of each hemisphere (in front of the parietal lobe and the temporal lobe). It is separated from the parietal lobe by a groove between tissues called the central sulcus and from the temporal lobe by a deeper groove called the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). The most anterior rounded part of the frontal lobe (though not well-defined) is known as the frontal pole, one of the three poles of the cerebrum. The frontal lobe is covered by the frontal cortex.
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During the processes of each of the languages, there was bilateral activation in the occipital lobes, in the temporal lobes near the superior temporal sulcus, and in the frontal gyri. The processing of sign language showed stronger activation in both occipital lobes, both posterior temporal lobes, and in the thalamus bilaterally. It also showed strong activation particularly in structures in the right hemisphere: the superior temporal sulcus, the fusiform gyrus, and the inferior frontal gyrus. Opposed to processing sign language, when the individuals processed written French there was strong activation bilaterally and in the left hemisphere.
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The tissues that sit above the alveolar bone crest are considered the free gingiva. In healthy periodontium, the gingival margin is the fibrous tissue that encompasses the cemento-enamel junction, a line around the circumference of the tooth where the enamel surface of the crown meets the outer cementum layer of the root. A natural space called the gingival sulcus lies apically to the gingival margin, between the tooth and the free gingiva. A non-diseased, healthy gingival sulcus is typically 0.5-3mm in depth, however, this measurement can increase in the presence of periodontal disease.
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The junctional epithelium is a collar-like band that lies at the base of the gingival sulcus and surround the tooth; it demarcates the areas of separation between the free and attached gingiva. The junctional epithelium provides a specialised protective barrier to microorganisms residing around the gingival sulcus. Collagen fibres bind the attached gingiva tightly to the underlying periodontium including the cementum and alveolar bone and varies in length and width, depending on the location in the oral cavity and on the individual.,Newman, M., Takei, H. Klokkevold, P. R., Carranza, F. A. (2015). Carranza’s Clinical Periodontology (12th ed.).
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"The 'L-shaped groove' is technically known as a 'sulcus'. In the living fish, the sulcus is adjacent to a series of neuromast cells in the inner ear. Pressure exerted upon these neuromasts by movement of the otolith due to gravity or to acceleration of the fish provides information to the brain regarding the orientation of the fish's body."Dr. George R. Spangler "Freshwater Drum" c 2005, 2006 Many beachcombers walk the beaches in the morning as the waves tend to wash small rocks, "beach glass" and lucky stones to the shore on a daily basis.
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Nobre, Coull, Walsh and Frith (2003) identified using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) that the intraparietal sulcus located in the superior parietal cortex was activated specifically to feature search and the binding of individual perceptual features as opposed to conjunction search. Conversely, the authors further identify that for conjunction search, the superior parietal lobe and the right angular gyrus elicit bilaterally during fMRI experiments. Visual search primarily activates areas of the parietal lobe. In contrast, Leonards, Sunaert, Vam Hecke and Orban (2000) identified that significant activation is seen during fMRI experiments in the superior frontal sulcus primarily for conjunction search.
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Sclerosing lymphangitis, also known as lymphangiosclerosis or sclerotic lymphangitis, is a skin condition characterized by a cordlike structure encircling the coronal sulcus of the penis, or running the length of the shaft, that has been attributed to trauma during vigorous sexual play. Nonvenereal sclerosing lymphangitis is a rare penile lesion consisting of a minimally tender, indurated cord involving the coronal sulcus and occasionally adjacent distal penile skin. The condition involves the hardening of a lymph vessel connected to a vein in the penis. It can look like a thick cord and can feel like a hardened, almost calcified or fibrous, vein.
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The spaces that separate these ribs are a little less wide than the ribs. In addition to this there are numerous fine lines of growth, which slope retractively in the sulcus at the summit and protractively anteriorly. The sulcus at the summit is without spiral sculpture, whereas in the region anterior to it both ribs and intercostal spaces are crossed by rather strong, low, rounded, spiral cords, of which four occur upon the fifth to seventh, five upon the eighth, seven upon the ninth, and eight upon the body whorl between the summit and suture. These spiral cords are more or less equal.
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After supra-gingival oral hygiene cleaning, plaque biofilm will quickly develop at the gingival margin and will enter the gingival sulcus after some time. The junctional epithelium, which is at the base of the gingival sulcus, permits plaque bacteria and its toxin to enter the underlying gingival connective tissue via the large spaces between epithelial cells of the junctional epithelium. As a result, inflammation occurs. In clinical gingival health, homeostasis occurs because resident biofilm of plaque bacteria and the host defences (symbiosis) results in a dynamic equilibrium with oral hygiene practices such as brushing and flossing.
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011 This study also identified this same region to preferentially activated in the processing of stimuli associated with people, such as faces and voices. Another fMRI study found that the neural representations of audiovisual integration, non-verbal emotional signals, voice sensitivity, and face sensitivity are all localized to separate regions of the superior temporal sulcus.Kreifelts B, Ethofer T, Shiozawa T, Grodd W, Wildgruber D. Cerebral representation of non-verbal emotional perception: fMRI reveals audiovisual integration area between voice- and face-sensitive regions in the superior temporal sulcus. Neuropsychologia. 2009;47(14):3059-3066. doi:10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2009.07.001. Likewise, this study also noted that the area most sensitive to voice is located in the trunk section of the superior temporal sulcus, the area most sensitive to facial expressions is located in the posterior terminal ascending branch, and audiovisual integration of emotional signals occurs in regions that overlap with face and voice recognition areas at the bifurcation of the superior temporal sulcus.
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There is also a semi-obsolete fine spiral striation covering the whole surface and somewhat stronger on the siphonal canal. There is no axial sculpture. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is feeble, close to the suture hardly forming a fasciole.
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The outer lip is thin, sharp, produced and internally smooth. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow, with no parietal nodule. The inner lip is erased. The columella is smooth, twisted, not pervious, attenuated obliquely toward the rather long, slightly recurved siphonal canal.
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The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is deep and wide, reaching the suture The outer lip is thin, sharp, and arcuately produced. The inner lip is slightly eroded, polished, with no callus. There is plication at the proximal end of the columella.
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Traces of analogous sculpture can be observed with a lens also on the base. The aperture is semilunar. The outer lip is thin, sharp, with a shallow anal sulcus adjacent to the suture. The body with the sculpture erased, is white and polished.
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Today, the fusiform gyrus is considered to be specific to hominoids. This is supported by research showing only three temporal gyri and no fusiform gyrus in macaques. The first accurate definition of the mid-fusiform sulcus was coined by Gustav Retzius in 1896.
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They undulate the succeeding suture but are obsolete on the base and anal fasciole. On the early part of the spire the peripheral cord is duplex, but the posterior thread gradually fades out. The aperture isnarrow. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded.
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There are four or five rather distant spiral rows of nodules between the shoulder and the siphonal canal. The incremental lines are very fine and sharp. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow with a marked subsutural callus.
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Cl. Königl. Bayer. Akad. Wiss. 3: 745. 1843. The stem or culm has a prominent groove, called a sulcus, that runs along the length of each segment (or internode). Because of this, it is one of the most easily identifiable genera of bamboo.
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The base is moderately convex. The aperture is narrow, with a deep anal sulcus and a prominently arcuate, thin, sharp-edged outer lip. The inner lip shows a thin layer of white callus. The columella is thick and solid, attenuated in front.
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Verbal Comprehension is a fairly complex process, and it is not fully understood. From various studies and experiments, it has been found that the superior temporal sulcus activates when hearing human speech, and that speech processing seems to occur within Wernicke's area.
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This procedure combines two techniques i.e. Glued IOL and IOL Scaffold. In this technique, glued IOL is performed initially followed by an IOL Scaffold procedure. This technique is specially effective in cases with deficient posterior capsule support and sulcus or iris support.
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It is bounded dorsally approximately by the intraparietal sulcus. In terms of its cytoarchitecture, it is bounded rostrally by the supramarginal area 40 (H), dorsally and caudally by the peristriate area 19, and ventrally by the occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
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Cockscomb (hoods) are markedly enlarged folds of cervical stroma and epithelium . Low, broad folds are collars (rims). A pseudopoly is that portion of the cervix which is medial to a constricting band (sulcus) and has on superficial examination the appearance of a polyp.
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K, oblique fibers of the PDL. Gingival and periodontal pockets (also informally referred to as gum pockets) are dental terms indicating the presence of an abnormal depth of the gingival sulcus near the point at which the gingival tissue contacts the tooth.
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Unique characteristics are found in the femur, the humerus, and the ulna bones. The femur has a non-pendant, crested . The humerus lacks a proximal bicipital sulcus, and a concave border between the head and the deltopectoral crest. The ulna has a large .
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At night, adults of diverse species fly to houses attracted by light. Adults produce a pungent odor (isobutyric acid) when disturbed, and are also capable of producing a particular sound by rubbing the rostrum over a stridulatory sulcus under its head (stridulation).
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The substantia ferruginea is an underlying patch of deeply pigmented nerve cells located in the floor of the superior part of the sulcus limitans. Melanin gives this area of the locus ceruleus its bluish-gray color. It was coined in 1838 and 1851.
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The spiral sculpture consists of faint feeble striae on the fasciole. In front of the shoulder are numerous close-set flattish small threads, extending uniformly to the siphonal canal. The anal sulcus is shallow. The outer lip is slightly arcuate, the inner lip is erased.
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On the body whorl there are about 13 smaller ribs extending nearly to the siphonal canal and reticulating the spiral sculpture. The incremental lines are rather marked. The aperture is wide and short. The anal sulcus is large, rounded and shows a subsutural callus.
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The whorls are subangulate at the shoulder. The axial sculpture consists of sharp, sigmoid riblets (22 or more on the penultimate whorl) obsolete on the base and on most of the body whorl. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The aperture is simple.
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The length of the claviform shell attains 12 mm. The smooth protoconch consists of 1½-2 whorls. The teleoconch contains 5 whorls, convex from suture to suture (no concave sulcus). The suture is not distinctly crenulated, as in the other species in this genus.
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The suture is distinct. The anal sulcus is shallow and somewhat removed from the suture. The fascicle is narrow and depressed. The spiral sculpture consists of a low blunt peripheral keel, somewhat undulated on the earlier whorls with occasional traces of minor spiral threads.
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Reviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries 17(2–3): 353–365. Promachoteuthis sulcus is known from a single specimen caught by the German research vessel R/V Walther Herwig in an open net off Tristan da Cunha, southern Atlantic Ocean (), at a depth of .
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The olfactory trigone is a small triangular area in front of the anterior perforated substance. Its apex, directed forward, occupies the posterior part of the olfactory sulcus, and is brought into view by throwing back the olfactory tract. It is part of the olfactory pathway.
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On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the spiral limbus, this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C.
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The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is a large-diameter vessel that branches at an acute angle from the internal carotid artery. The MCA passes laterally just underneath the frontal lobe, ultimately taking up a position between the temporal and frontal lobes in the lateral sulcus.
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On the base of the shell and on the siphonal canal these number about 10 more diminishing forward. The aperture is a little wider than the siphonal canal. The anal sulcus is shallow and rounded. The outer lip is thin, not inflected, protractively flexuous.
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It is sooty-brownTrewby, M. (2002) with darker shading on the sides of its head. It has a white crescent above and behind its eye. Its bill is black with an orange or yellow sulcus. The tail of this albatross is wide diamond-shaped.
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Research upon primates suggests that area 10 has inputs and output connections with other higher- order association cortex areas particularly in the prefrontal cortex while having few with primary sensory or motor areas. Its connections through the extreme capsule link it to the auditory and multisensory areas of the superior temporal sulcus. They also continue in the medial longitudinal fasciculus in the white matter of the superior temporal gyrus areas on the superior temporal gyrus (areas TAa, TS2, and TS3) and nearby multisensory areas on the upper bank of the superior temporal sulcus (TPO). Another area connected through the extreme capsule is the ventral region of the insula.
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The Brodmann area 32, also known in the human brain as the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate cortex. In the human it forms an outer arc around the anterior cingulate gyrus. The cingulate sulcus defines approximately its inner boundary and the superior rostral sulcus (H) its ventral boundary; rostrally it extends almost to the margin of the frontal lobe. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24, externally by medial margins of the agranular frontal area 6, intermediate frontal area 8, granular frontal area 9, frontopolar area 10, and prefrontal area 11-1909. (Brodmann19-09).
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The parietal lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The parietal lobe is positioned above the temporal lobe and behind the frontal lobe and central sulcus. The parietal lobe integrates sensory information among various modalities, including spatial sense and navigation (proprioception), the main sensory receptive area for the sense of touch in the somatosensory cortex which is just posterior to the central sulcus in the postcentral gyrus, and the dorsal stream of the visual system. The major sensory inputs from the skin (touch, temperature, and pain receptors), relay through the thalamus to the parietal lobe.
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Area 11 is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined frontal region of cerebral cortex of the human. As illustrated in Brodmann-10, It constitutes most of the orbital gyri, gyrus rectus and the most rostral portion of the superior frontal gyrus. It is bounded medially by the inferior rostral sulcus (H) and laterally approximately by the frontomarginal sulcus (H). Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded on the rostral and lateral aspects of the hemisphere by the frontopolar area 10, the orbital area 47, and the triangular area 45; on the medial surface it is bounded dorsally by the rostral area 12 and caudally by the subgenual area 25.
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The posterior cingulate cortex (Brodmann's area 23) sends projections to dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 9), anterior prefrontal cortex (Brodmann's area 10), orbitofrontal cortex (Brodmanns’ area 11), the parahippocampal gyrus, posterior part of the inferior parietal lobule, the presubiculum, the superior temporal sulcus and the retrosplenial region. The retrosplenial cortex and caudal part of the cingulate cortex are connected with rostral prefrontal cortex via cingulate fascicule in macaque monkeys Ventral posterior cingulate cortex was found to be reciprocally connected with the caudal part of the posterior parietal lobe in rhesus monkeys. Also the medial posterior parietal cortex is connected with posterior ventral bank of the cingulate sulcus.
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The subcallosal area (parolfactory area of Broca) is a small triangular field on the medial surface of the hemisphere in front of the subcallosal gyrus, from which it is separated by the posterior parolfactory sulcus; it is continuous below with the olfactory trigone, and above and in front with the cingulate gyrus; it is limited anteriorly by the anterior parolfactory sulcus. The subcallosal area is also known as "Zuckerkandl's gyrus", for Emil Zuckerkandl. The parahippocampal gyrus, subcallosal area, and cingulate gyrus have been described together as the periarcheocortex. The "subcallosal area" and "parolfactory area" are considered equivalent in BrainInfo, but in Terminologia Anatomica they are considered distinct structures.
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The lens bag in which the new artificial lens is kept may be damaged due to trauma, from birth or by surgery. During cataract surgery, when half or more of the lens is remaining and the operating surgeon notices capsule damage; the IOL scaffold technique 6 can be used to rescue the lens and prevent further complications. In this technique, the selected artificial lens or IOL is placed in the sulcus ( remaining part of the lens bag) and phacoemulsification surgery using ultrasound is performed over it (Fig 1). Once the entire lens is removed on the surface of the IOL, the IOL is well positioned on the capsule remnant (sulcus).
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One of the first characteristics discovered to separate Torodinium from the genus Gymnodinium was the marked torsion of the sulcus. Rather than forming a relatively symmetrical band down the anterior-posterior axis of the cell, the sulcus appears to twist approximately half a turn at the cell’s apical end in Torodinium, while remaining straight at the antapical end; no such turn exists in Gymnodinium. Equally important in the establishment of Torodinium as a genus is the posterior cingulum, from which extends the longitudinal flagellum. Contrary to that of Gymnodinium, the flagellar pore, typically anterior, is located very posteriorly in Torodinium, the cingulum extending almost to the antapex.
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The buccal advancement flap is the most commonly used due to its simplicity, reliability and versatility. It involves cutting a broad based trapezoid shaped mucoperiosteal flap with two vertical incisions. The flap is cut buccally, is three sided and extends to the full depth of the sulcus.
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The axial sculpture consists of rather coarse, irregular incremental lines, retractively arcuate in front of the suture, though there is no distinct fasciole. The aperture is elongate. The anal sulcus is close to the suture and is rather deep. The outer lip is thin and smooth inside.
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On the siphonal canal there are crowded small threads. The axial sculpture consists of about 15 short ribs extending from the shoulder, which they nodulate, to the periphery only. The aperture is narrow with a shallow anal sulcus. The outer lip thin, the inner lip is erased.
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They are separated by wider interspaces and the incremental lines are feeble. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is narrow, deep, rounded, close to the suture, with a conspicuous subsutural callus. The outer lip is thin with a moderate varix behind it, and no internal lirae.
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The peripheral nodules are more riblike and numerous on the earlier part of the spire. The aperture is short and rather wide. The anal sulcus is deep, oval and almost tubular. The outer lip is moderately thickened, sharp- edged, smooth inside, with a prominent knob behind it.
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The aperture is narrow, with a varicose rib behind it. The anal sulcus is short, with a strong subsutural callus. The inner lip is erased. The columella shows a thin layer of callus, smooth, short, with a very short deep siphonal canal forming an evident siphonal fasciole.
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Anal sulcus is shallow, wide, directly in front of the suture. Body whorl is with a thin wash of callus. Pillar is thin, gyrate, attenuated in front, forming a narrowly pervious axis, the whole of a pinkish-brown color. The canal is short, shallow, not recurved.
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The outer lip is thin with a shallow rounded excavation, near the suture, which forms the anal sulcus. The body is polished, with the spiral sculpture erased. The columella is thin, gyrate, pervious, white, with a slightly thickened edge. The siphonal canal is short, wide, slightly recurved.
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The anal sulcus is short, pear shaped with no subsutural callus. The body throat and the columella are white and smooth. The short siphonal canal is recurved.Dall (1919) Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean; Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol.
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The first interspace has three equal fine intercalary threads, the second two, and the remainder one each, becoming gradually closer anteriorly. The aperture is rather narrow. The anal sulcus is wide, shallow, extending from the shoulder to the suture. The aperture is angulated by the shoulder keel.
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The sutures are strongly constricted. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a narrow, deep sulcus. The base of the shell is moderately long, well rounded. It is marked by five spiral cords which grow successively weaker between the periphery and the umbilical area.
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The length of the shell attains 23 mm. (Original description) The shell has an elongate-conic shape. It is pale yellow, with a faint brown band encircling the whorls a little anterior to the sinal sulcus at the summit. The protoconch contains 1.5, smooth, well rounded whorls.
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The spiral sculpture consists of on the upper whorl one, on the third two, on the body whorl about seven obscure rounded rather coarse threads with narrower interspaces. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow close to the suture. The outer lip is varicose and smooth within.
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The ribs are shortly arcuate when passing over the otherwise obscure anal fasciole, and the depressions between them, the suture and the shoulder are markedly excavated. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is conspicuous, rounded and not deep. The outer lip is strongly varicose, not internally lirate.
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Neural information to the premotor cortex is supplied by the cerebellum. It is located dorsally in and around the precentral sulcus. Laterally, this exists at the dorso-ventral level of the hand in the motor cortex. A ventral region may also exist, but its exact anatomical location is disputed.
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The sulcus is like the rest and is similarly sculptured. The base of the shell is well rounded, somewhat attenuated anteriorly, sculptured like the spaces between the sutures, having seven spiral keels. These keels diminish somewhat in size from the periphery to the umbilical area. The aperture is subovate.
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Askerina cymbula is a medium to large-sized brachiopod. It has a wide hinge line and strongly dorsibiconvex shape with well-developed fold and sulcus. The beak of this species is small and adpressed with delthidial plates. Ribbing of Askerina cymbula has undulose, concentric growth lamellae, microfilariae and frills.
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In front of it are about twelve strong rounded primary spiral threads, with wider interspaces, each containing a finer intercalary thread, the whole extending to the end of the siphonal canal . The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The outer lip is sharp and simple.
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The largest and deepest fissure in the cerebellum is named the horizontal fissure (or horizontal sulcus). It commences in front of the pons, and passes horizontally around the free margin of the hemisphere to the middle line behind, and divides the cerebellum into an upper and a lower portion.
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About in front of the occipital pole of the human brain, on the infero-lateral border is an indentation or notch, named the preoccipital notch. It is considered a landmark because the occipital lobe is located just behind the line that connects that notch with the parietoccipital sulcus.
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The Natural History Museum and Oxford University Press, London. #Metathoracic "furca" resembling a blunt arrowhead; this a variable but potentially unique character in butterflies; #Second median plate of forewing base lying partly under the base of vein "1A+2A", unlike the configuration in moths; #"Postspiracular bar" on first abdominal segment; #Female genitalic "anterior apophyses" reduced; #Male genitalia relatively "deep" dorso- ventrally; #Abdomen curved (especially in males), as in papilionoids; #Abdominal first tergal segment is strongly "pouched" (Scoble 1986; as also in Thyatirinae moths; #"Precoxal" sulcus joining "marginopleural" sulcus; #Male Foreleg pretarsus lost, thus fused into two elementsAckery, P.R., de Jong, R and Vane-Wright, R.I. (1999). The Butterflies: Hedyloidea, Hesperioidea and Papilionoidae. Pp. 263-300 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.).
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Years later, after hearing of Witelson's brain bank, he sent her a fax asking if she would like to study it, and she told him yes. Her analysis, with a credit to Harvey as well as her research assistant, was published in a 1999 paper titled "The exceptional brain of Albert Einstein". In it, she stated that the brain had a 15% wider inferior parietal region as well as a shorter than normal lateral sulcus. As the parietal lobe is the center for visuospatial perception and navigation, and the shorter sulcus would have allowed more of the area to be physically connected, she proposed that this may have allowed Einstein higher functionality in this area.
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Moreover, neuroimaging studies have also provided additional insights even when behavioral difference in distance/ratio effect might not be clearly evident. For example, Gavin R. Price and colleagues found that children with developmental dyscalculia showed no differential distance effect on reaction time relative to typically developing children, but they did show a greater effect of distance on response accuracy. They also found that the right intraparietal sulcus in children with developmental dyscalculia was not modulated to the same extent in response to non-symbolic numerical processing as in typically developing children. With the robust implication of the intraparietal sulcus in magnitude representation, it is possible that children with developmental dyscalculia have a weak magnitude representation in the parietal region.
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Axons from the upper body enter at or above T6 and travel up the posterior column on the outside of the gracile fasciculus in a more lateral section called the cuneate fasciculus. These fasciculi are in an area known as the posterior funiculus that lies between the posterolateral and the posterior median sulcus. They are separated by a partition of glial cells which places them on either side of the posterior intermediate sulcus. The column reaches the junction between the spinal cord and the medulla oblongata, where lower body axons in the gracile fasciculus connect (synapse) with neurons in the gracile nucleus, and upper body axons in the cuneate fasciculus synapse with neurons in the cuneate nucleus.
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The central sulcus is more prominent in apes as a result of fine-tuning of the motor system in apes. Hominins (bipedal apes) continued this trend through increased use of their hands due to the advent of bipedalism. This allowed for their hands to be freed up from their use in locomotion to focus on more complex manipulative actions such as grasping, tool use, tool making, and many others. Previous studies have also shown that the location where the split in the central sulcus occurs is at the division point between the wrist and the individual digits in primary motor cortex, further implicating the relation between the development of this region through the use of their digits.
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The inferior temporal gyrus is one of three gyri of the temporal lobe and is located below the middle temporal gyrus, connected behind with the inferior occipital gyrus; it also extends around the infero-lateral border on to the inferior surface of the temporal lobe, where it is limited by the inferior sulcus. This region is one of the higher levels of the ventral stream of visual processing, associated with the representation of objects, places, faces, and colors . It may also be involved in face perception,Haxby indicates that a few studies have found face perception in the inferior temporal sulcus, with the majority of sites elsewhere in the brain: p.2, Haxby, et.al.
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His methodology involved mapping cortical areas via simple visual inspection of endocasts from mummies, as well as of fresh whole and sectioned brains. Paleoneurologists and scientists study endocasts in order to gather information about brain size and shape, as well as sulcal patterns resulting from pressure-induced impressions by the brain’s surface. Comparison of data gathered from endocasts and the brains of living hominoids allows scientists to study the evolution of the human brain, both anatomically and cognitively. Ultimately, Smith argued that the lunate sulcus was responsible for delineating the rostrolateral boundary of the V1 in both humans and non- human primates, and even pointed out the specific location of the lunate sulcus in chimpanzee versus human brains.
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The pars opercularis acts indirectly through the motor cortex to control the motor aspect of speech production, and codes motor programs for this system, while the auditory cortex (via the temporoparietal junction in the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) houses a series of sensory targets. Together, these areas function as a sensory-motor loop for syllable information coding. In a study conducted comparing phonological and arithmetic processing and the involvement of different sections of the inferior frontal gyrus and angular gyrus, cortical activation for phonology, subtraction, and multiplication tasks was compared. The predetermined language-calculation network was limited to the left inferior frontal gyrus, angular gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and the horizontal portion of the intraparietal sulcus.
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The siphonal canal is also spirally threaded with a conspicuous siphonal fasciole. The aperture is rather narrow with a well marked anal sulcus close to the suture, and on the body a prominent subsutural callus. The outer lip is produced, sharp-edged and smooth within. The inner lip is callous.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 15) sigmoid ribs, most prominent at the shoulder, feeble over the anal fasciole and on the base. The aperture is narrowly ovate. The anal sulcus is shallow and wide, beginning at the suture. The outer lip is produced, thin and sharp.
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On the last half of the body whorl the ribs become obsolete The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus at the suture is wide and deep. The outer lip in front of it is prominently arcuate, thin and simple. The columellar lip is smooth with a thin wash of callus.
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The sculpture is erased. The outer lip is thin, simple, with a wide sulcus occupying the space between the suture and the shoulder, in front of which it is arcuately protractive. The columella is straight, simple and obliquely truncate in front. The siphonal canal is short, wide and not recurved.
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A retraction cord, although more damaging to the gingival tissues, has proven to displace gingival tissues more effectively and is therefore recommended in instances where thick periodontium is present. Without any chemical additions, such as epinephrine or sulphate compounds, the cord on its own does not produce haemostasis at the sulcus.
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This sculpture extends over the anterior half of the whorl, becoming finer and closer on the siphonal canal. The aperture is elongate. The sharp outer lip is thin. There is a wide, deep, anal sulcus on the posterior slope of the whorl about midway between the suture and the periphery.
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This area is known as perirhinal area 35. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined hippocampal region of the cerebral cortex. In the human it is located along the rhinal sulcus. Cytoarchitectually it is bounded medially by the entorhinal area 28 and laterally by the ectorhinal area 36 (H).
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Calliostoma indiana is the type of Dall's section Eucasta, characterized by a moderate sulcus near the periphery on the shell, producing a fasciole as in Pleurotomaria. The height of the shell attains 11 mm. The thin shell has a conical shape. It is yellowish, with faint brown articulations on the spirals.
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Lip reading is a multimodal process for humans. By watching movements of lips and face, humans get conditioned and practice lip reading. Silent lip reading activates the auditory cortex. When sounds are matched or mismatched with the movements of the lips, temporal sulcus of the left hemisphere becomes more active.
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The aperture is semiovate. The thin lip is duplicated and coarsely crenate. The flat columella is grooved by a parallel sulcus, terminating in an acute tooth below. The shell is very similar to a Nerita on account of its semiglobose form, very obtuse spire, flat base and rapidly widening whorls.
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Sketch of Collodictyon. The species in this genus range in size from 30 to 50 µm in length, can grow broad pseudopodia, and have four flagella and a ventral feeding groove or sulcus. They are devoid of cellulosic cell walls, chloroplasts or stigmata. There are two to several contractile vacuoles.
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The evolution of the central sulcus is theorized to have occurred in mammals when the complete dissociation of the original somatosensory cortex from its mirror duplicate developed in placental mammals such as primates, though the development did not stop there as time progressed the distinction between the two cortices grew.
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The body whorl has a protruded, keeled periphery, not descending more rapidly, with a distinct subperipheral sulcus. The umbilicus is widely open and U-shaped. The last whorl does not decoil as rapidly. The apertural barriers consist of three parietals, a single columellar one that slants downwards, and three long palatals.
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The space between the sixth and seventh liration on the body whorl, reckoning from the suture, is rather broader than the other interstices and produces the appearance of a distinct sulcus. Smith E.A. (1884). Diagnoses of new species of Pleurotomidae in the British Museum. Annals and Magazine of Natural History. ser.
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Winding around the inferior cerebellar peduncle in the lower part of the fourth ventricle, and crossing the area acustica and the medial eminence are a number of white strands, the medullary striae, which form a portion of the cochlear division of the vestibulocochlear nerve and disappear into the median sulcus.
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The base of the shell is moderately convex, with a deep funicular umbilicus. It is closely finely spirally threaded, the threads a little coarser near the umbilical margin. In the interspaces between the keels on the spire are very minute close spiral striae. The aperture shows a very shallow sulcus.
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The sulci and fissures are both grooves in the cortex, but they are differentiated by size. A sulcus is a shallower groove that surrounds a gyrus. A fissure is a large furrow that divides the brain into lobes and also into the two hemispheres as the longitudinal fissure.Carlson, N. R. (2013).
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As the surface area of the brain increases more functions are made possible. A smooth-surfaced brain is only able to grow to a certain extent. A depression, sulcus, in the surface area allows for continued growth. This in turn allows for the functions of the brain to continue growing.
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The surface shows no spiral sculpture under a hand lens. The axial sculpture consists of six strong rounded ribs, running the whole length of the shell and continuous over the spire. The suture is distinct. The aperture is narrow, with a relatively large rounded anal sulcus, a thickened outer lip without internal liration.
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The posterior surface appears somewhat twisted, so that its upper part is directed a little medialward, its lower part backward and a little lateralward. Nearly the whole of this surface is covered by the lateral and medial heads of the Triceps brachii, the former arising above, the latter below the radial sulcus.
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The length of the shell attains 28 mm. The narrow shell has a high spire with evenly convex whorls and a small aperture with a shallow siphonal canal. The shell lacks a subsutural cord or a shoulder sulcus. The axial ribs (numbering 12–22 per whorl) are crossed by fine, close spiral threads.
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The short anal sulcus is rounded and shows a strong subsutural callus. The outer lip is thin, slightly arcuate and smooth within, having a feeble varix behind it. The inner lip shows a thick layer of enamel, having a raised edge anteriorly. The short siphonal canal is hardly differentiated from the aperture.
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The source analysis of the N400 effect indicated generators located in the posterior portion of the middle temporal gyrus (MTG, Brodmann´s area 21/37), quite close to the superior temporal sulcus. This localization concurs with numerous studies on the functional neuroanatomy of semantic processes at the level of both words and sentences.
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The spiral sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 14) obsolete, close set, hardly perceptible equal and equally distributed small threads covering the whorl in front of the shoulder. The aperture is narrow and measures about two-fifths the whole length. The anal sulcus is feeble. The siphonal canal is hardly differentiated.
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In theory, gingival fibers are the protectors against periodontitis, as once they are breached, they cannot be regenerated. When destroyed, the gingival sulcus (labelled G in the diagram) increases in depth apically, allowing more debris and bacteria to remain in intimate contact with the delicate sulcular and junctional epithelia for longer times.
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The threads are hardly swollen when they pass over the ribs. The aperture is narrow, the anal sulcus is shallow and wide beginning at the suture. The outer lip is thin and, sharp The inner lip is erased. The columella and the siphonal canal are straight, the latter distinct but short and deep.
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Reduced right-frontal and left-occipital petalias and reversed petalia asymmetries (that is, left-frontal and right occipital petalias) have been associated with developmental stuttering in both adults and pre-adolescent boys. This may be tied to the lateral sulcus housing Broca's area, which plays a significant role in production of language.
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Superior to each of these, and directly inferior to the obex, are the gracile and cuneate tubercles, respectively. Underlying these are their respective nuclei. The obex marks the end of the fourth ventricle and the beginning of the central canal. The posterior intermediate sulcus separates the gracile fasciculus from the cuneate fasciculus.
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The sulcus at the aperture next the body is shallow. The outer lip beyond it is moderately produced and crenulate by the sculpture. The thin and arcuate columella has a very small notch at its base. There is a deep twisted perforate umbilicus and a thin layer of enamel on the body.
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This area is also known as ventral posterior cingulate area 23. It is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. In the human it occupies most of the posterior cingulate gyrus adjacent to the corpus callosum. At the caudal extreme it is bounded approximately by the parieto- occipital sulcus.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl eight or nine) narrow rounded ribs extended over the whole whorl with wider interspaces and somewhat constricted in front of the appressed suture. There is no evident anal fascicle apart from the constrictio. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is hardly evident.
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The fusiform face area: A module in human extrastriate cortex specialized for face perception. [Article]. Journal of Neuroscience, 17(11), 4302-4311. the occipital face area (OFA), and the face-selective region of the superior temporal sulcus (fSTS). The FFA serves low level tasks, such as distinguishing details between similar well-known objects.
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Global Biodiversity Information Facility The biconvex shell was typically 2.5 cm long, but sometimes grew to 4 cm. The shell of Mucrospirifer has a fold, sulcus and costae. It is greatly elongated along the hinge line, which extends outward to form sharp points. This gives them a fin- or wing-like appearance.
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The small cardiac vein runs in the coronary sulcus between the right atrium and ventricle and opens into the right extremity of the coronary sinus. It receives blood from the posterior portion of the right atrium and ventricle. It may drain to the coronary sinus, right atrium, middle cardiac vein, or be absent.
