661 Sentences With "risorgimento" | Random Sentence Generator

Even today Elizabeth Barrett Browning is considered the poet of the Risorgimento.

George and Amal hit up Harry's Bar at the Piazza Risorgimento in Lake Como.

Once, it promised to bind the various Arab countries together and forge a superstate, much as Bismarck did Germany or the Risorgimento did Italy.

The causes, he insisted, could be traced to longstanding political tendencies and to structural weaknesses in the Italian system, a legacy of the Risorgimento.

His ideas were greeted warmly by Italian leftists, who regarded the Risorgimento as a failed revolution, but his sheer readability also contributed to sales.

Her youngest son, Nello, more contemplative, devoted himself to historical studies that marked the stark contrast between the idealism of the Risorgimento and the brutality of Mussolini's regime.

Despite Manzoni's misgivings, "The Leopard" manages to strike an ineffable balance between the events of the Risorgimento, the Italian unification movement, and the imagined inner life of the novel's protagonist, who was Lampedusa's great-grandfather.

His good-natured if rather feckless father, Claudio — whose heart lay in his years of campaigning with Garibaldi's army of the Risorgimento, and who made a somewhat precarious living through tailoring — and his cold and distant mother, Paola, were "musical," but not exceptionally so.

In his first book, "Cavour and Garibaldi, 21870: A Study in Political Conflict," published in 21968, Mr. Smith took a cold look at the politics and personalities involved in the Risorgimento, the movement that forged a unified Italian state from a disparate collection of regional kingdoms.

Less than a decade after William Henry Fox Talbot's 1841 announcement of the calotype process, photographs of the shelled ruins of Roman villas in the aftermath of the short-lived 1849 Roman Republic were circulating among Italians, whipping up support for the nascent cause of unification and jumpstarting the Risorgimento.

Hobsbawm came to love Italy and to be revered there, but he recognized the emptiness of the Risorgimento in a country where in 1860 only one person in 40 spoke anything we would call Italian, and where many people felt like the mother he quotes, telling her son to escape the draft, "Scappa, che arriva la patria" ("Run away, the fatherland is coming").

Giuseppe Verdi's Nabucco and the Risorgimento are the subject of a 2011 opera, Risorgimento! by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, written to commemorate the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification.

The final scene of the opera Risorgimento! (2011) by Lorenzo Ferrero Verdi later became disillusioned by politics, but he was personally active part in the political world of events of the Risorgimento and was elected to the first Italian parliament in 1861.Franco DellaPeruta, "Verdi e il Risorgimento," Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (2001) 88#1 pp 3–24 Likewise Marco Pizzo argues that after 1815 music became a political tool, and many songwriters expressed ideals of freedom and equality.

He is a character in the 2011 opera Risorgimento! by Italian composer Lorenzo Ferrero, written to commemorate the 150th anniversary of Italian unification of 1861.Risorgimento on website of Teatro Comunale di Bologna, accessed 27 June 2015.

His archive can be seen at the Museo civico del Risorgimento di Bologna.

305 px Details of the bulwarks with the inscriptions by the designer Ponte del Risorgimento (or briefly Ponte Risorgimento) is a bridge that links Piazzale delle Belle Arti to Piazza Monte Grappa in Rome (Italy), in the Flaminio and Della Vittoria quarters.Ravaglioli, p. 52.

Gavazzeni, Giovanni, ed. (2011). Lorenzo Ferrero: Risorgimento! Luigi Dallapiccola: Il prigioniero. Bologna: Edizioni Pendragon, p. 32.

Pizzo claims that Verdi was part of this movement, for his operas were inspired by the love of country, the struggle for Italian independence, and speak to the sacrifice of patriots and exiles.Marco Pizzo, "Verdi, Musica e Risorgimento," Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento (2001) 87 supplement 4 pp.

Bouchard, ed. Risorgimento in modern Italian culture: revisiting the nineteenth-century past in history, narrative, and cinema (2005).

Historian John A. Davis, said in 2005, "Everyone, it seems, is busy rethinking, revisioning, revisiting, remaking, remapping or demythologizing the Risorgimento. However, it is not the Risorgimento that is being revisited but the changing images that have made it the potent founding myth of the Italian nation for successive generations of Italians."John A. Davis, "Rethinking the Risorgimento?" in In the 20th century, and especially since the end of World War II, the received interpretation of Italian unification, the Risorgimento, has become the object of historical revisionism. The justifications offered for unification, the methods employed to realise it and the benefits supposedly accruing to unified Italy are frequent targets of the revisionists.

1909: Pensieri e discorsi, Nuovi poemetti, Poemi italici. 1911: Poemi di Risorgimento. 1912: La grande proletaria si è mossa.

Many of the key intellectual and political leaders operated from exile; most Risorgimento patriots lived and published their work abroad after successive failed revolutions. Exile became a central theme of the foundational legacy of the Risorgimento as the narrative of the Italian nation fighting for independence.Maurizio Isabella, "Exile and Nationalism: The Case of the Risorgimento" European History Quarterly (2006) 36#4 pp 493–520. The exiles were deeply immersed in European ideas, and often hammered away at what Europeans saw as Italian vices, especially effeminacy and indolence.

As a young man, Collodi joined the seminary. However, the cause of Italian unification (Risorgimento) usurped his calling, as he took to journalism as a means of supporting the Risorgimento in its struggle with the Austrian Empire. In the 1850s, Collodi began to have a variety of both fiction and non-fiction books published.

Gentile considered Fascism the fulfillment of the Risorgimento idealsFrom Myth to Reality and Back Again: The Fascist and Post-Fascist Reading of Garibaldi and the Risorgimento, particularly those represented by Giuseppe MazziniM. E. Moss (2004) Mussolini's Fascist Philosopher: Giovanni Gentile Reconsidered; New York: Peter Lang Publishing, Inc.; p. 58-60 and the Historical Right party.

According to Nitti, the benefits of the national unification process were not equitably distributed throughout the country, facilitating further development of northern Italy at the expense of the South. Oriani's ideas influenced the thinking of the liberal Piero Gobetti who in 1926 criticized the liberal ruling class in his collection of essays Risorgimento without heroes (Risorgimento senza eroi). According to Gobetti, the Risorgimento was the work of a minority who resigned to pursue a deeper social and cultural revolution. From this "failed revolution" a state unable to meet the needs of the masses was born.

In the course of the unification of Italy, the term "risorgimento" came to be applied to the process of unification itself.

The Lungotevere is nearby the Ponte del Risorgimento; in the surroundings (Piazza Monte Grappa) rises the Convitto Nazionale Vittorio Emanuele II.

Girolamo Simoncelli (Senigallia, 16 February 1817 – Senigallia, 2 October 1852 ) was an Italian political and military leader of the Risorgimento era.

Lucy Riall. The Italian Risorgimento: State, society and national unification. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1994. Pp. 69.

Lucy Riall. The Italian Risorgimento: State, society and national unification. London, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Routledge, 1994. Pp. 70.

Carlo Poerio (1803 - 28 April Naples - 1867, Florence) was an Italian poet, Risorgimento and 1848 Revolution activist, politician, and brother of Alessandro Poerio.

Norma Bouchard, ed. Risorgimento in modern Italian culture: revisiting the nineteenth-century past in history, narrative, and cinema (Fairleigh Dickinson Univ Press, 2005).

Gilles Pécout, Roberto Balzan, Il lungo Risorgimento: la nascita dell'Italia contemporanea (1770-1922), Mondadori, 2011. Entrance to the Central Museum of the Risorgimento from via di San Pietro in Carcere On the entrance stairway of the Central Museum of the Risorgimento are visible engravings related to some significant episodes for the birth of the Risorgimento movement, from the seed thrown by the French Revolution to the Napoleonic Wars, in order to better frame and remember the national history included between the reform of the ancient Italian states and the end of the First World War. Along the walls, other marble engravings show some pieces of texts enunciated by prominent personalities, which better testify and describe this part of Italian history. The Central Museum of the Risorgimento also includes the Shrine of the Flags, a museum where the war flags of dissolved military units and decommissioned ships from the Italian Army, Italian Air Force, Italian Navy, Carabinieri, Polizia di Stato, Penitentiary Police and Guardia di Finanza are collected and temporarily stored.

There are different types of nationalism including Risorgimento nationalism and Integral nationalism.Integral nationalism is one of five types of nationalism defined by Carlton Hayes in his 1928 book The Historical Evolution of Modern Nationalism. Whereas risorgimento nationalism applies to a nation seeking to establish a liberal state (for example the Risorgimento in Italy and similar movements in Greece, Germany, Poland during the 19th century or the civic American nationalism), integral nationalism results after a nation has achieved independence and has established a state. Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany, according to Alter and Brown, were examples of integral nationalism.

Main entrance of the museum The National Museum of the Italian Risorgimento () is the first, the biggest and the most important among the 23 museums in Italy dedicated to the Risorgimento, the only one which can be considered "National" according to a 1901 law and due to its rich and great collections. It is housed in the Palazzo Carignano in Turin.

Sarograf, 1996 20\. I fratelli Sant'Anna, benemeriti del Risorgimento italiano, in AA. vv., Cultura e impegno civile. Omaggio a Rocco Fodale; Paceco, 1997 21\.

Luciano Manara (23 March 1825 – 30 June 1849) was a Milanese soldier and politician of the Risorgimento era, who took part in the Roman Republic.

Tomb of Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi (12 August 1804 – 25 September 1873) was an Italian writer and politician involved in the Italian Risorgimento.

The Action Party () was an Italian pre-unitary political party active during the Risorgimento. It was the first organized party in the history of Italy.

His political behavior was, however, always moderate; for example, he found some of the anti-aristocrat opinions to be exaggerated, he defended many composers who remained in contact with Austria and therefore liable of accusations of reactionary behavior, and he always remained friends of the Grand Duke. Probably he daydreamed about a Risorgimento led by Leopold II and not by Victor Emanuel, a Risorgimento with Tuscany in charge of unification and not Piedmont. In Florence others wished the same, for example Giovan Pietro Vieusseux and Daniele Manin.A look into Tuscan Risorgimento is in Pasquale Siano, A Firenze letteratura e poesia, in Marcello Vannucci, I Lorena, granduchi di Toscana.

Ugo Foscolo, hero of the Italian Risorgimento, was born in Zante and briefly lived in Corfu. The Italian Risorgimento was initially concentrated in the Italian peninsula with the surrounding continental areas (Istria, Dalmatia, Trentino, Nizzardo, etc.) and did not reach Corfu and the Ionian islands. One of the main heroes of the Italian Risorgimento, the poet Ugo Foscolo, was born in Zante from a noble Venetian family of the island, but only superficially promoted the possible unification of the Ionian islands to Italy. The first newspaper of Corfu was in Italian: the official weekly newspaper (Gazzetta degli Stati Uniti delle Isole Jone) was first published in 1814.

Emilio Dandolo (5 July 1830, Varese – 20 February 1859, Milan) was an important figure in the Italian Risorgimento, participating in several of its most important battles.

Ugo Foscolo describes in his works the passion and love for the fatherland and the glorious history of the Italian people; these two concepts are respectively well expressed in two masterpieces, The Last Letters of Jacopo Ortis and Dei Sepolcri. Vincenzo Monti, known for the Italian translation of the Iliad, described in his works both enthusiasms and disappointments of Risorgimento until his death. Giovanni Berchet wrote a poetry characterized by a high moral, popular and social content; he also contributed to Il Conciliatore, a progressive bi-weekly scientific and literary journal, influential in the early Risorgimento that was published in Milan from September 1818 until October 1819 when it was closed by the Austrian censors; its writers included also Ludovico di Breme, Giuseppe Nicolini, and Silvio Pellico. Giacomo Leopardi was one of the most important poets of Risorgimento thanks to works such as Canzone all'Italia and Risorgimento.

Carducci House, BolognaThe Civic Museum of the Risorgimento is located in the ground floor of the Casa Carducci, located in Piazza Carducci 5, in central Bologna, Italy.

He took part in the Italian Risorgimento and was a forerunner of the Milanese Scapigliatura.Garbin, Barbara (2006). "Giuseppe Rovani (1818–1874)". Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies, Vol.

Mario Rapisardi Mario Rapisardi (25 February 1844, Catania – 4 January 1912, Catania) was an Italian poet, supporter of Risorgimento and member of the Scapigliatura (definition but refused).

Risorgimento was also depicted in famous novels: The Leopard written by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa, Heart by Edmondo De Amicis, and Piccolo mondo antico by Antonio Fogazzaro.

The Handshake of Teano (c. 1860s–1870s) Carlo Ademollo (9 October 1824 – 15 July 1911) was an Italian painter, best known for his scenes from the Risorgimento.

Italian nationalism emerged in the 19th century and was the driving force for Italian unification or the "Risorgimento" (meaning the Resurgence or revival). It was the political and intellectual movement that consolidated different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in 1860. The memory of the Risorgimento is central to both Italian nationalism and Italian historiography.Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall, eds.

Andrea Gastaldi (April 18, 1826 – January 9, 1889)Treccani.it was an Italian painter, primarily of historical canvases and portraits. Pietro Micca lights the gunpowder (1858, Museo del Risorgimento, Turin).

Abdankungen im Zuge des Risorgimento. In: Susan Richter, Dirk Dirbach (Hrsg.): Thronverzicht. Die Abdankung in Monarchien vom Mittelalter bis in die Neuzeit. Böhlau Verlag, Köln, Weimar, Wien 2010, pp.

During the Risorgimento of 1860 he became aligned with Garibaldi's forces and reached the rank of Major. An anthology of his poems is simply entitled: Puisii Siciliani (Sicilian Poems).

Set in Risorgimento-era Italy, the plot concerns a young soldier and the changes in him brought about by the obsessive love of Fosca, his Colonel's homely, ailing cousin.

Giacomo Durando. Giacomo Durando (4 February 1807 – 21 August 1894) was an Italian general and statesman. His brother Giovanni was also a general of the Risorgimento and a senator.

As a consequence, in the years that led to the Italian unification (i.e., during the Risorgimento), he became a symbol of the Milanese revolutionary movement against the Austrian oppression.

Enrico Morozzo Della Rocca (Turin, 20 June 1807 – Luserna San Giovanni, 12 August 1897) was an Italian general, noble and politician, noted for his military service during the Risorgimento.

Gioacchino Prati (1790–1863) was an Italian revolutionary and patriot, a supporter of the Risorgimento who was exiled for his activities in 1821. He was later a Saint-Simonian.

Dimitar Obshti () was a 19th-century Bulgarian revolutionary, who fought for the liberation of Bulgaria, Serbia and Crete from the Ottoman Empire, as well as for the Risorgimento of Italy.

Vandervort, Bruce. Wars of Imperial Conquest in Africa, 1830–1914. 1998, page 164. More Italians were killed in one day's fighting at Adwa than in all the wars of the Risorgimento.

However Giolitti did not appear particularly interested in the Risorgimento and differently to many of his fellow students, he did not enlist to fight in the Italian Second War of Independence.

Civitanova Marche borders the municipalities: Montecosaro, Porto Sant'Elpidio, Potenza Picena and Sant'Elpidio a Mare. It counts the hamlets (frazioni) of Civitanova Alta, Fontespina, Maranello, Risorgimento, San Marone and Santa Maria Apparente.

The Museo del Risorgimento di Mantova was inaugurated on 3 March 1903, the fiftieth anniversary of the death of the Belfiore martyrs. It was based in several different locations until in 2005, with no base of its own, its collections were formally merged into that of the City Museum. The weapons, uniforms, newspapers, manifestoes, paintings and stamps in the Risorgimento collection, page 187 date from the Napoleonic era until the Third Italian War of Independence, after which Mantua was annexed to the Kingdom of Italy. The display deals with Mantua's part in the Risorgimento and consists of five sections - the Napoleonic era; the Restoration and the Revolutions of 1848; the Belfiore conspiracy; the period between the Second and Third Wars of Independence.

The Museum of the Risorgimento (Museo del Risorgimento), located in the 18th- century Milanese Palazzo Moriggia, houses a collection of objects and artworks which illustrate the history of Italian unification from Napoleon's first Italian campaign of 1796 to the annexation of Rome in 1870. The city of Milan played a key role in the process, most notably on the occasion of the 1848 uprising against the Austrians known as the Five Days of Milan. The museum was founded on a collection of documents on the Risorgimento, gathered for the Exhibition of Turin in 1884 and then moved to the showroom at Milan’s Public Gardens. The exhibition was later transferred to the Rocchetta rooms at the Sforza Castle, where it was officially inaugurated on 24 June 1896.

It gave continuity from the left wing of the Risorgimento to the post-unification labor movement and the later elaboration of socialist ideology in northern Italy. Until the early 1870s La Plebe took a mainstream democratic position. However La Plebe was critical of the institutions ruling the new state of Italy, which it saw as opposed to the ideals of the Risorgimento. Bignami became enthusiastic about the 1871 Paris Commune, and from then the paper took a socialist line.

In light of these new revelations, Verdi's position as the musical figurehead of the Risorgimento has been correspondingly revised. At Verdi's funeral however, the crowds in the streets spontaneously broke into "Va, pensiero".

Beales & Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy, p. 108. He also founded the Piedmontese Agricultural Society. In his spare time, he again traveled extensively, mostly in France and the United Kingdom.

In the same year Huch married her cousin Richard Huch, who had divorced from her sister in 1907. In 1908 she published a treatise on the Italian unification Aus dem Zeitalter des Risorgimento.

IV), which is separated from Prati by the Tiber itself, up to Via Ulpiano. Southward, Prati borders with Ponte (R. V), the boundary being the stretch of the Tiber between Via Ulpiano and Piazza Adriana, with Borgo (R. XIV) (from which is separated by Piazza Adriana itself, Via Alberico II, Via Properzio, Piazza Americo Capponi, Via Stefano Porcari and Piazza del Risorgimento) and the Vatican City, which is separated by the Vatican Walls, from Piazza del Risorgimento to Viale Vaticano.

18-20; Francesco Guida, "Il compimento dallo stato nazionale romeno e l'Italia. Opinione pubblica e iniziative politico-diplomatiche", in Rassegna Storica del Risorgimento, IV/LXIX, October–December 1982, p.444 (online copy at the Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano ) One of the regular members, Transylvanian poet-activist Octavian Goga, remembered Xenopol as "intelligent and industrious", but of dubious honesty.Goga, p.19 In 1916, Xenopol returned to publishing with a French-language study, La Richesse de la Roumanie ("Romania's Wealth").

Daniele Manin (13 May 180422 September 1857) was an Italian patriot, statesman and leader of the Risorgimento in Venice.Encyclopædia Britannica online He is considered by many Italian historians a hero of the Italian unification.

Enrico Dandolo (26 June 1827 in Varese – night of 3 June 1849, during the riots around Villa Corsini, Rome) was an important figure in the Italian Risorgimento, participating in several of its most important battles.

Holt, The Making of Italy: 1815–1870, p. 266; Beales & Biagini, The Risorgimento and Unification of Italy, p. 154. These issues would become known as the "Roman Question". Still Austrian Venetia was also a problem.

After his death, Giuseppe Garibaldi wrote a novel entitled Cantoni il volontario in his honor.Patriarca, Silvana, and Lucy Riall. The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth-century Italy. Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire: Palgrave Macmillan, 2012.

37–44 George Martin claims Verdi was "the greatest artist" of the Risorgimento. "Throughout his work its values, its issues recur constantly, and he expressed them with great power". But Mary Ann Smart argues that music critics at the time seldom mentioned any political themes.Mary Ann Smart, "Verdi, Italian Romanticism, and the Risorgimento," in Mary Ann Smart, "How political were Verdi's operas? Metaphors of progress in the reception of I Lombardi alla prima crociata," Journal of Modern Italian Studies (2013) 18#2 pp. 190–204.

Harry Hearder, Italy in the Age of the Risorgimento 1790 – 1870 (1980) p 240 The pope lost Rome in 1870 and ordered the Catholic Church not to co-operate with the new government, a decision fully reversed only in 1929. Most people for Risorgimento had wanted strong provinces, but they got a strong central state instead. The inevitable long-run results were a severe weakness of national unity and a politicized system based on mutually hostile regional violence. Such factors remain in the 21st century.

The Risorgimento Revisited: Nationalism and Culture in Nineteenth- Century Italy. p. 248. Mazzini said that Italy should "invade and colonize Tunisian lands" as it was the "key to the Central Mediterranean", and he viewed Italy as having the right to dominate the Mediterranean Sea as ancient Rome had done. In his speeches, Benito Mussolini echoed the rhetoric of the Risorgimento and referred to his regime as a "Third Rome" or as a New Roman Empire.Martin Clark, Mussolini: Profiles in Power (London: Pearson Longman, 2005), 136.

People cheering as Giuseppe Garibaldi enters Naples in 1860 Italian nationalism emerged in the 19th century and was the driving force for Italian unification or the Risorgimento (meaning the "Resurgence" or "Revival"). It was the political and intellectual movement that consolidated the different states of the Italian peninsula into the single state of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. The memory of the Risorgimento is central to Italian nationalism but it was based in the liberal middle classes and ultimately proved weak.Silvana Patriarca and Lucy Riall, eds.

For example, modern Italy had not unified until Risorgimento of the late 19th century, with its land still being divided into several smaller kingdoms, duchies, republics, etc. each headed by a different dynasty or ruling class.

The work is an intellectual aspiration of the Risorgimento and includes records from the whole of modern Italy (post 1861) including Sicily and Sardinia excepting Rome which was not part of the Italian State until 1864.

The Carafas ruled the city until 1799, when the French troops captured it after a long siege. After the Bourbon restoration, Andria was a protagonist of the Risorgimento and, after the unification of Italy, the brigandage era.

Colonel Percy Wyndham (22 September 1833 – 27 January 1879) was an English soldier and adventurer who served in the armed forces of several countries and saw active service during the Italian Risorgimento and the American Civil War.

Equestrian monument dedicated to Giuseppe Garibaldi on the Janiculum There are many busts of Italian patriots of the Risorgimento, and foreigners who fought with weapons or words for the unification of Italy, on the Janiculum in Rome.

Born in Trapani, was Count and Marquis of Torrearsa. He was a protagonist of the Italian Risorgimento. In Sicilian revolution of 1848 was president of Sicilian Parliament. Fardella was then in exile in Turin, London and Nice.

Carlo Bossoli (6 December 1815, in Lugano - 1 August 1884, in Turin) was a Swiss-born Italian painter and lithographer, who spent his early career in Russia. He is best known for historical scenes from the Risorgimento.

Bust of Ippolito Nievo in Portogruaro. Ippolito Nievo (; 30 November 1831 – 4 March 1861) was an Italian writer, journalist and patriot. His Confessions of an Italian is widely considered the most important novel about the Italian Risorgimento.

Map of the battle (printed c.1888), in Meyers Lexikon, Vol.15, p.10-11. The Battle of Solferino was a decisive engagement in the Second Italian War of Independence, a crucial step in the Italian Risorgimento.

Portrait of Santarosa. Santorre Annibale De Rossi di Pomerolo, Count of Santa Rosa (born 18 November 1783, Saviglianodied 8 May 1825, Sphacteria) was an Italian insurgent and leader in Italy's revival (Risorgimento). Statue of Santarosa in Savigliano.

Northward, Borgo borders with Prati (R. XXII), from which is separated by Piazza Adriana, Via Alberico II, Via Properzio, Piazza Americo Capponi, Via Stefano Porcari and Piazza del Risorgimento Borgo shares with the Vatican City a western border, which is marked by the Vatican wall between Piazza del Risorgimento and Via di Porta Cavalleggeri. Westward, the rione also borders with Quartiere Aurelio (Q. XIII), from which is separated by the stretch of the Leonine Walls beside Via di Porta Cavalleggeri, Largo di Porta Cavalleggeri and Viale delle Mura Aurelie.

At the same time the Risorgimento and the operations of Giuseppe Garibaldi had brought about a revolution in Rome, which drove Pope Pius IX into exile. Piedmontese policy called for a reform of the rights of the Church, especially of the regular clergy. Fransoni's vocal reaction to these events and policies helped to stimulate the already widespread anticlericalism in Italy,Manuel Borutta, "Anti-Catholicism and the Culture War in Risorgimento Italy," in: and he found himself forced to leave Turin and Italy in 1852 for exile under French protection.

The Napoleonic Age and the Italian Risorgimento offered for the first time to Italian women the opportunity to be politically engaged.Antonietta Drago, Donne e amori del Risorgimento (Milano, Palazzi, 1960). In 1799 in Naples, poet Eleonora Fonseca Pimentel was executed as one of the protagonists of the short-lived Parthenopean Republic. In the early 19th century, some of the most influential salons where Italian patriots, revolutionaries, and intellectuals were meeting were run by women, such as Bianca Milesi Mojon, Clara Maffei, Cristina Trivulzio di Belgiojoso, and Antonietta De Pace.

J. Monnet, Memoires, Paris: Fayard, 1976, pp. 380-383; D. Preda, “L’Europa di Paolo Emilio Taviani. Dalla Resistenza ai Trattati di Roma (1944-1957)”, in L’europeismo in Liguria. Dal Risorgimento alla nascita dell’Europa Comunitaria, Bologna: Mulino, 2002, pp.

He was an atheist.Massimo Viglione, Libera Chiesa in libero stato? Il Risorgimento e i cattolici: uno scontro epocale, Città Nuova, 2005, p. 137. Benito Mussolini was heavily influenced by Pisacane's revolutionary ideas and ideals to achieve political goals.

Cambridge Journals, Isabella Bigazzi / Zeffiro Ciuffoletti "Palazzo Marucelli Fenzi Guida storico-artistica" Fenzi Family Archive Trust. Archivo Fenzi, Biblioteca de Risorgimento. "Il Possesso di Rusciano" EDIZIONI A.G.M. FIRENZE 1990. The Life of Emanuel Fenzi, Andrea Giutini, Postampa 2002.

The Monument to Tito Speri at Brescia, formally inaugurated on its original site in Piazza Speri in Brescia on 1 September 1888 Tito Speri (2 August 1825 - 3 March 1853) was an Italian patriot and hero of the Risorgimento.

Goffredo Mameli (; 5 September 1827 – 6 July 1849) was an Italian patriot, poet, writer and a notable figure in the Risorgimento. He is also the author of the lyrics of "Il Canto degli Italiani", the national anthem of Italy.

One of the two gates to the propylaea, a gateway to the internal exhibition spaces Inside the Vittoriano are some museums dedicated to the history of Italy, especially the Unification of Italy ("Risorgimento"): the Central Museum of the Risorgimento () with an adjoining study institute, the Flag of Italy Memorial () and an area that hosts temporary exhibitions of artistic interest, historical, sociological and cultural called "ala Brasini". Access to the Central Museum of the Risorgimento is on the left side of the monument, at the back of the Santa Maria in Ara Coeli along via di San Pietro in Carcere. The period of Italian history between the end of the 18th century and the First World War is displayed by memorabilia, paintings, sculptures, documents (letters, diaries and manuscripts), drawings, engravings, weapons and prints.Augusta Busico, Il tricolore: il simbolo la storia, Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri, Dipartimento per l'informazione e l'editoria, 2005.

During his career he maintained close ties with principal figures of the Italian Risorgimento. In 1853 he became a member of the Accademia delle Scienze de Turin, and in 1864 became a member of the Académie de Médecine in Paris.

Il pensiero dominante and Il risorgimento are the only poems of joy written by Leopardi, though even in those two poems there always reappears, inextinguishable, the pessimism which sees in the object of joy a vain image created by the imagination.

Map of Switzerland showing in purple color the Italian-speaking areas, where Italian irredentism was strongest. Italian irredentism in Switzerland was a political movement that promoted the unification to Italy of the Italian- speaking areas of Switzerland during the Risorgimento.

He also owned a collections of guns, passion inherited by his father, who was director of a gunpowder factory. He loved Risorgimento history and, in spite of his conservative trend, libertarian-like figures like 17th century pirates and 19th century Carbonari.

Pp. 138. The opinions of De Vecchi were partially acceptedBaioni, Massimo. Risorgimento in camicia nera. p. 73 by Mussolini in the 1940s, when Italy entered World War II, but found opposition (and scepticism) in the King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel III.

Carlo Lombardi (28 February 1834 in Brescia – 16 January 1865 in Fort Fisher, North Carolina) was an Italian patriot and soldier whose military career as an officer spanned from the Risorgimento - the Italian Unification Wars - to the American Civil War.

It was actually the customs and fiscal policies adopted by the new rulers that destroyed the southern economy. Rigorous analyses of the Risorgimento were also conducted by Lucy Riall, a professor of history at Birkbeck College of University of London.

The Gallic forests) in Act 2, the Italians began to greet the chorus with loud applause and to yell the word "War!" several times towards the Austrian officers at the opera house. The relationship between Gaetano Donizetti and the Risorgimento is still controversial. Even though Giuseppe Mazzini tried to use some of Donizetti's works for promoting the Italian cause, Donizetti had always preferred not to get involved in politics.Rosa Maria Mazzola, "Rossini, Bellini, Donizetti and the Risorgimento" Piranesi150.altervista.org, Retrieved 9 September 2014 Patriots scrawling "Viva VERDI" on walls Historians vigorously debate how political were the operas of Giuseppe Verdi (1813–1901).

Piazza del Risorgimento. The road scheme was planned in order that from none of the new roads the dome of St. Peter's Basilica could be visible in the background, because of the tense relationship between the new kingdom and the Holy See. Also toponymy is a proof of it, since roads and squares were named after prominent leaders of the Roman Republic and Empire, pagan writers and scholars, heroes of the Risorgimento. In 1911 the main road of the rione was dedicated to Cola di Rienzo, the popular leader who in the 14th century tried to establish a republican government in Rome.

Subsequently, he pursued a career in public administration in the Ministry of Grace and Justice. That choice prevented him from participating in the decisive battles of the Risorgimento (the unification of Italy), for which his temperament was not suited anyway, but this lack of military experience would be held against him as long as the Risorgimento generation was active in politics.Sarti, Italy: a reference guide from the Renaissance to the present, pp. 313-14 In 1869 he moved to the Ministry of Finance, becoming a high official and working along with important members of the ruling Right, like Quintino Sella and Marco Minghetti.

From 1908 to 1938, the city used the Mole to house its Museum of the Risorgimento, which was moved to the Palazzo Carignano in 1938. The Mole Antonelliana is the tallest unreinforced brick building in the world (built without a steel girder skeleton).

The middle position was proposed by Cesare Balbo (1789–1853) as a confederation of separate Italian states led by Piedmont.Maurizio Isabella, "Aristocratic Liberalism and Risorgimento: Cesare Balbo and Piedmontese Political Thought after 1848." History of European Ideas 39#6 (2013): 835–857.

Risorgimento! is an opera in one act by Lorenzo Ferrero set to an Italian- language libretto by Dario Oliveri, based on a scenario by the composer. It was completed in 2010 and first performed at the Teatro Comunale Modena on 26 March 2011.

Mazzeo, xliii. Of all of the volumes Shelley contributed to the Cabinet Cyclopaedia, Italian Lives is, according to editor Nora Crook, the "most overtly political".Crook, xxx. Shelley was a friend to the Italian exiles and a proponent of the Risorgimento;Mazzeo, xlvii.

Călinescu, p.416; Ornea, p.293 Elsewhere, the same critic stated his amusement at reading in Adunarea Naţională that the 1859 union had spurred on the Risorgimento and German unification, and that the 1784 Transylvanian rebellion had made possible the French Revolution.Boia, p.

In 1976 Covelli led a moderate split of MSI and established National Democracy. A small part of the party, more tied to liberal and Risorgimento inspiration, however, refused the alliance with the political heirs of fascism and gave life to the Monarchist Alliance.

Giuseppe Garibaldi, the prominent Italian nationalist leader during the Risorgimento. Vincenzo Gioberti in 1843 in his book On the Civil and Moral Primacy of the Italians, advocated a federal state of Italy led by the Pope.Jonathan Sperber. The European revolutions, 1848-1851.

La Nazione was founded by Bettino Ricasoli, interim head of the Tuscan government. The first issue appeared on 8 July 1859. Its title reflects the hope of Ricasoli for a unified Italy. La Nazione merged with Cavour's famous political newspaper, Il Risorgimento (newspaper).

The Moderate Party (), collectively called Moderates (), was an Italian pre- Unification political rally, active during the Risorgimento (1815–1861). The Moderates were never a formal party, but only a movement of liberal-minded reformist patriots, usually secular, from politics, military, literature and philosophy.

Fascism emphasized the need for the restoration of the Mazzinian Risorgimento tradition that pursued the unification of Italy, that the Fascists claimed had been left incomplete and abandoned in the Giolittian-era Italy.Roger Griffin. The Nature of Fascism. St. Martin's Press, 1991.

He returned to private practice as a lawyer and became a close friend of Liborio Romano, an important figure in the Risorgimento. Towards the end of Bourbon rule in southern Italy, he returned to public life and became the Prefect of Police for Naples.

During the period of Risorgimento in 1860 to 1861, Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour who was leading the Risorgimento effort, faced the view of French Emperor Napoleon III who indicated that France would support militarily the Italian unification provided that France was given Nice and Savoy that were held by Piedmont-Sardinia, as France did not want a powerful state having control of the passages of the Alps.Adda Bruemmer Bozeman. Regional Conflicts Around Geneva: An Inquiry Into the Origin, Nature, and Implications of the Neutralized Zone of Savoy and of the Customs-free Zones of Gex and Upper Savoy. P. 196.

Milan, 1939. In the 19th century Mentonasc was used in the territories of the Free Cities of Menton & Roquebrune, an independent statelet created in connection with the Italian Risorgimento. When France annexed the Free Cities in 1861, Mentonasc began its decline, substituted by the French language.

Portrait of Countess Clara Maffei by Francesco Hayez Elena Clara Antonia Carrara Spinelli (13 March 1814, in Bergamo – 13 July 1886, in Milan) was an Italian woman of letters and backer of the Risorgimento, usually known by her married name of countess Clara Maffei or Chiarina Maffei.

In Italy, which was united by liberals and radicals (Risorgimento), liberals, not conservatives, emerged as the party of the right.Smith, Denis Mack. Modern Italy: a political history. University of Michigan Press, 1997. p. 31 In the Netherlands, conservatives merged into a new Christian democratic party in 1980.

Autograph of Vittorio Messori (from a letter written in November 1990) Messori was born in Sassuolo near Modena in Italy. He attended the prestigious Lycée D'Azeglio in Turin. Later, he graduated in political sciences, with a thesis on the Risorgimento. Messori had a completely secular upbringing.

Royal war and popular (or people's) war (Guerra regia e guerra di popolo) is a recurring concept in the historiography of the Italian Risorgimento, referring to the two possible forms in which the whole of Italy could be conquered and formed into a single independent state.

Il Conciliatore was a progressive bi-weekly scientific and literary journal, influential in the early Risorgimento. The journal was published in Milan from September 1818 until October 1819 when it was closed by the Austrian censors. Its writers included Ludovico di Breme, Giuseppe Nicolini and Silvio Pellico.

In 1815, battles against Marshal Joachim Murat's troops. Parts of the regiment had battles at Catoliea, Panaro, Rubiera and fought in the Battle of Tolentino. They then invaded and placed occupation forces in southern France. Risorgimento In 1821, a division took part in the campaign for Naples.

Second Edition. Cambridge, England, UK; New York, New York, USA: Cambridge University Press, 2005. Pp. 97. Camillo Benso, the future Prime Minister of the Kingdom of Sardinia and afterwards the Kingdom of Italy, worked as an editor for the nationalist Italian newspaper Il Risorgimento in the 1840s.

Downing, pp. 272–79. Lina Waterfield was progressive in her politics since her adoption by the Rosses, when she decorated the walls of her room with pictures of heroes of the Risorgimento and refused to be presented at Court.Downing, p. 180. By 1914 she was a suffragette.

