If Sonorant is indemnified, what Mallinckrodt could pay would be significantly less.
|
|
Mallinckrodt will rename itself Sonorant, and, before the end of this year, it will spin off its generics business.
|
|
Mallinckrodt announced in April that it plans to change its name to Sonorant Therapeutics at some point in the near future.
|
|
He explained his $5 billion estimate for potential opioid liabilities assumes they're determined on that basis, and that both Mallinckrodt and Sonorant, in a "worst-case scenario," would be liable.
|
|
Tracklist:Mukqs "Love Machine" unreleased [2019]Nobukazu Takemura "Icefall" Scope [1999]Unknown Artist "Akazéhé Par Deux Jeunes Filles" Musique Du Burundi [22015]Puto Tito "Mestre Das Artes" Carregando A Vida Atrás Das Costas [22019]Nadah El Shazly "Afqid Adh-Dhakira (I Lose Memory)" Ahwar [22019]Dos Monos "Abdication b22019 he dies" Dos City [22019]Lockbox "Spiral Incubus" Soundcloud loosie [22019]Kota Hoshino "EG Expression II - Will" Evergrace OST [20153]Mukqs "A22015 Demoloin (For Carl Stone)" unreleased [22019]Koeosaeme "Head" Sonorant [21977]Simulation "The Reverse Can Be Said" Death's Head Speaks [2019]H Takahashi "Crystal" Escapism [2018]Elliott Sharp "Looppool" Looppool [1988]Doc Sleep "Baltic Amber" Your Ruling Planet [2019]W00DY "Hell" Relentless Kickdrum [2018]Container "Mottle" Soundcloud loosie [20193]Naoya Shimokawa "Piano and Guitar" White Album 2 OST [2013]Wednesday Campanella "Yaku No Jitsugetsubushi" Yakushima Treasure [2019]Jay Mitta "2015" Tatizo Pesa [2019]Khaki Blazer "Black Mesh" Optikk [2019]Mukqs "Stolas" unreleased [2019]Woopheadclrms "Beauty tattoo paper" Asaga Fu an Fumoragu Aria [2019]Emamouse " î~é╠ë╠" Eye Cavity [2019]Nuno Canavarro "Blu Terra" Mr. Wollogallu [1991]Pascale Project "Sexy Inc" Just Feel Good For A Moment [2015]Mukqs "For Diane" Mem Aleph [2019]Taeko Ohnuki "Sargasso Sea" Sunshower [1977]
|
|
English has the following sonorant consonantal phonemes: . Old Irish had one of the most complex sonorant systems recorded in linguistics, with 12 coronal sonorants alone. Coronal laterals, nasals, and rhotics had a fortis-lenis and a palatalization contrast: . There were also and , making 16 sonorant phonemes in total.
|
|
"A reexamination of the feature [sonorant]: the status of 'sonorant obstruents'." Language 69: 308–344. 1996\. "Default variability: The coronal-velar relationship." Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. 2000\.
|
|
This suggests that it was not a voiceless sonorant, but retained stronger frication.
|
|
Diacritics are typically used with letters for prototypically voiced sounds, such as vowels and sonorant consonants: .
|
|
The final segment of a binomial pair should be more likely to be sonorant and more likely to be devoiced.
|
|
Contrary to Standard German, cannot be elided before a sonorant consonant (making it syllabic) so Faden 'yarn' is pronounced rather than the standard .
|
|
The Third Mesa dialect of Hopi has developed tone on long vowels, diphthongs, and vowel + sonorant sequences. This dialect has either falling tones or level tones. The falling tone (high- low) in the Third Mesa dialect corresponds to either a vowel + preaspirated consonant, a vowel + voiceless sonorant, or a vowel + h sequence in the Second Mesa dialect recorded by Whorf.
|
|
Voiceless sonorants are rare; they occur as phonemes in only about 5% of the world's languages.Ian Maddieson (with a chapter contributed by Sandra Ferrari Disner); Patterns of sounds; Cambridge University Press, 1984. They tend to be extremely quiet and difficult to recognise, even for those people whose language have them. In every case of a voiceless sonorant occurring, there is a contrasting voiced sonorant.