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Circumvallate papilla in vertical section, showing arrangement of the taste-buds and nerves The circumvallate papillae (or vallate papillae) are dome-shaped structures on the human tongue that vary in number from 8 to 12. They are situated on the surface of the tongue immediately in front of the foramen cecum and sulcus terminalis, forming a row on either side; the two rows run backward and medially, and meet in the midline. Each papilla consists of a projection of mucous membrane from 1 to 2 mm. wide, attached to the bottom of a circular depression of the mucous membrane; the margin of the depression is elevated to form a wall (vallum), and between this and the papilla is a circular sulcus termed the fossa.
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The junctional epithelium, a nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium,AAP 2010 In-Service Exam, question A-20 lies immediately apical to the sulcular epithelium, which lines the gingival sulcus from the base to the free gingival margin, where it interfaces with the epithelium of the oral cavity. The gingival sulcus is bounded by the enamel of the crown of the tooth and the sulcular epithelium. Immediately apical to the base of the pocket, and coronal to the most coronal of the gingival fibers is the junctional epithelium. The JE attaches to the surface of the tooth by way of the EA with hemidesmosomes and is, on average, roughly 1 mm in width in the apico-coronal dimension, constituting about one half of the biologic width.
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The length of the shell attains 14 mm, its diameter 5.5 mm. (Original description) The white shell has a pale olivaceous periostracum. It contains five whorls exclusive of the (lost) protoconch. These are rather slender and moderately rounded except for a single strong peripheral keel which marks the deepest part of the anal sulcus.
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They are most prominent on the anterior half of the whorls of the spire and on the periphery of the body whorl. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded, with a prominent subsutural callus. The outer lip is sharp-edged, with a moderate varix behind it, and is arcuately produced.
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The aperture is wide. The outer lip is thickish, with a feeble varix behind it. The anal sulcus is distinct, shallow, with a large subsutural callus. The inner lip shows a moderate layer of enamel the anterior edge of which near the siphonal canal is raised, with a chink between it and the siphonal fasciole.
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The lesion is usually painless. The usual appearance is of two excess tissue folds in alveolar vestibule/buccal sulcus, with the flange of the denture fitting in between the two folds. It may occur in either the maxillary or mandibular sulci, although the latter is more usual. Anterior locations are more common than posterior.
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The lateral half of the great wing of the sphenoid bone articulates, by means of a synchondrosis, with the petrous part of the temporal bone. Between these two bones on the under surface of the skull, is a furrow, the 'sulcus of auditory tubule, for the lodgement of the cartilaginous part of the auditory tube.
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The uvula (uvular lobe) forms a considerable portion of the inferior vermis; it is separated on either side from the tonsil by the sulcus vallecula, at the bottom of which it is connected to the tonsil by a ridge of gray matter, indented on its surface by shallow furrows, and hence called the furrowed band.
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Like other species of Trissolcus, T. basalis is small (around 2mm long), mostly black in colour, and females have clubbed antennae.Trissolcus basalis can be separated from other nearctic Trissolcus species by the presence of coriaceous microsculpture on the mesoscutellum, pustulate setal bases, shallowly impressed episternal foveae on the mesopleuron, and an incomplete netrion sulcus.
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Furcantenna is a genus of hoverfly from Guangxi, China, containing two species. Furcantenna yangi is only known from males. Furcantenna is similar to the genus Schizoceratomyia. The two genera differ from each other in the shape of the scutellum; in Furcantenna a deep medial sulcus in its posterior margin divides the scutellum into two lobes.
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This same area is activated when subjects must detect numerals only in a stream of varying stimuli, indicating that the process of calculations is not necessary to activate it, but only the recognition of numerals. Lesions to the intraparietal sulcus result in severe impairments in calculation without impairments in related processes such as reasoning skills.
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2007: 23ff The epistome is a projection that forms the anterior wall of the stomotheca. Its upper side is hardened and divided by a transverse invagination (sulcus). The part nearer the groove is sometimes called clypeus, the other one labrum. The area around the mouth is soft and flexible, often with a distal lobe.
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Aulacaganides is monospecific genus of a Middle Permian ammonite belonging to the goniatitid family Pseudohaloritidae. Fossils belonging to this genera were found in Hunan province of China. This genus has small, involute and thickly discoidal shell with central siphuncle. Venter is rounded with gently convex lateral sides and has ventrolateral sulcus on each side.
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The tibiotarsus was found fragmented into three parts consisting of the shaft and distal end. The distal condyles were absent. The bone wall is thicker than the largest species of extant and extinct Leptoptilos. The size and shape of the sulcus extensorius discovered is very similar to L. dubius than to other extinct Leptoptilos species.
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The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a sulcus which is crossed by the continuation of the axial ribs. The base of the shell is moderately long, and well rounded. It is marked by six slender spiral threads, the axial sculpture being reduced to mere lines of growth. The aperture is oval.
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The inferior surface of the temporal lobe is concave, and is continuous posteriorly with the tentorial surface of the occipital lobe. It is traversed by the inferior temporal sulcus, which extends from near the occipital pole behind, to within a short distance of the temporal pole in front, but is frequently subdivided by bridging gyri.
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From a dorsal view of the cell, the lipped cingulum (located equatorially) can be viewed. The cingulum is narrow and the inside surface has round pores with smooth edges. There are also marginal pores surrounding the lipped cingulum. Coolia also has a narrow sulcus that contains relatively short longitudinal flagellum at the posterior end.
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The aperture is elongate, reflecting the sculpture, but without lirae. The outer lip is very flexuous, with a broad, rather shallow anal sulcus behind, and is arched forward in front of the peripheral rib. The body is white, not callous. The columella is thin, attenuated, and obliquely truncate in front, concave, twisted, exhibiting a pervious axis.
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The whorls are moderately convex, smooth, with a pale polished greenish periostracum over a white substratum, in spots minutely granulose, apparently from some wrinkling of the periostracum. The anal sulcus is wide, shallow, hardly forming a fasciole. The outer lip is thin, sharp and moderately produced. The inner lip shows a thin white layer of callus.
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The base of the body whorl has fourteen coarse spiral threads with one to three finer intercalary threads. The anal sulcus is very deep and wide The thin outer lip is sharp and much produced. The columella is smooth, twisted and obliquely attenuated in front with an impervious axis. The siphonal canal lis ong, moderately narrow and slightly recurved.
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The surface is generally slightly eroded, glistening when perfect. The spiral sculpture below the periphery consists of narrow shallow grooves separating wider, half obsolete threads. At the periphery is an obtuse carina which is sharper on the early whorls. Behind this is a wide shallow sulcus, behind which the whorl rounds to the distinct but unchannelled suture.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 20) narrow, rounded ribs extending from the suture over the periphery but more or less obsolete on the base. The interspaces are wider. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous close-set rounded threads over the whole surface but not nodulating the ribs. The anal sulcus is very shallow.
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The axial sculpture consists of about 10 more or less prominent rib-lets beginning in front of the fasciole and extending slightly over the periphery on the body whorl becoming obsolete. The incremental lines are not conspicuous. The aperture is narrowly ovate. The outer lip is somewhat varicose with a large shallow rounded anal sulcus close to the suture.
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Unlike the other kinds of papillae, filiform papillae do not contain taste buds. They cover most of the front two-thirds of the tongue's surface. They appear as very small, conical or cylindrical surface projections, and are arranged in rows which lie parallel to the sulcus terminalis. At the tip of the tongue, these rows become more transverse.
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The deep anal sulcus is deep, with a small subsutural callus. The outer lip is sharp edged, with a small varix, internally not lirate. The siphonal canal is short, wide, deep, with a perceptible siphonal fasciole and slightly recurved.Dall (1919) Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean; Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl eight) prominent angular ribs with wider interspaces, beginning abruptly at the shoulder rapidly dwindling anteriorly and obsolete on the base. These ribs are crossed by (on the body whorl about 14) widely spaced slender cords, slightly nodulous at the intersections. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow.
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The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is close to the suture, short and rounded, with a subsutural callus. The outer lip is produced, thin edged, more or less crenulate from the spiral sculpture and smooth within. The inner lip and the columella show a rather thick layer of callus with a slightly raised outer edge.
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Composita is an extinct brachiopod genus that lived from the Late Devonian to the Late Permian.Composita at Fossilworks.org Composita had a cosmopolitan global distribution, having lived on every continent except Antarctica.Global Biodiversity Information Facility Composita had a smooth shell with a more or less distinct fold and sulcus and a round opening for the pedicle on the pedicle valve.
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The axial sculpture of (on the body whorl seven) peripheral waves, rather than ribs, overridden by the spirals, the incremental lines inconspicuous. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is slightly removed from the suture, distinct, with a small subsutural callus . The outer lip is moderately produced, sharp edged, slightly crenulate by the spiral sculpture, smooth within.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 16) strong obliquely protractive ribs, most prominent at the shoulder where they begin, disappearing on the base and obsolete on the body whorl. The incremental lines are inconspicuous. The aperture is rather wide. The anal sulcus is close to the suture, rounded, rather wide but not deep.
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The spiral sculpture consists of one or two feeble impressed lines on the whorl above the shoulder, and three or four widely spaced threads on the base, though the region of the siphonal canal is free from spiral sculpture. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow. The thin outer lip is produced, thin.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 13) protractively oblique whitish narrow ribs extending from the fasciole to the cords of the siphonal canal, with subequal interspaces and not continuous up the spire. The silky incremental lines are evident. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded, with a strong subsutural callus.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl 13, on the body whorl 10) rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, strongest at the shoulder, extending from suture to the base. The incremental lines are rather strong on the fasciole. The anal sulcus is deep and rounded with a callous margin. The outer lip is arcuate and thin.
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Humans respond more strongly to multimodal stimuli compared to the sum of each single modality together, an effect called the superadditive effect of multisensory integration. Neurons that respond to both visual and auditory stimuli have been identified in the superior temporal sulcus. Additionally, multimodal “what” and “where” pathways have been proposed for auditory and tactile stimuli.
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The nucleus is wanting. The sculpture consists on the upper two whorls, of nearly simple concentric ribs. On the next two, the ribs are crossed by two spiral lirae, producing short tubercles on the ribs, where they cross them. The last two whorls have plicae near the channelled suture, with a row of tubercles, bordering on the infrasutural sulcus.
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Morality is an extremely important defining factor for humans. It often defines or contributes to people's choices or actions, defining who a person is. Making moral decisions, much like other neural processes has a clear biological basis. The anterior and medial prefrontal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus are activated when people feel guilt, compassion, or embarrassment.
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Pyrodinium bahamense cells are shaped like ellipsoids and are covered with thick, protective thecal plates that have many small, evenly distributed knobs and trichocyst pores. They also have an ornamental apical projection or node, as well as sulcal fins on either sides of the sulcus. The Pyrodinium resting cyst is spherical with many thin, tubular processes of variable length.
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The former are turgid where they cross the ribs, and in the interspaces have one to three much finer threads. The latter are more or less undulate, but have hardly any or no spiral secondary threads. The anal sulcus is shallow and wide. The aperture is rather narrow The thin outer lip is produced and simple.
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These regions are also known to have executive functions within the brain. The anterior cingulate cortex has functions linked to motivation and emotion. The intraparietal sulcus possesses functions that include coordination between perception and motor activities, visual attention, symbolic numerical processing, visuospatial working memory, and determining the intent in the actions of other organisms.Grafton, Hamilton (2006).
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Claudius cells are considered as supporting cells within the organ of Corti in the cochlea. These cells extend from Hensen's cells to the spiral prominence epithelium, forming the outer sulcus. They are in direct contact with the endolymph of the cochlear duct. These cells are sealed via tight junctions that prevent flow of endolymph between them.
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The first section of the dual stream model is the ventral pathway. This pathway incorporates middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal sulcus and perhaps the inferior temporal gyrus. The ventral pathway shows phonological representations to the lexical or conceptual representations, which is the meaning of the words. The second section of the dual stream model is the dorsal pathway.
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Sensory sulci (canals running along the surface of the skull) are present in many temnospondyls but are hardly visible on lydekkerinid skulls. The infraorbital sulcus, a canal that runs below the eyes and nostrils, has a distinctive bend along its length. Small bumps called denticles cover much of the palate. Lydekkerinids are usually classified as basal stereospondyls.
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Sulcate pollen has a furrow across the middle of what was the outer face when the pollen grain was in its tetrad. If the pollen has only a single sulcus, it is described as monosulcate, has two sulci, as bisulcate, or more, as polysulcate. In . Colpate pollen has furrows other than across the middle of the outer faces.
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The medial bicipital groove is seen on the surface anatomy of the upper arm. It is formed by the longitudinal hollow between the biceps and triceps muscles. The pulse of the brachial artery can be felt in the medial bicipital groove. It should be distinguished from the bicipital groove or intertubercular sulcus, which is not a surface anatomy structure.
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Brodmann area 39, or BA39, is part of the parietal cortex in the human brain. BA39 encompasses the angular gyrus, lying near to the junction of temporal, occipital and parietal lobes. This area is also known as angular area 39 (H). It corresponds to the angular gyrus surrounding the caudal tip of the superior temporal sulcus.
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The largest male specimen is long and wide, while the largest female specimen is in length and wide. The males are flatter than the females, and possess a smooth, shining dorsum. The species are colored chestnut-brown, except for appendages and keels. A strong vertexial sulcus is located on the back of the head, next to the antennae.
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An investigation of the N170 undertaken used ERP source-localization techniques to estimate the location of the neural generator of the N170. They concluded that the N170 arose from the posterior superior temporal sulcus. However, these techniques are fraught with potential sources of error, and there is disagreement on the validity of inferences drawn from such findings.
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The sulci (in the upper whorls 4, in the body whorl about 15) cut through the ribs and produce a somewhat granular appearance. The lira beneath the first sulcus below the suture is that which is white upon the riblets in the black variety. The aperture is elongate and narrow. The columella is slightly oblique with a small callus.
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Some long setae are scattered along the notauli, which are percurrent and well separated posteriorly. Anteroadmedian signa is visible, and the transscutal fissure is narrow. The mesopleuron is located beneath the mesopleural triangle and carries a marked, longitudinal impression. Its metapleural sulcus meets the posterior margin of the mesopectus at mid height of the metapectal-propodeal complex.
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Near the apex they become obsolete. At the aperture is a shallow sulcus between the keel and the suture and a smaller one at the middle of the base. There is a sharp notch below the end of the thin, arcuate projecting columella, behind which is a moderately large twisted umbilicus. The body shows no glaze.
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Borchsenius & Bernal (1996), pp. 16–22 The sulcus is a furrow which runs along the surface of the pollen grain and is usually the site at which pollination occurs. Monosulcate pollen has a single furrow that runs along the pole of the pollen grain. Meridionosulcate pollen have a furrow that runs along the equator of the pollen grain.
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Pinna is distinguished from its sibling genus Atrina by the presence of a sulcus dividing the nacreous region of the valves, and the positioning of the adductor scar on the dorsal side of shells. These bivalves most commonly stand point-first in the sea bottom in which they live, anchored by a net of byssus threads.
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The larger the denture flanges (that part of the denture that extends into the vestibule), the better the stability (another parameter to assess fit of a complete denture). Long flanges beyond the functional depth of the sulcus are a common error in denture construction, often (but not always) leading to movement in function, and ulcerations (denture sore spots).
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Ganymede's carbon dioxide gas was probably depleted in the past. A sharp boundary divides the ancient dark terrain of Nicholson Regio from the younger, finely striated bright terrain of Harpagia Sulcus. Enhanced-color Galileo spacecraft image of Ganymede's trailing hemisphere. The crater Tashmetum's prominent rays are at lower right, and the large ejecta field of Hershef at upper right.
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The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a sulcus. The base of the shell is short, well rounded, and marked by four subequal and subequally spaced, spiral cords, the spaces between which appear as rather broad sulci and are crossed by slender axial threads. The ovate aperture is small and very oblique. The posterior angleis obtuse.
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Specifically, different patterns appear in the superior frontal sulcus, Sylvian fissure, inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and olfactory sulci. These areas relate to working memory, emotional processing, language, and eye gaze, and their difference in location and level of gyrification when compared to a neurotypical human brain could explain some altered behaviors in autistic patients.
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Due to a phenomenon called the Yakovlevian torque, the lateral sulcus is often longer and less curved on the left hemisphere than on the right. It is also located near the Sylvian point. The area lying around the Sylvian fissure is often referred to as the perisylvian cortex.Courten Norbury: Understanding Developmental Language Disorders: From Theory to Practice 2008, p.
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When sleep-deprived, subjects showed increased activation in the left intraparietal sulcus. This region is activated when exposed to stimuli in unexpected locations. These findings suggest that sleep-deprived individuals may be impaired in their ability to anticipate the locations of upcoming events. In addition, inability to avoid attending to irrelevant events may also be induced by sleep- deprivation.
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No gular scales occur between the posterior chin shields. Each maxilla has 9–12 small teeth. The single hemipenis has a forked sulcus spermaticus and three large basal spines. Juveniles are darker than adults, with the dorsum changing from dark brown to tan, and the venter from dark pink to pale pink as individuals become larger.
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On the nasal surface of the body of the maxilla, in front of the opening of the sinus is a deep groove, the lacrimal groove (or lacrimal sulcus), which is converted into the nasolacrimal canal, by the lacrimal bone and inferior nasal concha; this canal opens into the inferior meatus of the nose and transmits the nasolacrimal duct.
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Behavioral studies suggest that the IPS is associated with impairments of basic numerical magnitude processing and that there is a pattern of structural and functional alternations in the IPS and in the PFC in dyscalculia. Children with developmental dyscalculia were found to have less gray matter in the left IPS. Studies have shown that electrical activity in a particular group of nerve cells in the intraparietal sulcus spiked when, and only when, volunteers were performing calculations. Outside experimental settings it was also found that when a patient mentioned a number—or even a quantitative reference, such as "some more", "many" or "bigger than the other one"—there was a spike of electrical activity in the same nerve-cell population of the intraparietal sulcus that was activated when the patient was doing calculations under experimental conditions.
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Starting from the cardiac orifice at the incisura cardiaca, it forms an arch backward, upward, and to the left; the highest point of the convexity is on a level with the sixth left costal cartilage. From this level it may be followed downward and forward, with a slight convexity to the left as low as the cartilage of the ninth rib; it then turns to the right, to the end of the pylorus. Directly opposite the incisura angularis of the lesser curvature the greater curvature presents a dilatation, which is the left extremity of the pyloric part; this dilatation is limited on the right by a slight groove, the sulcus intermedius, which is about 2.5 cm, from the duodenopyloric constriction. The portion between the sulcus intermedius and the duodenopyloric constriction is termed the pyloric antrum.
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The internal surface of the squamous part is concave and presents in the upper part of the middle line a vertical groove, the sagittal sulcus, the edges of which unite below to form a ridge, the frontal crest; the sulcus lodges the superior sagittal sinus, while its margins and the crest afford attachment to the falx cerebri. The crest ends below in a small notch which is converted into a foramen, the foramen cecum, by articulation with the ethmoid. This foramen varies in size in different subjects, and is frequently impervious; when open, it transmits a vein from the nose to the superior sagittal sinus. On either side of the middle line the bone presents depressions for the convolutions of the brain, and numerous small furrows for the anterior branches of the middle meningeal vessels.
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Additionally, some processing of the visual field that corresponds to the ventral stream of visual processing occurs in the lower portion of the superior temporal gyrus closest to the superior temporal sulcus. The medial and ventral view of the brain – meaning looking at the medial surface from below the brain, facing upwards – reveals that the inferior temporal gyrus is separated from the fusiform gyrus by the occipital-temporal sulcus. This human inferior temporal cortex is much more complex than that of other primates: non-human primates have an inferior temporal cortex that is not divided into unique regions such as humans' inferior temporal gyrus, fusiform gyrus, or middle temporal gyrus. This region of the brain corresponds to the inferior temporal cortex and is responsible for visual object recognition and receives processed visual information.
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First, a selection operation that retrieves the most relevant item, and second an updating operation that changes the focus of attention made upon it. Updating the attentional focus has been found to involve the transient activation in the caudal superior frontal sulcus and posterior parietal cortex, while increasing demands on selection selectively changes activation in the rostral superior frontal sulcus and posterior cingulate/precuneus. Articulating the differential function of brain regions involved in working memory is dependent on tasks able to distinguish these functions. Most brain imaging studies of working memory have used recognition tasks such as delayed recognition of one or several stimuli, or the n-back task, in which each new stimulus in a long series must be compared to the one presented n steps back in the series.
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S2 is colored green and the insular cortex brown in the top right image (coronal section) of the human brain. S1 is green in the top left, and the supplementary somatosensory area is green in the bottom left. The human secondary somatosensory cortex (S2, SII) is a region of cortex in the parietal operculum on the ceiling of the lateral sulcus. Region S2 was first described by Adrian in 1940, who found that feeling in cats' feet was not only represented in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) but also in a second region adjacent to S1. In 1954, Penfield and Jasper evoked somatosensory sensations in human patients during neurosurgery by electrically stimulating the ceiling of the lateral sulcus, which lies adjacent to S1, and their findings were confirmed in 1979 by Woolsey et al.
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In the spinal cord, the most lateral of the bundles of the ventral nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the antero-lateral region into two parts: an anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the ventral nerve roots; and a lateral funiculus, between the exit of these roots and the posterolateral sulcus.
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Below the keel are lines of growth, obscure traces of spiral distant incised lines, and numerous irregularly impressed striae, which are perhaps pathological. The base of the shell is moderately convex. The outer lip is thin, sharp, strongly protractive below the keel, above the latter with a wide, shallow anal sulcus reaching close to the suture. The body is polished, milkwhite.
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Khensu crater is a crater on Jupiter's moon Ganymede. It is a dark-floored crater with a bright ejecta blanket located in the grooved terrain region Uruk Sulcus. The dark component may be residual material from the impactor that formed the crater. Another possibility is that the impactor may have punched through the bright surface to reveal a dark layer beneath.
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The whorls are evenly rounded. The spiral sculpture consists of fine even equal close-set minute threads covering the whole surface. The axial sculpture consists of almost microscopic, even, regular incremental lines, and on the third whorl about 16 small sharp ribs crossing the whorl, with wider interspaces and becoming obsolete on the fourth whorl. The anal sulcus is shallow.
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The size of the shell varies between 25 mm and 42 mm. (Original description) The shell has a fusiform shape. The whorls are marked by a narrow, obscurely nodulous spiral keel at the summit, which is followed by a depressed spiral sulcus that equals the keel in width. The two comprise the posterior two-fifths of the whorls between the sutures.
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Thus, the lateral fusiform gyrus is delineated by the OTS laterally and the MFS medially. Likewise, the medial fusiform gyrus is delineated by the MFS laterally and the CoS medially. Importantly, the mid-fusiform sulcus serves as a macroanatomical landmark for the fusiform face area (FFA), a functional subregion of the fusiform gyrus assumed to play a key role in processing faces.
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The surface in general polished. The fasciole is a broad and rather deeply sunken furrow, crossed by fine concentric growth lines, and traversed by a median sulcus. Above it runs a prominent subsutural ridge. Between the fasciole and the anterior end are twenty-two spiral grooves, which grow wider and deeper towards the base, and smaller and more crowded on the snout.
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On the body whorl these ridges extend, somewhat diminishing in size, forward to the end of the siphonal canal, occasionally divided by a medial incised line, and with few intercalary threads, numbering about twenty-five in all. The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is defective, but by the lines of growth not much produced. The anal sulcus is shallow and pronounced.
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The length of the shell attains 5.2 mm, its diameter 3.3 mm. (Original description) The small, biconic, white shell has a brown rounded sinusigera protoconch consisting of three whorls, followed by three subsequent whorls. The suture is appressed, minutely crenulated by the ends of the axial sculpture in front of it. The anal sulcus is wide and only moderately deep.
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In every case they are overridden by the spirals. The aperture is elliptical. The inner lip is overlaid by a substantial callus which, opposite the sulcus and at the base of the siphonal canal, is provided by a small but sharp tubercle. The outer lip is produced externally into a prominent varix, and beset within by a row of small tubercles.
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The length of the shell attains 8.4 mm, its diameter 3.6 mm. The minute shell has a pale buff color with a brown Sinusigera protoconch of three whorls and four subsequent well rounded whorls. The suture is appressed with a fine thread in front of it;.0 The anal sulcus is wide and shallow, leaving a wide fasciole, arcuately striated behind it.
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The flagellar movement produces forward propulsion and also a turning force. The longitudinal flagellum is relatively conventional in appearance, with few or no hairs. It beats with only one or two periods to its wave. The flagella lie in surface grooves: the transverse one in the cingulum and the longitudinal one in the sulcus, although its distal portion projects freely behind the cell.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10) short rounded ribs prominent only on the periphery and extending from the fasciole to the siphonal canal, with subequal interspaces. There is also a prominent rounded varix behind the outer lip. The outer lip is sharp-edged, smooth internally. The anal sulcus is conspicuous, rounded, short, with a strong subsutural callus.
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An example is the cortical homunculus of the primary motor cortex and the somatosensory cortex, which are separated by the central sulcus. The diagram starts in the longitudinal fissure and continues out laterally from the center of the brain, representing the general pattern from lower extremities and genitals in the fissure up to the hands and face on outer edges of the brain.
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It is fairly indistinguishable from F. h. blacki except that form I (breeding) males have an apex of their first pleopod (swimming leg) that is slender, long, and curved. They only have simple copulatory hooks on their third legs. It is also unique among members of its clade for having a structure like a sulcus caused by a single cephalomedian (anterior) prominence.
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If this is true, then it would not be accurate to say that the same mechanisms involved in mirror-touch synesthesia are utilized in non-synesthetes. The third theory involves bimodal cells in the parietal cortex, specifically in the intraparietal sulcus. It is suggested that, when observing touch, bimodal cells for visual and tactile stimuli are activated above a certain threshold.
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The suture is very closely appressed and the anal fasciole nearly free from axial and with only very fine spiral threads. The anal sulcus is wide and deep beginning at the suture. The outer lip is thin, much produced, roundly arcuate to the somewhat constricted base of the whorl. The aperture, including the siphonal canal, is as long as the spire.
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Less commonly there may be a single fold, and the lesion may appear on the lingual surface of the mandibular alveolar ridge. The swelling is firm and fibrous, with a smooth, pink surface. The surface may also show ulceration or erythema. The size of the lesion varies from less than 1 cm to involving the entire length of the sulcus.
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Pollen apertures are regions of the pollen wall that may involve exine thinning or a significant reduction in exine thickness. They allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. The process of shrinking the grain is called harmomegathy. Elongated apertures or furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi (singular: colpus) or sulci (singular: sulcus).
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The insects of the Macleay Coast Eupholus azureus is slightly mottled black. The turquoise colour derives from very small scales.Denis Llewellyn Fox Animal Biochromes and Structural Colours The thorax shows two smooth black lines on each sides of the median sulcus. Usually there are one or two transverse bands (one is larger) a little behind the middle and not reaching the suture.
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The males of the species are long and wide, while females are of the same length but in width. The colour is a bit different from A. magnus. The head have a deep median sulcus, which is sharply impressed and is extended between antennae and almost next to the posterior edge of the vertex. The vertex is swelled in front and is large.
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The lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure) in a normal brain. In Einstein's brain, this was truncated. Witelson came into possession of three portions of Albert Einstein's brain after being contacted by Dr. Thomas Stoltz Harvey, the pathologist at the hospital where Einstein died. In 1955, he took the brain and, after preserving, photographing, and creating slides from it, gave out limited portions for research.
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The number of subspecies of S. subspinipes is unclear and varies between authors. Taxonomic characters have incorporated plastic traits such as colour and sulcus structure and the number and position of spines, producing indistinguishable and intergrading subspecies. A 2012 review found that one former subspecies, S. subspinipes cingulatoides is in fact a distinct species, and that S. subspinipes has no valid subspecies.
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It has been found that grapheme–color synesthetes have more grey matter in their brain. There is evidence of an increased grey matter volume in the left caudal intraparietal sulcus (IPS). There was also found to be an increased grey matter volume in the right fusiform gyrus. These results are consistent with another study on the brain functioning of grapheme–color synesthetes.
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The sides bear curved retrograde ribs or folds that slant to the rear going from the inner (umbilical) rim to the outer (ventral). The venter, which forms the outer rim has a smooth median sulcus. The siphuncle is subventral, lying near but not on the outer margin. Tainonautilus has been found in the Alps in Europe and in the Salt Range in Pakistan.
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In the macaque the researchers Bonin and Bailey describe an area they term LC which is in agreement with Brodmann area 23. The LC area : covers the posterior part of the cingulate gyrus and extends into the cingulate sulcus where, on the inferior wall, it is continuous with the frontal cortex FDL.Gerhardt von Bonin, Percival Bailey, The Neocortex of Macaca Mulatta, 1947.
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In the human brain, the entorhinal cortex appears as a longitudinal elevation anterior to the parahippocampal gyrus, with a corresponding internal furrow, the external rhinal sulcus (or rhinal fissure), separating it from the inferiolateral surface of the hemisphere close to the lamina terminalis. It is analogous to the collateral fissure found further caudally in the inferior part of the temporal lobe.
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The lingual septum consists of a vertical layer of fibrous tissue, extending throughout the entire length of the median plane of the tongue, though not quite reaching the dorsum. It is thicker behind than in front, and occasionally contains a small fibrocartilage, about 6 mm. in length. It is well displayed by making a vertical groove along the tongue called the median sulcus.
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The genus is also characterized by a medial sulcus on its pronotal collar. The media on its forewing diverges proximally to the cu-a cross-vein. In Menke's key to genera in Miscophini, Aha was coupled with Lyroda. His diagnostic features included the placement of the forewing media divergence, a prementum which was compressed laterally, and claws of unequal sizes.
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The spiral sculpture shows between the sutures two prominent keels and an anterior smaller one on which the suture is laid. On the body whorl there are about eight minor threads in front of those mentioned, all with wider interspaces. The axial sculpture consists of prominent oblique lines protractively cutting the interspaces. The anal sulcus is shallow, distinct and close to the suture.
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Inferior horn shown in red. The inferior horn of the lateral ventricle, or temporal horn, is the largest of the horns. It impinges on the temporal lobe in a lateral and anterior direction, initially inferiorly, until it comes within 2.5 cm. of the lobe's apex; its direction is fairly well indicated on the brain surface by the superior temporal sulcus.
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Perisylvian syndrome is a rare neurological disease characterized by damage to the sylvian fissure (lateral sulcus), an area in the brain involved in language and speech. The main symptoms are difficulty chewing and swallowing, low muscle tone in the face and tongue, speech and language development disorders, and epilepsy. These symptoms may also be accompanied by difficulties with mobility and intellectual disabilities.
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This same study also found impaired connectivity between the right and left hemispheres of the posterior superior temporal sulcus in the processing of affective theory of mind. Another recent study showed an inverse relationship between glutamate concentrations within the superior temporal sulcus and neuroticism scores assessed by questionnaire was found in subjects with schizophrenia, which suggests that elevations in glutamate concentrations may act as a compensatory mechanism that allows those with schizophrenia to prevent neuroticism. Various disorders of the STS have been documented in which patients fail to recognize a certain stimulus, but still exhibit subcortical processing of the stimulus, this is known as an agnosia. Pure auditory agnosia (agnosia without aphasia) is found in a patients who can't identify non-speech sounds such as coughing, whistling, and crying but have no deficit in speech comprehension.
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Polykrikos is a colony of zooids (units of a colonial organism) that carry out simultaneous functions of a whole cell. All Polykrikos species have: 1) a slightly curved longitudinal furrow, sulcus, extending to posterior end of the organism 2) a loop-shaped acrobase, which is an anterior extension from the sulcus 3) a transverse furrow, cingulum, with the displacement 4) taeniocyst- nematocyst complexes 5) two or four times less the number of nuclei than of zooids, and 6) ability to disassemble into pseudocolonies with fewer zooids and only one nucleus. The most distinctive trait of this genus is the formation of multinucleated pseudocolonies that consist of an even number of zooids. Each zooid has a pair of flagella (transverse and longitudinal flagella) and has its own transverse groove, cingulum, but zooid longitudinal furrows, sulci, are fused.
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The suture is distinct, not appressed, with a feebly indicated flattish area between it and the posterior edge of the anal fasciole, which between the keel and the flattening is slightly impressed. There is no other spiral sculpture and the axial sculpture consists mostly of moderately prominent incremental lines. The anal sulcus is deep and wide. The outer lip is thin, prominently arcuately produced.
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The entire space between the keel and the preceding suture may be said to form the anal fasciole, the wide arcuate sulcus being situated a little way in front of the suture. The base of the shell is neatly rounded and contracted at the beginning of the siphonal canal. The outer lip is thin, sharp and much produced in front. The inner lip is slightly erased.
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On the body whorl there are two major threads with much wider interspaces, in front of them about six smaller closer threads to the siphonal canal which has about six close-set threads and a marked siphonal fasciole. The aperture is rather narrow. The anal sulcus is deep, rounded, separated by a single thread from the suture. The outer lip is thin, produced and sharp.
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The length of the shell varies between 35 mm and 64 mm. (Original description) The large, shell isstraw- colored with a tinge of rufous about the margin of the anal sulcus outside. It contains 10-11 whorls (seven remaining, protoconch and first normal whorl broken away). The whorls are keeled or angulated at the periphery, the keel not riblike or sharp, but lightly rounded.
