The similarity in crystal form of gamma- with sphalerite (zinc blende), ZnS is believed to explain the enrichment of gallium in sphalerite ores.
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AD.25 (IUPAC: trimanganese(II) dialuminium tri(tetraoxysilicate)) #Sphaerobertrandite (IMA2003 s.p., 1957 Rd) 9.AE.50 [no] (IUPAC: triberyllium tetraoxosilicate dihydroxyl) #Sphaerobismoite (IMA1993-009) 4.CB.65 (IUPAC: dibismuth trioxide) #Sphalerite (sphalerite: IMA1980 s.p.
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Sphalerite Submetallic minerals have similar lustre to metal, but are duller and less reflective. A submetallic lustre often occurs in near-opaque minerals with very high refractive indices, such as sphalerite, cinnabar, anthracite, and cuprite.
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Related minerals include ewaldite, mckelveyite, synchysite, calcite, sphalerite, microcline, and analcime.
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Pabstite can also be found associated with galena, cassiterite and sphalerite.
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It is often associated with the minerals sphalerite, calcite and fluorite.
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Sphalerite is the most important ore of zinc. Around 95% of all primary zinc is extracted from sphaleritic ores. However, due to its variable trace element content, sphalerite is also an important source of several other elements, such as cadmium,, gallium germanium, and indium.
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Miners have also been known to refer to sphalerite as zinc blende, black-jack and ruby jack.
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The crystal structure of sphalerite The mineral crystallizes in the cubic crystal system. Like other minerals with a cubic crystal structure, sphalerite may show a tetrahedral crystal habit. In the crystal structure, zinc and sulfur atoms are tetrahedrally coordinated. The structure is closely related to the structure of diamond.
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The pale yellow and red varieties have very little iron and are translucent. The darker, more opaque varieties contain more iron. Some specimens are also fluorescent in ultraviolet light. Bands of sphalerite The refractive index of sphalerite (as measured via sodium light, average wavelength 589.3 nm) is 2.37.
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It occurs with cylindrite, teallite, plagionite, zinkenite, cassiterite, wurtzite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, arsenopyrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite, siderite and stannite.
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Associated minerals include sylvanite, hessite, altaite, petzite, empressite, native tellurium, native gold, galena, sphalerite, colusite, tennantite and pyrite.
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The ores were deposited in two stages, each with a characteristic paragenesis: a higher temperature stage with galena and quartz and a lower temperature stage with baryte and marcasite. These minerals are accompanied by sphalerite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. The ore therefore belongs to the mineralisation type sphalerite-pyrite-galena-chalcopyrite.
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Goslarite is formed from the oxidation of sphalerite ((Zn, Fe)S). It was first found in Rammelsberg mine, Goslar, Harz, Germany. It often occurs as an efflorescence on timbers and walls of mine passages. Goslarite is widespread as a post mining efflorescence in mines that contain sphalerite or any zinc minerals.
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Greenockite belongs to the wurtzite group and is isostructural with it at high temperatures. It is also isostructural with sphalerite at low temperatures. It occurs with other sulfide minerals such as sphalerite and galena, and is the only ore mineral of cadmium. Most cadmium is recovered as a byproduct of copper, zinc, and lead mining.
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These elements are concentrated as impurities in the zinc mineral sphalerite. The elements are more abundant in sphalerite from ore deposits with lower formation temperatures, such as Mississippi Valley-type deposits. The Middle and East Tennessee zinc mines are Mississippi Valley-type. Cadmium recovered in zinc smelting is the only commercial source of cadmium.
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Sphalerite, the more common polymorph of zinc sulfide Wurtzite, the less common polymorph of zinc sulfide ZnS exists in two main crystalline forms, and this dualism is often a salient example of polymorphism. In each form, the coordination geometry at Zn and S is tetrahedral. The more stable cubic form is known also as zinc blende or sphalerite. The hexagonal form is known as the mineral wurtzite, although it also can be produced synthetically.. The transition from the sphalerite form to the wurtzite form occurs at around 1020 °C.
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The matrix here is chiefly quartz, with some calcite; and a considerable quantity of sphalerite is said to occur along with the lead.
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Three crystalline forms of CdSe are known which follow the structures of: wurtzite (hexagonal), sphalerite (cubic) and rock-salt (cubic). The sphalerite CdSe structure is unstable and converts to the wurtzite form upon moderate heating. The transition starts at about 130 °C, and at 700 °C it completes within a day. The rock-salt structure is only observed under high pressure.
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Royero & Clavijo, 2001, p.60 Near Guavatá, the formation hosts sphalerite and malachite and near Otanche, pyrite and galena are found in the formation.
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The matrix of the lode consists of quartz and baryte, in some places only of baryte. The lode contains as ore minerals the sulfides galena, sphalerite, marcasite and pyrite as well as the lead alteration mineral cerussite. Galena and sphalerite are silver-bearing. The silver concentration in galena varies between 112 and 400 grams per ton, exceptionally reaching values as high as 1708 g/t.
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Most VMS deposits show metal zonation, caused by the changing physical and chemical environments of the circulating hydrothermal fluid. Ideally, this forms a core of massive pyrite and chalcopyrite around the throat of the vent system, with a halo of chalcopyrite-sphalerite-pyrite grading into a distal sphalerite-galena and galena-manganese and finally a chert-manganese-hematite facies. Most VMS deposits show a vertical zonation of gold, with the cooler upper portions generally more enriched in gold and silver. The mineralogy of VMS massive sulfide consists of over 90% iron sulfide, mainly in the form of pyrite, with chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena also being major constituents.
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Minerals associated with nagyágite include: altaite, petzite, stutzite, sylvanite, tellurantimony, coloradoite, krennerite, native arsenic, native gold, proustite, rhodochrosite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, calaverite, tellurobismuthite, galena and pyrite.
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The ore minerals and materials found in the river basin are galena, gold, pyrite, scheelite, silver and sphalerite, and the primary commodities are tungsten, lead and zinc.
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Voronkovite comes form an ultra-alkaline pegmatite of Mt. Alluaiv, Lovozero massif, Kola Peninsula, Russia. It associates with aegirine, lomonosovite, manganoneptunite, microcline, nepheline, shkatulkalite, sodalite, terskite, sphalerite and vuonnemite.
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There are a few sulphides and oxide minerals that form within the ore that are a particular interest, the major one being sphalerite. Galena, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and marcasite commonly occur with the sphalerite along with some minor arsenopyrite and chalcopyrite. Gahnite and rutile are the most common oxide minerals that form within the ore, with rutile being the most abundant. Graphite is also a mineral that is commonly found within the ore and surrounding rock.
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Hemihedrite was first described in 1967 for occurrences in the Florence lead silver mine in the Ripsey District, Tortilla Mountains, Pinal County, Arizona, US. It was named for the hemihedral morphology of its crystals. It occurs in oxidized veins containing galena, sphalerite and pyrite. Associated secondary minerals include cerussite, phoenicochroite, vauquelinite, willemite, wulfenite, galena, sphalerite, pyrite, tennantite and chalcopyrite. It has been reported from several mining districts in Arizona and one in Nevada.
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Sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S) is the second most important ore mineral, present in at least small amounts in most veins. The sphalerite is an important source of zinc throughout the ore belts. The third most abundant ore mineral is tetrahedrite (Cu,Fe)12Sb4S13. However, the tetrahedrite is responsible for the majority of the silver produced by the Silver Valley, as it’s the tetrahedrite interspersed in the galena of the district that makes it so argentiferous.
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Gordaite commonly occurs near minerals such as sphalerite, boleite and gypsum. The most recent finding occurred in the San Francisco mine in Chile where copper-zinc sulfide deposits were found.
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Coloradoite, a member of the coordination subclass of tellurides, is a covalent compound that is isostructural with sphalerite (ZnS).Povarennykh, A. S (1972). Crystal Chemical classification of minerals. Vol I, pp.
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Structure of Hawleyite Hawleyite is a rare sulfide mineral in the sphalerite group, dimorphous and easily confused with greenockite. Chemically, it is a cadmium sulfide, and occurs as a bright yellow coating on sphalerite or siderite in vugs, deposited by meteoric water. It was discovered in 1955 in the Hector-Calumet mine, Keno-Galena Hill area, Yukon Territory and named in honour of mineralogist James Edwin Hawley (1897–1965), a professor at Queen's University in Ontario, Canada.
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GD.10 #Metacalciouranoite (wolsendorfite: IMA1971-054) 4.GB.20 #Metacinnabar (sphalerite: 1870) 2.CB.05a (IUPAC: mercury sulfide) #Metadelrioite (IMA1967-006) 4.HG.40 (IUPAC: strontium calcium dihydro divanadate) #Metahaiweeite (IMA1962 s.p.
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It has annual capacity to handle 10 million tons of zinc ore. Conventional flotation methods are adopted to extract lead and zinc concentrates. Other products from the mine are sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and galena.
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Sphalerite crystal on Dolomite, Lengenbach. Photo and Coll. J. Rosell The Lengenbach Quarry (LGB) is noted among the mineralogical community for its unusual sulfosalt specimens. The mineralogy has been studied for nearly 200 years.
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Magnetite mineral specimen from the ZCA Mine No. 4, Balmat-Edwards Zinc District. Crystal is about 4 cm. wide. Gemmy sphalerite crystal from the Balmat-Edwards Zinc District. Size 2.75 x 1.75 x 1.5 cm.
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Dualite was found in peralkaline pegmatoid rock at Mt Alluaiv, Lovozero massif, Kola Peninsula Russia. It associates with aegirine, alkaline amphibole, cancrinite, eudialyte, K-Na feldspar, lamprophyllite, lomonosovite, lovozerite, nepheline, sodalite, sphalerite, villiaumite, and vuonnemite.
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The sphalerite polymorph of rubidium chloride has not been observed experimentally. This is consistent with the theory; the lattice energy is predicted to be nearly 40.0 kJ/mol smaller in magnitude than those of the preceding structures.
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Coloradoite has a sphalerite structure also known as the "diamond" or "blende" structure; a face centered cubic array in which Hg2+ are in tetrahedral coordination with Te2−, with a stacking sequence of ABCABC.Klein, C., Dutrow, B. (2007) The 23rd Edition of the Manual of Mineral Science (After JD Dana). Wiley, Hoboken The tetrahedral in the sphalerite group a joined together through their apices and rotated through 60̊ with respect to each other.Stanton, R. L. (1972), Ore petrology: New York, McGraw-Hill Figure 1 shows the atomic structure of coloradoite.
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Ore minerals in carbonate replacement deposits are typically lead sulfide, galena, and zinc sulfide sphalerite. Weathered equivalents form anglesite, cerussite, smithsonite, hydrozincite and secondary galena and sphalerite within the supergene zone. MVT and Irish type deposits are commonly associated with a 'dolomite front' alteration, which manifests as a yellow-cream wash of dolomite (calcium- magnesium carbonate) within calcite-aragonite assemblages of unaltered carbonate formations. Most ore bodies are quite sulfidic, and most are very low-iron, with pyrite-marcasite contents typically below 30% of the mass of sulfides.
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Goethite enriched with gold and silver is found in the 30 m thick oxide cap. Below that cap is a supergene zone containing pyrite, chalcopyrite, and sphalerite. Below the supergene zone is found the unaltered massive sulphide mineralization.
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The dolomite deposit of LGB is located in the Binn Valley, a small valley in the southwest of Switzerland in the Swiss canton of Valais. To its south lies Italy. Sphalerite crystal on Dolomite, Lengenbach. Photo and Coll.
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Falsterite was found in Palermo No. 1 pegmatite, North Groton, Grafton County, New Hampshire, US. Co-type locality is pegmatite at Estes quarry, Baldwin, Cumberland County, Maine, US. Falsterite is a product of alteration of triphylite and sphalerite.
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AG.25 [no] #Miersite (sphalerite: 1898) 3.AA.05 #Miessiite (isomertieite: IMA2006-013) 2.AC.15a [no] (IUPAC: undecapalladium ditelluride disulfide) #Miguelromeroite (hureaulite: IMA2008-066) 8.CB.10 [no] [no] (IUPAC: pentamanganese diarsenate dihydroxoarsenate tetrahydrate) #Miharaite (IMA1976-012) 2.
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This structure is like hexagonal diamond (lonsdaleite) where every carbon atom occupies a tetrahedral site (however wurtzite differs from sphalerite and diamond in the relative orientation of tetrahedra). Thallium(I) nitride, Tl3N is known, but thallium(III) nitride, TlN, is not.
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Semseyite forms in hydrothermal solutions at temperatures between 300 and 350 °C.Andreas Kamrath: “Geology and mineralogy of ore stores Herja” It occurs in association with bournonite, jamesonite, sphalerite, zinkenite, sorbyite, guettardite, jordanite, diaphorite, galena, pyrite, chalcopyrite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite and siderite.
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Primary ores included argentiferous galena, sphalerite, and tetrahedrite-tennantite with pyrite and quartz gangue. The Ontario mine reopened as a tourist attraction in 1995.A Look Back: Ontario Silver Mine in Park City. The Salt Lake Tribune, July 17, 2015.
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The main silver-bearing mineral is acanthite and native gold is associated with hydrothermal hematite. The base metal minerals galena, sphalerite and minor chalcopyrite increase with depth. Associated with the mineralized structures are hydrothermal alteration zones, including kaolinitization, silicification, and pyritization.
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The Sala ore is mainly known for its high silver content though the ore also contained economic amounts of lead and zinc. The zinc was hosted by the mineral sphalerite while lead was hosted by the mineral galena. Silver occurred as a native phase rarely but was mainly hosted by complex antimonides and sulphosalts, dispersed in the matrices of galena and sphalerite, invisible to the naked eye but visible in microscope. The silver content in typical galena-dominated Sala ore was about 0.15% to 1%, the latter being one of the highest contents of silver in galena ever reported.
