A handful seem to, and are now being put through their paces—firstly in bubbling bottles of rumen contents (the rumen is one of the animals' stomach chambers), and then in real cattle and sheep.
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Bulgaria's presidential election was won by Rumen Radev of the Socialist Party.
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Neither Danekova or her coach Rumen Angelov were immediately available for comment.
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Neither Danekova nor her coach Rumen Angelov were immediately available for comment.
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The Kremlin congratulated both Dodon and Bulgaria's Rumen Radev on their victories.
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Her coach, Rumen Angelov, said the runner had never used any banned substances.
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The visuals also occupy a "sweet spot" in terms of detail, says Rumen.
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Rumen Radev, the Socialist president, vows to stop Bulgaria becoming "Europe's migrant ghetto".
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The rumen is one of the cow's four stomachs, and it plays a critical role in digestion.
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President Rumen Radev withdrew confidence from Georgiev, who had taken charge at the commission in March 2018.
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Bulgarian President Rumen Radev later responded by saying his country would not accept democracy lessons from Turkey.
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The president-elect, Rumen Radev, hinted during his campaign this summer that he might support such a move.
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The enzyme is released by a group of microorganisms that live inside a special stomach compartment called the rumen.
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Bulgaria's president-elect, Rumen Radev, a former air force commander backed by the opposition Socialists, favors improved ties with Moscow.
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Free access to hay makes certain that their rumen is balanced, which in turn lets them have free choice of grain.
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Devices that sit inside an animal's rumen, measuring stomach acidity and looking for digestive problems, have been available for several years.
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The winning candidate, Rumen Radev of the Socialist Party, is a former MiG-29 pilot and commander in the country's air force.
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Borisov resigned after Rumen Radev, the candidate backed by the opposition Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP), beat GERB's candidate in Bulgaria's presidential election.
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If a food additive messed up the balance of flora inside the rumen, that could be a real problem for cows and farmers.
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Thwaites told Business Insider that he'd eventually like to work on building a "kind of artificial rumen," but that'll likely take some time.
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It said its ruling had taken into account the views of President Rumen Radev, several ministers, the state child protection and non-government groups.
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In Bulgaria, where Russia's pet South Stream project ran aground amid opposition from the EU, President Rumen Radev now supports the Kremlin's TurkStream project.
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Prime Minister Boyko Borisov is a one-time bodyguard to Bulgaria's last reigning monarch; President Rumen Radev is a former MiG-2628 jet pilot.
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Instead, he went online and bought a bottle of cellulase—the enzyme that rumen bacteria use to break down grass in the first place.
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Chemicals found in onions and garlic have been shown to decrease methane emissions by changing the chemistry of the rumen, according to a few studies.
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Last week Bulgarian President Rumen Radev vetoed the law, passed by parliament, saying the bill failed to offer the means to effectively investigate corruption networks.
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Coming on board are Simeon "dream3r" Ganev, Yanko "blocker" Panov, Rumen "numb" Dimitrov, Hristiyan "REDSTAR" Pironkov and Ivan "Patrick" Ivanov plus coach Dimitar "DroW" Slavkov.
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Bulgarian President Rumen Radev vetoed anti-graft legislation passed by parliament in December, saying the bill would not allow the efficient investigation of corruption networks.
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Goats, like other plant eaters, have an organ called a rumen that is filled with microorganisms that help them break down grass into edible sugars.
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Thwaites considered swallowing a microbial mixture that would mimic the rumen and help him digest the grass, but he was told that that was unsafe.
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But President Rumen Radev, a former air force commander, said on Thursday the visit could put some of the possible bidders in a less favorable position.
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The center-right GERB party stepped down after its candidate lost the November presidential election to Rumen Radev, a pro-Russian ally of the Bulgarian Socialist Party.
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On Monday President Rumen Radev vetoed a decision by parliament to approve the $1.26 billion deal, describing a lack of consensus on the contracts as "extremely worrying".
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Bulgaria is reviving plans for the plant and is open to Russian participation, its president Rumen Radev said on Monday, a day before meeting President Vladimir Putin.
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But now the country, and its new president, Rumen Radev, will have to learn how to balance Donald J. Trump and an increasingly energized Vladimir V. Putin.
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The plenary included Chinese President Xi Jinping, Bulgarian President Rumen Radev, Armenian President Nikol Pashinyan, Slovakian President Peter Pellegrini and Secretary-General of the United Nations Antonio Guterres.
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According to Bulgarian President Rumen Radev, Trump made the suggestion in a meeting of NATO leaders before immediately leaving the room without seeing the reaction to his remarks.
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Agriculture Minister Rumen Porozhanov told reporters after a cabinet meeting that laboratory tests had found different ingredients in seven of 31 identical-brand food items sold in Bulgaria.
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BUCHAREST (Reuters) - Former Bulgarian air force commander Rumen Radev won the decisive round of Sunday's presidential elections in Bulgaria, exit polls by Alpha Research and Gallup International showed.
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SOFIA (Reuters) - President Rumen Radev on Thursday blocked the appointment of Bulgaria's next chief prosecutor whose selection as the sole candidate for the powerful post sparked street protests.
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The main opposition party voted to endorse General Rumen Radev, 53, for the largely ceremonial post days after he tendered his resignation as commander of the air force.
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SOFIA, July 23 (Reuters) - Bulgarian President Rumen Radev on Tuesday vetoed a law on the ratification of a deal to buy eight new Lockheed Martin F-16 fighter jets.
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Bulgarian President Rumen Radev, who is friendly towards Russia, said the charges against Malinov were "very serious" and that prosecutors needed to come up with indisputable evidence of wrongdoing.
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He marvelled at the four compartments of the goat stomach and learned that the largest one, the rumen, contains bacteria that turn grass into a fermented and digestible stew.
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The interim government was appointed by President Rumen Radev in late January and will stay in office until a new government is formed following snap elections held on March 26.
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The appointments show that President Rumen Radev, who took office this month after winning an election with the backing of the opposition Socialists, is seeking continuity and balance, analysts said.
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Modder Stefan Rumen, who used AI upscaling to improve the graphics of Final Fantasy VII, explains that new display technology is as much to blame for this as outdated graphics.
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"President Trump, who spoke, raised the question not just to reach 2%, today, but set a new target: 4%," Bulgarian President Rumen Radev told reporters, according to BNR public radio.
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Socialist ally Rumen Radev, a Russia-friendly newcomer to politics, won the presidential election by a wide margin in November, prompting center-right Prime Minister Boiko Borisov to step down.
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"The construction of the fence began at two sections along the land border with Romania and the construction will start at a third section," Agriculture Minister Rumen Porozhanov told reporters.
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The appointments show that President Rumen Radev, who took office this month after winning an election with the backing of the opposition Socialists, is seeking continuity and balance, analysts said.
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Because cows have both a stomach and a rumen, "their digestive system is far more complex and hard to understand than ours," says Phil Garnsworthy of the University of Nottingham.
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BRUSSELS (Reuters) - U.S. President Donald Trump told NATO allies to raise defense spending to 4 pct of gross domestic product, Bulgaria's President Rumen Radev told reporters on Wednesday in Brussels.
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Neither parliament speaker Tsacheva nor Socialist candidate Rumen Radev would get the overall majority needed for a first round win, according to Monday's poll, by Alpha Research between Oct 8-13.
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"A total of 1,800 animals were euthanized," Agriculture Minister Rumen Porozhanov told parliament, adding three more samples from farms in the southeastern region of Yambol tested positive for PPR on Monday.
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Bulgarian President Rumen Radev first told a national radio station that Trump had raised the prospect of a heightened spending commitment during a meeting with world leaders at the NATO summit.
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Tsacheva, a former member of the Communist party, appears likely to face a two-way runoff vote for the largely ceremonial post, however, against the Socialist party BSP's candidate Rumen Radev.
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"New smart EU rules will give us robust tools to prevent the abuse of antibiotics and limit the risk of the development of antimicrobial resistance," said Bulgarian Agriculture Minister Rumen Porodzanov.
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VARNA, Bulgaria (Reuters) - Bulgarian President Rumen Radev said on Friday that a European Union directive on posted workers should seek a balance between the older and the newer members of the bloc.
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SOFIA (Reuters) - Bulgarian President Rumen Radev on Tuesday vetoed a deal to buy eight new Lockheed Martin F-16 fighter jets, describing a lack of consensus over the purchase as "extremely worrying".
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President Rumen Radev said in a statement the caretaker government will take office on Friday, confirming an earlier Reuters report that current deputy finance minister Kiril Ananiev will take over the country's finances.
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SOFIA (Reuters) - Socialist-backed candidate Rumen Radev, who has called for an end to European Union sanctions against Russia, has won the first round of Bulgaria's presidential election, partial official results showed on Monday.
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In a strongly worded televised address to the nation, President Rumen Radev said he was "withdrawing my confidence" in the government, a symbolic act to demonstrate his dissatisfaction with Prime Minister Boyko Borissov's management.
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"Oregano has essential oils with a mild antimicrobial called carvacrol, which can kill some of the bacteria in the cow's rumen that produce methane," Kai Grevsen, a senior researcher at Aarhus University told NPR.
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President Rumen Radev, who only took office this month, has to dissolve the parliament and call an early election after Bulgaria's centre-right government resigned late last year after its candidate lost the presidential election.
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SOFIA (Reuters) - Bulgarian Socialist ally Rumen Radev, a Russia-friendly newcomer to politics, won Sunday's presidential election by a wide margin, exit polls showed, prompting centre-right Prime Minister Boiko Borisov to pledge to resign.
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SOFIA (Reuters) - Bulgaria's President-elect Rumen Radev, whose overwhelming victory at presidential polls in November triggered the collapse of the center-right government, said on Thursday he would dissolve the parliament in a week's time.
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Bulgarian President Rumen Radev, a former air force commander and frequent critic of Prime Minister Boyko Borissov, is believed to favor the Swedish bid and has criticized the process as flawed and "a triumph of lobbying".
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The Balkan country has been in political limbo since center-right Prime Minister Boiko Borisov resigned following the victory of Rumen Radev, a Russia-friendly candidate backed by the opposition Socialists, in a November presidential election.
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The most likely contenders are Socialist candidate Rumen Radev, a former air force commander, the centre-left's Ivailo Kalfin, a former labour and foreign minister, as well as Tatiana Doncheva, leader of a left-wing faction.
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It has been in political limbo since center-right Prime Minister Boiko Borisov resigned following the victory of Rumen Radev, a Russia-friendly candidate backed by the opposition Socialists, in the presidential election on Nov. 13.
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Anti-EU rhetoric proved rewarding elsewhere in eastern Europe at the weekend: a pro-Russian candidate won the presidency in Bulgaria and, on Monday, the Kremlin congratulated both Dodon and Bulgaria's Rumen Radev on their victories.
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In a rare demonstration of unity, Borissov and President Rumen Radev stood together appealing to Bulgarians not to yield to panic, but grasp the gravity of the situation, observe social distancing and show unity and solidarity.
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SOFIA, March 22 (Reuters) - Bulgarian President Rumen Radev on Sunday partially vetoed a state of emergency law intended to limit the spread of the coronavirus, saying some of the measures would create more problems than solutions.
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"Poland is not defining Europe's future today and nor will it define the Europe of tomorrow," Macron said at a joint press conference with Bulgarian President Rumen Radev in the Black Sea resort city of Varna.
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An offer by Portugal to sell secondhand U.S. F-16s was not rated - a decision that prompted Borissov's ruling GERB party to set up the commission which will also check whether President Rumen Radev influenced the process.
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Kornelia Ninova, 03, who took the reins of the former communist party last year, saw its support almost double to about 30 percent after Russia-friendly Rumen Radev, backed by her party, won the presidency in November.
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SOFIA, Nov 17 (Reuters) - Bulgarian prosecutors charged former economy and energy minister Rumen Ovcharov on Thursday over state losses of more than 190 million euros ($204 million) related to a cancelled nuclear power project with Russia's Atomstroyexport.
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Opinion polls put the GERB party of former prime minister Boiko Borisov, 57, only narrowly ahead of the Socialists (BSP), who have seen their popularity rise since the candidate they backed, Rumen Radev, won Bulgaria's presidency in November.
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SOFIA (Reuters) - Bulgaria's parliament passed anti-corruption legislation on Wednesday under European Union pressure over its failure to prosecute venal officials, but President Rumen Radev has said the bill is not fit for purpose and he will veto it.
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Prime Minister Boyko Borisov, of the centre-right GERB ("coat of arms") party, called the elections in November after his party's candidate lost the presidential race to Rumen Radev, a former air-force general backed by the rival Socialists.
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SOFIA (Reuters) - Bulgarian prosecutors charged former economy and energy minister Rumen Ovcharov on Thursday with mismanagement that led to state losses of more than 190 million euros ($200 million) related to a canceled nuclear power project with Russia's Atomstroyexport.
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MOSCOW (Reuters) - Bulgaria is reviving plans to develop its Belene nuclear power plant and is open to Russian participation in the project, Bulgarian President Rumen Radev said on Monday after talks with Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev in Moscow.
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"Bulgaria cannot allow itself to lose competitiveness in the energy sector and will work to defend the social right of the people working in it," President Rumen Radev, who will present Bulgaria's position at Katowice, wrote in his Facebook account.
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President Rumen Radev, a former air force commander, had on Tuesday used his veto right for the eighth time and sent back to parliament the revisions, saying they did not serve the interests of the state or of Bulgarian citizens.
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When asked which city he intended to visit first, Moscow or Washington, the presumed victor in Bulgaria, Rumen Radev, said he intended to have close relationships in both capitals and praised Mr. Trump for his warmer attitude toward Mr. Putin.
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Veteran centrist Ognyan Gerdzhikov, a former parliament speaker, was appointed by President Rumen Radev on Tuesday to manage the political transition up to the election following the resignation late last year of a coalition government led by the center-right GERB party.
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The Balkan country, which has been in political limbo, faces early polls next spring after center Prime Minister Boiko Borisov resigned following the victory of Rumen Radev, a Russia-friendly candidate backed by the opposition Socialists, in the presidential election on Nov. 13.
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Bulgaria's Minister of Agriculture, Food and Forestry Rumen Porozhanov said experts had already purchased chocolate, dairy and meat products, non-alcoholic beverages, juices and baby foods from Germany and Austria and would make the quality checks after buying the identical products in Bulgaria.
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Borisov had tied his government's fate to the outcome of Bulgaria's presidential election and he quit after the victory, in Sunday's second round of voting, of political novice Rumen Radev, who favors improved ties with Russia and had the backing of the opposition Socialists.
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Take the November presidential elections here in Bulgaria: The international news media portrayed the victory of Rumen Radev, a United States-trained Air Force general who ran as an independent, as yet another triumph for President Vladimir V. Putin of Russia, and further proof of his growing influence in Eastern Europe.
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But when he realized how dangerous this would be—the goat's microbes might give him a parasitic infection—he came up with a new idea: he would create an artificial rumen, chewing up grass, spitting it into a plastic bag laced with goat-gut bacteria, and then drinking its fermented contents.
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Bulgarians have traditionally had close personal and economic ties with the Russians, and the sanctions against Russia have hurt Bulgaria's economy, the poorest in the E.U. The Socialist-backed president-elect, Rumen Radev — a political novice and former NATO fighter pilot who spent a year training in America — pledged to seek improved relations with Russia, arguing that being pro-European did not mean being anti-Russian.
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Cow-rumen RNA motifs refer to conserved RNA structures discovered by bioinformatics that are found exclusively in metagenomics DNA samples isolated from cow rumen. Thus, the organisms containing these RNAs have not yet been determined. Organisms that are common in rumen have been studied. The cow- rumen-1 to -4 motifs likely function in trans as sRNAs.
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Instead, rumen liquor is aspirated through a rumen-fluid collector, consisting of a Frick gag and a flexible hose with a perforated metal tip which serves as a filter. The hose and tip is passed through the gag and down the oesophagus to the rumen. It is normally possible to aspirate five litres of rumen liquor using this device. Rumen contents from a fistulated cow can also help sheep and goats, which have similar digestive systems.
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Neocallimastix is a genus of obligately anaerobic rumen fungi in the family Neocallimastigaceae. A specialised group of chytrids grow in the rumen of herbivorous animals, where they degrade cellulose and thus play a primary role in the complex microbial ecology of the rumen.
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Dairy cows with good rumen health are likely to be more profitable than cows with poor rumen health—as a healthy rumen aids in digestion of nutrients. An increase in the time a cow spends ruminating is associated with the increase in health and an increase in milk production. The productivity of dairy cattle is most efficient when the cattle have a full rumen. Also, the standing action while feeding after milking has been suggested to enhance udder health.
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Pancreatic ribonuclease also degrades bacterial RNA in the ruminant small intestine as a source of nitrogen. During grazing, ruminants produce large amounts of saliva – estimates range from 100 to 150 litres of saliva per day for a cow. The role of saliva is to provide ample fluid for rumen fermentation and to act as a buffering agent. Rumen fermentation produces large amounts of organic acids, thus maintaining the appropriate pH of rumen fluids is a critical factor in rumen fermentation.
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The reticulorumen represents the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It is composed of the rumen and reticulum. The reticulum differs from the rumen with regard to the texture of its lining. The rumen wall is covered in small, finger-like projections called papillae, whereas the reticulum is lined with ridges that form a hexagonal honeycomb pattern.
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Saure Kutteln means sour tripes. The dish consists of washed and blanched rumen. The rumen gets chopped into slices and then gets cooked in roux for about an hour. Traditional spices are bay laurel, juniper and pepper.
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Ruminant animals are those that have a rumen. A rumen is a multichambered stomach found almost exclusively among some artiodactyl mammals, such cattle, deer, and camels, enabling them to eat cellulose-enhanced tough plants and grains that monogastric (i.e., "single-chambered stomached") animals, such as humans, dogs, and cats, cannot digest. Enteric fermentation occurs when methane (CH4) is produced in the rumen as microbial fermentation takes place. Over 200 species of microorganisms are present in the rumen, although only about 10% of these play an important role in digestion.
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Their symbiotic relationship with the microbes that occupy the fermentation chamber in their stomach, the rumen, allows them to survive on incredibly low quality feed. The rumen is a micro-ecosystem within each dairy cow. For optimal digestion, the environment of the rumen must be ideal for the microbes. In this way, the job of a ruminant nutritionist is to feed the microbes not the cow.
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Kandleria vitulina is a bacterium from the genus Kandleria isolated from calf rumen.
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Vertebrates lack the ability to hydrolyse the beta [1–4] glycosidic bond of plant cellulose due to the lack of the enzyme cellulase. Thus, ruminants must completely depend on the microbial flora, present in the rumen or hindgut, to digest cellulose. Digestion of food in the rumen is primarily carried out by the rumen microflora, which contains dense populations of several species of bacteria, protozoa, sometimes yeasts and other fungi – 1 ml of rumen is estimated to contain 10–50 billion bacteria and 1 million protozoa, as well as several yeasts and fungi. Since the environment inside a rumen is anaerobic, most of these microbial species are obligate or facultative anaerobes that can decompose complex plant material, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, starch, and proteins.
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Ruminal tympany, also known as bloat, is a disease of ruminant animals, characterized by an excessive volume of gas in the rumen. Ruminal tympany may be primary, known as frothy bloat, or secondary, known as free-gas bloat. In the rumen, food eaten by the ruminant is fermented by microbes. This fermentation process continually produces gas, the majority of which is expelled from the rumen by eructation (burping).
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Rumen Ivanov (Bulgarian: Румен Иванов) (born 14 September 1973) is a Bulgarian football forward.
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Induction of Rumen Radev into the International Honor Roll, Dec. 3, 2014 Rumen Radev was awarded numerous medals and prizes, including the sign "For loyal service under the flags" – III degree, and Honorary sign of the Ministry of Defence "Saint George" – II degree.
