Differs from C. bulbillosus in squamulose pileus and strigose bulb.
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It grows in southern California and on the eastern part of the Sierra Nevada range. It may grow with the areolas disconnected. The areolas may lift at the edges, but the areolas do not overlap like true squamules (sub-squamulose). More common in the Sierras is the similar species Acarospora thamnina, which is truly squamulose with overlapping scales.
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The spores are smooth. In temperate areas. Wide distribution. Mallocybe The cap is usually woolly-squamulose, the cap surface is conspicuously darkening with alkali.
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The pileus is radially rimose or rimulose, never squarrulose and rarely squamulose. The pleurocystidia are absent and the cheilocystida present. Spores smooth. Wide distribution.
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There are no known mechanisms for sexual reproduction, yet members of the genus continue to speciate. Some species can form marginal lobes and appear squamulose. It is in the family Stereocaulaceae.
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These growth form groups are not precisely defined. Foliose lichens may sometimes branch and appear to be fruticose. Fruticose lichens may have flattened branching parts and appear leafy. Squamulose lichens may appear where the edges lift up.
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The may grow as a warty crust (verrucose, a cracked crust rimose, or with the cracks separating island-like sections like in a dried lake (areolate – with the “islands” being called “areoles”).Acarospora, Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 3, Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001, The areolas may lift up at the edges (sub-squamulose), and these edges may overlap other areolas like scales (squamulose, with the areoles being called “squamules”). The areoles may grow in lobes radiating from a center (placodioid.
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Inosperma The sporomes of this subgenera usually has a distinct odor (fruity, honey-like, fishy). The pileus is radially rimose or can be squamulose to squarrose. The lamella has not pleurocystidia, but has cheilocystidia. Basidia necropigmented or not.
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Areoles can be angular to round, sometimes forming lobes. They can be contiguous or scattered. Color is variable - bleached white, green-yellow, and other hades of yellow. It has a lower surface when squamulose, but without a lower cortex.
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The cap is broad, and becomes deeply convex to flattened. The surface is dry, with a uniformly dark-brown disc. The disc can be either flattened or depressed, and is appressed fibrillose-squamulose. Towards the margin, it begins to diffuse.
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In squamulose lichens the part of the lichen thallus that is not attached to the substrate may also appear leafy. But these leafy parts lack a lower cortex, which distinguishes crustose and squamulose lichens from foliose lichens. Conversely, foliose lichens may appear flattened against the substrate like a crustose lichen, but most of the leaf-like lobes can be lifted up from the substrate because it is separated from it by a tightly packed lower cortex. Gelatinous, byssoid, and leprose lichens lack a cortex (are ecorticate), and generally have only undifferentiated tissue, similar to only having a symbiont layer.
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313, p. 326 In the field, it has a brownish, fibrillose/squamulose cap, which turns red when bruised. Agaricus arorae was first described from Santa Cruz County but since has been found in San Mateo and Alameda counties.Kerrigan, Richard W. (1985)Arora, p.
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Acarospora thamnina is a shiny, black tinged, variously brown squamulose crustose lichen.Acarospora thamninaLichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 3., Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001, It has a linear growth pattern, growing along cracks in boulders.
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When young, it is very similar to Accarospora contigua. But A. socialis has areolas that become lobed and squamulose. When appearing on soil, it may be mistaken for Acarospora schleicheri. But A. socialis has contiguous areoles while those of A. schlecheri can be imbricate.
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The thallus (body) is either areolate–meaning it is a cracked crust separated into segments (areoles)–or squamulose (containing scale-like lobes that are usually small and overlapping). Areoles have an irregular shape, and measure 0.5–3.5 mm in diameter and up to 2.25 mm thick. These areoles frequently form a short stipe and become squamulose. The color of the upper surface of the thallus ranges from yellow to greenish-yellow. The upper cortex is 40–125 μm thick and made of more or less globular cells arranged in several layers; the upper layers of cells contain yellow pigment, while the lower cell layers are hyaline (translucent).
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The lichen has a thallus that ranges from squamulose (covered with minute scales) to foliose (leafy) with lobes that are somewhat linear to linear at the margin. Farinose (mealy) soredia are present at the lobes along the margin. The lower surface of the thallus has brown to black rhizines.
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Members of Lepidostromatales closely resemble species of Multiclavula because these groups share a combination of clavarioid fruiting bodies and lichenized thalli. The first species described in the order was originally described in the genus Clavaria due to the clavarioid fungal fruiting body, and was later transferred to Multiclavula (Cantharellales) due to the lichenized thallus. The group was first recognized as distinct on account of the small squamules (scale-like structures) that make up the thallus, and the genus Lepidostroma was created as a result. With the addition of two more squamulose species discovered in tropical Africa, this separation was not accepted and Multiclavula was again emended to include species with squamulose thalli.