Vanina Vanini is a short story published in 1829 by Stendhal (1783–1842), the nom de plume of Marie-Henri Beyle. Set in 1820s during the early Risorgimento, when Italy was under Austrian control, it concerns the love affair of a young Roman princess and a revolutionary carbonaro.

These nationalist revolutionaries, with foreign support, attempted, but failed, to overthrow the Austrians in Genoa and Turin in 1833 and Calabria in 1844. Italian unification, or Risorgimento, was finally achieved in 1870 under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi.Moskal, "Travel writing", 248; Seymour, 487; Moskal, "Gender and nationalism", 191.

Alba Cathedral () is a Roman Catholic cathedral in Alba, Piedmont, Italy, dedicated to Saint Lawrence. It is the episcopal seat of the Diocese of Alba (otherwise Alba Pompeia). It is a Romanesque building located in the Piazza del Risorgimento, better known as Piazza Duomo ("cathedral plaza"), amidst cobbled streets.

Antonio Bresciani (24 July 1798 – 14 March 1862) was an Italian Jesuit priest and writer, mostly known for his reactionary diatribes against liberalism and the Risorgimento. The Marxist intellectual Antonio Gramsci used the terms "Brescianism" and "Father Bresciani's progeny" to describe literature of a conservative and populist bent.

Inside terrorism. New York, N.Y. Columbia University Press, p.5 During the historical period known as Risorgimento, Pisacane represented the extreme left, and as a follower of French philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon introduced anarchism in Italy. His essays, titled "Saggi" and "Testamento Politico", were published posthumously in France.

Tommaso Pedio, La Basilicata Borbonica, Lavello, 1986, p. 7 With the war and pecuniary support of the legitimists, he recruited an army of 2000 men,Sergio Romano, Storia d'Italia dal Risorgimento ai nostri giorni, p.49 beginning the resistance under the flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies.

As editor of the newspaper, Cavour gained a great degree of influence in Sardinian politics; in an editorial on 23 March he pressed for a war to drive the Austrians from Lombardy and Venice, where urban revolutions were under way. This proved disastrous for the kingdom with its overwhelming defeat at the Battle of Novara (1849). Though he withdrew as editor in October 1848, Il Risorgimento paved Cavour's way towards entering the government—he was appointed prime minister to Vittorio II Emanuele in 1852, after Carlo Alberto's resignation— and a decade's career engineering Italian unification. In May 1849 Il Risorgimento combined with the more conservative La Nazione, continuing to support government measures.

Il Risorgimento ("The Resurgence" in English) was a liberal, nationalist newspaper founded in Turin 15 December 1847 by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour and Cesare Balbo, who was a backbone of the "neo-Guelph" party that saw in future a rejuvenated Italy under a republican government with a papal presidency—ideas with which Cavour did not agree. The two men were soon joined by Pietro di Santa Rosa and Michelangelo Castelli, who soon assumed the position of vice-director. Publication began as a result of the relaxation of stringent press control which made the newspaper financially viable.Il Risorgimento cost 0.40 lire, at a time when a Torinese workman's daily wages averaged 1.30 lire.

3, p. 80 Franco Della Peruta argues in favour of close links between the operas and the Risorgimento, emphasizing Verdi's patriotic intent and links to the values of the Risorgimento. Verdi started as a republican, became a strong supporter of Cavour and entered the Italian parliament on Cavour's suggestion. His politics caused him to be frequently in trouble with the Austrian censors. Verdi's main works of 1842–49 were especially relevant to the struggle for independence, including Nabucco (1842), I Lombardi alla prima crociata (1843), Ernani (1844), Attila (1846), Macbeth (1847), and La battaglia di Legnano (1848). However, starting in the 1850s, his operas showed few patriotic themes because of the heavy censorship of the absolutist regimes in power.

In the middle of the bridge, on both bulwarks, are two inscriptions: INAVGVRATO L'11 MAGGIO DEL 1911 NEL CINQVANTENARIO DELLA PROCLAMAZIONE DI ROMA CAPITALE D'ITALIA DALL'AMMINISTRAZIONE POPOLARE CITTADINA AL RISORGIMENTO ITALIANO (Inaugurated on May 11, 1911 in the fiftieth anniversary of the proclamation of Rome as Capital of Italy by the popular city administration in memory of Italian Risorgimento) on one side, and PONTE IN CEMENTO ARMATO AD VNICA ARCATA DI 100 M. DI CORDA CON FRECCIA DI 10 M. COSTRVITO CON SISTEMA HENNEBIQUE DALLA SOCIETA PORCHEDDU ING.G.A (Reinforced concrete bridge with a 100-meters-chord single arch and a 10-meters arch rise built with the Hennebique system by the company Porcheddu Ing. G.A) on the other.

Gaeta within the province of Latina After the Risorgimento and until World War II, Gaeta grew in importance and wealth as a seaport. The nearby town of Elena, separated after the Risorgimento and named after the queen of Italy, was reunited to Gaeta following World War I. Mussolini transferred Gaeta from the southern region known today as Campania (formerly Terra di Lavoro, to which it is historically and culturally attached) to the central region of Lazio. After the king dismissed Mussolini in the summer of 1943, the latter was initially taken via Gaeta to the island prison of Ponza. After Italy surrendered to the Allies, however, the town's fortunes began to decline.

In the same vein of political and cultural connotations, but with more openly Marxist-style, is part of the revisionist and anti-apologetic analysis of Antonio Gramsci. In his book Prison Notebooks (Quaderni del carcere), published posthumously only after 1947, he describes the Risorgimento as a "passive revolution" suffered by the peasants, the poorest social class of the population. The Southern question, Jacobinism, the construction of the revolutionary process in Italy are the central themes of his analysis on the basis of which he reinterprets the Italian Risorgimento as a process of socio- political transformation began in 1789 with the French Revolution, passively transposed in Italy, and hesitated in the collapse of the Ancien Régime.

In his book "The Italian Risorgimento – still a controversial story" Clark says the non-sustainability of the "patriotic and progressive" vision of the unification process. British historian rejects the teleological view of the Risorgimento as an inevitable and finalistic process, considering it rather the correlation of different events, some of which random. He denies that there was already an Italian nation since only a small elite had cultural awareness and pride in its historic past and felt that. He points out that only 2.5% of the population actually spoke Italian, and large parts of the inhabitants of the peninsula spoke local languages or dialects, and in any case, the Italian language "efined a cultural community, not a political one".

His masterpiece (now at the Museum of the Risorgimento in Milan) is considered to be Episodio delle Cinque Giornate (Combattimento a Palazzo Litta) - known in English as Episode from the Five Days (Fighting at Palazzo Litta). Heavily involved in the Risorgimento, he was hunted down by the Austrian authorities in 1848 and forced to live under severe proscriptions. He left for Argentina in 1856, where he taught (the Argentine painter Cándido López was his student) and painted local personalities,Portrait of CRISTINA CASTRO RAMOS MEXIA DE PEÑA at the Museo de Arte Hispanoamericano Isaac Fernández Blanco de Buenos Aires scenes of everyday life and history paintings of political or military events. He also decorated the original Teatro Colón.

In 1861, he was appointed court painter by Victor Emmanuel II of Italy. and did some paintings that the Risorgimento supported. In 1866, he left for Tunisia and Turkey, possibly traveling with Tinco Lycklama à Nijeholt, whom he portrayed a few times in oriental attire. In 1869, he lived in Paris.

Prima e dopo Garibaldi. Sicilia occidentale, 1789–1870 (2007). 37\. Giovanni Pantaleo, alfiere del Risorgimento (in ISTITUTO STATALE DI ISTRUZIONI SUPERIORE – Castelvetrano Selinunte, Logoi, Trapani, 2007). 38\. Calatafimi Segesta tra memoria e storia, edizioni Campo, Alcamo (2008). 39\. Il processo Zalapì nel 1891 (con Erina Baldassano), ed. Campo (2008) 40\.

By the 1859 Treaty of Zurich which ended the Austro-Sardinian War, Austria ceded Lombardy, including Crema, to France, who then immediately ceded it to Sardinia. This formed part of the Risorgimento, which saw Sardinia become the Kingdom of Italy in 1861. In 1946, the Kingdom became the modern Italian Republic.

618 The main Sardinian contribution in the overall battle consisted in keeping Benedek's corps deeply engaged throughout the day and preventing the sending of two brigades as reinforcement to the force attacked by the French in Solferino.Piero Pieri, Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni, Turin, Einaudi, 1962, p. 617.

His poetry reveals the idealism of a tender and delicate mind which was diligent in storing up sensations and images that for others would have been at most the transient impressions of a moment. But he could also sound the clarion note of patriotism, as in his stirring poem Il Risorgimento.

For example, he illustrated a Storia del Risorgimento Italiano (1889) by Francesco Bertolini. Matania also illustrated an edition of Ariosto's La Gerusalemme liberata. He was one of the painters to decorate the ceilings of the Caffè Gambrinus of Naples. Shuttered Bank Others in his immediate family also became well known illustrators.

The opening date for the Railway line works was set for the 14 April 1838. The line was eventually inaugurated in 1844. After nearly 20 years of planning and creation upset by the unstable political situation of the Risorgimento, the first section of the Leopolda Railway was at last finished.

Aurelio Saffi (August 13, 1819 – April 10, 1890: full name Marco Aurelio Saffi) was a Roman and Italian politician, active during the period of Italian unification. He was an important figure in the radical republican current within the Risorgimento movement and close to its leader and chief inspiration, Giuseppe Mazzini.

Storia della pittura italiana esposta coi monumenti, Volume 7, by Giovanni Rosini, Pisa (1847): page 131. His wife, Flavia, was the daughter of Giovanni Battista Durand Borgognone, a pupil of Domenichino. Flavia was known for portrait painting.Storia pittorica della Italia dal risorgimento delle belle arti, Volume 2, by Luigi Antonio Lanzi, page 333.

After September 8, 1943, she joined the Italian Resistance and in 1946 her writing appeared in Cose d'ieri reminding Italian readers of the need to continue their efforts to battle inequality and the lack of equal rights. In this way, she seemed to connect her early Risorgimento ideals with women's emancipation and Resistance.

Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile Italian idealism, born from interest in the German one and particularly in Hegelian doctrine, developed in Italy starting from the spiritualism of the nineteenth-century Risorgimento tradition, and culminated in the first half of the twentieth century in its two greatest exponents: Benedetto Croce and Giovanni Gentile.

The 19th century Gennaro Sambiase Sanseverino, "Duke of San Donato" and Mayor of Naples, who held the ducal title by permission of his brother, Giuseppe, Prince of Bonifati. Genarro Sambiase Sanseverini was politician and supporter of the Risorgimento and the most notable family member.The Nobility of Naples (Italian). Retrieved 22 May 2011.

The bust has since remained under the care of Presentation Sisters, in Cathedral Square, St. John's. In the context of the Risorgimento, the Veiled Virgin was intended to symbolize Italy. Marble busts of veiled women were a popular theme among Strazza's contemporaries, the most important of whom were Pietro Rossi and Raffaelle Monti.

The new Cambridge modern history: The zenith of European power 1830–70 1964. Pp. 224. It served as a cause for Risorgimento in the 1860s to 1870s. Italian nationalism became strong again in World War I with Italian irredentist claims to territories held by Austria-Hungary, and during the era of Italian Fascism.

Born in the Modena province, since young followed the Risorgimento ideals. He graduated in Industrial Chemistry and was a successful entrepreneur: he created the "Fabbrica Modenese Utensileria e Ferramenta Corni Bassani". In 1919 enrolled in the Modena fascist partyFranco Focherini. "Il fascismo modenese minuto per minute" edizioni Il Fiorino, Modena, 2001, p.

"The cultural context of this refiguration of Cola is examined by Adrian Lyttelton, "Creating a National Past: History, Myth and Image in the Risorgimento", in Making and Remaking Italy: the cultivation of national identity around the Risorgimento, 2001:27–76; Cola is examined in pp 61–63 (quote p 63). Cola di Rienzo's life and fate have formed the subject of a novel by Edward Bulwer- Lytton (1835), tragic plays by Gustave Drouineau (1826), Mary Russell Mitford (1828), Julius Mosen (1837), and Friedrich Engels (1841), and also of some verses of Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1818) by Lord Byron. Richard Wagner's first successful opera, Rienzi (Dresden, 1842), based on Bulwer-Lytton's novel, took Cola for a central figure, and at the same time, unaware of the Dresden production, Giuseppe Verdi, an ardent and anti-clerical patriot of the Risorgimento, contemplated a Cola di Rienzo.George Martin, Verdi, His Music, Life and Times, 1963:126, mentioning Bulwer-Lytton's "immensely popular historical novel" and remarking "As a leader sprung from the people, Rienzi was at the time a favorite symbol and hero of liberals and republicans throughout Europe.

The Real Palazzina, series of buildings that housed the original Museo Civico. The origins of the Museo Nazionale di Reggio Calabria dates back to 1882 with the foundation of the Museo Civico which, in the new climate of national unity, collected and spread culture to local people by exhibiting paintings, objects of local history and culture, archeological finds, and mementoes of Il Risorgimento. This formed the Museo Civico di Reggio, based in the seafront Palazzo Arcivescovile and formed of ethnology, medieval art, modern art, Risorgimento art and numismatic departments. In 1907 the Soprintendenza Archeologica della Calabria was founded under the leadership of the famous archaeologist Paolo Orsi - it carried out intense excavations at Reggio, Locri, and in the main centres of archeological interest in Calabria.

In 1977 he became a professor at the European University Institute in Florence where he stayed for most of 1978. Back in Rome, in November 1978 he was appointed rector/provost of the "Guido Carli" Free International University for Social Studies (LUISS): he stayed at the LUISS till 1984. Rosario Romero was often seen as a conservative liberal historian, as a young professor refuting Gramsci's Marxist reading of the Risorgimento, and more recently robustly unimpressed by Mack Smith's version of the same events. In the sometimes fevered political context of Italian historiography, none of this was enough to prevent the maverick academic journalist Panfilo Gentile from (somewhat implausibly) describing Rosario's own 1950 book on the Risorgimento in Sicily as a Marxist work.

Francesco Melzi d'Eril, Duke of Lodi, Count of Magenta, (Milan, 6 March 1753 - Bellagio, 16 January 1816) was an Italian politician and patriot, serving as vice-president of the Napoleonic Italian Republic (1802–1805). He was a consistent supporter of the Italian unification ideals that would lead to the Italian Risorgimento shortly after his death.

348, 608–09 Similarly, they condemned the French Revolution for over- abstraction on the one hand, and a slavish apeing of Roman republicanism on the other.J. Boyd, Science and Whig Manners (2009) p. 76 They saw the need to adjust institutions to a changing society as a priority.M. Isabella, Risorgimento in Exile (2009) p.

Yong Tching is shown banning Christianity as "immoral" and "seeking to uproot Kung's laws". He also established just prices for foodstuffs, bringing us back to the ideas of Social Credit. There are also references to the Italian Risorgimento, John Adams, and Dom Metello de Souza, who gained some measure of relief for the Jesuit mission.

In 1834 he was ordained a priest, then created a canon of the church of Santa Maria della Piazza. For a time Martelli was also politically active as Italy was undergoing the upheavals of the Italian Risorgimento. However this did not sit well with his priestly vocation and he had to withdraw his involvement.

After the Risorgimento, political literature becomes less important. The first part of this period is characterized by two divergent trends of literature that both opposed Romanticism, the Scapigliatura and Verismo. Important early-20th-century writers include Italo Svevo and Luigi Pirandello (winner of the 1934 Nobel Prize in Literature). Neorealism was developed by Alberto Moravia.

Palazzo Carignano is a historical building in the centre of Turin, Italy, which houses the Museum of the Risorgimento. It was a private residence of the Princes of Carignano, after whom it is named. Its rounded façade is different from other façades of the same structure. It is located on the Via Accademia delle Scienze.

Reclining Nude Woman. War memorial in Chioggia (Venice) St Francis of Assisi in Piazza di Risorgimento, Milan. Born in Palermo, Sicily; at the age of 12 years, Trentacoste began apprenticing with the sculptor Domenico Costantino. As a young man he travelled through Italy, including Naples, and spent some years in Florence starting in 1878.

Dal Settecento all'unità d'Italia, avvenimenti, protagonisti e curiosità di oltre un secolo di storia, attraverso le alterne vicende dei successori dei Medici, Roma, Newton & Compton, 1998, pp. 233–40; 236. Mabellini wrote an Inno nazionale toscano (Tuscan National Anthem) in 1858, according with his fantasy of a Tuscan Risorgimento (the anthem was published by Lorenzi).

Born at Palermo son of Ferdinando and Giulia Venturelli, he devoted a great part of his life to the history of Sicily. Amari was also an Orientalist, who investigated the true character of the Sicilian Vespers. He also served as the Italy's first minister of public education. Amari became an important figure during the Risorgimento.

In these years Viareggio was the destination of many exiled intellectuals of the Italian Risorgimento who were tolerated by the local sovereigns. During these years Viareggio's economy saw a very rapid expansion through its already recognised beach tourism and the newly expanding sailboat industry. Its population increased from 300 in 1740 to 6,549 in 1841.

However, he continued to study by teaching himself. After graduating he enrolled in the Faculty of Law at Catania in 1857. He abandoned this in 1860 in order to take part in Garibaldi's Risorgimento as the secretary of the Secret Committee of Insurrection in Mineo, and later as the chancellor of the nascent civic council.

Rather than an exact retelling of his life and accomplishments, Garibaldi instead used Cantoni as a character in a fictionalized tale of his heroism. Though the novel is fictional, the figure of Cantoni is set against real occurrences during the Risorgimento. Set in 1848-1849,Field, Ron, and Peter Dennis. Garibaldi: Leadership, Strategy, Conflict.

Coppa, Frank J. The Origins of the Italian Wars of Independence. London: Longman, 1992. What makes Cantoni significant is his defense and rescue of one of the most important figures of the Risorgimento, Giuseppe Garibaldi. On May 19, 1849, in the town of Velletri, a battle commenced between Italy and the Spanish Bourbon Neapolitan forces.

Il Codice di Camaldoli, Roma: Edizioni Civitas, 1984. Of particular note among Taviani`s economic studies are Problemi economici nei riformatori sociali del Risorgimento italiano; Utilità, economia e morale; Il concetto di utilità nella teoria economica.“Bibliografia di opere, saggi e articoli di storia, economia, e scienze politiche”, in Scritti in onore del prof. Paolo Emilio Taviani. 1.

Ferrucci's last response to his murderer, tu uccidi un uomo morto (you are killing a dead man) led him to long lasting fame and to become one of the major icons of the Italian risorgimento. In contrast, Maramaldo's behavior, echoed by several historical reports, gave his name a shameful reputation, and in modern Italian maramaldo means cowardly murderer.

The course of studies lasted three years. In the grand-ducal period the Scuola was affected by the political climate: following the enthusiasm of the Risorgimento, the fear of subversive movements and tumults led to reactionary and confessional attitudes much lamented by the students themselves, including Giosuè Carducci, who was a student there between 1853 and 1856.

Roberto Romani, "Liberal theocracy in the Italian risorgimento." European History Quarterly 44#4 (2014): 620–650. Pope Pius IX at first appeared interested but he turned reactionary and led the battle against liberalism and nationalism. Giuseppe Mazzini and Carlo Cattaneo wanted the unification of Italy under a federal republic, which proved too extreme for most nationalists.

Count Cavour (1810–1861) provided critical leadership. He was a modernizer interested in agrarian improvements, banks, railways and free trade. He opened a newspaper as soon as censorship allowed it: Il Risorgimento called for the independence of Italy, a league of Italian princes, and moderate reforms. He had the ear of the king and in 1852 became prime minister.

Unification was achieved entirely in terms of Piedmont's interests. Martin Clark says, "It was Piedmontization all around."Martin Clark, The Italian Risorgimento (2nd ed. 2009) p 86 Cavour died unexpectedly in June 1861, at 50, and most of the many promises that he made to regional authorities to induce them to join the newly unified Italian kingdom were ignored.

Verdi's bust outside the Teatro Massimo in Palermo Risorgimento won the support of many leading Italian opera composers.Axel Körner, "Opera and nation in nineteenth‐century Italy: conceptual and methodological approaches." Journal of Modern Italian Studies 17#4 (2012): 393–399. Their librettos often saw a delicate balance between European romantic narratives and dramatic themes evoking nationalistic sentiments.

Peter Herde: Guelfen und Neoguelfen. Zur Geschichte einer nationalen Ideologie vom Mittelalter zum Risorgimento. Stuttgart 1986. Together with his student Thomas Frenz, he published in 2000 the letter and memorial book of the Passau Cathedral dean Albert von Behaim of 1246. Already in the 1980s, Herde has been working on a biography of Antipope Boniface VII.

Fenena's prayer, too, dissolves itself in a dream, which anticipates the triumphal debut of the opera and re- elaborates various images of the Risorgimento. At the end of the dream, Giuseppe Verdi appears, aged and now Senator of the Kingdom. In his monologue he interweaves the nostalgia for the past with his preoccupation for the uncertain future.

Paris: Tolra1 The Franco-Belgian, Austrian and Irish battalions later joined the Papal Zouave corps, an infantry regiment of international composition that pledged to aid Pope Pius IX in the protection of the Papacy for the remainder of the Italian unificationist Risorgimento. The battle was commemorated by the , built in the 1860s and the 26th Bersaglieri Battalion "Castelfidardo".

He was a Freemason, and was part of the "Giuseppe Mazzini" lodge of Sanremo, "but resigned because it was so republican that the presence of military personnel was impossible". Attilio Mola, "I militari massoni in Italia dal Risorgimento al Fascismo", in: La Massoneria nella Grande Guerra, a cura di Aldo A. Mola, Bastogi, Roma 2016, p. 118.

Giuseppe Govone Giuseppe Gaetano Maria Govone (Isola d'Asti, 1825 – Alba, Italy, January 1872) was an Italian general and politician of Piedmontese origin, who played a major role in the Italian Risorgimento. An officer ahead of his time, he took part in the three Wars of Independence and distinguished himself as Minister of War in the government of Giovanni Lanza.

The Mazzini Society was an antifascist political association, formed on a democratic and republican basis, situating itself within the tradition of the Risorgimento, and created in the United States by Italian-American immigrants in the late 1930s. It was named after Giuseppe Mazzini, a leading figure of Italian reunification in the mid-19th century, who had worked from exile.

Of Neo-Baroque style, the façade features two anchors that mark the entrance, which belonged to the Austrian battleships Viribus Unitis and Tegetthoff, sunken on 1 November 1918 in Pula. In correspondence of Lungotevere delle Navi, between Ponte Matteotti and Ponte Risorgimento, is located an "Urban Oasis of the Tiber", in custody to WWF since 1989.

Fortunato Mizzi founded the newspaper as an Italian- language press outlet in Malta, at the time a British colony. In the 1920s and 1930s, the Malta, led by Enrico Mizzi, son of Fortunato, was the press outlet of the Italophiles Maltese irredentists gathered in the Partito Nazionalista.Deborah Paci, Il mito del Risorgimento mediterraneo (tesi di dottorato), s.d., pag.

Between 1959-62 she was married to Denis Mack Smith, a noted historian of the Italian "Risorgimento". In 1963, she wed British sociologist Walter Garrison "Garry" Runciman, by which union she became the Viscountess Runciman of Doxford, a title she does not use. Their son, David, is a Professor of Politics and a fellow of Trinity Hall, Cambridge.

Vinzaglio is a Turin Metro station, located near the intersection between Corso Vinzaglio, Corso Vittorio Emanuele II and Corso Duca degli Abruzzi. It was built alongside the Line 1 prolongment to Porta Nuova opened on 5 October 2007. The platforms feature decals by Ugo Nespolo, depicting historic moments of the Risorgimento, such as the Battle of Vinzaglio (1859).

A Pasture He was born in Livorno. After initial study of literature at a religious private school in Florence, he began his artistic training under Carlo Markò the Elder. He met Vito D'Ancona during the mid-1840s, and joined him in painting landscapes en plein air. In 1848 he fought as a Tuscan volunteer for Garibaldi in the Risorgimento.

Levey, p. 451. When Tuscany passed from the House of Lorraine to the House of Savoy in 1860, the Palazzo Pitti was included. After the Risorgimento, when Florence was briefly the capital of the Kingdom of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II resided in the palazzo until 1871. His grandson, Victor Emmanuel III, presented the palazzo to the nation in 1919.

Fernandino Maria Piccioli was an editor. The founding of the society was a part of the Risorgimento. In 1922 it moved to Genoa, to Museo Civico di Storia Naturale di Genova, where it is based until now. La Società Entomologica Italiana collaborates with Unione Zoologica Italiana, the Italian Zoological Society in maintaining a website listing the Italian Fauna FaunaItalia.

Sicily, as shown by the history of the past decades, was fertile ground, and the liberal south, especially those returning after an amnesty granted by the young King, who worked in this direction for some time., I vinti del Risorgimento, Utet, Torino, 2004, p. 99., Storia delle Due Sicilie 1847–1861, Edizioni Trabant, 2009, p. 331.

Liborio Romano (27 October 1793 – 17 July 1867) was an Italian politician. He was born in Patù, near Santa Maria di Leuca (Apulia), then part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. He studied at Lecce and graduated in law at Naples, soon beginning to teach in the same university. Frequenting the Carbonari, Romano adhered to the Risorgimento ideals.

Arthur Burton is a devout Catholic who wishes to become a priest. While studying in Italy in the early stages of the Risorgimento he converts from Catholicism to radicalism, much to the dismay of his mentor in the priesthood. He travels to South America, and eventually returns to become a revolutionary writer under the pen name "the gadfly" .

The breach of Porta Pia, on the right, in a contemporaneous photograph. The Roman Question (; ) was a dispute regarding the temporal power of the popes as rulers of a civil territory in the context of the Italian Risorgimento. It ended with the Lateran Pacts between King Victor Emmanuel III of Italy and Pope Pius XI in 1929.

The territory is heterogeneous. In the southern Risorgimento, Centro and Santa Maria Apparente districts, the city lays on the Chienti river floodplain, formed in the Holocene. Along the coast, the Centro, Fontespina and San Gabriele districts lay partially on coastal plain sediments. The area is 46,07 km². The altitude ranges from 3 to 223 meters above sea level.

Gregorio Fontana-Rava (fl. 1830s) was an Italian expatriate supporter of the Risorgimento. Little is known of his life but he ran a bookshop in Antwerp as a meeting place for Italian patriots. His visit to England in 1833, during which he lectured, in association with Gioacchino Prati, caused some public alarm at his radical views.

The opera was commissioned by the Teatro Comunale di Bologna for the 150th anniversary of the Italian unification which was commemorated in 2011, and had there an initial run of six performances between April 5 and 16, coupled with Luigi Dallapiccola's Il prigioniero. The work mixes the story of one of the most well-known operas by Giuseppe Verdi, Nabucco, with social and cultural aspects of the Risorgimento, through a plot in which one is the reflection of the other. The characters of the opera – says the composer – engage in a debate not just about the Risorgimento but also about the opera itself and its chances of success. They are, at least in part, the same as the interpreters of that first Nabucco (then titled Nabucodonosor) staged at La Scala on 9 March 1842.

Some schools have called the Risorgimento an imperialist or colonialist venture imposed by Savoy. Some revisionists tend to negatively re- evaluate key characters of Italian national unity, such as Camillo Benso di Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi and Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy. They grafted in this way in the debate on the causes of the so-called Southern Question (Questione Meridionale), and say that the Risorgimento was a true work of colonization, followed by a centralizing policy of conquest, because of which the Italian Mezzogiorno would have fallen into a state of backwardness still manifest. Others consider that the policies of tax, toll and industry implemented in the southern regions by the Savoy government since 1861, together with endogenous factors, have further depleted the area or they have affected its development.

Felipe attended the Royal School of Agriculture of Ascoli Piceno, where he obtained the degree of Agricultural Technician. The Italian Risorgimento and the state of war in Europe drove him to the Americas and in 1884 he travelled to Mendoza, Argentina, where he settled. Rutini acquired an estate in the district of Coquimbito, where he founded La Rural winery in 1885.

Roberto Balzani (born 21 August 1961 in Forlì) is an Italian historian, professor and politician. He is professor of contemporary history at the University of Bologna. His works mainly focus on the Italian Risorgimento and history of Italy in the 19th century. Balzani is a member of the Democratic Party and served as Mayor of Forlì from June 2009 to May 2014.

In 1806, three olms were planted by the French in Putignano in memory of the ideas of democracy and freedom. Of these, one is still in existence today. In the Risorgimento numerous people from Putignano joined the Garibaldi Thousand, including Captain Francesco Saverio Tateo, one of the insurgents of Villa Glori. After the unification of Italy, Putignano grew and developed.

Il bacio (; The Kiss) is an 1859 painting by the Italian artist Francesco Hayez. It is possibly his best known work. This painting conveys the main features of Italian Romanticism and has come to represent the spirit of the Risorgimento. It was commissioned by Alfonso Maria Visconti di Saliceto, who donated it to the Pinacoteca di Brera after his death.

The commander of the Austrian forces was Franz von Wimpffen. The siege was undertaken on land and sea simultaneously. After the arrival of reinforcements (the siege equipment and another 5,000 men) on 6 June, the Austrians began intense bombardment on 15 June. Two close associates of Garibaldi, Antonio EliaGiuseppe Garibaldi, Epistolario, Istituto per la storia del risorgimento italiano, (2008) p. 133.

Portrait of Carlo Ilarione Petitti Carlo Ilarione Petitti count of Roreto (21 October 1790 – 10 April 1850)PETITTI DI RORETO Ilarione, from the database of the Archivio Storico del Senato, I Senatori d'Italia. was an Italian economist, academic, writer, counsellor of state, and senator of the Kingdom of Sardinia. He is seen as a prominent figure in the Italian Risorgimento.

Cavour was a freemason of the Italian Symbolic Rite. English historian Denis Mack Smith says Cavour was the most successful parliamentarian in Italian history but he was not especially democratic. Cavour was often dictatorial, ignored his ministerial colleagues and parliament, and interfered in parliamentary elections. He also practiced trasformismo and other policies which were carried over into post-Risorgimento Italy.

In fact, General Enrico Caviglia, his commander, gave him the job of drawing the life of the soldiers at the front. Some of these scenes of military life are today preserved in the Museum of the Risorgimento in Milan. In 1919 Michele Cascella moved to Milan where he shared an apartment with his friend and inspiration, the poet Clemente Rebora.

Some sources state the man and horse were cast separately, and the combined weight of the two was 23 thousand pounds.Storia della scultura dal suo risorgimento in Italia, Volume 6, by Leopoldo Cicognara, page 402. A few decades hence, Ferdinando I would have his own Equestrian monument in Piazza dell'Annunziata.Corografia dell'Italia, Volume 3, by Giovanni B. Rampoldi, 1837, page 1085.

Its location led to its ownership changing repeatedly; Florence owned the province after the Battle of Campaldino, later lost authority over it, and then annexed it again in 1384. Florence possessed the province until 1859, when Tuscany was annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia during the Risorgimento. The province is in close proximity to Camaldoli, ancestral seat of the Camaldolese monks.

A new foundation was made at Brussels in 1891. After the Risorgimento in 1870, the government of Italy closed the Marianum along with many other papal institutions. The institute was re-founded as the College of Sant Alessio Falcioneri in 1895. At this period the order was introduced into England and America, chiefly through the efforts of Fathers Bosio and Morini.

On 26 September, the Provisional Government's volunteers pushed back an Austrian column, in the Battle of Montechiarugolo. Though minor, this clash is considered the first one of the Italian Risorgimento. Napoleon himself awarded the Reggiani with 500 rifles and 4 guns. Later he occupied Emilia and formed a new province, the Cispadane Republic, whose existence was proclaimed in Reggio on 7 January 1797.

Marrone p.746 Fogazzaro finished the first draft in 1884, and spent the next decade revising it.Marrone p.746 The novel has an alpine backdrop, and is set in the 1850s during the Risorgimento. Fogazzaro modelled the two protagonists after his parents. The novel's title is sometimes given several other English translations such as Little Ancient World or The Patriot.

The construction of this partly built palace was completed in 1602, under Duke Ranuccio I. Drawing of Giuseppe Garibaldi in the Museum of Risorgimento. After the death of the last Farnese duke in 1731, the palace fell into disrepair. Restoration began only in the early 20th century and today the Palazzo Farnese at Piacenza houses an important series of museums and exhibitions.

Over the years, the revisionism of Risorgimento has found other supporters, both southern- and northern-born, which further in-depth research on the controversial events of the unification process. Among them we can mention Lorenzo Del Boca, Gigi Di Fiore, Francesco Mario Agnoli, Pino Aprile, Fulvio Izzo, Massimo Viglione, Antonio Ciano, Aldo Servidio, Roberto Martucci, Luciano Salera and Pier Giusto Jaeger.

In 1878 Baron Raimondo Franchetti (1829–1905),Peerage.com. who had married Sarah Luisa de Rothschild (1834–1924), daughter of Anselm Salomon Rothschild of the Vienna Rothschilds, bought the palazzo and commissioned further works by architect Camillo Boito, who constructed the grand staircase. In September 1922 it was sold to the Istituto Federale di Credito per il Risorgimento delle Venezie by Franchetti's widow.

Revolts against the Bourbons in 1821 and 1848 divided the nobility, and liberalism was in the air. These factors, coupled with the social and political upheaval of the following Risorgimento in the 19th century, meant the Sicilian aristocracy was a doomed class, having to live off their capital. Immediately following the Risorgimento, Sicily's annexation to the new Italian state was economically disastrous for the island, in no small part due to the relaxation of foreign exchange, which was advantageous only to the more industrial north of the new kingdom, but forced the more agricultural south to compete in the North American commodity markets. Furthermore, because of their neglect and dereliction of noblesse oblige, an essential element of the feudal system, the countryside was often ruled by bandits outside the enclosed villages, and the once grand country villas were decaying.

The revisionism of Risorgimento knew a clear radicalization and resumed in the mid-20th century, after the fall of the Savoy monarchy and that of fascism, for which the Risorgimento was considered an intangible myth. The changed political conditions allowed the emergence of a group of scholars which began re-examining the value of the House of Savoy work, and made largely negative reviews in that respect. About a hundred years after De' Sivo, the members of this group also took up the arguments of criticism, charging in particular to the process of national unification the cause of most problems of the Southern Italy. The founder of this new culture is generally considered Carlo Alianello, who in his first novel, The Ensign (l'Alfiere) (1942) expressed a serious indictment to the creators and unification policies of the kingdom of Sardinia.

28 According to David Thomson,David Thomson, Europe Since Napoleon, Pelican, 1966, p. 293 the Italian Risorgimento of 1871 led to the 'nemesis of fascism'. William L ShirerWilliam Shirer, The Rise and Fall of the Third Reich, Mandarin, 1960, p. 97 sees a continuity from the views of Fichte and Hegel, through Bismarck, to Hitler; Robert Gerwarth speaks of a 'direct line' from Bismarck to Hitler.

Viligiardi won first prize in the nude and drawing categories of the annual competition at the Accademia back in Siena. In 1888 he won the Biringucci prize for a painting entitled The Arrest of Corradino of Savoy and a prize for another entitled The Denial of Saint Peter, now in the Accademia in Siena. Both works were of the Risorgimento-historical school, inspirated by Franchi's art.

Born Jessie Jane Meriton White, she was the daughter of Thomas White and Jane Teage Meriton of Gosport, Hampshire, England.E Holt, Risorgimento (London 1970) p. 197 Thomas was part of the White family of Cowes, Isle of Wight, boat builders for generations, but he moved to the mainland and switched from building boats to building docks and warehouses. His was a religiously strict, non- conformist, household.

Revisionism of Risorgimento produced a clear radicalization of Italy in the mid-20th century, following the fall of the Savoy monarchy and fascism during World War II. Reviews of the historical facts concerning Italian unification's successes and failures continue to be undertaken by domestic and foreign academic authors, including Denis Mack Smith, Christopher Duggan, and Lucy Riall. Recent work emphasizes the central importance of nationalism.