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Because of the high solute concentration of the rumen fluid under such conditions, considerable water is translocated from the blood to the rumen along the osmotic potential gradient, resulting in dehydration which cannot be relieved by drinking, and which can ultimately lead to hypovolemic shock. As more lactate accumulates and rumen pH drops, the ruminal concentration of undissociated lactic acid increases. Undissociated lactic acid can cross the rumen wall to the blood, where it dissociates, lowering blood pH. Both L and D isomers of lactic acid are produced in the rumen; these isomers are metabolized by different metabolic pathways, and activity of the principal enzyme involved in metabolism of the D isomer declines greatly with lower pH, tending to result in an increased ratio of D:L isomers as acidosis progresses.
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Veterinary schools, veterinary hospitals, and bovine farming operations in North America often keep a healthy fistulated cow as a microbiota donor. Large animal veterinarians will pull the contents by hand from the healthy cow's rumen system to help repopulate the fauna in a sick cow's rumen. This process is called transfaunation, or a microbiota transplant. In Europe, the fistulation of cows to provide rumen contents for transfaunation is considered unethical, and is not practised.
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Rumen Popov (Bulgarian: Румен Попов) (born 21 May 1983 in Plovdiv) is a Bulgarian football player.
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Rumen Shankulov (; born 22 August 1976) is a former Bulgarian footballer who played as a forward.
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Premium quality maize and barley is kibbled to optimise digestibility and increase the rumen utilisation rate.
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Quinella is a genus of bacteria in the Veillonellaceae family. Its only species, Quinella ovalis, is an extremely large motile rumen anaerobic prokaryote previously known as "Quin's Oval". In the illustrated atlas of sheep rumen organisms of Moir and Masson, their organism no. 3 represents Quinella ovalis.
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Rumen Leonidov Rumen Leonidov (born 17 May 1953) is a Bulgarian poet, translator, journalist and publisher. He has published nine books and received numerous Bulgarian as well as international awards for poetry. He was born in Sofia and earned a degree in Bulgarian philology from Plovdiv University.
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In 2018, Bulgaria's president Rumen Radev proposed that the construction of the South Stream pipeline be resumed.
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Rumen Nenov (; 29 December 1969 – 15 June 2017) was a Bulgarian footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
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Nenov was born in Sofia. His father Rumen was also a footballer who played as a goalkeeper.
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Syntrophy plays an important role in a large number of microbial processes. The defining feature of ruminants, such as cows and goats, is a stomach called a rumen. The rumen contains billions of microbes, many of which are syntrophic. One excellent example of this syntrophy is interspecies hydrogen transfer.
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Being ruminants, the stomach is composed of four chambers: the rumen (80%), the omasum, the reticulum, and the abomasum. The ciliates and bacteria of the rumen ferment the complex cellulose into simpler fatty acids, which are then absorbed through the rumen wall. Bovids have a long small intestine; the length of the small intestine in cattle is . Body temperature fluctuates through the day; for instance, in goats the temperature can change slightly from nearly in the early morning to in the afternoon.
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Rumen Nikolov (; born 5 February 1990) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a forward for Spartak Varna.
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Rumen Rangelov (; born 30 November 1985) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a forward for Lokomotiv Mezdra.
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Rumen Kasabov (; born 15 November 1999) is a Bulgarian footballer who plays as a midfielder for Svetkavitsa Targovishte.
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Sodium bicarbonate is used as a cattle feed supplement, in particular as a buffering agent for the rumen.
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Synergistes jonesii, gen. nov., sp. nov.: a rumen bacterium that degrades toxic pyridinediols. Syst. Appl. Microbiol. 15: 522-529.
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Debating the Past: Modern Bulgarian History: from Stambolov to Zhivkov, Rumen Daskalov, Central European University Press, 2011, , p. 193.
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The peak is named after the Bulgarian automobile constructor Rumen Antonov (b. 1944) who invented an innovative automatic gearbox.
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Rumen Ivaylov Rumenov (; born 7 June 1993) is a Bulgarian footballer, currently playing as a midfielder for Arda Kardzhali.
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Rumen Stoyanov (; born 13 December 1976) is a Bulgarian football player, currently playing for Tundzha Yambol as a defender.
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Rumen Sandev (; born 19 November 1988) is a Bulgarian footballer currently playing as a defender for Strumska Slava Radomir.
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A cannula in a cow's side. A cannulated cow or "fistulated cow" refers to a cow that has been surgically fitted with a cannula. A cannula acts as a porthole-like device that allows access to the rumen of a cow, to perform research and analysis of the digestive system and to allow veterinarians to transplant rumen contents from one cow to another. The practice of rumen cannulation was first documented in 1928 by Arthur Frederick Schalk and R.S. Amadon of North Dakota Agricultural College.
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In the case of MLA's NLIS the movement of certain species of livestock (primarily cattle, goats and sheep) must be recorded in the online database within 24 hours of the movement; and include the PICs of the properties the animals are travelling between. The National Livestock Identification System (NLIS) of Australia regulations require that all cattle be fitted with a RFID device in the form of an ear tag or rumen bolus (a cylindrical object placed in the rumen)Rumen bolus system pays off , Queensland Country Life.
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Then they penetrate and feed on tissue of the gut wall of the small intestine. Once they develop sufficiently they migrate to the rumen, where the juveniles mature and produce ova. The period of rumen entry to egg laying takes about 60 to 120 days. However, the lifespan of an adult is unknown.
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Herbivores have evolved cecums (or an abomasum in the case of ruminants). Ruminants have a fore-stomach with four chambers. These are the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum. In the first two chambers, the rumen and the reticulum, the food is mixed with saliva and separates into layers of solid and liquid material.
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The reticulum is the second chamber in the alimentary canal of a ruminant animal. Anatomically it is considered the smaller portion of the reticulorumen along with the rumen. Together these two compartments make up 84% of the volume of the total stomach. The rumen is located at the base of the esophagus.
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Rumen Petkov (born 1 September 1959) is a Bulgarian gymnast. He competed in eight events at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
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Rumen Gabrovski (born 11 June 1946) is a Bulgarian gymnast. He competed in eight events at the 1968 Summer Olympics.
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Acetitomaculum is a genus in the phylum Firmicutes (Bacteria). The single species is an acetogenic bacteria from the bovine rumen.
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Prauserella rugosa is a bacterium from the genus of Prauserella which has been isolated from the rumen of a cattle.
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Some systems of veal production rear calves that are denied access to any solid feed and are fed a liquid milk replacer. They may also be deprived of bedding to prevent them from eating it. This dietary restriction completely distorts the normal development of the rumen and predisposes the calf to infectious enteritis (scouring or diarrhea) and chronic indigestion. Furthermore, calves with an underdeveloped gut are more likely to be found to have hairballs in the rumen at slaughter; the accumulation of hairballs in the rumen can impair digestion.
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With high grain consumption, the concentration of dissociated organic acids can become quite high, resulting in rumen pH dropping below 6. Within this lower pH range, Lactobacillus spp. (producing lactate and hydrogen ions) are favored, and M. elsdenii and S. ruminantium are inhibited, tending to result in a considerable rise of lactate and hydrogen ion concentrations in the rumen fluid. The pKa of lactic acid is low, about 3.9, versus, for example, 4.8 for acetic acid; this contributes to the considerable drop in rumen pH which can occur.
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Rumen Tinkov (; born 20 February 1987 in Plovdiv) is a Bulgarian footballer. He currently plays as a goalkeeper for FC Eurocollege.
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Care must be taken to keep these products away from horses, for which, since horses have no rumen, they are toxic.
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Rumen Lukanov is the host of Deal or No Deal. He entered the house on Day 2 and left on Day 10.
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Clostridium cellobioparum is a species of anaerobic cellulose-degrading Gram- positive bacterium found in the bovine rumen belonging to the family Clostridiaceae.
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The band was established in 1978 in Sofia from: Yordan Karadzhov(vocal), Georgi Kokalov – drums, Rumen Spasov – guitar and Hristo Lambrev – piano.
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Rumen Aleksiev (, born 12 May 1967) is a Bulgarian rower. He competed in the men's eight event at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
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Measures for preventing lactic acidosis in ruminants include avoidance of excessive amounts of grain in the diet, and gradual introduction of grain over a period of several days, to develop a rumen population capable of safely dealing with a relatively high grain intake. Administration of lasalocid or monensin in feed can reduce risk of lactic acidosis in ruminants, inhibiting most of the lactate-producing bacterial species without inhibiting the major lactate fermenters. Also, using a higher feeding frequency to provide the daily grain ration can allow higher grain intake without reducing the pH of the rumen fluid. Treatment of lactic acidosis in ruminants may involve intravenous administration of dilute sodium bicarbonate, oral administration of magnesium hydroxide, and/or repeated removal of rumen fluids and replacement with water (followed by reinoculation with rumen organisms, if necessary).
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He was married for 13 years to Desislava Gencheva, who is remarried to Bulgarian president Rumen Radev. He has one son with Gencheva.
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Loeb Classical Library 57, Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts, 2006.Kolev, Rumen. The Babylonian Astrolabe. State Archives of Assyria Studies, Volume XXII, 2013.
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Rumen Alabakov (born 2 August 1965) is a Bulgarian wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 90 kg at the 1988 Summer Olympics.
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The President of Bulgaria Rumen Radev is an independent with support from the Bulgarian Socialist Party. Radev was elected in the 2016 election.
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After digesta pass through the rumen, the omasum absorbs excess fluid so that digestive enzymes and acid in the abomasum are not diluted.
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Grazing animals that tend to eat hard, silica- rich grasses, have high-crowned teeth, which are capable of grinding tough plant tissues and do not wear down as quickly as low-crowned teeth. Most carnivorous mammals have carnassialiforme teeth (of varying length depending on diet), long canines and similar tooth replacement patterns. The stomach of Artiodactyls is divided into four sections: the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum and the abomasum (only ruminants have a rumen). After the plant material is consumed, it is mixed with saliva in the rumen and reticulum and separates into solid and liquid material.
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By analyzing the chemical composition of a cow's rumen, researchers can determine the effects of different feeds and processes on bovine digestion. Many of the earliest documented reports of cannulated cows were made by researchers working to understand how feed is processed through cows. For instance, a 1939 study discovered via cannulated cows that the pH of rumen varies throughout the day, becoming most alkaline just prior to feeding. A 1956 study used cannulated cows to determine that a hay-only diet does not change the proportion of fatty acids in a cow's rumen, but every other type of feed measured does.
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Fibrobacter succinogenes is a cellulolytic bacterium species in the genus Fibrobacter. It is present in the rumen of cattle. Beta glucans are its substrate of choice in the rumen and its products after digestion include formate, acetate and succinate. Fibrobacter succinogenes forms characteristic extensive grooves in crystalline cellulose, and is also rather readily detached from its substrate during sample preparation.
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President Rumen Radev (left) and Prime Minister Boyko Borisov (right). The two Bulgarian leaders often publicly clash.Following the defeat of GERB's candidate for president in the 2016 Bulgarian presidential election, Bulgarian Air Force general Rumen Radev was elected to the mostly ceremonial post of President of Bulgaria. Radev, an independent, was nonetheless backed by the Bulgarian Socialist Party – Bulgaria's largest opposition party.
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Desislava Radeva () is a Bulgarian public figure and the current First Lady of Bulgaria since January 2017, being the wife of President Rumen Radev.
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Rumen Stefanov Pavlov (born 21 March 1964) is a Bulgarian wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 57 kg at the 1992 Summer Olympics.
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P. bubalis causes malaria in buffalo. Infected buffalo show fever and decreased appetite, as well as anemia, pale mucous membranes, and reduced rumen motility.
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Rumen Angelov Galabov (; born 29 July 1978 in Sofia) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer. He played as a defender and occasionally as a midfielder.
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Rumen Yordanov (17 October 1958 - 2 August 2010) was a Bulgarian wrestler. He competed in the men's freestyle 48 kg at the 1980 Summer Olympics.
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Mepron is the brand name for a time-released, rumen-protected DL-Methionine capsule for dairy cattle. It is a registered trademark of Evonik Industries.
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Toxicity does not seem to constitute a problem in cattle, as the rumen harbors protozoa that hydrolyze OTA. However, contamination of milk is a possibility.
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Effects of type and level of supplementation and the influence of the rumen pH on cellulolysis in vivo and dry matter digestion of various roughages.
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Cattle are ruminants, meaning their digestive system is highly specialized to allow the use of poorly digestible plants as food. Cattle have one stomach with four compartments, the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, with the rumen being the largest compartment. The reticulum, the smallest compartment, is known as the "honeycomb". The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed.
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The rumen, also known as a paunch, forms the larger part of the reticulorumen, which is the first chamber in the alimentary canal of ruminant animals. It serves as the primary site for microbial fermentation of ingested feed. The smaller part of the reticulorumen is the reticulum, which is fully continuous with the rumen, but differs from it with regard to the texture of its lining.
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After fermentation in the rumen, feed passes into the reticulum and the omasum; special feeds such as grains may bypass the rumen altogether. After the first three chambers, food moves into the abomasum for final digestion before processing by the intestines. The abomasum is the only one of the four chambers analogous to the human stomach, and is sometimes called the "true stomach".Simmons & Ekarius, p. 171.
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The two types do not readily interbreed, but fertile offspring can occur. Water buffalo-cattle hybrids have not been observed to occur, but the embryos of such hybrids reach maturity in laboratory experiments, albeit at lower rates than non-hybrids. The rumen of the water buffalo differs from the rumen of other ruminants.Wanapat, M.; Ngarmsang, A.; Korkhuntot, S.; Nontaso, N.; Wachirapakorn, C.; Beakes, G.; Rowlinson, P. (2000).
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The Fibro-purF RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. Fibro-purF motif RNAs are found in Fibrobacteres, a group of bacteria that are common in cow rumen. Additionally, the RNAs are found in metagenomic sequences of DNA isolated from cow rumen. Fibro-purF motif RNAs likely function as cis-regulatory elements, in view of their positions upstream of protein-coding genes.
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Rumen of a sheep from left. 1 Atrium ruminis, 2 Saccus dorsalis, 3 Saccus ventralis, 4 Recessus ruminis, 5 Saccus cecus caudodorsalis, 6 Saccus cecus caudoventralis, 7 Sulcus cranialis, 8 Sulcus longitudinalis sinister, 9 Sulcus coronarius dorsalis, 10 Sulcus coronarius ventralis, 11 Sulcus caudalis, 12 Sulcus accessorius sinister, 13 Insula ruminis, 14 Sulcus ruminoreticularis, 15 Reticulum, 16 Abomasum, 17 Oesophagus, 18 Spleen. The rumen is composed of several muscular sacs, the cranial sac, ventral sac, ventral blindsac, and reticulum. The lining of the rumen wall is covered in small fingerlike projections called papillae, which are flattened, approximately 5 mm in length and 3 mm wide in cattle.
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Robert Edward Hungate was a pioneering microbial ecologist who developed the first techniques for the culturing of anaerobic microbes in his study of the bovine rumen.
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A comparative study on the rumen microbial population of cattle and swamp buffalo raised under traditional village conditions in the northeast of Thailand. Asian- Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences 13 (7): 918–921. It contains a larger population of bacteria, particularly the cellulolytic bacteria, lower protozoa, and higher fungi zoospores. In addition, higher rumen ammonia nitrogen (NH4-N) and higher pH have been found, compared to those in cattle.
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During 1999/2001, Rumen Galabov played for Bulgarian A Professional Football Group side PFC Beroe Stara Zagora. He played 39 times for the club and scored three goals.
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Rumen Trifonov (; born 21 February 1985) is a former Bulgarian professional footballer who played as a defender. He is currently working as a youth coach for CSKA Sofia.
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Lactobacillus bacteria in the rumen degrade L-tryptophan to indoleacetic acid; bacteria in the rumen convert this to 3-methylindole (3MI) (skatole), which is readily absorbed through the rumen wall into the portal circulation. (3-methylindole is produced exclusively from indoleacetic acid and not directly from L-tryptophan.) Club cells in the terminal bronchioles convert the 3-methylindole to 3-methyleneindolenine, which is toxic to the adjacent alveolar epithelial cells. This toxicity leads to emphysema and pulmonary edema which may cause death by asphyxiation. In the history of research into this causative pathway, the roles of L-tryptophan and indoleacetic acid to 3-methylindole were identified as early as 1967 and 1972.
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The genus name Syntrophococcus is combination of Greek terms: syn, meaning “together”, trophos, meaning “feeder”, and kokkos, meaning “berry”. The species name sucromutans is a combination of New Latin sucro, referring to any sugar, and Latin mutans, meaning “changing”. S. sucromutans was first isolated by Krumholz and Bryant from the rumen of a steer. They made a basal medium consisting of 5% rumen fluid and bicarbonate buffer incubated in 4:1 N2:CO2 conditions.
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Like cows and sheep, golden takins are ruminants and pass food into the first stomach, the rumen, when they first swallow it. Microbes in the rumen help digest very small particles of food. Larger particles pass into a second chamber that regurgitates these particles, called cud, back into the mouth to be chewed into pieces small enough to be digested properly. Golden takins typically eat in the early morning and again in the late afternoon.
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Olsenella umbonata is a variably Gram-positive, anaerobic and non-spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Olsenella which has been isolated from a sheep rumen and a pig jejunum.
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Clostridium lundense is a lipolytic, strictly anaerobic, mesophilic and spore- forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from fluid of a cow rumen in Lund in Sweden.
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Synergistes jonesii is a species of bacteria, the type species of its genus. It is a rumen bacterium that degrades toxic pyridinediols. It is obligately anaerobic, gram-negative and rod-shaped.
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The Rumen-Originating, Ornate, Large (ROOL) RNA motif was originally discovered by bioinformatics by analyzing metagenomic sequences from cow rumen. ROOL RNAs are found in a variety of bacterial species and apparently do not code for proteins. The RNA has a complex RNA secondary structure and its average size of 581 nucleotides is unusually large for bacterial non-coding RNAs. This large size and structural complexity for a bacterial RNA is consistent with properties of large ribozymes.
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Rumen Radev for the presidential elections too, BNT, August 17, 2016 In the same month, ABR withdrew its presidential nomination of General RadevCounterstrike of ABR – it withdrew its support for General Rumen Radev, Nyuz.bg author: Dilyana Panajotova, August 24, 2016 in favour of Ivaylo Kalfin. On the first round of the election, conducted on November 6, 2016, Radev came first with 25.44% of the vote. He faced GERB candidate Tsetska Tsacheva in the runoff the following Sunday, November 13.
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TMR pose many advantages to the cows health such as increased rumen activity which leads to less acid build up and in turn more feed absorption which leads to higher milk production.
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Clostridium chartatabidumlpsn.dsmz.de, list of prokaryotic names with standing nomenclature. is a strictly anaerobic and spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Clostridium which has been isolated from an ovine rumen in New Zealand.
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Clauss et al. suggests that this is due to the diverse adaptations that support the rumen such that the digestive efficiency of ruminants remain consistent and independent of body size and food intake.
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Actinobacillus succinogenes is a bacterium. It is a succinic acid-producing strain first isolated from the bovine rumen. It is a facultatively anaerobic, pleomorphic, Gram-negative rod. Its type strain is ATCC 55618T.
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Decomposition of the fecal pellet by the microbes increases its nutrient value and the isopod is able to re-ingest the pellets. When the isopods consume nutrient-poor litter, the microbes enrich it for them and isopods prevented from eating their own feces can die. This mutualistic relationship has been called an “external rumen”, similar to the mutualistic relationship between bacteria and cows. While the bacterial symbionts of cows live inside the rumen of their stomach, isopods depend on microbes outside their body.
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Swan (Bulgarian: "Ле́бед", translit.: "Lébed") is a 1976 Bulgarian drama film, directed by Rumen Surdzhiyski. Screenplay writer is Vladimir Ganev."Encyclopedia Bulgarian Cinema AZ - Personalities, Films", Author: Alexander Yanakiev, Titra Publishing House, 2000, , p.
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Lord Rumens is survived by 7 children and 14 grandchildren. In remembrance of the late philanthropist, Lord Rumen has a street named in his honour in Ikoyi, Lagos, Nigeria (known as Lord Rumens road).
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Selenomonas ruminantium is a species of Selenomonas bacteria which are closely associated with ruminants, aiding in digestion of their food. It is predominantly observed in the rumen of these animals, and is strictly anaerobic.
