Gasteromycetes, I. Lycoperdales, Nidulariales, Phallales, Sclerodermatales, Tulostomatales. J. Cramer: Berlin, Germany. 271 p. There are furfuraceous scales or low warts on the endoperidium, which consists of a thin, membranous, ochre-brown to medium-brown layer, opening via a ragged apical pore.
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Chemical analysis has shown that Polytolypa hystricis contains a unique triterpenoid chemical named polytolypin, as well two compounds known previously as metabolites from Scleroderris Canker (Gremmeniella abietina). Both polytolypin and one of the previously identified compounds have "moderate" antifungal activity against the species Ascobolus furfuraceous, while polytopin alone can inhibit the growth of Candida albicans.
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Boletus gansuensis is a species of bolete fungus in the family Boletaceae. Found in China, where it grows in association with Himalayan birch (Betula utilis), it was described as new to science in 2003. The fruitbodies of the fungus have red caps, pinkish-red pores on the cap underside, and a somewhat furfuraceous stipe (i.e., covered in scaly, branlike particles).
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Young fruit body before the outer peridium has sloughed off B. pila has an egg- shaped to roughly spherical fruit body measuring up to in diameter. The thin (0.25 millimeter) outer tissue layer (exoperidium) is white to slightly pink. Its surface texture, initially appearing as if covered with minute flakes of bran (furfuraceous), becomes marked with irregular, crooked lines (rivulose). The exoperidium flakes off in maturity to reveal a thin, inner peridium (endoperidium).
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The cap is in diameter, and brownish in color. The cap surface is moist, somewhat sticky, with conspicuous striations (grooves) at the margin. The gills have an adnate attachment to the stipe, are whitish in color, changing to buff in maturity, sometimes with a tinge of pink in older specimens. The whitish stipe is by thick, covered with small particles (furfuraceous) or small hairs (tomentose); the stipe bruises to a gray-tan color.
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Members of the Sclerodermatineae have fruit body shapes ranging from boletoid (with a cap, stipe, and tubes on the underside of the cap) to gasteroid. Boletoid fruit bodies sometimes have hollow stipes with a surface that is smooth to somewhat furfuraceous (covered with flaky particles), and lack the reticulation (a net- like pattern of interlacing lines) characteristic of some members of the Boletaceae. The pores are merulioid (wrinkled with low, uneven ridges), boletinoid, and either fine or coarse. The flesh is usually whitish to yellowish, and some species exhibit a blue staining reaction upon injury.
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Similar antifungal effects were noted with all Appenolides against the coprophilous fungi Sordaria fimicola and Ascobolus furfuraceous. Furthermore, Appenolides B and C exhibited additional antibacterial properties in disc assays against Bacillus subtilis. Zones of inhibition of 8 millimeters were noted at concentrations of 150 micrograms per disk. The exact mechanisms of bacterial inhibition for Appenolides B and C remain unknown, but other 2(5H)-furanones appear to interfere with bacterial growth by blocking the activity of N-Acyl homoserine lactones and autoinducer 2 (AI-2), signalling molecules that help mediate quorum sensing.
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The variety albidocitrina, defined by Claude Casimir Gillet in 1876, is no longer considered to have independent taxonomic significance. According to Rolf Singer's 1986 classification of Russula, R. virescens is the type species of subsection Virescentinae in section Rigidae, a grouping of mushrooms characterized by a cap surface that breaks into patches of bran-like (furfuraceous) particles. In a molecular phylogenetic analysis of European Russula, R. virescens formed a clade with R. mustelina; these two species were sister to a clade containing R. amoenicolor and R. violeipes. The specific epithet virescens is Latin for "becoming green".
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Anamika is a genus of fungi in the family Hymenogastraceae. Anamika was formerly placed in the family Cortinariaceae, but a molecular phylogenetics study found it to be closely related to Hebeloma, which is in the family Hymenogastraceae. Species of Anamika have small basidiocarps with non- hygrophanous caps that are smooth, glabrous and slightly sticky when moist; a pileus margin that is incurved and entire when young and becomes decurved and fissile with age; and a pale brown context. Their lamellae are adnate; their stipes are central, terete, equal or enlarged towards both ends, slightly furfuraceous with a cortina when young, which often leaves inconspicuous annular remnants.
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In "Mongolism" Brousseau argues that a precursor of the Mongolian idiocy was to be found in the "furfuraceous cretin" described by Édouard Séguin in Idiocy and its Treatment by the Physiological Method (1866). The term Mongolism was replaced by the term Down Syndrome only later, in 1961, after Clemens Ernst Benda signed a petition on The Lancet journal. Brousseau was treasurer and director of the Southern California Society of Mental Hygiene. Brousseau was a member of American Association for the Advancement of Science, American Association of University Professors, American Association of University Women, Women's Overseas Service League, Lique d'Hygiene Mental of Paris, American Psychological Association, Southern California Academy of Criminology, Ecole d'Antropologie-Paris.
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