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Acarospora americana is a dark brown to black verriculous to areloate or squamulose crustose lichen with deeply immersed reddish to blackish-brown apothecia found in the Sierra Nevada and other southern California mountain ranges.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Lichen spot tests are all negative.
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Placidium is a genus of crustose to squamulose to almost foliose lichens. The genus is in the Verrucariaceae family. Most members grow on soil (are terricolous), but some grow on rock (saxicolous). The fruiting bodies are perithecia, flask-like structures immersed in the lichen body (thallus) with only the top opening visible, dotting the thallus.
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Norrlinia is a genus of fungi in the family Verrucariaceae. Most members of Verrucariales, as in other lichenized lineages, form typical thallus morphologies, including crustose, squamulose, foliose and rarely subfruticose thalli. Four species of Agonimia can form a monophyletic group together with Norrlinia. Finland has 223 species of Polypores, one of which is Norrlinia.
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On a lichen, the cortex is the "skin", or outer layer of thallus tissue that covers the undifferentiated cells of the medulla. Fruticose lichens have one cortex encircling the branches, even flattened, leaf-like forms; foliose lichens have different upper and lower cortices; crustose, placodioid and squamulose lichens have an upper cortex but no lower cortex; and leprose lichens lack any cortex.
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Cetradonia is a lichen and the only genus in the family Cetradoniaceae. A monotypic genus, Cetradonia contains the single species Cetradonia linearis (formerly known as Cladonia linearis and as Gymnoderma lineare). The genus was circumscribed in 2002. Cetradonia linearis, commonly known as the rock gnome lichen, is a squamulose lichen found in the higher elevations of the southern Appalachian Mountains.
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This is called being rimose or areolate, and the "island" pieces separated by the cracks are called areolas. The areolas appear separated, but are (or were) connected by an underlying "prothallus" or "hypothallus". When a crustose lichen grows from a center and appears to radiate out, it is called crustose placodioid. When the edges of the areolas lift up from the substrate, it is called squamulose.
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Acarospora veronensis is a medium brown to dark brown or black crustose lichen that grows up to wide.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Acarospora veronensis, Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 3., Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001, It is extremely variable in its growth forms, being verruculose, rimose, areolate, or squamulose.
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Lepidostroma is a genus in the family Lepidostromataceae (the only family within the fungal order Lepidostromatales). The genus is distinguished from all other lichenized clavarioid fungi (Multiclavula (Cantharellales), Ertzia (Lepidostromatales), and Sulzbacheromyces (Lepidostromatales)) by having a distinctly squamulose thallus (similar to a 'Coriscium-type' thallus) with scattered to dense rounded to reniform squamules. Four species are known from the tropics of Africa and the Americas.
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Heppia is a genus of olive, brownish, gray, or blackish squamulose, crustose, or peltate lichens.Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 1, Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001, It is in the family Heppiaceae. It grows on rock or soil in arid sites around the world, in habitats similar to those favored by Peltula, which is similar but has a different cyanobacterium as the photobiont.
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Peltula obscurans (common rock-olive) is a dark olive to dark gray squamulose lichen that grows on rock and soil in arid habitats around the world. It may grow as a rosette of squamulous lobes, or with widely scattered lobes. A single black apothecium may be centered on the lobe. The apothecia disc turns reddish-brown when wet, which contrasts with the lobes that turn olive-green when wet.
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Acarospora obnubila ("cloudy cobblestone lichen") is a dull brown squamulose areolate crustose lichen that may grow up to 4 mm in diameter or with squamules scattered among other lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 3., Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001, They are common in Arizona, southern California, and Baja California.
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Lichen found on rocks on the Reserve include species from genera Fruticose, Squamulose, Foliose, and Crustose. Common species found on large rock outcroppings include common greenshield lichen, beaded rosette lichen, sunken disk lichen and rim lichen.Weber, Bratt and Larson, 1987 as noted by Tom Chester at tchester.org. Lichen are a symbiotic relationship between various species of fungus, which provide the structure, and algae, which provide the organism's nutrients.
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The tiny fruitbodies, measuring 1−2.3 cm by 0.8−1.1 cm, are black, dry, and consist of a lobed or club-shaped head and a minutely squamulose stipe. The spores are fusiform to subfusiform and measure (28−) 31−44 (−53) by (7−) 8−10 (−12) μm. At maturity they develop 2−3, or very rarely 1−4 septa. The paraphyses are highly polymorphic and often moniliform, hooked, branched, or contorted.