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The white marks on the ribs is continued as a white band on the smooth part, but it is superficial and not deeply seated. The shell shows spiral striae over whole whorl, 5–6 on the sulcus, 14-15 (or more) below (visible in worn specimens only between the ribs) and c. 15 stronger and more widely spaced striae on base. The aperture is oblong-ovate.
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The lower edge of the anal fasciole is defined by a sulcus slightly unlike the other intervals, where the growth lines bend abruptly backward. The shell contains 8 whorls, the first two brown, with the usual diagonally intersecting grooves of Daphnella, the next whorl with three spirals. The body whorl is long, tapering above and below. The aperture measures more than half the shell's length.
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But the FEF proper has since shrunk into the rostral back of the arcuate sulcus (Fig. 1). Experimenters have since established that the FEF and SEF are two separate and distinct brain areas responsible for saccade initiation through cerebral blood flow, and subdural electrode array studies.Melamed, E., & Larsen, B. (1979). Cortical activation pattern during saccadic eye movements in humans: localization by focal cerebral blood flow increases.
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These remain throughout the length of the shell. In addition to this the appressed summit of the shell appears as a spiral cord. The posterior sinus is narrow and located immediately below the spiral cord at the summit. In addition to the strong spiral cords finer spiral threads are present both in the sinal sulcus near the summit and on and between the ribs anterior to this.
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In addition to the spiral sculpture the whorls are marked by axial ribs which have their beginning in the nodulose spiral threads on the first postnuclear whorl. These axial ribs are slightly protractively slanting. They extend but very slightly posteriorly to the posterior sulcus, and evanesce anteriorly on the base of the body whorl. They are more than twice the width of the spaces that separate them.
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Somatosensory mapping involves measuring electrical responses on the surface of the brain as the result of the stimulation of peripheral nerves, such as mechanoreceptors that respond to pressure on the skin, and stimulating the brain directly to map sensory areas. Sensation has been tested in patients through the stimulation of the postcentral gyrus, with a drop in amplitude of sensory responses occurring towards the central sulcus.
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These procedures can be performed either intraoperatively or from chronically indwelling subdural grid electrodes. Both are invasive. Noninvasive MEG localizations of the central sulcus obtained from somatosensory evoked magnetic fields show strong agreement with these invasive recordings. MEG studies assist in clarification of the functional organization of primary somatosensory cortex and to delineate the spatial extent of hand somatosensory cortex by stimulation of the individual digits.
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The samaras of A. hillsi have an indistinct flange along the notably asymmetrically inflated nutlet and acutely diverging veins which rarely anastomise. The general shape of the nutlet is ovoid. The overall length of the samara is approximately and a wing width of . The paired samaras of the species have a 40° attachment angle and the distal region of the nutlet and wing forming a broad sulcus.
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An intussusception has two main differential diagnoses: acute gastroenteritis and rectal prolapse. Abdominal pain, vomiting, and stool with mucus and blood are present in acute gastroenteritis, but diarrhea is the leading symptom. Rectal prolapse can be differentiated by projecting mucosa that can be felt in continuity with the perianal skin, whereas in intussusception the finger may pass indefinitely into the depth of the sulcus.
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Under a lens obsolete irregular spiral lines are perceptible, but to the naked eye the shell seems smooth. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow, beginning at the suture and extending to the shoulder, after which the outer lip is roundly arcuate forward, receding later to the siphonal canal . The aperture is milk- white, a slight glaze on the body and columella.
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As a result, the floor plate then also begins to secrete SHH, and this will induce the basal plate to develop motor neurons. During the maturation of the neural tube, its lateral walls thicken and form a longtitudinal groove called the sulcus limitans. This extends the length of the spinal cord into dorsal and ventral portions as well. Meanwhile, the overlying ectoderm secretes bone morphogenetic protein (BMP).
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With its medial boundary corresponding approximately to the rhinal sulcus it is located primarily in the fusiform gyrus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded laterally and caudally by the inferior temporal area 20, medially by the area 35 and rostrally by the temporopolar area 38 (H) (Brodmann-1909). Its function is part of the formation/consolidation and retrieval of declarative/hippocampal memory amongst others for faces.
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After reduction, radiographs are usually repeated to confirm successful reduction and to detect bone damage. After repeated shoulder dislocations, an MRI scan may be used to assess soft tissue damage. In regards to recurrent dislocations, the apprehension test (anterior instability) and sulcus sign (inferior instability) are useful methods for determining predisposition to future dislocation. There are three main types of dislocations: anterior, posterior, and inferior.
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The CA1 is the region within the hippocampus between the subiculum, the innermost area of the hippocampal formation, and region CA2. The CA1 is separated from the dentate gyrus by the hippocampal sulcus. Cells within the CA1 are mostly pyramidal cells, similar to those in CA3. The CA1 completes the circuit by feeding back to the deep layers, mainly layer V, of the entorhinal cortex.
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Two dissimilar flagella that are involved in locomotion are present in the cingulum and sulcus. The cytoplasm contains many yellow-green chloroplasts. The plastid of Karenia is especially notable as it is the product of tertiary endosymbiosis, by uptake of a haptophyte. Therefore, they lack the typical dinoflagellate pigment peridinin and have a plastid with pigments chlorophylls a+c and 19′-hexanoyloxyfucoxanthin, typically haptophyte pigments.
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In 2011 Fisher was diagnosed with congenital sulcus vocalis (holes in her vocal cords). This seriously affected her singing and general speaking voice, which she described as sounding "like Marge Simpson". After three operations in Boston, MA, Fisher was told she would never sing again and stopped singing professionally. In 2015, she met voice builder Gary Catona, who offered to help her sing again.
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Extra length of the haptic is available for tucking. This gives more stability to the IOL. According to some studies and Dr. Steven Safran it is essential to state that the ciliary sulcus diameter and corneal horizontal white-white diameter may not co-relate totally and it has been suggested that the surgeon can go ahead with horizontal placement of haptics rather than orienting it vertically.
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The collateral fissure (or sulcus) is on the tentorial surface of the hemisphere and extends from near the occipital pole to within a short distance of the temporal pole. Behind, it lies below and lateral to the calcarine fissure, from which it is separated by the lingual gyrus; in front, it is situated between the parahippocampal gyrus and the anterior part of the fusiform gyrus.
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Yet, it does not rule out an impaired ability to access and manipulate numerical quantities from their symbolic representations (e.g., Arabic digits). This shows the part of the brain where the sulcus is located in the parietal lobe. Moreover, findings from a cross-sectional study suggest that children with developmental dyscalculia might have a delayed development in their numerical magnitude representation by as much as five years.
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The limen insulae forms the junction point between anterior and posterior stem of the lateral sulcus. It is the lateral most limit of the anterior perforated substance and the starting point of the insular cortex. The limen insulae translates as the threshold to the insula, and is the point at which the insular cortex is continuous with cortex over the amygdala and superior temporal gyrus.
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In order to untangle causality, some research employs a 'forced handedness' group. Left-handers who were forced during childhood to use their right hand showed a larger surface area of the central sulcus in their left hemisphere, which is associated with right-handedness. Also, structures in the basal ganglia such as the putamen also mirrored developmental right-hand dominant individuals in the forced group.
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The ventral portion of the medulla oblongata contains the medullary pyramids. These two ridge-like structures travel along the length of the medulla oblongata and are bordered medially by the anterior median fissure. They each have an anterolateral sulcus along their lateral borders, where the hypoglossal nerve emerges from. Also at the side of each pyramid there is a pronounced bulge known as an olive.
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The posterior portion, known as the iliac tuberosity, is elevated and rough, for the attachment of the posterior sacroiliac ligaments and for the origins of the Sacrospinalis and Multifidus. Below and in front of the auricular surface is the preauricular sulcus, more commonly present and better marked in the female than in the male; to it is attached the pelvic portion of the anterior sacroiliac ligament.
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Human Von Ebner's Gland. Von Ebner's glands, also called Ebner's glands or gustatory glands, are exocrine glands found in the mouth. More specifically, they are serous salivary glands which reside adjacent to the moats surrounding the circumvallate and foliate papillae just anterior to the posterior third of the tongue, anterior to the terminal sulcus. These glands are named after Victor von Ebner, an Austrian histologist.
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As the gingivitis stage continues, the capillaries within the sulcus begin to dilate, resulting in more bleeding when brushing, flossing, or at dental appointments. This is the body's attempt to clear the infection from the tissues. Thus, bleeding is generally accepted as a sign of active oral infection. The swelling of the tissue may also result in deeper reading on periodontal probing, up to 4 mm.
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It is now known to be the result of lesions to the occipitotemporal sulcus. A relevant theory to this hypothesis is the concept of exaptations from evolutionary theory, which states that several evolved characteristics were initially selected for other functions, but later adapted to their current role. In essence, evolutionary pressures acted on existing mechanisms to accommodate new functions which may be more culturally relevant.
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Cigarette smoking may produce a diffuse leukoplakia of the buccal mucosa, lips, tongue and rarely the floor of mouth. Reverse smoking, where the lit end of the cigarette is held in the mouth is also associated with mucosal changes. Tobacco chewing, e.g. betel leaf and areca nut, called paan, tends to produce a distinctive white patch in a buccal sulcus termed "tobacco pouch keratosis".
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On the base of the shell there are three sharp threads followed by three lower rounded threads, which approach the columella. The axial sculpture consists of fine, even, arcuate wrinkles, which, except where they bead the posterior thread, are chiefly visible in the interspaces. The suture is laid on the peripheral thread. Between it and the outer lip at the aperture there is a very deep sulcus.
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The sulcus consists of several irregularly-shaped plates, and it contains the flagellar pore. The hypotheca has four large plates that constitute the majority of the cell. The anterior two-thirds of the hypotheca has convex margins, while the posterior third forms a broad asymmetrical triangle with a straight dorsal edge, and occasionally a slightly concave ventral edge. Reproduction is by simple binary fission.
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Distinct and overlapping fusiform activation to faces and food. Neuroimage 2018, 174: 393-406 moving bodies (posterior superior temporal sulcus), or even scenes (parahippocampal place area). Neuronal tuning in these areas requires fine discrimination among complex patterns in each relevant category for object recognition. Recent findings suggest that this fine discrimination is a function of expertise and the individual level of categorization with stimuli.
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The surface in front of the keel is moderately convex, spirally sculptured by obsolete distant lines crossed by fine irregular slightly elevated incremental lines, which, in spots, produce a vermiculate aspect. The base of the shell is a little constricted behind the short, nearly straight, attenuated cana. The; body shows a wash of callus. The outer lip has a wide, moderately deep, rounded anal sulcus.
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Growth lines and constrictions are forming a sinus on the venter. Suture is goniatitic and has long narrow ventral lobes, while lateral lobes are deeply pointed. It is similar to Neoganides, with which it shares shape of shell and suture. Differences are in ventrolateral sulcus, which is on each side and external lateral lobes are more pointed and deeper in the case of Aulacaganides.
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The body whorl is convex above, and slightly depressed beneath the suture, at the periphery flattened and biangulate. The base of the shell is nearly flat, delicately spirally striate, around the umbilicus encircled with a shallow groove. The umbilicus is white, deep, surrounded by a whitish callus forming a faint tooth at the base of the columella. It is bordered by a shallow sulcus on the whorl.
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The robust dull brown shell is large and broadly conic. (The whorls of the protoconch are decollated and probably the first whorl of teleoconch is missing from the type specimen) All but the last whorl of the teleoconch are flattened, flatly shouldered and crenulated at the summit. The body whorl is inflated and well rounded. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a strong sulcus.
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The peripheral sulcus is crossed by the undiminished axial ribs, which break it up into a series of deep pits. The base of the body whorl is somewhat attenuated, with a shallow pit at the umbilical region. It is marked by the continuations of the axial ribs, which here have a decidedly retractive slant, and about twelve slender, spiral lirations. The aperture is oval.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 10 to 14) rounded ribs with subequal interspaces, more conspicuous and less numerous as we ascend the spire, over which the spiral sculpture passes without nodulation. The aperture is short, subovate. The anal sulcus is short rounded, with a subsutural callus. The outer lip is arcuate, thin, smooth inside, without any marked varix behind it.
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A deep longitudinal groove known as an oral sulcus is visible below the marginal tooth row. This genus, Lapillopsis, was closely related to Manubrantlia. The inner row of conical teeth form out of the three coronoid bones which lie inwards from the dentary. This feature is practically unique to lapillopsids among early Triassic temnospondyls, as most other groups have much more reduced coronoid teeth.
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Neuroimaging studies examining the theory of mind, otherwise known as the ability to attribute mental states to others, have identified the posterior superior temporal sulcus of the right hemisphere as being involved in its processing. Activation of this region in the theory of mind has been found to be best predicted by independent ratings from other groups of participants, or more specifically, how much each item in the study made them consider the protagonist’s point of view.Dodell-Feder D, Koster-Hale J, Bedny M, Saxe R. fMRI item analysis in a theory of mind task. Neuroimage. 2011;55(2):705-712. doi:10.1016/j.neuroimage.2010.12.040. Reports noted in other studies suggest a number of inconsistencies with the localization of theory of mind processing, such as the middle and anterior portions of the superior temporal sulcus having increased activation in response to theory of mind tasks.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl including the terminal varix 10) rounded, rather strong ribs, extending from suture to the siphonal canal and usually vertically continuous up the spire. The shoulder is hardly indicated, the spiral sculpture passing over the ribs without nodulation. The interspaces of the reticulation are usually darker colored than the threads. The aperture is narrow, elongated, with a large rounded and conspicuous anal sulcus.
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Injuries to the biceps femoris tendons have been reported in patients with anterolateral-anteromedial rotatory instability. The popliteus tendon's main attachment is on the femur at the proximal portion of the popliteus sulcus. As the tendon runs posteriorly and distally behind the knee, it gives off 3 fascicles that attach to and stabilize the lateral meniscus. The popliteus tendon provides static and dynamic stabilization to the knee during posterolateral rotation.
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The succession of undulations or slightly swollen segments gives a slightly cancellate effect to the part of the whorl which bears them, but there are no axial ribs, the effect being produced rather by depressions between the rather coarse incremental lines. The aperture is narrow and acute behind. The anal sulcus is narrow and distinct but not very deep. The outer lip in front of it is arcuately produced.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the penultimate whorl, 15) narrow, sharp, arcuate ribs extending from the suture over the periphery, with wider interspaces. There are also minute incremental lines roughening the spirals. The spiral sculpture consists of numerous minutely channeled grooves with wider flattish interspaces (the latter sometimes with a smaller median groove) covering the whole surface. The aperture is narrow, with a wide very shallow anal sulcus.
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The axial sculpture shows six, somewhat sigmoid rounded, light-colored ribs continuous up the spire, with excavated, much wider interspaces, with fine axial striation, which slightly wrinkles the spirals. The spiral sculpture sows numerous sharp, often paired grooves separated by wider flattish interspaces which are faintly marked by the axial striation. The aperture is narrow and measures about ⅓ the total length of the shell. The anal sulcus is conspicuous.
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The ilium of the pelvis had a convex upper border, a low postacetabular blade (behind the acetabulum), and a narrow brevis-shelf (a projection where tail muscles attached). The pubic foot was pronounced and shorter at the front than behind. The ischium was straight and expanded hindwards, ending in a lobe-shape. The femur was sigmoid-shaped, and had a very robust, upwards pointing head, with a deep sulcus (groove).
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The striated zone of the cuttlebone is concave, with the last loculus being strongly convex and thick in the front third. The sulcus is deep and wide and extends along the striated zone only. Striae (furrows) on the anterior surface form an inverted V-shape. The limbs of the inner cone are very short, narrow, and uniform in width, with the U-shape thickened slightly towards the back.
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The portion anterior to it is marked by distant, low, broad, feebly developed axial ribs, which appear as nodules above the sulcus. On this part the incremental lines are decidedly protractive. The sutures are well marked. The posterior portion of base is well rounded, anterior part is produced rendering the left outline of the whorl concave, marked by feeble extensions of the ribs which disappear shortly after passing over the periphery.
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The suture is distinct, marginate, where the riblets are conspicuous as at the periphery and continued to the suture in front. There are also fine, well-marked lines of growth, all crossed by close-set, low, spiral threads which become coarser and slightly more distinct on the siphonal canal. The anal sulcus is deep, wide and rounded. The outer lip in front of it is strongly protractive, thin and simple.
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The anal fasciole is not spirally striate. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl about 10) sharp- edged ribs, with wider interspaces, compressed and arcuate on the anal fasciole, nearly vertical elsewhere and extending over the whole whorl, but not continuous over the spire. The incremental lines are inconspicuous. The aperture is rather wide and short with a deep rounded anal sulcus and a prominent subsutural callosity.
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The marginal arteries supply blood to the superficial portions of the right ventricle. On the posterior surface of the heart, the right coronary artery gives rise to the posterior interventricular artery, also known as the posterior descending artery. It runs along the posterior portion of the interventricular sulcus toward the apex of the heart, giving rise to branches that supply the interventricular septum and portions of both ventricles.
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This should be distinguished from the commonly experienced phenomenon of getting a song stuck in one's head. Reports have also mentioned that it is also possible to get musical hallucinations from listening to music for long periods of time. Other reasons include hearing loss and epileptic activity. In the past, the cause of auditory hallucinations was attributed to cognitive suppression by way of executive function failure of the frontoparietal sulcus.
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It passes at first behind the pulmonary artery and then comes forward between that vessel and the left atrium to reach the anterior interventricular sulcus, along which it descends to the notch of cardiac apex. Although rare, multiple anomalous courses of the LAD have been described. These include the origin of the artery from the right aortic sinus. In 78% of cases, it reaches the apex of the heart.
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Its postero-superior surface is concave, and forms the anterior wall, the floor, and part of the posterior wall of the bony ear canal. Medially, it presents a narrow furrow, the tympanic sulcus, for the attachment of the tympanic membrane. Its antero-inferior surface is quadrilateral and slightly concave; it constitutes the posterior boundary of the mandibular fossa, and is in contact with the retromandibular part of the parotid gland.
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Rarely is any soreness associated with the condition. Apart from the appearance of the lesion, there are usually no other signs or symptoms. The typical appearance of the lesion is an oval or rhomboid shaped area located in the midline of the dorsal surface of the tongue, just anterior (in front) of the sulcus terminalis. The lesion is usually symmetric, well demarcated, erythematous and depapillated, which has a smooth, shiny surface.
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The 5 or 6 subcircular perforations are open with their edges moderately prominent..The right margin is quite convex, especially in the part of the lip adjacent to the spire. The back of the shell is convex. It is not carinated at the row of holes, but there is a shallow sulcus just below it. The color of the shell is a reddish-brown, with irregular zigzagly radiating white flames.
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In the human it is located in parts of the lingual gyrus, the cuneus, the lateral occipital gyrus (H) and the superior occipital gyrus (H) of the occipital lobe where it is bounded approximately by the parieto-occipital sulcus. It is bounded on one side by the parastriate area 18, which it surrounds. It is bounded rostrally by the angular area 39 (H) and the occipitotemporal area 37 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
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Species of Ceratium contain two flagella of different lengths that are orientated in the transverse and longitudinal positions. The transverse flagellum is structurally complex and wraps around the cingulum. The movement of the flagellum is described as "wave-like" and allows the organism to spin as it swims. The longitudinal flagellum extends from a groove known as the sulcus, and this flagellum is simpler in structure than the transverse flagellum.
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ELP correlates with the placement of the IOL inside the eye, whether it is in the anterior chamber in the sulcus or in the capsular bag. It also varies with the implant’s configuration and the location of its optical center. For example, the use of a meniscus lens calls for a smaller ELP value than a biconvex IOL. IOL calculation formulas differ in the way they calculate ELP.
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Brodmann area 33, also known as pregenual area 33, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate region of cerebral cortex. It is a narrow band located in the anterior cingulate gyrus adjacent to the supracallosal gyrus in the depth of the callosal sulcus, near the genu of the corpus callosum. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded by the ventral anterior cingulate area 24 and the supracallosal gyrus (Brodmann-1909).
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Brodmann area 52 (H) or parainsular area, is a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined temporal region of the cerebral cortex in the brain. It is located in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Its medial boundary corresponds approximately to the junction between the temporal lobe and the insula. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded laterally by the anterior transverse temporal area 42 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
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This induces the roof plate to begin to secrete BMP, which will induce the alar plate to develop sensory neurons. The alar plate and the basal plate are separated by the sulcus limitans. Additionally, the floor plate also secretes netrins. The netrins act as chemoattractants to decussation of pain and temperature sensory neurons in the alar plate across the anterior white commissure, where they then ascend towards the thalamus.
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It has been theorized that pearly penile papules stimulate the female vagina during sexual intercourse. In addition, pearly penile papules secrete oil that moistens the glans of the penis. The papules appear as one or several rows of small, pearly or flesh-colored, smooth, dome- topped bumps situated circumferentially around the corona or sulcus of the glans. They may range in size from less than 1 mm to 3 mm.
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The tongue starts to develop at about 4 weeks. The tongue originates from the first, second, and third pharyngeal arches which induces the migration of muscles from the occipital myotomes. A U-shaped sulcus develops in front of and on both sides of the oral part of the tongue. This allows the tongue to be free and highly mobile, except at the region of the lingual frenulum, where it remains attached.
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There is debate about whether humans have functional homologues to preputial glands. Preputial glands were first noted by Edward Tyson and in 1694 fully described by William Cowper who named them Tyson's glands after Tyson. They are described as modified sebaceous glands located around the corona and inner surface of the prepuce of the human penis. They are believed to be most frequently found in the balanopreputial sulcus.
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Males have a larger intra-hemispheric long-range interconnectivity than females, whereas females have larger inter-hemispheric connectivity. Males have larger left-hemispheric asymmetries than females in various brain areas, including the superior temporal gyrus, Heschl gyrus, deeper central sulcus, overall temporal and parietal, and inferior parietal lobule, thalamus and posterior cingulate. Although, few studies have found otherwise. There are also differences in the structure of specific areas of the brain.
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The frontal cortex includes the premotor cortex, and the primary motor cortex – cortical parts of the motor cortex. The front part of the frontal lobe is covered by the prefrontal cortex. There are four principal gyri in the frontal lobe. The precentral gyrus, is directly anterior to the central sulcus, running parallel to it and contains the primary motor cortex, which controls voluntary movements of specific body parts.
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50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. From the primary auditory cortex emerge two separate pathways: the auditory ventral stream and auditory dorsal stream. The auditory ventral stream includes the anterior superior temporal gyrus, anterior superior temporal sulcus, middle temporal gyrus and temporal pole. Neurons in these areas are responsible for sound recognition, and extraction of meaning from sentences.
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Further research is needed to completely understand the effects of awareness on ACC activation. In The Astonishing Hypothesis, Francis Crick identifies the anterior cingulate, to be specific the anterior cingulate sulcus, as a likely candidate for the center of free will in humans. Crick bases this suggestion on scans of patients with specific lesions that seem to interfere with their sense of independent will, such as alien hand syndrome.
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He was also busy with calligraphy and sulcus and naskh were from the Prophet Osman. He had also learned from the painter Ömer Efendi. The translations made by Yanyalı Esad Efendi from Aristotle are dedicated to İbrâhim Pasha. A thirty- two people delegation consisting of scholars and scribes, which can be considered as the academy of the period, was established in Istanbul in 1725 during the period of his tradition.
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Leuret is remembered for his work in comparative anatomy of the brain with Louis Gratiolet. The two men did extensive topographic mapping of the folds and fissures of the cerebral cortex. Leuret coined the name "fissure of Rolando" after Italian anatomist Luigi Rolando (1773–1831) for what is now known as the central sulcus of the brain. Leuret was an important figure in the early days of French psychiatry.
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The primary source reports that several key regions were involved in the two conditions of reciprocal imitation compared to a control condition (in which subjects acted differently from the experimenter), namely in the superior temporal sulcus, the temporoparietal cortex (TPJ), and the medial prefrontal cortex.Decety, J., Chaminade, T., Grèzes, J. and Meltzoff, A.N. (2002). A PET exploration of the neural mechanisms involved in reciprocal imitation. Neuroimage 15, 265–272.
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Detectors of complete biological motion patterns The following detectors sum the output of the optic flow pattern detectors in order to selectively activate for whole movement patterns (e.g. walking right vs. walking left). These detectors model similar neurons that optic flow pattern detectors model: Superior temporal sulcus and Fusiform face area The input of these detectors are the activity of the optic flow motion detectors, H_l^l(t).
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Dinophysis acuta is a marine unicellular protist, and is the largest among Dinophysis. It is an armoured species with a distinct body covering called theca or test. The body is laterally compressed with a small, cap-like epitheca and a much larger hypotheca. It has the double collars (known as cingulum) around the top of the cell, and a further wing (known as the sulcus) running vertically down the cell.
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The primary part of the visual cortex, (V1), is located in the calcarine sulcus, and is the first cortical area involved in visual processing. It receives visual input from the lateral geniculate nucleus, which is located in the thalamus. V1 sends the visual information received from the LGN to other extrastriate cortex areas for higher order processing. This higher order processing includes the recognition of shapes, motion, and colour.
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Fusiform gyrusThe Occipital Face Area is located on the inferior surface of the Occipital LobeSuperior Temporal Sulcus Within the brain, visual stimuli are processed along many different neural circuits. Due to the evolutionary importance of being able to recognize faces and associate information with others based on this recognition, humans have evolved a distinct neural circuit for the processing of facial stimuli.Hole, G. (2010). Face Processing: Psychological, Neuropsychological, and Applied Perspectives.
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Hidradenitis suppurativa (HS) is a non-contagious chronic skin disease affects intertriginous skin of apocrine sweat gland bearing areas like inframammary fold, and intermammary sulcus. It is characterized by clusters of abscesses, epidermoid cysts, sebaceous cysts, pilonidal cysts.Faye Lyons, Dermatology for the Advanced Practice Nurse, pages 118–121, Springer Publishing Company, 2014, There is no single effective treatment for HS. The recommended treatments include antibiotics, antiandrogens, corticosteroids, ciclosporins, and TNF inhibitors.
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The infraorbital groove (or sulcus) is located in the middle of the posterior part of the orbital surface of the maxilla. Its function is to act as the passage of the infraorbital vessels and nerve. The groove begins at the middle of the posterior border (with which it is continuous) near the upper edge of the infratemporal surface and, passing forward, ends in a canal which subdivides into two branches.
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The first thoracic segment (Prothorax), which is the segment closest to the head, is nearly heart-shaped (sub-cordate) and hairless (glabrous). The Prothorax is broad as long, curved like a bow (arcuate) on the side (laterally) from apex to base, but broader in the front (anterior) than in the back part (posterior) where it does not have any curvilinear indentations (not sinuate), but the basal angle is sharp and projects, the outer margin is bent backward (reflexed). On the Prothorax the side groove (lateral sulcus) is narrow and reaches from the front (anterior) angle to the basal pore and is not continued along the basal margin to the basal longitudinal groove (sulcus), the space along the base between the grooves (sulci) and the median longitudinal line is not punctured (impunctate), the front part of the disk which is broadest across the median part is slightly convex and the sides of the rear (posterior) are not depressed or bent backwards (reflexed) on the site (laterally).
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Paleoneurobiologists Ralph L. Holloway and Dean Falk disagree about the interpretation of a depression on the Australopithecus afarensis AL 162-28 endocast. Holloway argues that the depression is a result of lipping at the lambdoid suture and that the sulcal patterns indicate cerebral organization moving toward a more human pattern, while Falk insists that the depression is the lunate sulcus in a position that is indicative of an ape-like sulcal pattern. The debate between these two scientists is not hinged solely on the AL 162-28 endocast, but rather extends to all australopithecine fossils, with Holloway insisting on the presence of hominid sulcal features, and Falk maintaining that the features are pongid in nature. The debate between Holloway and Falk is so intense that between 1983 and 1985, they published four papers on the identification of the medial end of the lunate sulcus of the Taung endocast (Australopithecus africanus), which only further strengthened the division between each scientist's respective opinion.
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Auditory attention in regards to the cocktail party effect primarily occurs in the left hemisphere of the superior temporal gyrus (where the primary auditory cortex is); a fronto-parietal network involving the inferior frontal gyrus, superior parietal sulcus, and intraparietal sulcus also accounts for the acts of attention-shifting, speech processing, and attention control. Both the target stream (the more important information being attended to) and competing/interfering streams are processed in the same pathway within the left hemisphere, but fMRI scans show that target streams are treated with more attention than competing streams. Furthermore, we see that activity in the superior temporal gyrus (STG) toward the target stream is decreased/interfered with when competing stimuli streams (that typically hold significant value) arise. The "cocktail party effect" - the ability to detect significant stimuli in multitalker situations - has also been labeled the "cocktail party problem" because our ability to selectively attend simultaneously interferes with the effectiveness of attention at a neurological level.
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Along with the vestibular membrane, several tissues held by the basilar membrane segregate the fluids of the endolymph and perilymph, such as the inner and outer sulcus cells (shown in yellow) and the reticular lamina of the organ of Corti (shown in magenta). For the organ of Corti, the basilar membrane is permeable to perilymph. Here the border between endolymph and perilymph occurs at the reticular lamina, the endolymph side of the organ of Corti.
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The axial sculpture consists of more or less distinct incremental lines, and on the upper spire of about 15 very oblique anteriorly protracted riblets chiefly visible at the shoulder and obsolete on or entirely absent from the last two whorls. The anal sulcus is wide, deep, rounded, the fasciole slightly impressed. The outer lip is thin, sharp and arcuately produce The inner lip is erased. The columella is short, white, obliquely attenuated in front.
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Immediately below this bar, there is a horizontal groove, or transverse sulcus. Further behind, the upward-projecting dorsal process is wider and angled further backwards than Rhabdodon, and larger than Zalmoxes. From the base of this process, a "wing" extends backwards to articulate with the jugal bone. Also at the base of the dorsal process is a small triangular projection delimiting the back of the antorbital fenestra, which is shorter than Rhabdodon.
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Certain language functions such as word retrieval and production were found to be located to more anterior language cortices, and deteriorate as a function of age. Sowell et al., also reported that these anterior language cortices were found to mature and decline earlier than the more posterior language cortices. It has also been found that the width of sulcus not only increases with age, but also with cognitive decline in the elderly.
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The suture is impressed. Radials in the sculpture are entirely absent. Spirals amount to thirty two on the body whorl and to ten on the penultimate whorl. The summit of the whorl is crowned by a strong cord followed by a corresponding sulcus, thence the spirals diminish to the periphery, where they are small and crowded, with another change the base and aperture are occupied by eight broad and widely spaced spirals.
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The anterior three-fifths are marked by strong, broad, low, rounded, slightly protractive axial ribs, which are strongest at their junction with the sulcus, beyond which they scarcely extend. The type has lost the early whorls; upon the first of those remaining there are 10 and upon the rest, 12 ribs. Intercostal spaces are about one-half as wide as the ribs. On account of the closely appressed summits, the sutures are poorly defined.
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The ground color of the shell is cream yellow. The intercostal spaces and slight extensions of their areas posteriorly across the sulcus and the summit of the keel are chestnut brown. The same coloration appears within the aperture.P. Bartsch (1915), Report on the Turton collection of South African marine mollusks, with additional notes on other South African shells contained in the United States National Museum; Bulletin of the United States National Museum v.
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The axial sculpture consists of (on the spire about a dozen) short narrow ribs, very prominent and almost angular in front of the fasciole and on the body whorl extending nearly to the siphonal canal, with wider interspaces and not nodulous behind the base. The incremental lines are very fine and minutely crenulate the fine spiral sculpture in places. The aperture is narrow. The short anal sulcus is rounded, with a strong subsutural callus.
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Broader than the spirals are the perpendicular radials, fourteen on the body whorl, and proportionately fewer on the rest. Commencing at the suture and vanishing on the base, they raise tubercles at the intersection of the spirals. The resulting meshes enclose deep pits in which is a microscopic shagreen surface. The aperture is contracted, straight above, flexed below, fortified by a broad strong varix, out of which a deeply notched subcircular anal sulcus is excavated.
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The anal sulcus is wide and shallow, the fasciole not excavated, inconspicuous. The axial sculpture consists of protractively flexuous incremental lines, stronger near the apex, and in some cases feeble narrow ribs are developed on the earlier whorls, with wider interspaces. The spiral sculpture consists of very fine threads, equal and with subequal interspaces, though a little coarser on the well-rounded base. The aperture is slightly wider than the siphonal canal.
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The aperture is narrow. The outer lip is thin, sharp, produced, smooth internally with a deep rounded anal sulcus close to the suture with a heavy lump of callus on the side of the body. The inner lip has a rather thick callus with a raised edge extending to the end of the columella. The siphonal canal is short, wide, deeply cut, with a small keel bordering the posterior edge of the siphonal fasciole.
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The first groove to appear in the fourth month is the lateral cerebral fossa. The expanding caudal end of the hemisphere has to curve over in a forward direction to fit into the restricted space. This covers the fossa and turns it into a much deeper ridge known as the lateral sulcus and this marks out the temporal lobe. By the sixth month other sulci have formed that demarcate the frontal, parietal, and occipital lobes.