|
|
Vowels, glides and laryngeal segments are not consonantal. #[+/− approximant] Approximant segments include vowels, glides, and liquids while excluding nasals and obstruents. #[+/− sonorant] This feature describes the type of oral constriction that can occur in the vocal tract. [+son] designates the vowels and sonorant consonants (namely glides, liquids, and nasals), that are produced without an imbalance of air pressure in the vocal tract that might cause turbulence.
|
|
Two-syllable words with accent on the first syllable do not take stød, nor do closed monosyllables ending in a non-sonorant. In Standard Danish, stød is mainly found in words that have certain phonological patterns, namely those that have a heavy stressed syllable, with a coda of a sonorant or semivowel (i.e. words ending in vowel + ) or one of the consonant phonemes . This phonological structure is called "stød-basis" (or "" in the literature).
|
|
Every phoneme except "o" and "h" can occur initially, medially, or finally; "o" and "h" are never word-final. Clusters of two obstruents, geminate consonant pairs, and clusters of a sonorant followed by an obstruent are all common. Consonant clusters ending in a sonorant usually don't occur except in geminate pairs or when they occur initially through the use of one of the personal pronoun prefixes. Clusters of three consonants can occur, and are almost always of the form CsC.
|
|
When these do occur they are normally at word boundaries and consist of either two continuants, a sonorant and a stop, or a fricative and a stop, with the stop always to the inside of its partner.
|
|
However, fricative and sonorant consonant phonemes exhibit regular contrasts in voice, including in nasals (rare in the world's languages). Additionally, length is contrastive for consonants, but not vowels. In Icelandic, the main stress is always on the first syllable.
|
|
Compare sonorant (resonant), which includes vowels, approximants and nasals but not fricatives, and contrasts with obstruent. In phonology, continuant as a distinctive feature also includes trills. Whether lateral fricatives and approximants and taps/flaps are continuant is not conclusive.
|
|
In a closed syllable before a sonorant, the short falling accent is lengthened, producing different intonation in different dialects. In northern Chakavian, the result is a long rising accent, while in the south there is a long falling accent instead.
|
|
Sonorants may also be called resonants, and some linguists prefer that term, restricting the word 'sonorant' to non-vocoid resonants (that is, nasals and liquids, but not vowels or semi-vowels). Another common distinction is between occlusives (stops, nasals and affricates) and continuants (all else).
|
|
In phonetics and phonology, a sonorant or resonant is a speech sound that is produced with continuous, non-turbulent airflow in the vocal tract; these are the manners of articulation that are most often voiced in the world's languages. Vowels are sonorants, as are nasals like and , liquids like and , and semivowels like and . This set of sounds contrasts with the obstruents (stops, affricates and fricatives).Keith Brown & Jim Miller (2013) The Cambridge Dictionary of Linguistics For some authors only the term resonant is used with this broader meaning, while sonorant is restricted to consonants, referring to nasals and liquids but not vocoids (vowels and semivowels).
|
|
Standard Latvian and, with some exceptions in derivation and inflection, all of the Latvian dialects have fixed initial stress. Long vowels and diphthongs have a tone, regardless of their position in the word. This includes the so-called "mixed diphthongs", composed of a short vowel followed by a sonorant.
|
|
There're eight tones in the Làng Lỡ. Tones 1 to 6 are found on sonorant-final syllables (a.k.a. ‘live’ syllables): syllables ending in a vowel, semi-vowel or nasal. Tones 7 and 8 are found on obstruent-final syllables (a.k.a. ‘stopped’ syllables), ending in -p -t -c -k.
|
|
In order for a syllable to be contracted, it must begin with a [+sonorant] consonant, that is, a voiced sound with a relatively free passage of air. In Yuchi, this includes sounds such as (where indicates a glottallized sound), the fricative , and . A syllable must also be unstressed in order to contract.Linn, 2001, p.
|
|
Long segments in Lithuanian can take one of two accents: rising or falling. "Long segments" are defined as either long vowels, diphthongs or a sequence of a vowel followed by a sonorant if they are in a stressed position. Pitch can serve as the only distinguishing characteristic for minimal pairs that are otherwise orthographically identical, e.g., kar̃tų 'time:gen.