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Fruticose lichens have a single cortex wrapping all the way around the "stems" and "branches". The medulla is the lowest layer, and may form a cottony white inner core for the branchlike thallus, or it may be hollow. Crustose and squamulose lichens lack a lower cortex, and the medulla is in direct contact with the substrate that the lichen grows on. In crustose areolate lichens, the edges of the areolas peel up from the substrate and appear leafy.
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The majority of species contain just a cyanobacterium, a smaller number have both a cyanobacterium and a green alga while only a few species have just a green alga. The thallus of the lichen may be foliose (leafy), subfruticose (somewhat shrubby) or granular-squamulose (scaly). The thallus attaches to a surface by means of small root-like rhizines. In some species, the thallus may vary in appearance depending on whether it contains a cyanobacterium or a green alga.
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Lichen Glossary, Australian National Botanic Garden, The appearance is similar to the island-like pieces of dried-cracked mud in a dry lakebed. The areaolae "islands" are connected by an underlying prothallus to make a single lichen organism. The prothallus is often dark and not noticeable, whereby the different aereolae appear to be disconnected. Sometimes the aereolae curl up at the edges and continue growing at the edges so that they overlap, which is called being squamulose.
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Peltula is a genus of small dark brown to olive or dark gray squamulose lichens that can be saxicolous (grow on rock)) or terricolous (grow on soil). Members of the genus are commonly called rock-olive lichens.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, They are cyanolichens, with the cyanobacterium photobiont being from the genus Anacystis. They are umbillicate with flat to erect squamule lobes that attach from a central holdfast or cluster of rhizenes.
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The floccose stipe and annulus of A. subrufescens Initially, the cap is hemispherical, later becoming convex, with a diameter of . The cap surface is covered with silk-like fibers, although in maturity it develops small scales (squamulose). The color of the cap may range from white to grayish or dull reddish brown; the cap margin typically splits with age. The flesh of A. subrufescens is white, and has the taste of "green nuts", with the odor of almonds.
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The thallus may or may not have a protective "skin" of densely packed fungal filaments, often containing a second fungal species, which is called a cortex. Fruticose lichens have one cortex layer wrapping around the "branches". Foliose lichens have an upper cortex on the top side of the "leaf", and a separate lower cortex on the bottom side. Crustose and squamulose lichens have only an upper cortex, with the "inside" of the lichen in direct contact with the surface they grow on (the substrate).
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The cap cuticle may be separated from the cap by peeling, to almost the center. The gills are crowded close together, free from attachment to the stem, and white with a creamy yellow tinge. The edges of the gills are floccose, meaning they have tufts of soft wooly hairs—another volval remnant. The stem of a mature individual is typically between long and wide, and spreads at the base into a bulb ornamented with 2–4 rings of small squamulose, lemon or ochre-yellow warts.
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Almost half of the described lichens are represented by the family Graphidaceae. In 2003 during a lichen survey in the Kandy municipal region, about 80 lichen species belonging to 18 families and 32 genera were recorded by Nayanakantha and Gajameragedara. Of them 33 (66%) were crustose lichens, 11 (22%) foliose, 4 (8%) placcodioid and the remaining 4% were fruticose and squamulose lichens. In 2013, Weerakoon discovered 51 new varieties of Lichens endemic to Sri Lanka, where 8 of them were found from the Knuckles Mountain Range.
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Acarospora schleicheri, the soil paint lichen, is a bleached to bright yellow areolate to squamulose lichen that commonly grows to on soil (terricolous) in arid habitats of southern California and Baja California, also in Europe and Africa.Field Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, Acarospora schleicheri, Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region. Vol 3., Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) 2001, It produces rhizocarpic acid as a secondary metabolite, which gives it a yellow coloration and serves to protect it from the sun.
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The light green species Cladonia stellaris is used in flower decorations. Although the phylogeny of the genus Cladonia is still under investigation, two main morphological groups are commonly differentiated by taxonomists: the Cladonia morpho-type and the Cladina morpho-type. The Cladonia morpho-type has many more species, and is generally described as a group of squamulose (grow from squamules), cup-bearing lichens. The Cladina morpho-types are often referred to as forage lichens, mat-forming lichens, or reindeer lichens (due to their importance as caribou winter forage).
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The fruit bodies of Geoglossum species are usually club- shaped, with a surface that is dry to sticky or gelatinous (particular in wet weather), and brown to black. The hymenium (spore-bearing surface) is confined to the upper club-shaped part of the fruit body. Stipes are slender and cylindrical, with a surface texture ranging from smooth to squamulose (covered with tiny scales), or, in some instances, covered with tufts of tiny hairs. The asci are club-shaped, inoperculate (without a cap or lid), and usually contain eight ascospores.