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Rumen Nikolov () is a Bulgarian sprint canoer who competed in the mid-1990s. He won a bronze medal in the C-4 500 m event at the 1995 ICF Canoe Sprint World Championships in Duisburg.
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Agathobacter rectalis is a Gram-positive, butyrate-producing, anaerobic, rod- shaped and non-spore-forming bacterium from the genus of Agathobacter with a single flagellate which occur in the rumen content of sheep and cows.
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Measuring the composition of a cow's rumen can also indicate the quality of its feed, a process called a forage analysis. Once the cannula is surgically placed, the cow is then allowed to graze for a certain period of time--for example, 30 to 45 minutes, in a 1960 study at the University of Nevada, Reno. Researchers will then remove some or all of the ruminated material through the cannula. Analyzing rumen this way can indicate whether particular grasses on which cows are grazing are nutritionally adequate.
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Sheep, however, graze well in monoculture pastures where most goats fare poorly. Ruminant system of a sheep Like all ruminants, sheep have a complex digestive system composed of four chambers, allowing them to break down cellulose from stems, leaves, and seed hulls into simpler carbohydrates. When sheep graze, vegetation is chewed into a mass called a bolus, which is then passed into the rumen, via the reticulum. The rumen is a 19- to 38-liter (5 to 10 gallon) organ in which feed is fermented.
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In rare cases, an animal will survive the initial period only to drop dead months later of heart failure - so-called chronic gifblaar poisoning. On post-mortem, leaves may be found in the rumen, cyanosis may be seen, as well as signs of heart failure - congestion, haemorrhage, and myocardial necrosis (on histopathology). Diagnosis is based on these as well as the presence of gifblaar in the camp, particularly if signs of consumption are seen. Tests can be done for monofluoroacetate in rumen fluid, kidneys and liver.
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As a result, ways of mitigating animal husbandry's environmental impact are being studied. Strategies include using biogas from manure, genetic selection,Bovine genomics project at Genome CanadaCanada is using genetics to make cows less gassy immunization, rumen defaunation, outcompetition of methanogenic archaea with acetogens, introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen,The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review diet modification and grazing management, among others.Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale.
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2nd ed. Cornell Univ. Press. 476 pp. (Other important rumen organisms include some archaea, which produce methane from carbon dioxide.) The bolus is periodically regurgitated back to the mouth as cud for additional chewing and salivation.
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Fenbendazole is metabolized in the liver to oxfendazole, which is anthelmintic too; oxfendazole partially gets reduced back to fenbendazole in the liver and rumen. Also, fenbendazole itself is an active metabolite of another anthelmintic drug, febantel.
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The researchers were looking to find a bacterium that demethoxylated phenolic acids in the gut of ruminants, and this species was found to be the most prevalent prokaryote in the rumen to do such a process.
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Isotricha intestinalis can be 200 micrometers long, and is distinguishable by its mouth position. They are the largest protozoans present in the rumen of sheep. This species has microbody-like organelles, and a highly granular appearance.
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Wild China A BBC2 programme transmitted on October 31, 2016 The digestive physiology of a very young kid (like the young of other ruminants) is essentially the same as that of a monogastric animal. Milk digestion begins in the abomasum, the milk having bypassed the rumen via closure of the reticuloesophageal groove during suckling. At birth, the rumen is undeveloped, but as the kid begins to consume solid feed, the rumen soon increases in size and in its capacity to absorb nutrients. The adult size of a particular goat is a product of its breed (genetic potential) and its diet while growing (nutritional potential). As with all livestock, increased protein diets (10 to 14%) and sufficient calories during the prepuberty period yield higher growth rates and larger eventual size than lower protein rates and limited calories.
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The food is regurgitated, a mouthful at a time, back up to the mouth, where the food, now called the cud, is chewed by the molars, grinding down the coarse vegetation to small particles. The cud is then swallowed again and further digested by specialized microorganisms in the rumen. These microbes are primarily responsible for decomposing cellulose and other carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids cattle use as their primary metabolic fuel. The microbes inside the rumen also synthesize amino acids from non-protein nitrogenous sources, such as urea and ammonia.
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Other livestock as poultry, fish, ... has a far lower impact.Livestock Farming Systems and their Environmental Impact Some solutions are being developed to counter the emissions of ruminants. Strategies include using biogas from manure, genetic selection,Bovine genomics project at Genome CanadaCanada is using genetics to make cows less gassy immunization, rumen defaunation, outcompetition of methanogenic archaea with acetogens, introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen,The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review diet modification and grazing management, among others.Martin, C. et al. 2010.
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Incomplete digestion of plant material here will result in the formation of a type of bezoar called Phytobezoars. At a certain point, particles are dense and small enough that they may “fall” through the rumen mat into the ventral sac below, or they may be swept out of the rumen mat into the reticulum by liquid gushing through the mat during ruminal contractions. Once in the ventral sac, digesta continues to ferment at decreased rates, further losing buoyancy and decreasing in particle size. It is soon swept into the ventral reticulum by ruminal contractions.
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Ruminal tympany occurs when this gas becomes trapped in the rumen. In frothy bloat (primary ruminal tympany), the gas produced by fermentation is trapped within the fermenting material in the rumen, causing a build up of foam which cannot be released by burping. In cattle, the disease may be triggered after an animal eats a large amount of easily fermenting plants, such as legumes, alfalfa, red clover, or white clover. Some legumes, such as sainfoin, birdsfoot trefoil and cicer milkvetch are not associated with causing bloat in cattle.
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'Fog fever' results from feedlot economics and the biochemistry of the cattle stomach (rumen) being slow to adjust to green grazing. After a low-protein, dried formulation, cattle are less prepared for a sudden, large exposure to high-protein grass. The level of L-tryptophan in crops is most likely to be high in lush, rapidly growing pastures, particularly (but not exclusively) in the fall. The change in diet to vegetation rich in L-tryptophan causes a corresponding increase of the amino acid typically found in protein in the rumen.
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Tsacheva was born in the village of Dragana in Ugarchin Municipality, Lovech Province. She finished the Pleven High School of Mathematics in 1976 and graduated in law from Sofia University. A member of the Pleven Bar Association, she practised as a lawyer and was subsequently a head legal advisor to the Pleven Municipality for seven and a half years until 2007. Tsacheva is married to the architect Rumen Dangovski and has a son, also named Rumen, who is a college student studying Math at the Massachusetts Institute Of Technology in the United States.
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The crew consisted of Doncho Papazov, Julia Papazova, their 5-year old daughter Yana, Simeon Idakiev, Boris Siriyski, Rumen Kostov and Peter Andonov. Simeon Idakiev wrote a book about the voyage, capturing all the difficult and comic moments.
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The mammalian hosts ingest the infective larvae. Once inside the duodenum and jejunum, their cysts are removed. They penetrate the intestinal wall by actively destroying the mucosa, and then migrate to the rumen, where the grow into adult.
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2nd Ed. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca. 476 pp. Although some lactate is normally produced in the rumen, it is normally metabolized by such organisms as Megasphaera elsdenii and, to a lesser extent, Selenomonas ruminantium and some other organisms.
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The genus Acetitomaculum was originally created to describe strains of bacteria isolated from a mature Hereford crossbred steer fed a typical high forage diet. They were isolated in a screen for acetate-producing bacteria extracted from the steer rumen.
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Rumen Dimitrov Hristov is a Bulgarian politician from the Union of Democratic Forces. Graduated "Agricultural Economics", then defended his doctoral dissertation. Later he was extraordinary professor at Southwestern University in Blagoevgrad. He teaches the basics of marketing and akromarketing.
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Acetitomaculum ruminis is a Gram-positive bacterium species from the genus of Acetitomaculum which has been isolated from the rumen of a bovine in the United States.ATCCDeutsche Sammlung von Mikroorganismen und Zellkulturen Acetitomaculum ruminis utilize formate, glucose and Co2.
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The development of the rumen not only allows a site for fermentation but also decrease the food digestion (increase retention time). However, a body mass ranging from 600-1200 kg is enough to cause sufficient digestion regardless of stomach plan.
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Same year moved to USA. Studied poetry with the MFA program( Bruce Weigl ) at Pennsylvania State University. Author of several books of poetry and short stories. (editors of his books published in Bulgaria - Georgi Borissov, Boris Hristov, Penka Vatova, Rumen Leonidov).
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Chakarov competed for Chernomorets until 1985. After that, until the end of his long and successful career, he competed only for CSKA Sofia. His personal coaches were Andon Nikolov, Rumen Alexandrov and Neno Terziyski. Chakarov has set two world records.
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Digested food (digesta) in the rumen is not uniform, but rather stratified into gas, liquid, and particles of different sizes, densities, and other physical characteristics. Additionally, digesta does not merely enter and exit the rumen without event, but it is subject to extensive mixing, and travels along complicated flow paths. Though they may seem trivial at first, these complicated stratification, mixing, and flow patterns of digesta are a key aspect of digestive activity in the ruminant and thus warrant detailed discussion. After being swallowed, food travels down the oesophagus and is deposited in the dorsal part of the reticulum.
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Liquid will ultimately escape from the reticulorumen from absorption through the wall, or through passing through the reticulo-omosal orifice, as digesta does. However, since liquid cannot be trapped in the mat as digesta can, liquid passes through the rumen much more quickly than digesta does. Liquid often acts as a carrier for very small digesta particles, such that the dynamics of small particles is similar to that of liquid. The uppermost area of the rumen, the headspace, is filled with gases (such as methane, carbon dioxide, and, to a much lower degree, hydrogen) released from fermentation and anaerobic respiration of food.
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Studies have shown that energy supplied by feed is provided by various carbohydrate sources, including non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) such as fermentable feeds or neutral detergent fiber (NDF) such as forage. Feeds with high NDF are good for rumen health, however, they provide less energy and vice versa. Fats are added in the livestock feed to increase energy concentration, especially when the NFC content is already too high since excessive NFC lessens the NDF fraction, affecting the rumen digestion. In ruminants, most proteins consumed are broken down by microorganisms and the microorganisms later get digested by the small intestine.
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Beauchemin's research in the area of rumen function has led to guidelines that minimize ruminal acidosis in dairy cows and feedlot cattle, while maintaining high levels of animal production. She studied the dietary factors that contribute to subacute ruminal acidosis, as well as the role of physically effective fiber in stimulating rumen function and digestion. The results from these studies have contributed to dietary fiber recommendations for cattle. Beauchemin is also internationally recognized for her work in the area of improving the utilization of forages by ruminants through the use of feed enzyme technology and other feed additives.
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This fermentation is anaerobic, and allows the microbes in the reticulorumen to derive the energy and amino nitrogen for growth and reproduction. Ruminants absorb the VFAs across the reticulorumen wall as an energy source, while the microbes eventually flow out of the rumen into the remainder of the alimentary canal, where their constituent proteins are eventually digested and absorbed. The reticulum, at approximately 5–20 litres, is considerably smaller in capacity than the rumen, which is approximately 100–200 litres in cattle. The oesophageal groove, which links the oesophagus and the omasum, is located in the reticulum.
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In 2016, she took an active part in the November 2016 Bulgarian presidential election, campaigning for her then partner Rumen Radev. In 2017, she founded a non- profit association called the "Living Water of Bulgaria", which carries out activities in the public interest.
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Rumen Peshev (born 13 August 1954) is a Bulgarian boxer. He competed in the men's featherweight event at the 1976 Summer Olympics. At the 1976 Summer Olympics, he lost to Gustavo de la Cruz of the Dominican Republic in his first fight.
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"Place under the sun" (Bulgarian: "Мя́сто под слъ́нцето" or translit.: "Myа́sto pod slа́ntzeto") is a 1986 Bulgarian drama film, directed by Rumen Surdzhiyski. Screenplay writer is Tziliya Lacheva."Encyclopedia Bulgarian Cinema AZ - Personalities, Films", Author: Alexander Yanakiev, Titra Publishing House, 2000, , pp.
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Rumen Lapantov (; born 11 April 1984) is a Bulgarian football player, currently playing as a midfielder for Pirin Gotse Delchev. On 12 August 2012, Lapantov scored Pirin's first-ever A PFG goal, in a two to one home win against Minyor Pernik.
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Rumen Stoyanov Ovtcharov () (born 5 July 1952) is a Bulgarian politician, engineer, physicist and economist. He was a member of the National Parliament on four occasions and was the Minister of the Economy and Energy between 17 August 2005 and 18 July 2007.
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Tsacheva was nominated to be her party's candidate for the 2016 Presidential election. Plamen Manushev was chosen to be the vice-presidential candidate. She lost the run-off to Rumen Radev, former air force commander. As a reaction, prime minister Boyko Borisov resigned.
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A special bacterial environment in the rumen of cattle allows them to use urea and ammonium salts as source for the nitrogen instead of plant proteins like soybean or meat and bone meal. He also headed the Valio Laboratory from 1921–1969.
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Gustavo de la Cruz (born 20 February 1954) is a Dominican Olympic boxer. He represented his country in the featherweight division at the 1976 Summer Olympics. He won his first bout against Rumen Peshev. He lost his second match against Bratislav Ristić.
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Pseudobutyrivibrio xylanivorans is a species of butyrate-producing bacteria from the rumen. It is Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore-forming, curved rod- shaped and motile by means of a single polar or subpolar flagellum. Its type strain is Mz 5T (=DSM 14809T =ATCC BAA-455T).
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Presidential elections are scheduled to be held in Bulgaria in 2021, although they may be held earlier if the office of President become vacated as a result of death, resignation or removal from office. The incumbent president, Rumen Radev, is eligible for re-election.
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Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences. 70(5): 208-214. The following species M. caviae, M. wenrichi, M. quadrifunilis, and M. exilis are found in the caecum of guinea pigs, and M. caprae has been found in the rumen of goats.Flynn, F. J. 1923.
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Improved fermentability of soya meal nitrogen in the rumen may occur. Studies conducted in 2002 on in vitro ammonia release and dry matter degradation of soybean meal comparing three different types of tannins (quebracho, acacia and chestnut) demonstrated that chestnut tannins are more efficient in protecting soybean meal from in vitro degradation by rumen bacteria. Condensed tannins inhibit herbivore digestion by binding to consumed plant proteins and making them more difficult for animals to digest, and by interfering with protein absorption and digestive enzymes (for more on that topic, see plant defense against herbivory). Many tannin-consuming animals secrete a tannin-binding protein (mucin) in their saliva.
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The function of rumination is that food is physically refined to expose more surface area for bacteria working in the reticulorumen, as well as stimulation of saliva secretion to buffer the rumen pH. When food has been degraded sufficiently it passes from the reticulorumen through the reticulo- omasal orifice to the omasum followed by the abomasum to continue the digestion process in the lower parts of the alimentary canal. No enzymes are secreted in the rumen. Enzymes and hydrochloric acid are only secreted from the abomasum (fourth stomach) onwards, and ruminants function from that point onwards much like monogastric animals, such as pigs and humans.
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In poultry available phosphorus solubilises in the gizzard where it becomes available for absorption also in the duodenum and jejunum. Ruminants have a digestion system whereby micro-organisms in the rumen produce enzymes breaking down and thereby making available phosphorus from plant material. Phosphorus from plant sources is therefore better suited to ruminants’ but is still utilized to a lesser extent than phosphorus provided by inorganic sources. The ruminant needs for phosphorus is dictated by the needs of the microbial population in the rumen, with the phosphorus being necessary for cellulose digestion and protein synthesis. The main source is phosphorus recycled by the saliva, a peculiarity of ruminants’.
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The primary difference between ruminants and nonruminants is that ruminants' stomachs have four compartments: #rumen—primary site of microbial fermentation #reticulum #omasum—receives chewed cud, and absorbs volatile fatty acids #abomasum—true stomach The first two chambers are the rumen and the reticulum. These two compartments make up the fermentation vat, they are the major site of microbial activity. Fermentation is crucial to digestion because it breaks down complex carbohydrates, such as cellulose, and enables the animal to utilize them. Microbes function best in a warm, moist, anaerobic environment with a temperature range of 37.7 to 42.2 °C (100 to 108 °F) and a pH between 6.0 and 6.4.
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Methane is produced by a type of archaea, called methanogens, as described above within the rumen, and this methane is released to the atmosphere. The rumen is the major site of methane production in ruminants. Methane is a strong greenhouse gas with a global warming potential of 86 compared to CO2 over a 20-year period.IPCC Fifth Assessment Report, Table 8.7, Chap. 8, pp. 8–58 (PDF) In 2010, enteric fermentation accounted for 43% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from all agricultural activity in the world,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (2013) "FAO Statistical Yearbook 2013 World Food and Agriculture".
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Rumen Aleksandrov () is a Bulgarian weightlifter. He won the Silver medal in the 90 Kg class in the 1980 Summer Olympics in Moscow. He was champion of Europe in 1980, in Belgrade, Serbia. Aleksandrov is also world and european junior champion in 1978 in Athens, Greece.
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While investigating the role of cellulolytic protozoa in the rumen of cattle, Hungate isolated a colony of Clostridium cellobioparum, but the difficulty in observing the cellulose clearings they produced in shake tubes spurred him to develop a culturing method using thin agar layers in roll tubes.
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Butyrivibrio hungatei is a species of Gram-negative, anaerobic, non-spore- forming, butyrate-producing bacteria. It is curved rod-shaped and motile by means of single polar or subpolar flagellum and is common in the rumen. Its type strain is JK 615T (=DSM 14810T =ATCC BAA-456T).
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Goats are ruminants. They have a four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum. As with other mammal ruminants, they are even-toed ungulates. The females have an udder consisting of two teats, in contrast to cattle, which have four teats.
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394 pp. This may develop in late pregnancy in ewes bearing multiple fetuses and is associated with the considerable metabolic demands of the pregnancy. In ruminants, because most glucose in the digestive tract is metabolized by rumen organisms, glucose must be supplied by gluconeogenesis.Van Soest, P. J. 1994.
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On 13 November 2016, after the GERB candidate Tsetska Tsacheva lost the 2016 presidential elections to Rumen Radev, the prime minister Borisov announced that the government will resign. The resignation was approved by the National Assembly on 16 November 2016 by a majority of 218-0 (with 2 abstentions).
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Rumen Khristov (; born 20 September 1954) is a Bulgarian rower. Khristov was born in 1954. At the 1972 World Rowing Junior Championships he came third in the B-final in the junior men's coxed pair. At the 1973 European Rowing Championships he came sixth in the men's coxed four.
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Tourists come from Russia, Germany, Italy, Spain, France, Poland, and elsewhere. Many foreign dignitaries have visited the Matenadaran, such as Indira Gandhi, Leonid Brezhnev, Charles, Prince of Wales, Vladimir Putin, Sirindhorn, Boris Tadić, Sergio Mattarella, José Manuel Barroso, Bronisław Komorowski, Heinz Fischer, Valdis Zatlers, Rumen Radev, and others.
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It was found that food retention time was long, taken as an adaptation to a diet including a high proportion of slow fermenting grasses; while the long fluid retention time could be interpreted to be due to water- saving mechanisms with low water turnover and a roomy rumen.
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Bulgarian President Rumen Radev addressed the nation in a television speech broadcast across the country, in which he endorsed the protests and called for the resignations of both Chief Prosecutor Geshev and the entire Bulgarian government. Bulgarian police arrested 18 people amid clashes in an otherwise peaceful protest.
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Phloretic acid is produced by reduction of the unsaturated side chain of p-coumaric acid. Together with phloroglucinol, it is produced by the action of the enzyme phloretin hydrolase on phloretin. It is found in olives. It is found in the rumen of sheep fed with dried grass.
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Neocallimastix patriciarum is a species of fungus that lives in the rumen of sheep, but has also been found in other species. It is an anaerobe similar to N. frontalis, but its zoospores possess 9–17 flagella; they also have no equatorial constriction and its organelles are distributed uniformly.
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The species uses sugars poorly unless yeast extract and either rumen fluid or Tripticase peptone are available.Bernard M. Ollivier, Robert A. Mah, Thomas J. Ferguson, David R. Boone, J.L. Garcia, and Ralph Robinson. Emendation of the Genus Thermobacteroides: Thermobacteroides proteolyticus sp. nov., a Proteolytic Acetogen from a Methanogenic Enrichment.