|
|
The next processing stage comprises acoustic-cues consolidation and derivation of distinctive features. These are binary categories related to articulation (for example [+/- high], [+/- back], [+/- round lips] for vowels; [+/- sonorant], [+/- lateral], or [+/- nasal] for consonants. Bundles of these features uniquely identify speech segments (phonemes, syllables, words). These segments are part of the lexicon stored in the listener's memory.
|
|
Syllable structure tends to be highly influenced and motivated by the sonority scale, with the general rule that more sonorous elements are internal (i.e., close to the syllable nucleus) and less sonorant elements are external. For instance, the sequence /plant/ is permissible in many languages, while /lpatn/ is much less likely. (This is the sonority sequencing principle).
|
|
There are two phonemic tonal accents in Latgalian, which appear only on long syllables, i.e. those with a long vowel, a diphthong, or a sequence of a short vowel and a sonorant. These are falling (also called level) and broken (also called sharp). However, there are only a handful of minimal (or near-minimal) pairs, such as 'swallow' and 'tomorrow', both written reit.
|
|
The voiced alveolar lateral approximant is a type of consonantal sound used in many spoken languages. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents dental, alveolar, and postalveolar lateral approximants is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is . As a sonorant, lateral approximants are nearly always voiced. Voiceless lateral approximants, are common in Sino- Tibetan languages, but uncommon elsewhere.
|
|
All accounts agree that some property of the fortis sonorant is being transferred to the preceding vowel, but the details about what property that is vary from researcher to researcher. also repeated in argue that the fortis sonorant is tense (a term only vaguely defined phonetically) and that this tenseness is transferred to the vowel, where it is realized phonetically as vowel length and/or diphthongization. argues that the triggering consonant is underlyingly associated with a unit of syllable weight called a mora; this mora then shifts to the vowel, creating a long vowel or a diphthong. expands on that analysis to argue that the fortis sonorants have an advanced tongue root (that is, the bottom of the tongue is pushed upward during articulation of the consonant) and that diphthongization is an articulatory effect of this tongue movement.
|
|
The sonorant also carries tone when it is syllabic. Here again, the high tone is marked with an acute while the low tone is left unmarked . Even though low tone is the default, these syllables are not underspecified for tone: they have a distinct phonetic tone, and their pitch is not merely a function of their environment. This contrasts with the related Carrier language.
|
|
The grammarian Dionysius Thrax used the Greek word ὑγρός (hygrós, "moist") to describe the sonorant consonants () of classical Greek. Most commentators assume that this referred to their "slippery" effect on meter in classical Greek verse when they occur as the second member of a consonant cluster. This word was calqued into Latin as , whence it has been retained in the Western European phonetic tradition.
|
|
For example, consider the following word:Linn, 2001, p. 62 – 'Did you look in the box?' can contract here because it is an unstressed syllable beginning with a sonorant: . CCC clusters are relatively rare, occurring in only six variations as noted by Wolff,Wolff, 1948, p. 241 four of them beginning with fricatives; such a construction as above would therefore likely be odd to speakers of Yuchi.
|
|
Whereas obstruents are frequently voiceless, sonorants are almost always voiced. A typical sonorant consonant inventory found in many languages comprises the following: two nasals , two semivowels , and two liquids . In the sonority hierarchy, all sounds higher than fricatives are sonorants. They can therefore form the nucleus of a syllable in languages that place that distinction at that level of sonority; see Syllable for details.
|
|
The doubled consonants then came to be used as an indicator for vowel length and, later, quality). That feature is seen in most Germanic languages today. Some Germanic varieties such as High Alemannic German have no general open syllabic lengthening. It may be restricted to a few cases before sonorant consonants, as in Bernese German ('to drive') or ('valleys'), or it may not occur at all, as in Walser German.