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It was first described in 1980 for an occurrence as thin coatings or platelets replacing sphalerite in the type locality in De Kalb Township, Saint Lawrence County, New York. It also occurs in a magnetite–chromite a serpentinite-hosted deposit in Eretria, Greece. It occurs associated with spionkopite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, malachite, azurite, brochantite, chrysocolla, cervantite, stibiconite, hemimorphite and calcite in the type locality; and with spionkopite, chalcopyrite, cobaltian pentlandite, magnetite, chromite, andradite, chlorite, diopside in the Eretria deposit. It has also been reported from a variety of locations worldwide, including the Logatchev-1 hydrothermal field along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge complex.
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Bursaite commonly occurs alongside other sulfosalts, such as sphalerite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, bismuth and scheelite. It is usually formed in areas that were once volcanogenic, because of the general nature of sulfosalts and because bursaite is generally aggregated with other minerals under intense heat.
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The Shimokawa Copper Mine, Shimokawa, Hokkaido, Japan is polymetal mine particularly rich in copper. Its main ore minerals were chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite and sphalerite. The ore body was formed at diabase intrusion into the sedimentary slate layer.The Exploration of the Shimokawa Mine.
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Sphalerite crystallizes in the isometric crystal system and possesses perfect dodecahedral cleavage. Gemmy, pale specimens from Franklin, New Jersey (see Franklin Furnace), are highly fluorescent orange and/or blue under longwave ultraviolet light and are known as cleiophane, an almost pure ZnS variety.
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Zinc telluride is a binary chemical compound with the formula ZnTe. This solid is a semiconductor material with a direct band gap of 2.26 eV. It is usually a p-type semiconductor. Its crystal structure is cubic, like that for sphalerite and diamond.
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Mercury selenide (HgSe) is a chemical compound of mercury and selenium. It is a grey-black crystalline solid semi-metal with a sphalerite structure. The lattice constant is 0.608 nm. Mercury selenide can also refer to the following chemical compounds: HgSe2 and HgSe8.
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The most common zinc concentrate processed is zinc sulfide,. which is obtained by concentrating sphalerite using the froth flotation method. Secondary (recycled) zinc material, such as zinc oxide, is also processed with the zinc sulfide.. Approximately 30% of all zinc produced is from recycled sources..
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The Galmoy ore bodies are breccia-hosted, generally stratabound lenses of predominantly massive sulphides consisting of sphalerite, argentiferous galena and pyrite/marcasite in varying combinations. Hosted in Lower Carboniferous rocks, they occur at the junction of an argillaceous bioclastic limestone beneath dolomitised Waulsortian limestone.
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Junitoite is transparent to translucent and is colorless, milk-white, or colored due to alteration. Crystals grow up to and have high quality faces. Junitoite occurs in fractures through pods of sphalerite. It formed by retrograde metamorphism and oxidation of tactite, also resulting in kinoite.
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Heavy liquids such as tetrabromoethane can be used to separate ores from supporting rocks by preferential flotation. The rocks are crushed, and while sand, limestone, dolomite, and other types of rock material will float on TBE, ores such as sphalerite, galena and pyrite will sink.
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Hübnerite is a rare member of the wolframite group. Hübnerite is usually found within pegmatites and high-temperature quartz veins. Hübnerite does not occur on its own, but is typically associated with other minerals such as cassiterite, scheelite, quartz, galena, arsenopyrite, native bismuth, pyrite, and sphalerite.
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Segnitite is commonly found alongside many well known minerals including anglesite, galena, jamesonite, linarite, arsenopyrite, cerussite, covellite, cuprite, sphalerite, sulfur, beudantite, cassiterite, pyrite, smithsonite, carminite and plumbojarosite. Many of these minerals are important ore minerals. Segnitite poses some importance when considering the overall composition of surrounding rock.
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Cadmium metal Cadmium makes up about 0.1 ppm of Earth's crust. It is much rarer than zinc, which makes up about 65 ppm. No significant deposits of cadmium- containing ores are known. The only cadmium mineral of importance, greenockite (CdS), is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS).
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Gunningite is rare. It is found in dry areas of the oxidized portions of sphalerite-bearing deposits. It has been noted in mines in Canada (Yukon Territory, British Columbia and New Brunswick), the United States (Nevada and Arizona), Switzerland (Valais), Greece, Attica and Germany (Baden- Württemberg).
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Willemite is usually formed as an alteration of previously existing sphalerite ore bodies, and is usually associated with limestone. It is also found in marble and may be the result of a metamorphism of earlier hemimorphite or smithsonite.Klein, Cornelis (2007). The Manual of Mineral Science, p.484.
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Ore minerals include galena, sphalerite, and native silver. Early production was almost all silver, but after 1900, lead and zinc became economically important. Major mining operations continued until 1952. Total production was 101 million troy ounces of silver, 294 tons of lead, and 11,000 tons of zinc.
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Minerals present include galena, sphalerite, marcasite, pyrite, dolomite, calcite, sulphur and bitumen. The sulfide minerals were probably deposited by hydrothermal fluids that rose along an underlying shear zone.Krebs, W. and Macqueen, R. 1984. Sequence of diagenetic and mineralization events, Pine Point lead-zinc property, Northwest Territories, Canada.
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The porphyry copper deposit is made up mainly of fine disseminations, nests and veinlets (0.02÷3 cm) of pyrite, chalcopyrite, and magnetite; gold included in the chalcopyrite and pyrite, and secondary minerals: bornite, covellite, chalcocite, sphalerite, galena, molybdenite, germanite, malachite, azurite and is developed in microdioritic rocks.
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Manganokhomyakovite, khomyakovite, johnsenite-(Ce) and oneillite are four eudialyte-group minerals discovered in alkaline rocks of Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada. Association of manganokhomyakovite is rich and includes: aegirine, albite, analcime, annite, kupletskite, microcline, natrolite, sodalite, titanite, wöhlerite, zircon, cerussite, galena, molybdenite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, and sphalerite.
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The diatremes flare upward, and are filled with brecciated country rock and intrusions. The rock surrounding the diatremes contain disseminated galena, sphalerite and sulfosalts within phyllic (sericite–pyrite–quartz) and proplytic (chlorite–epidote–pyrite) hydrothermal alteration envelopes. Where the diatremes intersect limestone units manto deposits of ore mineralization occur.
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Striations can also be caused by underwater landslides. Striations can also be a growth pattern or mineral habit that looks like a set of hairline grooves, seen on crystal faces of certain minerals. Examples of minerals that can show growth striations include pyrite, feldspar, quartz, tourmaline, chalcocite and sphalerite.
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The central part of the lode consists of a quartz matrix enriched more or less in baryte. The baryte can become very abundant so that it completely replaces the quartz. Abundant fractures cut through the quartz-baryte core. The sulfides galena, sphalerite and marcasite are enclosed within the quartz/baryte.
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Quartz, feldspar, calcite, dolomite and other minerals with low density will float in TBE, while minerals such as sphalerite, galena and pyrite will sink. A related compound, bromoform, is also sometimes used in these applications, however, TBE is more practical because of its wider liquid range and lower vapor pressure.
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Rutile on hematite, from Novo Horizonte, Bahia, Northeast Region, Brazil Hematite pseudomorph after magnetite, with terraced epitaxial faces. La Rioja, Argentina Minerals that have the same composition but different structures (polymorphic minerals) may also have epitaxic relations. Examples are pyrite and marcasite, both FeS2, and sphalerite and wurtzite, both ZnS.
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The keep is on the summit of a large carboniferous rock, which is the highest and most prominent point for miles around. This is now identified as a Waulsortian mudmound. The rock comprises light grey, unbedded, micritic limestone, heavily jointed with calcite veining. There is some galena and sphalerite mineralisation in the joints.
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Lorándite is a thallium arsenic sulfosalt with the chemical formula: TlAsS2. Though rare, it is the most common thallium-bearing mineral. Lorandite occurs in low-temperature hydrothermal associations and in gold and mercury ore deposits. Associated minerals include stibnite, realgar, orpiment, cinnabar, vrbaite, greigite, marcasite, pyrite, tetrahedrite, antimonian sphalerite, arsenic and barite.
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The Steel Mine is located just west of Ophir along the Uwharrie River. It was a lode gold mine. The rock in the vicinity is the argillaceous slate, but according to some it is silicified schist. At the Steel Mine ore consists of thin seams of free gold, galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and pyrite.
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The was an open-pit mine with major deposits of “black ore” (sphalerite and galena - a mixture of zinc, lead, gold, silver, and other precious metals), located in the Tōhoku region of northern Japan in the village of Hanaoka, Kitaakita District, Akita Prefecture. The area is now part of the city of Ōdate.
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The metallic ore minerals are mostly in sulphides, such as galena, sphalerite, enargite, and argentite. Gangue minerals include quartz, pyrite, rhodochrosite, and barite. The mineralogy changes with distance from the intrusive rock. Closest to the intrusion is the copper-gold zone; next is the lead-silver zone, then the zinc-manganese zone.
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Marcasite, Galena, Sphalerite ore specimen, Olkusz Mine. Size 20.8 x 12.2 x 1.2 cm. Olkusz County () is a unit of territorial administration and local government (powiat) in Lesser Poland Voivodeship, southern Poland. It came into being on January 1, 1999, as a result of the Polish local government reforms passed in 1998.
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The Sternberg Mine at Copper Flat produced 200 tons of copper ore between 1911 and 1934. By 1959, Bear Creek Mining Company had discovered a mineralized breccia pipe within the stock. Quintana Minerals Corporation started open-pit mining in 1980, averaging 0.45 per cent copper. Ore minerals include pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena.
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The Knox Group is a widespread geologic group in the Southeastern United States. Though not commonly fossiliferous, it preserves fossils dating back to the Cambrian period. Typical lithologies include thick-bedded cherty dolomites and limestones. Associated minerals include barite, fluorite, lead, and most importantly zinc in the form of the mineral sphalerite.
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FB.25 [no] (IUPAC: tripotassium vanadium tetrasulfide) #Colinowensite (IMA2012-060) 9.0 [no] [no] #Collinsite (fairfieldite: 1927) 8.CG.05 (IUPAC: dicalcium magnesium diphosphate dihydrate) #Coloradoite (sphalerite: 1878) 2.CB.05a (IUPAC: mercury telluride) #Colquiriite (IMA1980-015) 3.CB.20 (calcium lithium hexafluoroaluminate) #Columbite 4.DB.35 (IUPAC: metal diniobium hexaoxide) ##Columbite-(Fe) (columbite: IMA2007 s.p.
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Minerals in the silver-ore veins include polybasite, pyrargyrite, proustite, sphalerite, galena, and tennantite. Manganese occurs as replacement bodies of pyrolusite and rhodochrosite in limestone adjacent to the fracture zones. No mines are presently active in the district.E. N. Goddard (1940) Manganese deposits at Philipsburg, Granite County, Montana, US Geological Survey, Bulletin 922-G.
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Copper(I) fluoride or cuprous fluoride is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CuF. Its existence is uncertain. It was reported in 1933 to have a sphalerite-type crystal structure. Modern textbooks state that CuF is not known, since fluorine is so electronegative that it will always oxidise copper to its +2 oxidation state.
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Inside the church there are many artistic works from the Malcantone valley. The local economy was based on agriculture and emigration to other countries for jobs. Further up the valley, there are numerous terraces that support intensive cultivation of vineyards and grain. In 1857, sphalerite, barite and stibnite were discovered and mined for several decades.
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Chalcopyrite occupies later fractures which intersect massive arsenopyrite. Sparse quartz veins normally exist in or adjacent to the arsenopyrite-rich zones. Several northeast-trending deformation zones intersect pyroxenite of a mafic sill in northwest Strathy Township. Within these high-strain zones quartz veins normally contain chalcopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite with exsolved pentlandite and traces of sphalerite and galena.
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European bison in Hațeg nature reserve Gold and sphalerite on quartz, from Sacarîmb, Hunedoara County. Scale at bottom is one inch, with a rule at one cm. This county has a total area of 7,063 km². Mainly, the relief is made up of mountains, divided by the Mureș River valley which crosses the county from East to West.
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Donnayite crystals tend to be small and the color is commonly pale yellow to yellow with a white streak and a vitreous luster. Donnayite crystals usually display trigonal or hexagonal symmetry and have a hardness of 3. Twinning is extremely common in this mineral. Minerals closely related to donnayite include synchysite, calcite, sphalerite, microcline, and analcime.
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Moschellandsbergite is a rare isometric mineral made up of a silver-white amalgam of mercury and silver with the chemical makeup Ag2Hg3. It was first described in 1938 and named after Moschellandsberg Mountain near Obermoschel, Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It is considered a low-temperature hydrothermal mineral which occurs with metacinnabar, cinnabar, mercurian silver, tetrahedrite–tennantite, pyrite, sphalerite and chalcopyrite.
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Uchucchacuaite (AgMnPb3Sb5S12) is a rare sulfosalt mineral found in hydrothermal deposits. It was first described in 1984 for an occurrence in the Uchucchacua Mine, Oyon Province, Lima Department, Peru and named for the mine. It has also been reported from mines in Hokkaido, Japan. It occurs with alabandite, galena, benavidesite, sphalerite, pyrite, pyrrhotite and arsenopyrite in the Peru deposit.
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Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists. The primary ore minerals are pyrite, sphalerite, and galena, which are associated with dolomite, minor quartz, and calcite.Vandeginste, V., Swennen, R., Gleeson, S.A., Ellam, R.M., Osadetz, K. and Roure, F. 2007. Geochemical constraints on the origin of the Kicking Horse and Monarch Mississippi Valley-type lead-zinc deposits, southeast British Columbia, Canada.
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A Waulsortian mudmound is a geographical feature formed in warm tropical waters in the Viséan geological age, now transposed to the temperate regions in Europe. It is a type of bioconstruction, rich in fossils. The rock comprises light grey, unbedded, micritic limestone, heavily jointed with calcite veining. There is some galena and sphalerite mineralisation in the joints.
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The Stone Hill mine (also known as the Woods mine) was discovered in 1874, and worked 1874 to 1879, and 1896 to 1899. Production was hampered by poor transportation. The ore is massive and disseminated sulfides in hornblende schist of Precambrian or Paleozoic age. Principal ore minerals are chalcopyrite and sphalerite, which occur with pyrrhotite, pyrite, and quartz.