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Desulfotomaculum are straight or curved rods, are highly heat resistant and a free-living fixer of atmospheric nitrogen. They are motile with a peritrichous flagella and are common inhabitants of soil, water, geothermal run-off, insect intestines and in rumen. They also cause "sulphide stinker" spoilage of canned foods.
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137 On the stage of the Dobrich Drama Theatre Rumen Surdzhiyski had the pleasure of working with a wonderful team – the actors Katya Paskaleva, Kirill Kavadarkov, Lidia Eminova, Plamen Donchev, Radoslav Stoilov, Stoyan Gerganov, along with some of the incumbent actors - Kalcho Georgiev, Galina Nenova, Lyuben Popov, Ventzislav Valchev, Atanas Bozhinov, etc. with the directors Nikolay Polyakov, Kuzman Popov, with production designer Lydia Batzinova. In 1970 fire destroyed the theatre building so the theatrical company moved in the local Cultural House. In 1970, Rumen Surdzhiyski was invited by Pencho Dimitrov, assistant producer with Studios for Feature Films "Boyana", to work as assistant director of dialog, in the Bulgarian-Italian Production "Michael Strogoff" (1970),Dokladi: Teatŭr i kino.
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Sergei Winogradsky was one of the first researchers to attempt to understand microorganisms outside of the medical context—making him among the first students of microbial ecology and environmental microbiology—discovering chemosynthesis, and developing the Winogradsky column in the process. Beijerinck and Windogradsky, however, were focused on the physiology of microorganisms, not the microbial habitat or their ecological interactions. Modern microbial ecology was launched by Robert Hungate and coworkers, who investigated the rumen ecosystem. The study of the rumen required Hungate to develop techniques for culturing anaerobic microbes, and he also pioneered a quantitative approach to the study of microbes and their ecological activities that differentiated the relative contributions of species and catabolic pathways.
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As these microbes reproduce in the rumen, older generations die and their cells continue on through the digestive tract. These cells are then partially digested in the small intestines, allowing cattle to gain a high-quality protein source. These features allow cattle to thrive on grasses and other tough vegetation.
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Bacteria, however, possess the ability to synthesise odd- and branched-chain fatty acids. As a result, ruminant animal fat contains odd-numbered fatty acids, such as 15, due to the action of bacteria in the rumen. Many fatty acids are unsaturated; some are polyunsaturated (e.g., those derived from linoleic acid).
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Chandarov bеgan his youth career in DIT Sofia academy. In 2015 DIT, which was owned by his father Rumen Chandarov, bought Septemvri Sofia and Chandarov was promoted to the first team. In the beginning of 2016 he was sent on loan to Pirin Razlog until the end of the season.
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The Turkish name , meaning "tripe soup", consists of ("stomach/tripe"), ("soup"), and the possessive affix that links the two words. It came from Persian (, "rumen") and (, "soup") came from Persian. Some South Slavic languages borrowed the dish name from Turkish: as () in Bulgarian and Macedonian, and as () in Serbian and Bosnian.
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Milen Tsvetkov was the host of the show. Former VIP Brother 2 housemate Veneta Raykova was the host of a new late-night talk-show called Little sister. Rumen Lukanov was the host of the interactive part of the show. The show was aired at 20:00 from Monday to Saturday.
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Fibrobacteres is a small bacterial phylum which includes many of the major rumen bacteria, allowing for the degradation of plant-based cellulose in ruminant animals. Members of this phylum were categorized in other phyla. The genus Fibrobacter (the only genus of Fibrobacteres) was removed from the genus Bacteroides in 1988.
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In the second contraction the reticulum contracts completely so the empty reticulum can refill with contents from the rumen. These contents are then sorted in the next biphasic contraction. The contractions occur in regular intervals. High density particles may settle into the honeycomb structures and can be found after death.
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The type of feed the animal consumes affects the amount of saliva that is produced. Though the rumen and reticulum have different names, they have very similar tissue layers and textures, making it difficult to visually separate them. They also perform similar tasks. Together, these chambers are called the reticulorumen.
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Rumen Ivanov Surdzhiyski (Bulgarian: Ру́мен Ивано́в Сурджийски; 24 September 1943 - 11 July 2019) was a Bulgarian filmmaker. In 1967 he graduated in theatrical directing at the National Academy for Theater and Film Arts (NATFA) "Krastyo Sarafov", located in Sofia, Bulgaria. He studied under the Merited Artist Prof. Stefan Surchadzhiev and later under Prof.
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The Treasure Planet (Bulgarian: ) is a 1982 Bulgarian animated science fiction film directed by Rumen Petkov and produced by the Sofia Animation Studio. The 62-minute movie is a science fiction adaptation of Robert Louis Stevenson's 1883 adventure novel, which was released 20 years before Disney’s Treasure Planet with the same concept.
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The fluid contents of the reticulum play a role in particle separation. This is true both in domestic and wild ruminants. The separation takes place through biphasic contractions. In the first contraction there is sending large particles back into the rumen while the reticulo-omasal orifice allows the passage of finer particles.
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Poisoning caused severe diarrhoea with dark faeces and large quantities of mucus, rapidly followed by weakness and stasis of the rumen. Post mortem, beetles were found in large numbers in the rumen, associated with symptoms of dramatic congestion and irritation of the abomasum and haemorrhagic pseudomembranous intestinal enteritis. Because no treatment has proven effective for severely poisoned animals, it is necessary to keep livestock out of pastures while the plants are full of beetles, typically in the cool of mornings and evenings while the insects are inactive and not prone to scatter when alarmed by grazing activities. Yellow trays of detergent solution have been shown to trap the beetles, though it is not clear that they are an effective measure in reducing heavy infestations.
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The incumbent president is Rumen Radev, born 18 June 1963 (aged ). The oldest head of state is Ferdinand I (1861–1948), who died at the age of 87 years, 197 days. The oldest living former head of state, Simeon II (born June 16, 1937), will tie Ferdinand I if he lives to December 31, 2024.
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It is also known as transit tetany, railroad disease, railroad sickness, or staggers."Overview of Transport Tetany in Ruminants", in Merck Manuals Early clinical signs include restlessness, excitement, trismus, grinding of teeth, staggering gait and later paddling of hind legs. Rumen hypomotility, gastrointestinal stasis and anorexia develop. Also may develop tachycardia and rapid, labored respiration.
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The legume provides an excellent source of high-protein cattle fodder. However, the fodder contains mimosine, a toxic amino acid. Horses and donkeys which are fed it lose their hair. In many cases this acid is metabolized by ruminants to goitrogenic DHP [3-hydroxy-4(1H) pyridone] in the rumen,Hammond, A. C. 1995.
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Certain behaviors such as eating, rumination, and lying down can be related to the health of the cow and cow comfort.Vanhoudt, Van Winden, Fishwick, and Bell, 2015. Monitoring cow comfort and rumen health indices in a cubicle- housed herd with an automatic milking system: A repeated measures approach. Irish Veterinary Journal, 68(1), 368–762.
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Sacahuista herbage is flammable, increasing the local intensity of fires when it ignites. Sacahuista provides food for animals such as white-tailed deer. However, it is poisonous to sheep and goats, and less so to cattle. Sheep fed parts of the plant have been noted to experience impaction of the rumen and liver toxicity.
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Rumen Gasharov () is a Bulgarian painter. His works have been exhibited internationally, including in 20 independent exhibitions in Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Hungary, England, Germany, and elsewhere. Gasharov entered the newly created National Arts School of Sofia, Bulgaria in 1951, and in 1962 graduated from the Bulgarian National Academy of Arts under professor Iliya Petrov.
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The name of the genus is derived from the Latin noun acetum, meaning vinegar, combined with the Latin noun tomaculum, a kind of sausage. Together they form Acetitomaculum, literally a kind of vinegar sausage. The name of the type species, A. ruminis is derived from the Latin genitive noun ruminis, meaning "of the rumen".
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The rumen and reticulum are very close in structure and function and can be considered as one organ. They are separated only by a muscular fold of tissue. In immature ruminants a reticular groove is formed by the muscular fold of the reticulum. This allows milk to pass by the reticulorumen straight into the abomasum.
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In ruminant livestock, the cause of clinically serious lactic acidosis is different from the causes described above. In domesticated ruminants, lactic acidosis may occur as a consequence of ingesting large amounts of grain, especially when the rumen population is poorly adapted to deal with grain.Kimberling, C. V. 1988. Jensen and Swift's diseases of sheep.
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Rumen Dimitrov (Bulgarian: Румен Димитров; born 19 September 1986) is a Bulgarian athlete specialising in the triple jump. He finished ninth at the 2014 European Championships and eighth at the 2015 European Indoor Championships. His personal bests in the event are 16.87 metres outdoors (+1.7 m/s, Stara Zagora 2015) and 16.59 metres indoors (Bratislava 2016).
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Bartley's research focused on ruminant bloat, legume bloat, and the utilization of ammonia in the rumen. He was best known for his work on preventative treatments for ruminant bloat, including poloxalene and the antibiotic lascalocid. He also researched ammonia toxicity in ruminants as well as the interactions between carbohydrates and urea in the ruminant digestive system.
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Examples of obligately anaerobic bacterial genera include Actinomyces, Bacteroides, Clostridium, Fusobacterium, Peptostreptococcus, Porphyromonas, Prevotella, Propionibacterium, and Veillonella. Clostridium species are endospore-forming bacteria, and can survive in atmospheric concentrations of oxygen in this dormant form. The remaining bacteria listed do not form endospores. Examples of obligately anaerobic fungal genera include the rumen fungi Neocallimastix, Piromonas, and Sphaeromonas.
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Snapshots as Souvenirs (Bulgarian: "Сни́мки за спо́мен" or translit.: "Snímki za spómen") is a 1976 Bulgarian drama film, by the director Rumen Surdzhiyski. The film was shot in Sofia, in the building of what is today the National Finance and Economics High School, located in "Lozenetz" quarter. Its first theatrical screening took place on 13 August, 1979.
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In her student years, she worked as an assistant to the Minister of Agriculture Rumen Hristov. She continued her career as an office manager in TV shows such as Kanaleto and Hushove. She was subsequently responsible for public relations at the Bulgarian Music Company. Later, she became an assistant to the general manager of Heineken in Bulgaria.
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Males often stand on their hindlegs to reach tall branches. Water holes are visited nearly twice daily, with great caution. In the Kanha National Park, mineral licks rich in calcium and phosphorus pentoxide were scraped at by the incisors. Chital in the Sunderbans may be omnivores; remains of red crabs have been found in the rumen of individuals.
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When ruminants consume diets high in starch or sugar, these easily fermentable carbohydrates promote the proliferation of S. bovis in the rumen. Because S. bovis is a lactic acid bacterium, fermentation of these carbohydrates to lactic acid can cause a dramatic decline in ruminal pH, and subsequent development of adverse conditions such as ruminal acidosis or feedlot bloat.
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Syntrophococcus sucromutans is a Gram-negative strictly anaerobic chemoorganotrophic Firmicute. These bacteria can be found forming small chains in the habitat where it was first isolated, the rumen of cows. It is the type strain of genus Syntrophococcus and it has an uncommon one-carbon metabolic pathway, forming acetate from formate as a product of sugar oxidation.
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In addition, S. sucromutans was found to be a dominant OTU in the microbiomes of Australia's macropods. This information was obtained by sampling the foregut's bacterial communities of twenty grazing macropods. The fermentative properties of macropods' foreguts are similar to those of the rumen of ruminants. The foregut community samples were then sequenced via 454-amplicon pyrosequencing.
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This is also where the ruminant digests the microbes produced in the rumen. Digesta is finally moved into the small intestine, where the digestion and absorption of nutrients occurs. The small intestine is the main site of nutrient absorption. The surface area of the digesta is greatly increased here because of the villi that are in the small intestine.
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The "coast disease" of sheep in the coastal sand dunes of South Australia in the 1930s was found to originate in nutritional deficiencies of the trace elements, cobalt and copper. The cobalt deficiency was overcome by the development of "cobalt bullets", dense pellets of cobalt oxide mixed with clay given orally, which then was retained in the animal's rumen.
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She often credits her many scientific achievements over the years to the contributions of many enthusiastic and talented technicians, students, and post-doctoral fellows, as well as to collaborations with other very capable scientists. In the early stages of her career, Beauchemin's research focused mainly on dairy cattle nutrition, but in later years her interests widened to include both beef and dairy cattle. She worked on various aspects of nutrition over the years and made many outstanding contributions to the dairy and beef industries in the area of rumen function and feed utilization. Beauchemin developed a broad based research program to improve feed utilization of cattle, with specific interests in the areas of rumen function and feed digestion, acidosis prevention, physically effective fiber, forage and grain utilization, and enteric methane mitigation.
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He worked at the Institute of State and Law of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. He was elected MP in the 7th Grand National Assembly (1990-1991), 36th (1991 to 1994), 37th (1994 to 1997) and 38th (1997-2001) National Assembly. The 1992 Bulgarian presidential election was a presidential candidate with runner Rumen Vodenitcharov. Their application is built by an initiative committee.
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Throughout the Post-Communist period, evidence has often surfaced to show the close ties between the criminal networks and politicians and officials. UDF chief prosecutor Ivan Tatarchev allegedly recreated together with Ivo Karamanski, NMS-II finance minister Milen Velchev was photographed playing cards with Ivan "The Doctor" Todorov, and BSP interior minister Rumen Petkov negotiated with the shadowy "Galev brothers".
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Some carbon from carbohydrate or protein may be used for de novo synthesis of microbial lipid. High levels of lipid, particularly unsaturated lipid, in the rumen are thought to poison microbes and suppress fermentation activity. Lignin, a phenolic compound, is recalcitrant to digestion, through it can be solubilized by fungi. Lignin is thought to shield associated nutrients from digestion and hence limits degradation.
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Turner County, South Dakota Ethanol research focuses on alternative sources, novel catalysts and production processes. INEOS produced ethanol from vegetative material and wood waste. The bacterium E.coli when genetically engineered with cow rumen genes and enzymes can produce ethanol from corn stover. Other potential feedstocks are municipal waste, recycled products, rice hulls, sugarcane bagasse, wood chips, switchgrass and carbon dioxide.
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Interspecies hydrogen transfer (IHT) is a form of interspecies electron transfer. It is a syntrophic process by which H2 is transferred from one organism to another, particularly in the rumen and other anaerobic environments. IHT was discovered between Methanobacterium bryantii strain M.o.H and an "S" organism in 1967 by Marvin Bryant, Eileen Wolin, Meyer Wolin, and Ralph Wolfe at the University of Illinois.
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Mammals diet is widely studied using DNA barcoding and metabarcoding. Some differences in the methodology can be observed depending on the feeding strategy of the target mammal species, i.e. whether it is herbivore, carnivore, or omnivore. For herbivore mammal species, DNA is usually extracted from faeces samples or rumen contents collected from road kills or animals killed during regular hunting.
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The Volya Movement did not comment on the proposals, but rejected the government's calls for Grand National Assembly elections. Democratic Bulgaria tacitly supported the proposals, while President Rumen Radev, the opposition Bulgarian Socialist Party and There Are Such People parties and opposition leader Maya Manolova rejected them outright. Likewise, the proposals were also mostly rejected by the protesters on the streets.
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Gigova served on the Administrative Council of the Bulgarian Rhythmic Gymnastics Federation from 1989 to 1999 when she was elected president of the federation again. Since 2000, Gigova has again been a member of the Technical Committee of FIG. On 4 May 2017, Gigova received the Order of Stara Planina (1st class) from president Rumen Radev for her contributions to developing Bulgarian sport.
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Rumen Petkov (; 26 January 1948 – 10 June 2018) was a Bulgarian animator, painter and comic creator. He is best remembered for his animated series Choko the Stork and Boko the Frog, which he also adapted into a comic strip. His influence spawned a new generation of young Bulgarian comics artists, such as Vladimir Nedialkov, Koko Sarkisian, Ivan Kirjakov, Sten Damyanov, and others.
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The fusaro strain of M. barkeri was found in mud samples taken from Lake Fusaro, a freshwater lake near Naples. M. barkeri also lives in the rumen of cattle, where it works in tandem with other microbes to digest polymers. Methanosarcina barkeri can also be found in sewage, landfills, and in other freshwater systems. Morphology of Methanosarcina cells depends on growing conditions, e.g.
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BC CSKA Sofia () is a Bulgarian professional basketball club based in the capital Sofia and part of the CSKA Sofia sports club. CSKA Sofia men's team have been champions of Bulgaria 12 times and Bulgarian cup winners 18 times. They play their home games at Rumen Peychev Hall in Sofia. In 2006–07, they took part in the FIBA EuroCup tournament.
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Rest, and lack of stress, are important to aid recovery. Animals lying flat out on their side, unable to get up, should be rolled over several times each day to prevent loss of circulation and muscle damage. If the animal has signs of hypocalcemia, such as rumen stasis, then calcium borogluconate may be administered. Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs can improve recovery.
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Some thiaminases are produced by bacteria. Bacterial thiaminases are cell surface enzymes that must dissociate from the membrane before being activated; the dissociation can occur in ruminants under acidotic conditions. Rumen bacteria also reduce sulfate to sulfite, therefore high dietary intakes of sulfate can have thiamine-antagonistic activities. Plant thiamine antagonists are heat-stable and occur as both the ortho- and para-hydroxyphenols.
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Copra meal is used as fodder for horses and cattle. Its high oil and protein levels are fattening for stock. The protein in copra meal has been heat treated and provides a source of high-quality protein for cattle, sheep and deer, because it does not break down in the rumen. Coconut oil can be extracted using either mechanical expellers or solvents (hexane).
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Lamb meal is a popular ingredient in dog food. It is the dry rendered part from mammal tissues, specially prepared for feeding purposes by tanking under live steam or dry rendering. Though the meat has been cooked, dried, and ground, it is still meat, and has not had any blood, hair, hoof, horn, hide trimmings, manure, stomach or rumen contents added to it.
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In August 2016, the opposition Bulgarian Socialist Party and the Alternative for Bulgarian Revival (ABR) officially nominated Radev as a candidate for the November 2016 presidential election.BSP elected Gen. Radev as a presidential candidate with 99 votes, Bulgarian National Radio, Radio "Sofia", August 17, 2016BSP officially nominated gen. Rumen Radev for the presidential elections, "Dnevnik", August 17, 2016ABR officially nominated gen.
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The characterization of this organism was done when it was first cultured in 1984. T. socranskii is an obligate anaerobe that grows in media that contains fermentable carbohydrates. The media must also contain liquid from an unspecified rumen or short chain fatty acids. The preferred temperature for T. socranskii is 37 °C, but it will still slightly grow between 25 °C and 42 °C.
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She is also a member of the European Parliament Intergroup on Integrity (Transparency, Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime).Members of the European Parliament on Integrity (Transparency, Anti-Corruption and Organized Crime) European Parliament. Ahead of Bulgaria's 2016 presidential elections, Iotova was officially nominated as the Bulgarian Socialist Party's running mate for presidential candidate Rumen Radev. After her election to the Vice Presidency, she resigned her MEP seat.
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By early 2019, she was one of the only two Bulgarian politicians (the other being President Rumen Radev) with an approval rating above 50%. She resigned as Ombudsman in early September 2019, citing "systematic neglect of the ombudsman institution" and a "lack of political will" by the National Assembly, as well as her intention to run for Mayor of Sofia, Bulgaria's capital and largest city.
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01\. Liên Khúc: #Có Nhớ Ðêm Nào (Khánh Băng) - Mai Tiến Dũng (Anya Fuchs) #Xuân Yêu Thương - Hương Thủy (Italo Elgueta) #Amor, Amor (Lời Việt: Kỳ Duyên) - Kỳ Duyên (Paul Barris) 02\. Cha Cha: I Wanna Dance Chacha - Lưu Bích (Adam Jona) 03\. Salsa: Màu Xanh Tình Yêu (Sỹ Đan) - Như Loan (Vadim Lyubushkin) 04\. Pasodoble: Đoàn Lữ Nhạc (Đỗ Nhuận) - Hồ Lệ Thu (Rumen Atanasov) 05\.