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In normal development, canines are typically palpable in the buccal sulcus by ages 10–11.Ericson S, Kurol J. Radiographic assessment of maxillary canine eruption in children with clinical signs of eruption disturbance. Eur J Orthod. 1986 Aug; 8(3):133–40 If a primary canine is retained beyond the age of 12 to 13 years, with no signs of mobility and no labial canine bulge, impaction of the permanent canine should be suspected.
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Coronary vessel branches that remain on the surface of the heart and follow the sulci of the heart are called epicardial coronary arteries. The left coronary artery distributes blood to the left side of the heart, the left atrium and ventricle, and the interventricular septum. The circumflex artery arises from the left coronary artery and follows the coronary sulcus to the left. Eventually, it will fuse with the small branches of the right coronary artery.
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The anal fasciole is narrow, nearly smooth except for lines of growth, bordered in front by an inconspicuous angular shoulder. From this shoulder extend (on the body whorl about eighteen) feeble, narrow, subequal, protractive, axial riblets, with subequal interspaces, crossed by fine, close-set spiral threads. The ribs extend to the suture, or on the body whorl to the base, and the threads cover the whole surface. The anal sulcus is shallow.
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In lizards and snakes, males possess paired hemipenes, each of which is usually grooved to allow sperm transport and spiny or rough at the tip to allow firm attachment to the female. To become erect, a hemipenis is evaginated (turned inside out) through muscle action and engorgement with blood. Only one is inserted into the female's cloaca at a time. In reptiles, the phallus has an open sulcus instead of a closed urethral tube.
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Pars orbitalis is not based on cytoarchitectonic distinctions, and rather is defined according to gross anatomical landmarks. Despite a clear distinction, these two terms are often used liberally in peer-reviewed research journals. BA47 is also known as orbital area 47. In the human, on the orbital surface it surrounds the caudal portion of the orbital sulcus (H) from which it extends laterally into the orbital part of inferior frontal gyrus (H).
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Harvey had reported that Einstein had no parietal operculum in either hemisphere, but this finding has been disputed. Photographs of the brain show an enlarged Sylvian fissure. In 1999, further analysis by a team at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario revealed that his parietal operculum region in the inferior frontal gyrus in the frontal lobe of the brain was vacant. Also absent was part of a bordering region called the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure).
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The pronotum is totally or almost totally colored yellow. The abdomen is yellow, the second segment (tergite) darkened at the base. The wings are reddish-brown, or yellowish reddish-brown, and the feet are dark- colored. It can be grouped with a number of species which can be distinguished from other species within the genus Polistes by their lacking of a groove on the underside of its head called the epicnemial sulcus.
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However, it may be difficult to differentiate intramyocardial fat and the epicardial fat that is commonly seen adjacent to the normal heart. Also, the sub-tricuspid region may be difficult to distinguish from the atrioventricular sulcus, which is rich in fat. Cardiac MRI can visualize the extreme thinning and akinesis of the RV free wall. However, the normal RV free wall may be about 3 mm thick, making the test less sensitive.
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The outer lip is more curved and more finely crenulate within than that of Monodonta labio. The columella is short, squarely dentate at its base. Its edge is more or less rugose, and separated from the columellar area by a deep narrow straight sulcus, extending from the place of the umbilicus to the notch at base of columella. The basal notch is deep and divided by a small denticle in the middle.
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These fibers cross through the anterior white commissure to form the anterolateral system in the lateral funiculus. The medial division of the dorsal root contains myelinated fibres of larger diameter. These transmit information of discriminative touch, pressure, vibration, and conscious proprioception originating from spinal levels C2 through S5. These fibers are pushed in towards the posterior median sulcus to form the gracile fasciculus and the cuneate fasciculus of the posterior column–medial lemniscus pathway.
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At the base of the glans, there is a groove known as the coronal sulcus or corona glandis. It is the site of attachment of the future prepuce. Just anterior to the anal tubercle, the caudal end of the left and right urethral folds fuse to form the urethral raphe. The lateral part of the genital tubercle (called the lateral tubercle) grows longitudinally and is about the same length in either sex.
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The osseous spiral lamina consists of two plates of bone, and between these are the canals for the transmission of the filaments of the acoustic nerve. On the upper plate of that part of the lamina which is outside the vestibular membrane, the periosteum is thickened to form the limbus spiralis (or limbus laminæ spiralis), this ends externally in a concavity, the sulcus spiralis internus, which represents, on section, the form of the letter C.
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Wernicke's area is traditionally viewed as being located in the posterior section of the superior temporal gyrus (STG), usually in the left cerebral hemisphere. This area encircles the auditory cortex on the lateral sulcus, the part of the brain where the temporal lobe and parietal lobe meet. This area is neuroanatomically described as the posterior part of Brodmann area 22. However, there is an absence of consistent definitions as to the location.
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He believed that the sulcus would be in the area of the lambdoid structure. Falk however, believed the sulcas was placed higher on the skull, in a more ape-like manner. However, studies surrounding this have been controversial, as there is no concrete place on the brain where they can place these features. Paleoneurologists have been tasked with looking at various depressions in the brain and attempting to determine what they are.
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Valence could be assigned a number and treated as if it were measured, but the validity of a measurement based on a subjective report is questionable. Measurement based on observations of facial expressions, using the Facial Action Coding System and microexpressions (see Paul Ekman) or muscle activity detected through facial electromyography, or on modern functional brain imaging may overcome this objection. Emotional valence is represented in right posterior superior temporal sulcus and medial prefrontal cortex.
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The lateral intraparietal cortex (area LIP) is found in the intraparietal sulcus of the brain. This area is most likely involved in eye movement, as electrical stimulation evokes saccades (quick movements) of the eyes. It is also thought to contribute to working memory associated with guiding eye movement, examined using a delayed saccade task described below:Gnadt, J. W., & Andersen, R. A. (1988). Memory related motor planning activity in posterior parietal cortex of macaque.
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The terminal sulcus divides the tongue into a posterior pharyngeal part and an anterior oral part. The pharyngeal part is supplied by the glossopharyngeal nerve and the oral part is supplied by the lingual nerve (a branch of the mandibular branch (V3) of the trigeminal nerve) for somatosensory perception and by the chorda tympani (a branch of the facial nerve) for taste perception. Both parts of the tongue develop from different pharyngeal arches.
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The sublingual salivary glands appear in the eighth week of prenatal development, two weeks later than the other two major salivary glands. They develop from epithelial buds in the sulcus surrounding the sublingual folds on the floor of the mouth, lateral to the developing submandibular gland. These buds branch and form into cords that canalize to form the sublingual ducts associated with the gland. The rounded terminal ends of the cords form acini.
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The central sulcus begins developing around 13 weeks of gestational age undergoes the fastest period of growth between 13 and 15 weeks of gestational age. However, the most active period of development is at approximately 18 to 19 weeks of gestational age. This is determined by when there is the greatest amount of migration of neurons and fibers occurring. It begins as a point or groove in the parasagittal region of the brain.
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Lateral to the sulcus limitans is the area of the vestibular system, which is involved in special sensation. Moving rostrally, the inferior, middle, and superior cerebellar peduncles are found connecting the midbrain to the cerebellum. Directly rostral to the superior cerebellar peduncle, there is the superior medullary velum and then the two trochlear nerves. This marks the end of the pons as the inferior colliculus is directly rostral and marks the caudal midbrain.
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The cingulate cortex includes the entire cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, and the continuation of this in the cingulate sulcus. The cingulate cortex is usually considered part of the limbic lobe. It receives inputs from the thalamus and the neocortex, and projects to the entorhinal cortex via the cingulum. It is an integral part of the limbic system, which is involved with emotion formation and processing, learning, and memory.
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The radial sulcus ( also known as the musculospiral groove, radial groove, or spiral groove) is a broad but shallow oblique depression for the radial nerve and deep brachial artery. It is located on the center of the lateral border of the humerus bone. Although it provides protection to the radial nerve, it is often involved in compressions on the nerve (due to external pressure to due to surgery) that can cause radial nerve palsy.
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The tentorial notch is located between the tentorial edges and communicates the supratentorial and infratentorial spaces. This area can be divided into three spaces: anterior, middle (lateral to), and posterior to the brainstem. The middle incisural space is close to the midbrain and the upper pons at the level of the pontomesencephalic sulcus. Medial temporal lobe structures such as the uncus, the parahippocampal gyrus and the hippocampal formation, are also intimately related to the incisura.
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Striate arteries or ganglionic arteries arise from the middle cerebral artery and supply deep structures in the cerebrum, including the internal capsule and reticular formation. Strokes in these vessels are common and can cause extensive damage. This is because emboli are carried up the carotid and tend to be swept into the MCA, sometimes called the "artery of stroke", and are prone to getting stuck at this branch point in the lateral sulcus.
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The visual system's default mode can be monitored during resting state fMRI: Fox, et al. (2005) have found that "The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks'", in which the visual system switches from resting state to attention. In the parietal lobe, the lateral and ventral intraparietal cortex are involved in visual attention and saccadic eye movements. These regions are in the Intraparietal sulcus (marked in red in the adjacent image).
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Modern models of the neurological systems behind linguistic comprehension and production recognize the importance of Broca's and Wernicke's areas, but are not limited to them nor solely to the left hemisphere. Instead, multiple streams are involved in speech production and comprehension. Damage to the left lateral sulcus has been connected with difficulty in processing and producing morphology and syntax, while lexical access and comprehension of irregular forms (e.g. eat- ate) remain unaffected.
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The frontal gyri are four gyri of the frontal lobe in the brain. These are four horizontally oriented, parallel convolutions, of the frontal lobe. The other main gyrus of the frontal lobe is the precentral gyrus which is vertically oriented, and runs parallel with the precentral sulcus. The uppermost of the four gyri is the superior frontal gyrus, below this is the middle frontal gyrus, and below this is the inferior frontal gyrus.
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Brodmann area 25 (BA25) is the subgenual area, area subgenualis or subgenual cingulatea area in the cerebral cortex of the brain and delineated based on its cytoarchitectonic characteristics. It is the 25th "Brodmann area" defined by Korbinian Brodmann (thus its name). BA25 is located in the cingulate region as a narrow band in the caudal portion of the subcallosal area adjacent to the paraterminal gyrus. The posterior parolfactory sulcus separates the paraterminal gyrus from BA25.
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Malhotra, S., & Lomber, S. G. (2007). Sound localization during homotopic and heterotopic bilateral cooling deactivation of primary and nonprimary auditory cortical areas in the cat. [Review]. Journal of Neurophysiology, 97(1), 26-43. Of the 10 sections that were deactivated, only deactivation of 3 sections, the AI (primary auditory cortex)/DZ (dorsal zone), PAF (posterior auditory field), and AES (anterior ectosylvian sulcus) sections, were found to have an effect on sound localization.
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The cells of the ACC develops at the age of 4 months suggesting that the manifestations of mind-blindness may occur around this time. In addition to the anterior paracingulate cortex, there is the superior temporal sulcus and the temporal poles that are involved with the ToM and its nature. However, these areas are not uniquely associated with mentalization. They aid in the activation of the regions that are associated with the ToM.
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The bacteria associated with BV have been isolated from male genitalia. BV microbiota has been found in the penis, coronal sulcus, and male urethra, in the male partners of infected females. Partners who have not been circumcised may act as a ‘reservoir’ increasing the likelihood of acquiring an infection after sexual intercourse. Another mode of transmission of the BV-associated microbiota is to a female sexual partner via skin-to-skin transfer.
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The sulcus is known to demarcate the entirety of the ants' mesoscutum and mesoscutellum. When measured, the scutellum is approximately half the length of the scutum, and the scutellums dorsal surface has a pair of deep, rectangular-shaped foveae that is located nearby the median line. The dorsellum is well developed and has a pair of shallow foveae. The pronotum contains little to no foveae or setae, but it is fully developed.
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The suture is appressed. The axial sculpture consists on the earlier whorls of about 18 protractively oblique rounded ribs, slightly angulate at the shoulder, feeble on the fasciole and crossing the whorls except on the body whorl where they gradually become obsolete. The whole surface is spirally sculptured with fine close-set threads, here and there one a little more prominent than the rest, others near the siphonal canal coarser. The anal sulcus is wide and shallow.
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The anal fasciole slopes to a corded shoulder. The spiral sculpture begins by two strong cords, one of which marks the shoulder and to these are added by intercalation until the penultimate whorl has four and the body whorl fourteen, not counting the threads on the siphonal canal. These are reticulated by axial cords of similar size which do not form ribs or nodes though the posterior cord at the shoulder is slightly undulated. The anal sulcus is obscure.
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Although less research exists regarding the neural representation of informational persistence compared to visible persistence, new electrophysiological techniques have begun to reveal cortical areas involved. Unlike visible persistence, informational persistence is thought to rely on higher-level visual areas beyond the visual cortex. The anterior superior temporal sulcus (STS), a part of the ventral stream, was found to be active in macaques during iconic memory tasks. This brain region is associated with object recognition and object identity.
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On the fasciole are six or seven smooth rounded subequal spiral threads with equal or wider interspaces, more crowded anteriorly. Beyond the shoulder are nine similar but coarser threads, sometimes entire, sometimes flattened or even medially sulcate on top, extending over the base, and on the region of the siphonal canal as many more, smaller and more distant, crossed by obvious incremental lines. The aperture is elongate and rather narrow. The anal sulcus is very wide but shallow.
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The color of the shell is white and chalky under a pale greenish yellow periostracum. The suture is distinct, not appressed. The whorls are sloping flatly to the periphery which is marked by a rounded keel with (on the body whorl fifteen) obscure elongated swellings or undulations. The anal fasciole which is close to the suture is marked by lines of growth concavely arcuate, crossed by half a dozen spiral incised lines in the path of the sulcus.
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There is other spiral sculpture of somewhat alternated small uniform close-set threads, made minutely scabrous by the intersection of sharp incremental lines and covering the whole surface. The; axial sculpture otherwise consists of six prominent sharp vertical ribs with much wider interspaces, practically continuous up the spire and extending from the suture to the siphonal canal. The aperture is narrow. The anal sulcus is shallow, rounded, not preceded by any obvious fasciole, close to the suture.
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Such research finds that within the subitizing and counting range activation occurs bilaterally in the occipital extrastriate cortex and superior parietal lobe/intraparietal sulcus. This has been interpreted as evidence that shared processes are involved. However, the existence of further activations during counting in the right inferior frontal regions, and the anterior cingulate have been interpreted as suggesting the existence of distinct processes during counting related to the activation of regions involved in the shifting of attention.
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The length of the shell attains 64 mm, its diameter 18 mm. The solid, fusiform shell contains 13 whorls of which two are in the protoconch. The shell is remarkable for its regular beaded spiral zone just below the sutures of each whorl, above which are two spiral clearly-cut grooves, the middle of the upper whorls being most beautifully obliquely costulate. The costae are terminated above by a double sulcus surrounding a narrow spiral lira.
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The posterior parietal cortex (PPC) is a cortical area that is located in front of the parieto-occipital sulcus and is known to play a role in spatial awareness for eye and arm movements. A study using transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) found that the PPC also plays an important role in the amount of information held across saccades.Prime, S, Vesia, M, & Crawford, J. (2008). Transcranial magnetic stimulation over posterior parietal cortex disrupts transsaccadic memory of multiple objects.
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Six spiral lirae above them, two between them, and ten of varying size below them on the concave base. Aperture subtriangular, outer side straight, inner sigmoid. Outer lip thin, slightly excavated just below the suture for one-sixth of its extent to form a shallow sulcus, with a margin feebly thickened and everted, then excavated again to the upper carina, an acute short projection between the two excavations. The edge is crenulated by spiral lirae and carinae.
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This is also true of the sulcus at the summit, the base, and partly so of the columella. The axial sculpture consists of very heavy, broad, low, rounded ribs which are about twice as wide as the spaces that separate them. These ribs are rendered nodulose by the two strong spiral cords. They are also marked, as well as the intercostal spaces, by slender lines of growth that extend over the entire surface of the shell.
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The suture is distinct, appressed; the edge in front thickened and undulated by the sculpture. The anal sulcus is shallow but the fasciole constricted and nearly smooth. The axial sculpture consists of (on the body whorl 16) narrow, nearly straight rounded ribs with subequal or narrower interspaces, crossing the whorls from a slight shoulder in front of the anal fasciole to the succeeding suture and becoming gradually obsolete on the base. The incremental lines are well marked.
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The anal sulcus is moderately deep, the notch-band not strongly marked. A thin callus on the columella rising into a sort of lamina at its outer edge forms a rather deep groove along the columella, which last is attenuated anteriorly.Dall, W. H. 1881. Reports on the results of dredging, under the supervision of Alexander Agassiz, in the Gulf of Mexico, and in the Caribbean Sea, 1877-79, by the United States Coast Survey Steamer 'Blake,'.
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Increased uptake of the tracer occurs in malignant cells and areas of inflammation or infection. Integrating the imaging reflective of metabolic activity with normal CT imaging allows for higher sensitivity and specificity compared to PET alone. MRI is reserved for patients with advanced disease where intracranial, or brain, involvement is likely. It is also helpful for evaluating the extent of chest wall, diaphragmatic, brachial plexus (such as in the case of superior sulcus tumors), or spine involvement.
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Promachoteuthis sulcus is a species of promachoteuthid squid. It is distinguished from related taxa on the basis of several morphological features: nuchal fusion between the head and mantle, much larger size of arm suckers compared to club suckers, greater width of tentacle base than arm base, a recessed club base, and the presence of an aboral tentacle groove.Young, R.E., M. Vecchione & C.F.E. Roper 2007. A new genus and three new species of decapodiform cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda).
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The anastomoses in the heart are very small. Therefore, this ability is somewhat restricted in the heart so a coronary artery blockage often results in myocardial infarction causing death of the cells supplied by the particular vessel. The right coronary artery proceeds along the coronary sulcus and distributes blood to the right atrium, portions of both ventricles, and the heart conduction system. Normally, one or more marginal arteries arise from the right coronary artery inferior to the right atrium.
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Prefrontal cortex Motivated forgetting occurs as a result of activity that occurs within the prefrontal cortex. This was discovered by testing subjects while taking a functional MRI of their brain. The prefrontal cortex is made up of the anterior cingulate cortex, the intraparietal sulcus, the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex. These areas are also associated with stopping unwanted actions, which confirms the hypothesis that the suppression of unwanted memories and actions follow a similar inhibitory process.
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Ventrally the primary motor cortex is bordered by the insular cortex in the lateral sulcus. The primary motor cortex extends dorsally to the top of the hemisphere and then continues onto the medial wall of the hemisphere. The location of the primary motor cortex is most obvious on histological examination due to the presence of the distinctive Betz cells. Layer V of the primary motor cortex contains giant (70-100 μm) pyramidal neurons which are the Betz cells.
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In a large study with stroke patients, significant regions that was found to be associated with deficient biological motion perception include the superior temporal sulcus and premotor cortex. The cerebellum also is involved in biological motion processing. A recent study on a patient with developmental agnosia, an impairment in recognizing objects, found that the ability to recognize the form of biological organisms through biological motion remains intact, despite deficiency in perception of non-biological form through motion.
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Neurons in a small area of the posterior superior temporal sulcus, so called the "gaze following patch", have been found to respond to the object that another conspecific is looking at and thereby enabling the observer to establish joint attention. These neurons integrate the other's gaze direction and object of interest in a flexible manner. Properties of these neurons establish the gaze following patch as a key switch in controlling social interactions based on the other’s gaze.
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In the blood supply of the heart, the right coronary artery (RCA) is an artery originating above the right cusp of the aortic valve, at the right aortic sinus in the heart. It travels down the right coronary sulcus, towards the crux of the heart. It branches into the posterior descending artery and the right marginal artery. Although rare, several anomalous courses of the right coronary artery have been described including origin from the left aortic sinus.
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When directing gaze specifically towards the eye area, the anterior, right side of the superior temporal sulcus is activated, indicating facilitation of gaze direction encoding in this region when eye contact is present Calder, A. J., Lawrence, A. D., Keane, J., Scott, S. K., Owen, A. M., Christoffels, I., & Young, A. W. (2002) Reading the mind from eye gaze. Neuropsychologia, 40(8) 1129-1138.. Like the fusiform gyrus, this effect can also be masked in this area .
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The earlier name for the eudicots is tricolpates, a name which refers to the grooved structure of the pollen. Members of the group have tricolpate pollen, or forms derived from it. These pollens have three or more pores set in furrows called colpi. In contrast, most of the other seed plants (that is the gymnosperms, the monocots and the paleodicots) produce monosulcate pollen, with a single pore set in a differently oriented groove called the sulcus.
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The SA node is located in the wall (myocardium) of the right atrium, laterally to the entrance of the superior vena cava in a region called the sinus venarum (hence sino- + atrial). It is positioned roughly between a groove called the crista terminalis located on the internal surface of the heart and the corresponding sulcus terminalis, on the external surface. These grooves run between the entrance of the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava.
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Brachyprosopus is similar to Endothiodon, Niassodon, and Pristerodon in having absence of anterior median palatal ridges; maxillary tooth rows bounded laterally by a shelf; unfused vomers; raised margins of the interpterygoid vacuity; broad intertemporal region; pineal boss; dentary tables; and a long, wide posterior dentary sulcus that extends posterior to the dentary teeth. However, it can be distinguished by the autapomorphy of a curled lateral edge of the squamosal that forms a lateral wall of the external adductor fossa.
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While it is not well-shown here, the lips and hands are enlarged on a proper homunculus, since a larger number of neurons in the cerebral cortex are devoted to processing information from these areas. The positions of Brodmann areas 3, 1, and 2 are - from the nadir of the central sulcus toward the apex of the postcentral gyrus - 3a, 3b, 1, and 2, respectively. These areas contain cells that project to the secondary somatosensory cortex.
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Sucé-sur-Erdre () is a commune in the Loire-Atlantique department in western France. Its name comes from the Latin sulcus, meaning "furrow", and the Celtic erdam, meaning "small river". Sucé-sur-Erdre, as its name indicates, is located on the Erdre River, which at this point is near its junction to the Loire River. The town was fairly small (2,000 or so) for quite some time until it began to be absorbed into the greater suburbia of Nantes.
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The underside of a human tongue, showing its rich blood supply. The tongue is a muscular hydrostat that forms part of the floor of the oral cavity. The left and right sides of the tongue are separated by a vertical section of fibrous tissue known as the lingual septum. This division is along the length of the tongue save for the very back of the pharyngeal part and is visible as a groove called the median sulcus.
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Observations of feeding behaviour suggest P. kofoidii initially displayed looping swimming behaviour in close proximity to its prey followed by discharge of a nematocyst, pull of the prey into the body through posterior sulcus and final engulfment of the prey. PSP raises socio-economic-environmental concerns as it affects the health of both marine mammals and humans, and the regulation mechanism of toxic microalgae population by P.kofoidii could be important in environmental monitoring and health hazard elimination.
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The proximal part of the shaft of the rib curves outwards slightly, but also possesses a notch which forces the rib to strongly project outwards for a short distance and then gradually curve back inwards. A deep sulcus (groove) is also present on the shaft of the rib. The humerus is hourglass-shaped, with an expanded proximal end more than 3.5 times the width of the shaft. The distal end is also expanded to a slightly lesser degree.
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In other dinoflagellates, an analogous structure has been implicated in heterotrophic feeding and sexual recombination. In Symbiodinium, it has been suggested that the peduncle may be involved in substrate attachment, explaining why certain cells seem to spin in place. Compared to other gymnodinioid genera, there is little or no displacement at the sulcus where the ends of the cigulum groove converge. The internal organelles of the mastigote are essentially the same as described in the coccoid cell (see below).
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The invention of Arabic numerals is even more recent than reading and writing, and thus is subject to the same recycling process. Imaging studies show evidence that mental arithmetic is associated with the left and right parietal lobe. Activation of this area is directly proportional with the degree of difficulty in the given calculation. During imaging, a small region inside the intraparietal sulcus is only activated during calculation tasks when visuospatial, language, and calculation tasks are also given.
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The intercostal spaces are a little wider than the rib. A spiral cord in the intercostal is present about one-fifth of the space between the sutures posterior to the suture, which is equal in strength to the spiral cord at the periphery. The sulcus between the two spiral cords and between the anterior cord and the periphery of the body whorl are marked by the continuations of the axial ribs. The sutures are strongly channeled.
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Hyperactivity in the core or distributed face areas (without lesions) may be connected to causation. Functional imaging studies in humans have identified an area in the fusiform gyrus which is selectively activated by stimulation when exposed to faces called the fusiform face area (FFA). Another area known to be activated by face stimuli is the superior temporal sulcus (STS). This region is particularly active when having to process facial expressions, especially the expressive features related to the eyes.
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Between the two pyramids can be seen a decussation of fibers which marks the transition from the medulla to the spinal cord. The medulla is above the decussation and the spinal cord below. ;From behind The appearance of a cadaveric brainstem from behind, with major parts labelled The most medial part of the medulla is the posterior median sulcus. Moving laterally on each side is the gracile fasciculus, and lateral to that is the cuneate fasciculus.
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The temporoparietal junction (TPJ) is an area of the brain where the temporal and parietal lobes meet, at the posterior end of the lateral sulcus (Sylvian fissure). The TPJ incorporates information from the thalamus and the limbic system as well as from the visual, auditory and somatosensory systems. The TPJ also integrates information from both the external environment as well as from within the body. The TPJ is responsible for collecting all of this information and then processing it.
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A diagram of the periodontium. A. Enamel B. Dentine C. Alveolar bone D. Oral epithelium E. Attached gingiva F. Gingival margin G. Gingival sulcus H. Junctional epithelium I. Alveolar crest fibres of periodontal ligament [PDL] J. Horizontal fibres of PDL K. Oblique fibres of PDL The term periodontium is used to describe the group of structures that directly surround, support and protect the teeth. The periodontium is composed largely of the gingival tissue and the supporting bone.
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This multisensory integration increases activity in the superior temporal sulcus (STS), thalamus, and superior colliculus. Specifically, the pre-attentive process of multisensory integration works jointly with attention to activate brain regions such as the STS. Multisensory integration seems to give a person the advantage of greater comprehension if both auditory and visual stimuli are being processed together. But it is important to note that multisensory integration is affected by what a person pays attention to and their current goals.
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OMA can also be associated with bilateral hemorrhages in the parietal eye fields (PEF). The PEF surround the posterior, medial segment of the intraparietal sulcus. They have a role in reflexive saccades, and send information to the FEF. Since the FEF and PEF have complementary roles in voluntary and reflexive production of saccades, respectively, and they get inputs from different areas of the brain, only bilateral lesions to both the FEF and PEF will cause persistent OMA.
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The frog is a V shaped structure that extends forwards across about two-thirds of the sole. Its thickness grows from the front to the back and, at the back, it merges with the heel periople. In its midline, it has a central groove (sulcus), that extends up between the bulbs. It is dark gray-blackish in color and of a rubbery consistency, suggesting its role as shock absorber and grip tool on hard, smooth ground.
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On the fasciole and base these are more or less obscured by spiral impressed lines with much wider interspaces, which appear feeble and as if obsolete where not eroded. The siphonal canal is short and straight. The outer lip is simple with the sulcus near the suture, rather wide and deep when complete. The body has a white callus and near the insertion of the columella a single very strong sharp edged spiral plication extending into the spire.
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The postnuclear whorls are well rounded. They are marked on the first three turns by a submedian row of distantly spaced cusps. On the succeeding whorls these cusps become elongated into ribs that extend from the sinal sulcus at the summit anteriorly to the suture, becoming weaker toward the suture. Of these ribs, 10 occur upon the first whorl, 12 upon the second and third, and 14 upon the remaining whorls except the body whorl, which has 16.
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In alkaline growth conditions, the enzyme activity and growth activity of periodontal pathogens, like Porphyromonas Gingivalis. Similarly, during inflammation, slight increase in temperature of the periodontal pocket will occur too. The changes in the ecology of the gingival sulcus impacts gene expression and changes the competitiveness of periodontal pathogens like Porphyromonas Gingivalis. Hence, the growth of proteolytic and Gram-Negative Anaerobes (most of the time) will be favoured by fluctuating homeostasis, the natural balance, of the subgingival microflora.
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Superior temporal sulcus The amygdala and the orbitofrontal cortex also are a part of the ToM. Those mental structures seem to be involved in the interpretation of behavior. It is suspected, in fact, that the damage to the orbitofrontal cortex brings upon subtle impairments, but not a total loss of the ToM that would lead to mind- blindness. Some studies have shown that the orbitofrontal cortex is not directly associated with the theory of the mind or mind-blindness.
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There are five eye pairs. Sulcus is present as a narrow and distinct groove running from the crypt of the median dorsal jaw to the dorsal rim of the anterior sucker. Dorsal surface color is mainly grass green, there are two orange paramedian stripes which are thin and fragmented and two orange paramarginal stripes which are broad and encompassing black segmentally arranged quadrangular or rounded spots. Lateral margins of body with yellow stripes encompassing black, segmentally arranged rounded spots.
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Many have surmised that this linkage is based on the location of sounds. However, there are numerous distortions of sound when reflected off different media, which makes this thinking unlikely. The auditory cortex forms groupings based on fundamentals; in music, for example, this would include harmony, timing, and pitch. The primary auditory cortex lies in the superior temporal gyrus of the temporal lobe and extends into the lateral sulcus and the transverse temporal gyri (also called Heschl's gyri).
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Sign language and oral language experience in bimodal bilinguals are shown to have separate effects on activation patterns within the superior temporal sulcus when recognizing facial expressions. Additionally, hearing signers (individuals who can hear and also speak sign language) do not show the strong left-lateralizated activation for facial expression recognition that has been found within deaf signers. This indicates that both sign language experience and deafness can affect the neural organization for recognizing facial expressions.
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The intraparietal sulcus (IPS) is located on the lateral surface of the parietal lobe, and consists of an oblique and a horizontal portion. The IPS contains a series of functionally distinct subregions that have been intensively investigated using both single cell neurophysiology in primates and human functional neuroimaging. Its principal functions are related to perceptual-motor coordination (e.g., directing eye movements and reaching) and visual attention, which allows for visually-guided pointing, grasping, and object manipulation that can produce a desired effect.
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The spiral sculpture shows a pronounced keel in front of the fasciole, on the upper part of the spire this keel may be more or less undulated. In front of the keel the surface is retractively somewhat irregularly obliquely grooved, with wider flattish interspaces upon which is a minute protractively looped sculpture giving a vermicular aspect to the surface under a magnifier The ovate aperture is simple. The outer lip is thin and sharp. The anal sulcus is wide and moderately deep.
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The spiral sculpture consists of fine flattish threads separated by narrow striae very minutely reticulated by the incremental lines and most conspicuous in the intervals between the ribs, practically covering the whole surface of the shell. The axial sculpture, beside almost microscopic lines of growth, consists of (on the body whorl 14) short rounded ribs, slightly angulated at the shoulder and extending from the suture to the siphonal canal with subequal interspaces. The anal sulcus is shallow. The aperture is narrow and simple.
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The antero-lateral surface is directed lateralward above, where it is smooth, rounded, and covered by the deltoid muscle; forward and lateralward below, where it is slightly concave from above downward, and gives origin to part of the Brachialis. About the middle of this surface is a rough, rectangular elevation, the deltoid tuberosity for the insertion of the deltoid muscle; below this is the radial sulcus, directed obliquely from behind, forward, and downward, and transmitting the radial nerve and profunda artery.
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The lines of growth are distinct and in the later whorls occasionally a little prominent at the suture, against which the shell is appressed. There is no other transverse sculpture. The revolving sculpture is comprised in fifteen or twenty threads on the body whorl, faintly visible at the periphery and gradually becoming stronger toward the end of the siphonal canal An occasional trace of such might be visible on some of the older whorls. The anal sulcus is moderately deep.
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This shape reduces the risk of superior sulcus deformity and puts more volume within the muscle cone. Muscles can be placed at any location the surgeon desires with these implants. This is advantageous for cases of damaged or lost muscles after trauma, and the remaining muscles are transposed to improve postoperative motility. And in anticipation of future peg placement there is a 6 mm diameter flattened surface, which eliminates the need to shave a flat anterior surface prior to peg placement.
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J Neurophysiol. Feb 2010;103(2):801-816 The SEF constitutes together with the frontal eye fields (FEF), the intraparietal sulcus (IPS), and the superior colliculus (SC) one of the most important brain areas involved in the generation and control of eye movements, particularly in the direction contralateral to their location.Emeric, E. E., Leslie, M., Pouget, P., & Schall, J. D. (2010). Performance monitoring local field potentials in the medial frontal cortex of primates: supplementary eye field. Journal of neurophysiology, 104(3), 1523-1537.
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Benign Rolandic epilepsy or benign childhood epilepsy with centrotemporal spikes (BCECTS) is the most common epilepsy syndrome in childhood. Most children will outgrow the syndrome (it starts around the age of 3–13 with a peak around 8–9 years and stops around age 14–18), hence the label benign. The seizures, sometimes referred to as sylvian seizures, start around the central sulcus of the brain (also called the centrotemporal area, located around the Rolandic fissure, after Luigi Rolando).Benign Rolandic epilepsy.
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The alar plate and the basal plate are separated by the sulcus limitans. Additionally, the floor plate also secretes netrins. The netrins act as chemoattractants to decussation of pain and temperature sensory neurons in the alar plate across the anterior white commissure, where they then ascend towards the thalamus. Following the closure of the caudal neuropore and formation of the brain's ventricles that contain the choroid plexus tissue, the central canal of the caudal spinal cord is filled with cerebrospinal fluid.