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Ruizite occurs in association with apophyllite, bornite, calcite, chalcopyrite, datolite, diopside, grossular, inesite, junitoite, kinoite, orientite, pectolite, quartz, smectite, sphalerite, vesuvianite, and wollastonite. Ruizite is found in veinlets or fracture surfaces of limestone metamorphosed into a calc- silicate assemblage. The mineral formed by retrograde metamorphism during cooling of a calc–silicate skarn assemblage in an oxidizing environment.
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In many ores of copper, zinc, lead, and molybdenum, the metals are in the form of sulfide minerals. These include the principal ore minerals of copper (chalcocite, chalcopyrite), zinc (sphalerite), lead (galena), and molybdenum (molybdenite). In addition, pyrite (an iron sulfide) is often present. Most sulfur is driven out of the solid phase in the roasting process.
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The company branched into other minerals after World War II. C&H; geologists drilled into a major lead-zinc ore body in Lafayette County in southern Wisconsin in 1947. Ore minerals were galena, sphalerite, calcite, and marcasite. The mine, named the Calumet & Hecla mine, opened in 1949. C&H; sold the mine to the Eagle-Picher Company in 1954.
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Sphalerite ((Zn, Fe)S) is a mineral that is the chief ore of zinc. It consists largely of zinc sulfide in crystalline form but almost always contains variable iron. When iron content is high it is an opaque black variety, marmatite. It is usually found in association with galena, pyrite, and other sulfides along with calcite, dolomite, and fluorite.
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These generally substitute for the zinc position in the lattice. The most common are Cd and Mn, but Gallium, Germanium and Indium may also be present in relatively high concentrations (hundreds to thousands of ppm). The abundances of these elements are controlled by the conditions under which the sphalerite formed, most importantly formation temperature and fluid composition.
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Gold- containing pyrite and chalcopyrite, bornite and enargite are the main gold containing minerals. Hydrothermal orthoclase and quartz as well as hydrothermal assemblages of anhydrite, biotite and magnetite are also found. An earlier argyllic (clay) cap over the deposit was eroded away. Alto de la Blenda has shown the presence of chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, sphalerite, tennantite-tetrahedrite.
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The town's silhouette is marked by the opposing rocks Ottenstein and Totenstein, which like the Schlossberg consist of Augen gneiss. Other stones include quartz (only some of it pure as rock crystal), biotite, muscovite and feldspar. The Schwarzenberg mining area is pervaded by ore veins of complex origin. Skarn deposits contain magnetite, iron pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and galena.
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Natural forms of zinc phosphate include minerals hopeite and parahopeite. A somewhat similar mineral is natural hydrous zinc phosphate called tarbuttite, Zn2(PO4)(OH). Both are known from oxidation zones of Zn ore beds and were formed through oxidation of sphalerite by the presence of phosphate-rich solutions. The anhydrous form has not yet been found naturally.
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Zinc is the 24th most abundant element in Earth's crust and has five stable isotopes. The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. The largest workable lodes are in Australia, Asia, and the United States. Zinc is refined by froth flotation of the ore, roasting, and final extraction using electricity (electrowinning).
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Taseqite's type locality is the Taseq slope located in the Ilimaussaq complex, Greenland - hence its name. At the type locality taseqite occurs in albitite veins, together with aegirine, analcime, catapleiite, ferrobustamite, hemimorphite, pectolite (silicates); ancylite-(La), calcite, dolomite, strontianite (carbonates); fluorapatite, and sphalerite. Taseqite was found also in Odichincha massif in association with nepheline, alkaline feldspar, aegerine and lamprophyllite.
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The rock which has not floated off in the flotation cell is either discarded as tailings or further processed to extract other metals such as lead (from galena) and zinc (from sphalerite), should they exist. To improve the process efficiency, lime is used to raise the pH of the water bath, causing the collector to ionize more and to preferentially bond to chalcopyrite (CuFeS2) and avoid the pyrite (FeS2). Iron exists in both primary zone minerals. Copper ores containing chalcopyrite can be concentrated to produce a concentrate with between 20% and 30% copper-in-concentrate (usually 27–29% copper); the remainder of the concentrate is iron and sulfur in the chalcopyrite, and unwanted impurities such as silicate gangue minerals or other sulfide minerals, typically minor amounts of pyrite, sphalerite or galena.
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This mineralization is only known to exist southeast of Cooke Lake and immediately south of Net Lake. A unit of chert, magnetite and pyrrhotite outcrops along the southwest shore of Net Lake at Temagami North. Pyrrhotite, the most common sulfide mineral, occurs as small veins and disseminations. Small amounts of pyrite, sphalerite and exsolved pentlandite and chalcopyrite are present with the pyrrhotite.
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The galena forms mats of octahedral crystals, the sphalerite is dense and anhedral and the marcasite powdery or displays its coxcomb habit. The lodes are mylonitized at the edges; the sulfide mineral aggregates within this zone are sheared. Secondary mineralisations cover the central fracture surfaces and the mylonitic edges. In the core region geodes of quartz and of chalcedony can occur.
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Minerals in the Tajamar ignimbrite include biotite, hornblende, plagioclase, quartz and some augite. The eruption products are uniformly dacitic in nature. Hydrothermal alterations have generated Sb-Au and Pb-Ag-Zn deposits that may be of economic importance. The La Poma-Incachule mining district northeast of the caldera is part of the volcanic system and contains argentiferous galena, sphalerite, antimonite and arsenopyrite.
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Brianyoungite (white) with fluorite and sphalerite from the Brownley Hill Mine, Cumbria, England. The mineral occurs as tiny rosettes less than 100 µm across, composed of thin blades just one or two micrometers across, elongated parallel to the b crystal axis, and tapering to a sharp point. The crystals are white and transparent to translucent, with a vitreous lustre and a white streak.
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Minerals formed in this way are called primary, or hypogene, minerals. Sulfur is a common component of the fluids, and most of the common ore metals, lead, zinc, copper, silver, molybdenum and mercury, occur chiefly as sulfide and sulfosalt minerals. Examples of primary minerals formed in this way include the sulfide minerals pyrite (FeS2), galena (PbS), sphalerite (ZnS), and chalcopyrite (CuFeS2).
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The soil of the nature reserve is basically limestone which was precipitated about 400 million years ago by an ancient ocean. In the following million years geological movements carried it to the surface where erosion removed large amounts. About 200 million years ago aqueous metal solutions filled the cavernous rocks. Primary ores were created mostly consisting of Sphalerite, Marcasite and Galena.
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Wurtzite is a zinc and iron sulfide mineral ((Zn,Fe)S), a less frequently encountered structural polymorph form of sphalerite. The iron content is variable up to eight percent.Palache, Charles, Harry Berman & Clifford Frondel (1944), The System of Mineralogy of James Dwight Dana and Edward Salisbury Dana, Yale University 1837-1892, Volume I: Elements, Sulfides, Sulfosalts, Oxides. John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
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Lead-zinc mineralisation is found over most of the Ordovician outcrop, but particularly in the northern part. The greatest number of veins is found at Brandlehow, in the Caldbeck Fells, at Eagle Crag, Force Crag, Greenside, Hartsop, Helvellyn, around Threlkeld, Thornthwaite and the Newlands Valley. The main minerals are galena and sphalerite. The galena locally contains up to 838 ppm of silver.
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Chalcopyrite is a member of the tetragonal crystal system. Crystallographically the structure of chalcopyrite is closely related to that of zinc blende ZnS (sphalerite). The unit cell is twice as large, reflecting an alternation of Cu+ and Fe3+ ions replacing Zn2+ ions in adjacent cells. In contrast to the pyrite structure chalcopyrite has single S2− sulfide anions rather than disulfide pairs.
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A zincblende unit cell AlGaInP's structure is categorized within a specific unit cell called the zinc blende structure. Zinc blende/sphalerite is based on a FCC lattice of anions. It has 4 asymmetric units in its unit cell. It is best thought of as a face-centered cubic array of anions and cations occupying one half of the tetrahedral holes.
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It is found in tin-bearing, hydrothermal vein deposits occurring with chalcopyrite, sphalerite, tetrahedrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, cassiterite, and wolframite. It is also known as bell metal ore as tin is an important constituent of bell-metal. It is thought the exploitation of tin deposits in Cornwall led to an expansion in bell founding. The name comes from the Latin for tin: stannum.
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Worth mentioning are certain mineral occurrences like silver-bearing galena in the paragneisses or baryte mainly within the Lias. Occasional tourmaline can also be found in the paragneisses. Manganese (manganese dioxide) associated with nontronite was once mined near Le Mandereau. The Neuil mine, situated in the paragneisses, contains apart from galena and baryte the minerals chalcopyrite, gypsum, marcasite, pyrite, pyromorphite and sphalerite.
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Its crystals are elongated and striated along [001] to a size of 1.5 mm. Madocite is anisotropic and classified as having high relief. It also displays strong pleochroism. Madocite is found in small clusters in marble pits (near Madoc, Ontario), and was originally categorized in the 1920s as an unidentified sulfosalt mineral in an assemblage of pyrite, sphalerite, and jamesonite in marble.
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Sphalerite BN structure Pure cubic boron nitride is transparent or slightly amber. Different colors can be produced depending on defects or an excess of boron (less than 1%). Defects can be produced by doping solvent-catalysts (i.e. Li, Ca, or Mg nitrides) with Al, B, Ti, or Si. This induces a change in the morphology and color of c-BN crystals.
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There are three distinct geological areas in Upper and Mid Swaledale. The upper reaches of the river flow over Carboniferous, Permian and Triassic rock, all of which are atop a layer of Lower Paleozoic beds. These rocks are rich in minerals and metalliferous sulfide ores such as galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and bravoite. There are also deposits of fluorite, barite, witherite, calcite, dolomite and barytocalcite.
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The alt= Lead and zinc ore bodies of the Austinville-Ivanhoe District occur in the Shady Dolomite in the vicinity of Austinville, Virginia. They are classified as Mississippi Valley Type deposits. The main ore minerals include sphalerite, galena, and hemimorphite. Formation of the ore deposits likely occurred when warm and saline groundwater moved through the Shady in the Late Paleozoic during the Alleghanian orogeny.
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Oceanic vent systems and other hydrothermal systems have a zonal structure reflected in ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (VMS) of hydrothermal origin. They reach many kilometers in diameter and date back to the Archean Eon. Most abundant are pyrite (FeS2), chalcopyrite (CuFeS2), and sphalerite (ZnS), with additions of galena (PbS) and alabandite (MnS). ZnS and MnS have a unique ability to store radiation energy, e.g.
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Its color is usually yellow, brown, or gray to gray-black, and it may be shiny or dull. Its luster is adamantine, resinous to submetallic for high iron varieties. It has a yellow or light brown streak, a Mohs hardness of 3.5–4, and a specific gravity of 3.9–4.1. Some specimens have a red iridescence within the gray-black crystals; these are called "ruby sphalerite".
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A [no] [no] (IUPAC: tricalcium dititanium(III) dodecaoxotrisilicate) #Rucklidgeite (aleksite: IMA1975-029) 2.GC.40c (IUPAC: lead dibismuth tetratelluride) #Rudabányaite (IMA2016-088) 8.0 [no] [no] (IUPAC: (disilver dimercury) chloro arsenate) #Rudashevskyite (sphalerite: IMA2005-017) 2.CB.05a [no] (IUPAC: (iron,zinc) sulfide) #Rudenkoite (IMA2003-060) 9.HA.50 #Rüdlingerite (IMA2016-054a) 4.0 [no] [no] (IUPAC: dimanganese(II) heptaoxovanadate(V)arsenate(V) dihydrate) #Ruifrancoite (roscherite: IMA2005-061a) 8.
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Depressants inhibit the flotation of one mineral or minerals while activators enable the flotation of others. Examples of these include CN−, used to depress all sulfides but galena and this depressant is believed to operate by changing the solubility of chemisorbed and physisorbed collectors on sulfides. This theory originates from Russia. An example of an activator is Cu2+ ions, used for the flotation of sphalerite.
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Besides the nearly ubiquitous quartz more common minerals in the lode are baryte, calcite, chalcedony, finely disseminated chalcopyrite and nickel-bearing pyrite (variety bravoite). Primary ore minerals are silver-bearing galena and sphalerite; traces of native silver have also been found. Of great importance are the numerous secondary ore minerals, amongst them some very rare species. Besides cerussite, crocoite and pyromorphite appear anglesite, embreyite, hisingerite and mimetesite.
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The lode clearly consists of a magmatic lead-zinc-association (more precisely a sphalerite-pyrite-galena- chalcopyrite association) enriched in silver. The importance of the Cantonnier-lode lies in the diversity of its secondary alteration minerals, some very rare species being present. Amongst these galena-derived lead minerals we find chromates (crocoite, embreyite and vauquelinite), arsenates (mimetesite) and molybdates (wulfenite). Vauquelinite indicates the presence of copper.
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Kesterite was first described in 1958 in regard to an occurrence in the Kester deposit (and the associated locality) in Ynnakh Mountain, Yana basin, Yakutia, Russia, where it was discovered. It is usually found in quartz-sulfide hydrothermal veins associated with tin ore deposits. Associated minerals include arsenopyrite, stannoidite, chalcopyrite, chalcocite, sphalerite and tennantite. Stannite and kesterite occur together in the Ivigtut cryolite deposit of South Greenland.
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World production trendU.S. Geological Survey – Historical Statistics for Mineral and Material Commodities in the United States; INDIUM STATISTICS // USGS, April 1, 2014 Indium is produced exclusively as a by-product during the processing of the ores of other metals. Its main source material are sulfidic zinc ores, where it is mostly hosted by sphalerite. Minor amounts are probably also extracted from sulfidic copper ores.