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These anti-Greek sentiments presented in Paisius writing, characterized the Greeks as some kind of Bulgarian national enemies.The Formation of a Nationalist Bulgarian Intelligentsia, 1835-1878, Modern European history: a Garland series of outstanding dissertations, Thomas A. Meininger, Garland Pub., 1987, , p. 75.The Making of a Nation in the Balkans: Historiography of the Bulgarian Revival, Rumen Daskalov, Central European University Press, 2004, , pp. 152-155.
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Borisov spent much of his term locked in an institutional war with President Rumen Radev, the latter an opposition-sponsored independent and former Air Force General that defeated Borisov's preferred candidate in the 2016 Bulgarian presidential election. The two became bitter rivals, accusing each other of leading the country into crisis. This would eventually lead to President Radev supporting the 2020 protests against Borisov's government.
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The same lesions are also present in pharynx, oesophagus, and on mucus-producing epithelia of the gut, from abomasum to rectum. Zebra-striped lesions on coecum and colon are said to be typical in some cases. Rarely, also petechiae are on the rumen mucosa.Tligui, Observations nécropsiques sur les premiers cas confirmés de peste des petits ruminants au Maroc, oral presentation, El Jadida, 31-07-2008.
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The most significant trainers from this period are Yanko Bimbalov, Stoyan Kolarov, Kalcho Ganchev and Delcho Popov. Some of the best players for this period are: Hristo Borisov, Plamen Ganchev, Totiu Vitchev, Rumen Spasov, Stefan Karalukanov, Veselin Todorov, Ivan Zetov, Vlado Evtimov, Stancho Kostov and many more. The period 1982–2000 is “golden” for Varna’s basketball. These two decades bring all major achievements in our club’s history.
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Wila (Bryoria fremontii) was an important food in parts of North America, where it was usually pitcooked. It is even featured in a Secwepemc story. Reindeer lichen (Cladina spp.) is a staple food of reindeer and caribou in the Arctic. Northern peoples in North America and Siberia traditionally eat the partially digested lichen after they remove it from the rumen of caribou that have been killed.
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Kumar, S., Puniya, A.K., Puniya, M., Dagar, S.S., Sirohi, S.K., Singh, K., Griffith, G.W. (2009). "Factors affecting rumen methanogens and methane mitigation strategies". World J. Microbiol Biotechnol, 25:1557–1566 Greenhouse gases and climate change affect the air quality with adverse health effects including respiratory disorders, lung tissue damage, and allergies. Reducing the increase of greenhouse gas emissions from livestock could rapidly curb global warming.
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Cows generally sort through long particles in search of finer particles. This behaviour can cause problems such as subacute ruminal acidosis. Not only does it cause rumen problems, it also causes an effect on their NDF intake. The sorted diet contains more fermentable carbohydrates and less fiber thus not only creates problems for the cow's health but also wastes money and time for the provider.
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In contrast, an aerobic organism (aerobe) is an organism that requires an oxygenated environment. Anaerobes may be unicellular (e.g. protozoans, bacteria) or multicellular. Most fungi are obligate aerobes, requiring oxygen to survive, however some species, such as the Chytridiomycota that reside in the rumen of cattle, are obligate anaerobes; for these species, anaerobic respiration is used because oxygen will disrupt their metabolism or kill them.
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They divorced in 1934, and that same year Yanshin married Nadezhda Kiselyova (stage name Lyalya Chyornaya), a dancer at the Rumen Theatre. They divorced in 1942, and Kiselyova later married Yanshin's old classmate Nikolai Khmelyov. From 1955 until his death Yanshin was married to Nonna Meyer, a performer at the Stanislavski Theatre. He died in 1976 in Moscow and was buried at Novodevichy Cemetery.
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"Mont Blanc" concerns the human mind and its ability to comprehend truth.Reider 1981 p. 790 Carol Rumen in 2013 in The Guardian: While sometimes described as an ode, the poem is more intellectually rigorous than the title implies. A superb, sometimes personified portrait of the Alpine landscape, "Mont Blanc" also traces a journey through philosophical and scientific concepts that had yet to find a modern vocabulary.
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The presence of thiaminases counter the production of thiamine by breaking them down, resulting in a futile cycle between rumen microbes and thiaminases. Eventually, when the rate of synthesis production can not exceed thiaminase intake, a state of thiamine deficiency will be reached. Thiaminase rich foods include different grains, fresh water fish, and ferns, all of which are often processed together to make feed concentrate.
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The COG3943 RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. COG3943 motifs are found in unknown bacteria whose genomic DNA was isolated from cow rumen. As of 2018, there is no specific, classified organism that is known to contain a COG3943 motif RNA. It is ambiguous whether COG3943 RNAs function as cis-regulatory elements or whether they operate in trans.
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Recorded in June, July and August 1996, it is the closest the listener could get to the experience of attending one of his live performances. Other instruments were added (on four of the eleven tracks) by Rens van der Zalm (fiddle and mandolin), Stephen Cooney (didgeridoo, Kpanlogo drum), Declan Masterson (low whistle) and Irvine himself, who played a second mandolin on two of the tracks. The album opens with "Prince Among Men", a song about the hazards and dangers of working underground in a mine-which Irvine wrote from the perspective of a man whose late father, James Doyle, had been a miner. "Băneasă's Green Glade" is a re- worked version of the song he had first recorded with Planxty, followed this time around by "Rumen Sirakov's Daichevo", Irvine's solo adaptation of "Didinata", a dance tune in time (3–2–2–2) composed by Bulgarian tambura player Rumen Sirakov.
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Rumen Sirakov – Tambura, Gega New Records, 2000. "Rain on the Roof/The Blue Mountains of New South Wales" is a self-penned set of jigs. "My Heart's Tonight in Ireland" is Irvine's nostalgic recollection of the times he spent touring in County Clare with Sweeney's Men. "Forgotten Hero" is a passionate song reminiscing about the life and struggle of Michael Davitt, the founder of the Irish National Land League.
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In addition to catalyzing the hydrolysis of the central ester bond between the two aromatic rings of digallate (depsidase activity), tannase may also have an esterase activity (hydrolysis of terminal ester functional groups that are attached to only one of the two aromatic rings). Tannase is a key enzyme in the degradation of gallotannins, a type of hydrolysable tannins. It is present in a diverse group of microorganisms, including rumen bacteria.
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The poem expresses the regrets of someone who has lost his feelings for his "old passion," Cynara.William Flesch, (2010) The Facts on File Companion to British Poetry, 19th century, Infobase Publishing, p. 89. Dowson's Cynara, a name that comes from the Greek word for artichoke, represents a lost love.Poem of the week: "Non sum qualis eram bonae sub regno Cynarae" by Ernest Dowson, Carol Rumen (March 14, 2011) The Guardian.
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In situations in which nitrogen for microbial growth is in excess, protein and its derivatives can also be fermented to produce energy, yielding ammonia. Lipids, lignin, minerals, and vitamins play a less prominent role in digestion than carbohydrates and protein, but they are still critical in many ways. Lipids are partly hydrolysed and hydrogenated, and glycerol, if present in the lipid, is fermented. Lipids are otherwise inert in the rumen.
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Cannulation requires installing a flanged rubber cylinder in the side of a cow, behind its 13th rib. The cylinder typically is fitted with a plastic, rubber, or metal cap to keep the rumen anaerobic. The rubber cannula is surgically implanted while the cow is standing and awake, with local anesthetic. The cow is made to fast and refrain from drinking water for 24 hours in advance of the surgery.
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The Prime Minister of Bulgaria () is the head of government of Bulgaria. They are the leader of a political coalition in the Bulgarian parliament – known as the National Assembly of Bulgaria () – and the leader of the cabinet. The current Prime Minister is Boyko Borisov. Currently, he was under pressured by the protestors to resign following his attempt to overthrown Rumen Radev and declares himself as the next president, since 2020.
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Testing Australian sheep for exhaled methane production (2001), CSIRO Enteric fermentation occurs in the gut of some animals, especially ruminants. In the rumen, anaerobic organisms, including methanogens, digest cellulose into forms nutritious to the animal. Without these microorganisms, animals such as cattle would not be able to consume grasses. The useful products of methanogenesis are absorbed by the gut, but methane is released from the animal mainly by belching (eructation).
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They occasionally blind their prey by attacking the eyes. Serows are among the only ungulate species capable of effectively defending themselves against dhole attacks, due to their thick, protective coats and short, sharp horns capable of easily impaling dholes. They will tear open their prey's flanks and disembowel it, eating the heart, liver, lungs and some sections of the intestines. The stomach and rumen are usually left untouched.
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Rumen Petkov resigned as Minister of Interior on April 13 after a scandal broke exposing links between him and his staff and suspected organized criminals. This prompted a major cabinet shuffle on April 24. On that day Mikhail Mikov (BSP) was sworn in as the new Minister of Interior. The number of Deputy Prime Ministers was increased by one when Meglena Plugchieva (BSP) was assigned to the role.
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Acta Veterinaria Scandinavica 53:19] The reticulum is adjacent to the diaphragm, lungs, abomasum, rumen and liver. The heights of the reticular crests and depth of the structures vary across ruminant animal species.[Clauss, M., Hofmann, R. R., Streich, W. J., Fickel, J., and Hummel, J. 2009. Convergence in the macroscopic anatomy of the reticulum in wild ruminant species of different feeding types and a new resulting hypothesis on reticular function.
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The cow magnet attracts such objects and prevents them from becoming lodged in the animal's tissue. While the resultant mass of iron remains in the cow's rumen as a pseudobezoar (an intentionally introduced bezoar), it does not cause the severe problems of hardware disease. Cow magnets cannot be passed through a cow's 4th bonivial meta-colon. Cow magnets are widely available from veterinary, feed supply, and scientific supply sources.
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Inositolhexaphosphate, or phytic acid. Inositol hexaphosphate, also called phytic acid or IP6, is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seed. Phosphorus and inositol in phytate form are not generally bioavailable to non-ruminant animals because these animals lack the digestive enzyme phytase required to remove the phosphate groups. Ruminants are readily able to digest phytate because of the phytase produced by rumen microorganisms.
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The calves are then fed colostrum from the dam for the first few days, and then milk replacer. Dairy calves do not have ab libitum milk like beef calves. By limiting the amount of milk the calves receive it caused the calves to consume more feed which leads to faster development of the rumen. Dairy calves are usually weaned off milk early, usually at 4–8 weeks of age.
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On 15 March 1923, aircraft of the Franko-Rumen company started operations from Pančevo airport. A few days later on 25 March, services between Paris and Istanbul via Pančevo commenced, the first international flights to or from Belgrade. On 9 September the same year, the first aircraft took off on a scheduled service from Belgrade to Bucharest. This was also the first commercial night flight in the history of aviation.
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In light of recent research, high concentrations of sulfur intake have also been deemed responsible for PEM. Sulfur is necessary for the synthesis of important sulfur-containing amino acids and their contribution to the synthesis of different hormones, enzymes, and structural proteins. The ruminant diet, especially that of cattle, can be overly concentrated with sulfur. In ruminants, the same rumen microbes that generate thiamine molecules reduce sulfur into toxic sulfides.
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Paratuberculosis is a contagious, chronic and sometimes fatal infection that primarily affects the small intestine of ruminants. It is caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. Infections normally affect ruminants (mammals that have four compartments of their stomachs, of which the rumen is one), but have also been seen in a variety of nonruminant species, including rabbits, foxes, and birds. Horses, dogs, and nonhuman primates have been infected experimentally.
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The Lachnospiraceae are a family of anaerobic, spore-forming bacteria in the order Clostridiales that ferment diverse plant polysaccharides to short-chain fatty acids (butyrate, acetate) and alcohols (ethanol). These bacteria are among the most abundant taxa in the rumen and the human gut microbiota.UniProt Members of this family may protect against colon cancer in humans by producing butyric acid. Lachnospiraceae have been found to cause diabetes in germ-free mice.
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The omasum is known as the "many plies". The abomasum is like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the "true stomach". Cattle are known for regurgitating and re-chewing their food, known as cud chewing, like most ruminants. While the animal is feeding, the food is swallowed without being chewed and goes into the rumen for storage until the animal can find a quiet place to continue the digestion process.
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Public disapproval grew during the pandemic and reached a spontaneous culmination on 9 July 2020 after a police raid on the Presidency of Bulgaria in what was perceived as an attack against President Rumen Radev, a vocal critic of prime minister Boyko Borisov, who has been in power since 2009, and the long-standing grievances against endemic corruption and state capture. Daily demonstrations have been held in the country's capital Sofia ever since.
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High-quality feed block or HQFB, is a solid block consisting of molasses, non- protein nitrogen (NPN), rumen by-pass protein (cassava hay), minerals and lipids. It is provided to livestock ruminants in a manner similar to a salt lick. HQFB is used for ruminant feeding as a method of improving digestion and to help lactation, reproduction, and weight gain. More details can be searched from AJAS, Asia-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences.
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During season 1994-1995 the team reached the Bulgaria first division " A group" for the first time, where they finished in 13th place and remaining in the division for 3 consecutive years. Montana reached the semi-final of the Bulgarian Cup. Montana's best season in the A PFG was in the 1995–96 season - 9th place. In this campaign, the team was led by Anatoli Tonov, Todor Pramatarov, Rumen Panayotov and Angel Chervenkov.
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Most mammals have limited ability to digest dietary fiber such as cellulose. Some ruminants like cows and sheep contain certain symbiotic anaerobic bacteria (such as Cellulomonas and Ruminococcus spp.) in the flora of the rumen, and these bacteria produce enzymes called cellulases that hydrolyze cellulose. The breakdown products are then used by the bacteria for proliferation. The bacterial mass is later digested by the ruminant in its digestive system (stomach and small intestine).
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There exists different types of stomach plans: #Ruminants: 4 chambered stomach animals with fermentation occurring in the rumen (first stomach). #Pseudoruminants: ruminants but with 3 chambered stomach #Monogastric: one stomach, but fermentation can occur in multiple places depending on the animal. Places include the foregut, colon, caecum and hindgut. 236x236pxIn order, the stomach plans represent the general level of efficiency when digesting plant-based food; ruminants are better compared to pseudoruminants and monogastrics.
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The hexavalent phytate anion. Phosphorus and inositol in phytate form are not, in general, bioavailable to non-ruminant animals because these animals lack the digestive enzyme phytase required to hydrolyze the inositol-phosphate linkages. Ruminants are readily able to digest phytate because of the phytase produced by rumen microorganisms. In most commercial agriculture, non-ruminant livestock, such as swine, fowl, and fish, are fed mainly grains, such as maize, legumes, and soybeans.
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Detection of ruminal bacteria that degrade toxic dihydroxypyridine compounds produced from mimosine. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 56: 590-594. but in some geographical areas, ruminants lack the organisms (such as Synergistes jonesii) that can degrade DHP. In such cases, toxicity problems from ingestion of Leucaena have sometimes been overcome by infusing susceptible animals with rumen fluid from ruminants that possess such organisms,Allison, M. J., W. R. Mayberry, C. S. Mcsweeney, and D. A. Stahl. 1992.
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Skatole occurs naturally in the feces of all species of mammals and birds, and in the bovine rumen. Skatole has been shown to cause pulmonary edema in goats, sheep, rats, and some strains of mice. It appears to selectively target club cells, which are the major site of cytochrome P450 enzymes in the lungs. These enzymes convert skatole to a reactive intermediate, 3-methyleneindolenine, which damages cells by forming protein adducts (see fog fever).
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In cases when an animal has a lot of fluid in the abomasum, a gastric-rumen tube should be used to help extract the extra fluid. A special abomasum puncture can help if the abdomen is swollen with gas or air. This technique has only been tested in lambs, not in calves. In the early stages of the disease, rolling the calf over and puncturing the abomasum can help the calf recover.
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Dairy cattle on high production diets are susceptible to a number of pathologies, most commonly after calving. A gas-filled abomasum can move into an abnormal location and become displaced. If the abomasum displaces to the right, it is at risk of torsion. A displaced abomasum will cause cows to present all or some of the following signs: loss of appetite, decrease rumen contractions, decrease cud- chewing, and drop in milk production.
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Later on she formed a band called "Prima +", consisting of herself, Stoyana and Rumen Radoinov. The group was invited to sing at the hotel estate `Prikazkite`, where Ivana’s talent was noticed by Payner music company owner – Mitko Dimitrov (), who shortly after offered her to sign a contract with the studio. Vanya Todorova Kaludova adopted the stage name Ivana and it didn't take long before she started making hits. Her first single was `Idol`.
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Weaning in cattle can be done by many methods. Dairy calves in the United States are weaned off their mother at an average of around 7 weeks of age. Beef calves are not usually weaned off their dams until the calves are between 8 and 10 months of age. Before a calf is completely weaned off of milk, for both dairy and beef cattle, the calf must have developed a fully functioning rumen.
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The cyanogenic glycosides in some white clover (Trifolium repens) varieties may influence the Se requirement, presumably because of cyanide from the aglycone released by glucosidase activity in the rumen and inactivation of glutathione peroxidases by the effect of absorbed cyanide on the glutathione moiety. In areas where selenium deficiency in livestock is a concern, selenium (as selenite) may be supplemented in feed. In some countries, e.g. the US and Canada, such supplementation is regulated.
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Most dietary carbohydrates are fermented into VFAs in the rumen. The glucose needed as energy for the brain and for lactose and milk fat in milk production, as well as other uses, comes from nonsugar sources, such as the VFA propionate, glycerol, lactate, and protein. The VFA propionate is used for around 70% of the glucose and glycogen produced and protein for another 20% (50% under starvation conditions).William O. Reece (2005).
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The hydrolysis of cellulose results in sugars, which are further fermented to acetate, lactate, propionate, butyrate, carbon dioxide, and methane. As bacteria conduct fermentation in the rumen, they consume about 10% of the carbon, 60% of the phosphorus, and 80% of the nitrogen that the ruminant ingests. To reclaim these nutrients, the ruminant then digests the bacteria in the abomasum. The enzyme lysozyme has adapted to facilitate digestion of bacteria in the ruminant abomasum.
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Elephants, hippos, koalas, and pandas are born with sterile intestines, and to digest vegetation need bacteria which they obtain by eating their mothers' feces, a practice termed coprophagia. Other animals eat dung. In veterinary medicine fecal microbiota transplant has been known as "transfaunation" and is used to treat ruminating animals, like cows and sheep, by feeding rumen contents of a healthy animal to another individual of the same species in order to colonize its gastrointestinal tract with normal bacteria.
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Tablier de sapeur (; literal meaning: sapper's apron) is a Lyonnais speciality dish make from beef tripe, specifically the gras-double, which is the membrane of the rumen. It was formerly known as tablier de Gnafron (; literal meaning: Gnafron's apron); Gnafron is a marionette in Lyonnais puppetry. The tripe is boiled in a court-bouillon, marinated in white wine, then covered in breadcrumbs and fried. It is usually served with a sauce gribiche with chives added and steamed potatoes.
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Some branched chained VFAs are incorporated into the lipid membrane of rumen microbes. Protein is hydrolysed to peptides and amino acids by microbial enzymes, which are subsequently transported across the microbial cell wall for assimilation into cell biomass, primarily. Peptides, amino acids, ammonia, and other sources of nitrogen originally present in the feed can also be used directly by microbes with little to no hydrolysis. Non-amino acid nitrogen is used for synthesis of microbial amino acids.
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The life cycle is indirect, involving a rumninant as definitive host, snail as intermediate host, and an interval of external phases in water and plants. The sexually mature monoecious self-fertilises in the mammalian rumen, and keep the eggs inside the uterus. Eggs are then released in the host intestine and are expelled along with faeces. Eggs are deposited in water and hatch at optimal temperature of 27 °C in 12–17 days to become ciliated miracidia.