Alessandro Francesco Tommaso Antonio Manzoni (, , ; 7 March 1785 – 22 May 1873) was an Italian poet, novelist and philosopher. He is famous for the novel The Betrothed (orig. ) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. The novel is also a symbol of the Italian Risorgimento, both for its patriotic message and because it was a fundamental milestone in the development of the modern, unified Italian language.

In the turmoil of the Risorgimento, they had to sell the palazzo to her grandson, Prince Henry, Count of Bardi, and many of its fine works of art were auctioned in Paris.Ca' Vendramin Calergi: La storia They retired to Brunnsee, near Graz in Austria. Her husband died there in 1864, and she died in 1870. French novelist Alexandre Dumas wrote two stories about her and her plotting.

Moskal, "Gender and nationalism", 191–92. Shelley therefore contends that the Risorgimento is primarily inspired by the English and only secondarily by the French (she never names Napoleon).Moskal, "Gender and nationalism", 194. Shelley writes a history of Italian nationalism acceptable to English readers, in which the French are the tyrants oppressing the rising nation of Italy, which the Carbonari, although violent, has inspired and created.

The following year, he was married and began to display the symptoms of tuberculosis. In 1861, he exhibited five paintings at the first "Esposizione nazionale di Firenze" (Florence), organized to celebrate the Risorgimento. His interior painting of the sacristy at the church of San Giovanni Evangelista received the only prize awarded to an artist from Parma. Later, he created decorations for the hallway of that church.

The remains of a second fort to the south of the city (Cristo quarter) have been sliced in two by a railway (Forte ferrovia); a third one still remains in the middle of the same quarter (Forte Acqui). From 1814 Alessandria was Savoyard territory once more, part of the Kingdom of Sardinia. During the years of the Risorgimento, Alessandria was an active center of the liberals.

Archduke Gottfried of Austria () (14 March 1902 - 21 January 1984) was a member of the Tuscan line of the House of Habsburg-Lorraine and Archduke of Austria, Prince of Hungary and Bohemia. Gottfried assumed the title of titular Grand Duke of Tuscany, in spite of his grandfather Ferdinand IV' abdication of 1870.Bernd Braun: Das Ende der Regionalmonarchien in Italien. Abdankungen im Zuge des Risorgimento.

Although Murat failed to save his crown, or to start a popular nationalist movement with the Rimini Proclamation, Murat had ignited a debate for Italian unification. Indeed, some consider the Rimini Proclamation as the start of Risorgimento. The intervention of Austria only heightened the fact the Habsburgs were the single most powerful opponent to unification, which would eventually lead to three wars of independence against the Austrians.

He was born in Ascoli Piceno, and was initially a pupil of Antonio Cecchini, then he joined, along with fellow pupil Francesco Mancini, the studio of Carlo Cignani.Storia pittorica della Italia del risorgimento delle belle arti, by Luigi Lanzi, page 201. He painted a San Biagio for the church of San Giacomo in Pesaro.Felsina pittrice vite de' pittori bolognesi, by Carlo Cesare Malvasia, Volume 2, page 17.

In 1814, Pescara's Carboneria revolted against Joachim Murat. There, on 15 May 1815, the king undersigned one of the first constitutions of the Italian Risorgimento. In the following years Pescara became a symbol of the Bourbon's violent restoration as it housed one of the most notorious Bourbon jails. After a devastating flood in 1853, Pescara was liberated by Giuseppe Garibaldi's collaborator Clemente De Caesaris in 1860.

In their meeting, Pacelli secured from Roosevelt a promise to appoint a US representative to the Holy See.Dalin, 2005, p. 58. No such diplomatic link had existed since 1870, when the Risorgimento seized the territories of the Papal States, all but ending the papacy's temporal power. The Senate had withdrawn the stipend for such a diplomat in 1867, seeing little value in maintaining the outpost.

In a time of strong political ideals such as the "Risorgimento" and strong interior passions such as Romanticism, famous representatives of Italian literature such as Ugo Foscolo and Giacomo Leopardi pointed to these as unforgivable flaws, whereas in their opinion a poet should never give up his beliefs in exchange for practical advantages, and should prefer a worthy content over a much refined literary technique.

Denis Mack Smith CBE FBA FRSL (March 3, 1920 – July 11, 2017) was an English historian who specialized in the history of Italy from the Risorgimento onwards. He is best known for his biographies of Garibaldi, Cavour and Mussolini, and for his single-volume Modern Italy: A Political History. He was named Grand Official of the Order of Merit of the Italian Republic in 1996.

Print by Matteo Piccione Matteo Piccione (1615 - 1671) was an Italian painter, active in Rome, as a painter of religious subjects. He was born in Ancona. He is noted by Lanzi to be a collaborator with Giovanni Antonio SpadariniStoria pittorica della Italia del risorgimento delle belle arti, Volume 1, by Luigi Antonio Lanzi, page 189. He was an academic in the Accademia di San Luca in 1655.

On the northern side of the battlefield the Sardinians, 4 divisions strong, encountered the Austrians around 7 am. A long battle erupted over control of Pozzolengo, San Martino and Madonna della Scoperta. The Austrian VIII Corps under Benedek had 39,000 men and 80 guns and was repeatedly attacked by a Sardinian force of 22,000 men with 48 guns.Vittorio Giglio, Il Risorgimento nelle sue fasi di guerra, Vol.

Its traditions of free-thinking under the Risorgimento transformed into fervent anti-communism. The increasing influence of the left at the end of the 1960s had the Masons of Italy deeply worried. In 1971, Grand Master Lino Salvini of the Grand Orient of Italy—one of Italy's largest Masonic lodges—assigned to Gelli the task of reorganizing the lodge.Ginsborg, Italy and Its Discontents, pp.

Although Cantoni was a real volunteer during the Italian Risorgimento, little else is known of his origins. Much of what is known about him comes from Giuseppe Garibaldi's novel, Cantoni il volontario, a work of historical fiction. According to the novel, Cantoni had a lover who fought alongside him as a volunteer named Ida. Cantoni and Ida were 15 and 14 years old, respectively, when they met.

Giovagnoli worked as a journalist as a journalist. Professor of Letters in Rome in 1874, four years later he was in Venice as a teacher at Liceo Foscarini, then again in Rome. Here since 1903 he taught History of the Risorgimento at the University, and after a period of waiting by parliamentary term he closed his career as director of the faculty of the Magisterium.

Alaide Beccari was born in Padua in 1842, the only one of her parents' 12 children to survive to adulthood. Beccari's father was a civil servant in Padua, which was part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire at the time. Beccari's father was a supporter of Italian unification and joined the Risorgimento during the uprisings of 1848. When the uprising failed, he fled to Turin.

4211; cited in Aurelio Lepre, "Sui rapporti tra Mezzogiorno ed Europa nel Risorgimento", Studi Storici, Anno 10, no.3, Luglio-settembre. 1969, pp.557. Preparations were begun in Marseille to fit out the Ferdinand, a ship Bolts planned to send to the North West Coast under the Neapolitan flag, but the venture was abandoned when Bolts received a more positive response from the French government.

In the meantime Austria had fallen into a trap set by the Italian risorgimento. Piedmont, jointly ruled with Sardinia had been the site of earlier insurrections. This time they formed a secret alliance with France (Patto di Plombières), whose emperor, Napoleon III was a previous Carbonari. Piedmont then proceeded to provoke Vienna with a series of military manoeuvres, successfully triggering an ultimatum to Turin on 23 April.

Revisionism of Risorgimento is written about, albeit in different ways, by some academic authors, in most cases of non-Italian origin. The best-known example is perhaps as the British historian Denis Mack Smith, whose work focuses on the history of Italy from the Risorgimento to the present day. He graduated at Cambridge, a member of the British Academy of Wolfson College (University of Cambridge), of All Souls College (Oxford University) and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, he was a collaborator of Benedetto Croce and Grand Officer of the Order Merit of the Italian Republic. In a series of essays, Mack Smith analyzed the most prominent figures of the unification process (Garibaldi, Cavour, Mazzini) and the circumstances in which they moved. In particular, in the book "Cavour and Garibaldi" (1954), he painted portraits of the two statists, which frankly differed by the hagiographic descriptions widely diffused in Italy.

Antonelli's most famous work is the Mole Antonelliana, the symbol of Turin, named after him and begun in 1863 as a Jewish synagogue. It was completed in 1897 by the city's council as the Risorgimento Museum. The spire, demolished by a violent cloudburst accompanied by a tornado in 1953, was rebuilt in 1961 according to the original drawings. Antonelli died in 1888 and was buried in the family cemetery of Maggiora.

Emilio Morosini (1830 - 1 July 1849) was an Italian patriot who participated in the Risorgimento. Morosini was born in Varese. Educated in Fava and studying at the Gymnasium in Brera and the liceo at Porta Nuova, he became friends with Enrico Dandolo and Luciano Manara and fought in the Five Days of Milan in 1848. In 1849 he and Manara were among the defender of the Roman Republic.

Viticulture has existed in the area since the time of the Romans. In 1866, during the Risorgimento, the region was united with Italy. In the 1970s, the white wines of the region began to receive international attention due to innovations in winemaking techniques that produced fresher, more vibrant white wines. In the 1980s, winemakers in the Colli Orientali del Friuli focused on increasing the quality of their red wine production.

"Epidemiology of the Black Death and Successive Waves of Plague" by Samuel K Cohn JR. Medical History. In 1783, an earthquake devastated much of the city, and it took decades to rebuild and rekindle the cultural life of Messina. In 1847 it was one of the first cities in Italy where Risorgimento riots broke out. In 1848 it rebelled openly against the reigning Bourbons, but was heavily suppressed again.

However the opening of the Monte Generoso railway, in 1890, strengthened tourist traffic. In 1910, the Mendrisio electric tramway opened, linking a northern terminus in Riva San Vitale with Capolago, Mendrisio, Balerna and Chiasso. The section of the line in Capolago closed in 1948 and was replaced by a bus service. The town was also home to the historically important Tipografia Elvetica press, which published propaganda during the Italian Risorgimento.

Curated by Marzia Faietti.I decoratori di formazione bolognese tra Settecento e Ottocento by Mauro Tesi and Antonio Basoli; Anna Maria Matteucci Armandi Electa, 2002, page 511. Muzzi was commissioned by the marchese Gioacchino Pepoli to paint La cacciata degli austriaci da Porta Galliera l’8 agosto 1848, which depicts a battle in which the marchese participated. The canvas is now displayed in the Museum of the Risorgimento of Bologna.

Born in Racconigi into a wealthy family of Jacobin ideas, Castelli studied Law at the University of Turin, graduating in July 1835. In October of the same year he was elected, just 27 years old, Mayor of Racconigi, a position he held until 1837. From 1847 collaborated with the Turin-based newspaper Il Risorgimento, working in the political section alongside Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, the director of the newspaper.Giuseppe Talamo.

During the Risorgimento and the rise of Fascism, he was presented as a national hero and became the subject of national celebrations. Massimo D'Azeglio wrote an 1833 novel Ettore Fieramosca, in an effort to boost Italian patriotism. In 1909 and again in 1915 he was the main subject of two Italian silent films, both named Ettore Fieramosca. In 1938, during the Fascist era, Alessandro Blasetti directed a sound film Ettore Fieramosca.

The stages of Italian unification between 1829 and 1871 The Risorgimento was the era from 1848 to 1871 that saw the achievement of independence of the Italians from Austrian Habsburgs in the north and the Spanish Bourbons in the south, securing national unification. Piedmont (known as the Kingdom of Sardinia) took the lead and imposed its constitutional system on the new nation of Italy.Martin Collier. Italian Unification 1820–71 (2003).

Beethoven's third symphony was originally called "Bonaparte". In 1804 Napoleon crowned himself emperor, whereupon Beethoven rescinded the dedication. The symphony was renamed "Heroic Symphony composed to Celebrate the Memory of a Great Man". Verdi's chorus of Hebrew slaves in the opera Nabucco is a kind of rallying-cry for Italians to throw off the yoke of Austrian domination (in the north) and French domination (near Rome)—the "Risorgimento".

He became friends with Serafino De Tivoli, and joined him in painting landscapes en plein air. In 1848 he fought as a Tuscan volunteer for Garibaldi in the Risorgimento. During the 1850s he became acquainted with the artists who frequented the Caffè Michelangiolo in Florence, who would soon be known as the Macchiaioli. D'Ancona achieved success as a portrait painter, and few of his landscape paintings can be traced today.

Pelanda argues that the Risorgimento was a national and liberal project that is now in need of reinvention. His formula for this new national project identifies four transitions necessary to stave off crisis in the Italian national system: (a) from the de-nationalization of culture to positive patriotism; (b) from passive to active guarantees; (c) from weak to contributive sovereignty; and (d) from the horizontal to the vertical state.

The story is the harried attempt of a Sicilian partisan (as part of the Risorgimento) to reach Garibaldi's headquarters in Northern Italy, and to petition the revered revolutionary to rescue part of his besieged land. Along the way, the peasant hero encounters many colorful Italians, differing in class and age, and holding political opinions of every type. The film ends on the battlefield, making Italian unification a success, despite brutal losses.

The Lorraine period concluded with the Risorgimento and the end of the Grand Duchy occurred in 1859. In 1860 Montecatini came under the Province of Lucca with its headquarters in Montecatini Alto. In 1889, thanks to the international medical congress in Florence, the City commenced activity in the field of thermal medicine. In the same year, the urban project proposed and initiated by Pietro Leopoldo was extended and improved.

His most known painting The Kiss aims to portray the spirit of the Risorgimento: the man wears red, white and green, representing the Italian patriots fighting for independence from the Austro-Hungarian empire while the girl's pale blue dress signifies France, which in 1859 (the year of the painting's creation) made an alliance with the Kingdom of Piedmont and Sardinia enabling the latter to unify the many states of the Italian peninsula into the new kingdom of Italy. Hayez's three paintings on the Sicilian Vespers are an implicit protest against the foreign domination of Italy. Andrea Appiani, Domenico Induno, and Gerolamo Induno are also known for their patriotic canvases. Risorgimento was also represented by works not necessarily linked to Neoclassicism—as in the case of Giovanni Fattori who was one of the leaders of the group known as the Macchiaioli and who soon became a leading Italian plein-airist, painting landscapes, rural scenes, and military life during the Italian unification.

A prime example was the writer Alfredo Oriani, which put into question the outcome of the events of the Risorgimento in his work The political struggle in Italy (1892), which examined the conflict between federalism and unitarianism. Oriani criticized the "royal conquest" as a unilateral action to create a new state, assuming that without the support of a strong democratic movement, it would prove to be weak in its foundations. This work is considered the prototype of the first modern revisionist historiography on Italy, alternately to apologetic historiography of Savoy. Criticisms against the interpretation of the Risorgimento events were also moved by Francesco Saverio Nitti, who in his works North and South (Nord e Sud)(1900) and Italy at the dawn of the twentieth century (L'Italia all'alba del secolo XX) (1901), analyzed the consequences of the national Unity from a framework illustrating the political and economic situation in the pre-unification states.

332 However, Fortunato seconded the sovereign in the convictions against the liberals.Alfonso Scirocco, L'Italia del Risorgimento, Il Mulino, 1990, p.334 He was dismissed by Ferdinand II for not having informed him about the William Gladstone's letters, sent from Naples to the Parliament of London, defining the Kingdom as a negation of God erected to a system of government.Raffaele De Cesare, La fine di un regno (Napoli e Sicilia), S. Lapi, 1900, p.

During this time there was unrest in the towns of Menton and Roquebrune, which declared independence, hoping for annexation by Sardinia and participation in the Italian Risorgimento. The unrest continued until the ruling prince gave up his claim to the two towns (some 95% of the country), and they were ceded to France in return for four million francs. This transfer and Monaco's sovereignty was recognised by the Franco-Monegasque Treaty of 1861.

The Italian National Society () was an Italian nationalist political organization created in 1857 by Daniele Manin and Giorgio Pallavicino.Lucy Riall, The Italian Risorgimento: State, Society and National Unification (New York: Routledge, 1994), pp. 69–70. The National Society was created to promote and spread nationalism to political moderates in Piedmont and raised money, held public meetings, and produced newspapers. The National Society helped to establish a base for Italian nationalism amongst the educated middle class.

Mario Pannunzio (5 March 1910 - 10 February 1968) was an Italian journalist and politician. As a journalist he was the director in charge of the daily newspaper Risorgimento Liberale (Liberal reawakening) in the 1940s and of the weekly political magazine Il Mondo (The World) in the 1950s. As a politician he was a co-founder of the revived Italian Liberal Party in the 1940s and then of the Radical Party in 1955.

Menotti organized a revolt in Modena for 3 February 1831 but, in a brusque volte-face, Francis denied him his support, and even, from his voluntary exile in Mantua, called the help of Austria and its allies. Menotti was arrested and, after a summary process, condemned to death by hanging. The sentence was executed in the Citadel of Modena. Afterwards Menotti become the idealized figure of patriotic martyr of the Italian Risorgimento.

One is reminded of other Marian images made prior to the year 1470. Botticelli might have been influenced by Filippo Lippi's Madonna and Child with an Angel from the Hospital of the Innocents in Florence. Botticelli and the Madonna of the Book were the subject of renewed interest in the 19th century. In its "extraordinary beauty" it appealed to Italians in particular who saw in it a source of national identity, during Italian unification ("Risorgimento").

Since the beginning of the 18th century and until around 1820, Adrano suffered from enduring riots and changes taking place in Italy and particularly Sicily, as was the Risorgimento. Adrano became the main administrative town of the vicinity in 1819 and hosted the local court. Giuseppe Garibaldi landed in Sicily in 1860 and many reforms took place. On July 1, 1860, a town council was installed in Adrano, and don Lorenzo Ciancio was made chairman.

I, Milano, Vallardi, 1948, pp. 320 The Austrians were able to ward off three Sardinian attacks, inflicting heavy losses upon the attackers; at the end of the day Benedek was ordered to retreat with the rest of the Austrian army, but ignored the order and kept resisting. At 20:00 a fourth Sardinian assault finally captured the contested hills, and Benedek withdrew.Piero Pieri, Storia militare del Risorgimento; guerre e insurrezioni, Turin, Einaudi, 1962, p.

He went on to teach the history of medicine at the universities of Pisa and Florence. He was briefly named to the Italian Senate after the Risorgimento. Puccinotti wrote an influential history of - his "Storia delle Medicina" (History of Medicine) - and "Patologia induttiva preposta a nuovo organo della scienza medica", an early book on the significance of pathology to medicine. He also did some of the early research into bioelectricity in warm-blooded animals.

Robert I (Italian: Roberto I Carlo Luigi Maria di Borbone, Duca di Parma e Piacenza; 9 July 1848 - 16 November 1907) was the last sovereign Duke of Parma and Piacenza from 1854 until 1859, when the duchy was annexed to Sardinia- Piedmont during the Risorgimento. He was a member of the House of Bourbon- Parma and descended from Philip, Duke of Parma, the third son of King Philip V of Spain and Elisabeth Farnese.

In addition to Arabs the area was still inhabited by its original Greek speakers (today called Byzantine Greeks, then called Rûm i.e. 'Romans,' by the Arabs), and these Christians were then still members of the Byzantine (Greek Orthodox) church. Between the 13th century and 1451, it was under different feudal families, and then it became a possession of the bishops of Cefalù. During the Risorgimento, the patriot Salvatore Spinuzza was shot here in 1857.

Via Nazionale is a busy street in Rome from Piazza della Repubblica leading towards the Piazza Venezia. Already begun as the via Pia, named in honour of Pope Pius IX who had wanted to connect Stazione Termini to the city centre, the street was completed at the end of the 19th century through the ambition of several figures of the Risorgimento to create a "new Rome" as a capital of the unified Kingdom of Italy.

Beccari, like other Italian feminists of her generation (such as Erminia Fuà, Aurelia Cimino Folliero, Sara Nathan, Giovanna Garcea, and Adelaide Cairoli) equated women's emancipation with Italian unification politics, referring to "the woman's Risorgimento". The journal Woman gave coverage to Anna Maria Mozzoni, who fought to reform Italy's laws regulating legalized prostitution. Mozzoni and Beccari publicized the concept of the "citizen woman" and "patriot mother". Woman also promoted the causes of Josephine Butler.

She gave her portrait of Mazzini to his mother as a gift. It still hangs today in Mazzini’s house, now the Museo del Risorgimento in Genoa.See the museum's website She also painted portraits of the Cowen family in Newcastle and other political figures such as Alexandre Auguste Ledru-Rollin and Louis (or Lajos) Kossuth.See those held by Newcastle University and information in Jonathan Spain, ‘Venturi , Emilie (1819/20?–1893)’, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004.

At 17 years old she married Andrea Maffei, but they separated by mutual consent on 15 June 1846. She had a long and lasting relationship with Carlo Tenca. She is well known for the salon she hosted in via dei Tre Monasteri in Milan, known as the "". Starting in 1834 and organised by Tommaso Grossi and Massimo d'Azeglio, it attracted several well-known literati, artists, scholars, composers and pro-Risorgimento figures to meet to discuss art and literature.

Nizza e l'Italia. Mondadori editore. Milano, 1939. In 1848, Menton, along with its neighbour Roquebrune, seceded from Monaco, due at least in part to a tax imposed on lemon exports.Menton on the French Riviera (accessed April 2009) They proclaimed themselves a "free city" during the 1848 revolutions related to the Italian Risorgimento, then two years later placed themselves under the protection of the Kingdom of Sardinia where they were administered by the House of Savoy for ten years.

The regiment is also the oldest cavalry regiment of the army and the only army unit, whose anniversary commemorates a pre-Risorgimento event. The regiment earned both its Gold Medals of Military Valour in the Battle of Mondovì on 21 April 1796, when the regiment charged Napoleon's five cavalry regiments of the 1st French Cavalry Division near Bricchetto and drove them off the field. Today the regiment is the reconnaissance unit of the Cavalry Brigade "Pozzuolo del Friuli".

Its Lombardic forms are Garipald and Gairipald; in modern Italian it is Garibaldo or Garivaldo (feminine Garibalda), and gives rise to the patronymic Garibaldi, and the adjective garibaldino ("Garibaldian", meaning daring, reckless, bold). Its roots are Proto-Germanic "gairaz", or "gaizaz" (in some West-Germanic dialects "gar" or "ger") (lance, spear) and Proto-Germanic "balthaz" (bold). Today the name is used mainly in Italy, to form an ideological connection with the Risorgimento led by Giuseppe Garibaldi.

In July 1858 he met Cavour secretly at Plombières-les-Bains. This diplomatic move and resulting agreement presaged the Second War of Italian Independence of the following year, in which France was allied to the Kingdom of Sardinia against the Habsburg Empire, at that time in control of northern Italy.C. T. McIntire, England against the Papacy, 1858–1861: tories, liberals, and the overthrow of papal temporal power during the Italian Risorgimento (1983), p. 14; Internet Archive.

Ilaria Porciani, "On the Uses and Abuses of Nationalism from Below: A Few Notes on Italy", in Maarten Van Ginderachter and (eds.), Nationhood from Below: Europe in the Long Nineteenth Century (London: Palgrave Macmillan2012), p. 75: "the so-called Brigantaggio (1860–1870)". According to Marxist theoretician Nicola Zitara, social unrest, especially among the lower classes, occurred due to poor conditions, and the fact that the Risorgimento benefited in the "Mezzogiorno" only the bourgeoisie vast-land owning classes.

The parallel street is via di Prè, named after the Commenda di san Giovanni di Prè. In the middle of the street there is Vacchero square, where one can find "la Colonna infame" (made after Giulio Cesare Vacchero's will, that was protesting against the Genoa’s republic ). At the beginning of the street, there is a pedestrian side in fossatello square, where via lomellini starts and there is Giuseppe Mazzini’s native house, now assigned to a Risorgimento museum.

He was involved in the Italian-Greek committees where he came into contact with Giuseppe Garibaldi and other prominent activists in the Risorgimento. Dimitrios Kallinikos (1814–1890) was very wealthy and well-educated and together with Ioannis Ioannopoulos, Georgios Verikios and Pavlos Tavoularis published the newspaper O Rigas, the first radical newspaper from Zakynthos. He was exiled in 1851. Shortly before the Union with Greece he fell out with the Radicals and ceased participation in the movement.

According to some accounts, Positano was a follower of Giuseppe Garibaldi and participated in the Italian unification (Risorgimento). After the establishment of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, Positano joined the diplomatic branch of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Rome in 1863. He was at first a diplomatic agent in Trieste in the Austrian Empire; he later held various posts in Italian consulates, mainly in the Ottoman Empire. He served in Corfu, Malta, Algeria and Constantinople.

Risorgimento square Tunnels of Claudius The city was completely destroyed by the earthquake of 1915 has no monuments of particular interest as other locations in the region Abruzzo. Remaining sights include the Castello Orsini-Colonna, built in 1490 by Gentile Virginio Orsini; the Tunnels of Claudius (41–52 AD); the Cathedral (11th–13th centuries); the Sanctuary of Pietraquaria. The remains of the ancient Roman site of Alba Fucens are located 7 kilometers north of the city.

Scapigliatura () is the name of an artistic movement that developed in Italy after the Risorgimento period (1815–71). The movement included poets, writers, musicians, painters and sculptors. The term Scapigliatura is the Italian equivalent of the French "bohème" (bohemian), and "Scapigliato" literally means "unkempt" or "dishevelled". Most of these authors have never been translated into English, hence in most cases this entry cannot have and has no detailed references to specific sources from English books and publications.

Errera's popular biography about Daniele Manin (Manin, 1923) told a patriotic story about the 19th century President of the Venetian Republic and leader of the Risorgimento (Italian unification movement) in Venice in May 1849. Manin headed the city's desperate resistance against the occupying Austrians. In 1925, she published at least two more books, and those were followed in 1932 by two at least more, L'asino d'oro e Latre Favole di Animali di Fori and La Storia di Peter Pan.

It operated from 1830 to 1853, and acquired a particular importance as a clandestine press of the patriots of the Italian Risorgimento. The Tipografia Elvetica was founded in 1830 by the Genoese exile Alessandro Repetti and directed by Gino Daelli. Thanks to its location on Swiss territory, close to the border with the Austrian-controlled Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, it rapidly became an important point of reference for the publication of patriotic works circulated clandestinely in Italy.

Italy gained stability for the first time in the 18th century. The new territorial settlement and the accession of the peaceful Ferdinand VI of Spain allowed this peace settlement to last until the outbreak of the French Revolutionary Wars in 1792. In March 1814, Città Sant'Angelo, together with the municipalities of Penne and Castiglione, formed the setting for the first ups and downs of Carboneria of the Italian Risorgimento, where Messer Raimondo and Penna Sant'Andrea were the protagonists.

The grand Salon was converted by the Pizzardi family into a Salone del Risorgimento Italiano, with patriotic canvases depicting Charles Albert in Oporto by Antonio Puccinelli, Pier Capponi che lacera i patti imposti by Charles VIII by Alessandro Guardassoni, Cavour and Minghetti by Luigi Busi, and Napoleon III by Gaetano Belvederi. The decorative frescoes were by Gaetano Lodi. Over the past decades various government and private offices have utilized the building.Memoria di Bologna entry on palace, by Mara Casale.

He was born of Pasquale Gianniti (1889 - 1976) and Maria Camerino (1891 - 1952). In the family of origin there had been convinced supporters of the Unification of Italy, who had played an active role during the Risorgimento. In particular, the great-grandfather Pasquale Gianniti (1830 - 1884), a doctor in law, in 1857, under the Bourbon government, had been restricted to the prisons of Oriolo for subversive activityState Archives of Cosenza, Political Processes 1835/78, n. 142, vol. 1, p.

Trial of Passannante During the trial, held on March 6 and 7 1879, Passannante stated that he had acted alone. He claimed that the ideas of Risorgimento had been betrayed and that the government was indifferent to the impact on already poor people of increases in the flour tax. Passannante was sentenced to death on March 29, 1879, although capital punishment was expected only in instances of actual regicide. His sentence was commuted to life imprisonment.

Luigi Lanzi said of Olivieri that he was born to amuse others with personal ridicule, with witty sayings, with facetious paintings. They are very famous in the collections of the Piedmont with his witty caricatures following the style of Pieter van Laer and other talented Flemish painters.Storia pittorica dell'Italia dal risorgimento delle belle arti, by Luigi Antonio Lanzi, page 58. Boni says that he had a pupil, Giovanni Michele Graneri, who painted in the same style.

After the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the title of king of Two Sicilies was adopted by Ferdinand IV of Naples in 1816.Romeo R., Moments and problems of the Restoration in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1815–1820), in Southern Italy and Sicily during the Risorgimento, Naples 1963, pp. 85–96. Under Ferdinand's rule, the Kingdom of Naples and the Kingdom of Sicily were unified. He had previously been king of both Naples and Sicily.

From 1806 to 1815 Cosenza fought hard against French domination. Cruel suppressions characterised that period and in 1813 the town, a cradle of the Carbonari secret societies, saw many rebels executed. The local riots of 1821 and 1837 heralded the Risorgimento. They were followed by the uprising of 15 March 1844, which reached its climax with the “noble folly” of the Bandiera Brothers, who were executed together with some of their followers in the Vallone di Rovito in Cosenza.

He was succeeded in his offices by Philip of Mahdia. George was a polyglot and very cultured man. He founded the church of San Michele in Mazara del Vallo. Besides that and his eponymous church, George of Antioch left as an architectural monument the seven-arched Admiral's Bridge over the River Oreto by Palermo where, on May 27, 1860, Giuseppe Garibaldi's Redshirts first fought the troops of Francis II of the Two Sicilies in the Risorgimento.

The beginning of the expedition at Quarto. Sicily was merged with the Kingdom of Sardinia in 1860 following the expedition of Giuseppe Garibaldi's Mille; after the Dictatorship of Garibaldi the annexation was ratified by a popular plebiscite. The Kingdom of Sardinia became in 1861 the Kingdom of Italy, in the context of the Italian Risorgimento. However, local elites across the island systematically opposed and nullified efforts of the national government to modernize the traditional economy and political system.

He briefly served as governor of the Grand Duchy of Frankfurt and the Principality of Isenburg. In February 1814, he assumed command of the 6th German army corps and marched into Lyon on 22 March. In 1818 and 1820, he travelled to Russia and England, to carry out diplomatic missions. In 1821, during the early revolutionary of the Risorgimento, he was sent to Naples as commander of an Austrian division, and was then appointed governor of Naples.

Three of his best-known students there were , Giovanni Battista Quadrone and Canuto Borelli. In 1860, the Ministry of Public Instruction commissioned him to paint a scene of King Victor Amadeus II giving aid to the victims of the War of the Spanish Succession. The painting, completed in 1864, was exhibited at the Exposition Universelle in 1867. Carlo Goldoni Seeking Inspiration Following Italian unification, he devoted himself primarily to institutional work involving patriotic scenes from the Risorgimento period.

On that occasion the Italian Fascist government celebrated the four victims as "martyrs" of the Italian Risorgimento and heroes of the Italian irredentism in Malta. On 7 June 1986 the Sette Giugno monument was inaugurated at St George Square (Palace Square), Valletta. The Maltese Parliament declared the day to be one of the five national days of the island, on 21 March 1989, with the first official remembrance of the day occurring on 7 June 1989.

Most church lands were sold off, systems of wealth. Conservatism returned with the Congress of Vienna 1814, but it failed to eliminate The new spirit introduced by Napoleon. Many secret societies were formed to transform and unify Italy; anticlericalism was an important new element, challenging the people rule over central Italy, and the Catholic Church is major role throughout the peninsula. The ideas of liberty led to "Risorgimento" which carried implications of unification, modernization and moral reform.

Biblioteche Civiche Torinesi. Retrieved 30 May 2016 . In 1839 he went to Naples as the private secretary to the marchese Filippo Ala Ponzone, who like Arrivabene was a fervent supporter of the Risorgimento, and continued working as a journalist there. He later moved to Genoa in the company of Ala Ponzone and then to Turin in 1855 where he was one of the editors of l'Opinione and founded La Staffetta which later became La Gazzetta di Torino.

Aurelio Saliceti (Mosciano Sant'Angelo, 1804 – Turin, 1862) was an Italian politician, lawyer and patriot, affiliate of the Risorgimento. He was among the first affiliates to Young Italy. In 1848 he was appointed by the Constitutional Government as Minister for Justice, a position from which he resigned a few days later, having failed to pass his reform plans. He went to Rome to fight in favor of the Roman Republic and was later sent in exile to London.

Italian unification ( ), also known as the Risorgimento (, ; meaning "Resurgence"), was the 19th century political and social movement that resulted in the consolidation of different states of the Italian Peninsula into a single state, the Kingdom of Italy. Inspired by the rebellions in the 1820s and 1830s against the outcome of the Congress of Vienna, the unification process was precipitated by the revolutions of 1848, and reached completion in 1871, when Rome was officially designated the capital of the Kingdom of Italy. Some of the states that had been targeted for unification (terre irredente) did not join the Kingdom of Italy until 1918, after Italy defeated Austria–Hungary in World War I. For this reason, historians sometimes describe the unification period as continuing past 1871, to include activities during the late 19th century and the First World War (1915–1918), and reaching completion only with the Armistice of Villa Giusti on November 4, 1918. This more expansive definition of the unification period is the one presented, for example, at the Central Museum of the Risorgimento at the Vittoriano.

This brought her worldwide fame but also into conflict with the authorities. Otto von Bismarck ordered that the diaries covering the year 1848 be seized, and forbade their publisher Brockhaus from distributing them. Assing fled to Florence in Italy and continued her activities as an author and editor. She joined the left wing of the Risorgimento movement to unify Italy and wrote about politics in Italian and German for periodicals in each country as well as translating Italian texts into German.

From 1840 to 1850, he painted for the Pallavicini Centurioni family in Bologna. He completed the painting of the ceiling of San Sigismondo (1870) depicting the Blessed Imelda Lambertini and St Luigi Gonzaga. The church of Santa Maria degli Alemanni held the Presentation of Jesus in the Temple, while in the main altarpiece of the church of Villanova, Angiolini depicted the protector of the parish. The Museum of the Risorgimento houses his painting of the Battle of Montagnola (August 8th).

Clara Maffei e il suo salotto nel Risorgimento, Milano, Rizzoli, 2004, pp. 60-61, 113-115 On 5 September, a Saturday and the last day of the summer term, Giovanni went directly to the out of town family home at Tirano after school. A few days later there was a visit from Cesare Correnti and the patriot doctor, Romolo Griffini who briefed him on the disturbances in the city at the end of the previous week. Together they discussed a way ahead.

The Risorgimento, after an unsuccessful start in 1848 and 1849, triumphed ten years later in Lombardy, which was conquered by a Franco-Piedmontese army. In 1866 Veneto joined young Italy, thanks to Prussia's defeat of Austria. Poverty in the countryside increased emigration to the Americas, a phenomenon which subsided in the central region towards the end of the 19th century, but persisted in Veneto well into the 20th century. Industry grew rapidly, thanks to an abundance of water and literate manpower.

Lodovico Cadorin was commissioned to carry out restoration work and redecorate the interiors. The new rooms were named "Sala del Senato" (Senate Room), "Sala Greca" (Greek Room), "Sala Cinese" (Chinese room) and "Sala Orientale" (Oriental Room). In 19th century the Florian played a role in the Italian Risorgimento because the "Senate Hall" was the meeting point for a group of venetian patriots. This group had a key role in the Venetian revolution of 1848, that will see Venice temporary independent from Austria.

The carbines used by the Arditi were the Carcano Moschetto 91 and Moschetto 91 TS. The Arditi also used 37 mm and 65 mm cannons against pillboxes and fortifications. In the Museo del Risorgimento in Turin, the hall is dedicated to the resistance against Fascism. There are on display a dagger and a hand grenade belonging to the Arditi del Popolo. Due to lack of resources the first daggers were manufactured from surplus stock of the bayonets from the Vetterli rifle.