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Andorite is a sulfosalt mineral with the chemical formula PbAgSb3S6. It was first described in 1892 for an occurrence in the Baia Sprie mine, Baia Sprie, Maramures County, Romania, and named for Hungarian amateur mineralogist Andor von Semsey (1833–1923). Andorite occurs in low-temperature polymetallic hydrothermal veins. It occurs associated with stibnite, sphalerite, baryte, fluorite, siderite, cassiterite, arsenopyrite, stannite, zinkenite, tetrahedrite, pyrite, alunite, quartz, pyrargyrite, stephanite and rhodochrosite.
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Silver mineralization occurs where greenstones and granite intrusions meet, in the same quartz veins that host gold and sulfides. The silver is typically mineralized within sphalerite, chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite, pyrite or covellite. One hundred thirty five kilometers south of Niamey, is the Tapoa phosphate deposit Neoproterozoic and Cambrian sedimentary rocks of the Volta Group. The Tahoua deposit, 375 kilometers northeast of the capital contains nodular apatite in Paleocene and Eocene sediments.
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The liberation of sphalerite (zinc sulfide) grains dropped from over 70% to just over 50% between 1984 and 1991. As a result, the Mount Isa lead–zinc concentrator was forced to produce a bulk concentrate from the beginning of 1986 until late 1996. Bulk concentrates cannot be treated in electrolytic zinc smelters, due to their lead content, and are typically treated in blast furnaces using the Imperial Smelting Process.
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Red cinnabar (HgS), a mercury ore, on dolomite. Sphalerite crystal partially encased in calcite from the Devonian Milwaukee Formation of Wisconsin The sulfide minerals are chemical compounds of one or more metals or semimetals with a sulfur; tellurium, arsenic, or selenium can substitute for the sulfur. Sulfides tend to be soft, brittle minerals with a high specific gravity. Many powdered sulfides, such as pyrite, have a sulfurous smell when powdered.
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Although the new element somewhat resembled arsenic and antimony in appearance, the combining ratios in compounds agreed with Mendeleev's predictions for a relative of silicon. Winkler named the element after his country, Germany. Today, germanium is mined primarily from sphalerite (the primary ore of zinc), though germanium is also recovered commercially from silver, lead, and copper ores. Elemental germanium is used as a semiconductor in transistors and various other electronic devices.
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Group 12 metals are chalcophiles, meaning the elements have low affinities for oxides and prefer to bond with sulfides. Chalcophiles formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere. The commercially most important minerals of group 12 elements are sulfide minerals. Sphalerite, which is a form of zinc sulfide, is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains 60–62% zinc.
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No significant deposits of cadmium-containing ores are known. Greenockite (CdS), the only cadmium mineral of importance, is nearly always associated with sphalerite (ZnS). This association is caused by the geochemical similarity between zinc and cadmium which makes geological separation unlikely. As a consequence, cadmium is produced mainly as a byproduct from mining, smelting, and refining sulfidic ores of zinc, and, to a lesser degree, lead and copper.
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Its type locality is the Kota-Kota meteorite (Marimba meteorite), Malawi. It was first described in 1966 and named after professor Daniel Jerome Fisher (1896–1988), University of Chicago. It has been reported from meteorites, copper-nickel hydrothermal deposits, skarn, pegmatite, kimberlites and alkalic intrusive complexes. Associated minerals include kamacite, troilite, schreibersite, clinoenstatite, tridymite, cristobalite, daubreelite, graphite, roedderite, alabandite, talnakhite, pentlandite, chalcopyrite, magnetite, valleriite, sphalerite and platinum minerals.
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More than 20 other minerals have higher dispersion (that is difference in refractive index for blue and red light) than diamond, such as titanite 0.051, andradite 0.057, cassiterite 0.071, strontium titanate 0.109, sphalerite 0.156, synthetic rutile 0.330, cinnabar 0.4, etc. (see dispersion). However, the combination of dispersion with extreme hardness, wear and chemical resistivity, as well as clever marketing, determines the exceptional value of diamond as a gemstone.
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A NW-SE striking fault zone originating in Nontron traverses the territory and raises the Northeastern basement block. Movements along this fault zone must have been going on well into the Pleistocene, because one can observe stream rejuvenation along some of the southwestward-draining creeks. This fault zone is strongly mineralised in mainly baryte, but there is also galena, sphalerite, pyrite and the rather rare cadmium mineral greenockite.P. Didier.
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Operational mines produced three million tons of ornamental stone in the late 1990s. In the Hercynian rocks are hydrothermal veins and metasomatic replacements in carbonates there exist other mineral deposits such as fluorite, barite, sphalerite, galena pyrite, and smithsonite. However other mineral deposits were largely exhausted by the beginning of the 20th century. Oil prospection has not been successful in Belgium due to the deformation and metamorphosis of the Paleozoic rocks.
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It consists of magnetite, pyrite, chalcopyrite and tiny amounts of sphalerite, ilmenite and rutile. The ore was formed under the sea in association with volcanism. The Savage River area also contains deposits of magnesite in the form of marble. At Beaconsfield, 1.95 million ounces of gold was mined from a quartz reef in a fault. The largest Tasmanian gold nugget was found at Rocky River in 1883, weighing 243 ounces.
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Within the quartz bodies, the gold is not uniformly distributed, but is segregated here and there, forming rich pockets, which seem to represent enrichments where the main ledges are intersected by smaller quartz veins. The ore is essentially free gold and gold-bearing pyrite, with small amounts of galena and sphalerite. Quartz and calcite are the gangue minerals, and films of graphite occur between the fillings and the black-slate country.
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The deposits are manto-type deposits in Permian limestone of the Mina Grande formation, related to an igneous intrusive. Silver minerals include argentite and native silver. Associated minerals include the lead minerals anglesite and galena, the zinc minerals sphalerite, hemimorphite, and smithsonite, and gangue minerals quartz, calcite, goethite, and dolomite. Total production to 1999 was 35 million troy ounces (1090 metric tons) of silver, along with some gold.
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The ores of the Ojuela Mine, Mexico, are replacement deposits in limestone and consist of galena, sphalerite, pyrite, and arsenopyrite in a matrix of quartz, dolomite and fluorite. Arsenopyrite is abundant. On a dump near the north shaft blocks of massive scorodite containing seams and pockets of arseniosiderite and small areas of dussertite and carminite have been found. Carminite also occurs as masses mixed with cerussite, anglesite and plumbojarosite.
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Up to 263 polymetallic veins contain sphalerite, galena, jamesonite and tetrahedrite. Polymetallic molybdenum, antimony, uranium, copper, gold zinc, lead and silver ores have been mined in the Reese River area since the 1800s. In 1961, Carlin-type gold deposits were discovered near Carlin, Nevada. Paleozoic limestone, formed at the ancient continental margin, contains nearly microscopic gold associated with pyrite and arsenic sulfides and particularly jasperoid in folds and faults.
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The mineralization at Beanland was discovered by Paul Hermiston and Robert McCauley in 1934. It is situated in a vertical dipping quartz vein network that is long and has a maximum width of . Two types of mineralization exist, one type being auriferous quartz-carbonate veins with combinations of pyrite, galena, sphalerite and chalcopyrite present. The other is a simpler quartz vein with a combination of chalcopyrite, arsenopyrite and pyrite mineralization.
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The Kipushi Mine (formerly Prince Léopold Mine) produces copper, lead and zinc. Ore occurs in open spaces and collapse breccias along a fault zone. The primary zinc-rich ore body contains the minerals sphalerite, galena, pyrite, and arsenopyrite, accompanied by renierite, and some germanite and gallite. These minerals were overprinted by a formation of mostly copper-rich minerals, including cobalt- bearing chalcopyrite, and germanium and silver-bearing bornite, plus molybdenite.
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Cubic boron nitride has a crystal structure analogous to that of diamond. Consistent with diamond being less stable than graphite, the cubic form is less stable than the hexagonal form, but the conversion rate between the two is negligible at room temperature, as it is for diamond. The cubic form has the sphalerite crystal structure, the same as that of diamond, and is also called β-BN or c-BN.
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This is done as they are cheaper per unit volume than smaller cells, but they are not able to be controlled as easily as smaller cells. This process was invented in the 19th century in Australia. It was used to recover a sphalerite concentrate from tailings, produced using gravity concentration. Further improvements have come from Australia in the form of the Jameson Cell, developed at the University of Newcastle, Australia.
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Naturally occurring murdochite, PbCu6O8−x(Cl,Br)2x(x ≤ 0.5), was first discovered in Mammoth Mine, Arizona. Mammoth Mine, which is about 46 miles northeast of Tucson, contains deposits of molybdenum, lead, gold, zinc, vanadium, sphalerite, and galena. In this mine, murdochite was found embedded in plates of wulfenite as well as on the surface of crystals of fluorite. Other crystals found in Mammoth Mine include hemimorphite, willemite, and quartz.
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To the north follows a 10 centimeter wide band of white, powdery mylonite very rich in pyromorphite and crocoite. Next comes a 5 centimeter wide quartz band in boxwork facies, that is also very rich in the secondary minerals pyromorphite and crocoite. The crocoite appears skeletal and the pyromorphite acicular. The lode terminates on its north side with a 20 centimeter wide quartz band strongly mineralized in galena and sphalerite.
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The aeromagnetic survey pinpointed Cannington as a potential site and subsequent drilling proved it out. The theory of formation of the Cannington deposit, and the related deposits at McArthur River, Century, Mount Isa, Hilton, and George Fisher, is explored in a 2005 paper by Large, et al. The major ore minerals are galena and sphalerite. The silver occurs mainly as freibergite but is also present in solid solution within the galena.
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Littleton: Littleton : SME; 2006 displays some examples of roasting oxidation reactions used in refining zinc from sphalerite and other ores. :2AS (s) + 3O2 (g) 2MO(s) + 2SO2 (g) :where A=Cu, Zn, Pb In ilmenite roasting to produce synthetic, the magnetic properties of the ore are changed at high temperaturesBergeron, M., Prest, S. F. 1976. Magnetic separation of ilmenite. US Patent 3935094 A as ferrite compounds within the ore are oxidized.
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In 1863, the German chemists Ferdinand Reich and Hieronymous Theodor Richter were testing ores from the mines around Freiberg, Saxony. They dissolved the minerals pyrite, arsenopyrite, galena and sphalerite in hydrochloric acid and distilled raw zinc chloride. Reich, who was color-blind, employed Richter as an assistant for detecting the colored spectral lines. Knowing that ores from that region sometimes contain thallium, they searched for the green thallium emission spectrum lines.
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In the Ozarks, sphalerite is often found near faults in Paleozoic limestone and dolomite. In addition to copper, there are numerous iron minerals, but few with economic deposits. Two small pig iron furnaces operated in the 1800s and a tiny open pit mine in the 1960s, near Rosston, Arkansas extracting only a few hundred tons. The largest production overall was 120,000 tons produced from the Wilcox Group where weathering of bedded siderite produced limonite concretions.
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Porphyry dacite stocks are found intruded near the Atacocha and Milpo mines along the Atacocha Fault. Compania Minera Atacocha started operations at the Atacocha Mine in 1936. Ore minerals include galena and sphalerite. Contamination of the environment by lead, cadmium and other heavy metals has precipitated a public health crisis in the city, but a 2006 law proposing to evacuate all inhabitants and relocate the city has not yet culminated in concrete action.
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649 Many sulfide minerals are economically important as metal ores; examples include sphalerite (ZnS), an ore of zinc, galena (PbS), an ore of lead, cinnabar (HgS), an ore of mercury, and molybdenite (MoS2, an ore of molybdenum., pp. 651–54 Pyrite (FeS2), is the most commonly occurring sulfide, and can be found in most geological environments. It is not, however, an ore of iron, but can be instead oxidized to produce sulfuric acid.
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Both sphalerite and wurtzite are intrinsic, wide-bandgap semiconductors. These are prototypical II-VI semiconductors, and they adopt structures related to many of the other semiconductors, such as gallium arsenide. The cubic form of ZnS has a band gap of about 3.54 electron volts at 300 kelvins, but the hexagonal form has a band gap of about 3.91 electron volts. ZnS can be doped as either an n-type semiconductor or a p-type semiconductor.
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In 2009, Pueblo Viejo Dominicana Corporation, formed by Barrick Gold and Goldcorp, started open-pit mining operations of the Monte Negro and Moore oxide deposits. The mined ore is processed with gold cyanidation. Pyrite and sphalerite are the main sulfide minerals found in the 120 m thick volcanic conglomerates and agglomerates, which constitute the world's second largest sulphidation gold deposit. Between Bonao and Maimón, Falconbridge Dominicana has been mining nickel laterites since 1971.
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BB.50 (IUPAC: copper dioxobismuth hydro vanadate) #Namuwite (ktenasite: IMA1981-020) 7.DD.50 (IUPAC: tetrazinc hexahydro sulfate tetrahydrate) #Nanlingite (IMA1985-xxx ?, 1976) 4.JB.25 #Nanpingite (mica: IMA1987-006) 9.EC.15 (IUPAC: cesium dialuminium (aluminotrisilicate) decaoxydedihydroxyl) #Nantokite (sphalerite: 1867) 3.AA.05 (IUPAC: copper chloride) #Naquite (silicide: IMA2010-010) 1.BB.15 [no] (IUPAC: iron silicide) #Narsarsukite (IMA1967 s.p., 1901) 9.DJ.05 #Nashite (IMA2011-105) 8.0 [no] #Nasinite (IMA1967 s.p., 1961) 6.
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Initially cavities formed in the rocks, and some of these were then lined with quartz and sphalerite crystals followed by fluorite. Galena also formed at this time, and later on the barium and carbonate minerals formed. Baryte was the first barium mineral to form, as a primary mineral in slabs up to 10 cm across of irregularly layered crystalline material. Secondary baryte occurred later, typically as encrustations of minute diamond-shaped crystals on earlier minerals.
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Massive iron deposits are found in the Labrador Trough along with copper, uranium and molybdenum. Iron forms in chert from the Ungava Bay to the Grenville Front, over a span of 700 miles, while copper and nickel minerals such as pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite and galena form dispersed deposits or massive bodies in Kaniapiskau Supergroup rocks. The Aillik Group hosts uranium as uraninite and pitchblende dispersed in veins in pegmatite, argillite, granulite and quartzite.