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Through stab incisions in the retroauricular sulcus (the groove behind the ear), permanent, non-absorbable sutures are placed invisible under the skin around the cartilage of the antihelix using a special technique, pulled tight and knotted. When the sutures are tightened, the ear moves towards the head. The cartilage is not worked on. A protruding earlobe can be pinned closer to the head with the Merck stitch method if the cartilage of the ear extends a little into the earlobe.
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The occipital lobe is one of the four major lobes of the cerebral cortex in the brain of mammals. The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1 (visual one). Human V1 is located on the medial side of the occipital lobe within the calcarine sulcus; the full extent of V1 often continues onto the occipital pole.
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The transverse surface groove is called the cingulum which runs laterally around the whole organism, whereas the other groove, sulcus, starts from ventral midpoint of the cingulum vertically down to the posterior end of the organism typically. The cingulum is a useful morphological feature in discerning species. For instance, the angle of descent of the cingulum varies among species. The theca is also separated by the cingulum into epitheca for theca above the cingulum and hypotheca for theca below the cingulum.
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The lateral surfaces of the body are united with the greater wings of the sphenoid and the medial pterygoid plates. Above the attachment of each greater wing is a broad groove, curved something like the italic letter f; it lodges the internal carotid artery and the cavernous sinus, and is named the carotid sulcus. Along the posterior part of the lateral margin of this groove, in the angle between the body and greater wing, is a ridge of bone, called the sphenoidal lingula.
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Le Fort I — Slight swelling of the upper lip, ecchymosis is present in the buccal sulcus beneath each zygomatic arch, malocclusion, mobility of teeth. Impacted type of fractures may be almost immobile and it is only by grasping the maxillary teeth and applying a little firm pressure that a characteristic grate can be felt which is diagnostic of the fracture. Percussion of upper teeth results in cracked pot sound. Guérin's sign is present characterised by ecchymosis in the region of greater palatine vessels.
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Three keels are present upon the first and second, on the third a fourth keel appears partly at the suture, but the greater part of it is covered up by the summit of the succeeding volution. The penultimate whorl has four keels, the posterior one of which marks the summit and is a little wider than the rest and somewhat flattened. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a sulcus. The base of the shell is well rounded and attenuated.
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Pupillary cysts, also central cysts, are located from the pupillary margin to the iris root, midzonal cysts are located from the iris root to the ciliary body, and peripheral cysts are located at the iridociliary sulcus. Free- floating cysts can occur in the anterior and vitreous chamber and are usually dislodged epithelium cysts. Cysts of the iris stroma are anteriorly located and as they develop, they usually cause deformation of the iris and need treatment. Especially the congenital secondary cysts require often treatment.
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In addition, there are brain regions, including the superior temporal sulcus, that respond to biological but not non-biological motion. These findings suggest that humans may have a biologically-based affinity for spotting and interpreting purposeful, biological motions. In one experiment, 18-month-olds observed either a human or a mechanical arm attempting to perform actions, but failing to achieve a goal. The children imitated the action to complete the intended goal when the arm was human, but not when it was mechanical.
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The outer lip is much produced and its edge modified by the external sculpture, so that there is a sulcus at the end of the peripheral keel, another one at the middle of the base, and still another at the base of the columella, which is arcuate and produced like a small plait. The base is imperforate. The body has no visible glaze.Dall (1919) Descriptions of new species of Mollusca from the North Pacific Ocean; Proceedings of the U.S. National Museum, vol.
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The supramarginal gyrus is located just anterior to the angular gyrus allowing these two structures (which compose the inferior parietal lobule) to form a multimodal complex that receives somatosensory, visual, and auditory inputs from the brain. Although the supramarginal gyrus is not considered a major portion of the language circuit, it still works with the angular gyrus to attempt to link words with meanings. It is also bound caudally by the lateral sulcus, one of the most prominent structures found in the brain.
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In order to have empathy for another person, one must understand the context of that person's experience while maintaining a certain degree of separation from their own experience. The ability to differentiate the source of an affective stimuli as originating from the self or from other another is known as self-other discrimination. Self-other discrimination is associated with the extrastriate body area (EBA), posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), temporoparietal junction (TPJ), ventral premotor cortex, and the posterior and inferior parietal cortex.
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In mammals with a small brain there is no folding and the cortex is smooth. A fold or ridge in the cortex is termed a gyrus (plural gyri) and a groove is termed a sulcus (plural sulci). These surface convolutions appear during fetal development and continue to mature after birth through the process of gyrification. In the human brain the majority of the cerebral cortex is not visible from the outside, but buried in the sulci, and the insular cortex is completely hidden.
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A depression above the snout has been termed the "nasal fossa" or "sulcus". A similar fossa is also seen in Tianyulong, Agilisaurus, and Eoraptor, but its function is unknown. Diagrams showing the dentition of the upper and lower jaw An unusual feature of the skull was the different-shaped teeth (heterodonty) for which the genus is named, which is otherwise mainly known from mammals. Most dinosaurs (and indeed most reptiles) have a single type of tooth in their jaws, but Heterodontosaurus had three.
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The preputial mucosa of the penis is the epithelium of the inside of the prepuce, or foreskin. To differentiate it from the cutaneous skin of the outside of the prepuce, it is sometimes referred to as the inner mucosa. It starts at the ridged band of the prepuce and continues to the coronal sulcus (groove behind the glans penis), where it meets the epithelium of the glans and penile shaft. The preputial mucosa is devoid of hair, as is the cutaneous surface.
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Diagnostic features of Toipahautea include: massive periotic; well-developed superior process of the periotic; prominent elongation of dorsomedial margin of the internal acoustic meatus; prominent fissure between the fenestra rotunda and the aperture for the cochlear aqueduct; small medial posterior sulcus; the presence of the anteroexternal foramen; the presence of the sigmoidal cavity; the presence of the elliptical foramen; horizontal sigmoidal cleft far anterior than the anterior margin of the sigmoidal process; posteromedial margin of the bulla orienting slightly anteromedially.
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Smaller commissures, including the anterior commissure, the posterior commissure and the fornix, also join the hemispheres and these are also present in other vertebrates. These commissures transfer information between the two hemispheres to coordinate localized functions. There are three known poles of the cerebral hemispheres: the occipital pole, the frontal pole, and the temporal pole. The central sulcus is a prominent fissure which separates the parietal lobe from the frontal lobe and the primary motor cortex from the primary somatosensory cortex.
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Due to the uniqueness of every patient's cortex, it is difficult to standardize procedures involving direct implantation. There are many common physical features between brains, but an individual gyrus or sulcus (neuroanatomy) can be different when compared. This leads to difficulties because it causes each procedure to be unique, thus taking longer to perform. In addition, the nature of a microelectrode array intended effect is limited due to the stated variance's presented in association with individual cortex uniqueness i.e. differences.
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The great cardiac vein (left coronary vein) begins at the apex of the heart and ascends along the anterior longitudinal sulcus to the base of the ventricles. It then curves around the left margin of the heart to reach the posterior surface. It merges with the oblique vein of the left atrium to form the coronary sinus, which drains into the right atrium. At the junction of the great cardiac vein and the coronary sinus, there is typically a valve present.
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Brodmann areas 41 and 42 are parts of the primary auditory cortex. Brodmann area 41 is also known as the anterior transverse temporal area 41 (H). It is a cytoarchitectonic division of the cerebral cortex occupying the anterior transverse temporal gyrus (H) in the bank of the lateral sulcus on the dorsal surface of the temporal lobe. Brodmann area 41 is bounded medially by the parainsular area 52 (H) and laterally by the posterior transverse temporal area 42 (H) (Brodmann-1909).
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It is located bilaterally, roughly at the upper sides of the temporal lobes – in humans, curving down and onto the medial surface, on the superior temporal plane, within the lateral sulcus and comprising parts of the transverse temporal gyri, and the superior temporal gyrus, including the planum polare and planum temporale (roughly Brodmann areas 41 and 42, and partially 22).Cf. Pickles, James O. (2012). An Introduction to the Physiology of Hearing (4th ed.). Bingley, UK: Emerald Group Publishing Limited, pp. 215–217.
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Von Ebner's glands are glands found in a trough circling the circumvallate papillae on the dorsal surface of the tongue near the terminal sulcus. They secrete a purely serous fluid that begins lipid hydrolysis. They also facilitate the perception of taste through secretion of digestive enzymes and proteins. The arrangement of these glands around the circumvallate papillae provides a continuous flow of fluid over the great number of taste buds lining the sides of the papillae, and is important for dissolving the food particles to be tasted.
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The larger anterior interventricular artery, also known as the left anterior descending artery (LAD), is the second major branch arising from the left coronary artery. It follows the anterior interventricular sulcus around the pulmonary trunk. Along the way it gives rise to numerous smaller branches that interconnect with the branches of the posterior interventricular artery, forming anastomoses. An anastomosis is an area where vessels unite to form interconnections that normally allow blood to circulate to a region even if there may be partial blockage in another branch.
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Of these, 10 occur upon the first to seventh, 12 upon the eighth to tenth, and 14 upon the body whorl. These ribs and the spaces that separate them are marked by lines of growth, which also extend across the posterior sulcus and over the base and columella and give to the general surface a finely reticulated clothlike sculpture. The suture is slightly impressed. The base of the shell is well rounded, marked by four strong nodulose spiral cords like the spire and the intervening spiral threads.
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When the McGurk effect is presented the auditory and visual components of the speech are separately evaluated before being integrated. In those who perceive the McGurk effect, the visual information has a higher influence on the perception of the ambiguous audiovisual information and thus the sound is classified as "da". Many studies have concluded that the area responsible for the perception of this phenomenon is the left superior temporal sulcus(STS). This area is critical for the multisensory integration of visual and auditory information during speech perception.
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Radiograph with a deep lateral femoral notch (gray arrow) and an effusion (pink arrow) Measurement technique to determine the depth of the femoral notch on lateral x-rays In radiology, the deep lateral femoral notch sign is a finding on a lateral radiograph that is considered an indirect sign of a torn anterior cruciate ligament (ACL). It is an abnormal deepening of the lateral condylopatellar sulcus from an osteochondral impaction fracture. A depth greater than 1.5 mm is a reliable sign of a torn ACL.
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This is a fibrous hyperplasia of excess connective tissue folds that takes place in reaction to chronic trauma from an ill fitting denture. It usually occurs in the mandibular labial sulcus. The clinical appearance of these lesions can vary, from erythematous mucosa that is prone to bleeding (a manifestation of hyperaemia), to lesions of more dense connective tissue, appearing more pale and firm. Sometimes the term epulis is used synonymously with epulis fissuratum, but this is technically incorrect as several other lesions could be described as epulides.
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Electroencephalography and Clinical Neurophysiology. The only RPs that do not seem to be lateralized are face and tongue movements which have symmetrical distribution over both hemispheres with the maximum of the potential located in the lower half of the central sulcus. That the lateralized aspect of the readiness potential in general might be used to measure the amount of motor preparation for a direct specific action, termed "corrected motor asymmetry", was highlighted by De Jong and Gratton et al.Cacioppo John T., Tassinary, L. G., Gary G., 2000.
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The use of all three requires pre-soaking in either water or an agent that encourages haemostasis. The haemostatic agent controls gingival haemorrhage following the preparation and prior to impression making. Once the cord has been left in place for the required length of time, it is removed allowing the sulcus to be rinsed and dried in order to prevent the haemostatic agent from creating problems with the set of the impression material. The two methods used for making impressions for post and cores are outlined below.
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The Mustardé technique involves making a long incision on the back of the ear and removing a strip of skin. The skin is dissected from the cartilage between he edge of the ear (helix) and the place where the ear is attached to the head (sulcus posterior), thus exposing the cartilage on the back of the ear. It is therefore assigned to the open ear pinning methods. The antihelix fold is bent more strongly or formed anew with mattress sutures that are anchored in the cartilage.
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There is a type of giant pyramidal cell called Betz cells and are found just below the surface of the cerebral cortex within layer V of the primary motor cortex. The cell bodies of Betz cell neurons are the largest in the brain, approaching nearly 0.1mm in diameter. The primary motor cortex, or precentral gyrus, is one of the most important areas in the frontal lobe. The precentral gyrus is the most posterior gyrus of the frontal lobe and it lies anterior to the central sulcus.
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The MRI of QR, a patient with a beahavioural variant frontotemporal dementia, shows bilateral fronto-temporal atrophy mostly in the right anterior temporal lobe but extending back within the temporal lobe and including the superior temporal sulcus. The MRI of KL showed bilateral anterior temporal lobe atrophy, with more damage on the right side and in the inferior temporal cortices. The clinical diagnosis of KL was temporal variant frontotemporal lobar degeneration with progressive right temporal lobe atrophy. More recently, there has been a study of developmental phonagnosia.
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They form a planorboid spire, the axis of which is almost at right angles to that of the succeeding turns, in the first of which the nuclear spire is about half obliquely immersed.The seven whorls of the teleoconch are flattened, and narrowly, tabulatedly shouldered at the summit. They are marked by strong, well-rounded, retractive axial ribs, of which 18 occur upon the first and 16 upon the remaining whorls, except the last, which has 20. These ribs pass prominently from the shoulder to the peripheral sulcus.
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The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning the teeth. A major function of the tongue is the enabling of speech in humans and vocalization in other animals. The human tongue is divided into two parts, an oral part at the front and a pharyngeal part at the back. The left and right sides are also separated along most of its length by a vertical section of fibrous tissue (the lingual septum) that results in a groove, the median sulcus, on the tongue's surface.
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The superior frontal gyrus, medial frontal areas, intraparietal sulcus, and superior parietal cortex, areas involved in sophisticated mental activity, show equal activity in REM sleep as in wakefulness. The amygdala is also active during REM sleep and may participate in generating the PGO waves, and experimental suppression of the amygdala results in less REM sleep.Larry D. Sanford & Richard J. Ross, "Amygdalar regulation of REM sleep"; in Mallick et al. (2011). The amygdala may also cardiac function in lieu of the less active insular cortex.
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MRI detects localized cerebral cortex expansion after people learn complex tasks such as mirror reading (in this case in the right occipital cortex), three- ball juggling (bilateral mid-temporal area and left posterior intraparietal sulcus), and when medical students intensively revise for exams (bilaterally in the posterior and lateral parietal cortex). Such changes in gray matter volume can be expected to link to changes in synapse numbers due to the increased numbers of glial cells and the expanded capillary vascularization needed to support their increased energy consumption.
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For example, a stronger fMRI response was observed in classic mirror areas (premotor, parietal and posterior superior temporal sulcus) when ballet experts observed ballet sequences, than when they viewed matched capoeira stimuli. The fact that mirror system activation is sensitive to sensorimotor expertise, provides a strong indication that the properties of mirror neurons are acquired through learning. Heyes and colleagues have also shown that a number of imitative effects, thought to be mediated by the mirror system, may be reversed through periods of 'counter-mirror' sensorimotor training.
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Leukoplakia in the lower labial sulcus Leukoplakia of the soft palate Exophytic leukoplakia on the buccal mucosa Leukoplakia on the side of tongue Leukoplakia could be classified as mucosal disease, and also as a premalignant condition. Although the white color in leukoplakia is a result of hyperkeratosis (or acanthosis), similarly appearing white lesions that are caused by reactive keratosis (smoker's keratosis or frictional keratoses e.g. morsicatio buccarum) are not considered to be leukoplakias. Leukoplakia could also be considered according to the affected site, e.g.
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The neurons of the primary auditory cortex can be considered to have receptive fields covering a range of auditory frequencies and have selective responses to harmonic pitches. Neurons integrating information from the two ears have receptive fields covering a particular region of auditory space. The primary auditory cortex is surrounded by secondary auditory cortex, and interconnects with it. These secondary areas interconnect with further processing areas in the superior temporal gyrus, in the dorsal bank of the superior temporal sulcus, and in the frontal lobe.
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A retrograde tracing experiment on macaque monkeys revealed that the ventral anterior nucleus (VA) and the ventral lateral nucleus (VL) of the thalamus are connected with motor areas of the cingulate sulcus. The retrosplenial region (Brodmann's area 26, 29 and 30) of cingulate gyrus can be divided into three parts: i.e., retrosplenial granular cortex A, retrosplenial granular cortex B and retrosplenial dysgranular cortex. The hippocampal formation sends dense projections to retrosplenial granular cortex A and B and fewer projections to the retrosplenial dysgranular cortex.
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On the spire, the axial sculpture is crossed by (on the third whorl about eight, on the sixth ten or a dozen) fine flat threads with wider interspaces, (increasing by interpolation), which override the ribs and rise above them but do not form nodules at the intersections. These spirals are very uniform and on the body whorl extend forward covering the siphonal canal, and are slightly scored by the incremental lines. The aperture is oval, not mature in the specimen. The anal sulcus is obsolete.
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Heart being dissected showing right and left ventricles, from above The heart has four chambers, two upper atria, the receiving chambers, and two lower ventricles, the discharging chambers. The atria open into the ventricles via the atrioventricular valves, present in the atrioventricular septum. This distinction is visible also on the surface of the heart as the coronary sulcus. There is an ear-shaped structure in the upper right atrium called the right atrial appendage, or auricle, and another in the upper left atrium, the left atrial appendage.
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The fourth spiral keel is strong and rounded and decidedly elevated, a very slender extension of the axial rib reaches across the deep spiral sulcus, which like the sulci of the base is crossed by fine, subequally spaced, raised axial threads. The base of the shell is moderately well rounded, attenuated, and ornamented with five subequal and subequally spaced, somewhat flattened, spiral keels. The suboval aperture is rather large, and effuse at the junction of the outer lip and the columella. The posterior angle is acute.
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Archives of Neurology and Psychology 44, 398–408Mayer, E. et al. (1999). A pure case of Gerstmann syndrome with a subangular lesion. Brain 122, 1107–1120 Studies of patients with lesions to the parietal lobe have demonstrated that lesions to the angular gyrus tend to lead to greater impairments in memorized mathematical facts, such as multiplication tables, with relatively unimpaired subtraction abilities. Conversely, patients with lesions in the region of the intraparietal sulcus tend to have greater deficits in subtraction, with preserved multiplication abilities.
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The hinges come to a point, a superficial resemblance to many (phylogenetically unrelated) bivalve mollusk shells. The loss of the hinge line was an important evolutionary innovation, rhynchonellids being the first truly non-strophic shells with a purely internal articulation (teeth-sockets). Strong radiating ribs are common in this group; and there are generally very strong plications or accordion-like folds on the sulcus (the long middle section) of the shell. This probably helps regulate the flow of water in and out of the shell.
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The superior temporal sulcus is therefore involved in the processing of behavioural information, while the temporal poles are involved in the retrieval of personal experiences. These are considered important regions for the activation of the ToM regions and are associated with the mind-blindness. The temporal poles provide personal experiences for mentalization such as facial recognition, emotional memory and familiar voices. In patients suffering from semantic dementia, for example, the temporal regions of these patients undergo atrophy and lead to certain deficits which can cause mind-blindness.
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The folium vermis is a short, narrow, concealed band at the posterior extremity of the vermis, consisting apparently of a single folium, but in reality marked on its upper and under surfaces by secondary fissures. Laterally, it expands in either hemisphere into a considerable lobule, the superior semilunar lobule (lobulus semilunaris superior; postero-superior lobules), which occupies the posterior third of the upper surface of the hemisphere, and is bounded below by the horizontal sulcus. The superior semilunar lobules and the folium vermis form the lobus semilunaris.
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Branta thessaliensis is a prehistoric species of black goose known from fossils found in Greece. It is among the earliest known members of its genus. Described in 2006, it was of similar size to the Canada goose. It is known from a humerus bone, which differs form the living species by a wider distal end of the diaphysis, a dorsal condyle that is more rounded in dorsal view and more prominent compared to the ventral condyle in distal view, and a deeper humerotricipital sulcus in distal view.
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According to several linguists, neurocognitive research has confirmed many standards of language learning, such as: "learning engages the entire person (cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains), the human brain seeks patterns in its searching for meaning, emotions affect all aspects of learning, retention and recall, past experience always affects new learning, the brain's working memory has a limited capacity, lecture usually results in the lowest degree of retention, rehearsal is essential for retention, practice [alone] does not make perfect, and each brain is unique" (Sousa, 2006, p. 274). In terms of genetics, the gene ROBO1 has been associated with phonological buffer integrity or length. Although it is difficult to determine without invasive measures which exact parts of the brain become most active and important for language acquisition, fMRI and PET technology has allowed for some conclusions to be made about where language may be centered. Kuniyoshi Sakai has proposed, based on several neuroimaging studies, that there may be a "grammar center" in the brain, whereby language is primarily processed in the left lateral premotor cortex (located near the pre central sulcus and the inferior frontal sulcus).
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Michigan O probe with Williams markings (left) and Naber's probe with shades alternating every 3 mm (right). Proper use of the periodontal probe is necessary to maintain accuracy. The tip of the instrument is placed with light pressure of 10-20 gramsWilkins, 1999 into the gingival sulcus, which is an area of potential space between a tooth and the surrounding tissue. It is important to keep the periodontal probe parallel to the contours of the root of the tooth and to insert the probe down to the base of the pocket.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of brain activation during mental rotation reveal consistent increased activation of the parietal lobe, specifically the inter- parietal sulcus, that is dependent on the difficulty of the task. In general, the larger the angle of rotation, the more brain activity associated with the task. This increased brain activation is accompanied by longer times to complete the rotation task and higher error rates. Researchers have argued that the increased brain activation, increased time, and increased error rates indicate that task difficulty is proportional to the angle of rotation.
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The most lateral of the bundles of the anterior nerve roots is generally taken as a dividing line that separates the anterolateral system into two parts. These are the anterior funiculus, between the anterior median fissure and the most lateral of the anterior nerve roots, and the lateral funiculus between the exit of these roots and the posterolateral sulcus. The lateral funiculus transmits the contralateral corticospinal and spinothalamic tracts. A lateral cutting of the spinal cord results in the transection of both ipsilateral posterior column and lateral funiculus and this produces Brown-Séquard syndrome.
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The columella is stout, somewhat sinuous and twisted, covered by a thin callus, which also extends over the parietal wall. The color of the shell is uniformly cream yellow. In some of the young specimens the space between the sulcus and the summit and the tip of base are white, the rest light brown.P. Bartsch (1915), Report on the Turton collection of South African marine mollusks, with additional notes on other South African shells contained in the United States National Museum; Bulletin of the United States National Museum v.
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The ribs extend from the shoulder to the suture or, on the body whorl, to the base, where they become obsolete. These ribs are crossed on the spire by about six prominent spiral threads, subequal and with wider interspaces, often with a more minute intercalary thread, the primaries somewhat swollen on the summits of the ribs. On the body whorl the same sculpture extends over the whorl and upon the siphonal canal. The outer lip is thin, broadly arcuate, simple, with a rounded, shallow, anal sulcus close to the suture.
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The salience network is theorised to mediate switching between the default mode network and frontoparietal network (central executive network). The frontoparietal network (FPN), generally also known as the central executive network (CEN) (see Nomenclature), is a large-scale brain network primarily composed of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal cortex, around the intraparietal sulcus. It is involved in sustained attention, complex problem-solving and working memory. The FPN is one of three networks in the so-called triple-network model, along with the salience network and the default mode network (DMN).
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The middle cerebral artery (MCA) is one of the three major paired arteries that supply blood to the cerebrum. The MCA arises from the internal carotid and continues into the lateral sulcus where it then branches and projects to many parts of the lateral cerebral cortex. It also supplies blood to the anterior temporal lobes and the insular cortices. The left and right MCAs rise from trifurcations of the internal carotid arteries and thus are connected to the anterior cerebral arteries and the posterior communicating arteries, which connect to the posterior cerebral arteries.
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Each lobe is associated with one or two specialised functions though there is some functional overlap between them. The surface of the brain is folded into ridges (gyri) and grooves (sulci), many of which are named, usually according to their position, such as the frontal gyrus of the frontal lobe or the central sulcus separating the central regions of the hemispheres. There are many small variations in the secondary and tertiary folds. The outer part of the cerebrum is the cerebral cortex, made up of grey matter arranged in layers.
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Small branches of the LAD (left anterior descending/anterior interventricular) branch of the left coronary join with branches of the posterior interventricular branch of the right coronary in the interventricular sulcus (groove). More superiorly, there is an anastomosis between the circumflex artery (a branch of the left coronary artery) and the right coronary artery in the atrioventricular groove. There is also an anastomosis between the septal branches of the two coronary arteries in the interventricular septum. The photograph shows area of heart supplied by the right and the left coronary arteries.
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On November 21, 2009, Cassini made its eighth flyby of Enceladus, this time with a different geometry, approaching within of the surface. The Composite Infrared Spectrograph (CIRS) instrument produced a map of thermal emissions from the Baghdad Sulcus 'tiger stripe'. The data returned helped create a detailed and high resolution mosaic image of the southern part of the moon's Saturn-facing hemisphere. On April 3, 2014, nearly ten years after Cassini entered Saturn's orbit, NASA reported evidence of a large salty internal ocean of liquid water in Enceladus.
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The tendon, at its insertion, lies behind that of the latissimus dorsi, from which it is separated by a bursa, the two tendons being, however, united along their lower borders for a short distance. The fibers of these two muscles run parallel to each other and both muscles insert at the crest of the lesser tubercle of the humerus (also described as the medial lip of the intertubercular sulcus). Together with teres minor muscle, teres major muscle forms the axillary space, through which several important arteries and veins pass.
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Facial perception has well identified, neuroanatomical correlates in the brain. During the perception of faces, major activations occur in the extrastriate areas bilaterally, particularly in the fusiform face area, the occipital face area (OFA), and the superior temporal sulcus (fSTS). Perceiving an inverted human face involves increased activity in the inferior temporal cortex, while perceiving a misaligned face involves increased activity in the occipital cortex. However, none of these results were found when perceiving a dog face, suggesting that this process may be specific to perception of human faces.
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No structural differences have been found in the brains of accomplished mnemonists, who have achieved superior memory with the practiced use of mnemonic devices. One study that sought to locate the neural differences between these and people with typical memory abilities using fMRI, was unable to find any differences. For mnemonists, the right cingulate cortex, ventral fusiform cortex, and left posterior inferior frontal sulcus were more active for digit span memorization (a feat mnemonists are often very good at). However, all superior memory participants reported the use of mnemonics.
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Previous performers have included Ellie Taylor, Helen Arney, Dan Schrieber, Sarah Bennetto, Suzi Ruffell, Steve Cross, Dean Burnett and Iszi Lawrence. Current ugly animal mascots include: for London, the proboscis monkey; for Cambridge, forms of endangered sea slug; for Bristol and Cheltenham, the three toed sloth; for Winchester, the Titicaca water frog; for Brighton, the naked mole-rat and for Newcastle the dugong. Promachoteuthis sulcus, championed by Jennifer Harrison, was elected to be the Edinburgh mascot. Jennifer referred to it as the "gob faced squid" because of its disturbingly human-like mouth.
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To the margins of this sulcus the falx cerebri is attached. The lower division of the cruciform eminence is prominent and is named the internal occipital crest; it bifurcates near the foramen magnum and gives attachment to the falx cerebelli. In the attached margin of this falx is the occipital sinus, which is sometimes duplicated. In the upper part of the internal occipital crest, a small depression is sometimes distinguishable; it is termed the vermian fossa since it is occupied by part of the vermis of the cerebellum.
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The teeth have a compound tertiary vein as the main brace, which is a feature rare in the species closely related to A. spicatum. The samaras of A. stewarti have an indistinct flange along the notably inflated nutlet and acutely diverging veins which rarely anastomise. The overall shape of the nutlet is ovoid with the average length of the samara up to and a wing width of . The paired samaras of the species have a 40° attachment angle and the distal region of the nutlet and wing forming a broad sulcus.
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In the human this area is known as ventral anterior cingulate area 24, and it refers to a subdivision of the cytoarchitecturally defined cingulate cortex region of cerebral cortex (area cingularis anterior ventralis). It occupies most of the anterior cingulate gyrus in an arc around the genu of the corpus callosum. Its outer border corresponds approximately to the cingulate sulcus. Cytoarchitecturally it is bounded internally by the pregenual area 33, externally by the dorsal anterior cingulate area 32, and caudally by the ventral posterior cingulate area 23 and the dorsal posterior cingulate area 31.
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Recent cognitive neuroscience research has begun to focus on the brain structures and neural networks that are involved in biological motion processing. The use of transcranial magnetic stimulation methods provided with evidence that suggests that biological motion processing occurs outside of the MT+/V5 area, which can include both visual form and motion. The posterior superior temporal sulcus has been shown to be active during biological motion perception. Also, premotor cortex has been shown to be active during biological motion processing, showing that the mirror neuron system is recruited for perception and understanding of PLD.
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In that theory, specific cortical areas, notably in the superior temporal sulcus and the temporo- parietal junction, are used to build the construct of awareness and attribute it to other people. The same cortical machinery is also used to attribute awareness to oneself. Damage to these cortical regions can lead to deficits in consciousness such as hemispatial neglect. In the attention schema theory, the value of explaining the feature of awareness and attributing it to a person is to gain a useful predictive model of that person's attentional processing.
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Hemipenes can be found in a variety of shapes and sizes, but foundationally, have same general structure. They are made up of two hemipenises tucked under the tail side by side, with each of the lobes exhibiting a range of ornamentation, including spicules and hooks. Hemipenes also have an outer groove called the sulcus spermaticus, which transports sperm through the outside, rather than the inside, of the organ. This is structurally different from the human penis, which has sperm travel inside the organ through the vas deferens and the urethra.
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Harrison's groove, also known as Harrison's sulcus, is a horizontal groove along the lower border of the thorax corresponding to the costal insertion of the diaphragm; it is usually caused by chronic asthma or obstructive respiratory disease. It may also appear in rickets because of defective mineralisation of the bones by calcium necessary to harden them; thus the diaphragm, which is always in tension, pulls the softened bone inward. During rickets it is due to the indentation of lower ribs at the point of attachment of diaphragm. It is named after Edwin Harrison.
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Many studies conducted proves that constant repetition in a certain skill has an effect on brain activity. For example, in a 2000 study they showed that taxi drivers in London showed larger gray matter in the posterior hippocampi than the average civilian. A different study in 2004 showed that those who know how to juggle have an increase in volume of the cortical tissue in the bilateral midtemporal area and left posterior intraparietal sulcus. The findings from many neuroimaging studies reflect the behavioral patterns observed in previous anthropological and cultural research.
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Therefore the use of the terms pedium and luxuria are suggested instead. Within the cyst wall, a thick cellulose-like layer called the endospore is present which is birefringent under crossed nichols. Cysts may be identified using the overal body shape but more often based on the characteristic furrows housing the flagella (cingulum and sulcus) or details of the patterns of plates covering many motiles (thecal tabulation). The one distinctive feature common to all cysts is the excystment opening (archaeopyle) through which the emerging new motile stage exits.
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The occipital lobe is the visual processing center of the mammalian brain containing most of the anatomical region of the visual cortex. The primary visual cortex is Brodmann area 17, commonly called V1 (visual one). Human V1 is located on the medial side of the occipital lobe within the calcarine sulcus; the full extent of V1 often continues onto the posterior pole of the occipital lobe. V1 is often also called striate cortex because it can be identified by a large stripe of myelin, the Stria of Gennari.
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Multiplication is often learned through rote memorization and verbal repetitions, and neuroimaging studies have shown that multiplication uses a left lateralized network of the inferior frontal cortex and the superior-middle temporal gyri in addition to the IPL and IPS. Subtraction is taught more with quantity manipulation and strategy use, more reliant upon the right IPS and the posterior parietal lobule. Single-unit neurophysiology in monkeys has also found neurons in the frontal cortex and in the intraparietal sulcus that respond to numbers. Andreas Nieder (; ; ) trained monkeys to perform a "delayed match-to-sample" task.
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Neural activity recorded during the delay period showed that neurons in the intraparietal sulcus and the frontal cortex had a "preferred numerosity", exactly as predicted by behavioral studies. That is, a certain number might fire strongly for four, but less strongly for three or five, and even less for two or six. Thus, we say that these neurons were "tuned" for specific quantities. Note that these neuronal responses followed Weber's law, as has been demonstrated for other sensory dimensions, and consistent with the ratio dependence observed for non-human animals' and infants' numerical behavior .
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Triporate pollen of Oenothera speciosa Pollen of Lilium auratum showing single sulcus (monosulcate) Arabis pollen has three colpi and prominent surface structure. Pollen microspores of Lycopersicon esculentum at coenocytic tetrad stage of development observed through oil immersion microscope; the chromosomes of what will become four pollen grains can be seen. Apple pollen under microscopy Pollen itself is not the male gamete. Each pollen grain contains vegetative (non-reproductive) cells (only a single cell in most flowering plants but several in other seed plants) and a generative (reproductive) cell.
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The diagnosis is typically made with magnetic resonance imaging of the brain. The findings most characteristic for PRES are symmetrical hyperintensities on T2-weighed imaging in the parietal and occipital lobes; this pattern is present in more than half of all cases. FLAIR sequences can be better at showing these abnormalities. Some specific other rare patterns have been described: the superior frontal sulcus (SFS) watershed pattern, a watershed pattern involving the entire hemisphere (holohemispheric), and a central pattern with vasogenic oedema in the deep white matter, basal ganglia, thalami, brainstem and pons.