Born in Capua (Campania, then part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies), he graduated early in Literature and Philosophy, Veterinary Science and, finally, in Medicine and Surgery. In 1848 he fought in the Bourbon army against the Risorgimento riots of 1848. However, his help to wounded went against the Royal orders, and he risked to be executed for insubordination. He declared: This declaration is believed to be one of the first related to the main "help principles" of the Red Cross.

Visconti returned to neorealism once more with Rocco e i suoi fratelli (Rocco and His Brothers, 1960), the story of Southern Italians who migrate to Milan hoping to find financial stability. In 1961, he was a member of the jury at the 2nd Moscow International Film Festival. Throughout the 1960s, Visconti's films became more personal. Il Gattopardo (The Leopard, 1963) is based on Lampedusa's novel of the same name about the decline of the Sicilian aristocracy at the time of the Risorgimento.

Italy's nationalist visionary Giuseppe Mazzini promoted the notion of the "Third Rome" during the Risorgimento: "After the Rome of the emperors, after the Rome of the Popes, there will come the Rome of the people", addressing Italian unification and the establishment of Rome as the capital.Rome Seminar After the Italian unification into the Kingdom of Italy, the state was referred to as the Third Rome by some Italian figures.Christopher Duggan. The Force of Destiny: A History of Italy Since 1796.

He was a lawyer in Italy, however, casually engaged in journalism and even the editing of Diritto newspaper for a period. He also wrote works on the Adriatic sea and several articles, which were published by local and international press. Popović was a friend of Italian patriot and member of the Risorgimento, participating in the detachments of Giuseppe Garibaldi during the struggle for Italian unification. Popović also participated in the Montenegrin-Ottoman War of 1876-1878, in which he was wounded twice.

Museum of the Risorgimento, Milan The ship was to be purchased in the United States, so Garibaldi went to New York, arriving on 30 July 1850. However, the funds for buying a ship were lacking. While in New York, he stayed with various Italian friends, including some exiled revolutionaries. He attended the Masonic lodges of New York in 1850, where he met several supporters of democratic internationalism, whose minds were open to socialist thought, and to giving Freemasonry a strong anti-papal stance.

She returned to Europe in the early 1950s and starred in many French and Italian films. In 1954, she had great success in the melodrama Senso, directed by Luchino Visconti. In that film, set in mid-19th-century Venice during the Risorgimento, she played a Venetian countess torn between nationalistic feelings and an adulterous love for an officer (played by Farley Granger) of the occupying Austrian forces. In 1956, Valli decided to stop making movies, concentrating instead on the stage.

Ponte del Risorgimento; on the left, the stairs of Lungotevere Guglielmo Oberdan Lungotevere Guglielmo Oberdan is the stretch of Lungotevere that links Piazza Monte Grappa to Piazza del Fante in Rome (Italy), in the Della Vittoria quarter.Rendina-Paradisi, p. 915. The Lungotevere is dedicated to the irredentist patriot Guglielmo Oberdan from Trieste, who deserted the Austrian army and was hanged after his attempt to murder Franz Joseph I of Austria. The Lungotevere was established as per Governor resolution on December 19, 1940.

France had long stationed an army in Rome to protect the pope; it recalled the soldiers in 1870, and the Kingdom of Italy moved in, seized the remaining papal territories, and made Rome its capital city in 1871 ending the risorgimento. Italy was finally unified, but at the cost of alienating the pope and the Catholic community for a half century; the unstable situation was resolved in 1929 with the Lateran Treaties.Hayes, A Generation of Materialism, 1871–1900 (1941), p 4.

It was later part of the short-lived state of Cesare Borgia, and then part of the duchy of the della Roveres in the Marche. During the Napoleonic Wars it suffered heavy spoliations; the city had an active role in the Risorgimento. In World War I Fano was several times bombed by the Austro-Hungarian Navy. During World War II it was massively bombed by Allied airplanes due to hit the strategic railway and street bridges crossing the Metauro river.

At the end of the war Teodoro Lechi moved to Piedmont, where he was appointed General of the Army by King Carlo Alberto. For gratitude, the former Jacobin veteran delivered to the King of Sardinia the only remaining Napoleonic Eagle which survived the ritual of 1814. This eagle is now preserved inside the Museo del Risorgimento in Milan. In 1859 General Lechi returned to Milan, now an Italian city liberated from the Austrians, where he died, in 1866, at the age of 88.

Large residences were built including the Omacini and Pironi palaces. During the Risorgimento the town repelled an Austrian attack from the lake (27-28 May 1859) and was visited by Giuseppe Garibaldi in 1862. The opening of the lakeside road to the Swiss border in 1863 created favorable conditions for the arrival of factories, including silk mills. In 1927 the territory of the comune of Cannobio was extended to incorporate some small villages in the vicinity (Traffiume, Sant’Agata, San Bartolomeo).

After the war MAS-15 was installed in the Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II as part of the Museo del Risorgimento in Rome for the torpedo boat's role in the sinking of Szent István. The anniversary of the sinking, 10 June, has been celebrated by the Regia Marina, and its successor, the Marina Militare, as the official Italian Navy Day (). The wreck of Szent István was located in the mid-1970s by the Yugoslav Navy. She lies upside down at a depth of .

In the same year Guerrazzi was banished to Montepulciano for six months after writing an oration to the memory of Cosimo Del Fante — a native of Livorno who had embraced the ideals of the French Revolution and whom Guerrazzi held up as an example for the idealists of the risorgimento. While confined to Montepulciano he began work on his most famous novel, L'Assedio di Firenze - based on and greatly glorifying the life of the 16th Century Florentine soldier Francesco Ferruccio.

Caffè Mellinelli, now a pharmacy in piazza IV Novembre in Perugia. In 1883 to 1885, he labored in the painstakingly slow restoration of the few remaining antique frescoes of the Great Hall of the Palazzo del Popolo in Perugia.Palazzo del Popolo in Perugia restorations cited in Storia della pittura in Perugia e delle arti: ad essa affini dal Risorgimento sino ai Giorni Nostri (1895) by Angelo Lupattelli, page 13. He also frescoed in the Theater della Sapienza in Perugia,Teatro della Sapienza, Perugia.

At the time, the town was home to a popular trading fair, which was further boosted by Pope Martin V in 1422. During several centuries of economic prosperity, Recanati became home to prominent jurists, writers, and artists such as Lorenzo Lotto and Guercino. Recanati was occupied by Napoleonic troops in 1798. In 1831 it took part to the Risorgimento riots, and was annexed to the newly formed Kingdom of Italy in 1860 after the dissolution of most of the Papal States.

The Damned has been regarded as the first of Visconti's films described as "The German Trilogy", followed by Death in Venice (1971) and Ludwig (1973). Author Henry Bacon, in his book Visconti: Explorations of Beauty and Decay (1998), specifically categorizes these films together in a chapter "Visconti & Germany". Visconti's earlier films had analyzed Italian society during the Risorgimento and postwar periods. Peter Bondanella's Italian Cinema (2002) depicts the trilogy as a move to take a broader view of European politics and culture.

Pietro Rossi was an Italian sculptor who was active between 1856 and 1882. His reputation is overshadowed by that of his more famous Italian contemporary Giovanni Strazza (1818–1875). Little is known about Pietro Rossi’s life other than that he participated in an exhibition in the Italian city of Novara, north of Milan, in 1856. Rossi’s 1882 marble bust of a veiled lady in the Gibbes Museum of Art is a prime example of the Italian nationalist art movement called Risorgimento.

The book, set during the Italian Risorgimento, is primarily concerned with the culture of revolution and revolutionaries. Arthur, the eponymous Gadfly, embodies the tragic Romantic hero, who comes of age and returns from abandonment to discover his true state in the world and fight against the injustices of the current one. The landscape of Italy, in particular the Alps, is a pervading focus of the book, with its often lush descriptions of scenery conveying the thoughts and moods of characters.

Memphis-Misraïm was governed internationally under a Grand Hierophant from 1881 until 1923. This first of these was Giuseppe Garibaldi, the famous military leader of the Risorgimento, who had also been Grand Master of the Grand Orient of Italy. After his death, there was factionalism within the organisation, until eventually, the English freemason John Yarker emerged as Grand Hierophant in 1902. He was succeeded by Theodor Reuss in 1913 and upon his death in 1923 there was no longer an international leadership.

On 28 December 1907, he was elected vice-president of the upper house of the Senate. From 20 March 1908 until his death, he was the president of the Italian Senate, spanning three terms. Over his career, he was a member of the governing Council of the Order of Lawyers (Italian: Consiglio dell'Ordine degli Avvocati) of Piacenza, the Italian Geographical Society (Società Geografica Italiana), and the National Committee for the history of the Italian unification (Istituto per la storia del Risorgimento italiano).

The cimbasso (its name derived from 'corno basso' contra-basso pitched in CC) in its original form had a bell pointed upwards like the wider-bored tuba, the FF, EE and BB basses. Verdi disliked the wide-bore "damned Bombardoni Austriche!", not only because of the hoarse, broad tone, but also because of the Austrian origin of those wide-bore 'Bombardone-tubas'. This attitude was inspired by the hated Austrian occupation of northern Italy in the years before the Risorgimento.

At the end of the 17th century, the Arcadians began a movement to restore simplicity and classical restraint to poetry, as in Metastasio's heroic melodramas. In the 18th century, playwright Carlo Goldoni created full written plays, many portraying the middle class of his day. Pinocchio is the world's most translated non-religious book and a canonical piece of children's literature. The Romanticism coincided with some ideas of the Risorgimento, the patriotic movement that brought Italy political unity and freedom from foreign domination.

This article is about the Italian Royal Army (Regio Esercito) which participated in World War II. The Italian Royal Army was reformed in 1861 and lasted until 1946. The Royal Army started with the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) and the formation of the Kingdom of Italy (Regno d'Italia). It ended with the dissolution of the monarchy. The Royal Army was preceded by the individual armies of the various independent Italian states and was followed by the Italian Army (Esercito Italiano) of the Italian Republic (Repubblica Italiana).

The Italian Army originated as the Royal Army (Regio Esercito) which dates from the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy following the seizure of the Papal States and the unification of Italy (Risorgimento). In 1861, under the leadership of Giuseppe Garibaldi, Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy was invited to take the throne and of the newly created kingdom. Italian expeditions were dispatched to China during the Boxer Rebellion of 1900 and to Libya during the Italo-Turkish War of 1911–1912.

Caricature of the Post-Risorgimento: Italia Turrita at the centre points out to Enrico Cialdini (on the right) all her enemies around Napoleon III (turned into a tree): from the left, Pope Pius IX, Bourbons, clergy, and brigands. In the background, Garibaldi plows his farm. Italian unification is still a topic of debate. According to Massimo d'Azeglio, centuries of foreign domination created remarkable differences in Italian society, and the role of the newly formed government was to face these differences and to create a unified Italian society.

When he returned to Rome, in 1871, he exhibited some paintings that had been inspired by the Risorgimento; depicting the (five brothers who helped to liberate Rome) and soldiers returning from the Battle of Mentana. In 1875, he was one of the co- founders of the (watercolorists), together with Ettore Roesler Franz, Pio Joris and Cesare Biseo. In 1880, he went to England, to study the English landscape artists. He lived in London until 1891, and became married to Selina Haverty; daughter of an Irish historian.

From the second half of the 18th century through the 19th century, Italy went through a great deal of socio-economic changes, several foreign invasions and the turbulent Risorgimento, which resulted in the Italian unification in 1861. Thus, Italian art went through a series of minor and major changes in style. The Italian Neoclassicism was the earliest manifestation of the general period known as Neoclassicism and lasted more than the other national variants of neoclassicism. It developed in opposition to the Baroque style around c.

At the end of hostilities she did indeed extend her territory, but she came away from the peace conference dissatisfied with her reward for three and a half years' bitter warfare, having lost half a million of her noblest youth, with her economy impoverished and internal divisions more bitter than ever. That strife could not be resolved within the framework of the old parliamentary regime. The war that was to have been the climax of the Risorgimento produced the Fascist dictatorship. Something, somewhere, had gone wrong.

Focaraccio in the Madonna del Passo district of Avezzano Procession of the Madonna di Pietraquaria Every year the patronal festival lasts for three days from 25 to 27 April. On 25 April the traditional Pietraquaria Fair takes place, which is organized by the Assessorship of Productive Activities of the Avezzano municipality. There are hundreds of exhibitors and nonprofit organization along the streets of the town center. During the fair CIDEC (Italian Confederation of Dealers and Shopkeepers) organizes the local antiques street market in the central Risorgimento Square.

Alessandro Martini Alessandro Martini (16 May 1812 – 14 March 1905) was an Italian businessman, founder of one of the most important vermouth companies in the world, Martini & Rossi, which produces the Martini vermouth. In 1830 he purchased a small wine company situated very close to Turin. In 1847 several Italian businessmen started producing wine, spirits and vermouth for the Distilleria Nazionale di Spirito di Vino of Turin. Thanks to the Risorgimento, the economic prospects were bright and the organization soon began to turn a profit.

This further stimulated the development of domestic vineyards for the Venetians, who pushed even further into the hills of the Verona and the Valpolicella region. The 19th century brought a series of calamities to most wine producing regions of Italy-including the phylloxera epidemic, oidium, downy mildew and the political upheaval of the Risorgimento. According to the 1889 writings of the French wine historian Dr. C. B. Cerletti, one of the few Italian wine regions to emerge from this period relatively unscathed was Valpolicella.

At the end of hostilities she did indeed extend her territory, but she came away from the peace conference dissatisfied with her reward for three and a half years' bitter warfare, having lost half a million of her noblest youth, with her economy impoverished and internal divisions more bitter than ever. That strife could not be resolved within the framework of the old parliamentary regime. The war that was to have been the climax of the Risorgimento produced the Fascist dictatorship. Something, somewhere, had gone wrong.

Salandra boasted that the Pact of London was "the greatest, if not the first completely spontaneous act of foreign policy executed by Italy since the Risorgimento."William A. Renzi, "Italy's neutrality and entrance into the Great War: a re-examination." American Historical Review 73.5 (1968): 1414-1432. online From the standpoint of its erstwhile allies, Italy's recent success in occupying Libya as a result of the Italo-Turkish War had sparked tension with its Triple Alliance allies, who had been seeking closer relations with the Ottoman Empire.

Subsequently, on 10 November, the Marche was included in the Statuto Albertino, and then, on 17 December, it was made official with the issuance of a royal decree.Raphael Molinelli, Urbino, 1860, exhibition catalog the contribution of Urbino to the Risorgimento, STEU - Urbino 1961 The new government began the confiscation of various ecclesiastical goods, including good part of the convent of San Francisco (where a part of a botanical garden, designed by Vincenzo Ghinelli, was located), the monastery of Santa Chiara, that of San Girolamo, and many others.

The Expedition of the Thousand. After the Battle of Waterloo, the reaction set in with the Congress of Vienna allowed the restoration of many of the old rulers and systems under Austrian domination. The concept of nationalism continued strong, however, and sporadic outbreaks led by such inveterate reformers as Giuseppe Mazzini occurred in several parts of the peninsula down to 1848–49. This Risorgimento movement was brought to a successful conclusion under the guidance of Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour, prime minister of Piedmont.

"'Edizioni distrutte' and the significance of operatic choruses during the Risorgimento", in Victoria Johnson, Jane F. Fulcher, Thomas Ertman (eds), Opera and Society in Italy and France from Monteverdi to Bourdieu, pp. 181-205. Cambridge University Press. Mazzini did not try to have "Suona la tromba" officially published at that time, although in late 1848 a few copies of it were printed and circulated in Florence by the short-lived Associazione Nazionale per la Costituente Italiana (National Association for the Italian Constitution).Foletto, Angelo (7 February 1996).

In 1848–1849 he participated in the Italian Revolution, and in 1856 he fought in the Crimean War as part of an Anglo-Italian contingent. During his adventurous youth, Wolff became a partisan of the Italian Risorgimento and a champion of Italian unification. In addition to nationalist and democratic ideas, he was influenced by utopian socialist doctrines. He became an associate of Giuseppe Mazzini and served as Mazzini's secretary from 1860 to 1870. In 1860–1862, Wolff fought with Giuseppe Garibaldi's troops in several campaigns.

Beltrami was born in Cremona in Lombardy, then a part of the Austrian Empire, and now part of Italy. He began studying mathematics at University of Pavia in 1853, but was expelled from Ghislieri College in 1856 due to his political opinions—he was sympathetic with the Risorgimento. During this time he was taught and influenced by Francesco Brioschi. He had to discontinue his studies because of financial hardship and spent the next several years as a secretary working for the Lombardy–Venice railroad company.

Italian Prime Minister Zanardelli standing on a cart drawn by oxen during a visit to Basilicata in September 1902. Giuseppe Zanardelli was born in Brescia (Lombardy) on 29 October 1826. He was a combatant in the volunteer corps during the First Italian War of Independence of 1848 between the Austrian Empire and the Kingdom of Sardinia, within the era of Italian unification (Risorgimento). After the lost battle of Novara he went to Pisa to study law, and he returned to Brescia to become a barrister.

Baroque façade of Palazzo Carignano, the Museum of the Risorgimento. Parallel to Via Roma, other two popular pedestrian streets, namely Via Lagrange and Via Carlo Alberto, cross the old town from Via Po to Corso Vittorio Emanuele II. Their recent pedestrianisation has improved their original commercial vocation. In particular, Via Lagrange has recently increased the presence of luxury boutiques. This street also hosts the Egyptian Museum of Turin, home to what is regarded as one of the largest collections of Egyptian antiquities outside of Egypt.

Via Lagrange and Via Carlo Alberto cross two significant squares of the city, respectively. The former crosses Piazza Carignano, well known mainly for the undulating “concave – convex – concave” Baroque façade of Palazzo Carignano. This building used to host the Parlamento Subalpino (the “Subalpine Parliament”, Parliament of the Kingdom of Sardinia which also became the Italian Parliament for a few years, after the Italian unification) and today houses the Museum of the Risorgimento. The square also features the Teatro Carignano, a well-conserved Baroque theatre.

In 1766 he wrote Lettere inglesi where he proposes good taste in modern literature. In the enthusiasm of fine arts or Dell'entusiasmo delle belle arti, from 1769, where he exalts enthusiasm as a source of inspiration for fantasy in art according to a tendency that was pre-romantic. Among his main works is a sketch of the progress of literature, science, fine arts, industry, and customs in Italy, originally title Risorgimento negli studi, nelle, Arti e ne' Costumi dopo di Mille. In 1797 he returned to Mantua.

Scene from Lorenzo Ferrero's opera Risorgimento! given in 2011 The 19th century saw the presentation of twenty operas by Gioachino Rossini, while seven of Vincenzo Bellini's ten operas were presented in the 1830s. Works by Giuseppe Verdi and, later in 1871, the Italian premiere of Wagner's Lohengrin, dominated the theatre's repertoire as the century progressed. In fact, Bologna became the location for several other Wagner opera premieres in Italy, notably with the composer present for his Rienzi and the Parsifal premiere on 1 January 1914.

Rosario Romeo (11 October 1924 – 16 March 1987) was a leading historian of the Italian Risorgimento and of Italian modern history more generally. His best- known work is probably the wide-ranging and substantial (3 volume) biography of Cavour, of which the third volume appeared only in 1984, following a gestation period, according to at least one source, of nearly thirty years. Romeo also became a politician, sitting as a member of the Italian Republican Party in the European Parliament between 1984 and his death in 1987.

This was an important step in the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) which was to follow shortly. In 1865, Florence became for a brief period the capital of a united Italy. The Palazzo Pitti became the Italian royal palace. The new King of Italy, Victor Emmanuel II, with many palaces at his disposal and an obligation to travel across Italy in the interests of the unification, had little need for a second large palace, such as Villa del Poggio Imperiale, in such close proximity to the Palazzo Pitti.

This link with the aforementioned historical standard aims to recall the Risorgimento and the struggle for national unity. The standard currently in use was taken into orbit on board the International Space Station by astronaut Umberto Guidoni and shown during the videoconference with President Ciampi on 25 April 2001. By decree of the President of the Republic of May 17, 2001, published in the Gazzetta Ufficiale No. 11 of May 22, 2001, the distinctive standard was created for the presidents emeritus of the Republic.

This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, regarding the issue of uniting Italy in a war against the Austrian Empire. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.

Its exhibits include weapons, flags, uniforms, printed and written documents (including the original manuscript of the song Il Canto degli Italiani, dated November 10, 1847 by Goffredo Mameli, now Italian national anthem since 1946), and artworks. The new exhibition, opened on March 18, 2011, occupies about 3500 square metres across 30 rooms, and covers the real Risorgimento period, stretching from the late 18th century revolutions to the beginning of the First World War. It includes a specialized library, a prints cabinet and a documentary archive.

Storia pittorica della Italia dal risorgimento delle belle arti, Volume 2, By Luigi Lanzi, page 238 Another view of the movements of the brothers that has gained support with modern scholars is that Guillaume and Jacques remained together until the later 1640sGuillaume Courtois (Guglielmo Cortese) (St Hippolyte, Franche-Comté 1628 – 1679 Rome), Figures Dancing at Foolscap Fine Art and that Guillaume Courtois only came under the influence of da Cortona when he worked under him in 1656.Ann Sutherland Harris. Cortese. Grove Art Online. Oxford Art Online.

Otto von Bismarck's non-committal answers encouraged Napoleon III. The Second Schleswig War of 1864 had further advanced nationalist tensions in Germany, and, throughout 1865, it was clear that Prussia intended to challenge the position of the Austrian Empire within the German Confederation. Despite potentially holding the balance of power between the two, Emperor Napoleon III kept France neutral. Although he, like most of Europe, expected an Austrian victory, he could not intervene on Austria's side as that would jeopardise France's relationship with Italy post-Risorgimento.

In 1793, Roquebrune became French for the first time, changing the name from the original Roccabruna, but it was returned to Monaco in 1814. In 1804 Napoleon built a road along the coastline. This road connected the village to the rest of the Côte d'Azur, and eventually led to its merger with the smaller town of Cap-Martin. In 1848, there was a revolution related to the Italian Risorgimento, with the result that Roccabruna and Menton became free cities under the protection of the Savoy Prince.

Thus without seeming to lead, Cavour's Risorgimento offered a regimen of liberal political ideas, of constitutionalism and freedom from foreign control. From its inception, the paper advocated a constitution to be granted by Carlo Alberto of Savoy, the absolute monarch of Sardinia-Piedmont. The eventual constitution was the Statuto Albertino, which was decreed on 8 February 1848. Cavour's editorials were produced with the longer view of preparing Sardinia- Piedmont for a leading role in the coming upheavals, which came to the fore in the revolutionary events of 1848-49.

The pope at the time, Pius IX, feared that giving up power in the region could mean the persecution of Italian Catholics. Even among those who wanted to see the peninsula unified into one country, different groups could not agree on what form a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians, was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento.

An institutional referendum (, or ) was held in Italy on 2 June 1946,Dieter Nohlen & Philip Stöver (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 a key event of Italian contemporary history. Until 1946, Italy had been a kingdom ruled by the House of Savoy, kings of Italy since the Risorgimento and previously rulers of Savoy. However, Benito Mussolini imposed fascism after the 28 October 1922 March on Rome, eventually engaging Italy in World War II alongside Nazi Germany. The popular referendum resulted in voters favouring the replacement of the monarchy with a republic.

He is also well known for the drama Romanticismo, who's success was partly due to its patriotic content; it was later adapted in a film with the same name directed by Clemente Fracassi and starred by Amedeo Nazzari and Clara Calamai. In theatre Romanticismo and I disonesti found in Paola Pezzaglia an ideal interpreter. Close to verismo, his works represent the Lombard political and the bourgeoisie of the time, and show the disillusionment for the failure of the ideals of the Risorgimento. In 1910 Rovetta committed suicide, leaving an unfinished novel.

Portrait of Giuseppe Verdi by Giovanni Boldini, 1886 Giuseppe Fortunino Francesco Verdi (; 9 or 10 October 1813 – 27 January 1901) was an Italian opera composer. He was born near Busseto to a provincial family of moderate means, and developed a musical education with the help of a local patron. Verdi came to dominate the Italian opera scene after the era of Vincenzo Bellini, Gaetano Donizetti, and Gioachino Rossini, whose works significantly influenced him. In his early operas, Verdi demonstrated a sympathy with the Risorgimento movement which sought the unification of Italy.

M. Clark, The Italian Risorgimento, Routledge 2013 p. 53 A provisional government of Milan was formed and presided over by the podestà, Gabrio Casati and a council of war under Carlo Cattaneo. The Martinitt (orphanage children) worked as message runners to all parts of the town. Radetzky saw the difficulty of resisting under siege in the city centre, but while afraid of being attacked by the Piedmontese army and peasants from the countryside, he preferred to withdraw after losing control of the Porta Tosa (now Porta Vittoria) to the rebels.

Uguccione Ranieri, "Orecchioni" su Perugia. Si attendono ancora i progetti per il palazzo di Monteripido, in "La Nazione", 20 dicembre 1959., Starting in 1961, Uguccione would be sent to North America periodically by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs to hold conferences on the occasion of the first centennial of the Unification of Italy. A first series of presentations on themes from the Italian Risorgimento to the development of Italy in a century of united history took place from April to May 1961, touching eastern Canada, the Midwest, Texas and the Atlantic coast states.

Portrait of Alessandro Manzoni (1841) by Francesco Hayez The most well known writer of Risorgimento is Alessandro Manzoni, whose works are a symbol of the Italian unification, both for its patriotic message and because of his efforts in the development of the modern, unified Italian language. He is famous for the novel The Betrothed (orig. Italian: I Promessi Sposi) (1827), generally ranked among the masterpieces of world literature. Vittorio Alfieri, was the founder of a new school in the Italian drama, expressed in several occasions his suffering about the foreign domination's tyranny.

In 1830s and 1840s Molino Colombini as a poet contributed to the formation and dissemination of Risorgimento discourse. She formed the women’s section for the study of the languages of the Philological Circle. Molino Colombini cared that women were not ignorant and superficial and believed that they cannot accomplish their task as mothers in a dignified manner unless they are educated. According to Molino Colombini, the three-centuries-long slumber of Italy was caused by women’s lack of religion faith, which had made them unable to carry out their domestic priesthood.

The prince was a liberal, and he conspired in his youth against King Victor Emmanuel I of Sardinia in favour of a constitutional monarchy. This attempt failed, and he was forced into exile in France, where he continued promoting the Risorgimento. In 1848, he was allowed to return to Italy, and he became a senator of Sardinia. In Brussels on 28 September 1846, he married Countess Louise de Merode-Westerloo, daughter of Count Werner de Merode (of the princely house of Rubempré) by his wife, Countess Victoire de Spangen d'Uyternesse.

A man with a mule transporting bundles of wood at Bridge Vineyard. Although a small town and then very poor, Esino participated in the Risorgimento movement (Italian reunification). At the news of the revolt in Milan in 1848, a group came from Lecco and joined volunteers in the Esino Lario to come to the aid of the Milanese in their Five Days Rebellion. The first 50 years of the Kingdom of Italy were of economical crisis: wood was no longer required for the coal needed for melting furnaces, and could only be sold afar.

He will forever be known as an incompetent general due to the part he played when asked to arrange for an army to arrive from Paris to aid a rising; it transpired that he had gambled away his money and that no help would be forthcoming.The risorgimento: Italy 1815-71 by Tim Chapman. Pg 28 In the revolutions, he took charge of a Piedmontese division. In 1849 he was accused of disobeying orders before the Battle of Novara, whose outcome sounded the death knell for the Italian revolutions.

Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi in Plaza Italia The Monument to Giuseppe Garibaldi is an equestrian sculpture featuring Giuseppe Garibaldi, located on Plaza Italia, in the Palermo neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) was an Italian military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. He then contributed to the independence of Uruguay, leading the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento.

This situation continued until the 18th century, when Sicily was ruled by the Austrian Empire. Then, in the late 18th and early 19th century, it was part of the Kingdom of Sicily, ruled from Naples (this kingdom changed its name to the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies). Finally, after the Risorgimento it was unified with the rest of Italy, as it is today. As head of the House of Alba, the title is currently held by Carlos Fitz-James Stuart, 19th Duke of Alba, who is the 22nd Count of Modica.

1862 oil painting of the attentat d'Orsini The Orsini affair comprised the diplomatic, political and legal consequences of the "Orsini attempt" (): the attempt made on 14 January 1858 by Felice Orsini, with other Italian nationalists and backed by English radicals, to assassinate Napoleon III in Paris. In the United Kingdom the Palmerston government fell within a month; and some related trials of radicals ended without convictions, as British public opinion reacted against French pressure. After the assassination attempt, Cavour in Italy was able to make France his ally during the Risorgimento.

The French Bourbon dynasty took over in 1815, establishing the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and ruled until Italian unification (also known as the Risorgimento) in 1860. Until 1963, Abruzzo was part of the combined Abruzzi e Molise region. The term Abruzzi (plural of Abruzzo) derives from the time when the region was part of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. The territory was administered as Abruzzo Citeriore (nearer Abruzzo) and Abruzzo Ulteriore I and II (farther Abruzzo I and II) from Naples, the capital of the kingdom.

Lothair (1870) was a late novel by Benjamin Disraeli, the first he wrote after his first term as Prime Minister. It deals with the comparative merits of the Catholic and Anglican churches as heirs of Judaism, and with the topical question of Italian unification. Though Lothair was a hugely popular work among 19th century readers, it now to some extent lies in the shadow of the same author's Coningsby and Sybil. Lothair reflects anti-Catholicism of the sort that was popular in Britain, and which fueled support for Italian unification ("Risorgimento").

The roots of the Persian risorgimento under the Safavids (1502—1722) go deep into this preparatory period. " Aq Qoyunlu dynasty, also known as the White Sheep Turkomans, and generally considered to be its strongest ruler.V. Minorsky, "The Aq-qoyunlu and Land Reforms (Turkmenica, 11)", Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 17 (1955), pp. 449-462: "There still remain many interesting and important problems connected with the emergence in the 14th century of the Turkman federations of the Qara-qoyunlu (780-874/1378-1469) and Aq-qoyunlu (780-908/1378-1502).

Royal Museum of the Armed Forces, Brussels Jules Marie Deluen (1849–1918) in Papal Zouave uniform in Nantes, France John Surratt in Papal Zouave uniform in Nantes, France, ca. 1866–1867 Douwe and Matthijs Walta from Workum, two Dutch Zouaves serving under Pope Pius IX in 1870. The ' were mainly young men, unmarried and Roman Catholic, who volunteered to assist Pope Pius IX in his struggle against the Italian unificationist Risorgimento. They wore a similar style of uniform to that of the French Zouaves but in grey with red trim.

In 1768, Ferdinand I expelled Jesuits and the curriculum was modernized. In 1831, the university was closed by Marie Louise due to students protests, and it was reopened only in 1854 by Louise Marie. The university consisted of the faculties of theology, law, medicine, physics and mathematics, philosophy and literature and schools of obstetrics, pharmacy and veterinary medicine. After Risorgimento, there were too many universities in Italy, so they were divided into two grades; in 1862, the University of Parma was declared grade B, its financing was reduced and the quality of education degraded.

Despite Alfieri's increasingly anti-French sentiments, he was honored when the French army arrived in Italy and Napoleon himself attended a performance of Alfieri's Virginia, a play set in ancient Rome in which the people demand liberty and rise to overthrow a tyrant. Alfieri's ideas continued to influence Italian liberals and republicans such as Piero Gobetti throughout the Risorgimento and well into the twentieth century. He spent the concluding years of his life studying Greek literature and perfecting a series of comedies. His labor on this subject exhausted his strength and made him ill.

Franchi was born into the well-to-do Livorno family of Cesare Franchi, a merchant, and his wife Iginia Rugani. Franchi learned from her father, a follower of Giuseppe Mazzini, to love the Risorgimento heroes, those who were part of the popular movement to consolidate the independent states on the Italian peninsula into the single entity to form a new Kingdom of Italy. Her education included the study of the classics and music. A passionate pianist, she began taking lessons from a young and established composer from her hometown, violist Ettore Martini, starting in 1881.

From 8 February 1799 to 9 May 1799, the city was self-governed and it joined the ideals spread by the French Revolution. On 9 May, Sanfedisti reached Altamura, and after a battle on the city walls, the rule of the Kingdom of Naples was restored in Altamura too. During the Risorgimento (19th century), Altamura was the seat of the Insurrection Bari Committee and, after the unification, the provisional capital of Apulia. During World War II, the transit camp known as P.G. 51 was located at Villa Serena in Altamura.

Indeed, even after the unification of Italy and the establishment of a single Kingdom of Italy in 1861, many Italians believed the Risorgimento had not yet been complete, as the Austrian Empire still possessed several Italian-speaking territories, most notably Venice. Terribile would be the first Italian ironclad to be commissioned into the Regia Marina, joining the fleet in September 1861. She was soon followed by her sister ship Formidabile, which was commissioned in May 1862, the same month that Austria's first ironclad, , would be commissioned into the Imperial Austrian Navy.

The film also defined Magni's style, namely a commedia all'italiana mainly centred on Rome and its history, particularly the epoch between the Papal States and the Risorgimento. In 1977 Magni achieved critical recognition with In nome del Papa Re, which also gave him his first David di Donatello Award. He received a second David di Donatello in 1995, for the screenplay of Nemici d'infanzia, and a special David di Donatello Lifetime Career Award in 2008. In 1991 he was a member of the jury at the 17th Moscow International Film Festival.

It was placed there by the government in 1425 in gratitude to the great preacher, a native Sienese, for his sermons aimed at quelling social and political factionalism and unrest. Palazzo Pubblico's Christogram Room of the Risorgimento. Palazzo Pubblico in Siena and the Clock tower The campanile or bell tower, Torre del Mangia, was built between 1325 and 1344; its crown was designed by the painter Lippo Memmi. The tower was designed to be taller than the tower in neighboring rival Florence; at the time it was the tallest structure in Italy.

Italy and its colonial possessions in 1914. In the Mediterranean, Italy's relations with Greece were aggravated when Italy occupied the Greek-populated Dodecanese Islands, including Rhodes, from 1912 to 1914. These islands had been formerly controlled by the Ottoman Empire. Italy and Greece were also in open rivalry over the desire to occupy Albania.Bosworth (1983), pp 112–114 King Victor Emmanuel III himself was uneasy about Italy pursuing distant colonial adventures and said that Italy should prepare to take back Italian-populated land from Austria-Hungary as the "completion of the Risorgimento".

He made a monument for the fallen set up in Viggiù in 1919, another for Gallarate (set up in 1924) in Piazza Risorgimento, and finally one in Varese (1925). Statue of Giuseppe Verdi (1913, Piazza Buonarroti, Milan) Also he was the author of the memorial to the founder of the Saint-Petersburg circus - Ciniselli Gaetano (1815-1881), who died in Russia. Among his public monuments are statues of Generale Sirtori in the public gardens of Milan. And the statue of the Unity of Italy for the Vittoriano in Rome.

Italy’s first capital after the Risorgimento ended in the 1870s, Turin was in the midst of rapid industrialization during the period of The Organizer, although the film unfolds some years before the growth of the industry. Populating his densely inhabited film with actual workers, Monicelli was attempting, three years before The Battle of Algiers (1966), to create a sort of neorealist period piece; using a strategy that would subsequently be seen in Bonnie and Clyde (1967), The Organizer opens with a montage of historical photographs that skillfully segues into contemporary facsimiles.

Later that year the Mussolini government fell. Pannunzio joined with Leo Longanesi to compose the editorial which appeared in Il Messaggero on 26/27 July 1943, celebrating the return of liberty. During the German occupation of Rome (which began on 8 September 1943), Pannunzio formed a clandestine liberal grouping with like minded friends in the city, "the Italian liberal movement". The mouthpiece of the movement, "Risorgimento Liberale"("Liberal Re-awakening") was a notionally daily newspaper, published at irregular intervals during the second half of 1943 and thereafter till the liberation of Rome (4 June 1944).