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Galena is the official state mineral of Missouri and lead mining began in the 1720s in Madison County, spearheaded by French miners. The state is the leading extractor of lead in the US, both from galena and sphalerite. The minerals are sourced from Mississippi Valley Type deposits, deposited through hydrothermal activity. The Old Lead Belt and Tri-State Area were mined significantly before World War II, with new deposits found since in the southeast.
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A zincblende unit cell The space group of the Zincblende structure is called F3m (in Hermann–Mauguin notation), or 216.Birkbeck College, University of London The Strukturbericht designation is "B3".The Zincblende (B3) Structure The Zincblende structure (also written "zinc blende") is named after the mineral zincblende (sphalerite), one form of zinc sulfide (β-ZnS). As in the rock-salt structure, the two atom types form two interpenetrating face-centered cubic lattices.
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Associated minerals include quartz, chalcedony, pyrite, pyrrhotite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and calcite.. Evenkite was the last part of the geode to form. It is believed to have resulted from thermal cracking of the organic matter (manly marine plants) that where trapped in the septarian concretions during the Jurassic burial, as the buried sediments were subjected to high pressure and temperatures. The French Alps region received a lot of geological uplift after the Jurassic burial.
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STM images of the ZnTe(110) surface, taken at different resolutions and sample rotation, together with its atomic model. ZnTe has the appearance of grey or brownish-red powder, or ruby-red crystals when refined by sublimation. Zinc telluride typically had a cubic (sphalerite, or "zincblende") crystal structure, but can be also prepared as rocksalt crystals or in hexagonal crystals (wurtzite structure). Irradiated by a strong optical beam burns in presence of oxygen.
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The Creede district in Mineral County was discovered in 1887, but did not become a significant silver producer until 1891. The ore occurs as veins along north-south trending faults, and as replacement bodies in the Creede Formation, a Tertiary ash-flow tuff. Ore minerals are sphalerite, galena, acanthite, native silver, pyrite and chalcopyrite.Mark W. Davis and Randall K. Streufert (1990) Gold Occurrences of Colorado, Colorado Geological Survey, Resource Series 28, p.70-73.
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Xilingolite was first described in 1982 for an occurrence in an iron-rich skarn deposit in the Chaobuleng district of the Xilingoa League, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China. Its name is derived from the locality in which it was originally found. Xilingolite is also known to occur in various localities in Valais, Switzerland. At the type locality it occurs associated with magnetite, sphalerite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, digenite, bornite, molybdenite, galena, native bismuth and bismuthinite.
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Johnsenite-(Ce) was discovered in alkaline rocks of Mont Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, Canada, which is also a type locality for other eudialyte group species: oneillite, khomyakovite and manganokhomyakovite. The association of johnsenite-(Ce) is rich, as it includes aegirine, albite, amphibole-group mineral, burbankite-group mineral, calcite, catapleiite, cerite-(Ce), dawsonite, epididymite, fluorapophyllite, galena, microcline, molybdenite, natrolite, pectolite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, quartz, rhodochrosite, sphalerite, steacyite, stillwellite-(Ce), titanite, tuperssuatsiaite, zakharovite and zirsilite-(Ce).
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Zinc sulfide (or zinc sulphide) is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula of ZnS. This is the main form of zinc found in nature, where it mainly occurs as the mineral sphalerite. Although this mineral is usually black because of various impurities, the pure material is white, and it is widely used as a pigment. In its dense synthetic form, zinc sulfide can be transparent, and it is used as a window for visible optics and infrared optics.
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99.9999% (6N) gallium sealed in vacuum ampoule Gallium is produced exclusively as a by-product during the processing of the ores of other metals. Its main source material is bauxite, the chief ore of aluminium, but minor amounts are also extracted from sulfidic zinc ores (sphalerite being the main host mineral). In the past, certain coals were an important source. During the processing of bauxite to alumina in the Bayer process, gallium accumulates in the sodium hydroxide liquor.
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Originally, U.S. 151 went through the valley that made up the southern border of the city limits, but with the completion of the four-lane limited-access superhighway, traffic has been rerouted and now loops south of the city. The minerals in the area consist of galena, a sulfide of lead (lead 86.6, sulfur 13.4). Sphalerite or zinc sulfide is also, common in the region. Zinc and lead mining were in heavy production through the 1820s – 1920s.
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Lead and zinc mines have existed in the central part of the Mechernich region since ancient times during the Roman occupation. Since the 13th century the most prevalent product brought to the surface has been lead. The main ore minerals galena, sphalerite and cerussite are disseminated in nodular impregnations (Knotten) and veinlets in the region in and surrounding Mechernich. Mining activities at the Mechernich lead line in 1882 saw almost 4,500 people engaged in pit work.
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Acanthite is a common silver mineral in moderately low-temperature hydrothermal veins and in zones of supergene enrichment. It occurs in association with native silver, pyrargyrite, proustite, polybasite, stephanite, aguilarite, galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, calcite and quartz. Acanthite was first described in 1855 for an occurrence in the Jáchymov (St Joachimsthal) District, Krušné Hory Mts (Erzgebirge), Karlovy Vary Region, Bohemia, Czech Republic. The name is from the Greek "akantha" meaning thorn or arrow, in reference to its crystal shape.
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The mineral zinc blende, more commonly known as sphalerite, in which indium can occur. Thallium, the heaviest stable element in the boron group, was discovered by William Crookes and Claude-Auguste Lamy in 1861. Unlike gallium and indium, thallium had not been predicted by Dmitri Mendeleev, having been discovered before Mendeleev invented the periodic table. As a result, no one was really looking for it until the 1850s when Crookes and Lamy were examining residues from sulfuric acid production.
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Gallium is a relatively rare element in the Earth's crust and is not found in as many minerals as its lighter homologues. Its abundance on the Earth is a mere 0.0018% (18 ppm). Its production is very low compared to other elements, but has increased greatly over the years as extraction methods have improved. Gallium can be found as a trace in a variety of ores, including bauxite and sphalerite, and in such minerals as diaspore and germanite.
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A variation of the Washoe process was developed in the Reese River mining district around Austin, Nevada. The Washoe process was found not to work well for ores with arsenic or antimony sulfides, or with galena or sphalerite. In 1869, Carl A. Stetefeldt of Reno found that roasting the ore with salt converted the silver sulfides to silver chlorides, which could then be recovered in amalgamation pans.Henry F. Collins (1900) The Metallurgy of Lead & Silver, London: Charles Griffin, p.
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It contains abundant crystals and phenocrysts of biotite, plagioclase, quartz, and sanidine. Close to the Apo Porco and Huayna Porco hills, the tuff has been altered to varying degrees, forming propylite and sericite. A number of individual veins of ore rock cross-cut the Porco tuff and have names such as Cerro Milagro vein system, Larga vein, Panfilo vein, and San Antonio vein. Ore minerals include acanthite, arsenopyrite, cassiterite, cerussite, galena, limonite, pyragyrite, pyrite, semseyite, sphalerite, stannite, and stephanite.
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The type locality is the Dealul Crucii Adit, Baia Mare, Maramureș County, Romania, and the type material is kept at the Natural History Museum, London, England, reference 1929,248. It is of hydrothermal origin and associated with zinkenite, semseyite, fizélyite, andorite, freieslebenite, geocronite, boulangerite, jamesonite, cinnabar, sphalerite, marcasite, quartz and dolomite. Fülöppite was first reported in Britain from Wet Swine Gill, Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria. It was described as dark grey metallic patches of fibrous crystals accompanying stibnite.
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Gahnite, ZnAl2O4, is a rare mineral belonging to the spinel group. It forms octahedral crystals which may be green, blue, yellow, brown or grey. It often forms as an alteration product of sphalerite in altered massive sulphide deposits such as at Broken Hill, Australia. Other occurrences include Falun, Sweden where it is found in pegmatites and skarns, Charlemont, Massachusetts; Spruce Pine, North Carolina; White Picacho district, Arizona; Topsham, Maine; and Franklin, New Jersey in the United States.
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Teineite was first identified in the Teine mine, Sapporo, Hokkaido, Japan, where the name of this mineral originates. It occurs in veins where copper- and tellurium-bearing sulfides were oxidized and is often associated with tellurite, tellurium, pyrite, tetrahedrite, sphalerite, azurite, malachite, quartz, baryte, hessite, galena, bornite, cerussite, chlorargyrite, quetzalcoatlite, cuprite and graemite. It has also been found in other places, including other mines in Japan, several mines in the US and mines in Mexico, Belgium, Russia and Norway.
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The Sumdum Mine is located 2.5 miles south of Sanford Cove. Two ledges constitute the Sumdum Chief and Bald Eagle Mines and "have been mined to a depth of several hundred feet below their surface outcrops." Supporting structures included a 10-stamp mill, 4 large Frue Vanners, 2 Pelton wheels, a wagon road, a short tramway, and a wharf. Gold was mined by the Portland Group from a silicious schist ore body containing gold-bearing pyrite, galena, and sphalerite.
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Fewer than 10 indium minerals such as roquesite (CuInS2) are known, and none occur at sufficient concentrations for economic extraction. Instead, indium is usually a trace constituent of more common ore minerals, such as sphalerite and chalcopyrite. From these, it can be extracted as a by-product during smelting. While the enrichment of indium in these deposits is high relative to its crustal abundance, it is insufficient, at current prices, to support extraction of indium as the main product.
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The formal geological name for the Lead Belt is the "Southeastern Missouri Mississippi Valley-type Mineral District." It contains the highest concentration of galena (lead(II) sulfide) in the world as well as significant economic quantities of zinc, copper and silver and currently sub- economic quantities of metals such as cadmium, nickel and cobalt. Most of the mined ore minerals are found as sulfides such as galena, sphalerite, and chalcopyrite. Gangue minerals associated with the economic minerals include pyrite, calcite, dolomite, and quartz.
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531–32 Ores are minerals that have a high concentration of a certain element, typically a metal. Examples are cinnabar (HgS), an ore of mercury; sphalerite (ZnS), an ore of zinc; cassiterite (SnO2), an ore of tin; and colemanite, an ore of boron. Gems are minerals with an ornamental value, and are distinguished from non-gems by their beauty, durability, and usually, rarity. There are about 20 mineral species that qualify as gem minerals, which constitute about 35 of the most common gemstones.
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Zinc is the fourth most common metal in use, trailing only iron, aluminium, and copper with an annual production of about 10 million tonnes. Worldwide, 95% of the zinc is mined from sulfidic ore deposits, in which sphalerite (ZnS) is nearly always mixed with the sulfides of copper, lead and iron. Zinc metal is produced using extractive metallurgy. Roasting converts the zinc sulfide concentrate produced during processing to zinc oxide: For further processing two basic methods are used: pyrometallurgy or electrowinning.
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Mineralization is hosted in Pinal Schist and in Silver King Quartz Diorite. Veinlets are interlaced in quartz diorite porphyry and Pinal Schist. The orebody formerly cropped out at the top of a little hill about 75 feet high, composed of heavily-altered yellowish-brown to greenish- gray porphyry. Stromeyerite and highly argentiferous tetrahedrite with some acanthite were the most important ore minerals in the upper levels, and argentiferous sphalerite had become the principal ore mineral in the lower levels of the mine.
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In February 2018, a specimen was transferred to the foundation of the museum - a mineral interspersed with galena, sphalerite and quartz, which was found in the Soyugbulag, Gadabay and is believed to belong to the Middle Jurassic period of the Mesozoic era. In addition, in the first half of the year, 2 more exhibits were transferred to the museum. There are six sections in the museum to create a clear idea of the natural wealth of the earth in the Republic of Azerbaijan.
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Blue zircon is very popular, but it is not necessarily color stable; prolonged exposure to ultraviolet light (including the UV component in sunlight) tends to bleach the stone. Heat treatment also imparts greater brittleness to zircon and characteristic inclusions. Another fragile candidate mineral is sphalerite (zinc blende). Gem-quality material is usually a strong yellow to honey brown, orange, red, or green; its very high RI (2.37) and dispersion (0.156) make for an extremely lustrous and fiery gem, and it is also isotropic.
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The metal content is believed to have been leached out of rocks of the Skiddaw Group, or the underlying granite batholith. The mineralisation of the fault shows some vertical zonation, with baryte (barium sulphate) in the upper part of the vein, and small amounts of both blende (sphalerite, zinc sulphide) and chalcopyrite (copper-iron sulphide) at deeper levels. Ore from the Greenside Vein, containing baryte (white), galena (grey) and quartz (pale brown). The penny has a diameter of 20.3 mm.
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Formation stage of major sulfides: the predominant minerals are sulphides, especially pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, stannite and phyrrhotite and, to a lesser extent, galena. One can also find new generations of arsenopyrite, already in a third generation, muscovite and quartz. The final phase of this stage corresponds, essentially, to the end of the deposition of apatite. 3\. Alteration stage of phyrrhotite: fundamentally characterized by the alteration of phyrrhotite, from which results mainly siderite and marcasite, due to the iron released in the alteration process.
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It is a medium to low temperature hydrothermal mineral occurring with quartz, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, bornite, tetrahedrite–tennantite, chalcocite, covellite and baryte. It occurs in the mineral deposits at Butte, Montana, San Juan Mountains, Colorado and at both Bingham Canyon and Tintic, Utah. It is also found in the copper mines of Canada, Mexico, Argentina, Chile, Peru, and the Philippines. Enargite was originally described as a new species from the copper mines of the San Francisco vein, Junin Department, Peru.
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Dark gray is jasperoid and ore minerals. Veinlet along lower edge of specimen contains sphalerite in carbonates. Pend Oreille mine, Pend Oreille County, Washington The morphology of breccias associated with ore deposits varies from tabular sheeted veins and clastic dikes associated with overpressured sedimentary strata, to large-scale intrusive diatreme breccias (breccia pipes), or even some synsedimentary diatremes formed solely by the overpressure of pore fluid within sedimentary basins. Hydrothermal breccias are usually formed by hydrofracturing of rocks by highly pressured hydrothermal fluids.