|
|
In Czech it is used to denote , a raised alveolar non-sonorant trill and it is an allophone of 'rz' in Polish. Its manner of articulation is similar to other alveolar trills but the tongue is raised; it is partially fricative. It is usually voiced, , but it also has a voiceless allophone occurring in the vicinity of voiceless consonants or at the end of a word. In Upper Sorbian, it denotes the voiceless postalveolar fricative .
|
|
The voicing of this consonant affects the realisation of the Non-High toneme roughly as follows: If the consonant is a voiced obstruent, the Non-High toneme is realised as Low (è-ḏà 'snake') and if the consonant is a voiceless obstruent or a sonorant, the Non- High toneme is realised as Mid (ām̲ē 'person', à-f̱ī 'mouse'). The consonants that induce tonal alternations in this way are sometimes called depressor consonants.
|
|
The primary syllable structure of Uyghur is CV(C)(C). Uyghur syllable structure is usually CV or CVC, but CVCC can also occur in some words. When syllable-coda clusters occur, CC tends to become CVC in some speakers especially if the first consonant is not a sonorant. In Uyghur, any consonant phoneme can occur as the syllable onset or coda, except for which only occurs in the onset and , which never occurs word-initially.
|
|
Consonant length is phonemic in Finnish, for example ('fireplace') (transcribed with the length sign or with a doubled letter ) and ('back'). Consonant gemination occurs with simple consonants () and between syllables in the pattern (consonant)-vowel- sonorant-stop-stop-vowel () but not generally in codas or with longer syllables. (This occurs in Sami languages and in the Finnish name , which is of Sami origin.) Sandhi often produces geminates. Both consonant and vowel gemination are phonemic, and both occur independently, e.g.
|
|
The notion of syllable is challenged by languages that allow long strings of obstruents without any intervening vowel or sonorant. By far the most common syllabic consonants are sonorants like , , , or , as in English bottle, church (in rhotic accents), rhythm, button and lock n key. However, English allows syllabic obstruents in a few para-verbal onomatopoeic utterances such as shh (used to command silence) and psst (used to attract attention). All of these have been analyzed as phonemically syllabic.
|
|
The primary syllable structure of Uyghur is CV(C)(C).Ethnologue: Uyghur Uyghur syllable structure is usually CV or CVC, but CVCC can also occur in some words. When syllable-coda clusters occur, CC tends to become CVC in some speakers especially if the first consonant is not a sonorant. In Uyghur, any consonant phoneme can occur as the syllable onset or coda, except for which only occurs in the onset and , which never occurs word-initially.
|
|
Eastern Aleut words with more than two syllables exhibit a wider variety of stress patterns. Stress may be attracted to another syllable by a long vowel or relatively sonorant consonant, or by a closed syllable. It's possible the stress can be determined by rhythmic factors so that one word will have different stress in different contexts, such as áĝadax̂ compared to àĝádax̂, both meaning 'arrow'. In Atkan and Attuan Aleut, stronger stress more commonly falls on the first syllable.
|
|
Many dialects of English may use syllabic consonants in words such as even , awful and rhythm , which English dictionaries' respelling systems usually treat as realizations of underlying sequences of schwa and a consonant ().For example, see the Pronunciation guide of the Merriam-Webster dictionary. In Danish, a syllabic consonant is the standard colloquial realization of combinations of the phoneme schwa and a sonorant, generally referred to as schwa-assimilation, e.g. ' (the cat) = , ' (lady) = , ' (bike) = , ' (ant) = , ' (sleep) = , ' (shrimp) = , ' (the house) = .
|
|
The eSpeakNG provides two different types of formant speech synthesis using its two different approaches. With its own eSpeakNG synthesizer and a Klatt synthesizer: #The eSpeakNG synthesizer creates voiced speech sounds such as vowels and sonorant consonants by additive synthesis adding together sine waves to make the total sound. Unvoiced consonants e.g. /s/ are made by playing recorded sounds,List of recorded fricatives in eSpeakNG because they are rich in harmonics, which makes additive synthesis less effective.