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While there were no major negative health effects found in cattle, it is proposed that supplementation with L. albus tends to cause a decrease in milk protein concentration and milk protein yield in dairy cows. This has to be kept in mind, when lupine seeds should be used as a substitute for other protein sources in the diet of the ruminant. Nonetheless, roasted seeds of L. albus appear to be a good source of rumen protected fatty acids.
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Some are harmless or beneficial to their host organisms; others may be significant causes of diseases, such as babesia, malaria and toxoplasmosis. Isotricha intestinalis, a ciliate present in the rumen of sheep. Association between protozoan symbionts and their host organisms can be mutually beneficial. Flagellated protozoans such as Trichonympha and Pyrsonympha inhabit the guts of termites, where they enable their insect host to digest wood by helping to break down complex sugars into smaller, more easily digested molecules.
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Their life cycle is indirect, requiring a definitive host such as ruminants, an intermediate host such as snail, and a free-living of external phases in water and plants. The sexually mature monoecious self-fertilises in the mammalian rumen, and release the eggs along with faeces. Eggs hatch in water into ciliated miracidia. The miracidia then enters the body of an intermediate host, which are snails belonging to the genera Bulinus, Planorbis, Physa Stagnicola and Pseudosuccinea.
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Some anaerobic fermenting microbes in the rumen (and other gastrointestinal tracts) are capable of degrading organic matter to short chain fatty acids, and hydrogen. The accumulating hydrogen inhibits the microbe's ability to continue degrading organic matter, but syntrophic hydrogen-consuming microbes allow continued growth by metabolizing the waste products. In addition, fermentative bacteria gain maximum energy yield when protons are used as electron acceptor with concurrent H2 production. Hydrogen-consuming organisms include methanogens, sulfate-reducers, acetogens, and others.
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Bulgarian Politicians react to Pendarovski's Statement on Goce Delcev. SKOPJEDIEM. According to the President Rumen Radev, Bulgaria will support North Macedonia's candidature in the EU, but it is important Skopje to end the embezzlement of Bulgarian history. The Foreign Minister Zaharieva added, that Delchev is a common hero, part of Bulgarian and Macedonian history. The fact, he was a Bulgarian, who struggled for the autonomy for Macedonia and Adrianople regions, must unite both countries, not divide them.
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The idea that wasps are born of the corpses of horses was often described alongside bugonia. And given that European wasps bear a passing resemblance to European bees, it may be possible that the myth arose out of a mis-reported or misunderstood observation of a natural event. Different variations are attested, such as simply burying the cow, or covering the corpse with mud or dung. Another variation states that use of the rumen alone is sufficient.
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The Giant Panda is mainly a herbivore despite its short, relatively unspecialized digestive tract that is characteristic of carnivores. Giant Pandas lack microbial digestion in their rumen or caecum that is typical of most herbivores for breaking down cellulose and lignin in plant cell walls. Therefore, Giant Pandas need to get their nutrients from the cell contents and fraction of hemicellulose they can break down. The panda subsists mainly on bamboo and does so with modifications of their jaws.
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Fish performed equally well when their soybean or cereal diet was replaced by extruded chickpeas. Chickpea seeds have also been used in rabbit diets. Secondary components of legumes—such as lecithin, polyphenols, oligosaccharides; and amylase, protease, trypsin and chymotrypsin inhibitors—can lead to lower nutrient availability, and thus to impaired growth and health of animals (especially in nonruminants). Ruminants have generally less trouble digesting legumes with secondary components, since they can inactivate them in the rumen liquor.
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Manure management and rice cultivation also produce gaseous emissions. Important mitigation options for reducing the greenhouse gas emissions from livestock (especially ruminants) include genetic selectionBovine genomics project at Genome CanadaCanada is using genetics to make cows less gassy introduction of methanotrophic bacteria into the rumen,The use of direct-fed microbials for mitigation of ruminant methane emissions: a review diet modification and grazing management.Martin, C. et al. 2010. Methane mitigation in ruminants: from microbe to the farm scale.
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Thiamine availability is controlled by the direct dietary consumption of thiamine. Thiamine availability is also regulated by thiaminases, which are enzymes that readily cleave thiamine molecules and inhibit essential thiamine-regulated pathways such as the metabolism of glucose. Ruminants have working rumen microbes that synthesize thiamine molecules for the body; therefore, ruminants do not need to ingest thiamine rich foods for thiamine. However, feed concentrates given to ruminants, specifically sheep and cattle, are often heavily stocked with thiaminases.
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The solids lump together to form a bolus (or cud), and is regurgitated. When the bolus enters the mouth, the fluid is squeezed out with the tongue and swallowed again. Ingested food passes to the rumen and reticulum where cellulytic microbes (bacteria, protozoa and fungi) produce cellulase, which is needed to break down the cellulose in plants. Perissodactyls, in contrast to the ruminants, store digested food that has left the stomach in an enlarged cecum, where it is fermented by bacteria.
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Most poisonous lichens are yellow. In the past, Iceland moss (Cetraria islandica) was an important source of food for humans in northern Europe, and was cooked as a bread, porridge, pudding, soup, or salad. Wila (Bryoria fremontii) was an important food in parts of North America, where it was usually pitcooked. Northern peoples in North America and Siberia traditionally eat the partially digested reindeer lichen (Cladina spp.) after they remove it from the rumen of caribou or reindeer that have been killed.
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Some ruminant animals, for example cattle, showed no change in liver enzyme activities or any clinical signs of poisoning when fed plants containing pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Yet Australian studies have demonstrated toxicity Sheep, goats and cattle are much more resistant and tolerate much higher PA dosages, thought to be due to thorough detoxification via PA-destroying rumen microbes. Males react more sensitively than females and fetuses and children. PA is also used as a defense mechanism for some organisms such as Utetheisa ornatrix.
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When investigating herbivores diet, DNA metabarcoding enables detection of highly digested plant items with a higher number of taxa identified compared to microhistology and macroscopic analysis. For instance, Nichols et al. (2016) highlighted the taxonomic precision of metabarcoding on rumen contents, with on average 90% of DNA-sequences being identified to genus or species level in comparison to 75% of plant fragments recognised with macroscopy. Morevoer, another empirically tested advantage of metabarcoding compared to traditional time-consuming methods, involves higher cost efficiency.
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The president of the Republic of Bulgaria is the head of state of Bulgaria and the commander-in-chief of the Bulgarian Army. The official residence of the president is at Boyana Residence, Sofia. After the completion of the second round of voting, candidate Rumen Radev was elected President of Bulgaria on 13 November 2016. In Bulgaria, the president's role is primarily as a symbolic figure, with the main function being to be the 'arbitrator' of disputes between Bulgaria's different institutions.
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The protests began on 9 July 2020. They set as their goal the removal of Borisov's cabinet and the resignation of Chief Prosecutor Ivan Geshev. They are encouraged by President Rumen Radev, who has called for the expulsion of the mafia from the executive and the judiciary, as well as EU member states to express a position on the situation in the country, which is growing into a constitutional crisis. However, the prime minister and the chief prosecutor refused to resign.
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The only publicly available strain of Wolinella is Wolinella succinogenes DSM 1740 (ATCC 29543). The original isolation of this organism was done by M. J. Wolin, E. A. Wolin and N. J. Jacobs at the University of Illinois. This original isolation was done from bovine rumen fluid and was somewhat serendipitous as the researchers were intending to isolate methanogenic organisms. This bacterium was originally classified as Vibrio succinogenes, but was reclassified in 1981 to Wolinella succinogenes by A. C. R. Tanner et al.
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Ideally pastures should be used before they become overly lush and protein-rich. If this is not possible, the new diet should be introduced slowly by grazing the cattle just a few hours each day and increasing gradually, over a period of a fortnight. Cutting the pasture immediately before putting the cattle out may help. Drugs are available (monensin or lasalocid) which change the rumen biochemistry in preparation for high tryptophan levels, inhibiting the bacteria that convert L-tryptophan to 3-methylindole.
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Solids clump together to form the cud (or bolus). The cud is then regurgitated, chewed slowly to completely mix it with saliva and to break down the particle size. Fibre, especially cellulose and hemi-cellulose, is primarily broken down into the volatile fatty acids, acetic acid, propionic acid and butyric acid in these chambers (the reticulo-rumen) by microbes: (bacteria, protozoa, and fungi). In the omasum, water and many of the inorganic mineral elements are absorbed into the blood stream.
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Even newer designs include a stronger array of rare-earth magnets inside a stainless steel body that resembles the original Alnico design. A rancher or dairy farmer feeds a magnet to each calf at branding time; the magnet settles in the rumen or reticulum and remains there for the life of the animal. The magnet is administered after fasting the cow for 18–24 hours. This is most effective if done to the entire herd before the age of one.
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Both adults and larvae must consume adult feces which have been further digested by microflora for a time; an arrangement that might be described as a sort of external rumen. In addition, they are also able to produce fourteen acoustical signals, more than many vertebrates. Adults produce the sounds by rubbing the upper surface of the abdomen against the hind wings. The larvae produce the sounds by rubbing the third leg against a striated area on the coxa of the second leg.
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Smaller particle size allows for increased nutrient absorption. Fiber, especially cellulose and hemicellulose, is primarily broken down in these chambers by microbes (mostly bacteria, as well as some protozoa, fungi, and yeast) into the three volatile fatty acids (VFAs): acetic acid, propionic acid, and butyric acid. Protein and nonstructural carbohydrate (pectin, sugars, and starches) are also fermented. Saliva is very important because it provides liquid for the microbial population, recirculates nitrogen and minerals, and acts as a buffer for the rumen pH.
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Flatulent gas contributes to less than 10% of methane emissions as opposed to belching which contributes up to 95%. This is caused by bacteria living within the first stomach, known as the rumen, which serves as a 'fermentation tank' to effectively break down nutrients during digestion. Methane production represents an inefficiency of energy conversion that would otherwise contribute to the productive metabolism of livestock, such as milk, muscle or wool production. By impeding methane production, FutureFeed increases the efficiency of ruminant digestion in livestock to improve productivity.
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Amphistomiasis in farm and wild mammals is due to infection of paramphistomes, such as the species of Paramphistomum, Calicophoron, Cotylophoron, Pseudophisthodiscus, etc. These are essentially rumen flukes, of which Paramphistomum cervi is the most notorious in terms of prevalence and pathogenicity. Infection occurs through ingestion of contaminated vegetables and raw meat, in which the viable infective metacercaria are deposited from snails, which are the intermediate hosts. The immature flukes are responsible for destroying the mucosal walls of the alimentary tract on their way to growing into adults.
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Schematic representation of the main steps necessary for the analysis of whole metagenome shotgun sequencing-derived data. The software related to each step is shown in italics. The data generated by metagenomics experiments are both enormous and inherently noisy, containing fragmented data representing as many as 10,000 species. The sequencing of the cow rumen metagenome generated 279 gigabases, or 279 billion base pairs of nucleotide sequence data, while the human gut microbiome gene catalog identified 3.3 million genes assembled from 567.7 gigabases of sequence data.
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Australia has implemented a voluntary immunization program for cattle in order to help reduce flatulence-produced CH4. However, in Australia there are ruminant species of the kangaroos that are able to produce 80% less methane than cows. This is because the gut microbiota of Macropodids, rumen and others parts of their digestive system, is dominated by bacteria of the family Succinivibrionaceae. These bacteria are able to produce succinate as a final product of the lignocelluloses degradation, producing small amounts of methane as end product.
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A Concise History of Bulgaria, R. J. Crampton, Cambridge University Press, 2005, , p. 74. The establishment of the Bulgarian Exarchate in 1870, meant in practice official recognition of a separate Bulgarian nationality,The Making of a Nation in the Balkans: Historiography of the Bulgarian Revival, Rumen Daskalov, Central European University Press, 2004, , p. 1. and in this case the religious affiliation became a consequence of national allegiance.Stefan Stambolov and the Emergence of Modern Bulgaria, 1870–1895, Duncan M. Perry, Duke University Press, 1993, , p. 7.
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The nutritional requirements of cattle are usually divided into maintenance requirements, which depend on the cow's weight; and milk production requirements, which in turn depend on the volume of milk the cow is producing. The nutritional contents of each available feed are used to formulate a diet that meets all nutritional needs in the most cost effective way. Notably, cattle must be fed a diet high in fiber to maintain a proper environment for the rumen microbes. Farmers typically grow their own forage for their cattle.
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Urea is not a protein but it contains nitrogen which is capable of being used by the microbial population in the rumen to produce protein. Molasses is the main by-product of sugarcane refining and is a suitable source of energy. Preparing an adequate source of energy and nitrogen under grazing conditions is necessary for grazing animals. Molasses blocks are palatable for the animals and the molasses has the ability to cover undesirable flavors that can be associated with some other chemicals added to the block.
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The modern Bulgarian presidency was formed in 1990 after the fall of the Bulgarian People's Republic. After the completion of the second round of voting in the 2016 Bulgarian presidential election, Rumen Radev was elected on 13 November 2016. In the Third Bulgarian State, the functions of head of state were performed by the reigning monarch or through a regency. Later on in the communist era, the Chairman of the State Council of Bulgaria served as the paramount head of state of the People's Republic of Bulgaria.
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After the expiry of their second term, the second round of elections in 2011 was elected president Rosen Plevneliev and for his vice president Margarita Popova. They take an oath on January 19, 2012 and the inauguration of the 22nd the same month. After the expiry of their first term, the second round of elections in 2016 was elected president Rumen Radev and for his vice president Iliana Yotova. They take an oath on January 19, 2017 and the inauguration of the 22nd the same month.
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Cattle commonly swallow foreign objects, because they do not use their lips to discriminate between materials and they do not completely chew their feed before swallowing. Sharp metallic objects, such as nails or wire, are the common initiators of hardware disease. The object travels into the rumen and is then pushed into the reticulum along with the rest of the feed. In some cases, contractions of the reticulum can push the object through part of the reticulum wall into the peritoneal cavity, where it causes severe inflammation.
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In 1939, Bulgarian archaeologist Vasil Mikov excavated a large trench passing through the central east section of the tell, collecting the first data about its stratigraphy, chronology, and sequence of archaeological cultures. Subsequently, large-scale archaeological excavations began in 1976 under the direction of Rumen Katincharov (Institute of Archaeology with Museum, Sofia, Bulgaria) and Velichka Matsanova (Regional Museum of History, Pazardzhik). Between 1982 and 2000, a Soviet (later Russian) team led by Prof. Nikolay Merpert also took part in the excavations of the site.
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In veterinary medicine a bolus is a large time-release tablet that stays in the rumen of cattle, goats, and sheep. It can also refer to a dose of liquid injected subcutaneously with a hypodermic needle, such as saline solution administered either to counteract dehydration or especially to mitigate kidney failure, a common ailment in domestic cats. Before it is fully absorbed, which can take several minutes or longer, the liquid remains in the form of a bolus, a ball or lump under the animal's skin.
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During the 2016 presidential election campaign, Borisov promised to resign if his party's candidate, Chairperson of the National Assembly Tsetska Tsacheva, lost the election. On 6 November 2016 Tsacheva finished second in the first round to BSP-backed Major General Rumen Radev, receiving only 22% of the popular vote compared to Radev's 25.4%. Following the result, Borisov reiterated his promise to resign if his party's candidate lost the runoff election a week later. On November 13, 2016, she finished a distant second with only 36.2% of the popular vote compared to Radev's 59.4%.
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The cause of the infection in cattle is two species of anaerobic bacteria, Fusobacterium necrophorum and Bacteroides melaninogenicus. Both bacteria are common to the environment in which cattle live, and Fusobacterium is present in the rumen and fecal matter of the cattle. In sheep, F. necrophorum first invades the interdigital skin following damage to the skin, and causes interdigital lesions and slight inflammation. The second stage of the disease is marked by the invasion of the foot by the foot rot bacterium Dichelobacter nodosus, a Gram-negative anaerobe.
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Yawarlukru or Yawar Lukru (Kichwa yawar blood, lukru soup,Vocabulario comparativo quechua ecuatoriano - quechua ancashino -- castellano - English (pdf), collected by Robert Beér, Armando Muyolema and Hernán S. Aguilar, 2006 "blood soup", hispanicized spellings Yahuarlocro, Yahuar Locro) is a traditional dish of the Ecuadorian cuisine. Is a light stew prepared with meat and entrails of lamb including intestines, liver, lung, tongue, rumen, etc. It's usually served with fried lamb blood, avocado and pickled red onion rings. It can be consumed as a snack or as a main dish depending on the size of the plate.
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During the 2000–01 season, the club finished in 13th place in the B PFG and was relegated to the V AFG, where it remained until 2008. In March 2008, the club was heavily penalized after a scandalous match against FC Bansko, when coach Rumen Stoyanov ordered his players to leave the field, a serious offence according to Bulgarian Football Union regulations. With an executive decision, the BFU removed Septemvri from the V AFG and placed it in the A OFG, the Sofia Regional Football Group.2007-2008 Bulgarian League Standings (All Divisions) The Rec.Sport.
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Some varieties of Photinia are toxic due to the presence of cyanogenic glycosides in the vacuoles of foliage and fruit cells. When the leaves are chewed these compounds are released and are rapidly converted to hydrogen cyanide (HCN) which blocks cellular respiration. The amount of HCN produced varies considerably between taxa, and is in general greatest in young leaves. Ruminants are particularly affected by cyanogenic glycosides because the first stage of their digestive system (the rumen) provides better conditions for liberating HCN than the stomachs of monogastric vertebrates.
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As there are a variety of factors which affect the likelihood of cattle developing a displaced abomasum, veterinarian recommendations have been put in place within the industry to try and reduce the prevalence of it occurring. Ensuring cattle consume an adequate, consistent diet containing a great deal of roughage following calving is essential to proper provide rumen fill and function. Maintaining a constant diet with little changes during previous late lactation and early on parturition. Through the prevention of other common metabolic diseases such as hypocalcaemia, ketosis, etc.
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In feedlot cattle, a diet containing a high proportion of cereal grain can lead to primary ruminal tympany. The main signs of bloat in cattle are distension of the left side of the abdomen, dyspnea (difficulty breathing) and severe distress. If gas continues to accumulate, the right side of the abdomen may also become distended, with death occurring in cattle within 3–4 hours after symptoms begin. In free-gas bloat (secondary ruminal tympany), gas builds up in the rumen and cannot escape, due to blockage of the esophagus.
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Rumen Surdzhiyski's first steps in cinema were as an actor. Still a student at NATFA, he has two small roles in the films "Taste of Almonds" (1967)BULGARIAN FEATURE FILMS, An annotated Illustrated Filmography, Volume two (1948-1970), athor: Galina Gencheva, issue of BULGARSKA NACIONALNA FILMOTEKA, Dr. Peter Beron State Publishing House, Sofia, 1988, index116/pp. 296-297 and "The Penlevé case" (1967).BULGARIAN FEATURE FILMS, An annotated Illustrated Filmography, Volume two (1948-1970), athor: Galina Gencheva, issue of BULGARSKA NACIONALNA FILMOTEKA, Dr. Peter Beron State Publishing House, Sofia, 1988, index 123/pp.
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The award was given to him by the President of the Republic of Bulgaria Rumen Radev, after months-long process of evaluation and selection of candidates carried out by Deloitte Bulgaria. Alexander Dimitrov took with him two other prizes - the “Viewers’ choice” award by bTV, which was decided by a poll on the media's website and the special “Mission in favor of the society” award, which was given by the “24 Chasa” daily. Alexander Dimitrov is also a member of the Confederation of Employers and Industrialists in Bulgaria's Management Board as of March 2017.
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According to the American Society for Microbiology, "the fore stomach consists of … non glandular tissue and appears to be analogous to the tissue of the rumen." The forestomach is lined with a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium which is continuous of the oesophagus epithelium. Due to the reflux of stomach juices from the main stomach, minor digestive activity takes place in the forestomach. The main stomach, also referred to as the fundic stomach, secretes mucus, protein digesting enzymes and hydrochloric acid to aid the breakdown of food and lined.