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Chert is a common replacement mineral in certain layers of the North Point Member. Plant fossils in the Milwaukee Formation are usually coalified to some degree. Geodized brachiopod fossil lined with calcite with a single crystal of sphalerite Fin spine of the ptyctodont placoderm Gamphacanthus, showing color patterns Other taphonomic phenomena often found in the Milwaukee Formation are geodization of shelly fossils, corals, bryozoans, and echinoderms, and preservation of color patterns in certain brachiopods, trilobites, and fin spines of fish.
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Gallium(III) selenide (Ga2Se3) is a chemical compound. It has a defect sphalerite (cubic form of ZnS) structure. It is a p-type semiconductor Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity and Hall effect of Ga2Se3 single crystal, A. E. Belal, Dr. H. A. El-shaikh, I. A. Ashraf Crystal Research and Technology,30, 1 , 135 - 139 It can be formed by union of the elements. It hydrolyses slowly in water and quickly in mineral acids to form toxic hydrogen selenide gas.
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The town of Ōdate was established on April 1, 1889 with the establishment of the modern municipalities system. During the Meiji period, the discovery of "black ore" (sphalerite and galena - a mixture of zinc, lead, gold, silver, and other precious metals), led to the development of numerous mines in the area, including the Hanaoka mine; however, the deposits were depleted by the mid- Shōwa period. On June 20, 2005, the towns of Hinai and Tashiro (both from Kitaakita District) were merged into Ōdate.
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Thailand is a leading global producer of tin, almost exclusively from cassiterite. In a few locations, very small occurrences of malayaite and stannite—other examples of tin minerals—have been found. Cassiterite is found in quartz veins, skarn deposits, aplite, pegmatite and greisenized granite intrusions, often with accessory minerals such as fluorite, muscovite, wolframite, columbite, tantalite, tourmaline, topaz, zircon and beryl. Sulfide minerals like chalcopyrite, pyrite, arsenopyrite, sphalerite, galena and bismuthinite are found in association with cassiterite in the north and south.
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JB.15 (IUPAC: silver lead trisulfa arsenide) #Marrucciite (IMA2006-015) 2.JB.60 [no] (Hg3Pb16Sb18S46) #Marshite (sphalerite: 1892) 3.AA.05 (IUPAC: copper iodide) #Marsturite (rhodonite: IMA1977-047) 9.DK.05 #Marthozite (IMA1968-016) 4.JJ.05 (IUPAC: copper(II) triuranyl dioxo diselenite octahydrate) #Martinandresite (zeolitic tectosilicate: IMA2017-038) 9.G? [no] [no] #Martinite (gyrolite: IMA2001-059) 9.EE.80 [no] #Martyite (volborthite: IMA2007-026) 8.FD.05 (IUPAC: trizinc dihydro pyrovanadate dihydrate) #Marumoite (IMA1998-004) 2.HC.05g [no] (Pb32As40S92) #Maruyamaite (tourmaline: IMA2013-123) 9.
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It is the side of a mineralised fault, which runs east–west adjacent to the pier, and forms a small cliff feature in Dolomitic Conglomerate on the north side of Clevedon Beach, containing cream to pink baryte together with sulfides. The minerals identified at the site include: haematite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, galena, tetrahedrite, bornite, pyrite, marcasite, enargite and sphalerite. Secondary alteration of this assemblage has produced idaite, covellite and other copper sulfides. The nearest parking to the pier entrance is on an esplanade above the rocky beach.
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The volcanic member of the Combia Formation is predominantly composed of basaltic and andesitic leaks, volcanic breccias and porphyry deposits of andesitic to dacitic composition. The mineralizations occur in porphyry veins in the andesitic sections without visible hydrothermal alterations. Two types of structures are present; parallel veins with a 065-075 strike dipping 58 degrees to the west with variable thicknesses between and a principal vertical vein that is east-west oriented and between thick. These veins are mainly composed of quartz, chalcopyrite, pyrite and sphalerite.
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The rocks of the Illinois Basin are thought to be the source of metals in Mississippi Valley-Type lead-zinc deposits, both within the basin and in surrounding areas, such as the Lead Belt of southeast Missouri. Within the basin, deposits valuable for lead, zinc, coal balls and fluorite are mined in Hardin and Pope counties, Illinois, and Crittenden and Livingston counties, Kentucky. the deposits are in the form of veins and limestone replacement deposits in Mississippian sedimentary rocks. Ore minerals are fluorite, galena, and sphalerite.
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Abandoned houses on the Gilman town site The mining district became the richest and most successful in Eagle County. The ore occurs in sulfide replacement deposits of three types: 1) thin-bedded deposits in the Sawatch Quartzite, (2) highly elongated ore bodies in the Leadville Limestone (here completely dolomitized), and (3) vertical pipes or chimneys cutting across the various formations. The ore minerals in order of decreasing abundance are sphalerite, chalcopyrite, and galena. The non-ore minerals pyrite and siderite are also abundant in the ore bodies.
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Microscopic picture of chalcopyrite Natural chalcopyrite has no solid solution series with any other sulfide minerals. There is limited substitution of Zn with Cu despite chalcopyrite having the same crystal structure as sphalerite. Minor amounts of elements such as Ag, Au, Cd, Co, Ni, Pb, Sn, and Zn can be measured (at part per million levels), likely substituting for Cu and Fe. Selenium, Bi, Te, and As may substitute for sulfur in minor amounts. Chalcopyrite can be oxidized to form malachite, azurite, and cuprite.
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Alabandite forms in epithermal polymetallic sulfide veins and low-temperature manganese deposits. It occurs with acanthite, calcite, chalcopyrite, galena, pyrite, quartz, rhodochrosite, rhodonite, sphalerite and native tellurium. Sometimes it was found in meteorites. Localities are several areas in Antarctica, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, China, Czech Republic, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Greenland, India, Italy, Japan, Kyrgyzstan, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, South Korea, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, Tanzania, the United Kingdom, the US, Uzbekistan and Yemen.
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It is remembered as the place where John Ashley conceived of the idea for The Mission to Seafarers. The rocky beach has been designated as the Clevedon Shore geological Site of Special Scientific Interest. It is the side of a mineralised fault running east–west adjacent to the pier and forms a small cliff feature in Dolomitic Conglomerate on the north side of Clevedon Beach, containing cream to pink baryte along with sulphides. Minerals identified include haematite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, galena, tetrahedrite, bornite, pyrite, marcasite, enargite and sphalerite.
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Cadmium sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS. Cadmium sulfide is a yellow solid.Egon Wiberg, Arnold Frederick Holleman (2001) Inorganic Chemistry, Elsevier It occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals greenockite and hawleyite, but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured zinc ores sphalerite and wurtzite, which are the major economic sources of cadmium. As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source of cadmium for all commercial applications.
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One block of material contained abundant marcasite, galena, sphalerite and minor fine-grained arsenopyrite, in dolomitic matrix. In Namibia ianbruceite has been found in the zinc pocket at the 44 Level, Tsumeb Mine, as sky blue to very pale blue platy crystals associated with leiteite, köttigite, legrandite and adamite. It occurs as thin platy crystals up to 80 μm long and a few μm thick, which form flattened aggregates up to 0.10 mm across, and ellipsoidal aggregates up to 0.5 mm across, associated with coarse white leiteite, dark blue köttigite, minor legrandite and adamite.
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The Hyesan copper mine, located Yanggang Province would be operated by the Hyesan-China Joint Venture Mineral Co. The Hyesan Mine, located in Masan-dong, Hyesan-si, and Ryanggang-do, has been in operation since 1970 and is the largest copper mine in the country. It was flooded and hence closed from 1994 to 2009 and has been partially reopened, after bailing out water, since 2010. Other products from the mine are chalcocite, chalcopyrite, galena, and sphalerite. The plant has a capacity to handle 1,200,000 tons of copper ore annually.
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The particular chemical depends on the nature of the mineral to be recovered and, perhaps, the natures of those that are not wanted. As an example, sodium ethyl xanthate may be added as a collector in the selective flotation of galena (lead sulfide) to separate it from sphalerite (zinc sulfide). This slurry (more properly called the pulp) of hydrophobic particles and hydrophilic particles is then introduced to tanks known as flotation cells that are aerated to produce bubbles. The hydrophobic particles attach to the air bubbles, which rise to the surface, forming a froth.
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The formation of a crystal lattice is exothermic, i.e., the value of ΔHlattice is negative because it corresponds to the coalescing of infinitely separated gaseous ions in vacuum to form the ionic lattice. Sodium chloride crystal lattice The concept of lattice energy was originally developed for rocksalt-structured and sphalerite-structured compounds like NaCl and ZnS, where the ions occupy high-symmetry crystal lattice sites. In the case of NaCl, lattice energy is the energy released by the reaction : Na+ (g) + Cl− (g) -> NaCl (s) which would amount to -786 kJ/mol.
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Agua Rica displays covellite, enargite, galena, marcasite, molybdenite, pyrite, sphalerite, sulfur and tetrahedrite, formed first as a porphyry that was subsequently modified by hydrothermal piping. Some mineralization was directed by fluids which exhaled from the magma chamber into surrounding rocks after a period of volcanic rest. Inclusions in rocks demonstrate that these fluids included brine and sulfide-rich fluids. These sulfide containing brines and fluids extracted much of the gold and copper from the bulk rocks, causing them to be poorer in Au and Cu than the melts.
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Clevedon Shore () is a 0.38 hectare geological Site of Special Scientific Interest adjacent to the Severn Estuary at Clevedon, North Somerset, notified in 1991. It is the side of a mineralised fault, which runs east-west adjacent to the pier, and forms a small cliff feature in dolomitic conglomerate on the north side of Clevedon Beach, containing cream to pink baryte together with sulphides. The minerals identified at the site include: haematite, chalcopyrite, tennantite, galena, tetrahedrite, bornite, pyrite, marcasite, enargite and sphalerite. Secondary alteration of this assemblage has produced idaite, Covellite and other Copper sulphides.
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During roasting, the sulfide is converted to an oxide, and sulfur is released as sulfur dioxide, a gas. For the ores Cu2S (chalcocite) and ZnS (sphalerite), balanced equations for the roasting are: :2 Cu2S + 3 O2 → 2 Cu2O + 2 SO2 :2 ZnS + 3 O2 → 2 ZnO + 2 SO2 The gaseous product of sulfide roasting, sulfur dioxide (SO2) is often used to produce sulfuric acid. Many sulfide minerals contain other components such as arsenic that are released into the environment. Up until the early 20th century, roasting was started by burning wood on top of ore.
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Commonly associated minerals include pyrite, pyrrhotite, galena, sphalerite, fluorite, dolomite, and calcite. As a primary mineral it forms nodules, concretions, and crystals in a variety of sedimentary rock, such as in the chalk layers found on both sides of the English Channel at Dover, Kent, England, and at Cap Blanc Nez, Pas de Calais, France, where it forms as sharp individual crystals and crystal groups, and nodules (similar to those shown here). As a secondary mineral it forms by chemical alteration of a primary mineral such as pyrrhotite or chalcopyrite.
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Until its 1911 cave-in, the Davis mine had become a mainstay of Rowe’s economy. It was a lucrative source of iron pyrite. Popularly known as fool's gold, pyrite can be processed to yield substantial quantities of sulfide, which can in turn be used to manufacture sulfuric acid. (The mine also yielded smaller but, nevertheless, financially significant amounts of copper.) The pyrite deposit is located in mica and quartz schists, which includes the presence of chalcopyrite and sphalerite. Average sulfur content was reported to be 47 percent, and copper content about 1.5 percent.
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Minerals such as galena or halite have cubic (or isometric) cleavage in three directions, at 90°; when three directions of cleavage are present, but not at 90°, such as in calcite or rhodochrosite, it is termed rhombohedral cleavage. Octahedral cleavage (four directions) is present in fluorite and diamond, and sphalerite has six- directional dodecahedral cleavage. Minerals with many cleavages might not break equally well in all of the directions; for example, calcite has good cleavage in three directions, but gypsum has perfect cleavage in one direction, and poor cleavage in two other directions. Angles between cleavage planes vary between minerals.
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The mineral typically appears as microscopic (< 0.03 mm) isometric hexoctahedral crystals and as minute sooty masses. Association minerals include montmorillonite, chlorite, calcite, colemanite, veatchite, sphalerite, pyrite, marcasite, galena and dolomite. Common impurities include Cu, Ni, Zn, Mn, Cr, Sb and As. Ni impurities are of particular interest because the structural similarity between Ni-doped greigite and the clusters present in biological enzymes has led to suggestions that greigite minerals could have acted as catalysts for the origin of life. In particular, the cubic Fe4S4 unit of greigite is found in the Fe4S4 thiocubane units of proteins of relevance to the acetyl-CoA pathway.
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The Iberian Pyrite Belt was formed 350 million years ago in the Devonian Period, connected to active and hydrothermal volcanism that led to the formation of a volcanic- sedimentary complex. Volcanic activity in the region led to eight giant volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits (VMS) associated with polymetallic massive flanks of volcanic cones in the form of pyrite, and also chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and cassiterite. The deposits of the Iberian Pyrite Belt are notable examples of volcanic- and sediment-hosted massive sulfide (VSHMS) deposits, which hybrids between the VMS and SEDEX deposits. Over 250 deposits are known in the belt.
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The most common explanation for the name is that it derives from the French , meaning 'blue-yellow'. The story goes that Blue John was exported to France where it was used by ormolu workers during the reign of Louis XVI (1774–91). However, there is no archival record of any Blue John being exported to France, and the early ormolu ornaments which use Blue John were being manufactured by Matthew Boulton of Birmingham in the 1760s. An alternative origin of the name derives from an old miners' name for the zinc ore sphalerite which they called "Black Jack".