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It has a minute sinistral nucleus, and six and a half whorls. Its radiating sculpture consists of flexuous incremental lines, and fine wrinkles, which are more prominent toward the periphery on the body whorl and on the early whorls reticulate the spiral sculpture. On the body whorl these lines extend backward with moderate obliquity to the periphery, just above which is the fasciole caused by a well-marked but shallow rounded sulcus. On the base they make a deep rounded concave sweep backward, and then ascend toward the base of the columella.
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The number of pollen grain furrows or pores helps classify the flowering plants, with eudicots having three colpi (tricolpate), and other groups having one sulcus. Pollen apertures are any modification of the wall of the pollen grain. These modifications include thinning, ridges and pores, they serve as an exit for the pollen contents and allow shrinking and swelling of the grain caused by changes in moisture content. The elongated apertures/ furrows in the pollen grain are called colpi (singular colpus), which, along with pores, are a chief criterion for identifying the pollen classes.
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The protoconch is small but rather high, twice coiled. The initial turn is erect, submerged only at the extreme tip, slightly bulbous. The succeeding volution is high, increasingly compressed laterally. The line of demarcation between the conch and the protoconch is defined by the initiation of a faint peripheral ridge a little in front of the median line of the whorl, a ridge which becomes increasingly prominent and near the end of the first whorl of the conch is defined by a faint sulcus and threadlet behind it.
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Dyscalculia American Heritage DictionaryCollins DictionaryOxford Dictionaries OnlineRandom House Dictionary is a disability resulting in difficulty learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, performing mathematical calculations and learning facts in mathematics. It is sometimes informally known as "math dyslexia", though this can be misleading as it is a different condition. Dyscalculia is associated with dysfunction in the region around the intraparietal sulcus and potentially also the frontal lobe. Dyscalculia can occur in people from across the whole IQ range, along with difficulties with time, measurement, and spatial reasoning.
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The corticobulbar tract originates in the primary motor cortex of the frontal lobe, just superior to the lateral fissure and rostral to the central sulcus in the precentral gyrus (Brodmann area 4). The tract descends through the corona radiata and genu of the internal capsule with a few fibers in the posterior limb of the internal capsule, as it passes from the cortex down to the midbrain. In the midbrain, the internal capsule becomes the cerebral peduncles. The white matter is located in the ventral portion of the cerebral peduncles, called the crus cerebri.
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Although little is known about the biological basis of autism, studies have revealed structural abnormalities in specific brain regions. Regions identified in the "social" brain include the amygdala, superior temporal sulcus, fusiform gyrus area and orbitofrontal cortex. Further abnormalities have been observed in the caudate nucleus, believed to be involved in restrictive behaviors, as well as in a significant increase in the amount of cortical grey matter and atypical connectivity between brain regions. There is a mistaken belief that some vaccinations, such as the MMR (measles, mumps, rubella) vaccine, may cause autism.
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The light-mantled albatross is largely sooty-brown or blackish, darker on the head, with paler upperparts from the nape to the upper tail-coverts which are grey to light grey, the palest on the mantle and back. The plumage has been described as being similar in appearance to the colouring of a Siamese cat.Pizzey, G. & Knight, F. (2003) The eyes are partly encircled with thin post-orbital crescents of very short grey feathers. The bill is black with a blue sulcus and a greyish-yellow line along the lower mandible, and is about .
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The combination of morphological features is not found in any modern species besides A. nipponicum and as such A. browni is placed into the section Parviflora. The samaras of A. browni have a notably inflated nutlet and acutely diverging veins which rarely anastomise. The overall shape of the nutlet is circular to elliptic with the average length of the samara up to and a wing width of . The paired samaras of the species have a 25° to 30° attachment angle and the distal region of the nutlet and wing forming distinct u-shaped shallow sulcus.
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Brain stimulation studies that use techniques such as transcranial magnetic stimulation or transcranial direct current stimulation allow modulating parietal lobe function and inferring its role. These studies have suggested that the right parietal lobe in particular is necessary for the numerical Stroop effect, albeit stimulation of the right parietal lobe might affect other connected brain regions. Moreover, work with acquired acalculia suggested involvement of the left parietal lobe in the numerical Stroop effect. This effect is commonly reduced in cases of brain damage to the left intraparietal sulcus.
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The major criticism directed towards the neuronal recycling hypothesis concerns the existence of the visual word form area. Scientists have found that the left occipitotemporal sulcus was activated when reading words through a series of imaging studies, and that lesions to this area impaired word reading. Critical scientists claim that patients with pure alexia commonly have extensive left occipital lesions which include damaged areas surrounding the visual word form area. It is therefore impossible to conclude the resulting impairments are symptoms caused from the lesion of that particular area.
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When electrodes are hooked up to deaf native signers, similar syntactic anomalies associated with an event-related potential were recorded across both left and right hemisphere. This shows that syntactic processing for American Sign Language (ASL) is not lateralized to the left hemisphere. When communicating in their respective languages, similar brain regions are activated for both deaf and hearing subjects with a few exceptions. During the processing of auditory stimuli for spoken languages there is detectable activity within Broca's Area, Wernicke's Area, the angular gyrus, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, and superior temporal sulcus.
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The posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), which is associated with perspective taking, appeared to be active as well, which correlated with patients' self-reports of in-group trustworthiness. In adolescence, risk-taking appears to increase dramatically. Researchers conducted an experiment with adolescent males who were of driving age and measured their risk-taking depending on whether a passenger (a peer of the same age) was in the car. A driving simulation was created, and certain risky scenarios, such as a decaying yellow light as the car was approaching, were modeled and presented to the subjects.
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He used the term M2 for the medial motor cortex now commonly known as the supplementary motor area. (Sometimes in modern reviews M1 is incorrectly equated with the primary motor cortex.) Given this work by Penfield on the human brain and by Woolsey on the monkey brain, by the 1960s the idea of a lateral premotor cortex as separate from the primary motor cortex had mainly disappeared from the literature. Instead M1 was considered to be a single map of the body, perhaps with complex properties, arranged along the central sulcus.
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In a number of cases, brain areas are organized into topographic maps, where adjoining bits of the cortex correspond to adjoining parts of the body, or of some more abstract entity. A simple example of this type of correspondence is the primary motor cortex, a strip of tissue running along the anterior edge of the central sulcus. Motor areas innervating each part of the body arise from a distinct zone, with neighboring body parts represented by neighboring zones. Electrical stimulation of the cortex at any point causes a muscle-contraction in the represented body part.
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The age relationships, morphology, and geometry of the furrow systems do not favor an origin by impact or tidal stressing. A possible, but speculative, origin is crustal uplift caused by a plume-like convection cell in a fluid mantle underlying a thin crust. Stratigraphic and morphologic relationships among furrows and crater palimpsests suggest that palimpsest morphology is largely the result of impact into a rheologically weak crust rather than viscous relaxation. The regio is bounded on the southwest by Uruk Sulcus, which lies between it and Marius Regio.
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The exact composition of Ganymede's rock is not known, but is probably close to the composition of L/LL type ordinary chondrites, which are characterized by less total iron, less metallic iron and more iron oxide than H chondrites. The weight ratio of iron to silicon ranges between 1.05 and 1.27 in Ganymede, whereas the solar ratio is around 1.8. Voyager 2 view of Ganymede's anti-Jovian hemisphere; Uruk Sulcus separates dark areas Galileo Regio (right) and Marius Regio (center left). Bright rays of recent crater Osiris (bottom) are ejected ice.
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Part of dark Nicholson Regio is at lower left, bounded on its upper right by Harpagia Sulcus. Gula and Achelous (bottom), in the grooved terrain of Ganymede, with ejecta "pedestals" and ramparts. Ganymede's surface is a mix of two types of terrain: very old, highly cratered, dark regions and somewhat younger (but still ancient), lighter regions marked with an extensive array of grooves and ridges. The dark terrain, which comprises about one-third of the surface, contains clays and organic materials that could indicate the composition of the impactors from which Jovian satellites accreted.
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Agnostotes orientalis, like all members of the suborder Agnostina, possesses two thoracic segments, has a cephalon and pygidium that are more or less the same size and shape (isopygous), and is completely blind. The axial lobe of the cephalon is narrow. At the front of the glabella is a notch (frontal sulcus), a characteristic unique to the species, making it easy to distinguish from other members of the genus. The posterior end of the axial lobe of the pygidium also widens significantly, another distinct characteristic of the species.
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The bicipital groove (intertubercular groove, sulcus intertubercularis) is a deep groove on the humerus that separates the greater tubercle from the lesser tubercle. The bicipital groove lodges the long tendon of the biceps brachii between the tendon of the pectoralis major on the lateral lip and the tendon of the teres major on the medial lip. It also transmits a branch of the anterior humeral circumflex artery to the shoulder joint. Bicipital Groove of Right Humerus The insertion of the latissimus dorsi is found along the floor of the bicipital groove.
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The dorsomedial area (DM) also known as V6, appears to respond to visual stimuli associated with self- motion and wide-field stimulation. V6, is a subdivision of the visual cortex of primates first described by John Allman and Jon Kaas in 1975. V6 is located in the dorsal part of the extrastriate cortex, near the deep groove through the centre of the brain (medial longitudinal fissure), and typically also includes portions of the medial cortex, such as the parieto-occipital sulcus (POS). DM contains a topographically organized representation of the entire field of vision.
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The dorsal stream, commonly referred to as the "where" stream, is involved in spatial attention (covert and overt), and communicates with regions that control eye movements and hand movements. More recently, this area has been called the "how" stream to emphasize its role in guiding behaviors to spatial locations. The ventral stream, commonly referred as the "what" stream, is involved in the recognition, identification and categorization of visual stimuli. Intraparietal sulcus (red) However, there is still much debate about the degree of specialization within these two pathways, since they are in fact heavily interconnected.
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The original book in which Torodinium was first named does not explain the meaning of the genus’s name. However, the suffix root “dinium”, commonly used in dinoflagellate naming, is known to be derived from the word “vortex”. The prefix of “toro”, though not confirmed by the original genus identifiers, is likely derived from the Latin root “tort” meaning “wrong” and probably refers to the marked torsion of the sulcus which was first used to identify Torodinium as a distinct and independent genus.Goldberg, J. C. and Zipursky, B. C. 2006: Tort law and moral luck.
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In humans, the secondary somatosensory cortex includes parts of Brodmann area (BA) 40 and 43. Areas PV and S2 both map the body surface. Functional neuroimaging in humans has revealed that in areas PV and S2 the face is represented near the entrance to the lateral sulcus, and the hands and feet deeper in the fissure. Individual neurons in areas PV and S2 receive input from wide areas of the body surface (they have large "receptive fields"), and respond readily to stimuli such as wiping a sponge over a large area of skin.
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It contains rather elevated riblets reaching about half way forward on the whorl from the suture (17 on the last whorl). These end in or are barely separated from the same number of stout nodules at the periphery, with a marked sulcus separating them from a similar row of nodules on the margin of the base. The base contains four somewhat undulated spiral ridges separated by subequal interspaces, except the inner pair which are smaller and closer to each other. The base is imperforate and is swollen at the base of the columella.
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Before dividing into daughter cells, the dividing cells stay attached to each other for approximately 12-24 hours. The doubling time of Coolia is approximately 3-4 days Sexual reproduction occurs as gametes begin to form in the population; this is an irreversible transition. Gametes move around each other rapidly and then align laterally, forming gamete pairs with the girdle and sulcus contacting each other, forming a fertilization bridge. A planozygote is formed when the cells stop moving and the fertilization bridge disappears, allowing the two nuclei to join together.
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Gyrification in the human brain Gyrification is the process of forming the characteristic folds of the cerebral cortex. The peak of such a fold is called a gyrus (plural: gyri), and its trough is called a sulcus (plural: sulci). The neurons of the cerebral cortex reside in a thin layer of gray matter, only 2–4 mm thick, at the surface of the brain. Much of the interior volume is occupied by white matter, which consists of long axonal projections to and from the cortical neurons residing near the surface.
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The insular cortex (also insula and insular lobe) is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes) within each hemisphere of the mammalian brain. The insulae are believed to be involved in consciousness and play a role in diverse functions usually linked to emotion or the regulation of the body's homeostasis. These functions include compassion and empathy, taste, perception, motor control, self-awareness, cognitive functioning, and interpersonal experience. In relation to these, it is involved in psychopathology.
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Dehaene is best known for his work on numerical cognition, a discipline which he popularized and synthesized with the publication of his 1997 book, The Number Sense (La Bosse des maths) which won the for best French language general-audience scientific book. He began his studies of numerical cognition with Jacques Mehler, examining the cross-linguistic frequency of number words, whether numbers were understood in an analog or compositional manner, and the connection between numbers and space (the "SNARC effect"). With Changeux, he then developed a computational model of numerical abilities, which predicted log-gaussian tuning functions for number neurons, a finding which has now been elegantly confirmed with single-unit physiology With long-time collaborator Laurent Cohen, a neurologist at the Pitié-Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris, Dehaene also identified patients with lesions in different regions of the parietal lobe with impaired multiplication, but preserved subtraction (associated with lesions of the inferior parietal lobule) and others with impaired subtraction, but preserved multiplication (associated with lesions to the intraparietal sulcus). This double dissociation suggested that different neural substrates for overlearned, linguistically mediated calculations, like multiplication, are mediated by inferior parietal regions, while on-line computations, like subtraction are mediated by the intraparietal sulcus.
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Sowell et al., reported that the first 6 decades of an individual's life were correlated with the most rapid decreases in grey matter density, and this occurred over dorsal, frontal, and parietal lobes on both interhemispheric and lateral brain surfaces. It is also worth noting that areas such as the cingulate gyrus, and occipital cortex surrounding the calcarine sulcus appear exempt from this decrease in grey matter density over time. Age effects on grey matter density in the posterior temporal cortex appear more predominantly in the left versus right hemisphere, and were confined to posterior language cortices.
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The family is characterised by several traits. Most species possess a groove or furrow ("sulcus") on the dorsal surface between the keels (paranota) on each segment, and the keels of the second body segment are situated lower on the body than those of the first segment (collum) and third segment. In males, the opening on the underside of the body where the gonopods (male reproductive appendages) attach has a central constriction, forming the shape of an hourglass or dumb-bell. Males of most species also possess one or two projections on the sternite of the fifth body segment.
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The basilar part of pons, also known as basis pontis, is the ventral part of the pons; the dorsal part is known as the pontine tegmentum. The basilar pons makes up two thirds of the pons within the brainstem. It has a ridged appearance with a shallow groove at the midline This groove is called the basilar sulcus and is covered by the basilar artery, which feeds into the Circle of Willis and provides blood supply to the brainstem and cerebellum. The basilar pons has this kind of appearance due to the fibers that come out of the pons and enter the cerebellum.
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The efferent leg of the peripheral nervous system is responsible for conveying commands to the muscles and glands, and is ultimately responsible for voluntary movement. Nerves move muscles in response to voluntary and autonomic (involuntary) signals from the brain. Deep muscles, superficial muscles, muscles of the face and internal muscles all correspond with dedicated regions in the primary motor cortex of the brain, directly anterior to the central sulcus that divides the frontal and parietal lobes. In addition, muscles react to reflexive nerve stimuli that do not always send signals all the way to the brain.
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At the caudal part of the medulla these tracts cross over in the decussation of the pyramids obscuring the fissure at this point. Some other fibers that originate from the anterior median fissure above the decussation of the pyramids and run laterally across the surface of the pons are known as the anterior external arcuate fibers. The region between the anterolateral and posterolateral sulcus in the upper part of the medulla is marked by a pair of swellings known as olivary bodies (also called olives). They are caused by the largest nuclei of the olivary bodies, the inferior olivary nuclei.
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On the smaller whorls there are eight or ten transverse swellings extending from the edge of the notch-band to the suture, too wide and ill defined to call ribs, and chiefly evident as oblique waves most prominent at the anterior edge of the band. On the body whorl these are barely evident as ten or twelve faint nodules just before the band and wholly obsolete before the periphery. The whorl and the aperture taper imperceptibly into the short siphonal canal, with about seven spiral threads distinguishable as larger than the secondaries. The anal sulcus is moderate.
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The spiral sculpture in front of the shoulder consists of fine, even close-set equal threads, covering the surface, including the siphonal canal. The axial sculpture consists of feeble incremental lines arcuate on the fasciole and the antesutural ridge, also of narrow low sigmoid ribs beginning and forming a shoulder in front of the fasciole and obsolete in front of the periphery, differing in strength in different individuals and averaging fourteen on the body whorl. The anal sulcus is wide and deep, rounded The outer lip is thin and sharp and much produced. The inner lip shows a thin layer of callus.
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The striatum is divided into a ventral striatum, and a dorsal striatum, subdivisions that are based upon function and connections. The ventral striatum consists of the nucleus accumbens and the olfactory tubercle whereas the dorsal striatum consists of the caudate nucleus and the putamen. The putamen and the globus pallidus lie separated from the lateral ventricles and thalamus by the internal capsule, whereas the caudate nucleus stretches around and abuts the lateral ventricles on their outer sides. At the deepest part of the lateral sulcus between the insular cortex and the striatum is a thin neuronal sheet called the claustrum.
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Its inner end is closed, by the tympanic membrane which originates from the tympanic sulcus; the upper limit of its outer orifice is formed by the posterior root of the zygomatic process, immediately below which there is sometimes seen a small spine, the suprameatal spine, situated at the upper and posterior part of the orifice. The auditory bulla (pl. bullae) is a hollow bony structure on the ventral, posterior portion of the skull that encloses parts of the middle and inner ear. In most species, it is formed by the tympanic part of the temporal bone.
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On the medial side of the process is a deep groove, the mastoid notch, for the attachment of the digastric muscle; medial to this is a shallow furrow, the occipital groove, which lodges the occipital artery. The inner surface of the mastoid portion presents a deep, curved groove, the sigmoid sulcus, which lodges part of the transverse sinus; in it may be seen in the opening of the mastoid foramen. The groove for the transverse sinus is separated from the innermost of the mastoid cells by a very thin lamina of bone, and even this may be partly deficient.
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The internal surface is deeply concave and divided into four fossae by the cruciform eminence. The upper two fossae are triangular and lodge the occipital lobes of the cerebrum; the lower two are quadrilateral and accommodate the hemispheres of the cerebellum. At the point of intersection of the four divisions of the cruciform eminence is the internal occipital protuberance. From this protuberance the upper division of the cruciform eminence runs to the superior angle of the bone, and on one side of it (generally the right) is a deep groove, the sagittal sulcus, which lodges the hinder part of the superior sagittal sinus.
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The shell resemblies Drillia, but with a thin and simple outer lip without an anterior sulcus, and the inner lip usually simple, hardly callous. The sculpture is most emphasized in a spiral direction, often with a prominent beaded keel at or in front of the anal fasciole. Type species : Pleurotoma gemmata Hinds, 1843 W.H. Dall (1908) Reports on the Mollusca and Brachiopoda, Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. vol. 43 As expected from venomous species, these species have a toxoglosson radula (formula 1 + 0 +1 + 0 + 1) with a central tooth that characterizes this genus.
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Calculus can form both along the gumline, where it is referred to as supragingival ("above the gum"), and within the narrow sulcus that exists between the teeth and the gingiva, where it is referred to as subgingival ("below the gum"). Calculus formation is associated with a number of clinical manifestations, including bad breath, receding gums and chronically inflamed gingiva. Brushing and flossing can remove plaque from which calculus forms; however, once formed, calculus is too hard (firmly attached) to be removed with a toothbrush. Calculus buildup can be removed with ultrasonic tools or dental hand instruments (such as a periodontal scaler).
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The four whorls of the teleoconch are flattened. They are marked by strong, very obliquely backward-slanting axial ribs, which are thickened at the summits and constricted a little below the summit, which renders the top of each rib beaded. Anteriorly the ribs are terminated by the posterior margin of the peripheral sulcus; here the ribs expand somewhat and almost fuse, and this expansion gives them a subnodulose effect at this point. The intercostal spaces are smooth, about as wide as the axial ribs, decidedly depressed in the middle—that is, between the bead at the summit and the nodules at the periphery.
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Surgery Encyclopedia - Tube-shunt surgery Trabeculopuncture uses a Q switched Nd:YAG laser to punch small holes in the trabecular meshwork. Goniocurretage is an "ab interno" (from the inside) procedure that used an instrument "to scrape pathologically altered trabecular meshwork off the scleral sulcus". A surgical cyclodialysis is a rarely used procedure that aims to separate the ciliary body from the sclera to form a communication between the suprachoroidal space and the anterior chamber. A cyclogoniotomy is a surgical procedure for producing a cyclodialysis, in which the ciliary body is cut from its attachment at the scleral spur under gonioscopic control.
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Under this framework, object individuation is generally controlled by the inferior intra-parietal sulcus (IPS), while object identification involves the superior IPS and higher-level visual areas. At the object individuation stage, object representations are coarse and contain minimal feature information. However, once these object representations (or object-files, to use the theory's language) have been 'set up' during the object individuation stage they can be elaborated on over time during the object identification stage, during which additional featural and identity information is received. The neural-object file theory deals with the issue of attention by proposing two different processing systems.
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Epilobium pollen has three apertures that are pores The aperture of Lilium pollen is a single sulcus Apertures are areas on the walls of a pollen grain, where the wall is thinner and/or softer. For germination it is necessary that the pollen tube can reach out from the inside of the pollen grain and transport the sperm to the egg deep down in the pistil. The apertures are the places where the pollen tube is able to break through the (elsewhere very tough) pollen wall. The number and configuration of apertures are often very exactly characteristic of different groups of plants.
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The type specimen is well preserved in early Miocene (Burdigalian stage) Dominican amber from deposits on the island of Hispaniola. The presence of an epistomal sulcus, the groove defining the lateral and dorsal margin of the clypeus, places A. leptoloba within the large genus Augochlora. However, due to the lack of a preoccipital carina, the ridge behind the simple eyes on the top of the head found in the living member of the genus, A. leptoloba was placed in a new subgenus, Electraugochlora. Overall the holotype has a total length, not including antennae, of and a forewing length of .
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Henik studies the building blocks of numerical cognition and developmental dyscalculia—a specific deficiency in arithmetic that is similar in nature and prevalence to dyslexia. Together with Joseph Tzelgov, Henik designed the numerical Stroop task and showed (a) the intimate relationship between sizes and numbers, and (b) the fact that numerical values are processed automatically even when completely irrelevant to the task. In subsequent years, it was found that performance in the numerical Stroop task depends on knowledge of the numerical system, involves specific brain areas (i.e., the cortical intraparietal sulcus), and is compromised in developmental dyscalculia and acalculia.
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Behind, it is expanded to form the urethral bulb, and lies in apposition with the inferior fascia of the urogenital diaphragm, from which it receives a fibrous investment. The urethra enters the bulb nearer to the superior than to the inferior surface. On the latter there is a median sulcus (groove), from which a thin fibrous septum (wall) projects into the substance of the bulb and divides it imperfectly into two lateral lobes or hemispheres. The portion of the corpus spongiosum in front of the bulb lies in a groove on the under surface of the conjoined corpora cavernosa penis.
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Studies have shown that a wide area around the temporoparietal junction (temporo-occipital junction, posterior superior temporal sulcus, posterior middle temporal gyrus), temporal pole and inferior frontal gyrus (IFG) is involved in cognitive humor processing of nonverbal cartoons. Studies in recent years have revealed discrete characteristic patterns of cerebral blood- oxygen-level dependent activity induced by non-verbal cartoons with different logical mechanisms. The TPJ is involved in successful incongruity resolution but not in the detection of incongruity. The extrastriate cortex is activated particularly during processing of visual puns, whereas semantic cartoons evoked activity mainly in the TPJ and precuneus.
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They form the anterior part of the tongue that makes up two thirds of the length of the tongue, and continue to develop through prenatal development. The line of their fusion is marked by the median sulcus. In the fourth week a swelling appears from the second pharyngeal arch, in the midline, called the copula. During the fifth and sixth weeks the copula is overgrown by a swelling from the third and fourth arches (mainly from the third arch) called the hypopharyngeal eminence, and this develops into the posterior part of the tongue (the other third).
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The methods for reducing the size of the buttocks include the varieties of liposuction, such as lipectomy (with and without ultrasonic enhancement) to reduce excess body fat, and superficial liposculpture, to reshape, refine, and re-establish the natural contour of the body. The usual buttocks-reduction treatment is lipectomy with applied tumescence and anaesthesia, wherein the body fat is harvested by aspiration (suction) through a small-gauge cannula (2–4 mm) that is inserted through a small incision, either to the intergluteal sulcus (the butt-crack), or to the upper area of the gluteus maximus muscle proper.
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Bleeding on probing (BoP) which is also known as bleeding gums or gingival bleeding is a term used by dentists and dental hygienists when referring to bleeding that is induced by gentle manipulation of the tissue at the depth of the gingival sulcus, or interface between the gingiva and a tooth. BoP is a sign of periodontal inflammation and indicates some sort of destruction and erosion to the lining of the sulcusCARRANZA'S CLINICAL PERIODONTOLOGY, 9th edition, 2002. page 447 or the ulceration of sulcular epithelium. The blood comes from lamina propria after the ulceration of the lining.
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The TPJ is composed of two discrete anatomical regions, the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) and the caudal parts of the superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), and both are active in the process of distinction between mental states of different individuals; thus, it is probable that this detection is the outcome of the combination and coordination of these two parts. Additionally, the right TPJ is involved in the ventral attention stream and contributes to the ability to focus attention on a particular stimuli or objective. It has also been observed that the interaction and communication between the dorsal and ventral streams involves the TPJ.
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A thick pad of epidermis may have grown from the V-shaped pitted notch at the tip of the nasal horncore. The growth direction of the nasal pad would have been towards the front. The supraorbital bosses may have had a thick pad of epidermis, which grew at a sideways angle similar to the curved horncores of Coronosaurus, as indicated by the orientation of the "fins" or ridges on the bosses. That the supraorbital bosses lacked a sulcus (or furrow) at their bases indicates that their horn pads stopped at the wrinkled edges of the bosses.
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The specific organization of the association networks is debated with evidence for interactions, hierarchical relationships, and competition between networks. In humans, association networks are particularly important to language function. In the past it was theorized that language abilities are localized in Broca's area in areas of the left inferior frontal gyrus, BA44 and BA45, for language expression and in Wernicke's area BA22, for language reception. However, the processes of language expression and reception have been shown to occur in areas other than just those structures around the lateral sulcus, including the frontal lobe, basal ganglia, cerebellum, and pons.
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The submandibular salivary glands develop later than the parotid glands and appear late in the sixth week of prenatal development. They develop bilaterally from epithelial buds in the sulcus surrounding the sublingual folds on the floor of the primitive mouth. Solid cords branch from the buds and grow posteriorly, lateral to the developing tongue. The cords of the submandibular gland later branch further and then become canalized to form the ductal part. The submandibular gland acini develop from the cords’ rounded terminal ends at 12 weeks, and secretory activity via the submandibular duct begins at 16 weeks.
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The combination of morphological features is not found in any modern species besides A. nipponicum and so A. smileyi, along with the extinct A. browni, is placed into the section Parviflora. The samaras of A. smileyi have a notably inflated nutlet and acutely diverging veins which rarely reconnect (anastomise). The overall shape of the nutlet is circular to elliptic with the average length of the samara up to and a wing width of . The paired samaras of the species have a 25° to 30° attachment angle and the distal region of the nutlet and wing forming distinct u-shaped shallow sulcus.
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In tetrapods, the pharynx is much shorter, and the esophagus correspondingly longer, than in fish. In the majority of vertebrates, the esophagus is simply a connecting tube, but in some birds, which regurgitate components to feed their young, it is extended towards the lower end to form a crop for storing food before it enters the true stomach. In ruminants, animals with four stomachs, a groove called the sulcus reticuli is often found in the esophagus, allowing milk to drain directly into the hind stomach, the abomasum. In the horse the esophagus is about in length, and carries food to the stomach.
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Lapillopsis was differentiated from the closely related Rotaurisaurus from Australia by several features: (1) a deep, semi-elliptical otic notch; (2) an abbreviated posterior skull table; (3) a broad shallow sulcus extending from the posterolateral corner of the quadratojugal to the posterior orbital margin; (4) a broadly flared anterior end of the cultriform process; (5) pterygoid-palatine separation, resulting in an ectopterygoid framing the interpterygoid vacuity; (6) jugal terminating at anterior orbital margin. The skull and mandible are particularly well-known, permitting a more or less complete reconstruction. Postcranial material consists largely of the pectoral and forelimb regions and a few vertebrae.
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The posterior two of these keels are a little more closely spaced than the rest. They are also marked by twenty axial ribs which do not extend entirely across the whorl but terminate at the sulcus which separates the third from the fourth keel. Each junction of an axial rib and a spiral keel is marked by a tubercle The tubercles of the first and second keel belonging to the same axial rib are somewhat fused, there being a less prominent constriction between them than between the second and third. The complete effect is that of an exclamation point.
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They are marked by strong protractive axial ribs, of which 16 occur upon the second, 18 upon the third, and 20 upon the remaining turns. In addition to the axial ribs the whorls are marked by four slender spiral cords between the sutures, which render the ribs tuberculate at their junction. The spaces enclosed by the ribs and spiral cords are deep, quadrangular pits, the long axis of which coincides with the spiral cords. The periphery of the body whorl is marked by a strong sulcus which is crossed by the continuation of the axial ribs.
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In dinoflagellates, the cingulum is a groove that encircles the cell, splitting it into two regions, the anterior episome and the posterior hyposome; the longitudinal flagellum typically lies within this furrow. Similarly, the sulcus is a groove that runs longitudinally and typically contains the transverse flagellum. In Torodinium, both these grooves are extended into the episome, a feature believed to be unique to this genus. Although other genera, including Gymnodinium, Cochlodinium, and Warnowia are already known to possess the anterior extension of the cingulum, the addition of a sulcal extension as well appears to be unique to Torodinium.
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On the other hand, mixotrophic dinoflagellates with individual plastids that depend mainly on phagocytosis are also photosynthetic due to chloroplasts 'stolen' from their prey (kleptochloroplasts) or because of algal endosymbionts. It was discovered that the mixotrophic dinoflagellates Gonyaulax polygramma and Scrippsiella spp. can engulf small-size prey using their apical horn while larger prey are engulfed via their sulcus, showing that dinoflagellates can have more than one mouth for feeding. Moreover, mixotrophic dinoflagellates belonging to the species Karlodinium armiger, can capture small prey by direct engulfment or can use an extendable peduncle to capture larger prey.
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The anatomic basis for the automatic voluntary dissociation is characterized by the following. Neurons that lie adjacently in the operculum project supranuclear fibers to the cranial nuclei for the voluntary movement of facial, pharyngeal, lingual, and masticatory muscles. Emotional movement of these muscles is controlled by alternative pathways that run from the amygdala and lateral hypothalamus to the brainstem via the medial forebrain bundle and dorsal longitudinal fasciculus. The opercular cortex surrounding the insula is separated by two anatomical components: the ascending rami of the lateral sulcus and the posterior rami into three different sections of the operculum.
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The most significant interaction between these two systems (corticotectal interactions) is the connection between the anterior ectosylvian sulcus (AES), which lies at the junction of the parietal, temporal and frontal lobes, and the SC. The AES is divided into three unimodal regions with multisensory neurons at the junctions between these sections. (Jiang & Stein, 2003). Neurons from the unimodal regions project to the deep layers of the SC and influence the multiplicative integration effect. That is, although they can receive inputs from all modalities as normal, the SC can not enhance or depress the effect of multisensory stimulation without input from the AES.
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When the measurement is greater than 15mm, the ventriculomegaly may be classified as more severe. Enlargement of the ventricles may occur for a number of reasons, such as loss of brain volume (perhaps due to infection or infarction), or impaired outflow or absorption of cerebrospinal fluid from the ventricles, called hydrocephalus or normal pressure hydrocephalus associated with conspicuous brain sulcus. Often, however, there is no identifiable cause. The interventricular foramen may be congenitally malformed, or may have become obstructed by infection, hemorrhage, or rarely tumor, which may impair the drainage of cerebrospinal fluid, and thus accumulation in the ventricles.
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Third and lastly, to have a full abstract learning experience there has to be an equal amount of baseline performance and transfer performance. Binder, Westbury, McKiernan, Possing, and Medler (2005) used fMRI to scan individuals' brains as they made lexical decisions on abstract and concrete concepts. Abstract concepts elicited greater activation in the left precentral gyrus, left inferior frontal gyrus and sulcus, and left superior temporal gyrus, whereas concrete concepts elicited greater activation in bilateral angular gyri, the right middle temporal gyrus, the left middle frontal gyrus, bilateral posterior cingulate gyri, and bilateral precunei. In 1986 Allan PaivioPaivio, A. (1986).
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Some research suggests that children with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) may rely more heavily on visual perception areas—including the VWFA—and less heavily on phonological areas during reading tasks compared to non-ASD children. Greater activation of the VWFA may be particularly significant in children with hyperlexia, or reading ability beyond one's training. Hyperlexia is thought to be associated with ASD, with estimates of prevalence in autistic children ranging from 6 to 20.7%. One study of a hyperlexic child with ASD showed elevated activation compared to controls of the right posterior inferior temporal sulcus, where the right VWFA (R-VWFA) is thought to be located.