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Chicken soto with eggs and tripes satay The meats that are most commonly used are chicken and beef, but there are also variations with offal, mutton, and water buffalo meat. Pork is seldom used in traditional Indonesian soto, however in Hindu majority Bali, soto babi (pork soto) can be found. The soup is usually accompanied by rice or compressed rice cakes (lontong, ketupat or burasa). Offal is considered as a delicacy: the rumen (blanket/flat/smooth tripe), reticulum (honeycomb and pocket tripe), omasum (book/bible/leaf tripe), and the intestines are all eaten.
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Bulgaria imports natural gas from Russia. It is used in combined heating plants in most Bulgarian cities in order to produce electricity during the summer months and heat during winter. In 2001, the Russian Gazprom signed an agreement with former Bulgarian Energy Minister Rumen Ovcharov which stated that Bulgaria would receive Russian gas at lower cost as a way to compensate for allowing the transfer of Russian gas through Bulgarian pipelines to other parts of Europe. Gas remained relatively cheap in Bulgaria until 2008 when Gazprom changed the terms of the contract.
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The Bulgarian Army () is the military of Bulgaria. The commander-in-chief is the president of Bulgaria, who since January 2017 is Rumen Radev. The Ministry of Defense is in charge of political leadership while overall military command remains in the hands of the Defence Staff, headed by the Chief of the Defense (formerly called the Chief of the General Staff). There are three main branches of the Bulgarian military, named literally the Land Forces, the Air Forces and the Naval Forces (the term "Bulgarian Army" refers to them encompassed all together).
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Theoretically, finer particles will be easier to digest in the rumen, however the presence of coarse particles might increase the amount of starch entering the small intestine, thus increasing energetic efficiency. Livestock could be fed by grazing on grasslands, integrated or non-integrated with crop production. Livestock produced in stalls or feedlots are landless and are typically fed by processed feed containing veterinary drugs, growth hormones, feed additives, or nutraceuticals to improve production. Similarly, livestock consume grains as the main feed or as a supplement to the forage based feed.
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S. sucromutans is a mesophile with a growth optimal temperature ranging from 35-42 °C and a growth range of 30-44 °C. The pH range for this Firmicute is close to neutral, 6.0-7.6, and will optimally grow in a slightly acidic environment, such as the rumen of a cow, at pH 6.4. Growth should be seen within 3 to 4 weeks if the above medium containing ruminal fluid is used. This complex medium provides it with all the nutrients necessary for optimal growth such as a mixture of vitamins, minerals, and trace metals.
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Born in Plovdiv, Pavlov started his career with local side Spartak Plovdiv. Because of his good displays he caught eye of Lokomotiv Sofia scouts and signed for the club in June 2007 for fee of 50 000 € together with Ivaylo Dimitrov and Rumen Tinkov. After a match in UEFA Cup qualification against Borac Cacak on August 14, 2008, Pavlov was tested positive for testosterone. Although he was substitute who did not play in that match, he was suspended from all official football competitions for a period of two years by UEFA.
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The village is located in the valley of the Danube, 3 km south of the river and 8 km west of Silistra, on the road from Silistra to Rousse. The mayor is Rumen Angelov. Aydemir is divided into three parts: the centre, the quarter of Delenkite and the quarter of Tataritsa, which was founded in 1674 by Old Believer Nekrasov Cossacks (see Russians in Bulgaria) at a location prior to that inhabited by Tatars. The village has a church, the Church of the Holy Trinity, which was constructed in 1829.
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In vertebrates, gluconeogenesis takes place mainly in the liver and, to a lesser extent, in the cortex of the kidneys. It is one of two primary mechanisms - the other being degradation of glycogen (glycogenolysis) - used by humans and many other animals to maintain blood glucose levels, avoiding low levels (hypoglycemia). In ruminants, because dietary carbohydrates tend to be metabolized by rumen organisms, gluconeogenesis occurs regardless of fasting, low-carbohydrate diets, exercise, etc. In many other animals, the process occurs during periods of fasting, starvation, low-carbohydrate diets, or intense exercise.
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Iliana Malinova Iotova (Bulgarian: Илияна Малинова ЙотоваResults from the elections 2016 (in Bulgarian)) (born 24 October 1964) is a Bulgarian politician who has served as Vice President of Bulgaria since 2017. She was the running mate of Rumen Radev, who defeated GERB nominee Tsetska Tsacheva in the second round of the 2016 presidential election. She was a Member of the European Parliament from 2007 until her resignation on 16 January 2017. In the EP she sat on the Committee on the Internal Market and Consumer Protection and was a substitute for the Committee on Civil Liberties, Justice and Home Affairs.
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Ivan Stoimenov Geshev () is a Bulgarian jurist serving as Bulgaria's Chief Public Prosecutor since 26 November 2019. Geshev previously served as Head of the Specialized Prosecutor's Office (July 2016-July 2018), then as Deputy Chief Public Prosecutor (July 2018–present), before becoming a candidate for Chief Public Prosecutor in July 2019. Geshev was the only candidate proposed to succeed Sotir Tsatsarov as Chief Public Prosecutor of Bulgaria in 2019, which triggred controversy and public protests against his candidacy. He was appointed to the position by Bulgaria's Supreme Judicial Council in late 2019, but his election was initially vetoed by Bulgarian President Rumen Radev.
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As fluoroacetate is poisonous and present in plants endemic to Australia, Africa, and Central America, livestock are often killed by fluoroacetate poisoning. Fluoroacetate is lethal to sheep and cattle at doses of 0.25 to 0.5 mg/kg of body weight, and is a problem in the livestock industry. A fluoroacetate dehalogenase gene from the soil bacterium Moraxella species strain B was transferred into the rumen bacterium Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and expressed in vitro at sufficiently high levels to detoxify fluoroacetate in the surrounding medium. Scientists and farmers want to determine a way to get B. fibrisolvens into either the animals or plants.
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The rounded single-seeded pods bear prominent spikes or similar protrusions in many species, enabling them to cling to the fur of large mammals and be thus distributed. These highly nutritious plants were an important forage for heavy working horses in agriculture, and are still an excellent source of nectar for honey production as well as pollen for bee food. Because sainfoins are rich in tannins which protect proteins from hydrolysis in the rumen, the proteins are instead absorbed in the abomasum. Onobrychis typically have a deep taproot and so are very drought resistant, but do not recover well from overgrazing.
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In January 2019, Bulgarian President and former Air Force Commander Rumen Radev levied heavy criticism against Borisov, saying he "perverted" the tender for the acquisition of new fighter jets intended to replace its ageing MiG-29s. Potential replacements were Eurofighter Typhoons, Saab Gripens, Lockheed Martin F-16s or Boeing F-18s. In December 2018, Borisov's government decided to buy F-16s, ignoring four out of the seven criteria of the tender and exceeding the financial framework. President Radev called this a "triple blow against Bulgaria," adding that the Americans should realise they only won the tender via lobbyism.
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This difference is made up for by offering creep feed. However, a calf's rumen is still small and poorly developed - for this reason, creep feed offered to beef calves must be very energy-dense. Creep feeding calves may not always be economically desirable; farmers must be cautious not to over-invest in creep feed for calves, as an overfed, "fleshy" calf fetches a very low price at market. Creep-feeding is also not recommended for heifers, as excessive weight gain early in life can cause fatty deposits in the calf's udder, resulting in poor milk production in the adult animal.
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"Aggressive, complete screening" of the population was also advocated by Dr. Rumen Hichev, a Bulgarian medical profession based in the United States and part of a medical advisor team to the White House. According to Hichev, the Bulgarian government had reacted quickly, but without mass screening to establish asymptomatic spreaders, any effort would be behind the course of events. On 5 April, the Ministry of Health announced a total of 15,599 tests had been performed to date in eight laboratories across the country. The government announced that by 18 April, 26 417 tests had been performed.
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Methanosarcina barkeris unique nature as an anaerobic methanogen that ferments many carbon sources can have many implications for future biotechnology and environmental studies. As M. barkeri is found in the rumen of cows, a place with an extreme dearth of oxygen, it is classified as an extreme anaerobe. Furthermore, the methane gas produced by cows due to M. barkeri could play a role in greenhouse gas production. However, since M. barkeri can survive in extreme conditions and produce methane, M. barkeri can be implemented in low pH ecosystems, effectively neutralizing the acidity environment, and making it more amenable for other methanogens.
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In the early 20th century, during the development of farming on the North Island Volcanic Plateau of New Zealand, cattle suffered from what was termed "bush sickness". It was discovered that the volcanic soils lacked the cobalt salts essential for the cattle food chain. The "coast disease" of sheep in the Ninety Mile Desert of the Southeast of South Australia in the 1930s was found to originate in nutritional deficiencies of trace elements cobalt and copper. The cobalt deficiency was overcome by the development of "cobalt bullets", dense pellets of cobalt oxide mixed with clay given orally for lodging in the animal's rumen.
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In the summer of 2020, as a result of the COVID-19 recession, unprecedented 2020 Bulgarian protests broke out in Bulgaria. The ruling majority, in an attempt to quell the riots, has conveniently proposed a new social contract, forgetting that the prime minister has been regularly accused of lacking any financial legitimacy, discipline and control over public finances. Rumen Radev regularly accuses Boyko Borisov of using the state budget as a personal portfolio, a matter that should be under the jurisdiction of the National Audit Office of Bulgaria. The president is proposing that parliament spend the surplus, not Borissov.
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The carbon can occur in a small number of organic compounds, all with low molecular weights. The two best described pathways involve the use of acetic acid or inorganic carbon dioxide as terminal electron acceptors: :CO2 \+ 4 H2 → CH4 \+ 2 H2O :CH3COOH → CH4 \+ CO2 During anaerobic respiration of carbohydrates, H2 and acetate are formed in a ratio of 2:1 or lower, so H2 contributes only ca. 33% to methanogenesis, with acetate contributing the greater proportion. In some circumstances, for instance in the rumen, where acetate is largely absorbed into the bloodstream of the host, the contribution of H2 to methanogenesis is greater.
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Springer has collaborated with various animation veterans such as Lynne Naylor, Chris Reccardi, Alex Hirsch, Craig McCracken, Genndy Tartakovsky, Paul Rudish, Rumen Petkov, Rob Renzetti, Maxwell Atoms, C. H. Greenblatt, Chris Savino, Stephen Hillenburg and John Kricfalusi. Besides Billy Dilley, he has created numerous pilots for Cartoon Network and Adult Swim that, although never made into full series, have developed cult followings. Springer's cartoons are unique for their inclusion of extended gags, anthropomorphism and off-model poses. Springer has cited Richard Scarry, Sergio Aragonés, Frank Frazetta, Vaughn Bodē, Akira Toriyama, Hideshi Hino, Shigeru Mizuki and Hugo Pratt amongst his influences.
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S. sucromutans is the most numerous ruminal bacteria in its environment that demethylates methoxy groups of monoaromatic compounds. Similar to many microbes that live within the rumen of grazing hosts, S. sucromutans depends on the steady supply of nutrients from the animal’s breakdown of food or the products of other neighboring microbes. Krumholz and Bryant found that S. sucromutans grew best in a coculture with fructose, formate, and Methanobrevibacter smithii. The fact that it grew better in a coculture than even by itself with these nutrients demonstrates further that this organism is well adapted to a complex microbial community.
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Their works form the main novelesque body in the modern Bulgarian literature. Writer Emiliyan Stanev with Directors Nikola Korabov and Rumen Surdzhiyski on the set of Ivan Kondarev Some genres were almost sentenced to death like the crime fiction and the science fiction as very few writers cultivated them (Svetoslav Minkov, Pavel Vezhinov, Svetoslav Slavchev, Lyuben Dilov). Generally writers were tempted (or forced to) turn to realist or historical subjects. Allegorical theater comedies and dramas became a skillful way to evade censure which could cost the writers a ban to be published, repressions, exiles, a sentence to prison or even to concentration camp.
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Includes link to video of full talk The tools and artefacts from the project are on display as an installation in the Victoria and Albert Museum, in room 76 "Design since 1945". The Toaster Project installation at V&A; August 2017 He later spent several days living among goats in the Alps, using prosthetic goat-like legs and eating grass using an artificial rumen, to explore the life of goats. This resulted in GoatMan: How I Took a Holiday from Being Human (Princeton Architectural Press, 2016; ) and an IgNobel Prize. In January 2017 he appeared on BBC Radio 4's Museum of Curiosity.
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In 2018, Groupe Roullier became the first company to benefit from the European Investment Bank financing for innovation in agriculture and the bioeconomy. The bank granted Groupe Roullier a EUR 50 million loan to finance its research and developed program to explore the use of microorganisms in plant and animal nutrition . The research activities will be carried out at the Roullier Global Innovation Center and the Centre for Studies and Applied Research . The new division was created to support work on bacterial flora in cattle rumen, the preservation and quality of silage, and biogas production from manure or silage.
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On 11 April 2011, Savić became the second foreign player after Nebojša Jelenković, who has made 200 appearances in the Bulgarian A PFG. As of March 2015, he has played 246 matches in the top division of Bulgarian football, being third in the all-time appearance list for foreigners. Savić is also the non-Bulgarian defender with the most games. It was announced on 10 June 2011 that, along with Valentin Galev, Kristian Dobrev, Marcho Dafchev and Rumen Goranov, Savić had agreed to sign a new two- year contract, which would keep him with Lokomotiv until 2013.
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The former mayor of Garmen was arrested by police for alleged illegal vote buying. A candidate for the Blagoevgrad municipal council was also interrogated by Bulgarian police over vote buying allegations. Bulgarian President Rumen Radev stated that he believed the electoral process had been "compromised" and called on all citizens to vote in order to dilute the effect of the alleged mass vote buying campaigns. He further stated, that he would invite the Bulgarian Police, Central Electoral Commission and Parliamentary parties to a discussion on what should be the response to what he deemed to be the "retreat of fairness from the electoral process".
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In 2013, Rocky De Nys and his team at JCU performed in vitro tests on 20 tropical macroalgae species using an artificial cow stomach. Dried seaweed biomass was mixed in with low quality roughage and combined with rumen fluid. Temperature and pH were then maintained to accurately simulate the fermentation process that occurs within ruminant stomachs during digestion. The total volume and concentrations of produced gases were measured for each sample at 12 hour intervals over a 72 hour period. All seaweed species were shown to reduce methane emissions in some capacity with a 50% average reduction, however this required dosages as much as 20% of dietary intake.
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The main components of a ruminant's stomach Displaced abomasum in cattle occurs when the abomasum, also known as the true stomach, which typically resides on the floor of the abdomen, fills with gas and rises to the top of the abdomen, where it is said to be ‘displaced’. When the abomasum moves from its normal position it prevents the natural passage of gas and feed through the digestive system, creating a restriction. As cattle are ruminants, which have a 4 chambered stomach composed of a rumen, reticulum, omasum and abomasum. Ruminants require this specialized digestive system in order to properly process and break down their high fiber and cellulose rich diets.
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One study undertaken in Venezuela found that the hoatzin's diet was 82% leaves, 10% flowers, and 8% fruit. Any feeding of insects or other animal matter is purely accidental.. In flight, Bolivia One of this species' many peculiarities is that it has a digestive system unique amongst birds. Hoatzins use bacterial fermentation in the front part of the gut to break down the vegetable material they consume, much as cattle and other ruminants do. Unlike ruminants, however, which possess the rumen (a specialized stomach for bacterial fermentation), the hoatzin has an unusually large crop, folded in two chambers, and a large, multi-chambered lower esophagus.
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Gopchang of pork big intestines is usually called dwaeji-gopchang (; "pig gopchang"). In Korean cuisine, food similar to gopchang prepared with beef blanket tripe is called yang-gopchang (; "rumen gopchang"), while the one prepared with beef reed tripe is called makchang (; "last tripe"), and the one with beef big intestines is called daechang (; "big innards"). Internationally, gopchang could be compared to chitterlings (pork's small intestines) or Latin American chunchullo (beef, pork, or lamb's small intestines). The Spanish/Portuguese term tripas or the English tripe also occasionally referred to as small beef's intestines, attesting to the practice of consuming animal intestines as a truly worldwide phenomenon.
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Identifying itself as an extreme monarchist group, it sought unsuccessfully to work with the National Social Movement, before finally emerging as an opposition group that was largely supportive of Nazism, but nevertheless critical of Bogdan Filov's pro-Nazi government, which they defined as consisting of "capitalists, Judeo-Masons and Bolsheviks".Philip Rees, 'LUKOV, Hristo Nikolov', Biographical Dictionary of the Extreme Right Since 1890, p. 242Nikolay Poppetrov - Social to the left, nationalism - forward, pp 100-102, 121-122 Bulgarian historians define the organization as containing the features of the far right. Besides Nikolay Poppetrov, quoted above, Rumen DaskalovRumen Daskalov, Bulgarian Society 1878-1939, Sofia 2005, p.
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Trocars are widely used by veterinarians not only for draining hydrothorax, ascites, or for introducing instruments in laparoscopic surgery, but for acute animal-specific conditions as well. In cases of ruminal tympany in cattle, a wide-bore trocar may be passed through the skin into the rumen to release trapped gas. In dogs, a similar procedure is often performed for patients presenting with GDV (gastric dilatation-volvulus) in which a wide-bore trocar is passed through the skin into the stomach to immediately decompress the stomach. Depending on the severity of clinical signs on presentation, this is often performed after pain management has been administered but prior to general anaesthesia.
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FutureFeed, CSIRO A dairy cow produces between 84 and 123 kg of methane per year from rumen fermentation. Since New Zealand has large stock numbers these emissions are significant. In 1997, New Zealand's per capita emissions of methane were almost six times the OECD average and ten times the global average In other words, on a per capita basis, New Zealand has the largest methane emission rate in the world. New Zealand gross greenhouse gas emissions per capita 1990–2012 compared to United Kingdom, Europe, China, World average, India and Africa In 2003, the Government proposed an Agricultural emissions research levy to fund research into reducing ruminant emissions.
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The best studied hydrogenosomes are those of the sexually transmitted parasites Trichomonas vaginalis and Tritrichomonas foetus and those from rumen chytrids such as Neocallimastix. The anaerobic ciliated protozoan Nyctotherus ovalis, found in the hindgut of several species of cockroach, has numerous hydrogenosomes that are intimately associated with endosymbiotic methane-producing archaea, the latter using the hydrogen produced by the hydrogenosomes. The matrix of N. ovalis hydrogenosomes contains ribosome-like particles of the same size as a numerous type of ribosome (70s) of the endosymbiotic methanogenic archaea. This suggested the presence of an organellar genome which was indeed discovered by Akhmanova and later partly sequenced by Boxma.
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Boil the meat parts with onions (red or Spanish onion), two garlic heads and some spring onions, until the meat is soft, separate and keep the stock in a bowl. Chop the intestines and other meats in cubes; fry garlic and onions with a dash of oregano in oil or lard, add achiote (annatto paste) and when these garnitures are fully fried add the intestines, rumen cubes and potatoes; and water; boil until potatoes are ready. Add some more potatoes, milk, salt, pepper and finely chopped coriander. In a separate frying pan over fry in oil the onion rings, spring onions, garlic and oregano; when ready add the clogged lamb or chicken blood.
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On 8 June 2017, Dimitar Vasev was announced as the manager who would lead the team in their return to the First League with Hristo Arangelov, the caretaker manager after Nikolay Mitov, as his first assistant.ДИМИТЪР ВАСЕВ ЩЕ ВОДИ СЕПТЕМВРИ В ПЪРВА ПРОФЕСИОНАЛНА ЛИГА The team announced that they would play to Vasil Levski National Stadium until their Septemvri Stadium is built. Later, the club owner Rumen Chandarov revealed that the team would play at Bistritsa Stadium after the stadium gained a First League licence, since he didn't want Septemvri to play in front of empty seats. Septemvri's first match was against Dunav Ruse on 17 July and the team lost the match 0–2.
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In the ventral reticulum, less dense, larger digesta particles may be propelled up into the oesophagus and mouth during contractions of the reticulum. Digesta is chewed in the mouth in a process known as rumination, then expelled back down the oesophagus and deposited in the dorsal sac of the reticulum, to be lodged and mixed into the ruminal mat again. Denser, small particles stay in the ventral reticulum during reticular contraction, and then during the next contraction may be swept out of the reticulorumen with liquid through the reticulo-omasal orifice, which leads to the next chamber in the ruminant animal's alimentary canal, the omasum. Water and saliva enter through the rumen to form a liquid pool.