After the brief period of French rule, Mantua returned to Austria in 1814, becoming one of the Quadrilatero fortress cities in northern Italy. Under the Congress of Vienna (1815), Mantua became a province in the Austrian Empire's Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia. Agitation against Austria, however, culminated in a revolt which lasted from 1851 to 1855, but it was finally suppressed by the Austrian army. One of the most famous episodes of the Italian Risorgimento took place in the valley of the Belfiore, where a group of rebels was hanged by the Austrians.

In the mid-nineteenth century, the "New Piagnoni" found inspiration in the friar's writings and sermons for the Italian national awakening known as the Risorgimento. By emphasising his political activism over his puritanism and cultural conservatism they restored Savonarola's voice for radical political change. The venerable Counter Reformation icon ceded to the fiery Renaissance reformer. This somewhat anachronistic image, fortified by much new scholarship, informed the major new biography by Pasquale Villari, who regarded Savonarola's preaching against Medici despotism as the model for the Italian struggle for liberty and national unification.

The First Italian War of Independence () was part of the Italian unification or Risorgimento. It was fought by the Kingdom of Sardinia (Piedmont) and Italian volunteers against the Austrian Empire and other conservative states from 23 March 1848 to 22 August 1849 in the Italian peninsula. The conflict was preceded by the outbreak of the Sicilian revolution of 1848 against the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. It was precipitated by riots in the cities of Milan (Five Days) and Venice, which rebelled against Austria and established their own governments.

In this situation, Pope Pius IX gave the address Non semel ("Not once") to the Papal consistory on 29 April 1848, in which he disavowed his army's invasion of the Veneto. The change of position resulted from the impossibility of fighting a major Catholic power like Austria. Pius feared the possibility of a schism with the Austrian Catholics, declaring, "We have learnt also that some enemies of the Catholic religion have taken this opportunity to inflame the minds of the Germans against the unity of this Holy See."Lucio Villari, Il Risorgimento, vol.

Giuseppe Garibaldi made his first contributions to the cause of Risorgimento during the First Italian War of Independence. The expulsion of the Austrians from Bologna on 8 August 1848, as painted by Antonio Muzzi (1815–1894). Having been sent away by Minister of War Antonio Franzini at the beginning of July 1848 as mentioned above, Giuseppe Garibaldi put himself at the disposal of the provisional government of Milan. He managed to form a volunteer corps of 5000 men and on 30 July 1848, he entered Bergamo with them.

Following the Fall of the Fascist regime, 1943, Domenico Bartoli was a co-founder with Mario Pannunzio (and others) of a new Rome-based daily newspaper, the Risorgimento Liberale. The early years were difficult: after the events of 8 September 1943, which ushered in a partition of Italy, it became necessary to print the paper clandestinely. Only after allied troops liberated Rome on 4 June 1944 did regular daily publication resume. Still with the Corriere, between 1951 and 1956 he was based in London as the paper's correspondent there.

Italian Jews had one of the highest rates of integration in mixed marriages in the diaspora. Jews fervently supported the Risorgimento, identified as Italian nationalists, proved valiant as soldiers in World War I, and, in terms of their relatively small numerical presence within the general population, they later went on to form a disproportionate part of the Fascist Party from its beginnings down to 1938.Stanley G. Payne, A History of Fascism, 1914–1945 , University of Wisconsin Press, 1996 pp.239-240.R. J. B. Bosworth,Mussolini, Bloomsbury Publishing, Rev.ed. 2014 pp.123f.

Hayez also reinvents Santo Stefano in a Roman-Gothic form, obscured by baroque additions by Hayez's time, an (albeit imaginative) reconstruction of the church's earlier appearance and probably intended as a response to the concept of 'in style' restoration, that is, restoring a building's absolute initial appearance without later additions - the main proponent of such restoration was Eugène Viollet-le-Duc). It also draws on the ideological ferments of the early 19th century, opaquely but decisively dressing Risorgimento ideas in a glorification of the "myth of the Carbonara youth".

The inhabitants opened their gates and Corrado was beheaded in 1441 in the castle of Soriano. Henceforth Foligno belonged to the Papal States until 1860, with the exception of the Napoleonic era, when it was part of the Roman Republic (1799) then of the Kingdom of Italy (1809‑1814). The citizens took an active part in the Risorgimento wars, and on 14 September 1860 Savoy troops took the city and annexed it to the Kingdom of Italy. It has suffered from several major earthquakes, among which those of 1832 and 1997.

The Turin metropolitan area is estimated by the OECD to have a population of 2.2 million. The city used to be a major European political centre. From 1563, it was the capital of the Duchy of Savoy, then of the Kingdom of Sardinia ruled by the House of Savoy, and the first capital of the Kingdom of Italy from 1861 to 1865. Turin is sometimes called "the cradle of Italian liberty" for having been the birthplace and home of notable individuals who contributed to the Risorgimento, such as Cavour.

The Leopard ( ) is a novel by Giuseppe Tomasi di Lampedusa that chronicles the changes in Sicilian life and society during the Risorgimento. Published posthumously in 1958 by Feltrinelli, after two rejections by the leading Italian publishing houses Mondadori and Einaudi, it became the top-selling novel in Italian history and is considered one of the most important novels in modern Italian literature. In 1959, it won Italy's highest award for fiction, the Strega Prize. In 2012, The Observer named it as one of "the 10 best historical novels".

These countries seeking to attain great power status were: Italy after the Risorgimento era, Japan during the Meiji era, and the United States after its civil war. By 1900, the balance of world power had changed substantially since the Congress of Vienna. The Eight-Nation Alliance was a belligerent alliance of eight nations against the Boxer Rebellion in China. It formed in 1900 and consisted of the five Congress powers plus Italy, Japan, and the United States, representing the great powers at the beginning of the 20th century.

Map of Venetian Corfu by Christoph Weigel in 1720, when the Corfiot Italians were the majority in the capital (Città di Corfu) Corfiot Italians (or "Corfiote Italians") are a population from the Greek island of Corfu (Kerkyra) with ethnic and linguistic ties to the Republic of Venice. Their name was specifically established by Niccolò Tommaseo during the Italian Risorgimento. During the first half of the 20th century, Mussolini (whose fascist regime promoted the ideals of Italian irredentism) successfully used the Corfiot Italians as a pretext to occupy Corfu twice.

The Capture of Rome () on September 20, 1870, was the final event of the long process of Italian unification also known as the Risorgimento, marking both the final defeat of the Papal States under Pope Pius IX and the unification of the Italian peninsula under King Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy. The capture of Rome ended the approximate 1,116-year reign (AD 754 to 1870) of the Papal States under the Holy See and is today widely memorialized throughout Italy with the Via XX Settembre street name in virtually every considerable town.

His literary output can be understood in the context of the anti-clerical tendencies during the Risorgimento and the fall of the Papal States. During this period, a part of the Italian intelligentsia entertained the idea of returning to paganism as a viable way forward. Musmeci adopted the pen name ignis, which is Latin for "fire", because he regarded himself as a creative spark that would help to revive the Roman mores and religion. He spelled the name with a lower case I to signify that he only was one of many such sparks.

The villa was built for Pope Julius III, for whom it was named. It remained in papal property until 1870, when, in the wake of the Risorgimento and the demise of the Papal States, it became the property of the Kingdom of Italy. The museum was founded in 1889 as part of the same nationalistic movement, with the aim of collecting together all the pre-Roman antiquities of Latium, southern Etruria and Umbria belonging to the Etruscan and Faliscan civilizations, and has been housed in the villa since the beginning of the 20th century.

Given Paravia's personal history, his enthusiastic adhesion to the sentiments of the Italian Risorgimento and his explicit affirmations of nationality (he wrote "No one can be a great writer without being a national writer, without representing, that is, in his writings his proper nation, his proper era."),I. Tacconi, "Pier Alessandro Paravia", p. 347 until recently his nationality was not in question. In present-day Croatia, however, his surname is occasionally found transliterated as Paravija, his explicit choice of nationality is regularly omitted, and he is simply indicated as having been born in Zadar.

In the years between 1770 and 1790, several areas around the city were reclaimed. Leopold II, in the 19th century, continued the works of environmental and economic improvement: the Montebamboli lignite mine and that of alum in Montioni, were reopened and Massa returned to be a mining town. Massa actively participated in the Risorgimento movements that led to the unification of Italy. Giuseppe Garibaldi himself went to Massa Marittima, and later became an honorary citizen; some young Massetans helped him to reach Cala Martina to embark at Porto Venere in September 1849.

Since 2004 she has been editor of the journal European History Quarterly. Among her many prestigious awards are a Visiting Professorship at the Ecole Normale Superieure in Paris and a Senior Fellowship at the University of Freiburg's Institute of Advanced Study. One of the leading experts on modern Italy, Riall has written on nineteenth-century state-formation and nationalism in Italy and Sicily. Several of her books treat the history of the Risorgimento; Garibaldi: Invention of a Hero (2007) examined the popular cult of Giuseppe Garibaldi as a global cultural phenomenon.

Nicola Gabrini (1313 8 October 1354), commonly known as Cola di Rienzo () or Rienzi, was an Italian medieval politician and popular leader, who styled himself as "tribune of the Roman people". For his demagogic rhetoric, popular appeal and anti-establishment (as nobility) sentiment, some sources considered him an earlier populist and proto-fascist figure. Having advocated the abolition of Papal power and the Unification of Italy, Cola re-emerged in the 19th century as a romantic figure among leaders of liberal nationalism and adopted as a precursor of the 19th century Risorgimento.

Monumento a Giuseppe Garibaldi in Plaza Italia The Monumento a Giuseppe Garibaldi is an equestrian sculpture featuring Giuseppe Garibaldi, located on Plaza Italia, a landmark in the Palermo neighbourhood of Buenos Aires, Argentina. Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) was an Italian military and political figure. In his twenties, he joined the Carbonari Italian patriot revolutionaries, and had to flee Italy after a failed insurrection. He then led the Italian Legion in the Uruguayan Civil War, and afterwards returned to Italy as a commander in the conflicts of the Risorgimento.

The first criticism of the hagiographic reconstructions came by the same liberal leaders, who had enthusiastically promoted any political activity that would have contributed to the national cause. Among the main targets, there were contentious politics of the new centralized unitary state, defined negatively by the neologism of "piemontesizzazione" (homologation to Piedmont). Parallel to the abovementioned political and ideal dispute, across the late 19th century began to appear the first historiographical contributions alternative to the mainstream historiography on the Italian Risorgimento. These works furnished the substrate on which the later revisionist theories were built.

Set during Italian Risorgimento of 1860, Francesca Fairbourn arrives in Italy after she becomes an orphan to live with her mother's family. Her aristocratic Italian mother and English father had eloped which resulted in her getting disowned by her family. Francesca's mother died during her birth which left Francesca's father to raise her all alone. When she left school at 18 she lost her father and was in desperate situation until her dashing young cousin Andrea del Tarconti rescues her and sends her to Italy to the aristocratic home of Tarconti Castle.

The Pavia Brigade originated during the Risorgimento on 1 March 1860, and was formed of the 27th and 28th Infantry Regiments. The Brigade participated in the Third Italian Independence War (1866), the First Italo-Ethiopian War (1896) and the First World War, when it was awarded the . In 1926 it became the XVII Pavia Infantry Brigade and in August 1939 became the 17th Pavia Division (reinforced with the 26th Artillery Regiment ). Until 1939, the headquarters of the Division were in Ravenna, while the 27th Regiment had its barracks in Cesena.

Work by Philip Gossett on choruses of the 1840s also suggests that recent revisionist approaches to Verdi and the Risorgimento may have gone too far in their thorough dismissal of the political significance of "Va, pensiero". On 27 January 1981 the journalist and creative writer proposed replacing Italy's national anthem with "Va, pensiero" in a letter published by Indro Montanelli in his daily newspaper Il Giornale. The proposal was widely discussed for some time and then abandoned until 2009, when Senator Umberto Bossi took it up again, but to no effect.

The Cispadane and Transpadana republics merged a few months later to form the Cisalpine Republic, whose Grand Council, on 11 May 1798, adopted a tricolour flag in vertical bands with no crests, emblems or letters. Later the green, white and red flag was adopted by two other Napoleonic states, the Italian Republic and the subsequent Kingdom of Italy. After the Napoleonic era, the Tricolour became a symbol of the Risorgimento struggle. It was in fact adopted by the Cittadella of Alessandria during the revolutions of 1820 and by the Roman Republic in 1849.

In 1925, the PNF declared that Italy's Fascist state was to be totalitarian. The term "totalitarian" had initially been used as a pejorative accusation by Italy's liberal opposition that denounced the Fascist movement for seeking to create a total dictatorship. However, the Fascists responded by accepting that they were totalitarian, but presented totalitarianism from a positive viewpoint. Mussolini described totalitarianism as seeking to forge an authoritarian national state that would be capable of completing Risorgimento of the Italia Irredenta, forge a powerful modern Italy and create a new kind of citizen – politically active Fascist Italians.

Importantly, Fascism's recognition of monarchy provided Fascism with a sense of historical continuity and legitimacy. The Fascists publicly identified King Victor Emmanuel II, the first King of a reunited Italy who had initiated the Risorgimento, along with other historic Italian figures such as Gaius Marius, Julius Caesar, Giuseppe Mazzini, Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour, Giuseppe Garibaldi and others, for being within a tradition of dictatorship in Italy that the Fascists declared that they emulated.Christopher Duggan. Fascist Voices: An Intimate History of Mussolini's Italy. Oxford, England, UK: Oxford University Press, P. 76.

Wine expert Hugh Johnson noted that the relationship that Ricasoli describes between Sangiovese and Canaiolo has some parallels to how Cabernet Sauvignon is softened by the fruit of Merlot in the traditional Bordeaux style blend. Ricasoli continued with his winemaking endeavors until 1848 when his wife died. Stricken by grief, he had little desire for his vineyards or his wine. During this time the tides of the Risorgimento were growing stronger and Ricasoli found himself in the political arena which would eventually lead to him becoming the Prime Minister of Italy.

Castel Nuovo (English: "New Castle"), often called Maschio Angioino (Italian: "Angevin Keep"), is a medieval castle located in front of Piazza Municipio and the city hall (Palazzo San Giacomo) in central Naples, Campania, Italy. Its scenic location and imposing size makes the castle, first erected in 1279, one of the main architectural landmarks of the city. It was a royal seat for kings of Naples, Aragon and Spain until 1815. It is the headquarters of Neapolitan Society of Homeland History and of the Naples Committee of the Institute for the History of the Italian Risorgimento.

Giacinto Provana di Collegno (Turin, 1793 – Baveno, 1856) was an Italian patriot of the Risorgimento period, a friend of Giuseppe Garibaldi. Trained as a geologist, he became a Piedmontese politician and in July 1848 he was appointed Minister of War in the Casati government. Collegno fought during the Napoleonic Wars, reaching the rank of colonel in an engineering unit. Following his exile from Italy he joined his friend count Annibale Santorre di Rossi de Pomarolo, Count of Santarosa to Greece where they fought in the Greek War of Independence.

Silvio Arrivabene Valenti Gonzaga (5 December 1844 – 11 March 1913) was an Italian agronomist and politician. He was born in Mantua to an ancient noble family, many of whose members were active in the Italian Risorgimento, including his father , his great-uncle Giovanni Arrivabene, and his uncle Opprandino Arrivabene. During the war for Italian independence, he served in Garibaldi's army and received the Medal of Military Valor for his actions during the siege of Capua. He later served in the Italian Chamber of Deputies from 1890 to 1892 and was made a Senator in 1900.

Trasformismo refers to the method of making a flexible centrist coalition of government which isolated the extremes of the left and the right in Italian politics after the unification and before the rise of Benito Mussolini and Fascism. The policy was embraced by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour and the Historical Right upon Italian unification and carried over into the post- Risorgimento liberal state.Denis Mack Smith, "Cavour and Parliament" Cambridge Historical Journal 13#1 (1957): 37-57Denis Mack Smith, Cavour (1985). Agostino Depretis, the Prime Minister in 1883 who was a member of the Left continued the process.

In 1828, Leopardi returned to lyric poetry with Il Risorgimento ("Resurgence"). The poem is essentially a history of the spiritual development of the poet from the day in which he came to believe that every pulse of life had died out in his soul to the moment in which the lyrical and the sentimental were reawakened in him. A strange torpor had rendered him apathetic, indifferent to suffering, to love, to desire, and to hope. Life had seemed desolate to him until the ice began to melt and the soul, reawakening, finally felt the revivification of the ancient illusions.

Ruggiero Settimo was born in Palermo, Sicily. He was one of the most important leaders of the Sicilian revolution of independence of 1848, after which he was effective head of state of an independent Sicily for 16 months that replaced the Bourbon Two Sicilies. Once the rebellion was put down by King Ferdinand II's army, Settimo escaped to Malta, where he lived the next twelve years in exile. Following the success of the Risorgimento movement during 1860 and 1861, Settimo was elected as President of the Senate of the newly created Parliament of the Kingdom of Italy, serving until his death.

From the deposition of Napoleon I (1814) until the Italian Unification (1861), there was no Italian monarch claiming the overarching title. The Risorgimento successfully established a dynasty, the House of Savoy, over the whole peninsula, uniting the kingdoms of Sardinia and the Two Sicilies to form the modern Kingdom of Italy. The monarchy was superseded by the Italian Republic, after a constitutional referendum was held on 2 June 1946, after World War II.Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 The Italian monarchy formally ended on 12 June of that year, and Umberto II left the country.

Painting "Viva Verdi" slogans Having achieved some fame and prosperity, Verdi began in 1859 to take an active interest in Italian politics. His early commitment to the Risorgimento movement is difficult to estimate accurately; in the words of the music historian Philip Gossett "myths intensifying and exaggerating [such] sentiment began circulating" during the nineteenth century. An example is the claim that when the "Va, pensiero" chorus in Nabucco was first sung in Milan, the audience, responding with nationalistic fervour, demanded an encore. As encores were expressly forbidden by the government at the time, such a gesture would have been extremely significant.

After Italy was unified in 1861, many of Verdi's early operas were increasingly re-interpreted as Risorgimento works with hidden Revolutionary messages that perhaps had not been originally intended by either the composer or his librettists. In 1859, Verdi was elected as a member of the new provincial council, and was appointed to head a group of five who would meet with King Vittorio Emanuele II in Turin. They were enthusiastically greeted along the way and in Turin Verdi himself received much of the publicity. On 17 October Verdi met with Cavour, the architect of the initial stages of Italian unification.

Two external factors had their impacts on Verdi's compositions of this period. One is that with increasing reputation and financial security he no longer needed to commit himself to the productive treadmill, had more freedom to choose his own subjects, and had more time to develop them according to his own ideas. In the years 1849 to 1859 he wrote eight new operas, compared with fourteen in the previous ten years. Another factor was the changed political situation; the failure of the 1848 revolutions led both to some diminution of the Risorgimento ethos (at least initially) and a significant increase in theatre censorship.

Risorgimento! (2011) by Lorenzo Ferrero. Verdi, one of the characters in the opera, stands just left of centre. Three Italian conservatories, the Milan Conservatory"Storia", Milan Conservatory website, accessed 27 June 2015. and those in TurinConservatorio Statale di Musica Giuseppe Verdi, Torino website, accessed 27 June 2015 and Como,Conservatorio di musica "Giuseppe Verdi" of Como website, accessed 27 June 2015 are named after Verdi, as are many Italian theatres. Verdi's hometown of Busseto displays Luigi Secchi's statue of a seated Verdi in 1913, next to the Teatro Verdi built in his honour in the 1850s.

Garibaldi and Cavour making Italy in a satirical cartoon of 1861 Morale was of course badly weakened, but the dream of Risorgimento did not die. Instead, the Italian patriots learned some lessons that made them much more effective at the next opportunity in 1860. Military weakness was glaring, as the small Italian states were completely outmatched by France and Austria. France was a potential ally, and the patriots realized they had to focus all their attention on expelling Austria first, with a willingness to give the French whatever they wanted in return for essential military intervention.

Mourning Italia turrita on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri by Antonio Canova The Kiss (1859) by Francesco Hayez In art, this period was characterised by the Neoclassicism that draws inspiration from the "classical" art and culture of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome. The main Italian sculptor was Antonio Canova who became famous for his marble sculptures that delicately rendered nude flesh. The mourning Italia turrita on the tomb to Vittorio Alfieri is one of the main works of Risorgimento by Canova. Francesco Hayez was another remarkable artist of this period whose works often contain allegories about Italian unification.

Device (emblem) of the Accademia della Crusca (Academy of Chaff) depicting a sieve straining out corrupt words and structures (as wheat is separated from chaff) Agnolo Monosini (Pratovecchio 1568 – Florence 1626) was an Italian scholar and cleric of the 16th and 17th centuries, who played a key role in the development of the Italian language two hundred years prior to the risorgimento. He was a native of Pratovecchio and studied with the Accademia della Crusca in Florence, where he contributed to its first Vocabolario della lingua italiana, published in 1623, in particular adding an index of Greek words.

In his key work, Floris Italicae linguae libri novem (The Flower of Italian Language in a nine books) published in 1604, he collected many vernacular Italian proverbs and idioms, and compared and contrasted them with Greek and Latin. Floris Italicae particularly concentrated on proverbs and language from Tuscany and the high Maremma, and thus included many aspects of the ‘vulgar’ vernacular language which were to become part of the official Italian language at the time of the Risorgimento. Floris Italicae was re- publishedPignatti, F; Monosini, A. (2011). Etimologia e proverbio nell'Italia del XVII secolo - Floris italicae linguae libri novem, Rome: Vecchiarelli Editore.

Santa Maria Maggiore is a comune (municipality) in the Province of Verbano- Cusio-Ossola in the Italian region Piedmont, located about northeast of Turin and about north of Verbania, on the border with Switzerland. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 1,236 and an area of .All demographics and other statistics: Italian statistical institute Istat. Santa Maria Maggiore 1928 Casa Farina located in Via Gian Maria Farina Piazza Risorgimento with the ex seat of the municipality Santa Maria Maggiore borders the following municipalities: Campo (Vallemaggia) (Switzerland), Craveggia, Druogno, Malesco, Masera, Montecrestese, Toceno, Trontano, Vergeletto (Switzerland).

Karl Schapper was important for several reasons: As a communist of working-class background, he was one of the pioneers of the labour movement in Germany. As a member of Young Germany, he was one of the most important links between the German 'Vormärz' and the Italian Risorgimento. As a member of the League of the Just, Schapper helped forge links between German socialists and the radical French communist and Blanquist groups of the 1830s and '40s. In the Communist League, Schapper helped pave the way from the utopian communism of Weitling to the 'scientific socialism' of Marx and Engels.

Il Risorgimento – Enciclopedia Treccani After the Italian defeat in the Battle of Custoza, Depretis insisted with admiral Carlo Persano on the attack against the island of Lissa, as a revenge for Custoza. But he also refused to give to admiral Persano detailed orders about the expedition in the Adriatic Sea against the fleet led by Wilhelm von Tegetthoff. However the Italian Royal Navy was soundly defeated. To quell the public outcry after the two defeats, Depretis called for process Persano, who was judged by the Italian Senate, condemned for incompetence in 1867 and cashiered from duty.

Italian irredentism was not a formal organization but rather an opinion movement, advocated by several different groups, claiming that Italy had to reach its "natural borders" or unify territories inhabited by Italians. Similar nationalistic ideas were common in Europe in the late 19th century. The term "irredentism", coined from the Italian word, came into use in many countries (see List of irredentist claims or disputes). This idea of Italia irredenta is not to be confused with the Risorgimento, the historical events that led to irredentism, nor with nationalism or Imperial Italy, the political philosophy that took the idea further under fascism.

However, the actions of these two great men would not have resulted in unification without the sly leadership of Camillo Benso di Cavour, Prime Minister of Piedmont-Sardinia. Even among those who wanted to see the peninsula unified into one country, different groups could not agree on what form a unified state would take. Vincenzo Gioberti, a Piedmontese priest, had suggested a confederation of Italian states under rulership of the Pope. His book, Of the Moral and Civil Primacy of the Italians, was published in 1843 and created a link between the Papacy and the Risorgimento.

A pro-war demonstration in Bologna, 1914 Italy was a member of the Triple Alliance with Germany and Austria-Hungary. Despite this, in the years before the war, Italy had enhanced its diplomatic relationships with the United Kingdom and France. This was because the Italian government had grown convinced that support of Austria (the traditional enemy of Italy during the 19th century Risorgimento) would not gain Italy the territories it wanted: Trieste, Istria, Zara and Dalmatia, all Austrian possessions. In fact, a secret agreement signed with France in 1902 sharply conflicted with Italy's membership in the Triple Alliance.

Meanwhile, in Italy, the Risorgimento (1870) instigated various social reforms and voting rights. The large division in social class during this period led lawyer Gaetano Mosca (1858–1914) to publish his work, The Ruling Class: Elements of Political Science (1896), which theorized the presence of the ruling and the ruled classes of all societies. Vilfredo Pareto (1828–1923), inspired by Mosca's concepts, contributed The Rise and Fall of the Elites (1901) and The Socialist System (1902–1903) to the discipline of political psychology, theorizing on the role of class and social systems. His work The Mind and Society (1916) offers a sociology treatise.

Gabriele D'Annunzio After the Risorgimento, political literature becomes less important. The first part of this period is characterized by two divergent trends of literature that both opposed Romanticism. The first trend is the Scapigliatura, that attempted to rejuvenate Italian culture through foreign influences, notably from the poetry of Charles Baudelaire and the works of American writer Edgar Allan Poe. The second trend is represented by Giosuè Carducci, a dominant figure of this period, fiery opponent of the Romantics and restorer of the ancient metres and spirit who, great as a poet, was scarcely less distinguished as a literary critic and historian.

From the deposition of Napoleon I (1814) until the Italian Unification (1861), there was no Italian monarch claiming the overarching title. The Risorgimento successfully established a dynasty, the House of Savoy, over the whole peninsula, uniting the kingdoms of Sardinia and the Two Sicilies to form the modern Kingdom of Italy. The monarchy was superseded by the Italian Republic, after a constitutional referendum was held on 2 June 1946 after the World War II.Nohlen, D & Stöver, P (2010) Elections in Europe: A data handbook, p1047 The Italian monarchy formally ended on 12 June of that year, and Umberto II left the country.

During the Risorgimento, the smaller states inhabiting the Italian Peninsula unified to form the Kingdom of Italy. The United States officially recognized the Kingdom of Italy on April 11, 1861. During the First Barbary War (1801-1805), the United States was allied with the Kingdom of Sicily against the Barbary corsairs due to a shared interest by both countries in putting an end to the disruption of trade on the Mediterranean Sea caused by the corsairs. Both Italy and the United States were part of the Eight-Nation Alliance that intervened in the Boxer Rebellion in China from 1899 to 1901.

She has even been depicted as unassertive, and accustomed to be satisfied in whatever circumstances she found herself. Some historians have more recently held to a modified view of both the Neapolitan Bourbon court as a reactionary regime and of the extent of Teresa Cristina's passivity. Historian Aniello Angelo Avella states that the maligned interpretation of the Neapolitan Bourbons traces its origin to perspectives generated during the 19th century il Risorgimento (Italian unification) following the 1861 conquest of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies by the Kingdom of Sardinia. Teresa Cristina is revealed in her personal papers as a strong-headed character.

Ruffini also reportedly enjoyed working with Donizetti in the early stages of their collaboration, though he wrote to family and friends that the composer continually pressed him to work faster.Weinstock 1963, pp. 188—190 Ruffini wrote several novels which were published in English by Thomas Constable & Company in Edinburgh, including Lorenzo Benoni Or Passages in the Life of an Italian (1853), The Paragreens on a Visit to the Paris Universal Exhibition (1856) and Doctor Antonio: A Tale (1858). These novels sought to raise the sympathy of people in England and France for the struggles of the Italian people during the Risorgimento.

Cartwright was born at Edgcote, Northamptonshire, into a respected Northamptonshire family, the daughter of Richard Aubrey Cartwright and Hon Mary Fremantle, daughter of Thomas Fremantle, 1st Baron Cottesloe.Descendants of Margaret Dymoke She had a liberal Anglican upbringing and was home-schooled in art, literature, languages, dance and music. She developed a fascination with art early on, particularly of the Italian Renaissance. Her uncle William Cornwallis Cartwright was an art collector and supporter of the Italian Risorgimento, and Cartwright regularly visited his house at Anyhoe Park where she had her first exposure to works of the Old Masters.

He was found to be apt at the mathematical disciplines, and was therefore enlisted in the Engineer Corps in the Piedmontese-Sardinian army in 1827. While in the army, he studied the English language as well as the works of Jeremy Bentham and Benjamin Constant, developing liberal tendencies which made him suspect to police forces at the time.Beales and Biagini, The Risorgimento and the Unification of Italy, p. 106. He resigned his commission in the army in November 1831, both because of boredom with military life and because of his dislike of the reactionary policies of King Charles Albert.

Uniforms of the Italian Royal Navy, 1873 From 1878 to 1916, he published over a dozen albums featuring various aspects of the Italian military, including volumes on the Bersaglieri (1886), Granatieri (1887), and Carabinieri (1894). He also provided illustrations for I Promessi Sposi by Alessandro Manzoni; Ettore Fieramosca and Niccolò de' Lapi, both by Massimo D'Azeglio; and L'assedio di Firenze by Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi. Hundreds of his watercolors are currently held in the National Museum at the Castel Sant'Angelo and the Museum of the Risorgimento in Milan. In 2000, fifty previously unpublished works were presented at an exhibition in New York.

The Belfiore martyrs were a group of pro-independence fighters condemned to death by hanging between 1852 and 1853 during the Italian Risorgimento. They included Tito Speri and the priest Enrico Tazzoli and are named after the site where the sentence was carried out, in the valley of Belfiore at the south entrance to Mantua. The hanging was the first in a long series of death sentences imposed by Josef Radetzky, governor general of Lombard-Venetia. As a whole these sentences marked the culmination of Austrian repression after the First Italian War of Independence and marked the failure of all re- pacification policies.

Episode from the Five Days of Milan, painting by Baldassare Verazzi Although little noticed at the time, the first major outbreak came in Sicily, starting in January 1848. There had been several previous revolts against Bourbon rule; this one produced an independent state that lasted only 16 months before the Bourbons came back. During those months, the constitution was quite advanced for its time in liberal democratic terms, as was the proposal of an Italian confederation of states. The revolt's failure was reversed 12 years later as the Bourbon Kingdom of the Two Sicilies collapsed in 1860–61 with the Risorgimento.

In the same year, Pascoli dedicated a literary work to the memory of Giuseppe Garibaldi, a leading figure of the Italian Risorgimento movement, as well as to Carducci, his beloved teacher and close friend. In the meantime he began to collaborate with the magazine Vita nuova, which published his first poems later collected in Myricae. In 1894 Pascoli was called to Rome to work for the Ministry of Public Instruction, and there he published the first version of Poemi conviviali. Later he moved between cities living in Bologna, Florence and Messina, but remained always psychologically rooted to his original, idealized peasant origins.

Austria-Hungary in 1914 After the Napoleonic Era, nationalism emerged as the dominant ideology in Europe. In Italy several intellectuals and groups began to push the idea of a unified nation-state (see Risorgimento). At the time, the struggle for Italian unification was largely waged against the Austrian Empire, which was the hegemonic power in Italy and the single most powerful adversary to unification. The Austrian Empire vigorously repressed the growing nationalist sentiment among Italian elites, most of all during 1848 revolution and the following years. Italy finally attained independence in 1861; Venetia was annexed in 1866, and Latium, including Rome, in 1870.

Stuart, J. Woolf. Il risorgimento italiano p.44 Fifteen Nizzardi Italians were processed and condemned for these riots, supported by the 'Nizzardo Republican Party'André, G. Nizza, negli ultimi quattro anni (1875) p. 334-335 Nice in 1624, when it was called Nizza More than 11,000 Nizzardi Italians who refused to be French subsequently moved to Italy (chiefly to Torino and Genova, respectively) after 1861.Italian exiled from Nizza:"Quelli che non vollero diventare francesi" (in Italian) The French government closed the Italian language newspapers Diritto di Nizza and Voce di Nizza in 1861, and Il Pensiero di Nizza in 1895.

Rosario Romeo was born in Giarre, a small town on the eastern coast of Sicily. His passion for History was triggered when he was 14 and he read "Il Medioevo" ("The Middle Ages") by Gioacchino Volpe. He studied at the University of Catania under the historian-politician Gioacchino Volpe and the historian Nino Valeri, graduating in 1947 with a dissertation on the Risorgimento in Sicily. In 1947 he won a scholarship awarded by the newly established Naples based Italian Historical Institute (Istituto italiano per gli studi storici) and was thereby enabled to develop his university dissertation into his first book.

Romolo Griffini (26 May 1825 – 9 January 1888) was a Milanese physician, social reformer and patriot-activist. He was also, at various stages in his career, a newspaper journalist-editorCarlo Ghirlanda Silva, In memoria del Cav. Dott. Romolo Griffini, Tipografia Bernardoni di C. Rebeschini e C. Milano 1888 Patriotic aspirations, in the context of the time and place, involved the Risorgimento goals of removing the Austrian military occupation from northern Italy and creating a political union in the region south of the Alps which might present a politically progressive and militarily more formidable counter-weight to the imperial ambitions of Austria and France.

Pizzo, the small seaside town in southern Italy, where Giuseppe Bardari was born in 1817. Giuseppe Bardari was born in Pizzo and studied in Monteleone (now Vibo Valentia) before going to Naples to study law. During his student days in Naples, he also wrote poetry and frequented the city's salons where he came into contact with the liberal ideals of the Italian Risorgimento. He earned a reputation as a promising literary figure and was only 17 when Donizetti engaged him as the librettist for Maria Stuarda.Ashbrook (1983) pp. 583-584 It was Bardari's only known libretto.

In case a unit is reformed, the flags are retrieved by the unit. Access to the shrine is located along Via dei Fori Imperiali, where memorabilia, relating mainly to the Risorgimento wars, in which the Italian Armed Forces took part, are also kept. The "ala Brasini", reserved for temporary exhibitions, is dedicated to Armando Brasini, the main promoter of the Central Museum. The wing has three exhibition rooms: the "large exhibition hall", with a surface area of , generally hosts art exhibitions, and those that require more space, the "central hall" of and the "jubilee hall" of , are used.

There are also some remains at the end of Risorgimento Ave and Europe Ave. The porta praetoria is six metres above the Appian Way and twenty metres away from it. It is unknown how this gap was bridged - presumably there was a stairway for pedestrians as well as one or two paths for vehicular traffic which descended from the gate to the regina viarum (Queen of Roads). Part of such a stairway, running in a north–south direction, was thought to have been discovered in the 1980s under Palazzo Savelli, during the construction of public toilets.

Some, primarily Italian, clergy suggested an ecumenical council to dogmatically define papal infallibility as an article of faith, binding upon the consciences of all Catholic faithful. This doctrinal view, however, initially proposed by Franciscan partisans in opposition to the prerogative of popes to contradict the more favorable decrees of their predecessors, faced significant resistance outside of Italy prior to and during the First Vatican Council. For practical purposes, the temporal power of the popes ended on 20 September 1870, when the Italian Army breached the Aurelian Walls at Porta Pia and entered Rome. This completed the Risorgimento.

Giuseppe Nicolini (28 October 1788 – 26 August 1855) was an Italian poet, literary critic, and politician active in the risorgimento, the nineteenth century nationalist movement that led to the creation of Italy as a unified nation. Nicolini wrote for the progressive periodical Il Conciliatore, composed poetry, and published prose as well. He translated much of Lord Byron's poetry into Italian and wrote one of the earliest biographies of Byron. He was born in Brescia, the son of merchant, and after studying philosophy there, went on to study law at the University of Bologna, where he graduated in 1807.