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The suture is distinct, not appressed, with a broad anal fasciole in front of it, arcuately sculptured by lunate wrinkles following the lines of growth and in the earlier whorls elevated into sharp wrinkles at regular intervals, which are carried more or less distinctly over the anterior part of the whorls. In front of the somewhat concave fasciole the whorls are rounded and spirally sculptured with numerous close, very fine, sharp, spiral threads which cover the whorl, becoming coarser, less regular, and less crowded toward the siphonal canal. The aperture is short and lunate. The outer lip shows a broad, deep, rounded anal sulcus close to the suture.
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On the next whorl these split into two and three tuberculated cords, the third one almost falling into the suture, being appressed to the cord at the summit of the succeeding whorls. These remain inconspicuous on the succeeding whorls, while the other two occupying the middle portion of the shell become decidedly pronounced. The cord at the summit forms an abrupt sloping shoulder, and the space between this and the first strong spiral cord constitutes the sulcus marking the posterior channel of the shell. In addition to these spiral cords the cords themselves and the spaces that separate them are marked by strong spiral threads.
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The information sent to the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) of the posterior parietal cortex allows the magnocellular pathway to direct attention and guide saccadic eye movements to follow important moving objects in the visual field. In addition to following objects with the eyes, the IPS sends information to parts of the frontal lobe that allows the hands and arms to adjust their movements to correctly grasp objects based on their size, position, and location. This ability has led some neuroscientists to hypothesize that the purpose of the magnocellular pathway is not to detect spatial locations, but to guide actions related to the position and motion of objects.
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In Rouaultia the anal sulcus is narrow, sharp, and situated at the shoulder in the peripheral carina. Both Cordieria and typical Borsonia have a long and slender canal and the general aspect of Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875, while Borsonella resembles an Antiplanes Dall, 1902 with a strong plait on the proximal part of the columella. W.H. Dall (1908): Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer "Albatross," during 1891, Lieut. Commander Z. L. Tanner, U. S. N., Commanding.
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The callus on the body is thin and smooth, that within the outer lip is broad, thick, iridescent, and deeply grooved parallel with the external spirals, producing four or five ridges between the grooves above the carina and a large number of rather smaller ones below it. The columella is thickened concave and strongly reflected. Its basal extreme terminates in a stout tooth- like twist of the margin, beyond which is a deep sulcus in the callus extending nearly across the base, in the middle of which rises a solitary stout tooth-like ridge. The walls of the umbilicus are nearly smooth, and as regards the individual turns are somewhat concave.
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In humans, its earliest activations in regard to visual stimuli occur at 45 ms with activations related to changes in visual stimuli within 45–60 ms (these are comparable with response times in the primary visual cortex). This fast brain pathway also provides auditory input at even shorter times starting at 24 ms and being affected by auditory characteristics at 30–60 ms. The FEF constitutes together with the supplementary eye fields (SEF), the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the superior colliculus (SC) one of the most important brain areas involved in the generation and control of eye movements, particularly in the direction contralateral to the frontal eye fields' location.
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Functional testing of movement during cortical stimulation includes looking for active movement and inhibition of movement. When the precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe is stimulated, specific muscles in the body will contract based on the location of the brain that receives the electric signal. Stimulation on one side of the brain will cause a contraction on the contralateral, or opposite, side of the body. More recent studies using CSM have shown that the motor cortex is more complex than the arrangement pictured traditional homunculus, and that motor responses occur in the frontal lobe further away from the narrow strip next to the central sulcus.
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Ulegyria is a diagnosis used to describe a specific type of cortical scarring in the deep regions of the sulcus that leads to distortion of the gyri. Ulegyria is identified by its characteristic "mushroom-shaped" gyri, in which scarring causes shrinkage and atrophy in the deep sulcal regions while the surface gyri are spared. This condition is most often caused by hypoxic- ischemic brain injury in the perinatal period. The effects of ulegyria can range in severity, although it is most commonly associated with cerebral palsy, mental retardation and epilepsy. N.C. Bresler was the first to view ulegyria in 1899 and described this abnormal morphology in the brain as “mushroom-gyri.
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Two forms are recognized, alates and ergatoids. The alate form is known from a single specimen, the holotype. This gyne differs from workers by the typical characters expected for ant reproductive females: size significantly larger; ocelli well developed; compound eyes considerably large, occupying almost one third of the lateral margin of head. Pronotumis well developed, without projections; scutum large and trapezoidal; notauli shallow, almost indistinct; parapsidial lines feebly visible and convergent towards scutellum; scutoscutellar sulcus impressed; scutellum relatively narrow and set at the same level as the scutum, in lateral view; propodeum large in dorsal view, with dorsal face meeting the declivous face in a blunt angle; wings unknown.
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The facial features of this specimen contribute anatomical evidence that make anthropologists believe that SK 847 is not part of the australopithecine group. SK 847 has a relatively short and narrow face, pronounced brow ridge, thick supraorbital torus, a sharp sloping frontal bone, delicate curved cheekbones, a rounded forward projecting nasal bones, an obvious supratoral sulcus, and a moderate constriction of the cranium behind the eye socket. These features contrast with those of the average robust australopithecine. SK 847 also has a short palate and a small temporomandibular joint that could only fit a small, short lower jaw and not the typically massive mandible of a robust australopithecine.
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SLF I is the dorsal component and originates in the superior and medial parietal cortex, passes around the cingulate sulcus and in the superior parietal and frontal white matter, and terminates in the dorsal and medial cortex of the frontal lobe (Brodmann 6, 8, and 9) and in the supplementary motor cortex (M II). SLF I connects to the superior parietal cortex which encodes locations of body parts in a body-centric coordinate system and with M II and dorsal premotor cortex. This suggests the SLF I is involved with regulating motor behavior, especially conditional associative tasks which select among competing motor tasks based on conditional rules.
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Cenaspis aenigma is a species of colubrid snake in the subfamily Dipsadinae and the only member of the monotypic genus Cenaspis. It is endemic to the highlands of western Chiapas, Mexico, where it was described from a single, partially digested male specimen found in the stomach of a Central American coral snake (Micrurus nigrocinctus). This is referenced in its generic name, as cena is Spanish for "dinner". Despite being partially digested, the specimen still displayed many unique traits, including undivided subcaudals for the full length of the tail, as well as a simple hemipenis completely covered in calyces with a largely non-bifurcated sulcus spermaticus.
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The holotype of Sulcavis, BMNH Ph-000805, is discovered near the town of Lamadong, in Liaoning Province, China. The fossil was found in the Yixian Formation, an Early Cretaceous rock formation. . The genus was described on January 9, 2013 in an article that was published in the Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology by Jingmai Kathleen O'Connor, Yuguang Zhang, Luis Maria Chiappe, Qingjin Meng, Li Quanguo and Liu Di. The type species of the new genus was named Sulcavis geeorum by the team of scientists. De genus name comes from the Latin words "sulcus" (groove) and "avis" (bird), reflecting the unusual dental characteristics of the genus.
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The attention schema theory (AST) seeks to explain how an information-processing machine could act the way people do, insisting it has consciousness, describing consciousness in the ways that we do, and claiming that it has an inner magic that transcends mere information-processing, even though it does not. The proposed AST was partly motivated by two sets of previous findings. First, certain regions of the cortex are recruited during social perception as people construct models of other people's minds. These regions include, among other areas, the superior temporal sulcus (STS) and the temporoparietal junction (TPJ) bilaterally but with a strong emphasis on the right hemisphere.
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Different artistic styles may also be processed differently by the brain. In a study between filtered forms of abstract and representation art, the bilateral occipital gyri, left cingulate sulcus, and bilateral fusiform gyrus showed increased activation with increased preference when viewing art. However, activation in the bilateral occipital gyri may be caused by the large processing requirements placed on the visual system when viewing high levels of visual detail in artwork such as representational paintings. Several areas of the brain have been shown to respond particularly to forms representational art perhaps due to the brain's ability to make object associations and other functions relating to attention and memory.
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The femur is slender and thin- walled. The proximal portion possessed early dinosaurian hallmarks such as an anterior trochanter, a facies articularis antitrochanterica, well-developed medial tubera separated by a deep ligament sulcus, and an asymmetrical and pronounced fourth trochanter. The femoral head also possessed a deep and curved groove, but the appearance of this groove is known to be variable within some dinosaur species, so it is not particularly informative for Nhandumirim's classification. The trochanteric shelf was not present, but a homologous muscle attachment scar did exist in the same area, along with a more proximally-located anterolateral scar similar to that reported in some silesaurids.
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In the coronary circulation, the posterior interventricular artery (PIV, PIA, or PIVA), most often called the posterior descending artery (PDA), is an artery running in the posterior interventricular sulcus to the apex of the heart where it meets with the anterior interventricular artery or also known as Left Anterior Descending artery. It supplies the posterior third of the interventricular septum. The remaining anterior two-thirds is supplied by the anterior interventricular artery which is a septal branch of the left anterior descending artery, which is a branch of left coronary artery. It is typically a branch of the right coronary artery (70%, known as right dominance).
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Dog appeasing pheromone is secreted by lactating dogs Dog appeasing pheromone (DAP), sometimes known as apasine, is a mixture of esters of fatty acids released by the sebaceous glands in the inter-mammary sulcus of lactating female dogs. It is secreted from between three and four days after parturition and two to five days after weaning. DAP is believed to be detected by the vomeronasal organ (Jacobson's organ) and has an appeasing effect on both adults and pups, and assists in establishing a bond with the mother. Synthetic DAP analogues have been developed which may support dogs during some, but not all, stressful situations.
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Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies have pinpointed the brain regions that are involved in the numerical Stroop effect. In these studies the most consistent finding was the involvement of the parietal cortex, The intraparietal sulcus - a brain area that is active when the numerical stroop effect occurswith increased activation for incongruent in comparison to congruent trials. When a neutral condition was included, it was observed that the bilateral parietal lobes were the only regions that were involved in both facilitation and interference. Electroencephalography (EEG) studies have indicated that the amplitude or the latency of the P300 wave is modulated as a function of the congruity effect.
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Additionally, research on human participants is being conducted as well. While single-cell recording is not conducted on humans, this research uses neuroimaging methods such as fMRI, PET, EEG/ERP to collect information on what brain areas become active when executing biological motion perception tasks, such as viewing point light walker stimuli. Areas uncovered from this type of research are the dorsal visual pathway, extrastriate body area, fusiform gyrus, superior temporal sulcus, and premotor cortex. The dorsal visual pathway (sometimes referred to as the “where” pathway), as contrasted with the ventral visual pathway (“what” pathway), has been shown to play a significant role in the perception of motion cues.
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In between the six layers are smaller cells that receive information from the K cells (color) in the retina. The neurons of the LGN then relay the visual image to the primary visual cortex (V1) which is located at the back of the brain (posterior end) in the occipital lobe in and close to the calcarine sulcus. The LGN is not just a simple relay station but it is also a center for processing; it receives reciprocal input from the cortical and subcortical layers and reciprocal innervation from the visual cortex. Scheme of the optic tract with image being decomposed on the way, up to simple cortical cells (simplified).
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A semantic hub represents a focal point in the brain where all semantic information pertaining to a specific word is integrated. For example, the color, shape, size, smell, and sound associated with the word “cat” would be integrated at the same semantic hub. Some candidate regions for semantic hubs include: # Inferior Frontal Cortex: the anterior part of Broca's area and adjacent tissue in the left Inferior Frontal Cortex including Brodmann's areas 44, 45, and 47 are activated for semantic processing and functional changes. # Superior Temporal Cortex: contains Wernicke's area which controls the classic posterior language area in and adjacent to the superior temporal gyrus and sulcus.
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It has been hypothesized that evolutionary pressures resulted in the human brain undergoing internal reorganization to develop the capability of human language. Furthermore, this reorganization must have been implemented during early maturity and is likely responsible for eidetic imagery in some adolescents. During early development, the neural connections in prefrontal cortex and posterior parietal lobe rapidly expand to allow capability for human language, while visual memory capacity of human brain would become limited. Biological studies have demonstrated that the lunate sulcus is subject to white matter growth, and dental fossil and tomography studies have shown that the brain organization of Australopithecus africanus is pongid-like.
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In the superior region of the pons is the locus coeruleus, which due to its concentration of noradrenaline has a sky blue appearance, visible (in a colour closer to teal) through the floor of the ventricle, superiorly to the superior fovea. The internal part of the facial nerve bulges into the ventricle, forming the facial colliculus, in the process of looping around the abducens nucleus within the inferior region of the Pons. The medulla oblongata is located behind the inferior portion of the floor (and continues caudally of the ventricle). Medullary striae emerge via the median sulcus and run transversely across the floor to become part of the inferior cerebellar peduncle.
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Grades II, III, and IV require surgery to correct, if the animal has difficulty walking. The surgery required is governed by the type of abnormality present, but often involves a sulcoplasty, a deepening of the trochlear sulcus where the patella sits, a realignment of the attachment of the patella tendon on the tibia, and tightening or releasing of the capsule on either side of the patella, according to which side the patella is slipping. Some grade IV conditions may require more involved surgery to realign the femur and/or tibia. A therapeutic dosage of glucosamine can be used as a preliminary treatment to strengthen ligaments and the surrounding tissues of the joint and can delay or prevent surgery.
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The summit of the whorls is marked by a smooth spiral cord representing the portion appressed to the preceding turn. On the later whorls the sinal sulcus at the summit is crossed by two slender spiral threads anterior to the cord at the summit which divides the space between this cord and the first strong nodulose cord into nearly equal portions. There is also a slender spiral cord between the first and second strong nodulose cords on the antepenultimate turn and two on the body whorl. There are two slender spiral cords between the second nodulose cord and the nodulose cord at the periphery which shows weakly in the suture of the whorls.
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There are several parts of the brain that play a role in face perception. Rossion, Hanseeuw, and Dricot used BOLD fMRI mapping to identify activation in the brain when subjects viewed both cars and faces. The majority of BOLD fMRI studies use blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) contrast to determine which areas of the brain are activated by various cognitive functions. They found that the occipital face area, located in the occipital lobe, the fusiform face area, the superior temporal sulcus, the amygdala, and the anterior/inferior cortex of the temporal lobe, all played roles in contrasting the faces from the cars, with the initial face perception beginning in the fusiform face area and occipital face areas.
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Betz cells, along with other cortical neurons, send long axons down the spinal cord to synapse onto the interneuron circuitry of the spinal cord and also directly onto the alpha motor neurons in the spinal cord which connect to the muscles. At the primary motor cortex, motor representation is orderly arranged (in an inverted fashion) from the toe (at the top of the cerebral hemisphere) to mouth (at the bottom) along a fold in the cortex called the central sulcus. However, some body parts may be controlled by partially overlapping regions of cortex. Each cerebral hemisphere of the primary motor cortex only contains a motor representation of the opposite (contralateral) side of the body.
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The term Brodmann area 8 refers to a cytoarchitecturally defined portion of the frontal lobe of the guenon. Located rostral to the arcuate sulcus, it was not considered by Brodmann-1909 to be topographically homologous to the intermediate frontal area 8 of the human. Distinctive features (Brodmann-1905): compared to Brodmann area 6-1909, area 8 has a diffuse but clearly present internal granular layer (IV); sublayer 3b of the external pyramidal layer (III) has densely distributed medium-sized pyramidal cells; the internal pyramidal layer (V) has larger ganglion cells densely distributed with some granule cells interspersed; the external granular layer (II) is denser and broader; cell layers are more distinct; the abundance of cells is somewhat greater.
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The superior longitudinal fasciculus (SLF) is an association fiber tract in the brain that is composed of three separate components. It is present in both hemispheres and can be found lateral to the centrum semiovale and connects the frontal, occipital, parietal, and temporal lobes. These bundles of axon tracts pass from the frontal lobe through the operculum to the posterior end of the lateral sulcus where they either radiate to and synapse on neurons in the occipital lobe or turn downward and forward around the putamen and then radiate to and synapse on neurons in anterior portions of the temporal lobe. The SLF is composed of three distinct components SLF I, SLF II, and SLF III.
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The posterior median sulcus is the groove in the dorsal side, and the anterior median fissure is the groove in the ventral side. In the upper part of the vertebral column, spinal nerves exit directly from the spinal cord, whereas in the lower part of the vertebral column nerves pass further down the column before exiting. The terminal portion of the spinal cord is called the conus medullaris. The pia mater continues as an extension called the filum terminale, which anchors the spinal cord to the coccyx. The cauda equina (“horse’s tail”) is the name for the collection of nerves in the vertebral column that continue to travel through the vertebral column below the conus medullaris.
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The insular cortex is a portion of the cerebral cortex folded deep within the lateral sulcus (the fissure separating the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes). The insular cortex has an important function for sending axons to the amygdala and responding to tones and somatosensory stimulation (Berret, Kintscher, Palchaudhuri, Tang, Osypenko, Kochubey, & Schneggenburge, 2019) Berret, et. al (2019) used mice to study the fear response that is associated with perceived threats from their memory of previously being shocked on their foot, finding adverse reflex responses in shocking stimulation whenever the insular cortex was silenced. This finding supports that the insular cortex takes information to specific amygdala subdivisions creating different components for fear behaviors (Berret, et.
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The intraparietal sulcus and the prefrontal cortex, also implicated in number, communicate in approximating number and it was found in both species that the parietal neurons of the IPS had short firing latencies, whereas the frontal neurons had longer firing latencies. This supports the notion that number is first processed in the IPS and, if needed, is then transferred to the associated frontal neurons in the prefrontal cortex for further numerations and applications. Humans displayed Gaussian curves in the tuning curves of approximate magnitude. This aligned with monkeys, displaying a similarly structured mechanism in both species with classic Gaussian curves relative to the increasingly deviant numbers with 16 and 32 as well as habituation.
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Paleopathologies in bones of the holotype, plotted onto a life restoration Welles noted various paleopathologies (ancient signs of disease, such as injuries and malformations) in Dilophosaurus. The holotype had a sulcus (groove or furrow) on the neural arch of a cervical vertebra that may have been due to an injury or crushing, and two pits on the right humerus that may have been abscesses (collections of pus) or artifacts. Welles also noted that it had a smaller and more delicate left humerus than the right, but with the reverse condition in its forearms. In 2001 the Australian paleontologist Ralph Molnar suggested that this was caused by a developmental anomaly called fluctuating asymmetry.
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Linking brain regions, networks, and circuits with behaviors involved in operating a vehicle is one of the more salient topics of research within traffic psychology. Seven separate brain networks have been identified in driving simulations as being of importance to the neurophysiological processes involved in driving. The networks each have a unique function as outlined by Porter: The parietoccipital sulcus is involved in visual monitoring, motor cortex and cerebellar areas—for gross motor control and motor planning; orbitofrontal and cingulate — for error monitoring and inhibition, including motivation, risk assessment, and internal space; and medial frontal, parietal, and posterior cingulate for vigilance, including spatial attention, visual stream, monitoring, and external space.Porter, B. E. (Ed.). (2011).
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Sharpirhynchia sharpi has a small shell, subtrigonal to transverse or laterally elongate in adults; unequally biconvex, dorsal valve more convex than ventral one, subglobose in profile. Lateral commissures oblique ventrally; anterior commissure narrowly uniplicate; linguiform extension developed variably, generally low and U-shaped. No clear sulcation on dorsal umbone. Beak relatively long, acute, and suberect, with slightly incurved tip in adult; foramen big, oval, hypothyridid, with well developed rim; deltidial plates narrow, disjunct to just conjunct; beak ridges subangular; interareas small, but well defined and slightly concave, with fine and clear transverse lines. Ventral valve moderately convex; sulcus shallow and wide, well separated from slopes and with rounded bottom, occurring at posterior 1/3 to 1/2 of valve.
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Finally, its quadrate distal articular surface is not separated into two condyles by a sulcus, and has only a very shallow depression at the centre. Like other geosaurins, P. manselii have large robust teeth, with moderate to strong mediolateral compression. Other notable characters of P. manselii are the presence of a separation between premaxilla and nasal approximately subequal to the midline length of the premaxilla, carinae formed by a keel and true microscopic denticles, and a long mandibular symphysis to which 9 out of 13 dentary teeth are adjacent. In dorsal view, the lateral margins of the prefrontals have an inflexion point directed posteriorly at an angle of approximately 70 degrees from the anteroposterior axis of the skull.
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The supplementary eye field (SEF) is a relatively anterior portion of the SMA that, when stimulated, evokes head and eye movements and perhaps movements of the limbs and torso. Dum and Strick hypothesized on the basis of cytoarchitecture and connections to the spinal cord that the portion of SMA in the cingulate sulcus, on the medial part of the hemisphere, can be split into three separate areas, the cingulate motor areas. The functions of the cingulate motor areas have not yet been systematically studied. SMA proper in monkeys has now been confined to a region on the crown of the hemisphere and extending partly onto the medial wall, just anterior to the primary motor leg representation.
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DOI 10.1038/nrn1009. Yakovlevian torque (also known as occipital bending (OB) or counterclockwise brain torque) is the tendency of the right side of the human brain to be warped slightly forward relative to the left and the left side of the human brain to be warped slightly backward relative to the right. This is responsible for certain asymmetries, such as how the lateral sulcus of the human brain is often longer and less curved on the left side of the brain relative to the right. Stated in another way, Yakovlevian Torque can be defined by the existence of right-frontal and left-occipital petalias, which are protrusions of the surface of one hemisphere relative to the other.
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The diet of Pulmonoscorpius is not known directly, but it is probable that it preyed on smaller arthropods, and small tetrapods. Most complete specimens were in length, while a large, fragmentary specimen is estimated to have been long when alive. The only portions preserved were the outer portions of the cuticle, estimated to only be 15-18 μm thick in the largest specimen. Pulmonoscorpius is characterized by the presence of a long spur on each of the apophysis (extension of the coxa, the basalmost segment) of the 1st leg pair, 1st ventral abdominal plate of juveniles with median lobation, as well as an elongated sternum (ventral plate between the leg bases) with Y-shaped sulcus.
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Six to eight veins extend into the wing, running along the proximal edge and the forking veins running from the vascular group fork at angles between 10° and 30°. The wings are between long with a straight upper margin that broadly curves towards the wing apex, and the distal margin forming a wide v-shaped sulcus. Chaney & Axelrod suggested the fruits belonged to a Acer section Saccharina species, but Wolfe and Tanai note the lack of reticulated venation on the nutlet excludes that placement, and placed the fruits into Acer section Rubra. Many of the fruits show irregular folds on the nutlet, that Wolfe and Tanai suggested were the result of a thin endocarp.
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2007 and DTI experimentsShimono and Niki 2013 suggest V1 is necessary but not sufficient for visual consciousness.Crick and Koch 1995 In a related perceptual phenomenon, flash suppression, the percept associated with an image projected into one eye is suppressed by flashing another image into the other eye while the original image remains. Its methodological advantage over binocular rivalry is that the timing of the perceptual transition is determined by an external trigger rather than by an internal event. The majority of cells in the inferior temporal cortex and the superior temporal sulcus of monkeys trained to report their percept during flash suppression follow the animal's percept: when the cell's preferred stimulus is perceived, the cell responds.
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Galileo Regio is a large, dark surface feature on Jupiter's moon Ganymede. It is a region of ancient dark material that has been broken apart by tectonism and is now surrounded by younger, brighter material (such as that of Uruk Sulcus) that has been upwelling from Ganymede's interior. It is thought to be some 4 billion years old and is heavily cratered and palimpsested, but also has a unique distribution of furrows and smooth terrain that has been the subject of conflicting speculation regarding cause or origin. The distribution of smooth terrain on Galileo Regio suggests that the ancient crust of Ganymede was relatively thin in the equatorial region and thickened poleward in this area.
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In contrast to the anterior auditory fields, tracing studies reported that the posterior auditory fields (areas CL-CM) project primarily to dorsolateral prefrontal and premotor cortices (although some projections do terminate in the IFG. Cortical recordings and anatomical tracing studies in monkeys further provided evidence that this processing stream flows from the posterior auditory fields to the frontal lobe via a relay station in the intra-parietal sulcus (IPS). This pathway is commonly referred to as the auditory dorsal stream (ADS; Figure 1, bottom left-blue arrows). Comparing the white matter pathways involved in communication in humans and monkeys with diffusion tensor imaging techniques indicates of similar connections of the AVS and ADS in the two species (Monkey, Human).
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This is a band of whiter tissue that can be observed with the naked eye in the fundus of the calcarine sulcus of the occipital lobe. The line of Gennari is composed of axons bringing visual information from the thalamus into layer IV of the visual cortex. Staining cross-sections of the cortex to reveal the position of neuronal cell bodies and the intracortical axon tracts allowed neuroanatomists in the early 20th century to produce a detailed description of the laminar structure of the cortex in different species. The work of Korbinian Brodmann (1909) established that the mammalian neocortex (and most other regions of the cortex) is consistently divided into six layers.
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They are marked by well rounded, tuberculate, axial ribs, of which 14 occur upon the first and second, 16 upon the third, 18 upon the fourth and fifth, and 24 upon the penultimate turn. In addition to the axial ribs, the whorls are marked between the sutures by four spiral cords which equal the ribs in strength, and render them tuberculate at their junction. The sutures are broadly and deeply channeled. The periphery and the somewhat prolonged base of the body whorl are well rounded, the latter marked by seven narrow, almost equal, and equally spaced spiral keels, the broad space between which and the peripheral sulcus are marked by many slender axial riblets.
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Discrediting this theory was evidence supporting that damage to the frontal lobe in both humans and hominoids show atypical social and emotional behavior; thus, this similarity means that the frontal lobe was not very likely to be selected for reorganization. Instead, it is now believed that evolution occurred in other parts of the brain that are strictly associated with certain behaviors. The reorganization that took place is thought to have been more organizational than volumetric; whereas the brain volumes were relatively the same but specific landmark position of surface anatomical features, for example, the lunate sulcus suggest that the brains had been through a neurological reorganization. There is also evidence that the early hominin lineage also underwent a quiescent period, which supports the idea of neural reorganization.
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The papilla is shaped like a truncated cone, the smaller end being directed downward and attached to the tongue, the broader part or base projecting a little above the surface of the tongue and being studded with numerous small secondary papillae and covered by stratified squamous epithelium. Ducts of lingual salivary glands, known as Von Ebner's glands empty a serous secretion into the base of the circular depression, which acts like a moat. The function of the secretion is presumed to flush materials from the base of circular depression to ensure that taste buds can respond to changing stimuli rapidly. The circumvallate papillae get special afferent taste innervation from cranial nerve IX, the glossopharyngeal nerve, even though they are anterior to the sulcus terminalis.
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The newest model is the multipurpose conical orbital implant, which was designed to address the issues of the postoperative anophthalmic orbit being at risk for the development of socket abnormalities including enophthalmos, retraction of the upper eyelid, deepening of the superior sulcus, backward tilt of the prothesis, and stretching of the lower eyelid after evisceration or enucleation. These problems are generally thought to be secondary to orbital volume deficiencies which is also addressed by MCOIs. The conical shape of the multipurpose conical porous polyethylene orbital implant (MCOI) (Porex Medical) more closely matches the anatomic shape of the orbit than a spherical implant. The wider anterior portion, combined with the narrower and longer posterior portion, allows for a more complete and natural replacement of the lost orbital volume.
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The phenomenon was first described and named by C. Faust in 1947 as a symptom of the bilateral region of the parieto-occipital sulcus after a through and through bullet wound of this region. Afterwards, when the subject stared at a truck for a while the truck seemed to decompose into its motor, chassis, driver cab and the person could only focus on one of these parts until he briefly closed his eyes or looked away which reset the shape to the complete truck again. Gestaltzerfall has also been applied in the case of spoken text where the speaker experiences a slip of the tongue during repeated poetry lectures. The characteristic of orthographic satiation as opposed to semantic satiation is that meaning remains intact.
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Michael M. Merzenich ( ; born 1942 in Lebanon, Oregon) is a professor emeritus neuroscientist at the University of California, San Francisco. His contributions to the field are numerous. He took the sensory cortex maps developed by his predecessors (Archie Tunturi, Clinton Woolsey, Vernon Mountcastle, Wade Marshall, and Philip Bard) and refined them using dense micro-electrode mapping techniques. Using this, he definitively showed there to be multiple somatotopic maps of the body in the postcentral sulcus, and multiple tonotopic maps of the acoustic inputs in the superior temporal plane.Brain Research 50:275-96 1973 He led the cochlear implant team at UCSF,Med. Biol. Eng. Computing 21:241–54 1983 which transferred its technology to Advanced Bionics, and their version is the Clarion cochlear implant.
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Research on theory of mind in autism led to the view that mentalizing abilities are subserved by dedicated mechanisms that can - in some cases - be impaired while general cognitive function remains largely intact. Neuroimaging research has supported this view, demonstrating specific brain regions consistently engaged during theory of mind tasks. PET research on theory of mind, using verbal and pictorial story comprehension tasks, has identified a set of brain regions including the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC), and area around posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), and sometimes precuneus and amygdala/temporopolar cortex. Subsequently, research on the neural basis of theory of mind has diversified, with separate lines of research focused on the understanding of beliefs, intentions, and more complex properties of minds such as psychological traits.
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Part of human spinal cord. 1 – central canal; 2 – posterior median sulcus; 3 – gray matter; 4 – white matter; 5 – dorsal root + dorsal root ganglion; 6 – ventral root; 7 – fascicles; 8 – anterior spinal artery; 9 – arachnoid mater; 10 – dura mater Diagram of the spinal cord showing segments The spinal cord is the main pathway for information connecting the brain and peripheral nervous system. Much shorter than its protecting spinal column, the human spinal cord originates in the brainstem, passes through the foramen magnum, and continues through to the conus medullaris near the second lumbar vertebra before terminating in a fibrous extension known as the filum terminale. It is about long in men and about in women, ovoid-shaped, and is enlarged in the cervical and lumbar regions.
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Accordingly, some of the most famous early studies on brain asymmetry involved speech processing. Asymmetry in the Sylvian fissure (also known as the lateral sulcus), which separates the frontal and parietal lobes from the temporal lobe, was one of the first incongruencies to be discovered. Its anatomical variances are related to the size and location of two areas of the human brain that are important for language processing, Broca's area and Wernicke's area, both in the left hemisphere. Around the same time that Broca and Wernicke made their discoveries, neurologist Hughlings Jackson suggested the idea of a “leading hemisphere”—or, one side of the brain that played a more significant role in overall function—which would eventually pave the way for understanding hemispheric “dominance” for various processes.
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Prepomatodelphis belongs to the platanistid subfamily Pomatodelphininae, which is distinguished from the South Asian river dolphin in having a flattened rostrum, a transversely expanded posterior end of the premaxilla, an eye and bony orbit of normal size (not atrophied), and nasal bones not reduced in size but wide transversely. Features distinguishing Prepomatodelphis from Pomatodelphis include smaller size, cranium with surface of the premaxillary sac fossa undulating, having in its midpart a sulcus bounded both medially and laterally by a ridge, and sloping ventrally at both its medial and lateral margins, and zygomatic process of squamosal very deep dorsoventrally in the posterior part.Barnes, L. G. (2002): An Early Miocene long-snouted marine platanistid dolphin (Mammalia, Cetacea, Odontoceti) from the Korneuburg Basin (Austria). — Beitr. Palaont.
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On the contrary, the initial lesion shows increased capillary permeability with "very large numbers" of neutrophils migrating from the dilated gingival plexus into the junctional epithlieum and underlying connective tissue (yet remaining within the confines of the region of the sulcus) and macrophages and lymphocytes may also appear. Loss of perivascular collagen occurs; it is thought that this is due to the degradative enzymes released by extravasating leukocytes, such that the collagen and other connective tissue fibers surrounding blood vessels in the area dissolve. When this occurs the gums will appear bright red and either bulbous or rounded, from all the excess fluid building up in the infected area. The initial lesion appears within two to four days of gingival tissue being subjected to plaque accumulation.
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The hallmark of the established lesion is the overwhelming presence of plasma cells in relation to the prior stages of inflammation. Beginning two to three weeks after first plaque formation, the established lesion is widespread in both human and animals populations and can be seen commonly associated with the placement of orthodontic bands on molars. Similar to the initial and early lesions, the established lesion features an inflammatory reaction confined to the area near the base of the gingival sulcus, but unlike prior stages, displays plasma cells clustered around blood vessels and between collagen fibers outside the immediate area of the reaction site. While most of the plasma cells produce IgG, a significant number do produce IgA (and rarely, some produce IgM).
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Human neuroimaging studies have demonstrated that regions of the parietal lobe, including the intraparietal sulcus (IPS) and the inferior parietal lobule (IPL) are activated when subjects are asked to perform calculation tasks. Based on both human neuroimaging and neuropsychology, Stanislas Dehaene and colleagues have suggested that these two parietal structures play complementary roles. The IPS is thought to house the circuitry that is fundamentally involved in numerical estimation , number comparison (; ) and on-line calculation, or quantity processing (often tested with subtraction) while the IPL is thought to be involved in rote memorization, such as multiplication (see ). Thus, a patient with a lesion to the IPL may be able to subtract, but not multiply, and vice versa for a patient with a lesion to the IPS.
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Although the general morphology of the genus is considered to be well established, given the large number of species there are critical morphological differences observed worth noting. The sulcus for example, in many species is shallow (Phacus viridioryza), and in others it is deep and longitudinal (Phacus hordeiformis). As well, the shape of the cell in some species are completely flat, while many have also been described as helically twisted, straight or curved. Phacus helikoides is actually helical in shape throughout the entire cell as opposed to flat and leaf-shaped like most Phacus organisms. Metaboly, which is the ability of some organisms to alter their shape, is not possible in Phacus due to the fusion of the genus’ pellicular strips.