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Brnabić with Petro Poroshenko in 2018 Bulgarian President Rumen Radev during his official state visit in Belgrade Brnabić with Russian Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev during his visit in Serbia In August 2016, she was appointed as the Minister of Public Administration and Local Self-Government. In addition, she is the president of the Council for Innovative Entrepreneurship and Information Technologies of the Government of Serbia, as well as of the Republic Council for National Minorities and the vice president of the Republic Council for Public Administration Reform. Brnabić described herself as a pro-European and technocratic prime minister. She explained that the priorities for her government are modernization, education reform and digitization.
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Later that day, the proposals were also rejected by President Rumen Radev, who stated that the constitution only allowed for a Grand National Assembly to be called for by either a majority in the national assembly or by the President – not by the Prime Minister. He then accused the Prime Minister of violating the law, suppressing freedom of speech and turning "Bulgaria's parliamentary democracy into an autocracy", after which he once again called for the government's resignation. By evening, the protests deepened as demonstrators established yet more barricades. The Pass of the Republic through the Balkan Mountains was blocked by demonstrators which stated that they would only allow automobiles carrying sick people, children or emergency services through.
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Processing grains for feed is aimed at getting the easiest digestible grains to maximize starch availability, thus increasing the energy supply. reported that milk performance was significantly better when the cattle were fed with ground corn. Aldrich compared the digestibility of various corn particle sizes and distribution and concluded that to have 80% digestibility, a particle size of 0.5 mm should be used (for 16 hr incubation). A research team from the University of Maryland and the USDA studied the development, fermentation in rumen and starch digestion sites in dairy cow feeding on corn grain from different harvests and differently processing, and concluded that digestion, metabolism and heat energy were higher for high moisture corn compared to dry corn.
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Other parts that are eaten include other muscles and offal, such as the oxtail, liver, tongue, tripe from the reticulum or rumen, glands (particularly the pancreas and thymus, referred to as sweetbread), the heart, the brain (although forbidden where there is a danger of bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE, commonly referred to as mad cow disease), the kidneys, and the tender testicles of the bull (known in the United States as calf fries, prairie oysters, or Rocky Mountain oysters). Some intestines are cooked and eaten as is, but are more often cleaned and used as natural sausage casings. The bones are used for making beef stock. Meat from younger cows (calves) is called veal.
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The cost of the contract was estimated at $1.67 billion. The deal was vetoed by the Bulgarian President, Rumen Radev on 23 July 2019, citing the need to find a broader consensus for the deal, sending the deal back to parliament, but on 26 July the deal was again approved by parliament, overruling the veto, and this time was approved by Radev. In April 2020, Lockheed Martin officially awarded by the U.S. government to produce F-16 for Bulgaria and estimated to be completed in 2027. Branches of the air force include: #Fighter aviation #Fighter-bomber aviation #Ground attack aviation #Tactical reconnaissance aviation #Transport aviation #Missile aid defense troops #Radio-technical troops #Communications troops #Logistics and medical troops.
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Poet and translator Rumen Leonidov is another co-founder of Fakel magazine. The journal became quite unexpectedly very popular for it started publishing authors such as Bulgakov, Zamyatin, Platonov, Nabokov, Pasternak, Grossman, Varlam Shalamov, Venedikt Erofeev, Vladimir Voinovich, as well as poems and essays by Khlebnikov, Osip Mandelstam, Marina Tsvetaeva, Akhmatova, Joseph Brodsky, and Vladimir Vysotsky. With the fall of communism in Bulgaria Fakel, due to its previous notoriety, served as a natural intellectual catalyst in what is widely described as the "transition period" in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The journal published along the works of Andrei Platonov, Nikolai Berdyaev, Sergei Bulgakov, Daniil Kharms, Yuz Aleshkovsky, Tatyana Tolstaya, Dmitri Prigov, Eduard Uspensky, Eduard Limonov, Alexander Genis, Vladimir Bukovsky etc.
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Ruminants, which may digest cellulose, are better adapted to poor-quality diets, but their ruminal microorganisms degrade high-quality protein if supplied in excess. Because producing high-quality protein animal feed is expensive (see also Environmental impact below), several techniques are employed or experimented with to ensure maximum utilization of protein. These include the treatment of feed with formalin to protect amino acids during their passage through the rumen, the recycling of manure by feeding it back to cattle mixed with feed concentrates, or the partial conversion of petroleum hydrocarbons to protein through microbial action. In plant feed, environmental factors influence the availability of crucial nutrients or micronutrients, a lack or excess of which can cause a great many ailments.
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The 2020 Bulgarian protests are a series of ongoing demonstrations that are being held in Bulgaria, mainly in the capital Sofia, as well as cities with a large Bulgarian diaspora, such as London. The protest movement is the culmination of long-standing grievances against endemic corruption and state capture, particularly associated with prime minister Boyko Borisov's governments, in power since 2009. Spontaneous demonstrations were triggered by the 9 July 2020 raid on the Presidency of Bulgaria by police and prosecutors in what was perceived as an attack against President Rumen Radev, a vocal critic of Borisov's rule. Borisov has refused to resign, insisting that the "mafia wants to overthrow him" and that "no alternatives" to his rule have been presented.
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Vitamin B12 is produced in nature by certain bacteria, and archaea. It is synthesized by some bacteria in the gut flora in humans and other animals, but it has long been thought that humans cannot absorb this as it is made in the colon, downstream from the small intestine, where the absorption of most nutrients occurs. Ruminants, such as cows and sheep, are foregut fermenters, meaning that plant food undergoes microbial fermentation in the rumen before entering the true stomach (abomasum), and thus they are absorbing vitamin B12 produced by bacteria. Other mammalian species (examples: rabbits, pikas, beaver, guinea pigs) consume high-fibre plants which pass through the intestinal system and undergo bacterial fermentation in the cecum and large intestine.
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In 2015, Rumen Chandarov, owner of DIT Sport Academy, one of the best Bulgarian football academies in the last few years, announced that he is the new owner of Septemvri, with the goal of getting the young players to compete in the First Professional Football League of Bulgaria. The team merged with Conegliano German and started the 2015–16 season from V Group. Nikolay Mitov was appointed as a manager of the team. In the end of the 2015 it was decided that the team will give a bigger chance to their U19 players, so most of the players who joined in the season start left and only seven players left, but 18 players joined from the U19 team which was third in the Elite Youth Group by the end of 2015.
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In June 2020, photographs emerged that purported to show what appeared to be Prime Minister Borisov laying half-naked on a bed, next to a nightstand featuring a handgun and stacks of euro banknotes. Borisov confirmed that the room in which the photos were taken was his, but denied the gun and money, stating that the images could have been manipulated. Borisov accused President Rumen Radev of flying a consumer drone into his residence in order to take the pictures. He also accused former Ombudswoman Maya Manolova, TV star Slavi Trifonov and his own former second in command Tsvetan Tsvetanov (who had just left and condemned the ruling party) of involvement in a plot to take photos of him while he was sleeping in a "KGB-Style" kompromat operation.
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In May 2019 however, Bulgarian Minister of Defence Krasimir Karakachanov stated in a radio interview that Bulgaria was considering walking away from negotiations for the aircraft, saying that although Bulgaria was not expecting aircraft "for free, but at normal prices, taking into account the prices offered to other countries, for example Slovakia." On June 3, 2019, the U.S. State Department approved the possible sale of 8 F-16 aircraft to Bulgaria. The cost of the contract was estimated at $1.2 billion. The deal was vetoed by the Bulgarian President, Rumen Radev on 23 July 2019, citing the need to find a broader consensus for the deal, sending the deal back to parliament, but on 26 July the deal was again approved by parliament, overruling the veto, and this time was approved by Radev.
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He urged both sides to "seize this momentous opportunity" and offered UN assistance to achieve the goal of dismantling North Korea's nuclear weapons program. In August 2018, Guterres called for an independent investigation into a Saudi Arabian-led coalition air strike in Yemen that killed 51 civilians, including 40 children. Guterres with Nikol Pashinyan, Rumen Radev, Xi Jinping, Sophie Shevardnadze, Vladimir Putin and Peter Pellegrini at the St. Petersburg International Economic Forum, June 2019 Guterres condemned the persecution of the Rohingya Muslim minority in Myanmar and called for a stronger response to the crisis. In September 2018, during his address to the 73rd United Nations General Assembly, Guterres became the first secretary to say that advancing technology will disrupt labor markets like never before and to advocate stronger safety nets like Universal Basic Income.
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Plant breeding can contribute to global food security as it is a cost-effective tool for increasing nutritional value of forage and crops. Improvements in nutritional value for forage crops from the use of analytical chemistry and rumen fermentation technology have been recorded since 1960; this science and technology gave breeders the ability to screen thousands of samples within a small amount of time, meaning breeders could identify a high performing hybrid quicker. The genetic improvement was mainly in vitro dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) resulting in 0.7-2.5% increase, at just 1% increase in IVDMD a single Bos Taurus also known as beef cattle reported 3.2% increase in daily gains. This improvement indicates plant breeding is an essential tool in gearing future agriculture to perform at a more advanced level.
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ROOL RNAs are present in bacteria in the phyla Firmicutes, Fusobacteria and Tenericutes, in addition to phages and cow rumen metagenomes, as mentioned above. Within the Firmicutes, they are present in a few species of Clostridia and many lactic acid bacteria, especially those in the genus Lactobacillus. ROOL RNAs in Lactobacillus salivarius were independently discovered based on their extremely high rates of expression in Lactobacillus salivarius UCC118 ROOL RNAs in various strains of Lactobacillus salivarius were then studied; there is a very large range in the expression levels of ROOL RNAs in different strains, and some strains do not appear to have these RNAs in their genome. ROOL RNAs in L. salivarius UC118 are so abundant in some growth conditions that in late stationary phase they exceed even 16S ribosomal RNAs.
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Once Upon a Time in the East is a Bulgarian documentary film based on the books by the late Georgi Stoev. The feature-length documentary tells the story of the Bulgarian transition period and includes reconstructions, TV archive from Bulgarian National Television (BNT), NOVA TV, bTV and features interviews with contemporary Bulgarian figures like Palmi Ranchev, Atanas Orachev, Rumen Leonidov, Haralan Alexandrov, Andrey Pantev and Georg Kraev. Other witnesses and participants in the power structures tell their stories of the establishment of VIS & SIC and the fierce brutality that is required to survive the days of the transition. Produced and directed by Demir Yanev the film was chosen to participate in the Al Jazeera Documentary Film Festival in April, 2011 and also in the Golden Rhyton in Plovdiv.
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Korean scholars have generally regarded Balhae as an extension of or successor to the Goguryeo kingdom (37 B.C. - 668 A.D.) ever since the publication of Jewang ungi in the 1290s.Joo Yong-lip (1991) Wang Cheng-li, Bohai Jianshi; Li Dian-fu & Sun Yu- liang, Bohai guo; Yang Bao-long, Bohai-shi rumen The 18th century, during the Joseon, was a period in which Korean scholars began a renewed interest in Balhae. The Qing dynasty and Joseon dynasty negotiated and demarcated the Sino-Korean border along the Yalu and Tumen rivers in 1712. Jang Ji-yeon (1762–1836), journalist, writer of nationalist tracts, and organizer of nationalist societies, published articles arguing that had Joseon officials considered Balhae as part of their historical territory, they would not have been as eager to "give up" lands north of the rivers.
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Long-chain dicarboxylic acids containing vicinal dimethyl branching near the centre of the carbon chain have been discovered in the genus Butyrivibrio, bacteria which participate in the digestion of cellulose in the rumen. These fatty acids, named diabolic acids, have a chain length depending on the fatty acid used in the culture medium. The most abundant diabolic acid in Butyrivibrio had a 32-carbon chain length. Diabolic acids were also detected in the core lipids of the genus Thermotoga of the order Thermotogales, bacteria living in solfatara springs, deep-sea marine hydrothermal systems and high-temperature marine and continental oil fields. It was shown that about 10% of their lipid fraction were symmetrical C30 to C34 diabolic acids. The C30 (13,14-dimethyloctacosanedioic acid) and C32 (15,16-dimethyltriacontanedioic acid) diabolic acids have been described in Thermotoga maritima.
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Because of the many products that can be economically produced, this process is a true biorefinery.Advanced Biomass Refinery – Third-Generation 2007 (video) EPA Presentation on the processApplication College Station, Texas) The process uses a mixed culture of naturally occurring microorganisms found in natural habitats such as the rumen of cattle, termite guts, and marine and terrestrial swamps to anaerobically digest biomass into a mixture of carboxylic acids produced during the acidogenic and acetogenic stages of anaerobic digestion, however with the inhibition of the methanogenic final stage. The more popular methods for production of ethanol and cellulosic ethanol use enzymes that must be isolated first to be added to the biomass and thus convert the starch or cellulose into simple sugars, followed then by yeast fermentation into ethanol. This process does not need the addition of such enzymes as these microorganisms make their own.
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In 1923, the entire population of the village of Nânti (Nótia), the only case among Eastern Romance populations with an entire community converting to Islam, was expelled by force to Turkey, as part of the population exchange between Greece and Turkey. These 3,700 people mostly settled in the Edirne area (mainly in Kırklareli and Şarköy) of Turkish Thrace, and became known as KaradjovalidesThede Kahl, "The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Rumen): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the Nântinets in Present-Day Turkey". Nationalities Papers 34:1, March 2006 after the Turkish name of Moglen:(Kahl 2006) Kırklareli, near Edirne. The number of families settled in Turkish cities and villages were: Kırklareli (110), Edirne (100), Şarköy (80), Babaeski (70), Lüleburgaz (80), Uzunköprü (100), Corlu (100), Malkara (50), Balli (10), Gözsüzköy (50), Kalamiş (50), Hoşköy (20), Mürefte (5), according to the scholar Kahl.
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These ear tags and boluses are complemented by transport documents supplied by vendors that are used for identification and tracking. A similar system is used for cattle in the European Union (EU), each bovine animal having a passport document and tag in each ear carrying the same number (see British Cattle Movement Service). Sheep and goats in the EU have a tag in one or both ears carrying the official number of their flock and also for breeding stock an individual number for each animal; one of these tags (usually the left) must have a RFID chip (or the chip may instead be carried in a rumen bolus or on an anklet). An ear tag can be applied with an ear tag applicator, however there are also specially- designed tags that can be applied by hand.
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Tannins can be beneficial, having been shown to increase milk production, wool growth, ovulation rate, and lambing percentage, as well as reducing bloat risk and reducing internal parasite burdens.B.R Min, et al (2003) The effect of condensed tannins on the nutrition and health of ruminants fed fresh temperate forages: a review Animal Feed Science and Technology 106(1):3–19 Tannins can be toxic to ruminants, in that they precipitate proteins, making them unavailable for digestion, and they inhibit the absorption of nutrients by reducing the populations of proteolytic rumen bacteria. Very high levels of tannin intake can produce toxicity that can even cause death. Animals that normally consume tannin-rich plants can develop defensive mechanisms against tannins, such as the strategic deployment of lipids and extracellular polysaccharides that have a high affinity to binding to tannins.
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The opening matches of the 2018 FIVB World Championship, jointly hosted by Italy and Bulgaria held With the presence of the president Sergio Mattarella and Rumen Radev. President of Italy Mattarella was guest of honour as co-hosts Italy got their 2018 campaign off to the perfect start with a 3–0 victory over Japan. Alongside FIVB President Ary Graça, Italian National Olympic Committee President Giovanni Malago, President of the Italian Volleyball Federation Pietro Bruno Cattaneo and many more national and international dignitaries, President Mattarella joined the 11,170-strong partisan crowd at the Foro Italy in Rome and in Varna, the home side Bulgaria fared just as successfully as their co-hosts, sweeping aside Finland 3–0 to take a commanding lead in Pool D, were present President of Bulgaria Radev was joined by his Minister for Sport, Krasen Kralev, in the Palace of Culture and Sports.
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The Qinxue Rumen 【琴學入門】 (1864) tablature has dots and gongche notation next to the qin tablature to indicate beats and notes. Qin pieces are usually around three to eight minutes in length, with the longest being "Guangling San",《廣陵散》 which is 22 minutes long. Other famous pieces include "Liu Shui" (Flowing Water), "Yangguan San Die"《陽關三疊/阳关三叠》 (Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme), "Meihua San Nong"《梅花三弄》 (Three Variations on the Plum Blossom Theme), "Xiao Xiang Shui Yun"《瀟湘水雲》 (Mist and Clouds over the Xiao and Xiang Rivers), and "Pingsha Luo Yan"《平沙落雁》 (Wild Geese Descending on the Sandbank). The average player will generally have a repertoire of around ten pieces which they will aim to play very well, learning new pieces as and when they feel like it or if the opportunity arises.
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The National Assembly met for the first time since beginning of its recess, meeting for the first time in the new assembly building designed to insulate the assemblymen from the protests and journalists. The Association of European Journalists criticised the move, stating that the new building's security protocols prohibited journalists from accessing the assembly floor itself and instead limited them to only being able to cover predefined "protocol messages". Bulgarian President Rumen Radev took to the tribune with a raised fist, while the pro-government GERB, NFSB and VMRO deputies refused to hear his speech and demonstratively left the building as soon as the president ascended the tribune. Radev criticised the assembly, stating that it had become "a mute and obedient executor of the prime minister's will" and reiterated his belief that the only way to solve the political crisis in the country was trough the resignation of the entire government, followed by early elections.
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Certain pyrrolizidine alkaloids are non-toxic precursors that are converted to toxic metabolites in the body in a process called toxification ;Livestock Carl Linnaeus is cited to have claimed that "goats and swine eat this common plant freely, cows being not partial to it and horses and sheep declining to touch it, but not only are caged birds fond of it (the seeds), but its leaves and seeds afford food for many of our wild species (rabbits were given as an example)." More recent studies claim that the lethal amount that cattle or horses need to consume is 7% of their body weight (example: would need to be consumed by a cow weighing ). Lesser amounts cause the liver to lose function but is not apparent until the animal is stressed (by new feed or location, pregnancy, a different toxin, etc.). Sheep and goats have rumen bacteria that detoxify the alkaloids and are able to consume twice their body weight of this and other species of genus Senecio.
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Retrieved 19 August 2011. (though these nicknames are misleading, since most ruminant methane production is a product of the burping of methane produced by bacteria in the first stomach (the rumen) rather than of flatulence), and the president of the Federated Farmers contended that the government was trying to make the livestock industry pay for the "largesse" of others. In contrast, those who endorse such taxes contend that the end result is that if one consumes a larger amount of the products which increase healthcare costs (in a system where citizens share each other's medical costs) – or those whose habits damage the environment, or if one's animals require antibiotics constantly to ameliorate disease-prone conditions, antibiotics which breed super-bugs that may also attack humans – then one would merely be paying for their own largesse, and the costs to society that their habits cause (and the opposition argues that one should pay more, commensurately, as one does or consumes more of what harms others in his society)Tax Meat – Ideas Special Report . Ideas.theatlantic.com. Retrieved 19 August 2011. (see also Pigovian tax).
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The oldest extant written Chinese music is "Youlan" (幽蘭) or the Solitary Orchid, composed during the 6th or 7th century, but has also been attributed to Confucius. The first major well-documented flowering of Chinese music was for the qin during the Tang dynasty (618-907AD), though the qin is known to have been played since before the Han dynasty. This is based on the conjecture that because the recorded examples of Chinese music are ceremonial, and the ceremonies in which they were employed are thought to have existed "perhaps more than one thousand years before Christ", the musical compositions themselves were performed, even in 1000 BC, in precisely the manner prescribed by the sources that were written down in the seventh century AD. (It is based on this conjecture that Van Aalst dates the "Entrance Hymn for the Emperor" to c. 1000 BC.) Yangguan Sandie [Three Refrains on the Yang Pass Theme], one of the great Tang masterpieces found in the Qinxue Rumen (1867) played on qin.
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