|
|
The Lithuanian prosodic system is characterized by free accent and distinctive quantity. Its accentuation is sometimes described as a simple tone system, often called pitch accent.Phonetic invariance and phonological stability: Lithuanian pitch accents Grzegorz Dogil & Gregor Möhler, 1998 In lexical words, one syllable will be tonically prominent. A heavy syllable—that is, a syllable containing a long vowel, diphthong, or a sonorant coda—may have one of two tones, falling tone (or acute tone) or rising tone (or circumflex tone).
|
|
There are three processes that can create non- lexical high tone within a syllable nucleus. See the section below for an explanation of other phonological changes which may occur in the following examples. :1. H-deletion :VhCC → VHighCC :An /h/ before two consonants is deleted and the preceding vowel gains high tone: :/kiʃwɑhn-t-ʔuh/ → [kiʃwɑ́nːt'uh] "parched corn" :2. Low tone-deletion :VRVLowC → VHighRC :A low tone vowel following a resonant (sonorant consonant) is deleted, and the preceding vowel gains a high tone.
|
|
Standard Latvian and, with a few minor exceptions, all of the Latvian dialects, have fixed initial stress.On the possible origins of fixed initial stress in Latvian, in contrast to Lithuanian, see Sarah Grey Thomason and Terrence Kaufman, Language Contact, Creolization, and Genetic Linguistics, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1992, p. 122. Long vowels and diphthongs have a tone, regardless of their position in the word. This includes the so-called "mixed diphthongs", composed of a short vowel followed by a sonorant.
|
|
Hypernasality is generally segmented into so-called 'resonance' effects in vowels and some voiced or sonorant consonants and the effects of excess nasal airflow during those consonants requiring a buildup of oral air pressure, such as stop consonants (as /p/) or sibilants (as /s/). The latter nasal airflow problem is termed 'nasal emission',R.J. Baken, Robert F. Orlikoff. Clinical Measurement of Speech and Voice San Diego: Singular, 2000 and acts to prevent the buildup of air pressure and thus prevent the normal production of the consonant.
|
|
Zuni man As Zuni is a language in the Pueblo linguistic area, it shares a number of features with Hopi, Keresan, and Tanoan (and to a lesser extent Navajo) that are probably due to language contact. The development of ejective consonants in Zuni may be due to contact with Keresan and Tanoan languages which have complete series of ejectives. Likewise, aspirated consonants may have diffused into Zuni. Other shared traits include: final devoicing of vowels and sonorant consonants, dual number, ceremonial vocabulary, and the presence of a labialized velar (Campbell 1997).
|
|
Consonant gradation involves an alternation in consonants between a strong grade in some forms of a word and a weak grade in others. The strong grade usually appears in the nominative singular of nominals and the first infinitive of verbs. However, there are phonologically predictable sets of nominals and verbs where nominatives and infinitives feature the weak grade, while other forms have the strong grade. The consonants subject to this change are plosives /p, t, k/ when preceded by a vowel, sonorant /m, n, l, r/, or /h/.
|
|
Feature geometry is easily compatible with theories of underspecification and can represent incomplete segments by missing nodes. The Root node is the topmost node of the feature tree and works as the formal organizing unit of the segment, and in some frameworks encodes the major class features such as [consonantal], [sonorant], and [approximant]. Some features such as [nasal] and [lateral] are sometimes dependent of the root node, or sometimes of a Supralaryngeal node along with Place. Other features such as [anterior] and [distributed] are usually dependent from the Coronal place feature.
|
|
Proceedings of the 16th International Congress of Phonetic Sciences (ICPhS XVI). #The full complement of tones exists only in so-called "live syllables", those that end in a long vowel or a sonorant (). #For "dead syllables", those that end in a plosive () or in a short vowel, only three tonal distinctions are possible: low, high, and falling. Because syllables analyzed as ending in a short vowel may have a final glottal stop (especially in slower speech), all "dead syllables" are phonetically checked, and have the reduced tonal inventory characteristic of checked syllables.
|
|
Voiced consonants such as /z/ are made by mixing a synthesized voiced sound with a recorded sample of unvoiced sound. #The Klatt synthesizer mostly uses the same formant data as the eSpeakNG synthesizer. But, it also produces sounds by subtractive synthesis by starting with generated noise, which is rich in harmonics, and then applying digital filters and enveloping to filter out necessary frequency spectrum and sound envelope for particular consonant (s, t, k) or sonorant (l, m, n) sound. For the MBROLA voices, eSpeakNG converts the text to phonemes and associated pitch contours.