Minghetti was born at Bologna, then part of the Papal States. He signed the petition to the Papal conclave, 1846, urging the election of a liberal pope, and was appointed member of the state council summoned to prepare the constitution for the Papal States. With Antonio Montanan and Rodolfo Audinot he founded at Bologna a paper, Il Felsineo. In the first constitutional cabinet of the Papal States, presided over by Cardinal Antonelli, Minghetti held the portfolio of public works, but after Pius IX publicly spoke against the Italian Risorgimento he resigned and joined the Piedmontese army as captain on the general staff.

Encyclopædia Britannica, History of Europe, The Romans, 2008, O.Ed. The Roman Empire's territorial legacy of controlling the Italian peninsula would influence Italian nationalism and the unification of Italy (Risorgimento) in 1861. Further Roman imperialism was claimed by fascist ideology, particularly by the Italian Empire and Nazi Germany. In the United States, the founders were educated in the classical tradition,Briggs, Ward (2010) "United States," in A Companion to the Classical Tradition. Blackwell. p. 279ff. and used classical models for landmarks and buildings in Washington, D.C., to avoid the feudal and religious connotations of European architecture such as castles and cathedrals.

L'esilio londinese dei padri del Risorgimento, Marco Tropea Editore, 2010 From London he also wrote an endless series of letters to his agents in Europe and South America, and made friends with Thomas Carlyle and his wife Jane. The "Young Europe" movement also inspired a group of young Turkish army cadets and students who, later in history, named themselves the "Young Turks". In 1843, he organized another riot in Bologna, which attracted the attention of two young officers of the Austrian Navy, Attilio and Emilio Bandiera. With Mazzini's support, they landed near Cosenza (Kingdom of Naples), but were arrested and executed.

Also in vain was the expedition of Felice Orsini in Carrara of 1853–1854. In 1856, he returned to Genoa to organize a series of uprisings: the only serious attempt was that of Carlo Pisacane in Calabria, which again met a dismaying end. Mazzini managed to escape the police, but was condemned to death by default. From this moment on, Mazzini was more of a spectator than a protagonist of the Italian Risorgimento, whose reins were now strongly in the hands of the Savoyard monarch Victor Emmanuel II and his skilled prime minister, Camillo Benso, Conte di Cavour.

In modern times, boats of the Italian Coast Guard and customs police use a marina located in the main canal between the two forts. Prior to building a paved bridge to the castle from the mainland, the fort was surrounded by the sea and was accessible via a pontoon bridge. The old fortress is the more significant of the two castles, while Fortezza Nuova has been described as the "larger and more interesting" of the two forts. In the 19th century the fort became a prison which during the Risorgimento also kept Italian political prisoners including Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi and others.

The bodies of De Rolandis and Zamboni were then solemnly buried in Bologna in the Giardino della Montagnola on the direct order of Napoleon, before being dispersed in 1799 with the arrival of the Austrians. Of the original cockades of Zamboni and De Rolandis, only one has come down to us. The historic cockade, which is owned by the De Rolandis family, has been exhibited for some time in the National Museum of the Italian Risorgimento in Turin. In 2006, during some renovations, it was transferred to the European Student Museum of the University of Bologna, where it is still preserved.

SOCIMI tram 9006 at Piazza Risorgimento in 2010 33 articulated double-ended low-floor tramcars (9001-9033) were delivered in 1990 and 1991 by SOCIMI in Milan. These trams are fitted with a 2-axle bogies at both ends, and small wheels in the centre of the car (wheel arrangement Bo'2'Bo'), thus allowing a 70% low floor. Since SOCIMI went broke 27 of the 60 cars on order were not built at the time, but in 2003 and 2004 eight additional cars (9034-9041) entered service, assembled from spare parts salvaged from the dissolved SOCIMI works.

North of the castle a wide park was enclosed, also including the Certosa of Pavia, founded 1396 according to a vow of Gian Galeazzo Visconti, meant to be a sort of private chapel of the Visconti dynasty. The Battle of Pavia (1525), climax of the Italian Wars, took place inside the castle park. It presently houses the Civic Museums of Pavia (Musei civici di Pavia) including the Pinacoteca Malaspina, Museo Archeologico and Sala Longobarda, Sezioni Medioevale e Rinascimentale Quadreria dell’800 (Collezione Morone), Museo del Risorgimento, Museo Robecchi Bricchetti, and the Cripta di Sant’Eusebio.Official site for Musei Civici.

25 or a "fierce thief, vulgar murderer",Basilide Del Zio, Il brigante Crocco e la sua autobiografia Tipografia G. Grieco, 1903, p.116 since the second half of the 20th century writers (especially supporters of the Revisionism of Risorgimento) began to see him in a new light, as an "engine of the peasant revolution"Carlo Alianello, L'eredità della priora, Feltrinelli, 1963, p. 568 and a "resistant ante litteram, one of the most brilliant military geniuses that Italy had". Today, many people of southern Italy and in particular of his native region Basilicata, consider him a folk hero.

Francesco Arquati (27 September 1810, in Filettino – 25 October 1867, in Rome) was an Italian republican patriot, a notable figure in the Italian Risorgimento and a so-called martyr for the cause of a United Italy. Born in a small comune at the border between the Papal State and the Borbon State, son of Vincenzo and Sinforosa Arquati; he dedicated himself to the political life, took part in the citizens' government and in 1851 was included in the lottery for nomination to 'prior', following his nationalistic and secular feelings away from the land of his birth, first towards Sublicio and then Rome.

The film dealt with the Italian struggle against the Austrians for the inclusion of northeastern Italy into the Kingdom of Italy during the Risorgimento. The film was successful, because it was easy to see "the Austrians as Germans" during World War II. As a result, he was briefly jailed for undermining relations with Nazi Germany. Ponti accepted an offer from Riccardo Gualino's Lux Film in Rome in 1941, where he produced a series of commercially successful films featuring the comedian Totò. In 1954 he had his greatest artistic success with the production of Federico Fellini's La strada.

Fergola was one of the protagonists of an ideological quarrel among the Neapolitan scientists at the end of 18th and the first half of the 19th century. In the field of mathematics, the quarrel was about the use of synthetic or analytic methods. These polemics were coincident with the politically conservative conceptions of the former and the progressive views of the followers of the analytic method. The Borbonic restoration in the kingdom of the Two Sicilies, with his ultraconservative profile, made possible the maintenance of this school until the Risorgimento, but at the end of 19th century it was absolutely forgotten.

Edict of 8 February 1848 Ewhich informed the public of the concession of the Statute and outlined its contents in 14 articles Charles Albert signs the Statute on 8 March 1848. Celebrations in the Piazza San Carlo in Turin at the proclamation of the Albertine Statute in a contemporary print. On 7 January 1848, at the hotel Europa in Turin, there was a meeting of the city's journalists at which Cavour, director of the Risorgimento, proposed to request a constitution from the king. The majority of the ministers were also in favour of the concession of a constitution, and of ensuring that one was not imposed by the people.

Fra Diavolo (lit. Brother Devil; 7 April 1771-11 November 1806), is the popular name given to Michele Pezza, a famous guerrilla leader who resisted the French occupation of Naples, proving an "inspirational practitioner of popular insurrection".Piero Pieri, Storia militare del Risorgimento (Torino: Einaudi, 1962), p. 18. The short accounts in Pieri and Tommaso Argiolas' Storia dell'Esercito Borbonico (Napoli: ESI, 1970), provide succinct treatments of the Neapolitan insurrection of 1799; Milton Finley's The Most Monstrous of Wars: The Neapolitan Guerrilla War in Southern Italy, 1806–1811 (Columbia, S.C.: University of South Carolina, 1994), provides an account of the second Neapolitan insurgency against the French.

With Italian unification a done deal (at least regarding Lombardy), Giovanni Visconti Venosta found himself in the novel position of being a supporter of the status quo. A brief political career followed. In 1865 he was elected to the new Italian parliament, representing a Milan electoral district, but he served only for one term, after which he was content to leave politics to his brother. He nevertheless held a long succession of positions in public administration, including President of the Constitutional Association, President of the Risorgimento Museum, Vice president of the Telephone Company of Northern Italy and President of the Support Commission for Venetian Emigrants.

Vincenzo De Feo was born in Mirabello Sannitico near Campobasso in September 1876. His paternal uncle, Francesco De Feo, was a patriot during the Risorgimento and in 1860 commanded the "First Legion Sannitica". The young Vincenzo was formed in the Italian Naval Academy of Livorno, where it came out in October 1890 with the degree in electrical engineering. He took part in the 1911–1912 Italo-Turkish War. During World War I he fought in submarines participating in various military operations in the Mediterranean sea, for which he was decorated with two "Silver war medals" in 1915 and in 1918. Vincenzo De Feo became Admiral on December 20, 1934.

Foreign domination is commonly used to describe the condition of foreign rule over Italian states at the beginning of the Risorgimento, when the only state left under local Italian rule was Piedmont-Sardinia (predecessor state of Italy). All of Italy was organised in independent states from the 11th-12th century as a result of the Walk to Canossa and the Treaty of Venice, but this condition was lost between the end of the Italian Wars and the balance of power established by the Congress of Vienna. The last Italian area to lose its independence was the Papal States, when it became a protectorate of Napoleon III.

Statuary at the base of the Obelisk monument to Five Days of Milan in memory of the popular uprising in 1848 against Austrian rule, by Giuseppe Grandi. Almost simultaneous with the popular uprisings of 1848 in the Kingdom of Lombardy–Venetia, on 18 March of that year, the city of Milan also rose. This was the first evidence of how effective popular initiative, guided by those in the Risorgimento, was able to influence Charles Albert of Sardinia. The Austrian garrison at Milan was well equipped and commanded by an experienced general, Joseph Radetzky von Radetz, who despite being over 80 years old, was energetic and rigid.

Palazzo Strozzi Giovan Pietro Vieusseux The Gabinetto Scientifico Letterario G. P. Vieusseux, founded in 1819 by Giovan Pietro Vieusseux, a Protestant merchant from Geneva, is a library in Florence, Italy. It played a vital role in linking the culture of Italy with that of other European countries in the 19th century, and also became one of the chief reference points for the Risorgimento movement. It began as a reading room that provided leading European periodicals for Florentines and visitors from abroad in a setting that encouraged conversation and the exchange of ideas. A circulating library with the latest publications in Italian, French and English was installed next to the reading room.

The translated interviews given by Kano were a mainspring for the development of such discipline in Italy. Getting back to his homeland, Shimoi helped the Italian Embassy in Tokyo to stop the pro-Ethiopian activities of the Japanese rightist clubs during the war in Ethiopia. Shimoi was one of the best known Japanese supporters of Italian fascism, seeing some analogies between the fascist principles and the traditional values of Japanese culture, especially the Bushido. He argued that fascism was a natural ramification of the risorgimento, and that its role was to be a "spiritual movement" that would make Italians identify as being part of the new nation.

Scholars have long believed the audience, responding with nationalistic fervor to the slaves' powerful hymn of longing for their homeland, demanded an encore of the piece. As encores were expressly forbidden by the Austrian authorities ruling northern Italy at the time to prevent public protests, such a gesture would have been extremely significant. However, recent scholarship puts this and the corresponding myth of "Va, pensiero" as the national anthem of the Risorgimento to rest. Although the audience did indeed demand an encore, it was not for "Va, pensiero" but rather for the hymn "Immenso Jehova," sung by the Hebrew slaves to thank God for saving His people.

The Church of St. Lawrence Martyr (1607) (Chiesa di San Lorenzo Martire), located in Piazza del Risorgimento, it is the church dedicated to the patron saint of Zagarolo St. Lawrence of Rome. The Convent and Church of St. Mary of the Graces (Santa Maria delle Grazie), located in Piazza Santa Maria The Church of St. Annunziata (1580–1582) (Chiesa di Santissima Annunziata), has a peculiar octagonal belltower, and dominates the skyline of Zagarolo. The Church of St. Peter (1717–1722) (Duomo di San Pietro Apostolo), a Baroque church built on the site of a more ancient church. It has an elliptical dome 46 meters high.

During the Italian Risorgimento it was a refuge and center of weapons smuggling and underground literature for the Lombard refugees. Botanical Gardens on Isola Grande The village church was under the authority of the diocese of Milan as part of the old parish of Cannobio. As part of the diocese of Milan, the Ambrosian Rite was followed in the church. The Church of SS Pietro e Paolo is first mentioned in the 13th Century. It was parish church in 1335 and in 1865 it was awarded the title of a priory church. The existing building is from the 16th to the 17th century, and it was restored in 1961.

Lanza was also an active member of the Subalpine Agricultural Association of Turin and became its secretary. The association was concerned for reform in the political and economic spheres, as well as in that of agriculture, and its identification with the cause of liberal nationalism—with the Risorgimento—was underlined at the September 1847 agrarian congress in Casale, when Lanza raised the cry of “Viva l’Italia libera ed indipendente!” Later he commented on that event: “I did not join the association purely to improve the cultivation of cabbages.”, Lanza took an active part in the rising of 1848 and was elected to the Piedmontese parliament in that year.

Italian unification process (Risorgimento) A precursor of the "irredentists" was the unification leader Giuseppe Garibaldi, who in 1859 as deputy for his native Nice in the Piedmontese parliament at Turin attacked Cavour for ceding Nice to Napoleon III in order to get French help and approval for Italian Unification. Irredentism grew in importance in Italy in the next years. On 21 July 1878, a noisy public meeting was held at Rome with Menotti Garibaldi, the son of Giuseppe Garibaldi, as chairman of the forum and a clamour was raised for the formation of volunteer battalions to conquer the Trentino. Benedetto Cairoli, then Prime Minister of Italy, treated the agitation with tolerance.

Briefly a pupil of the Sienese cartographer and draughtsman Giuliano Periccioli, where he learned the art of engraving, Bernardino passed to the studio of the painter Rutilio Manetti and probably also served in the workshop of Francesco Rustici.Giovanni Rosini, Storia della pittura italiana; Luigi Lanzi was unwilling to hasard a guess as to Bernardino's early master (Lanzi, Storia pittorica dell'Italia dal risorgimento delle belle arti fin presso al fine del XVIII secolo, p. 363). He painted in and around Siena, where his work came to the attention of Cardinal Fabio Chigi, who, once elected pope as Alexander VII (1655), called Bernardino Mei to Rome in 1657.

Born in Borgo San Lorenzo, at the time in the Grand Duchy of Tuscany, he was the son of Francesco, Imperial Count and Florentine Patrician, titles which he would later inherit, and Maria Genta. His father had an active role in the Risorgimento, fought in the battle of Curtatone in 1848, and later become the first mayor of Borgo San Lorenzo of the newly founded Kingdom of Italy, in 1861. Guglielmo was the elder of three sons and a daughter: Alessandro, the only one who left male issues, Galeazzo, Gisella and Alfredo. Though he married twice, he died without issues, and the titles passed to his brother's heirs.

He had his first exhibition in 1848, with scenes of contemporary customs. He came from a liberal family, many of whose members enlisted as volunteers in the First War of Italian Independence but, as a painter, he remained strictly traditional. He briefly took part in the "" (a group of landscape painters inspired by the Barbizon school) and frequented the Caffè Michelangiolo, but never joined the Macchiaioli. Later, he moved away from landscapes and genre scenes to depict episodes from the Risorgimento; including the breach of the Porta Pia during the Capture of Rome, the "Handshake of Teano", between Garibaldi and King Victor Emmanuel, and the execution of Felice Orsini.

Italy was added to this group after the Risorgimento and on the eve of the First World War there were two major blocs in Europe: the Triple Entente formed by France, Britain and Russia and the Triple Alliance formed by Germany, Italy and Austria-Hungary. The Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Greece, Portugal, Spain, and Switzerland were smaller powers. Romania, Bulgaria, Serbia, Montenegro, and Albania initially operated as autonomous vassals for they were legally still part of the declining Ottoman Empire, which may also be included among the major powers, before gaining their independence.Carlton J. H. Hayes, A Generation of Materialism: 1871–1900 (1941) pp. 16–17.

After a short period of independence in 1814, the Congress of Vienna (1815) decided that Liguria should be annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia. The Genoese uprising against the House of Savoy in 1821, which was put down with great bloodshed, aroused the population's national sentiments. Some of the most prestigious figures of Risorgimento were born in Liguria (Giuseppe Mazzini, Mameli, Nino Bixio). Italian patriot and general Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was born in the neighbouring Nice (then part of the Sardinian state), started his Expedition of the Thousand on the evening of 5 May 1860 from a rock in Quarto, a quarter of Genoa.

In 1865, disappointed by the new climate of united Italy, which he believed was dominated by politicians and far from the ideals that had led the Risorgimento struggles, and beginning to feel the weight of the age, Felice Le Monnier gave the company ownership to a company (Società Successori Le Monnier), formed by notable Florentines and Tuscans and presided over by Bettino Ricasoli, which impressed the publishing house with a culturally less defined editorial policy. Felice Le Monnier, who remained in the company as director until 1879, fled to Florence and died on June 27, 1884. He is buried in the Sacred Doors Cemetery in Florence.

Public opinion wanted peace, and the leadership in Rome realized how poorly prepared the nation was in contrast to the powerhouses at war. By late 1914, however, Prime Minister Antonio Salandra and Foreign Minister Sidney Sonnino decided that major territorial gains were possible by joining the Allies, and would help calm extremely serious internal dissension, by bringing glory to the victorious army, as well as satisfying popular feeling by freeing Italian-speaking territories from Austrian rule. There were also new patronage opportunities and political victories for the politicians. They planned to argue, plausibly, that these results would be the triumph it climax of "Risorgimento" (that is, Italian unification).

Explaining the Francophile bias of American expressionism, Ross builds on the ideas of art historian Albert Boime and his book The Art of the Macchia and the Risorgimento, Representing Culture and Nationalism in Nineteenth-Century Italy. This text had a huge effect on Ross who began incorporating the story of the I Macchialioli into his class materials. Ross’s own background in the radical politics of the 1960s and 1970s led to his identification with the Tuscan group, many of whom participated in the struggle for Italian socialism and national unification. In 2013, Ross wrote a "Manifesto of American Verismo," which summarized many of his ideas on the subject.

Francesco Crispi (4 October 1818 - 12 August 1901) was an Italian patriot and statesman. He was among the main protagonists of the Italian Risorgimento and a close friend and supporter of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Garibaldi, and one of the architects of the unification of Italy in 1860.Nation-building in 19th-century Italy: the case of Francesco Crispi, Christopher Duggan, History Today, February 1, 2002 Crispi served as Italy's Prime Minister for six years, from 1887 until 1891 and again from 1893 until 1896; he was the first Prime Minister from Southern Italy. Crispi was internationally famous and often mentioned along with world statesmen such as Bismarck, Gladstone and Salisbury.

On January 11, 1902, Sacchi became the head of the public library and municipal museums in Mantua, a position she held until 1925. Through her work in libraries, Sacchi wanted to make what had previously been an elite institution more democratic, in the tradition of the Italian Risorgimento, opening it up to more people. She sought to increase the number of readers, books read, loans, and new purchases. By the end of 1902, Sacchi had increased the number of readers to 6,509, from 2,918 in 1900; the number of books read at the library to 7,862 from 3,695; and the number of loans to 843 from 425.

This was due in part to increasing levels of literacy among the Maltese, the increased availability of Italian newspapers, and an influx of Italian intelligentsia to Malta. Several leaders of the Italian risorgimento movement were exiled in Malta by the Bourbon monarchs during this period, including Francesco Crispi, and Ruggiero Settimo. Malta was also the proposed destination of Giuseppe Garibaldi when he was ordered into exile; however, this never came to pass. The political writings of Garibaldi and his colleague, Giuseppe Mazzini – who believed that Malta was, at heart, part of the emerging Italian nation – resonated among many of Malta's upper- and middle-classes.

Prior to the Risorgimento, the Two Sicilies were conquered by the Kingdom of Sardinia during the Expedition of the Thousand (led by general Giuseppe Garibaldi) in 1860, and subsequently brought under the monarchial realm of Sardinia. After the unification of Italy and the Fascist era, a wave of Sicilian nationalism led to the adoption of the Statute of Sicily, under which the island has become an autonomous region. Since 1946, the island enjoys the most advanced special status of all the autonomous regions, which allows the Sicilian residents to keep 100% of the revenue from all the taxes, without giving back any to the central government in Rome.

First came oidium and then the phylloxera epidemic would take its toll on the vineyards of Chianti just as they had ravaged vineyards across the rest of Europe. The chaos and poverty following the Risorgimento heralded the beginning of the Italian diaspora that would take Italian vineyard workers and winemakers abroad as immigrants to new lands. Those that stayed behind and replanted choose high-yielding varieties like Trebbiano and Sangiovese clones such as the Sangiovese di Romagna from the nearby Romagna region. Following the Second World War, the general trend in the world wine market for cheap, easy-drinking wine saw a brief boom for the region.

Poster of the fashion italian brand Bernocchi, designed by Marcello Nizzoli, and printed by Raffaello Bertieri, Milan, 1923-30 Raffaello Bertieri (1875–1941) was a publisher, graphic designer, and type designer from Florence, Italy. Bertieri began working as a printer's apprentice in 1886 and by 1902 was an editor in Milan. He began publishing Il Risorgimento Grafico (Renaissance of the Graphic Arts) even before founding his own printing and publishing house, Bertieri & Vanesetti, which gained notoriety by publishing the works of Gabriele d'Annunzio, and renowned for its edition of L'arte di G B Bodoni. Many of his books won prizes, most notably at the hugely influential Paris Exposition of 1925.

The son of Jozef Grzegorz Mikolaj Piotr Taczanowski and Franciszka Drweska, as a youth Taczanowski was influenced by Polish poet and national hero Adam Mickiewicz, who lived at Choryń in 1831 while Prussian authorities prevented him from returning to Russian-Poland to support the insurrection there. Originally a Prussian officer, Taczanowski resigned to participate in the Greater Poland Uprising 1846 and in the 1848 revolt against Austrian-Polish rule. Following the collapse of this planned military action, he served with Giuseppe Garibaldi in the Italian Risorgimento. Wounded, he was placed in French captivity, but he was later released and served as a General in the 1863 Polish revolt against Russian rule.

The construction of the church was started in the 17th century in a zone near the northern limits; in the same period a convent of the same name was built and assigned to the Reformed Conventuals of St Lawrence (padri Rifornati Conventuali di San Lorenzo). In 1660 the complex came under the jurisdiction of the aristocratic association of Pio Monte della Misericordia, and later of a nunnery allied with the Franciscan Order. A restoration led by Francesco Antonio Picchiatti, who availed himself of the collaboration of Cosimo Fanzago and Domenico Tango. The monastery, after the 19th-century Risorgimento, was named after Princess Maria Clotilde of Savoy, and became a school.

Mazzini's house in Genoa, now seat of the Museum of Risorgimento and of the Mazzinian Institute Mazzini was born in Genoa, then part of the Ligurian Republic under the rule of the First French Empire. His father Giacomo Mazzini, originally from Chiavari, was a university professor who had adhered to Jacobin ideology while his mother Maria Drago was renowned for her beauty and religious Jansenist fervour. From a very early age, Mazzini showed good learning qualities as well as a precocious interest in politics and literature. He was admitted to university at 14, graduating in law in 1826 and initially practiced as a "poor man's lawyer".

In the 5th century, Soleto was elevated to the seat of a bishopric of the Byzantine Rite. In the Middle Ages it was ruled by Count Gjon Kastrioti II (the Roman numeral is related to the Kastrioti dynasty), son of the Albanian national hero Skanderbeg. In the 13th century the Angevine rulers of Naples chose the city as the capital of a county, later ruled by the Castro, Balzo, Orsini, Campofregoso, Castriota, Sanseverino, Carafa, and Gallarati-Scotti families, until feudal control was finally abolished in 1806. Soleto became part of the Neapolitan Republic of 1799 and was a center of the Carboneria during the Italian Risorgimento.

The 20th century saw peaks and valleys in the popularity of Chianti and eventually lead to a radical evolution in the wine's style due to the influence of the "Super Tuscans". The late 19th century saw oidium and the phylloxera epidemic take its toll on the vineyards of Chianti just as they had ravaged vineyards across Europe. The chaos and poverty following the Risorgimento heralded the beginning of the Italian diaspora that would take Italian vineyard workers and winemakers abroad as immigrants to new lands. Those that stayed behind and replanted, chose high yielding varieties like Trebbiano and Sangiovese clones such as the Sangiovese di Romagna from the nearby Romagna region.

Within weeks the paper, conceived as a weekly, was published daily, as revolutionary events, initiated by an insurgency in Palermo and demonstrations in Genoa, gained momentum. The paper was initiated to form a moderate middle-class "respectable" balance to the more radical "democratic" program of Concordia, which was initiated at the same time. The initial editorial by Cavour made the following claim: "Our aim not being of making money but of enlightening the country and of cooperating with the grand works of "Resurgence" initiated by the government"."lo scopo nostro non essendo di guadagnar quattrini, ma quello di illuminare il paese e di cooperare alla gran opera di Risorgimento cominciata dal governo".

Following discussion at Plombières, of 21 July 1858, the minister of the Estates of Savoy Camillo Cavour promised Napoleon III the Duchy of Savoy and the county of Nice, in exchange for French support in the policy of the unification of Italy (the Risorgimento), led by king Victor-Emmanuel II of Savoy. That proposition was made official by a treaty at Turin, dated December 1858. It was actually signed in January 1859. Following the victories over Austria in 1859 (Magenta and Solferino),Solferino was the battle which inspired Henri Dunant to found the Red Cross and the armistice of Villafranca, Austria ceded Lombardy to France, who ceded it immediately to Piedmont/Sardinia, Napoleon III took back Savoy and Nice.

Del Noce wrote extensivelySee the essays collected in Rivoluzione Risorgimento Tradizione, Giuffre`, Milano 1993 about Freudo-Marxism and on the relationship between political progressivism and the sexual revolution. He argued that both of them are rooted in the denial a priori that human reason is capable of reaching meta-empirical truths, and so they are tightly linked with scientism, the dogmatic belief that the empirical sciences are the only form of rationality. The reduction of reason to science goes hand in hand with the reduction of freedom to the satisfaction of instincts, which in turn is expressed politically as fight against “repression” and leads to a radical rejection of all traditional values.

The Italian Risorgimento was celebrated by a series of medals set up by the three kings who ruled during the long process of unification - the Commemorative Medal for the Campaigns of the War of Independence and the various versions of the Commemorative Medal of the Unity of Italy, which were granted by the Kingdom of Italy to those who had taken part in the military operations which had led to Italian independence and later to all who participated in the First World War, since at that time it was traditionally held that Italy completed its unification with the annexation of the Trentino. Its final awards were to participants in the March on Rome and the Impresa di Fiume.

In this fashion, the Paralipomeni represent another part of Leopardi's polemical war with the present, and above all an exceptional sally into the territory of historical/political commentary, generally not confronted by Leopardi in a direct form. Of the Italian Risorgimento, he delineates the fundamental limits here with an extraordinary tempestivity: the tendency to compromise with ancient interests and constituted powers, the vanity, the opportunism, the ideological ingenuousness, the lack of an opportune pragmatic awareness. The style generally renounces the expressive concentration of the lyric texts and extends itself in a wide and relaxed discursive pace, with alterations between adventurous moments and ferociously caricatural and polemical points, of description and philosophical digressions.

The Préfet of Rome, Camille de Tournon, started the demolition of the spina, but the project had to be interrupted shortly after it began due to a lack of funds. During the Italian Risorgimento the Borgo, together with Trastevere and Monti, was one of the quarters of Rome where public opinion supported with great enthusiasm the struggle for Italian independence. When, shortly after the September 20, 1870 the Italians offered the Pope full sovereignty over the Leonine City with all its inhabitants, this caused violent demonstrations in the Borgo. This offer was refused by Pius IX, who preferred to declare himself a prisoner of the Italian State and seclude himself in the Vatican complex.

" In poetry, he sought the revolutionary outcome for other nations that he believed had come to a successful conclusion in the United States. His 1871 poem, "The Prayer of the Romans", recites Italian history up to that time, with the Risorgimento in progress: liberty cannot be truly present until "crosier and crown pass away", when there will be "One freedom, one faith without fetters,/One republic in Italy free!" His stay in Vienna yielded "The Curse of Hungary", in which Hay foresees the end of the Austria-Hungarian Empire. After Hay's death in 1905, William Dean Howells suggested that the Europe-themed poems expressed "(now, perhaps, old-fashioned) American sympathy for all the oppressed.

The prestige personally acquired by Benedetto Cairoli was augmented by that of his four brothers, who fell during the wars of the Risorgimento, and by the heroic conduct of their mother. His refusal of all compensation or distinction further endeared him to the Italian people. When in 1876 the Left came into power, Cairoli, then a deputy of sixteen years' standing, became parliamentary leader of his party, and, after the fall of Depretis, Nicotera and Crispi, formed his first cabinet in March 1878 with a Francophile and Irredentist policy. After his marriage with the countess Elena Sizeo of Trent, he permitted the Irredentist agitation to carry the country to the verge of a war with Austria.

The centre of the Porta Vittoria district is the square where Grandi's obelisk is located; this square is now called Piazza Cinque Giornate ("Five Days Square"). Most streets, avenues, and square in the district are named after heroes and prominent events of the Milanese Risorgimento and the Five Days. A large avenue crossing Piazza Cinque Giornate in east-west direction is called Corso di Porta Vittoria to the west and Corso 22 Marzo to the west. In the north-south direction, the Piazza is crossed by one of the main ring roads of Milan, the Circonvallazione Interna ("inner ringroad", as opposed to the Circonvallazione Esterna, the "outer ringroad" which embraces a much wider area).

This painting has been regarded as a symbol of Italian Romanticism, of which it encompasses many features. On a more superficial level, the painting is the representation of a passionate kiss, which puts itself in accordance with the principles of Romanticism. Therefore, it emphasizes deep feelings rather than rational thought, and presents a reinterpretation and reevaluation of the Middle Ages in a patriotic and nostalgic tone. On a deeper level, the painting symbolizes the romantic, nationalist and patriotic ideals of the Risorgimento; this interpretation is endorsed by several iconographic elements. The imminent farewell between the lovers is suggested by the man’s foot temporarily resting on the step and the tight grasp with which his beloved is holding him.

Verdi's music "sought universality within national character"; that is, much of what he composed in terms of historical themes could be related to his pan-Italian vision. Verdi was the composer of the Italian Risorgimento, the movement to unify Italy in the 19th century. Later in the century is also the time of the early career of Giacomo Puccini, perhaps the greatest composer of pure melody in the history of Italian music. Frontispiece from the score of Cavalleria rusticana, a masterpiece of Italian Verismo from 1890 Perhaps the most noteworthy feature of Italian musical form in the 19th century, and that which distinguishes it from musical developments elsewhere, is that it remained primarily operatic.

Altare della Patria View of the artistic and architectural works present in the Vittoriano The Vittorio Emanuele II Monument () or (Mole del) Vittoriano, improperly called Altare della Patria (English: Altar of the Fatherland), is a monument built in honor of Victor Emmanuel II, the first king of a unified Italy, located in Rome, Italy. It occupies a site between the Piazza Venezia and the Capitoline Hill. It is currently managed by the Polo Museale del Lazio, the Italian Ministry of Defense and the Museo Centrale del Risorgimento Italiano. From an architectural point of view it was conceived as a modern forum, an agora on three levels connected by stairways and dominated by a portico characterized by a colonnade.

Le Monnier was founded in Florence in 1837 by the Frenchman Felice Le Monnier (1806 - 1884). Handed over in 1859 to the Successor Company Le Monnier, the company was discovered in 1922 by Armando Paoletti, who restored it with the "National Library" and the launch of the series "Studies and Documents on the History of the Risorgimento" directed by Giovanni Gentle. From the 1960s, the publishing house has published important political, literary and scientific journals such as "Pegaso", "Il Ponte", "Italian Studies of Classical Philology", "La Cultura". Other publications include the illustrated Vocabulary of the Italian Language and the Vocabulary of the Italian Language by Giacomo Devoto and Gian Carlo Oli, and the Devoto- Oli of synonyms and contraries.

Battle of Novara, 1849 Group of Bersaglieri, the special troops of the Sardinian army during the Risorgimento Infantry were the backbone of the Sardinian army and were subdivided into different types: National Service Infantry, Light legion, infantry for external security, provincial infantry, legions of the encampments, French corps, and the territorial militia. ;National Service Infantry :consisted of unmounted personnel (fusiliers and grenadiers) recruited from the territories of the Duchy of Savoy and were easily employed in the territory. In peacetime, it contained around 20,000 individuals, but in times of war it could increase to 50,000 men. ;Royal Light Legion :was a special force established in 1774 as borderguards in order to prevent smuggling and protect the borders.

While Ferdinand was allowed to keep the grand ducal title as a courtesy and retain his status as grand master of all Tuscan orders of chivalry for his lifetime, his descendants could only bear the title of "Archduke/Archduchess of Austria"; the right to bear the title "Prince/ss of Tuscany" became restricted solely to family members born before 1866. In 1870 Ferdinand relinquished all dynastic rights to the defunct Grand Duchy for himself and his future heirs in favor of his cousin, Emperor Franz Joseph I, effectively ending the House of Habsburg-Tuscany's status as a sovereign cadet branch.Bernd Braun: Das Ende der Regionalmonarchien in Italien. Abdankungen im Zuge des Risorgimento.

Music has long had a close relationship with politics and social injustice. Before the advent of recording technology and popular music, classical composers during the French Revolution composed music to support the democratic ideals of the revolution. An example of this is Ludwig van Beethoven's Symphony No. 3, originally entitled Bonaparte and dedicated to the French emperor Napoleon I, which was renamed Eroica after Beethoven felt Napoleon had forsaken the ideals of the Revolution. Similarly, Italian opera composer Giuseppe Verdi's third opera Nabucco, which is based on the Biblical books of Jeremiah and Daniel, served as a rallying cry and anthem of sorts to the Risorgimento movement of Italian unification against the occupying Austrian empire.

41 In that year, during Italian Risorgimento, Umbria with Marche and part of Emilia Romagna were annexed by Piedmontese King Victor Emmanuel II, and the people of Perugia destroyed in the same year the Rocca Paolina, symbol of the papal oppression. The region of Umbria, with capital Perugia, became part of the Kingdom of Italy in the following year. The region, whose economy was mainly based on agriculture, experienced a dramatic economic shift at the end of the 19th century with the founding of the Acciaierie di Terni, a major steelwork placed in Terni because of its abundance of electric power due to the Marmore waterfall and its secluded position.AA. VV. (2004), p.

In 1735, the Spanish era ended when Charles V from the House of Bourbon was crowned king. For the better part of the next century-and-a-half, Sicily was in personal union with the other Southern Italian Kingdom of Naples, with the official residence located in Naples, under the Bourbon dynasty. After the Napoleonic Wars, King Ferdinand I, who had just recently been restored back to the throneship of Southern Italy in 1815, made a decision to administratively and politically merged the two separate Kingdoms of Naples & Sicily, which ended up forming the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in 1816. In 1861, however, Sicily became part of the Kingdom of Italy as a result of the Risorgimento.

Konteradmiral Horthy cancelled the attack because he thought that the Italians had discovered his plan and ordered the ships to return to Pola. In fact the Italians did not even discover that the Austrian dreadnoughts had departed Pola until later on 10 June when aerial reconnaissance photos revealed that they were no longer there. Capitano di fregata Luigi Rizzo was awarded his second Gold Medal of Military Valor; his first was for sinking the pre-dreadnought battleship Wien in 1917, and appointed a knight of the Order of the Crown of Italy. After the war MAS 15 was installed in the Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II as part of the Museo del Risorgimento in Rome.