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The surface, in young specimens especially, is frequently floccose (covered with tufts of soft hair), fibrillose (covered with small slender fibers), or squamulose (covered with small scales); there may be fine grooves along its length. The bulb at the base of the stipe is spherical or nearly so. The delicate ring on the upper part of the stipe is a remnant of the partial veil that extends from the cap margin to the stalk and covers the gills during development. It is white, thin, membranous, and hangs like a skirt.
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Even if the edges peel up from the substrate and appear flat and leaf-like, they lack a lower cortex, unlike foliose lichens. Filamentous, byssoid, leprose, gelatinous, and other lichens do not have a cortex, which is called being ecorticate. Schematic cross section of foliose lichen: a) The cortex is the outer layer of tightly woven fungus filaments (hyphae) b) This photobiont layer has photosynthesizing green algae c) Loosely packed hyphae in the medulla d) A tightly woven lower cortex e) Anchoring hyphae called rhizines where the fungus attaches to the substrate. Fruticose, foliose, crustose, and squamulose lichens generally have up to three different types of tissue, differentiated by having different densities of fungal filaments.
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The cap is quite thinly fleshy, in diameter, initially quite spherical, later bluntly convex to bell-shaped, usually with an umbo, and often irregular and bent or wavy towards the margin. The margin is initially curved inward, then straight, sometimes at the margin itself slightly flexuosely rugose or even briefly fimbriate. The cap surface is dry and opaque, fibrillosely squamulose, tomentose, at first vivid yellow ochre to yellow or copper olivaceous, later glabrescent or quite glabrous and when mature brownish olive or light olive, often with a saffron tint at the margin, and with numerous fibrils from the universal veil when young; later the margin is mostly concolorous. The gills are crowded closely together and have an emarginate attachment to the stem.
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Close-up view Acarospora socialis (bright cobblestone lichen) is a usually bright yellow aereolate to squamulose crustose lichen in the Acarosporaceae family that grows up to 10 cm wide, mostly on rock in western North America.Lichen Flora of the Greater Sonoran Desert Region, Vol 3, (2001), Nash, T.H., Ryan, B.D., Gries, C., Bugartz, F., (eds.) It is among the most common lichens in the deserts of Arizona and southern California.Joshua Tree Lichens Photo Gallery, National Park ServiceField Guide to California Lichens, Stephen Sharnoff, Yale University Press, 2014, It grows on sandstone, intrusive and extrusive igneous rock such as granitics, in all kinds of exposures to sunlight, including vertical rock walls. It is found in North America, including areas of the Mojave Desert and Sonoran Desert region, to Baja California Sur.
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Coloration is usually determined by the photosynthetic component. Common groupings of lichen thallus growth forms include: # fruticose – growing like a tuft or multiple-branched leafless mini- shrub, upright or hanging down, 3-dimensional branches with nearly round cross section (terete) or flattened # foliose – growing in two-dimensional, flat, leaf-like lobes # crustose – crust-like, adhering tightly to a surface (substrate) like a thick coat of paint # squamulose – formed of small leaf- like scales crustose below but free at the tips # leprose – powdery # gelatinous – jelly-like # filamentous – stringy or like matted hair # byssoid – wispy, like teased wool # structureless Sri Lanka is an island, which serves a great diversity vegetation which includes many endemic flora and fauna. George Henry Kendrick Thwaites was the first person to collect lichens in Sri Lanka, in 1868. In 1870, W.A. Leighton examined Thwaites' collection and determined 199 species. In 1900, Almquist's collections in 1879 formed the basis of "Nylander's Lichenes Ceylonenses".
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Thallus growth forms typically correspond to a few basic internal structure types. Common names for lichens often come from a growth form or color that is typical of a lichen genus. Common groupings of lichen thallus growth forms are: # fruticose – growing like a tuft or multiple-branched leafless mini-shrub, upright or hanging down, 3-dimensional branches with nearly round cross section (terete) or flattened # foliose – growing in 2-dimensional, flat, leaf-like lobes # crustose – crust-like, adhering tightly to a surface (substrate) like a thick coat of paint # squamulose – formed of small leaf-like scales crustose below but free at the tips # leprose – powdery # gelatinous – jelly-like # filamentous – stringy or like matted hair # byssoid – wispy, like teased wool # structureless There are variations in growth types in a single lichen species, grey areas between the growth type descriptions, and overlapping between growth types, so some authors might describe lichens using different growth type descriptions. When a crustose lichen gets old, the center may start to crack up like old-dried paint, old- broken asphalt paving, or like the polygonal "islands" of cracked-up mud in a dried lakebed.
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