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It is found in massive sulfide from pipe-shaped dunite pegmatite in the norite zone of the Bushveld igneous complex in South Africa. It has also been found in troctolite from the basal Duluth gabbro in Minnesota, US; in the Talnakh area, Norilsk region, western Siberia; at Krzemianka, Poland; in the Malanjkhand copper-molybdenum deposit, Madhya Pradesh, India; and the Stillwater igneous complex in Montana, US. Mooihoekite occurs in association with haycockite, magnetite, troilite, cuprian pentlandite, mackinawite, sphalerite, and moncheite in the Mooihoek mine and with haycockite, native copper, troilite, pentlandite, cubanite and magnetite in the Duluth complex.
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Boron nitride is a thermally and chemically resistant refractory compound of boron and nitrogen with the chemical formula BN. It exists in various crystalline forms that are isoelectronic to a similarly structured carbon lattice. The hexagonal form corresponding to graphite is the most stable and soft among BN polymorphs, and is therefore used as a lubricant and an additive to cosmetic products. The cubic (sphalerite structure) variety analogous to diamond is called c-BN; it is softer than diamond, but its thermal and chemical stability is superior. The rare wurtzite BN modification is similar to lonsdaleite but slightly softer than the cubic form.
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VMS deposits have an ideal form of a conical area of highly altered volcanic or volcanogenic sedimentary rock within the feeder zone, which is called the stringer sulfide or stockwork zone, overlain by a mound of massive exhalites, and flanked by stratiform exhalative sulfides known as the apron. The stockwork zone typically consists of vein-hosted sulfides (mostly chalcopyrite, pyrite, and pyrrhotite) with quartz, chlorite and lesser carbonates and barite. The mound zone consists of laminated massive to brecciated pyrite, sphalerite (+/-galena), hematite, and barite. The mound can be up to several tens of metres thick and several hundred metres in diameter.
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Old Moss Lead Vein, also known as Killhope Head, is a Site of Special Scientific Interest in the Wear Valley district of County Durham, England. It consists of an exposure of a mineral vein in the valley of the Killhope Burn, just upstream from the North of England Lead Mining Museum. The vein is visible as a 5-metre thick intrusion trending northeast-southwest through the Great Limestone. Mineralisation in the vein typifies the inner fluorite zone of the North Pennines Orefield, with galena and sphalerite in the centre of the vein giving way to fluorite and siderite toward the periphery.
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Zinc is a chalcophile, meaning the element is more likely to be found in minerals together with sulfur and other heavy chalcogens, rather than with the light chalcogen oxygen or with non-chalcogen electronegative elements such as the halogens. Sulfides formed as the crust solidified under the reducing conditions of the early Earth's atmosphere. Sphalerite, which is a form of zinc sulfide, is the most heavily mined zinc-containing ore because its concentrate contains 60–62% zinc. Other source minerals for zinc include smithsonite (zinc carbonate), hemimorphite (zinc silicate), wurtzite (another zinc sulfide), and sometimes hydrozincite (basic zinc carbonate).
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When present together in solid solution, energy is transferred from the higher-energy tungsten to the lower-energy molybdenum, such that fairly low levels of molybdenum are sufficient to cause a yellow emission for scheelite, instead of blue. Low-iron sphalerite (zinc sulfide), fluoresces and phosphoresces in a range of colors, influenced by the presence of various trace impurities. Crude oil (petroleum) fluoresces in a range of colors, from dull-brown for heavy oils and tars through to bright-yellowish and bluish- white for very light oils and condensates. This phenomenon is used in oil exploration drilling to identify very small amounts of oil in drill cuttings and core samples.
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After Imperial influence waned, the mines were held in pledge by the council of the Imperial city of Goslar, who officially purchased the entitlement to the rights and royalties from mining (Bergregal) in 1359. A mining accident is documented in 1376, when more than 100 miners were buried and killed. The main ores mined at Rammelsberg were lead-zinc ore, copper ore, sulphur ore, mixed ore (Melierterz), brown spar (Braunerz), barite ore (Grauerz), banding ore (Banderz) and kniest along with the important minerals of galena, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, baryte and vitriols. The chief metals extracted from these ores included silver, lead, copper and zinc, on which the wealth of Goslar was based.
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BAs is a cubic (sphalerite) semiconductor in the III-V family with a lattice constant of 0.4777 nm and an indirect band gap has been measured to be 1.82 eV. Cubic BAs is reported to decompose to the subarsenide B12As2 at temperatures above 920 °C.Boron arsenide has a melting point of 2076°C. The thermal conductivity is very high: around 1300 W/(m·K) at 300 K. The basic physical properties of cubic BAs have been experimentally characterized: Band gap (1.82 eV), optical refractive index (3.29 at 657 nm), elastic modulus (326 GPa), shear modulus, Poisson’s ratio, thermal expansion coefficient (3.85×10-6 /K), and heat capacity.
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The inside of a large geode lined by amethyst crystals Geodes (derived from the Greek word "γεώδης" meaning "Earth-like") are geological secondary formations within sedimentary and volcanic rocks. Geodes are hollow, vaguely spherical rocks, in which masses of mineral matter (which may include crystals) are secluded. The crystals are formed by the filling of vesicles in volcanic and sub-volcanic rocks by minerals deposited from hydrothermal fluids; or by the dissolution of syn-genetic concretions and partial filling by the same, or other, minerals precipitated from water, groundwater or hydrothermal fluids. Geodized brachiopod fossil lined with calcite with a single crystal of sphalerite, from the Devonian of Wisconsin.
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In the spectra they saw a completely new line, a streak of deep green, which Crookes named after the Greek word θαλλός (), referring to a green shoot or twig. Lamy was able to produce larger amounts of the new metal and determined most of its chemical and physical properties. Indium is the fourth element of the boron group but was discovered before the third, gallium, and after the fifth, thallium. In 1863 Ferdinand Reich and his assistant, Hieronymous Theodor Richter, were looking in a sample of the mineral zinc blende, also known as sphalerite (ZnS), for the spectroscopic lines of the newly discovered element thallium.
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Lead-zinc deposits are generally accompanied by silver, hosted within the lead sulfide mineral galena or within the zinc sulfide mineral sphalerite. Lead and zinc deposits are formed by discharge of deep sedimentary brine onto the sea floor (termed sedimentary exhalative or SEDEX), or by replacement of limestone, in skarn deposits, some associated with submarine volcanoes (called volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits or VMS), or in the aureole of subvolcanic intrusions of granite. The vast majority of SEDEX lead and zinc deposits are Proterozoic in age, although there are significant Jurassic examples in Canada and Alaska. The carbonate replacement type deposit is exemplified by the Mississippi valley type (MVT) ore deposits.
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Added to this iron is the iron released in the dissolution of the pyrite-I giving rise to a second generation of pyrite, magnetite and hematite. In this phase, alteration of stannite due to reaction with the siderite, forming covellite, chalcopyrite and cassiterite also occurs. It is also at this stage that the silver salts usually associated with bismuthinite and accompanied by sphalerite and / or chalcopyrite are deposited. 4\. Formation stage of late carbonates: characterized by the formation of carbonates, mainly calcite and dolomite, the latter in mixed crystals, that is, with the siderite nucleus, as well as fluorite; it is in this stage that chlorite is formed.
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Carrollite occurs in hydrothermal vein depositsClark, Alan H (1974) American Mineralogist 59: 302-306 associated with tetrahedrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, digenite, djurleite, chalcocite, pyrrhotite, pyrite, sphalerite, millerite, gersdorffite, ullmannite, cobaltoan calcite, and with linnaeite group members linnaeite, siegenite and polydymite. Phase relations in the Cu-Co-S system have been investigated.Craig, J R, Vaughan, D J and Higgins, J B (1979) Economic Geology 74:657-671 At temperatures around 900 °C a chalcocite-digenite solid solution coexists with cobalt sulfides. With decreasing temperature, at 880 °C a carrollite-linnaeite solid solution develops, becoming more copper-rich on cooling, with the carrollite composition at about 500 °C.
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In the Southeast Missouri Lead District, Doe Run's mines are all on the Viburnum Trend, a 64 km long mineralized shoot with an average width of 150 meters, thickness of 3 to 30 meters and average depth of 300 meters. It is a classic Mississippi Valley type lead/zinc deposit in Cambrian carbonate rocks though it contains an unusually high proportion of lead. The principal minerals are galena (lead, PbS) and sphalerite (zinc, ZnS) with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite (copper, CuFeS2).Introduction to Ore- forming Processes By Laurence Robb Lead concentrates from the area contain more than 75 percent lead, versus an industry average of 45 to 50 percent lead.
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The trap for carbonate-hosted lead-zinc sulfides is a chemical reaction which occurs as a consequence of concentration of sulfur, often hydrocarbons, and zinc and lead which are absorbed by the hydrocarbons. The hydrocarbons can either leak out of the fault zone or fold hinge, leaving a stockwork of weakly mineralized carbonate- sulfide veins, or can degrade via pyrolysis in place to form bitumens. Once hydrocarbons are converted to bitumen, their ability to chelate metal ions and sulfur is reduced and results in these elements being expelled into the fluid, which becomes saturated in zinc, lead, iron and sulfur. Sulfide minerals such as galena, sphalerite, marcasite and pyrite thus form.
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The ores formed hydrothermally in a medium temperature range of 300 to 150 °C. The lodes are typical lead-zinc ores; they belong to the sphalerite-pyrite-galena- chalcopyrite association, although in Le Puy chalcopyrite is absent (in neighbouring lodes it is present). The ores most probably were exuded during the cooling process of the Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorite. At the close of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century the Le Puy Mine was together with Poullaouen and Huelgoat in Finistère, Vialas in Lozère, Pontgibaud in Puy-de-Dôme and Pontpéan in Ille-et-Vilaine one of the most important lead mines in France.
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Troilite has been reported from a variety of meteorites occurring with daubréelite, chromite, sphalerite, graphite, and a variety of phosphate and silicate minerals. It has also been reported from serpentinite in the Alta mine, Del Norte County, California and in layered igneous intrusions in Western Australia, the Ilimaussaq intrusion of southern Greenland, the Bushveld Complex in South Africa and at Nordfjellmark, Norway. In the South African and Australian occurrence it is associated with copper, nickel, platinum iron ore deposits occurring with pyrrhotite, pentlandite, mackinawite, cubanite, valleriite, chalcopyrite and pyrite. Troilite is extremely rarely encountered in the Earth's crust (even pyrrhotite is relatively rare compared to pyrite and Iron(II) sulfate minerals).
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Straits undertook a resource definition drilling programme and upgraded the resource to around 10 million tonnes of ore grading 1% copper, predominantly composed of oxidised copper minerals such as malachite, azurite, chalcocite and chrysocolla. Other minerals noted within the ore bodies are willemite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and rare native copper. The majority of resources were defined at the Mons Cupri deposit and the Whim Creek deposit. Straits Resources Limited, after closure of the Girilambone Copper Mine in 2001-02, investigated the feasibility of translocating the solvent extraction and electrowinning plant from New South Wales to Whim Creek to set up a large scale open cut oxide copper SX-EW heap leach operation.
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In the sphalerite-dominated ore, the silver content is only about 0.015-0.02%, which was still enough to exploit and would even be at present days, given that a sufficient tonnage of metallurgically advantageous ore could be found. The bedrock was created about 1,89 billion years ago during the paleoproterozoic era. The host rock to the mined ore is dominated by white dolomitic marble, proximal to the ores commonly rich in skarn minerals such as tremolite, serpentine, diopside and chlorite, giving the dolomitic marble at Sala a characteristic green colour. ~ 100 meters away from the mine, more pure white dolomitic marble poor in skarn minerals is extracted at the Tistbrottet dolomite quarry.
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The structure of alacranite remained unsolved until further studies collected specimens containing crystals of alacranite. A group that studies seafloor hydrothermal, submarine volcanism and regional tectonics in Papua New Guinea collected samples that consists of clay minerals, pyrite, sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite, sulfosalts and arsenic- bearing sulfides like realgar and alacranite. Data were gathered at different times using monochromatic X-radiation when a crystal of alacranite with approximate dimensions 0.14 × 0.10 × 0.06 mm was placed in a platform 3-circle goniometer equipped with a 1K charge-coupled device for 2θ up to 56.7°. The data shows reflection statistics and systematic absences that indicates space group C2/c referring to the monoclinic symmetry for alacranite.
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The reasons for this is its high copper content (66.6% atomic ratio and nearly 80% by weight) and the ease at which copper can be separated from sulfur. Chalcocite crystals from the Mammoth Mine, Mount Isa - Cloncurry area, Queensland, Australia (size: 3.0 x 2.9 x 2.4 cm) Since chalcocite is a secondary mineral that forms from the alteration of other minerals, it has been known to form pseudomorphs of many different minerals. A pseudomorph is a mineral that has replaced another mineral atom by atom, but it leaves the original mineral's crystal shape intact. Chalcocite has been known to form pseudomorphs of the minerals bornite, covellite, chalcopyrite, pyrite, enargite, millerite, galena and sphalerite.
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Sulfur is intimately involved in production of fossil fuels and a majority of metal deposits because of its ability to act as an oxidizing or reducing agent. The vast majority of the major mineral deposits on Earth contain a substantial amount of sulfur including, but not limited to: sedimentary exhalative deposits (SEDEX), Carbonate-hosted lead-zinc ore deposits (Mississippi Valley- Type MVT) and porphyry copper deposits. Iron sulfides, galena and sphalerite will form as by-products of hydrogen sulfide generation, as long as the respective transition or base metals are present or transported to a sulfate reduction site. If the system runs out of reactive hydrocarbons economically viable elemental sulfur deposits may form.
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The ore deposit resides within dolomite from the Society Cliffs Formation covered with dolomitic shale from the Victor Bay Formation, which together form the Uluksan Group and reside on top of silty shale. The ore is believed to have formed when hot saline water bearing the metal ions of sodium, calcium, chlorine, and sulfate mixed with cooler carbonate-rich brine in the presence of natural gas or methane, which produced hydrogen sulfide through reducing the sulfate. The hydrogen sulfide then reacted with the metals to form the sulfides of marcasite (FeS2), pyrite (FeS2), sphalerite ((Zn,Fe)S), and galena (PbS). The Nanisivik deposit once contained 60 million metric tons of pyrite and 12 million tons of lead-zinc ore.