Nievo himself did not find a publisher, and it was only in 1867, six years after the writer's death, that the novel was published under the title Confessioni di un ottuagenario (Confessions of an octogenarian). The author's original title, by which the book is now generally known, was Le Confessioni d'un italiano, but this seemed to be too "political" for the times. The novel is both historical (its background is events in Italy in the last decades of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century) and psychological, being based upon the memories of "Carlo Altoviti", the main character and first-person narrator. It is widely considered the most important novel about the Italian Risorgimento.

It was inaugurated on June 4, 1911, and completed in 1935. The partly completed monument was inaugurated on June 4, 1911, on the occasion of the Turin International world's fair and the 50th anniversary of Italian unification. Construction continued throughout the first half of the 20th Century; in 1921 the body of the Italian Unknown Soldier was placed in the crypt under the statue of goddess Roma, and in 1935, the monument was fully completed amidst the inauguration of the Museo Centrale del Risorgimento Italiano. The decision to include an altar dedicated to the homeland in the Vittoriano was taken by Giuseppe Sacconi only after the planning phase, during the construction of the monument.

The achievements of Mameli's very short life are concentrated in only two years, during which time he played major parts in insurrectional movements and the Risorgimento. In 1847 Mameli joined the Società Entelema, a cultural movement that soon would have turned to a political movement, and here he became interested in the theories of Giuseppe Mazzini. Mameli is mostly known as the author of the lyrics of the Italian national anthem, Il Canto degli Italiani (music by Michele Novaro), better known in Italy as Inno di Mameli (Mameli's Hymn). These lyrics were used for the first time in November 1847, celebrating King Charles Albert of Sardinia in his visit to Genoa after his first reforms.

The Brachetto is another variety used for making sweet and sparkling red wines. While Turin is the capital of the Piedmont, Alba and Asti are at the heart of the region's wine industry. The winemaking industry of the Piedmont played a significant role in the early stages of the Risorgimento with some of the era's most prominent figures – such as Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour and Giuseppe Garibaldi – owning vineyards in Piedmont region and making significant contributions to the development of Piedmontese wines. The excessively high tariffs imposed by the Austrian Empire on the export of Piedmontese wines to Austrian controlled areas of northern Italy was one of the underlying sparks to the revolutions of 1848–1849.

The famous Italian patriot Giuseppe Garibaldi was a winemaker who in the 1850s introduced the use of the Bordeaux mixture to control the spread of oidium that was starting to ravage the area's vineyards. Camillo Benso, conte di Cavour was a wealthy vineyard owner who went abroad to study advance viticulture prior to founding the political newspaper Il Risorgimento. He was highly influential in the adoption of many French viticultural techniques among the Piemontese vineyards. King Charles Albert of Sardinia One of the early sparks of the Italian revolts against Austria was the act of the Austrian government to double the tariffs of Piemontese wines into the Austrian control lands of Lombardy, Emilia and the Veneto.

After the war, MAS-15 was installed in the Monument to Vittorio Emanuele II as part of the Museo del Risorgimento in Rome for the torpedo boat's role in the sinking of Szent István. The anniversary of the sinking, 10 June, has been celebrated by the Regia Marina, and its successor, the Marina Militare, as the official Italian Navy Day (). After Tegetthoff was dismantled, one of her anchors was placed on display at the Monument to Italian Sailors at Brindisi, where it can still be found. Following the Anschluss of Austria into Nazi Germany on 12 March 1938, Adolf Hitler used Austria-Hungary's naval history to appeal to the Austrian public and obtain their support.

The 1848 revolution resulted in a sixteen-month period of independence from the Bourbons before its armed forces took back control of the island on 15 May 1849. The city of Messina long harbored proponents of independence throughout the 19th century, and its urban Risorgimento leaders arose out of a diverse milieu comprising artisans, workers, students, clerics, Masons, and sons of English, Irish, and other settlers.Correnti, (2002) The 1847-48 unrest enjoyed wide support in Messina and produced an organized structure, and consciousness of the need to link the struggle to the whole of Sicily. The insurgents briefly gained control of the city but, despite bitter resistance, the Bourbon army was victorious and suppressed the revolt.

Reproduction of the Carroccio during the historical parade of the Palio di Legnano 2015 Since the Carroccio is a signum, in modern times it has become a symbol of ideas, hopes and different meanings, very often as anti-tyrannical propaganda during the period of the Signorias, up to Romanticism and the Risorgimento, where it became the symbol of the struggle against the occupation foreign. Important promoters of these ideas were Massimo d'Azeglio, Giovanni Berchet, Amos Cassioli, Francesco Hayez. Giosuè Carducci first and Giovanni Pascoli then recalled, with the Canzone di Legnano and Canzone del Carroccio, the splendours and splendours of medieval Italian comunes, concepts that were later taken up also by the writings of Gabriele D'Annunzio.

By his works Thus ended the Bourbons of Naples (Così finirono i Borbone di Napoli) (1959) and The Brigands of His Majesty (I briganti di Sua Maestà) (1967), helped to outline a new historiographical conception of the Risorgimento, seen from the losers' standpoint. Another leading and more intransigent figure of revisionism was Nicola Zitara. Along the same cultural lines of Alianello and Topa, the Calabrian writer considered Italy as the result of an operation of military conquest and economic damage to the South against which it would have been put in place an intricate plot. In her works, Zitara expresses his beliefs derived from an economic analysis conducted according to the canons of Marxist ideology.

During his final months, which were marred by serious illness, Alessandro Casati retreated to his villa at Arcore, ordering his affairs and entrusting some surviving inherited ancestral papers from his Teresa Casati and Federico Confalonieri to the Risorgimento Museum in Milan. He died on 4 June 1955. Senior senators paid tribute to his scholarship, his generosity and modesty complemented by powerful persuasiveness in argument, his shrewd judgment, his courage as a soldier and politician, and his over- riding patriotism. His physical remains are buried, alongside those of his wife and of the son who predeceased them both, in the family masoleum at the Muggiò municipal cemetery, near to the family home of his later years at Arcore.

In this view the Macchiaioli emerge as being very much embedded in their social fabric and context, literally fighting alongside Giuseppe Garibaldi on behalf of the Risorgimento and its ideals. As such, their works provide comments on various socio-political topics, including Jewish emancipation, prisons and hospitals, and women's conditions, including the plight of war widows and life behind the lines.see Boime The Macchiaioli did not follow Monet's practice of finishing large paintings entirely en plein air, but rather used small sketches painted out- of-doors as the basis for works finished in the studio.Broude, pp. 5–10 Many of the artists of the Macchiaioli died in penury, achieving fame only towards the end of the 19th century.

Giovagnoli wrote the novel at the café of Valle theater, where a group of intellectuals gathered, including Luigi Arnaldo Vassallo and Pietro Cossa, with whom the scholar formed the League of spelling. He was also the author of historical essays: Ciceruacchio and don Pirlone. Historical recollections of the Roman revolution from 1846 to 1849 , Pellegrino Rossi and the Roman revolution , The Italian Risorgimento from 1815 to 1848 , works that highlight the wide popular participation in revolutionary movements. Returning to the press, he fervently engaged in various journalistic activities: he helped found the newspaper La Capitale which he directed for a few months but which he disagreed with the publishing property passing to Il Diavolo rosa .

The French troops remained in Rome to protect the status quo until 1870 (see September Convention), while the Risorgimento united the remainder of Italy, leaving the block of the Papal States in the center. Thus, for twenty years, the pope ruled the Church State under the protection of French military forces, a fact which further limited his popularity among fervent Italian nationalists. Pius was met with a sullen receptionRapport, 361 on his return to Rome, the Romans being unimpressed by the return of the pontiff at the point of French bayonets. He blessed the French troops, held a Te Deum and signalized his return to Rome by an extension of his 1846 amnesty and by a new Indulgence.

Giuditta Tavani Arquati (Rome, 30 April 1830 – Rome, 25 October 1867) was an Italian republican patriot, a notable figure in the Italian Risorgimento and a martyr for the cause of a United Italy. Daughter of a defender of the Roman Republic of 1849, exiled to Venice after a long sentence in the papal prisons, Giuditta Tavani grew up in an environment that instilled secular and republican ideals within her. Giuditta was born in 1830 to Giustino Tavani and Adelaide Mambor, and in 1844 married Francesco Arquati (Filettino, 27 September 1810 - Rome, 25 October 1867), also a patriot she lent on him, and followed his political path. When she met her husband Francesco, Giuditta was only fourteen.

The permanent exhibition is displayed to follow the chronological order of events of the Risorgimento, leading the visitor through fifteen rooms, to which the new Weapons Room has been recently added. The latest refurbishment in 1998 included the redesign of the permanent exhibitions, to accentuate the highlights of the collections, particularly the relics. The museum boasts the green-and-silver velvet cloak and the valuable regal insignia of Napoleon Bonaparte’s coronation, the banner of the Legione Lombarda Cacciatori a Cavallo (Lombard Legion on Horseback) and the first Italian flag. The last renovation saw the redesign of the lighting and information systems, as well as improvements to the ‘Romantic Garden’ behind the building.

108 The Ethiopian Empire was one of the last uncolonized regions of Africa, and the vision of a strong, modern Italian nation after the successes of the Risorgimento, would require the acquisition of colonies if the country to become a European superpower, and to affirm the autonomy of the young kingdom.Fuller: Italy's Colonial Futures: Colonial Inertia and Postcolonial Capital in Asmara, pg. 2 Colonial politics brought about the government’s claim to eminent domain as well as the realization of many noteworthy infrastructure projects. As a result of the takeover of Asmara by foreign militaries and because of the employment opportunities within infrastructure projects throughout Eritrea, the population of Asmara itself shrunk from 5000 to 800 inhabitants during the first five years of the Italian occupation.

Having reconquered the gift of sentiment, the poet accepts life as it is because it is revived by the feeling of suffering which torments his heart and, so long as he lives, he will not rebel against those who condemn him to live. This recovered serenity consists in the contemplation of one's own conscience of one's own sentiments, even when desolation and despair envelop the soul. Leopardi rejoices to have rediscovered in himself the capacity to be moved and to experience pain, after a long period of impassibility and boredom. With Risorgimento, lyricism is reawakened in the poet, who composes canti, generally brief, in which a small spark or a scene is expanded, extending itself into an eternal vision of existence.

He wrote for the Risorgimento Liberale newspaper from its inception in August 1943, shortly after the collapse of the Fascist regime, till November 1947 when he left in a disagreement over political tactics during a reconfiguration of the political centre in Italy. Between 1949 and 1951 Gentile was a member of the editorial team on Il Mondo, a weekly magazine devoted to politics, economics and culture. His own contributions, which appeared under the pseudonym "Averroè" included a political diary and were characterised by a passionate defence of free market economics, invoking the philosophical stance of Friedrich Hayek and his economist allies. For half a year, between April and October 1952, Gentile ran the Florence based daily newspaper La Nazione in succession to Sandro Volta.

These frequent moves not only left him with a lifelong urge for travel but prevented him from expanding on the little education he had received as a child. What he came to find in these various communities began to disappoint him in his desire to be a good monk. A mediocre way of life had developed in these abbeys, due above all to the prolonged interruption of their life during the occupation of Italy by the French Revolutionary Army and subsequent French governments, which had closed most of the monasteries for nearly a quarter of a century. Even when restored, the monasteries were uncertain as to their continued existence, because of the apparently inevitable progress of the Risorgimento with its anti-clerical ideology.

Iglesias (1932) Established in 1919, 4 November is the only Italian national holiday which has gone through decades of Italian history: from the liberal period to fascist and republican Italy. In 1921, during the National Unity and Armed Forces Day, the Italian Unknown Soldier (Milite Ignoto) was solemnly buried at the Altare della Patria in Rome. In 1922, shortly after the march on Rome, the holiday changed its name to Anniversario della Vittoria (Victory Anniversary) to emphasize Italian military power, while after the end of World War II, in 1949, the original meaning was restored, becoming the celebration of Italian armed forces and the achievement of Italian Unity. In fact, after the WWI victory, Italy completed the national unification begun with the Risorgimento, conquering Trento and Trieste.

Bust of Homer The satiric tone adopted by Leopardi through much of the Operette morali is also evinced in some of his late poetic texts, such as the Palinodia and I nuovi credenti. But the clearest demonstration of his mastery of this art form is probably the Paralipomeni della Batracomiomachia, a brief comic-heroic poem of eight stanzas of eight lines each. Leopardi wrote it between 1831 and 1835, beginning it during his last stay in Florence and finishing it in Naples. The publication took place, posthumously, in Paris in 1842, provoking a universal reaction of outrage and condemnation, as much for the cutting and anti-heroic representation of the events of the Risorgimento as for the numerous materialistic philosophical digressions.

Battaglia di Legnano (Battle of Legnano) (detail) (1860–1870) Regarded as an excellent portraitist, Cassioli is also noted for his large-scale history paintings which include the Battle of Legnano (1860–1870, Florence, Galleria di arte moderna, Palazzo Pitti) and Il giuramento di Pontida (1884, Siena, Palazzo Pubblico). Between 1884 and 1886 he executed frescoes in the Sala del Risorgimento of the Palazzo Pubblico depicting the battles of San Martino and Palestro. He also painted and altarpiece for the Collegiata di Santa Maria Assunta in Casole d'Elsa, where he worked alongside Antonio Ridolfi. He was known also for paintings on classical subjects; many of these, following a 1991 bequest, are conserved in the Museo Cassioli of his native town Asciano.

According to Gabriele Rosa in 1426, after the Carmagnola conquered Iseo for the Republic of Venice, the local power was given to the City of Iseo and Oldofredi, bandits, went to Cesena which boasted the title of Ishi accounts. Nevertheless, in 1497 they hosted Caterina Cornaro, Queen of Cyprus and sister of the mayor of Brescia, in their castle of Peschiera Maraglio. In 1846 the writer Costanzo Ferrari wrote a historical novel Tiburga Oldofredi - historical scenes of the thirteenth century set in the thirteenth century with protagonists Oldofredi two sisters: Tiburga and Imelda. During the Risorgimento one of their descendants, Ercole Oldofredi Tadini, participated in the events of the unification of Italy, first in the United Lombardo-Veneto and then in those of Sardinia and of Italy.

During this period, some leaders attempted to use music to forge a unifying cultural identity. One example is the chorus "Va, pensiero" from Giuseppe Verdi's opera Nabucco. The opera is about ancient Babylon kingdom, but the chorus contains the phrase "O mia Patria", ostensibly about the struggle of the Israelites confederation, but also a thinly veiled reference to the destiny of a not-yet- united Italy; the entire chorus became the unofficial anthem of the Risorgimento, the drive to unify Italy in the 19th century. Even Verdi's name was a synonym for Italian unity because "Verdi" could be read as an acronym for Vittorio Emanuele Re d'Italia, Victor Emanuel King of Italy, the Savoy monarch who eventually became Victor Emanuel II, the first king of united Italy.

Neoclassical architecture was inspired by the Renaissance works of Palladio and saw in Luigi Vanvitelli and Filippo Juvarra the main interpreters of the style. Classicist literature had a great impact on the Risorgimento movement: the main figures of the period include Vittorio Alfieri, Giuseppe Parini, Vincenzo Monti and Ugo Foscolo, Giacomo Leopardi and Alessandro Manzoni (nephew of Cesare Beccaria), who were also influenced by the French Enlightenment and German Romanticism. The virtuoso violinist Paganini and the operas of Rossini, Donnizetti, Bellini and, later, Verdi dominated the scene in Italian classical and romantic music. The art of Francesco Hayez and especially that of the Macchiaioli represented a break with the classical school, which came to an end as Italy unified (see Italian modern and contemporary art).

The liberation of Italia irredenta was perhaps the strongest motive for Italy's entry into World War I and the Treaty of Versailles in 1919 satisfied many irredentist claims.irredentism – The Columbia Encyclopedia, Sixth Edition. 2001–07 Italian irredentism has the characteristic of being originally moderate, requesting only the return to Italy of the areas with Italian majority of population,NYTimes on Italian irredentism in Istria but after World War I it became aggressive – under fascist influence – and claimed to the Kingdom of Italy even areas where Italians were minority or had been present only in the past. In the first case there were the Risorgimento claims on Trento, while in the second there were the fascist claims on the Ionian Islands, Savoy and Malta.

Cairoli was born at Pavia, Lombardy. From 1848 until the completion of Italian unity in 1870, his whole activity was devoted to the Risorgimento, as Garibaldian officer, political refugee, anti-Austrian conspirator and deputy to parliament. He commanded a volunteer company under Garibaldi in 1859 and 1860, being wounded slightly at Calatafimi and severely at Palermo in the latter year. In 1866, with the rank of colonel, he assisted Garibaldi in the campaign in the County of Tyrol, in 1867 fought at Mentana, and in 1870 conducted the negotiations with Bismarck, during which the German chancellor is alleged to have promised Italy possession of Rome and of her natural frontiers if the Democratic party could prevent an alliance between Victor Emmanuel and Napoleon.

Icon of the Madonna di Pietraquaria (author unknown, 13th–14th century) The small Church of Saint Mary in the medieval nucleus of Pietra Aquaria contained the painting depicting the image of the Holy Virgin. The historical events of the Battle of Tagliacozzo, which occurred in the Palentine Plains between Charles I of Anjou and Conradin of Hohenstaufen, led to the destruction of the village of Pietra Aquaria and obliged inhabitants to gather at Pantano, in the plain where contemporary Avezzano lies. After the destruction operated by the Angevins the image of the Virgin remained miraculously intact between the ruined walls of the church. The painting on wood, originally in a Byzantine style and the work by an unknown author, was modified in the early Risorgimento period.

Sicilian-born, Verga lived in Florence during the same period as the verismo painters – 1865 to 1867 – and his best known story, "Cavalleria rusticana", contains certain verbal parallels to the effects achieved on canvas by the Tuscan landscape school of this era. "Espousing an approach that later put him in the camp of verismo (verism), his particular sentence structure and rhythm have some of the qualities of the macchia. Like the Macchiaioli, he was fascinated by topographical exactitude set in a nationalist framework"— to quote from Albert Boime's work, The Art of the Macchia and the Risorgimento. Verga and verismo differed from naturalism, however, in their desire to introduce the reader's point of view on the matter while not revealing the author's personal opinions.

In the following decades, Le Monnier, while never interrupting the printing business on behalf of third parties (practices, among other things, common to all 19th century Italian publishers), built one of the most prestigious editorials in Italy, always coherently guided by a precise and modern philosophy, at the same time commercial and cultural. The Monnier was addressing the new broad public of the middle classes, the new emerging, unity and patriotic bourgeoisie. His choices followed the design, clear from the beginning, to publish works that would satisfy, as he himself stated, "the political concept and the literary criterion", that they associate patriotic spirit and artistic value. Frenchman Le Monnier then became a protagonist of the Risorgimento feelings of moderate Italy.

The uniforms of the Italian Armed Forces, at first, had symbolic meanings and later on, became more function and grade-based. During Spedizione dei Mille (an event during the war for the Italian Unification, nationally called Risorgimento), where Giuseppe Garibaldi's volunteer troops unofficially helped the King of Savoy to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, all of the troops wore red shirts, following the example of Garibaldi's Italian Legion that had fought in the Guerra Grande in South America. This earned the volunteer troops the nickname: the Camicie rosse. The first historical records of the actual Italian military uniform are dated back to the Statute conceded by the King (called Statuto Albertino) of the Royal Italian Army () in 1861, the year of Italian Unification.

Cavour put forth several economic reforms in his native region of Piedmont in his earlier years, and founded the political newspaper Il Risorgimento. After being elected to the Chamber of Deputies, he quickly rose in rank through the Piedmontese government, coming to dominate the Chamber of Deputies through a union of center-left and center-right politicians. After a large rail system expansion program, Cavour became prime minister in 1852. As prime minister, Cavour successfully negotiated Piedmont's way through the Crimean War, the Second Italian War of Independence, and Garibaldi's expeditions, managing to maneuver Piedmont diplomatically to become a new great power in Europe, controlling a nearly united Italy that was five times as large as Piedmont had been before he came to power.

Full achievement of the coat of arms, 1890–1929 and 1943–1946 Greater coat of arms of the Kingdom of Italy, 1870–1890 Between 1848 and 1861, a sequence of events led to the independence and unification of Italy (except for Venetia, Rome, Trento and Trieste, or Italia irredenta, which were united with the rest of Italy in 1866, 1870 and 1918 respectively); this period of Italian history is known as the Risorgimento, or resurgence. During this period, the green, white and red tricolore became the symbol which united all the efforts of the Italian people towards freedom and independence.Ghisi, Enrico Il tricolore italiano (1796-1870) Milano: Anonima per l'Arte della Stampa, 1931; see Gay, H. Nelson in The American Historical Review Vol. 37 No. 4 (pp.

Leading co-founders of the Radical Party included Leopoldo Piccardi, Ernesto Rossi, Leo Valiani, Guido Calogero, Giovanni Ferrara, Paolo Ungari, Eugenio Scalfari and the man who became the longstanding leader of the Radical Party, Marco Pannella. The leaders of the new party were able to claim a degree of "liberal authenticity" superior to what remained of the Liberal Party. It was they who had clandestinely refounded the Liberal Party back in the 1940s. Pannunzio himself had been imprisoned during the German occupation for "antifascist resistance" between October 1943 and February 1944, after which it was he who had taken on leadership of the Risorgimento Liberale, the daily newspaper which, it could be argued (and was), had defined postwar Italian liberalism between 1943 and 1948.

His Storia della Lega Lombarda (History of the Lombard League), dedicated to Pius IX, appeared in 1848 and was a trumpet-call to the Neo-Guelph party. He worked so hard that in 1851 he published the Storia di Abelardo e dei suoi tempi, the Storia del Concilio di Constanze (History of the Council of Constance) in 1853, the Storia dell' origine dello scisma greco in 1856, La Contessa Matilde e i Romani pontefici in 1859, and in 1861 the Prolegomeni alla storia universale della Chiesa. Tosti took part in the nationalist movement blessed by Pius IX. In 1844 he had planned a review, L'Ateneo italiano, for the purpose of raising the papacy to the head of his Risorgimento. The Neapolitan police authorities opposed the idea.

Probably written by Luigi Ferdinando Casamorata, who collaborated with Fétis in the redaction of biographies of Tuscan composers. and in his necrology, he is almost more remembered as a composer of sacred works than as a composer for the theater or as a conductor. However, his cease of production after the Fiammetta in 1857 made him remain in the background of the theatrical world, and he was never able to return to the «A league». In some ways, his friendship with Verdi, ended in a sort of absorption: the old operas by Mabellini, such as Il conte di Lavagna, were devoured analogous opera by Verdi, and the operas that were even older, written before the Risorgimento, were perceived as unfashionable.

The New York metropolitan area in the State of New York is home to by far the most sizeable Albanian population in the United States. The first Albanian migration to North America began in the 19th and 20th centuries not long after gaining independence from the Ottoman Empire. However the Arbëreshë people from Southern Italy were the first Albanian people to arrive in the New World, many of them migrating after the wars that accompanied the Risorgimento. Since then several Albanian migration waves have occurred throughout the 20th century as for instance after the Second World War with Albanians mostly from Yugoslavia rather than from Communist Albania, then after the Breakup of Communist Albania in 1990 and finally following the Kosovo War in 1998."Albanians".

Camillo Benso was not only the first prime minister of the Kingdom of Piedmont- Sardinia during the Risorgimento but also a prominent vineyard owner who introduced many French viticultural techniques to the region. As in most of Italy, native vines are abundant in the land that the Ancient Greeks called Oenotrua (meaning "land of vines") and was subsequently cultivated by the Romans. With its close proximity, France has been a significant viticultural influence on the region, particularly Burgundy, which is evident today in the varietal styles of most Piedmontese wines with very little blending. One of the earliest mention of Piedmontese wines occurred in the 14th century when the Italian agricultural writer Pietro de Crescentius wrote his Liber Ruralium Commodorum.

The Expedition of the Thousand () was an event of the Italian Risorgimento that took place in 1860. A corps of volunteers led by Giuseppe Garibaldi sailed from Quarto, near Genoa (now Quarto dei Mille) and landed in Marsala, Sicily, in order to conquer the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, ruled by the House of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. The project was an ambitious and risky venture aiming to conquer, with a thousand men, a kingdom with a larger regular army and a more powerful navy. The expedition was a success and concluded with a plebiscite that brought Naples and Sicily into the Kingdom of Sardinia, the last territorial conquest before the creation of the Kingdom of Italy on 17 March 1861.

After his appointment as Governor of the Dodecanese in 1936, the fascist leader Cesare Maria De Vecchi started to promote within Benito Mussolini's National Fascist Party an idea Baioni, Massimo. Risorgimento in camicia nera. pag. 47 of a new "Imperial Italy" (), one that, like a recreation of the Roman Empire, went beyond Europe and included northern Africa (the Fourth Shore or "Quarta Sponda" in Italian). De Vecchi's dream was an Imperial Italy that included not only all the European territories wanted by the Italian irredentists (Nice, Savoy, Ticino, Dalmatia, Corfu, Malta and Corsica) and populated by Italian communities for many centuries, but even the north African territories (Libya and Tunisia), where Italian emigrants had created "colonies" in the late nineteenth century.

The count Camille Benso de Cavour (1810-1861) is another character inextricably linked with Thorens; he stayed regularly in the castle with his cousins. When he was a prime minister for the Kingdom of Piémont-Sardaigne, Camille de Cavour concluded the risorgimento to the profit of the Savoy House, with the aid of his old friend, the emperor Napoleon III. Consequently, the county of Nice and the duchy of Savoy were annexed by France in the spring of 1860 by the Treaty of Annexation of March 24 (). The Château de Thorens contains the personal effects of this statesman, his furniture, and his works of art; in particular, the sumptuous desk in the style of "Boulle Napoléon III" on which was signed the Treaty of Annexation.

The statesman Daniele Manin seems to have believed in Italian unification years before Camillo Benso of Cavour, who actually unified the country with Giuseppe Garibaldi through diplomatic and military actions. During the 1856 Congress of Paris, Manin talked with Cavour about several plans and strategies to achieve the unification of Italy; Cavour clearly considered those plans vain things, and after the meeting wrote that Manin had talked about "l'unità d'Italia ed altre corbellerie" ("the unity of Italy and other nonsense").Holt, The Making of Italy: 1815–1870, p. 195. The Risorgimento was an ideological movement that helped incite the feelings of brotherhood and nationalism in the imagined Italian community, which called for the unification of Italy and the pushing out of foreign powers.

In the second half of the 15th century stands in the field of dialect literature Gian Giorgio Allioni of Asti, poet, playwright and writer who knowing poetry in French and Italian, wrote several farces in dialect, expressing "an Astezan" and providing a vivid picture of customs and life of the period and the Italian theater of the 16th century, often steeped in satire and mockery. It was not until the 18th century to find two other versifiers Monferrato dialect that is the prior Incisa and Captain Joseph Stefano della Rocca, while in more recent times and in the 19th century that stands out the most famous Angelo Brofferio, politician, journalist and deputy linked to the Risorgimento, who wrote songs in dialect, plays and works of history.

He was commissioned to paint the Virgin of the Rocks for the Confraternity of the Immaculate Conception and The Last Supper for the monastery of Santa Maria delle Grazie. The city was affected by the Baroque in the 17th and 18th centuries, and hosted numerous formidable artists, architects and painters of that period, such as Caravaggio and Francesco Hayez, which several important works are hosted in Brera Academy. The Museum of Risorgimento is specialised on the history of Italian unification Its collections include iconic paintings like Baldassare Verazzi's Episode from the Five Days and Francesco Hayez's 1840 Portrait of Emperor Ferdinand I of Austria. The Triennale is a design museum and events venue located in Palazzo dell'Arte, in Sempione Park.

After the fall of Mussolini he joined with Nicolò Carandini, Giambattista Rizzo, Mario Pannunzio and others to reconstruct the Italian Liberal Party. He opposed joining the Badoglio government, which differentiated him from the "grand old men" of liberalism Alessandro Casati and Marcello Soleri. At the end of the summer, after 18 September 1943, Cattani joined the Italian Liberal Party to the newly formed (and in political terms broadly based) National Liberation Committee ("Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale" / CLN). At the time of the brief but savage German occupation of Rome Cattani contributed to the clandestine underground publication of the "Liberal Movement of Italy" programmes and, together with Mario Pannunzio, of "Risorgimento Liberale" which after the liberation of Rome became the official organ of the Italian Liberal Party.

Monument at Canneto sull'Oglio While Tazzoli did not share the religious vision of Giuseppe Mazzini, he became convinced that his Young Italy movement was the only one that had the membership and organization needed to take concrete action. Very involved in Catholic philanthropy and popular education, he married the "enlightened" principles of his Christianity with the humanitarian and "democratic" spirit of the Risorgimento to define his supreme love of country, his second religion. On 2 November 1850, in a house at number 10 on the street in Mantua which is today called via Giovanni Chiassi, twenty Mantuans participated in the meeting which laid the foundation of an anti- Austrian insurrection plan. Don Enrico Tazzoli was the main organizer and coordinator of the conspiracy.

"Plan pour les lettres patentes d'octroy exclusif proposé à être accordé par sa majesté le roi des Deux Siciles à Guillaume Bolts pour le commerce et navigation aux Indes Orientales, à la Chine et ailleurs, sous le titre de Société Royale Asiatique de Naples, pour le termes de 21 anneés", Archivio di Stato di Napoli, Esteri, f.4211; cited in Giovanni Iannettone, Iniziative di commercio con le Indie Orientali del Regno delle Due Sicilie, Napoli, 1967, pp. 3ff; and in idem, Presenze italiane lungo le Vie dell'Oriente nei Secoli XVIII e XIX nella Documentazione diplomatico-consolare italiana, Napoli, Edizioni scientifiche italiane, 1984, pp.66-69; and in Aurelio Lepre, "Sui rapporti tra Mezzogiorno ed Europa nel Risorgimento", Studi Storici, Anno 10, no.

He was rapporteur of the law of secularisation of 29 May 1855 and spoke to a principle of separation of church and state, and that the Church would be responsible only spiritual power on "thoughts, aspirations, beliefs", while the assets of the Church must be under the jurisdiction of the state.Angela Pellicciari , Risorgimento anti-Catholic , Casale Monferrato, Piemme, p. 84 In 1857 Cadorna was elected President of the Chamber of Deputies of the Kingdom of Sardinia, and in 1858 became a senator and appointed Minister of Education in the government led by Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (1858-1859). In 1864 he was the prefect of Turin, and in 1868 Minister of the Interior of the Legislature I of Italy.

The station of Carrara San Martino was born at the end of the nineteenth century by the desire of businessmen of Carrara to give their city a connection with the railway line, being the station of Carrara- Avenza about 5 km downstream from the city. The station was built as a result of lengthy negotiations conducted by the carrarese General Domenico Cucchiari, fighter of the Risorgimento repeatedly decorated for bravery and parliamentarian elected to the Chamber of Deputies in the college of Carrara. The general Cucchiari had distinguished himself in the battle of San Martino and since the opening of the station was mainly due to his efforts, the inauguration took this name. Hence the name still in use in the area, where today stands the court of Carrara.

Corleone contributed to the events of the Italian Risorgimento through Francesco Bentivegna who, after participating in the riots of 1848, captained an insurrection against the Bourbons in the surrounding cities until he was arrested and then shot in Mezzojuso on December 20, 1856. On May 27, 1860, the city was the scene of a fierce battle between followers of Garibaldi, led by Colonel Vincenzo Giordano Orsini, and the bulk of the Bourbon army led by General Von Meckel, which had been diverted from Palermo via a ploy hatched by the same Garibaldi. On that occasion, a team of volunteers (Picciotti, Sicilian for "boys"), led by Ferdinando Firmaturi, joined the march of Garibaldi in Palermo. The nineteenth century ended with the social action by Bernardino Verro, a leader of the social movement Fasci Siciliani.

Durando's mother was religious and instilled faith in her children while his father possessed liberal ideas and was of agnostic tendencies. Durando had as brothers Giacomo (4 February 1807 - 21 August 1894) - the foreign affairs minister of the 1862 Rattazzi Government - and Giovanni (23 June 1804 - 27 May 1869) - a papal soldier and general who refused the orders of Pope Pius IX in 1848 and moved his soldiers past the Po River to defect. His brothers were therefore involved in the Risorgimento. In 1841 he commenced his studies for the priesthood in Mondovì. In 1816 he desired to join the missions in China. Durando made his perpetual vows as a member of the Congregation of the Mission in 1818 after completing his philosophical studies and having had received the tonsure and the minor orders.

Another major source of inspiration was il Risorgimento. In 1859 he published A Vittorio Emanuele II, celebrating Victor Emmanuel II, and one of his most importants poems, the 1018 verse Giuseppe Garibaldi (episodio della guerra per l’indipendenza italiana), first published in 1927, contributed in an original way to the creation of the Garibaldian myth. Not least of his achievements in this area was the composition of a version of Camicia rossa Garibaldina for which he was personally thanked by Garibaldi himself. In May 1869, to commemorate the centenary of the Battle of Ponte Novu (in which his grandfather had fought and been seriously injured) he published, in several installments in the Bastia weekly Phare de la Corse, a vast poetic fresco consisting of fourteen canti entitled Pasquale Paoli.

The ancient territory of the Principality was much larger than the present one, including also the towns of Roccabruna and Menton which, however, arose in the framework of the Italian Risorgimento, passed to France in 1860 leaving the capital, i.e. the Monegasque municipality, as the only common of the State. The 1911 constitution divided the old Commune of Monaco into the three municipalities of Monaco City, Monte Carlo and La Condamine, but the prince's government was accused of having operated a form of dividend and imperat against the only democratic institution in the country, having on the other hand, the National Council has extremely limited powers. The controversy brought relatively quickly to the revision of the decision, restoring the single municipality with a law of 1917, operational from the following year.

Ettore Ferrari and Pio Piacentini during 1884 provided the rough draft plans for construct a permanent monument, the Victor Emmanuel II Monument that celebrates Victor Emmanuel II of Italy (the first king of a united Italy) and that also commemorates "Risorgimento", the Italian unification that followed the military defeat and dissolution of the temporal Papal States empire. In 1887, Ferrari created a statue of Ovid for the city of Constanţa, Romania (the ancient Tomis, where the Latin poet was exiled) and this statue has been duplicated in 1925 for Sulmona, Ovid's birthplace. Another important work is the bronze statue of Giuseppe Garibaldi, created in 1892, located in Pisa in the square with the same name. Ferrari also sculpted the statue of Giordano Bruno in Campo de' Fiori square in Rome.

There he became convinced that it was only through the House of Savoy that Italy could be liberated, and he expounded his views in Cavour's paper Il Risorgimento, in La Frusta and Il Piemonte, of which latter he was at one time editor. He also wrote his chief historical work, Lo Stato Romano dal 1815 al 1850, in four volumes (Turin, 1850). In 1851 he was appointed minister of public instruction in the D'Azeglio cabinet, an office which he held till May 1852. As a member of the Sardinian parliament and as a journalist Farini was one of the staunchest supporters of Cavour, and strongly favoured the proposal that Piedmont should participate in the Crimean War, if indeed he was not actually the first to suggest that policy.

During the Risorgimento, the movement towards the unification of Italy as a single state, Sienese students organised groups which were openly patriotic. They publicly expressed their dissent and, during the April 1848 revolts in Tuscany, three professors, one assistant and fifty-five students formed the Compagnia della Guardia Universitaria to participate in the battles of Curtatone and of Montanara. The troop's flag is still preserved in the Chancellor's building. All of this passion for the new republic could not but trouble the Grand Duke and in the end he closed down the School of Medicine permitting only Law and Theology to continue After the Second Italian War of Independence in 1859 and its aftermath, Tuscany and with it Siena were controlled by the Kingdom of Sardinia, which was to become the Kingdom of Italy.