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Regions proposed to be cross-activated in grapheme-color synesthesia (from ). Since regions involved in the identification of letters and numbers lie adjacent to a region involved in color-processing (V4), the additional experience of seeing colors when looking at graphemes might be due to "cross- activation" of V4 . This cross-activation may arise due to a failure of the normal developmental process of pruning, which is one of the key mechanisms of synaptic plasticity, in which connections between brain regions are partially eliminated with development. Similarly, lexical → gustatory synesthesia may be due to increased connectivity between adject regions of the insula in the depths of the lateral sulcus involved in taste processing that lie adjacent to temporal lobe regions involved in auditory processing.
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The cause of IA is still somewhat of a mystery to most researchers because there is no localized focal point in the brain that shows where this deficit will occur. Since 1905 Liepmann proposed a hypothesis of an action processing system that is found in the left hemisphere of the brain, which is dedicated to skilled, motor planning that guides the movement of the body. Yet, he still was never able to produce two patients with the same brain damage that showed ideational apraxia. The major ideas of where IA is found are in the left posterior temporal-parietal junction. Possibly damage to the lateral sulcus also known as Sylvian fissure may contribute to an individual’s deterioration of object recognition.
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Several brain imaging studies using positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging techniques have shown that higher levels of processing correlate with more brain activity and activity in different parts of the brain than lower levels. For example, in a lexical analysis task, subjects showed activity in the left inferior prefrontal cortex only when identifying whether the word represented a living or nonliving object, and not when identifying whether or not the word contained an "a". Similarly, an auditory analysis task showed increased activation in the left inferior prefrontal cortex when subjects performed increasingly semantic word manipulations. Synaptic aspects of word recognition have been correlated with the left frontal operculum and the cortex lining the junction of the inferior frontal and inferior precentral sulcus.
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Two cortical processing streams exist: a ventral one which maps sound onto meaning, and a dorsal one, that maps sound onto motor representations. The dorsal stream projects from the posterior Sylvian fissure at the temporoparietal junction, onto frontal motor areas, and is not normally involved in speech perception. Carl Wernicke identified a pathway between the left posterior superior temporal sulcus (a cerebral cortex region sometimes called the Wernicke's area) as a centre of the sound "images" of speech and its syllables that connected through the arcuate fasciculus with part of the inferior frontal gyrus (sometimes called the Broca's area) responsible for their articulation. This pathway is now broadly identified as the dorsal speech pathway, one of the two pathways (together with the ventral pathway) that process speech.
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It is thought that this is a result of the increased work load that the executive system, housed mostly in the frontal cortex, must assume in order to successfully control the use of multiple languages at once. This means that the cortex must be more finely tuned, which results in a "neural reserve" that then has neuroprotective benefits. Gray matter volume (GMV) has been shown to be significantly preserved in bimodal bilinguals as compared to monolinguals in multiple brain areas, including the hippocampus, amygdala, anterior temporal lobes, and left insula. Similarly, neuroimaging studies that have compared monolinguals, unimodal bilinguals, and bimodal bilinguals provide evidence that deaf signers exhibit brain activation in patterns different than those of hearing signers, especially in regards to the left superior temporal sulcus.
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Alzheimer's disease is the most common form of dementia and is also the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. This disease has no known cure and is a disease that worsens as it progresses and eventually leads to death. Reduced metabolism in the TPJ, along with the superior frontal sulcus, correlates with Alzheimer's patients’ inability to perceive themselves as others do (with a third-person point of view); the discrepancy between a patient's understanding of their own cognitive impairment and the actual extent of their cognitive impairment increases as metabolism in the TPJ decreases. Additionally, the TPJ contains the praxicon, a dictionary of representations of different human actions, which is necessary to distinguishing between actions of the self and other people.
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The end result provided direct evidence for activation and more importantly automaticity of the mirror neurons in the dorsal premotor cortex, ventral premotor cortex and anterior Intraparietal sulcus. Although there are large amounts of supporting evidence which indicate mirror neurons activate in situations where one is analyzing oneself to the actions of others, there is still debate as to whether these activations should be interpreted as intentional understanding. Shannon Spaulding (2013) argues that the neuroscientists who offer up mirror neurons as a physiological answer to social cognition are misinterpreting their results and not using the correct philosophical definitions of goal and intention. Rather than being interchangeable or one leading to the other, she argues they need to be thought of two separate actions.
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Detectors of optic flow patterns Each detector looks at one frame of a training stimulus and compute an instantaneous optic flow field for that particular frame. These detectors model neurons in Superior temporal sulcus and Fusiform face area The input of these detectors is arranged from vector u and are comprised from the previous opponent motion detectors’ responses. The output is the following: ::G(u) = e^{(u-u_0)^T C(u-u_0)} such that u_0 is the center of the radial basis function for each neuron and C is a diagonal matrix which contains elements that have been set during training and correspond to vector u. These elements equal zero if the variance over training doesn't exceed a certain threshold.
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The episome of Torodinium is very large and marked by about 12-14 clearly visible longitudinal ribs running in an anterior-posterior direction, in addition to thinner striations running longitudinally as well. In addition to the anterior extensions of the sulcus and cingulum mentioned above, there exists a third groove on the dextro- lateral side of the episome. The anterior end of this groove terminates between two converging longitudinal ribs, while the posterior end forms a short loop towards the left where it terminates above the anterior cingulum. Previously termed “slender canal” and “anterior pusule”, this groove of unknown function has most recently been deemed the lateral canal and is one of the structures contributing to the theory of possible mixotrophy in Torodinium species.
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Transitioning barefoot hoof, from below. Details: (1) periople, (2) bulb, (3) frog, (4) central sulcus, (5) collateral groove, (6) heel, (7) bar, (8) seat of corn, (9) pigmented wall (external layer), (10) water line (inner unpigmented layer), (11) white line, (12) apex of frog, (13) sole, (14) toe, (15) how to measure width (fulcrum), (16) quarter, (17) how to measure length Vascular architecture of a horse hoof The hoof is made up by an outer part, the hoof capsule (composed of various cornified specialized structures) and an inner, living part, containing soft tissues and bone. The cornified material of the hoof capsule is different in structure and properties in different parts. Dorsally, it covers, protects and supports P3 (also known as the coffin bone, pedal bone, PIII).
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The dorsal surface, directed upward and lateralward, is rough, for the attachment of ligaments. The plantar surface presents in front a deep groove, the peroneal sulcus, which runs obliquely forward and medialward; it lodges the tendon of the peroneus longus, and is bounded behind by a prominent ridge, to which the long plantar ligament is attached. The ridge ends laterally in an eminence, the tuberosity, the surface of which presents an oval facet; on this facet glides the sesamoid bone or cartilage frequently found in the tendon of the peroneus longus. The surface of bone behind the groove is rough, for the attachment of the plantar calcaneocuboid ligament, a few fibers of the flexor hallucis brevis, and a fasciculus from the tendon of the tibialis posterior.
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Extra attention must be given to maintain the feasibility of the obligately anaerobic species when trying to find out the microflora of a periodontal pocket or gingival sulcus during the sample collection, dispersing, diluting and cultivation phase of the sample. In a perfect scenario, the sample should be taken as close to the expanding front of the lesion as possible to exclude any organisms which are not involved in tissue destruction and to achieve a clear connection between the disease activity and specific bacteria. The sample should also be taken from the base of the periodontal pocket. Most of the time, it is challenging to determine periodontal diseases accurately because not all studies are comparing pathological conditions which are undistinguishable.
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Chlorhexidine impregnated chips are also available. Hydrogen peroxide is a naturally occurring antimicrobial that can be delivered directly to the gingival sulcus or periodontal pocket using a custom formed medical device called a Perio Tray. [Title = Custom Tray Application of Peroxide Gel as an Adjunct to Scaling and Root Planing in the Treatment of Periodontitis: A Randomized, Controlled Three-Month Clinical Trial J Clin Dent 2012;23:48–56.] Hydrogen peroxide gel was demonstrated to be effective in controlling the bacteria biofilm [Subgingival Delivery of Oral Debriding Agents: A Proof of Concept J Clin Dent 2011;22:149–158] The research shows that a direct application of hydrogen peroxide gel killed virtually all of the bacterial biofilm, was directly and mathematically delivered up to 9mm into periodontal pockets.
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The information sent to the Intraparietal Sulcus (IPS) of the posterior parietal cortex allows the M pathway to direct attention and guide saccadic eye movements to follow important moving objects in the visual field. In addition to following objects with the eyes, the IPS sends information to parts of the frontal lobe that allows the hands and arms to adjust their movements to correctly grasp objects based on their size, position, and location. This ability has led some neuroscientists to hypothesize that the purpose of the M pathway is not to detect spatial locations, but to guide actions related to the position and motion of objects. Some information has also been found to support the hypothesis that the M pathway is necessary for facial processing.
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Nevertheless, Broca's area in the left hemisphere and its homologue in the right hemisphere are designations usually used to refer to the triangular part of inferior frontal gyrus (PTr) and the opercular part of inferior frontal gyrus (POp). The PTr and POp are defined by structural landmarks that only probabilistically divide the inferior frontal gyrus into anterior and posterior cytoarchitectonic areas of 45 and 44, respectively, by Brodmann's classification scheme. Area 45 receives more afferent connections from the prefrontal cortex, the superior temporal gyrus, and the superior temporal sulcus, compared to area 44, which tends to receive more afferent connections from motor, somatosensory, and inferior parietal regions. The differences between area 45 and 44 in cytoarchitecture and in connectivity suggest that these areas might perform different functions.
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The skin creases of the human body are features of great anatomical, morphological, and surgical interest and important for the maintenance of the contour of each anatomic area. In the literature, when referring to a skin crease, there is variation of terms used other than "crease", such as "fold" and "sulcus", but these terms do not accurately reflect their histology structure nor their function. In the review of literature, a record of the creases of the human body for each anatomic area, including the synonyms that are used for each crease in the literature, has been attempted. The skin crease as a fixed and permanent line, according to their histology, is related to connective tissue attachments with the underlying structures or extensions of the underlying muscle fibers in the dermis of the crease site.
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K. cadburyi is distinguished by the authors from all extant monotremes, as well as from fossil tachyglossids, by the presence of a broad, marginated, shallow bicipital sulcus on the proximal humerus, which extends distally onto the waist of the bone. It is also distinguished by the presence of a trochlear-form ulnar articulation and a distal olecranon fossa. Pridmore et al find these features sufficient to distinguish it from Steropodon as well as other non-tachyglossid but similar monotremes such as Obdurodon, Kollikodon, Teinolophos and Monotrematum. The bone itself measures a total length of 46 mm, though the authors point out that it is likely missing around an eighth of its true length and suffers from some amount of abrasion, and estimate the original length at around 50 mm in life.
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Infections originating in either maxillary or mandibular teeth can spread into the buccal space, usually maxillary molars (most commonly) and premolars or mandibular premolars. Odontogenic infections which erode through the buccal cortical plate of the mandible or maxilla will either spread into the buccal vestibule (sulcus) and drain intra-orally, or into the buccal space, depending upon the level of the perforation in relation to the attachment of buccinator to the maxilla above and the mandible below (see diagrams). Frequently infection spreads in both directions as the buccinator is only a partial barrier. Infections associated with mandibular teeth with apices at a level inferior to the attachment, and maxillary teeth with apices at a level superior to the attachment are more likely to drain into the buccal space.
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Maniraptoromorpha is a clade of coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs that includes taxa such as Ornitholestes, Compsognathidae and Maniraptoriformes. There has been several phylogenetic analyses that have shown support in the grouping of Maniraptoriformes with at least the aforementioned Ornitholestes. This group was named by Andrea Cau, who defined it as the "most inclusive clade containing Vultur gryphus Linnaeus, 1758, and excluding Tyrannosaurus rex Osborn, 1905." This group of coelurosaurs according to Cau (2018) has the following synapomorphies: > Keel or carinae in the postaxial cervical centra, absence of hyposphene- > hypantra in caudal vertebrae (reversal to the plesiomorphic theropodan > condition), a prominent dorsomedial process on the semilunate carpal, a > convex ventral margin of the pubic foot, a subrectangular distal end of > tibia and a sulcus along the posterior margin of the proximal end of fibula.
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The olfactory tract is a bilateral bundle of afferent nerve fibers from the mitral and tufted cells of the olfactory bulb that connects to several target regions in the brain, including the piriform cortex, amygdala, and entorhinal cortex. It is a narrow white band, triangular on coronal section, the apex being directed upward. It lies in the olfactory sulcus on the inferior surface of the frontal lobe, and divides posteriorly into two striae, a medial olfactory stria and a lateral olfactory stria. Fibers of the olfactory tract appear to end in the antero-lateral part of the olfactory tubercle, the dorsal and external parts of the anterior olfactory nucleus, the frontal and temporal parts of the prepyriform area, the cortico-medial group of amygdaloid nuclei and the nucleus of the stria terminalis.
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The function of the auditory dorsal pathway is to map the auditory sensory representations onto articulatory motor representations. Hickok & Poeppel claim that the auditory dorsal pathway is necessary because, "learning to speak is essentially a motor learning task. The primary input to this is sensory, speech in particular. So, there must be a neural mechanism that both codes and maintains instances of speech sounds, and can use these sensory traces to guide the tuning of speech gestures so that the sounds are accurately reproduced." repetition of the phrase 'what is your name?' in the extended version of Hickok and Poeppel's dual pathway model In contrast to the ventral stream's auditory processing, information enters from the primary auditory cortex into the posterior superior temporal gyrus and posterior superior temporal sulcus.
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Gestures are processed in the same areas of the brain as speech and sign language such as the left inferior frontal gyrus (Broca's area) and the posterior middle temporal gyrus, posterior superior temporal sulcus and superior temporal gyrus (Wernicke's area). It has been suggested that these parts of the brain originally supported the pairing of gesture and meaning and then were adapted in human evolution "for the comparable pairing of sound and meaning as voluntary control over the vocal apparatus was established and spoken language evolved". As a result, it underlies both symbolic gesture and spoken language in the present human brain. Their common neurological basis also supports the idea that symbolic gesture and spoken language are two parts of a single fundamental semiotic system that underlies human discourse.
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The medial border extends from the lesser tubercle to the medial epicondyle. Its upper third consists of a prominent ridge, the crest of the lesser tubercle, which gives insertion to the tendon of the teres major muscle. About its center is a slight impression for the insertion of the coracobrachialis muscle, and just below this is the entrance of the nutrient canal, directed downward; sometimes there is a second nutrient canal at the commencement of the radial sulcus. The inferior third of this border is raised into a slight ridge, the medial supracondylar ridge, which became very prominent below; it presents an anterior lip for the origins of the brachialis muscle and the pronator teres muscle, a posterior lip for the medial head of the triceps brachii muscle, and an intermediate ridge for the attachment of the medial intermuscular septum.
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Three studies found remarkably similar patterns of activation during the perception of such animations versus a random or deterministic motion control: mPFC, pSTS, fusiform face area (FFA), and amygdala were selectively engaged during the Theory of Mind condition. Another study presented subjects with an animation of two dots moving with a parameterized degree of intentionality (quantifying the extent to which the dots chased each other), and found that pSTS activation correlated with this parameter. A separate body of research has implicated the posterior superior temporal sulcus in the perception of intentionality in human action; this area is also involved in perceiving biological motion, including body, eye, mouth, and point-light display motion. One study found increased pSTS activation while watching a human lift his hand versus having his hand pushed up by a piston (intentional versus unintentional action).
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During the second experiment participants were presented with a pair of distinguishable auditory stimuli. Although the pair of stimuli were identical throughout the experiment, different blocks of the task required participants to respond to either the temporal order (which sound came first) or spatial location (which sound was farther from midline) of the stimuli. Participants were instructed which feature to attend to at the onset of each block, allowing for comparisons of activation due to auditory spatial attention and auditory non- spatial attention to the same set of stimuli. The comparison of the spatial location task to the temporal order task showed greater activation in areas previously found to be associated with attention in the visual domain, including the bilateral temporal parietal junction, bilateral superior frontal areas near FEF, bilateral intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral occipital temporal junction, suggesting an attentional network that operates supra- modally across vision and audition.
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Median sagittal section through the occipital bone and first three cervical vertebræ, showing ligamentous attachments The posterior arch forms about two-fifths of the circumference of the ring: it ends behind in the posterior tubercle, which is the rudiment of a spinous process and gives origin to the Recti capitis posteriores minores and the ligamentum nuchae. The diminutive size of this process prevents any interference with the movements between the atlas and the skull. The posterior part of the arch presents above and behind a rounded edge for the attachment of the posterior atlantooccipital membrane, while immediately behind each superior articular process is the superior vertebral notch (sulcus arteriae vertebralis). This is a groove that is sometimes converted into a foramen by ossification of the posterior atlantooccipital membrane to create a delicate bony spiculum which arches backward from the posterior end of the superior articular process.
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Due to dysfunction in this system such things as cognitive functioning and attention capacity are impeded, resulting in a poor ability to decode or encode information and form memories. It has also been discovered that lower levels of oxygen reaching the developing fetus may, in fact, decrease the amount of grey matter produced within its brain and increase the amount of sulcal (referring to a sulcus: a fissure within the surface of the brain) cerebrospinal fluid (CSF); importantly in the frontal lobe and temporal lobe, which are critical memory centers. The later point regarding sulcal CSF has been linked to schizophrenia (a mental disorder affecting thought processes). Grey matter is a large component of the CNS and is related to: muscle control, sensory perceptions, memory, emotions and speech; please follow this link for more information regarding the different brain structures and their effects on human function.
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While no other member of the Gymnodinium genus had ever been found to have a twisted sulcus, T. teredo had a 0.5 turn marked torsion at the anterior end; similarly, while the anterior flagellar pore in Gymnodinium may be located somewhat posteriorly in some species, it never crosses the midline and certainly never exists as close to the antapex as it does in what is now known to be T. teredo. From this, Torodinium teredo was established as the type species for the new genus Torodinium. Since its original establishment in 1921, there have been no new species added to the Torodinium genus, though changes in knowledge have certainly occurred in regard to the identification and functionality of various anatomical and morphological features, described in more detail later. Research regarding this is lacking largely due to the extremely delicate nature of the athecate genus and subsequent difficulty observing them with microscopy.
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It was observed that when responding to personal dilemmas, the subjects displayed increased activity in regions of the brain associated with emotion (the medial Prefrontal cortex, the posterior Cingulate cortex/Precuneus, the posterior Superior temporal sulcus/Inferior parietal lobule and the Amygdala), while when they responded to impersonal dilemmas, they displayed increased activity in regions of the brain associated with working memory (the Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and the Parietal lobe). In recent work, Greene has stated that the Amygdala is primarily responsible for the emotional response, whilst the Ventromedial prefrontal cortex is responsible for weighing up the consequentialist response against the emotional response. Thus, three brain regions are primarily implicated in the making of moral judgements. This gives way to what Greene calls the Central Tension Principle: “ Characteristically deontological judgements are preferentially supported by automatic emotional responses, while characteristically consequentialist judgments are preferentially supported by conscious reasoning and allied processes of cognitive control”.
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The engraving by J. Voort Kamp published in 1641 that led to the lateral sulcus being named after Franciscus SylviusHe researched the structure of the brain and was credited as the discoverer of the cleft in the brain known as Sylvian fissure by Caspar Bartholin in his 1641 book Casp. Bartolini Institutiones Anatomicae In this book, it is noted that in the preface that "We can all measure the nobility of Sylvius’s brain and talent by the marvelous, new structure of the brain". And also, "In the new images of the brain, the engraver followed the design and scalpel of the most thorough Franciscus Sylvius, to whom we owe, in this part, everything that the brain has the most, or the most wonderful of". However Caspar Bartholin died in 1629 and Franciscus Sylvius only started medicine in 1632 and it has been argued that the words in this word describing the Sylvian fissure are either by his son Thomas Bartholin or indeed Franciscus Sylvius.
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An autapomorphy is a distinctive anatomical feature that is unique to a given organism or group. According to Nesbitt et al. (2009) Tawa can be distinguished based on the following features: the prootic bones meet on the ventral midline of the endocranial cavity, the anterior tympanic recess is greatly enlarged on the anterior surface of the basioccipital and extends onto the prootic and the parabasisphenoid, a deep recess is present on posterodorsal base of the paroccipital process, a sharp ridge extending dorsoventrally on the middle of the posterior face of the basal tuber, an incomplete ligamental sulcus is present on the posterior side of the femoral head, a semicircular muscle scar/excavation is present on the posterior face of femoral head, a small semicircular excavation on posterior margin of medial posterior condyle of proximal tibia, a "step" is present on the ventral surface of the astragalus, metatarsal I is similar in length to the other metatarsals.
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A fruitful conceptualization of mu waves in pediatric use is that mu wave suppression is a representation of activity going on in the world, and is detectable in the frontal and parietal networks. A resting oscillation becomes suppressed during the observation of sensory information such as sounds or sights, usually within the frontoparietal (motor) cortical region. The mu wave is detectable during infancy as early as four to six months, when the peak frequency the wave reaches can be as low as 5.4 Hz. There is a rapid increase in peak frequency in the first year of life, and by age two frequency typically reaches 7.5 Hz. The peak frequency of the mu wave increases with age until maturation into adulthood, when it reaches its final and stable frequency of 8–13 Hz. These varying frequencies are measured as activity around the central sulcus, within the Rolandic cortex. Mu waves are thought to be indicative of an infant’s developing ability to imitate.
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The fibers of the oculomotor nerve arise from a nucleus in the midbrain, which lies in the gray substance of the floor of the cerebral aqueduct and extends in front of the aqueduct for a short distance into the floor of the third ventricle. From this nucleus the fibers pass forward through the tegmentum, the red nucleus, and the medial part of the substantia nigra, forming a series of curves with a lateral convexity, and emerge from the oculomotor sulcus on the medial side of the cerebral peduncle. The nucleus of the oculomotor nerve does not consist of a continuous column of cells, but is broken up into a number of smaller nuclei, which are arranged in two groups, anterior and posterior. Those of the posterior group are six in number, five of which are symmetrical on the two sides of the middle line, while the sixth is centrally placed and is common to the nerves of both sides.
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In deaf signers, activation of the superior temporal sulcus is highly lateralized to the left side during facial recognition tasks, while this lateralization was not present in hearing, bimodal signers. Bilinguals also require an effective and fast neural control system to allow them to select and control their languages even while code switching rapidly. Evidence indicates that the left caudate nucleus—a centrally located brain feature that is near the thalamus and the basal ganglia—is an important part of this mechanism, as bilinguals tend to have significantly increased GMV and activation in this region as compared to monolinguals, especially during active code switching tasks. As implied by the significant preservation of gray matter in the hippocampi (an area of the brain largely associated with memory consolidation and higher cognitive function, such as decision-making) of bimodal bilinguals, areas of the brain that help control phonological working memory tend to also have higher activation in those individuals who are proficient in two or more languages.
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The ability to describe situations in which a social emotion will be experienced emerges at around age 7, and, by adolescence, the experience of social emotion permeates everyday social exchange. Studies using fMRI have found that different brain regions are involved in different age groups when performing social-cognitive and social- emotional tasks. While brain areas such as medial prefrontal cortex (MPFC), superior temporal sulcus (STS), temporal poles (TP) and precuneus bordering with posterior cingulate cortex are activated in both adults and adolescents when they reason about intentionality of others, the medial PFC is more activated in adolescents and the right STS more in adults. Similar age effects were found with younger participants, such that, when participants perform tasks that involve theory of mind, increase in age is correlated with an increase in activation in the dorsal part of the MPFC and a decrease in the activity in the ventral part of the MPFC were observed.
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If the upper part of either hemisphere is removed, at a level about 1.25 cm above the corpus callosum, the central white matter will be exposed as an oval-shaped area, the centrum semiovale, surrounded by a narrow convoluted margin of gray substance, and studded with numerous minute red dots (puncta vasculosa), produced by the escape of blood from divided blood vessels. If the remaining portions of the hemispheres be slightly drawn apart a broad band of white substance, the corpus callosum, will be observed, connecting them at the bottom of the longitudinal fissure; the margins of the hemispheres which overlap the corpus callosum are called the labia cerebri. Each labium is part of the cingulate gyrus already described; and the groove between it and the upper surface of the corpus callosum is termed the callosal sulcus. If the hemispheres are sliced off to a level with the upper surface of the corpus callosum, the white substance of that structure will be seen connecting the two hemispheres.
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The lateral surface presents a deep notch formed by the commencement of the peroneal sulcus. The posterior surface is smooth, triangular, and concavo-convex, for articulation with the anterior surface of the calcaneus (the calcaneocuboid joint); its infero-medial angle projects backward as a process which underlies and supports the anterior end of the calcaneus. The anterior surface, of smaller size, but also irregularly triangular, is divided by a vertical ridge into two facets, forming the fourth and fifth tarsometatarsal joints: the medial facet, quadrilateral in form, articulates with the fourth metatarsal; the lateral, larger and more triangular, articulates with the fifth. The medial surface is broad, irregularly quadrilateral, and presents at its middle and upper part a smooth oval facet, for articulation with the third cuneiform; and behind this (occasionally) a smaller facet, for articulation with the navicular bone; it is rough in the rest of its extent, for the attachment of strong interosseous ligaments.
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Several characteristics of the tibiotarsus allow Garganornis to be placed definitely in the order Anseriformes: the medial condyle is angled medially and bears a projection at its front end; and the canal of the extensor tendon is placed centrally over the intercondylar fossa. Features of the carpometacarpus allow for a more specific assignment to the family Anatidae: the extensor process is parallel to the trochlea carpalis and is not tilted towards the bottom; the pisiform process is wide and unpointed; and a small knob is present above the caudal carpal fovea. Garganornis peculiarly shares a number of characteristics in the tibiotarsus with another group of large anseriforms, the Gastornithidae. In particular, the intercondylar fossa is wide, the bottom opening of the extensor canal is circular (although it is placed more centrally relative to the condyles than in gastornithids), the extensor sulcus is relatively deep, and the pons supratendineus (a projection above the opening of the extensor canal) has a depression on its side.
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94 An anecdote in Plutarch where the astrologer Lucius Tarrutius of Firmum provides an argument based on a non-existent eclipse and other erroneous astronomical details that Rome was founded in 753 BC suggests that this had become the most commonly accepted date.Anthony Grafton and Noel Swerdlow, "Technical Chronology and Astrological History in Varro, Censorinus, and Others", Classical Quarterly, N.S. 35 (1985), p. 454-65 Through its use by the third-century writer Censorinus, whose De Die Natali was the ultimate influence of Joseph Justus Scaliger's work to establish a scientific basis of ancient chronology, it became familiar. Recent discoveries by Andrea Carandini on Rome's Palatine Hill have also yielded evidence of a series of fortification walls on the north slope that can be dated to the middle of the 8th century BC. According to the legend, Romulus plowed a furrow (sulcus) around the hill in order to mark the boundary of his new city.
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Although the text was written over 40 years ago, the topics covered in the text are quite similar to those that would be covered in a contemporary voice textbook, which shows how much further along the study of phoniatry was compared to other subdivisions of Speech Language Pathology at the time. For example, topics covered in this text included: speech acoustics, observational methods, treatment of laryngeal electromyography, physiology of respiration and voice production, genetic factors in voice, development of voice throughout the lifespan, professional voice, voice therapy; pathology of the larynx, nodules, asymmetries, genetic defects of voice and laryngeal web, sulcus glottides, voice related endocrine problems, the effects of peripheral nerve lesions, the sympathetic nervous system; laryngeal myopathy, central lesions of the nervous system, laryngeal trauma, cordectomy, joint disorders, alaryngeal voice, vasomotor effects on vocal fold function, functional dysphonias, contact ulcers, ventricular voice, and psychogenic voice disorders. Luchsinger founded one of the first scholarly journals devoted to the study of voice, called the Folia Phoniatrica. He also founded the Swiss Society for Phoniatrics, Logopedics, and Audiology.
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Comic History of Rome (1850) Remus jumping over the Walls Murus Romuli (Latin "Wall of Romulus") is the name given to a wall built to protect the Palatine Hill, the centermost of the Seven Hills of Rome, in one of the oldest parts of the city of Rome. Ancient tradition holds that this wall was built by Romulus. The Murus Romuli as remembered by ancient historians is described by Rodolfo Lanciani: > The text most frequently quoted in reference to the Murus Romuli is that of > Tacitus, according to which the furrow ploughed by the hero — the sulcus > primigenius — started from a point in the Forum Boarium, marked in later > times by the bronze Bull of Myron; and followed the valley between the > Palatine and the Aventine as far as the altar of Consus, the valley between > the Palatine and the Cælian as far as the Curiæ Veteres, the east slope of > the hill as far as the Sacellum Larum. The same historian says that the Ara > Maxima of Hercules was included within the furrow, and Dionysius states that > Vesta's temple was outside it.
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There may be a connection between the temporoparietal junction and how individuals with autism spectrum disorder's recognition of socially awkward situations may differ from neurotypicals’. Research reported in 2015 from an experiment in which participants, high-functioning adults with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and neurotypical (NT) controls, were asked to watch socially awkward situations (a complete episode of the sitcom The Office) under an fMRI, which measured their brain activity. Several brain regions implicated in social perceptual and cognitive processes were of interest: "the dorsal, middle and ventral parts of medial prefrontal cortex (DMPFC, MMPFC and VMPFC), right and left temporo-parietal junctions (RTPJ and LTPJ), right superior temporal sulcus (RSTS) and temporal pole, and posterior medial cortices [posterior cingulate, precuneus (PC)]." In general, participants’ activity in several of those brain regions tracked the episode's socially awkward moments to similar extents—the results were evidence of a of group difference : their activity near the RTPJ, spanning into the posterior end of the RSTS, showed notable quantitative differences between the ASD and NT groups (with ASD group showing lower activity).
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Fossils of Spheniscus muizoni The holotype material consists of a partial postcranial skeleton, subcomplete left and right coracoid, subcomplete right scapula, a subcomplete left and right humerus, the left complete ulna, proximal and distal end of the right femur, the complete right and proximal end of the left tibiotarsus, the proximal end of the left fibula, the right complete tarsometatarsus, the cranial portion of the sternum with articular sulcus for coracoid and fragment of the craniolateral process, two fragmentary thoracic vertebrae from the caudal region, seven caudal vertebrae and a fragmentary synsacrum.Göhlich, 2007, p.287 Paratype fossils of the species consist of isolated bones; a distal fragmentary half of left coracoid, the right subcomplete coracoid, a left complete ulna, left complete radius, right complete carpometacarpus, the distal end of a right femur, the cranial end of pygostyle and a rib fragment without ends. The body mass of the penguin species has been estimated to , making it smaller than the Magellanic penguin at and distinctly smaller than the Humboldt penguin, but larger than the Galapagos penguin, which has a body mass of .
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Rhynchonelloidella alemanica has small sized shells, subtrigonal to slightly subpentagonal in outline, with wide hinge line; inequivalve, almost plano-convex; dorsal valve markedly everted anteriorly, giving shell subcynocephalous to cynocephalus profile. Lateral commissures deflected ventrally at 15 to 30 degrees; anterior commissure highly uniplicate; linguiform extension high and narrow, top truncated. Beak short, pointed, substraight to suberect; foramen large, oval in shape, hypothyridid, with well developed rim; deltidial plates wide, disjunct to just conjunct; beak ridges angular, extending laterally; interareas well defined and slightly concave with fine growth lines. Ventral valve gently convex at posterior and flattened anteriorly; sulcus well developed, deep and narrow, with flat bottom, occurring at about posterior 1/3 of valve, abruptly separated from slopes and turning over towards dorsal valve sharply at frontal margin, resulting in high linguiform extension. Dorsal valve moderately convex at umbonal region, but less tumid than in Rhynchonelloidella smithi, norelliform stage feebly recognizable, sulcation short or even absent; fold eminent, narrow and well elevated over slopes with steep flanks, occurring at about posterior 1/3 to 1/2 of valve and making valve trilobate anteriorly.
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Eileanchelys is characterized by the following features: the presence of nasal; elongated postorbital skull; absence of flooring of the cavum acustico-jugulare; processus interfenestralis of the opisthotic more slender than that of more basal forms but more robust than that of crown-group turtles; separate openings of the canalis cavernosum and canalis stapedio-temporalis present within the cavum acustico-jugulare; a reduced thickness of the basicranium floor comparable with that of crown-group turtles; well-developed antrum postoticum; flat and horizontal vomer that is free of contacts for most of its length except at its extremities and along a short suture with the prefrontal; absence of processus trochlearis oticum; posteroventrally open incisura columellae auris; at least eight neurals (an additional plate between neural 8 and suprapygal 1 may be a ninth neural or a supernumerary suprapygal), two broad suprapygals, and eight costals present; absence of carapacial or plastral fontanelle in adult individuals; one short but broad cervical scute present; vertebral scutes wider than pleurals; vertebral 3–4 sulcus on neural 6; reduced cleithrum present; arrow-shaped entoplastron that does not separate the epiplastra anteriorly; one pair of mesoplastra that meet medially; one small pair of extragulars present; and anal scute that does not reach the hypoplastron.
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