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The ore genesis model for the Whim Creek and Mons Cupri copper oxide deposits is that of a volcanogenic massive sulfide deposit. The main ore zones are located within sedimentary units which lie above a rhyolite footwall and below an andesite hanging wall (the Comstock Andesite member). Ores were formed by sulphur-rich mineralising fluids carrying copper, zinc, lead, silver and iron exhaling onto the sea-floor surface, where sulfide minerals were deposited as sheets of massive sulphide mineralisation up to 7 m thick, made up of sphalerite, galena, chalcopyrite and pyrite. The region has subsequently been deformed eight times (see Pilbara Craton for details), with the regional structure being a 30x20km pericline formed around the underlying granite dome.
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The economy of Flin Flon is and has always been primarily reliant on base metal production (primarily copper and zinc with lesser gold and silver). Since the late 1910s, approximately 17 mines have operated in the Flin Flon vicinity, with the only remaining mine in operation being the 777 Mine, with a projected closure of 2022. Sphalerite concentrate is produced and processed on-site to produce zinc, while chalcopyrite concentrate is produced and sold for external copper production, a result of the closure of the Hudbay smelter in July 2010. Although processing of any sulphide material usually emits large amounts of sulfur dioxide, the Hudbay plant uses a zinc pressure leaching (ZPL) process which greatly reduces emissions.
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Kurt von Gehlen got his first experience with science as a young drafted anti-aircraft gunner defending Kiel in the later stages of the war, where he was fascinated by the mechanical computers used to trace the path of enemy bombers. Following that, he attended his first professional lectures in a prisoner of war camp and later attended the Munich, Goettingen, and Freiburg universities. His graduate studies were supervised by Hans Schneiderhöhn, who introduced ore microscopy into earth science during his World War I isolation in southwestern Africa, now Namibia. Kurt von Gehlen investigated the structural relations of galena- and sphalerite-containing fluorite veins in the southwestern Black Forest on which his thesis was based.
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His effectiveness covered a state of inactivity on behalf of his tenured senior staff assistants, which he had selected on the basis of personal friendship rather than scientific potential, a permissible and not uncommon practice at the time. This prevented him from participating in new research to any degree in person which could be considered comparable to that of his earlier years at Erlangen. In 1970 he published with Schiller and Nielsen early results on sulfur isotope fractionation in experimentally coprecipitated galena and sphalerite. Von Gehlen was highly engaged in the organization of numerous national earth science projects and acted as an editor of several of the respective reports for more than 20 years.
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Cubic boron nitride adopts a sphalerite crystal structure, which can be constructed by replacing every two carbon atoms in diamond with one boron atom and one nitrogen atom. The short B-N (1.57 Å) bond is close to the diamond C-C bond length (1.54 Å), that results in strong covalent bonding between atoms in the same fashion as in diamond. The slight decrease in covalency for B-N bonds compared to C-C bonds reduces the hardness from ~100 GPa for diamond down to 48 GPa in c-BN. As diamond is less stable than graphite, c-BN is less stable than h-BN, but the conversion rate between those forms is negligible at room temperature.
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In Alaska (Delta district) and Yukon (Finlayson Lake belt) the YTT contains a number of Devonian volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposits with significant copper, zinc, lead, silver and gold mineralization. Sulfide minerals include massive to disseminated pyrite and pyrrhotite with lesser amounts of chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite and arsenopyrite. The deposits show evidence of an Early Cretaceous, amphibolite facies event and a younger, mid-Cretaceous lower greenschist facies event which resulted from the accretion of the Yukon–Tanana Terrane. A belt of significant Late Triassic to Early Jurassic Cu–Au and Cu–Mo porphyry deposits, such as Highland Valley Copper and Galore, of the Stikine Terrane and Quesnel Terrane extends into the Yukon–Tanana Terrane in Yukon; the Minto mine is an example.
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Massive galena coating - quartz vein from the fine-grained hornblende-bearing Piégut-Pluviers Granodiorites Mine du Cantonnier, southeast of Nontron. Wulfenite Besides the common minerals quartz, alkali feldspar, plagioclase, biotite, muscovite as well as calcite, dolomite and gypsum rarer minerals occur, for example actinolite, allanite, andalusite, antigorite, apatite, arsenopyrite, baryte, cassiterite, chalcedony, chalcopyrite, chlorite, chromite, clinopyroxene, chrysotile, cordierite, cyanite, epidote, galena, garnet, goethite, graphite, hematite, hornblende, ilmenite, kaolinite, limonite, magnetite, manganite, marcasite, montmorillonite, prehnite, psilomelane, pyrite, pyrolusite, pyrrhotite, rutile, sillimanite, sphalerite, sphene, staurolite, tourmaline and zircon. Some very rare minerals do exist as well, like anglesite, autunite, beryl, cerussite, covellite, crocoite, greenockite, nontronite, pyromorphite, scheelite, native silver, stibnite and wulfenite, and also extremely rare minerals like chalcolite, dundasite, embreyite, hisingerite, leadhillite, mimetite, ozokerite (pseudo-mineral) and vauquelinite.
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On Sept. 14, 1864, former provisional territorial governor Robert Steele, along with James Huff and Robert Layton discovered silver high on the slopes of McClellan Mountain, 1.85 mi (2.97 km) north of what we now call Argentine Pass.Aaron Frost, Clear Creek County, History of Clear Creek and Boulder Valley, Colorado, O.L. Baskin & Co., 1880; page 278. The mountains of this region are predominantly granite and gneiss, with veins containing silver-rich galena and blende (sphalerite), as well as iron pyrite, cupriferous pyrite (chalcopyrite), and some tetrahedrite.Josiah Spurr and George Garrey, Chapter II -- History and Production of Mines, Economic Geology of the Georgetown Quadrangle, Colorado, Government Printing Office, 1908; page 104 discusses the ore body, page 173 discusses the history of the ore discovery.
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Hemimorphite "spray" of crystals from Durango, Mexico (size: 2.9 x 2.1 x 2.0 cm) Hemimorphite most frequently occurs as the product of the oxidation of the upper parts of sphalerite bearing ore bodies, accompanied by other secondary minerals which form the so- called iron cap or gossan. Hemimorphite is an important ore of zinc and contains up to 54.2% of the metal, together with silicon, oxygen and hydrogen. The crystals are blunt at one end and sharp at the other. Blue vug-filling hemimorphite from Wenshan, Yunnan Province, China (size: 9.2 x 4.8 x 3.1 cm) The regions on the Belgian-German border are well known for their deposits of hemimorphite of metasomatic origin, especially Vieille Montagne in Belgium and Aachen in Germany.
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Sulfur dioxide is the product of the burning of sulfur or of burning materials that contain sulfur: : S + O2 → SO2, ΔH = −297 kJ/mol To aid combustion, liquified sulfur (140–150 °C, 284-302 °F) is sprayed through an atomizing nozzle to generate fine drops of sulfur with a large surface area. The reaction is exothermic, and the combustion produces temperatures of 1000–1600 °C (1832–2912 °F). The significant amount of heat produced is recovered by steam generation that can subsequently be converted to electricity. The combustion of hydrogen sulfide and organosulfur compounds proceeds similarly. For example: : 2 H2S + 3 O2 → 2 H2O + 2 SO2 The roasting of sulfide ores such as pyrite, sphalerite, and cinnabar (mercury sulfide) also releases SO2:Shriver, Atkins.
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They consist of metallic-appearing sulfides such as sphalerite, arsenopyrite, and marcasite embedded in opaque veins of quartz. Careful searchers can also find crystals of wolframite, a tungsten ore that was mined briefly during World War II when access to other sources was cut off, and small grains of topaz, which caused the earlier silver miners of the area considerable economic grief by wearing out their diamond-tipped drills more quickly than anticipated. Both highly magnetic magnetite and slightly magnetic ilmenite (titanium ore) grains can be found in patches of black sands left along the beach of the main swimming area. Madison County also contains unique igneous rocks not found anywhere else, such as Devonite, a colorful decorative stone found only in a single igneous intrusion dike on Mount Devon.
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Archaeological finds show that the area was populated by Celtic people during the Hallstatt and La Tène periods. At the Celtic settlement site between Libenice and Kaňk in 1981 numerous ceramic finds from the 5th – 1st Century BC were discovered. One of the most important finds is a smelting furnace with 10 kg of slag from the 2nd – 1st Century BC with traces of pyrrhotine, chalcopyrite, sphalerite and copper, which also testify to early underground mining on the Kaňk. In 1959, an elongated area north of the village was discovered with the grave of a 50-year-old woman buried with plenty of bronze jewelry and a two-meter long stone stele made of yellowish and ocher-colored mica migmatite with tourmaline, which probably indicates a Celtic sanctuary; recent findings in archeology tend to point to a rectangular earthwork.
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At the Younger Volcanic Complex, gold exists in quartz veins containing base metal sulfides. It is also known to exist in pyrite associated with deformed magnetite-rich iron formations, sericitized and carbonatized felsic volcanic rock, quartz-pyrrhotite-chalcopyrite-pentlandite-pyrite zones within deformation zones and in north-trending, chloritized shear zones containing arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite. Samples of pyrite in quartz obtained from a wide quartz vein at Beanland Mine A variety of iron, copper, arsenic and zinc ores such as arsenopyrite, pyrrhotite, pyrite and chalcopyrite with sphalerite, are present as small veins and in quartz veins throughout north-trending shear zones that cut the iron-rich tholeiitic basalts of the Arsenic Lake Formation. Dikes composed of quartz- feldspar porphyry run parallel to or lie within the shear zones and are cut by the mineralization.
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In addition to these rivers, the municipality is crossed by other ribeiras (English: ravines or rivers): Ribeira de Alvacar, Ribeira da Fontinha, Ribeira de Terges, Ribeira da Chada, Ribeira da Sete and Ribeira da Gata. The soils within the municipality are considered poor, having a reduced capacity to support agriculture, and thus limiting its productive use historically. The subsoils are made-up of essentially granular schists, greywacke, sandstone, and in some areas quartzite, as well as rare volcanic metamorphic particulates with reduced permeability. Further, the municipality of Castro Verde is crossed by the Iberian Pyrite Belt, composed of a massive volcanogenic sulfide deposit (VMS) associated with the polymetallic flanks of volcanic cones in the form of pyrite, chalcopyrite, sphalerite, galena and cassiterite, that begins in Aljustrel, spreads through the lower Alentejo and extends into southern Spain.
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The origin of modern seafloor smokers and ancient volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits: mafic magma at depth (perhaps a few kilometers beneath the surface) acts as a heat source, causing convective circulation of seawater through the oceanic crust. Volcanogenic massive sulfide (VMS) are responsible for almost a quarter of the world's zinc production while contributing for lead, silver and copper as well. VMS deposits tend to be of great size since they form over a long period of time and have a relatively high grade in valuable minerals. The main minerals in this deposit are sulphide minerals such as pyrite, sphalerite, chalcopyrite and galena. The term “massive sulfide” deposit refers to any deposit containing more than 50% sulfide minerals. The modifier “volcanogenic” indicates that the massive sulfides are believed to be genetically related to volcanism that was ongoing at the time of sulfide deposition.
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Driggith and Potts Gill Mines worked low temperature lead-zinc-copper veins on the eastern and northern slopes of High Pike. Arsenopyrite is abundant there, and its oxidation in veins that also contain primary lead, zinc and copper sulfides has produced a range of supergene arsenates. At the Driggith Mine, Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria, on dumps from the 30 fathom level, radiating aggregates of lath-like crystals of ianbruceite have been found in fractures in quartz- dolomite matrix with sphalerite, chalcopyrite and cobalt-bearing köttigite as rounded pink aggregates, or more rarely pale pink to colorless monoclinic blades, as well as irregular black patches of a cobalt-bearing manganese oxide, adamite and an unidentified copper silicate. At the nearby Potts Gill Mine, Caldbeck Fells, Cumbria, on dumps from the Endeavor level, it has been found as minute, pearly, lath-like crystals in fractures in arsenopyrite-rich dolomite.
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"Carbon-14 dating of the reed mat in which the objects were wrapped suggests that it dates to at least 3500 B.C. It was in this period that the use of copper became widespread throughout the Levant, attesting to considerable technological developments that parallel major social advances in the region."The Nahal Mishmar Treasure at Metropolitan Museum Sulfide deposits frequently are a mix of different metal sulfides, such as copper, zinc, silver, arsenic, mercury, iron and other metals. (Sphalerite (ZnS with more or less iron), for example, is not uncommon in copper sulfide deposits, and the metal smelted would be brass, which is both harder and more durable than copper.) The metals could theoretically be separated out, but the alloys resulting were typically much stronger than the metals individually. The use of arsenical bronze spread along trade routes into North western China, to the region Gansu – Qinghai, with the Siba, Qijia and Tianshanbeilu cultures.
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The Panasqueira deposit consists in a sequence of quartz veins, notable for its size and the abundance of mineral paragenesis. In this way, the mineralized zone of W-Sn-(Cu) consists of sub-horizontal quartz veins (usually with an inclination of less than 25º, however they can present values of 30 to 40º, near the greisenized cupola) that it overlaps and fills fractures mainly developed in schist rocks, with an average of 25 cm thick (ranging from 1 to 150 cm) and a horizontal extension that can reach 200m, being on average 48m. The most important mineral in economical terms, object of exploration is tungsten (volframite); tin (cassiterite) and copper (chalcopyrite) are by-products of the exploration. In addition to these minerals, there is a great variety of other minerals such as: muscovite, topaz, fluorite, arsenopyrite, pyrite, pyrrhotite, marcasite, sphalerite, apatite, siderite, calcite and dolomite. Also highlight, a type of morphology very typical in these veins, called "Rabo de Enguia – Eel’s Tail".
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