|
|
The human voice produces sounds in the following manner: #Air pressure from the lungs creates a steady flow of air through the trachea (windpipe), larynx (voice box) and pharynx (back of the throat). #The vocal folds in the larynx vibrate, creating fluctuations in air pressure, known as sound waves. #Resonances in the vocal tract modify these waves according to the position and shape of the lips, jaw, tongue, soft palate, and other speech organs, creating formant regions and so different qualities of sonorant (voiced) sound. #Mouth radiates the sound waves into the environment.
|
|
As wildcards, for {consonant} and for {vowel} are ubiquitous. Other common capital-letter symbols are for {tone/accent} (tonicity), for {nasal}, for {plosive}, for {fricative}, for {sibilant}, is particularly ambiguous. It has been used for 'stop', 'fricative', 'sibilant', 'sonorant' and 'semivowel'. The illustrations given here use, as much as possible, letters that are capital versions of members of the sets they stand for: IPA [n] is a nasal, [p] a plosive, [f] a fricative, [s] a sibilant, [l] a liquid, [r] both a rhotic and a resonant, and [ʞ] a click.
|
|
In linguistics, pre-stopping, also known as pre-occlusion or pre-plosion, is a phonological process involving the historical or allophonic insertion of a very short stop consonant before a sonorant, such as a short before a nasal or a lateral . The resulting sounds () are called pre-stopped consonants, or sometimes pre-ploded or (in Celtic linguistics) pre-occluded consonants, although technically may be considered an occlusive/stop without the pre- occlusion. A pre-stopped consonant behaves phonologically as a single consonant. That is, like affricates and trilled affricates, the reasons for considering these sequences to be single consonants lies primarily in their behavior.
|
|
In aspirated plosives, the vocal cords (vocal folds) are abducted at the time of release. In a prevocalic aspirated plosive (a plosive followed by a vowel or sonorant), the time when the vocal cords begin to vibrate will be delayed until the vocal folds come together enough for voicing to begin, and will usually start with breathy voicing. The duration between the release of the plosive and the voice onset is called the voice onset time (VOT) or the aspiration interval. Highly aspirated plosives have a long period of aspiration, so that there is a long period of voiceless airflow (a phonetic ) before the onset of the vowel.
|
|
ANAE, the strict Midland dialect region comprises the cities represented here by circles colored red (North Midland) and orange (South Midland). In the past, linguists considered the Midland dialect to cover an even larger area, extending eastward through Pennsylvania to the Atlantic Ocean. The color blue on this map indicates the Inland North dialect, which is intruding southward into the middle of this region towards St. Louis, Missouri and Peoria, Illinois show variation between the Midland and Inland North dialects. The distinction between a North and a South Midland region is that the South Midland shows a tendency for extra features usually associated with Southern U.S. dialects: notably, strongest fronting and a glide weakening of before certain sonorant consonants.
|
|
In Lithuanian, the distinction between acute and circumflex is not preserved in unstressed syllables. In Standard Lithuanian, based on the Aukštaitian dialect, the acute becomes a falling tone (so-called "Lithuanian metatony") and is marked with an acute accent, and the circumflex becomes a rising tone, marked with a tilde. In diphthongs, the acute accent is placed on the first letter of the diphthong while the tilde marking rising tone (the original circumflex) is placed on the second letter. In diphthongs with a sonorant as a second part, the same convention is used, but the acute accent is replaced with a grave accent if the vowel is i or u: Lithuanian acute pìlnas 'full' < PIE ) vs.
|
|
Prenasalized consonants are phonetic sequences of a nasal and an obstruent (or occasionally a non-nasal sonorant such as ) that behave phonologically like single consonants. The primary reason for considering them to be single consonants, rather than clusters as in English finger or member, lies in their behaviour; however, there may also be phonetic correlates which distinguish prenasalized consonants from clusters. Because of the additional difficulty in both articulation and timing, prenasalized fricatives and sonorants are not as common as prenasalized stops or affricates, and the presence of the former implies the latter. In most languages, when a prenasalized consonant is described as "voiceless", it is only the oral portion that is voiceless, and the nasal portion is modally voiced.
|
|
Furthermore, many varieties of Chinese deleted Middle Chinese final consonants, but these contrasts may have been preserved, helping lead to tonogenesis of contemporary multitonal systems.) Traditional Chinese dialectology reckons syllables ending in a stop consonant as possessing a fourth tone, known technically as a checked tone. This tone is known in traditional Chinese linguistics as the entering ( rù) tone, a term commonly used in English as well. The other three tones were termed the level (or even) tone ( píng), the rising ( shǎng) tone, and the departing (or going) tone ( qù). The practice of setting up the entering tone as a separate class reflects the fact that the actual pitch contour of checked syllables was quite distinct from the pitch contour of any of the sonorant-final syllables.
|
|
Spoken Mandarin Chinese The phonological structure of each syllable consists of a nucleus that has a vowel (which can be a monophthong, diphthong, or even a triphthong in certain varieties), preceded by an onset (a single consonant, or consonant+glide; zero onset is also possible), and followed (optionally) by a coda consonant; a syllable also carries a tone. There are some instances where a vowel is not used as a nucleus. An example of this is in Cantonese, where the nasal sonorant consonants and can stand alone as their own syllable. In Mandarin much more than in other spoken varieties, most syllables tend to be open syllables, meaning they have no coda (assuming that a final glide is not analyzed as a coda), but syllables that do have codas are restricted to nasals , , , the retroflex approximant , and voiceless stops , , , or .
|
|
In particular morphological (such as a result of Proto-Indo-European ablaut) and phonological conditions (like in the last syllable of nominative singular of a noun ending on sonorant, in root syllables in the sigmatic aorist, etc.; compare Szemerényi's law, Stang's law) vowels and would lengthen, yielding respective lengthened-grade variants. The basic lexical forms of words contained therefore only short vowels; forms with long vowels, and appeared from well-established morphophonological rules. Lengthening of vowels may have been a phonologically-conditioned change in Early Proto-Indo-European, but at the period just before the end of Proto-Indo-European, which is usually reconstructed, it is no longer possible to predict the appearance of all long vowels phonologically, as the phonologically-justified resulting long vowels have begun to spread analogically to other forms without being phonologically justified.
|
|
Going by the records of the language recorded in MacGillivray and Brierly, as well as comparing these with their Urradhi and WCL counterparts, the phonology of the language appeared to have been as follows: vowels : i, ii; e, ee; a, aa; u, uu i,ii and u,uu had mid variants, thus and . Some Western-Central Torres Strait Language (WCL; see Kalau Lagau Ya) loans probably retained the WCL vowels unchanged. e/ee otherwise appear to have had a similar marginal status as in Urradhi (Crowley 1983:317). consonants : labial p, b, m velar k, g, ng labio-velar kw, w lamino-dental th, dh, l, nh lamino-palatal ch, j, ny, y alveolar t, d, n retroflex rt, rr, r The non-sonorant sounds appear to have had voice contrasts, except after nasals, when both voiced and voiceless allophones occurred, with the voiced allophones seemingly more common.
|
|
Katakana and hiragana are both kana systems. With one or two minor exceptions, each syllable (strictly mora) in the Japanese language is represented by one character or kana, in each system. Each kana represents either a vowel such as "a" (katakana ア); a consonant followed by a vowel such as "ka" (katakana カ); or "n" (katakana ン), a nasal sonorant which, depending on the context, sounds either like English m, n or ng () or like the nasal vowels of Portuguese or Galician. In contrast to the hiragana syllabary, which is used for Japanese words not covered by kanji and for grammatical inflections, the katakana syllabary usage is quite similar to italics in English; specifically, it is used for transcription of foreign-language words into Japanese and the writing of loan words (collectively gairaigo); for emphasis; to represent onomatopoeia; for technical and scientific terms; and for names of plants, animals, minerals and often Japanese companies.
|
|