Praga and Boito launched the Scapigliatura in earnest when they edited the paper Figaro in 1864. A year later saw the publishing of the first works by poet and novelist Iginio Ugo Tarchetti (1839–1869) who today is the best-known author of the Scapigliatura. They rebelled against late Romantic maudlin poets like Aleardo Aleardi and Giovanni Prati, Italian Catholic tradition and clericalism, and the Italian government's betrayal of the revolutionary roots of the Risorgimento period. Praga scandalized Italy with his second poetry collection Penombre (1864), reminiscent of Baudelaire's Les Fleurs du Mal, and Tarchetti with his novel Una Nobile Follia (1867) in which he opposed the militarist culture of Italy under the reigning Savoy royal family and in which he propounded his anarchism derived from French philosopher Pierre-Joseph Proudhon.

The Bersaglieri halt the Russian attack during the Battle of the Chernaya. Camillo di Cavour, under orders of Victor Emmanuel II of Piedmont-Sardinia, sent an expeditionary corps of 15,000 soldiers, commanded by General Alfonso La Marmora, to side with French and British forces during the war. This was an attempt at gaining the favour of the French, especially when the issue of uniting Italy would become an important matter. The deployment of Italian troops to the Crimea, and the gallantry shown by them in the Battle of the Chernaya (16 August 1855) and in the siege of Sevastopol, allowed the Kingdom of Sardinia to be among the participants at the peace conference at the end of the war, where it could address the issue of the Risorgimento to other European powers.

Calergi greatly expanded the building in 1614 with a large addition by architect Vincenzo Scamozzi called the "White Wing" which included windows overlooking a garden courtyard. (The addition was demolished in 1659 and rebuilt the following year.) In 1739, the palace was inherited through marriage by the Vendramins, a powerful patrician family of merchants, bankers, religious leaders, and politicians, who owned it for more than a century. In 1844, Marie-Caroline de Bourbon-Sicile, Duchess of Berry, and her second husband, Ettore Carlo Lucchesi-Palli, Duke della Grazia, purchased Ca' Vendramin Calergi from the last member of the Vendramin family line. In the turmoil of the Risorgimento, they were forced to sell the palace to Caroline's grandson, Henry (Enrico), Count de' Bardi, and many of its fine works of art were auctioned in Paris.

Emblem of the Italian Republic in the black and white version The central element of the emblem is the five-pointed star white star, also called Stella d'Italia (English: "Star of Italy"), which is the oldest national symbol of Italy, since it dates back to ancient Greece. In this historical epoch Italy was associated with the Star of Venus because it was located west of the Hellenic peninsula. Venus, immediately after sunset, is in fact visible on the horizon towards the west. It is the traditional symbolic representation of Italy since the Risorgimento and refers to the traditional iconography that Italy wants to portray as an attractive woman surrounded by a turreted crown - from which the allegory of Italia turrita - and dominated by a bright star, the Star of Italy.cfr.

During December 1943 Pannunzio was arrested by Nazis while he was in the newspaper's print works: he spent several months in the Regina Coeli (prison). After the liberation, Pannunzio was appointed director of "Risorgimento Liberale", which now became the official newspaper of the newly reconstituted Italian Liberal Party. (The old liberal party had been banned under the Fascist regime which preferred to operate with a one-party political structure.) The middle and later 1940s were characterised by powerful political disagreement in Italy. Pannunzio did not hesitate to oppose the National Liberation Committee ("Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale" / CLN) , a broad coalition of political groupings united only by opposition to Fascism and, until the general election of June 1946, the closest thing occupied post-war Italy had to a government.

The Mastroberardino family has been producing wine in the Campania region for more than 11 generations. The present-day winery was founded in Avellino in 1878 by Angelo Mastroberardino (1850–1914), who was a Cavaliere (or knight) in the Ordine della Corona d’Italia that was founded by King Victor Emmanuel II following the Risorgimento movement, in which Mastroberardino partook. Knowing the export market for Mastroberardino wines would be important in these early years Angelo founded a logistics company in Rome to help facilitate sales of his wines abroad.Mastroberardino "Since 130 years in this world" Official Site. Accessed: November 9th, 2012 Angelo's son, Michele Mastroberardino (1886–1945), continued to promote the family's wines throughout most of the early 20th century with frequent travels and speaking engagements across the globe.

Accused of treason by his fellow countrymen, in particular by other high rank generals, and of duplicity by the Prussians, he eventually published in defence of his tactics (1873) a series of documents entitled Un po' più di luce sugli eventi dell'anno 1866 ("More light on the events of 1866") a step which caused irritation in Germany, and exposed him to the charge of having violated state secrets. Meanwhile, he had been sent to Paris in 1867 to oppose the French expedition to Rome, and in 1870, after the occupation of Rome by the Italians, had been appointed lieutenant-royal of the new capital. He died in Florence on 5 January 1878. La Marmora's writings include Un episodio di risorgimento italiano (1875) and Il segreto di stato nel governo costituzionale (1877).

A controversial set of events set off at the 1990 World Cup, when Maradona made comments pertaining to North–South inequality in the country and the risorgimento, asking Neapolitans to root for Argentina in the semi-finals against Italy in Naples. The Stadio San Paolo was the only stadium during the competition where the Argentine national anthem was not jeered, Maradona bowed to the Napoli fans at the end and his country went on to reach the final. However, after the final, the Italian Football Federation (FIGC) forced Maradona to take a doping test, which he failed testing positive for cocaine; both Maradona and Napoli staff later claimed it was a revenge plot for events at the World Cup. Maradona was banned for 15 months and would never play for the club again.

Most of the novel is set during the time of the Risorgimento, specifically during the period when Giuseppe Garibaldi, the hero of Italian unification, swept through Sicily with his forces, known as The Thousand. The plot focuses upon the aristocratic Salina family, which is headed by the stoic Prince Fabrizio, a consummate womanizer who foresees the upcoming downfall of his family and the nobility in Italy as a whole but finds himself unable to change the course of history. As the novel opens in May 1860, Garibaldi's Redshirts have landed on the Sicilian coast and are pressing inland to overthrow the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Don Fabrizio is a prince from a proud noble family of power and influence and a strict code of conduct and ritual.

The square lies at the end of Ponte Regina Margherita (formerly the last bridge upstream in the town before Ponte Milvio) on the right bank of the Tiber; from it starts Via Cola di Rienzo, that crosses the rione Prati ending in Piazza Risorgimento. The square has a rectangular shape and consists of two green areas with flowerbeds; it shows some centuries-old trees and is surrounded by eclectic-style buildings. It dates back to the urbanization of the quarter, started in 1873 according to the so-called "Viviani Town-Plan". The monuments of the square include a 20th-century sacred aedicula portraying the Virgin with the Child, a 19th-century monument to the dramatist Pietro Cossa and Casa De' Salvi, an apartment house built in 1930 by architect Pietro Aschieri.

He noted the efforts of the Piedmontese to make "Greek style" sweet wines by twisting the stems of the grapes clusters and letting them hang longer on the vine to dry out. He also noted the changes with trellising in the region with more vines being staked close to the grounds rather than cultivated high among trees in the manner more common to Italian viticulture at the time. In the 17th century, the court jeweller of Charles Emmanuel I, Duke of Savoy earned broad renown for his pale red Chiaretto made entirely from the Nebbiolo grape.H. Johnson Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 412-423 Simon and Schuster 1989 During the Risorgimento (Italian unification) of the 19th century, many Piemontese winemakers and land owners played a pivotal role.

Following the French withdrawal of its military garrison in Rome in the anticipation of the Franco- Prussian War, the 1870 Capture of Rome itself was a major battle within the long process of Italian unification known as the Risorgimento,See Timeline of Italian unification. marking the final military defeat of the Papal States under Pope Pius IX by the Kingdom of Italy. This unification of the Italian peninsula by King Victor Emmanuel II of the House of Savoy ended the approximate 1,116 year temporal reign (AD 754 to 1870) of the Papal States by the papacy. Humanum genus asserted that the late 19th century was a time of particular danger for Roman Catholics as the "partisans of evil" were now far less secretive, as evidenced by the new openness of Freemasonry.

He argued that the fall of Hohenzollern and Habsburg monarchies and the repression of "reactionary" Turkey would create conditions beneficial for the working class. While he was supportive of the Entente powers, Mussolini responded to the conservative nature of Tsarist Russia by stating that the mobilization required for the war would undermine Russia's reactionary authoritarianism and the war would bring Russia to social revolution. He said that for Italy the war would complete the process of Risorgimento by uniting the Italians in Austria-Hungary into Italy and by allowing the common people of Italy to be participating members of the Italian nation in what would be Italy's first national war. Thus he claimed that the vast social changes that the war could offer meant that it should be supported as a revolutionary war.

This operation of iconification on a national scale had accents of the lowest level (such as the placing of plaques on sites in which Garibaldi had spent a few hours to take a bath) and even moments of blatant counterinformation. Duggan reports the case of serious Garibaldi's biography, written by Giuseppe Guerzoni in 1882, where next to the virtues he described Garibaldi's very human flaws. It was immediately branded as "too sophisticated" by Achille Bizzoni, who hastened to write to a watered down version "of the people use". Duggan also shows that the work of construction of a mythology of the Risorgimento was also extended to the "nationalization" of school curricula in history, the teaching of which was to be made "so that prospective students absorbed by the history of Italy the love of country".

Because of its central location and proximity to the seat of government the café soon became the cultural and commercial center and meeting place for students, artists, writers and patriots. It was also the scene of the 1848 student uprisings against the dominant Austrian, as evidenced by the souvenir plates on the wall of white room, and meeting place for writers and artists such Nievo, Fusinato, Stendhal, which even extolled the wonders of eggnog pedrocchiano, D ' Annunzio, Eleonora Duse and the futurist Marinetti. Owned by the City of Padua since 1891, the coffee houses, along with the Galleries of Pedrocchi and the Museum of the Risorgimento, the public can still read one of the newspapers available in the Green Hall, have a meal or pastry and coffee, and discuss politics, culture and life.

First page of Pavlos Karrer's song "Anthos kai Avgoula" Carrer was a descendant of a noble family of Zante. He studied music in his birthplace with the Italian teachers Giuseppe Cricca, Francesco Marangoni and possibly in Corfu with Nikolaos Mantzaros. A natural musical talent, but also in harmony with the cultural atmosphere of the Ionian Islands of the time, which was dominated by Italian opera and western European culture, he composed his first small musical pieces in the late 1840s. The operatic 'scena' Il pellegrino di Castiglia attracted the public's attention when it was staged at the ‘Apollon’ Municipal Theatre of Zante. In 1850, in the peak of the Risorgimento, the young Pavlos Carrer moved to Milan, the operatic capital of Europe (then under Austrian occupation), in order to specialize in his music studies.

The material exhibited at the Rome Ethnographic Exhibition of 1911 was subsequently collected and is currently exhibited in the National Museum of Popular Arts and Traditions (MAT) in Rome. The volume "The Three Capitals: Turin-Florence-Rome" written by Edmondo De Amicis in 1898 was published in support of the celebrations for the 50th anniversary. The director Luigi Maggi directed the film Nozze d'oro, based on a history of the Risorgimento, making an ideal parallel between the 50th anniversary of the unification of Italy and the 50th wedding anniversary of a bersagliere who fought in the Second Italian War of Independence; the film's title plays on the fact that this wedding anniversary is traditionally known as a "golden wedding". On 1 May 1911 a series of stamps was issued to commemorate the event known as the 50th anniversary of the Unification of Italy.

Both families, the Pirandellos and the Ricci Gramittos, were ferociously anti- Bourbon and actively participated in the struggle for unification and democracy ("Il Risorgimento"). Stefano participated in the famous Expedition of the Thousand, later following Garibaldi all the way to the battle of Aspromonte, and Caterina, who had hardly reached the age of thirteen, was forced to accompany her father to Malta, where he had been sent into exile by the Bourbon monarchy. But the open participation in the Garibaldian cause and the strong sense of idealism of those early years were quickly transformed, above all in Caterina, into an angry and bitter disappointment with the new reality created by the unification. Pirandello would eventually assimilate this sense of betrayal and resentment and express it in several of his poems and in his novel The Old and the Young.

In 1887, having definitively chosen the Department of Letters, he moved to Rome in order to continue his studies. But the encounter with the city, centre of the struggle for unification to which the families of his parents had participated with generous enthusiasm, was disappointing and nothing close to what he had expected. "When I arrived in Rome it was raining hard, it was night time and I felt like my heart was being crushed, but then I laughed like a man in the throes of desperation." Pirandello, who was an extremely sensitive moralist, finally had a chance to see for himself the irreducible decadence of the so- called heroes of the Risorgimento in the person of his uncle Rocco, now a greying and exhausted functionary of the prefecture who provided him with temporary lodgings in Rome.

During the 19th century in Bastia, Salvatore Viale wrote La Dionomachia in 1817, Canti popolari corsi in 1843 and Dell'uso della lingua patria in Corsica in 1858. Many Corsican authors (who wrote in Italian) were influenced by the ideals of the Italian Risorgimento during the second half of the 19th century, such as Giuseppe Multado, Gian Paolo Borghetti, Francesco Ottaviano Renucci (Storia della Corsica dal 1789 al 1830 and Novelle storiche corse). Even the Italian Niccolò Tommaseo collected the Canti popolari corsi (with points of view of Italian irredentism) and made a compilation of the letters (Lettere di Pasquale de Paoli) of Pasquale Paoli. Santu Casanova founded the famous literary review A Tramuntana (published in Ajaccio between 1896 and 1914) and wrote in Italian Meraviglioso testamento di Francesco in 1875 and La morte ed il funerale di Spanetto in 1892.

After Napoleon fell, the Congress of Vienna (1814–15) restored the pre-Napoleonic patchwork of independent governments. Italy was again controlled largely by the Austrian Empire and the Habsburgs, as they directly controlled the predominantly Italian-speaking northeastern part of Italy and were, together, the most powerful force against unification. An important figure of this period was Francesco Melzi d'Eril, serving as vice-president of the Napoleonic Italian Republic (1802–1805) and consistent supporter of the Italian unification ideals that would lead to the Italian Risorgimento shortly after his death. Meanwhile, artistic and literary sentiment also turned towards nationalism; Vittorio Alfieri, Francesco Lomonaco and Niccolò Tommaseo are generally considered three great literary precursors of Italian nationalism, but the most famous of proto-nationalist works was Alessandro Manzoni's I promessi sposi (The Betrothed), widely read as a thinly veiled allegorical critique of Austrian rule.

A drawing of Konstantinos Lomvardos by Ioannis Oikonomou, 1888 Around the time of other revolutionary movements in Europe in 1848, the Party of Radicals was formed out of an earlier group called the Liberals to agitate for the end of the British occupation of the Ionian Islands and in favor of union with the Kingdom of Greece. The Party is often labelled the first party of principles in Greek history and a precursor to the socialist movement in Greece. However, the Party not only agitated for union with Greece but also protested against the political and social situation in the Greek state. Contacts were maintained with key figures of the Risorgimento including Giuseppe Garibaldi and Giuseppe Mazzini. In late 1850, the Party's MP Ioannis Typaldos proposed in the Ionian parliament in Corfu the resolution for the union of the Ionian Islands with Greece.

Panorama of Genoa in the early 19th century. Here the Italian tricolour cockade first appeared, and with it the Italian national colours The national cockade of Italy, on which the three Italian national colours made their debut in 1789 The tricolore was symbolically important preceding and throughout the Risorgimento leading to Italian unification. The first documented trace of the use of Italian national colours is dated 21 August 1789: in the historical archives of the Republic of Genoa it is reported that eyewitnesses had seen some demonstrators pinned on their clothes hanging a red, white and green cockade on their clothes. The Italian gazettes of the time had in fact created confusion about the facts of French revolution, especially on the replacement of green with blue, reporting the news that the French tricolour was green, white and red.

Cispadana Republic supplanted Duchy of Milan after Napoleon's victorious army crossed Italy in 1796. The colours chosen by the Cispadane Republic were red and white, which were the colours of the recently conquered flag of Milan; and green, which was the colour of the uniform of the Milanese civic guard. During this time, many small French-proxy republics of Jacobin inspiration supplanted the ancient absolute Italian states and almost all, with variants of colour, used flags characterised by three bands of equal size, clearly inspired by the French model of 1790. After the date of 7 January 1797 the popular consideration for the Italian flag grew steadily, until it became one of the most important symbols of the Risorgimento, which culminated on 17 March 1861 with the proclamation of the Kingdom of Italy, of which the tricolor rose to national flag.

Later it was part of the Italian Republic (1802-1805) and then of the Kingdom of Italy. With Napoleon’s fall, the Congress of Vienna established the entrance of Valeggio in the Kingdom of Lombardy-Venetia, an Austrian Empire dependence. During the Italian Unification (the 'Risorgimento'), the town was a protagonist of the battles of the First, Second and Third Italian War of Independence, which led to the creation of the newly unified Kingdom of Italy. In the Second World War the Monte Borghetto was bombarded (4 December 1944, the true aim was the Visconti Bridge); on 14 February 1944, an American aircraft B-17 fell during a dogfight in the locality of Vanoni-Remelli, causing the death of both a civilian - who was working in the fields near a water canal - and pilot Harold Arthur Bond Jr.

With the Italian Risorgimento the Kingdom of Sicily and its capital Naples are under attack; and, as the people are generally in favor of the change, the Prince knows that he is the last Leopard—the last in his line, the last who will truly understand and adhere to the old ways, and he finds that the world that is coming is vulgar and distasteful. In his nephew Tancredi he sees a younger version of himself, but he knows that Tancredi will need to in some ways accept the new power and the new ways if there should be any chance of saving some part of that older time: "For everything to stay the same, everything must change," says Tancredi. The Leopard sees that there is some truth to this but he remains reluctant and goes through the motions with little enthusiasm.

In the mid-19th century, a local farmer named Clemente Santi isolated certain plantings of Sangiovese vines in order to produce a 100% varietal wine that could be aged for a considerable period of time.M. Ewing-Mulligan & E. McCarthy, Italian Wines for Dummies, pg 159-161 Hungry Minds 2001 In 1888, his grandson Ferruccio Biondi-Santi—a veteran soldier who fought under Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Risorgimento—released the first "modern version" of Brunello di Montalcino, which was aged for over a decade in large wood barrels. By the mid-20th century, this 100% varietal Sangiovese was eagerly being sought out by critics and wine drinkers alike.H. Johnson, Vintage: The Story of Wine, pg 423, Simon and Schuster 1989 The Montalcino region seems to have ideal conditions for ripening Sangiovese with the potential for full ripeness achievable even on north-facing slopes.

225 Ottavio Serena graduated in law as well as in literature and philosophy; at the beginning of his career he took care of the reorganization of the education of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies at the request of Saverio Baldacchini. During the Risorgimento he was a revolutionary, but, having dedicated his life to research and study, he never fought, unlike many of his friends. Nevertheless, he was no less in the struggle, conspiring under the watchful and suspicious eye of the Bourbon police and he was also member of temporary government established in Altamura, while within walking distance of the city there was a large contingent of the Bourbon army led by general Flores. After the Unification of Italy (1861), he was relocated to Turin, where he worked as secretary of Italian minister Francesco De Sanctis.

By the nature of the post he occupied, from 1850 until his death Antonelli had little to do with questions of dogma and Church discipline, although his was the signature on circulars addressed to the Powers transmitting the Syllabus of Errors (1864) and the acts of the First Vatican Council (1870). His activity was devoted almost exclusively to the struggle between the papacy and the Italian Risorgimento. He died on 6 November 1876. Antonelli bequeathed his personal fortune of about 623,341 gold francs (derived chiefly from his family patrimony) to his four living brothers and two nephews, but pointedly excluded a nephew who had become an anticlerical Italian nationalist; he bequeathed his collection of precious gems to the Vatican museum, and the crucifix he kept on his desk to Pope Pius IX as a personal memento.

The RI claims the legacy of Risorgimento radical-republican figures such as Carlo Cattaneo, Giuseppe Mazzini, and Felice Cavallotti, and 19th-century liberal and socialist intellectuals as Gaetano Salvemini, the brothers Carlo and Nello Rosselli, Benedetto Croce, and party-ideologue Ernesto Rossi. Internationally, the RI political though is influenced by ideas of Martin Luther King Jr., Mahatma Gandhi, Immanuel Kant and Karl Popper. On political action's methods, the RI adopts referendums as direct democratic system of vote (since 1974, the Radical Party and its successor RI had purposed more than 110 referendums, in which 35 times the party were successful) and Gandhi- inspired nonviolence, the Satyagraha, also adopting extreme tactics like hunger strike and, occasionally, thirst strike. Particularly, Marco Pannella became near to the nonviolent movement after a long-time association with Aldo Capitini, an anti-fascist activist nicknamed the "Italian Gandhi".

The Mortara case is given little attention in most Risorgimento histories, if it is mentioned at all. The first book-length scholarly work was Rabbi Bertram Korn's The American Reaction to the Mortara Case: 1858–1859 (1957), which was devoted entirely to public opinion in the United States and, according to Kertzer, often incorrect about details of the case. The main historical reference until the 1990s was a series of articles written by the Italian scholar Gemma Volli and published around the centenary of the controversy in 1958–60. When David Kertzer began studying the case he was surprised to find that many of his Italian colleagues were not familiar with it, while specialists in Jewish studies across the world invariably were—Mortara had, as Kertzer put it, "[fallen] from the mainstream of Italian history into the ghetto of Jewish history".

An able bureaucrat, he had little sympathy for the idealism that had inspired much of the Risorgimento. He tended to see discontent as rooted in frustrated self-interest and accordingly believed that most opponents had their price and could be transformed eventually into allies. The primary objective of Giolittian politics was to govern from the center with slight and well controlled fluctuations, now in a conservative direction, then in a progressive one, trying to preserve the institutions and the existing social order. Critics from the Right considered him a socialist due to the courting of socialist votes in parliament in exchange for political favours, while critics from the Left called him ministro della malavita (minister of the underworld) – a term coined by the historian Gaetano Salvemini – accusing him of winning elections with the support of criminals.

He did not limit his studies to classical philology but also studied authors of the Renaissance, Byzantine and Risorgimento eras. He was one of the first members of Lucca's Green Cross (Croce Verde), serving for many years as its president - they set up a scholarship in his name after his death and also named one of their new ambulances after him in 1957. A keen supporter of the ideas of Mazzini, the Domus Mazziniana in Pisa was set up on his initiative and he became its first president. A convinced republican, he was part of the Italian Republican Party until 1913, when he left it after disagreeing with its abstentionist policy. He became a candidate for the Italian Radical Party for the college of Borgo a Mozzano in the Italian general election of 1913, but was defeated by the cleric Tomba.

J. Robinson (ed) The Oxford Companion to Wine Third Edition pp. 106–107 Oxford University Press 2006 In the mid-19th century, a local farmer named Clemente Santi isolated certain plantings of Sangiovese vines in order to produce a 100% varietal wine that could be aged for a considerable period of time. In 1888, his grandson Ferruccio Biondi-Santi—a veteran soldier who fought under Giuseppe Garibaldi during the Risorgimento—released the first "modern version" of Brunello di Montalcino that was aged for over a decade in large wood barrels.K. MacNeil The Wine Bible pp. 382–384 Workman Publishing 2001 H. Johnson Vintage: The Story of Wine pg 423 Simon and Schuster 1989 H. Johnson & J. Robinson The World Atlas of Wine pg 179 Mitchell Beazley Publishing 2005 By the end of World War II, Brunello di Montalcino had developed a reputation as one of Italy's rarest wines.

But in fact the piece encored was not "Va, pensiero" but the hymn "Immenso Jehova". The growth of the "identification of Verdi's music with Italian nationalist politics" perhaps began in the 1840s. In 1848, the nationalist leader Giuseppe Mazzini (whom Verdi had met in London the previous year) requested Verdi (who complied) to write a patriotic hymn. The opera historian Charles Osborne describes the 1849 La battaglia di Legnano as "an opera with a purpose" and maintains that "while parts of Verdi's earlier operas had frequently been taken up by the fighters of the Risorgimento...this time the composer had given the movement its own opera" It was not until 1859 in Naples, and only then spreading throughout Italy, that the slogan "Viva Verdi" was used as an acronym for Viva Vittorio Emanuele Re D'Italia (Viva Victor Emmanuel King of Italy), (who was then king of Piedmont).

Serbian nationalism was an important factor during the Balkan Wars which contributed to the decline of the Ottoman Empire, during and after World War I when it contributed to the dissolution of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, and again during the breakup of Yugoslavia and the Yugoslav Wars of the 1990s. After 1878, Serbian nationalists merged their goals with those of Yugoslavists, and emulated the Piedmont's leading role in the Risorgimento of Italy, by claiming that Serbia sought not only to unite all Serbs in one state, but that Serbia intended to be a South Slavic Piedmont that would unite all South Slavs in one state known as Yugoslavia. Serbian nationalists supported a centralized Yugoslav state that guaranteed the unity of the Serbs while resisting efforts to decentralize the state. The Vidovdan Constitution adopted by Yugoslavia in 1921 consolidated the country as a centralized state under the Serbian Karađorđević monarchy.

The Embassy of Colombia to the Holy See is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Colombia to the Holy See; it is headed by the Ambassador of Colombia to the Holy See. It is located in the Prati neighbourhood of the Municipio XVII of Rome, just outside Vatican City, precisely at Via Cola di Rienzo, 285 at the intersection of Via Silla, and it is serviced by the Ottaviano–San Pietro–Musei Vaticani metro station and the Risorgimento tram stop. The Embassy is also accredited to the Sovereign Military Order of Malta. The Embassy is charged with representing the interests of the President and Government of Colombia, improving diplomatic relations between Colombia and the accredited countries, promoting and improving the image and standing of Colombia in the accredited nations, promoting the Culture of Colombia, encouraging and facilitating tourism to and from Colombia, and ensuring the safety of Colombians abroad.

Using their recommendations, Menabrea proposed that four ships-of-the-line be constructed for the Regia Marina as part of the centerpiece of the Italian naval plan for 1862–1865. Menabrea attempted to placate all other factions within the Italian government by offering in the 1862–1865 naval program that the Regia Marina also acquire two ironclads from British shipyards for those who supported armored ships, twelve gunboats for those who supported coastal defense, and several transport ships for those who supported continuing the Risorgimento to the shores of Austria. Rather than win over the various different naval factions within Italy however, Menabrea's proposal disappointed nearly everyone and gained few supporters within the Chamber of Deputies. The proposal never got beyond the planning stages however, as Bettino Ricasoli, who had succeeded Cavour as Prime Minister, was forced to resign the office in March 1862.

Colonel Stefan Dunjov (left) with Italian colonel Achille Majocchi (right) Stefan Dunjov (, Stefan Dunyov, ) (28 July 1815 - 29 August 1889) was a Banat Bulgarian military figure and revolutionary known for participating in both the Hungarian Revolution of 1848 and the Italian unification (Risorgimento), as well as for being the first ethnic Bulgarian Colonel. Born in Vinga in the Austrian Empire (today in Romania) to a Roman Catholic Bulgarian farming family, Dunjov graduated in law and started working as a lawyer in Arad. Having adopted the ideas of Hungarian revolutionaries Lajos Kossuth and Sándor Petőfi, he joined their 1848 insurrectionist forces and was elected a member of the regional and city committee in Arad, later serving as a private in the Hungarian Army and a military judge. He participated in a number of battles defending the revolution and was promoted initially to the rank of Captain and then to that of Colonel.

The Palazzo Pitti was being redecorated on a grand scale at this time and the new works of art were being collected to adorn the newly decorated salons. By the mid-19th century so numerous were the Grand Ducal paintings of modern art that many were transferred to the , which became the first home of the newly formed "Modern Art Museum". Following the Risorgimento and the expulsion of the Grand Ducal family from the palazzo, all the Grand Ducal modern art works were brought together under one roof in the newly titled "Modern gallery of the Academy". The collection continued to expand, particularly so under the patronage of Vittorio Emanuele II. However it was not until 1922 that this gallery was moved to the Palazzo Pitti where it was complemented by further modern works of art in the ownership of both the state and the municipality of Florence.

In the 1970s when film poster illustration lost impact in the face of television and newspaper advertising, Campeggi returned to Florence. There he painted a series of 50 images depicting Siena's Palio horse race (2001). Another series of 50 images "I Have Seen the Rush of Jousts" (2003) was commissioned by the city of Arezzo to celebrate the Jousting Tournaments of Saracen, the title taken from Dante's Inferno. Campeggi's other important commissions included the painting of five large battle scenes from the Italian Risorgimento on behalf of the Carabinieri police force (early 1970s); a portrait of the Italian Resistance hero Salvo D'Acquisto which appeared as an Italian postage stamp (1975); a series of 35 images for the City of Florence depicting their traditional "Calcio Storico" soccer match (1997); and the creation of one of the Stations of the Cross for the rededication of the city of Assisi (2004).

From this marriage came four children: Ugo, Carmela, Laura and Aurelio. Unfortunately the economic situation in Sicily following the Risorgimento was dire and this affected the Catti family as well. After 1885, Catti abandoned his realistic approach, to an impressionism possibly inspired by the works of Antonio Leto, characterized by a wide and sparse brushstroke. In 1891 he exhibited again in Milan and at the Promotrice in Palermo, where he also exhibited in 1893. In 1892 he painted Castel di Tusa and in 1896 he obtained a personal success at the exhibition held at the Circolo Artico di Palermo with the paintings Estate, Primavera, Autunno e Inverno (the 4 seasons). He held a personal exhibition in 1898 and in 1900 he exhibited at the Belle Arti exhibition at the Teatro Massimo. Catti also had a pupil, Erminio Kremp, with whom he spent many hours in the osteria drinking.

The riots during Red Week frightened the lower middle classes, and proved that Italy's problems of unification were more than just the growing pains of a young nation. Italy's Wars of Unification (Risorgimento) and following trade measures had failed to iron out inequalities between its industrialised North and agricultural South - the needs of both could not simultaneously be satisfied by Giolitti's liberal politics. Benito Mussolini was the only prominent Marxist to defend the popular street uprising that was referred to in Italy as Settimana Rossa (Red Week).Ernst Nolte,Three Faces of Fascism: Action Française, Italian Fascism, National Socialism, Translated from the German by Lelia Vennewitz, Holt, Rinehart and Winston, (1966) p. 154 Mussolini considered Red Week as his “greatest achievement and disappointment” during his leadership of the Italian Socialist Party, regarding the strike as the pinnacle of radical class struggle but also as an abysmal failure.

The three Italian national colors carved on the floor of the Palazzo delle Poste in Florence. After their appearance in Genoa on 21 August 1789, red, white and green gradually became part of the Italian collective imagination until they were represented in the most varied areas Later the green, white and red cockade always spread to a greater extent, gradually becoming the only ornament used in Italy by the rioters. The patriots began to call it "Italian cockade" making it become one of the symbols of the country. In fact, the error of journalistic headings on the colors of the French tricolor cockade was clarified, and consequently the connotations of uniqueness were assumed, green, white and red were adopted by the Risorgimento patriots as one of the most important symbols of the insurrectional and political struggle, aimed at completing the national unit taking the name of "Italian tricolor".

After the end of the Napoleonic Wars in 1815, the other main Italian states were the Grand Duchy of Tuscany in the west, the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies in the south, and the Kingdom of Sardinia (governed from Piedmont on the mainland by King Victor Emmanuel II). The French occupation during the 1790s and early 1800s had led the Pope's popularity and spiritual authority to greatly increase, but had also severely damaged the geopolitical credibility of the Papal States. The historian David Kertzer suggests that by the 1850s "what had once appeared so solid—a product of the divine order of things—now seemed terribly fragile". Pope Pius IX, elected in 1846, was initially widely seen as a great reformer and moderniser who might throw his weight behind the growing movement for Italian unification—referred to in Italian as the Risorgimento (meaning "Resurgence").

The stages of Italian unification during 1829–71 The Risorgimento was the era 1830–1870 that saw the emergence of a national consciousness. Italians achieved independence from Austria, the House of Bourbon and from the Pope, securing national unification.Martin Collier, Italian Unification 1820–71 (2003)Taylor, Struggle for Mastery pp 99–125 The papacy called France to resist unification, fearing that giving up control of the Papal States would weaken the Church and allow the liberals to dominate conservative Catholics. Italy captured Rome in 1870 and later formed the Triple Alliance (1882) with Germany and Austria. Italy defeated the Ottoman Empire in 1911–1912.Charles Stevenson, A Box of Sand: The Italo-Ottoman War 1911–1912: The First Land, Sea and Air War (2014) By 1914, Italy had acquired in Africa a colony on the Red Sea coast (Eritrea), a large protectorate in Somalia and administrative authority in formerly Turkish Libya.

His second work, Canti storici albanesi di Serafina Thopia, moglie del principe Nicola Ducagino, Naples 1839 (Albanian historical songs of Serafina Thopia, wife of prince Nicholas Dukagjini), was seized by the Bourbon authorities because of De Rada's alleged affiliation with conspiratorial groups during the Italian Risorgimento. The work was republished under the title Canti di Serafina Thopia, principessa di Zadrina nel secolo XV, Naples 1843 (Songs of Serafina Thopia, princess of Zadrina in the 15th century) and in later years in a third version as Specchio di umano transito, vita di Serafina Thopia, Principessa di Ducagino, Naples 1897 (Mirror of human transience, life of Serafina Thopia, princess of Dukagjin). His Italian- language historical tragedy I Numidi, Naples 1846 (The Numidians), elaborated half a century later as Sofonisba, dramma storico, Naples 1892 (Sofonisba, historical drama), enjoyed only modest public response. In the revolutionary year 1848, De Rada founded the newspaper L'Albanese d'Italia (The Albanian of Italy) which included articles in Albanian.

His second work, Canti storici albanesi di Serafina Thopia, moglie del principe Nicola Ducagino, Naples 1839 (Albanian historical songs of Serafina Thopia, wife of prince Nicholas Dukagjini), was seized by the Bourbon authorities because of De Rada's alleged affiliation with conspiratorial groups during the Italian Risorgimento. The work was republished under the title Canti di Serafina Thopia, principessa di Zadrina nel secolo XV, Naples 1843 (Songs of Serafina Thopia, princess of Zadrina in the 15th century) and in later years in a third version as Specchio di umano transito, vita di Serafina Thopia, Principessa di Ducagino, Naples 1897 (Mirror of human transience, life of Serafina Thopia, princess of Dukagjin). His Italian-language historical tragedy I Numidi, Naples 1846 (The Numidians), elaborated half a century later as Sofonisba, dramma storico, Naples 1892 (Sofonisba, historical drama), enjoyed only modest public response. In the revolutionary year 1848, De Rada founded the newspaper L'Albanese d'Italia (The Albanian of Italy) which included articles in Albanian.

On 19 August 1860, Calabria was invaded from Sicily by Giuseppe Garibaldi and his Redshirts as part of the Expedition of the Thousand. Through King Francesco II of Naples had dispatched 16,000 soldiers to stop the Redshirts, who numbered about 3,500, after a token battle at Reggio Calabria won by the Redshirts, all resistance ceased and Garibaldi was welcomed as a liberator from the oppressive rule of the Bourbons whatever he went in Calabria. Calabria together with the rest of the Kingdom of Naples was incorporated in 1861 into the Kingdom of Italy. Garibaldi planned to complete the Risorgimento by invading Rome, still ruled by the Pope protected by a French garrison, and began with semi-official encouragement to raise an army. Subsequently, King Victor Emmanuel II decided the possibility of war with France was too dangerous, and on 29 August 1862 Garibaldi's base in the Calabrian town of Aspromonte was attacked by the Regio Esercito.

Italian Americans ( or italo-americani, ) are citizens of the United States of America who are of Italian descent. The majority of Italian Americans reside mainly in the Northeast and in urban industrial Midwest metropolitan areas, though smaller communities exist in certain metropolitan areas in other parts of the United States. About 5.5 million Italians immigrated to the United States from 1820 to 2004, with the majority of Italian immigrants to the United States arriving in the 20th century from Southern Italy. In 1870, prior to the large wave of Italian immigrants to the United States, there were fewer than 25,000 Italian immigrants in America, many of them Northern Italian refugees from the wars that accompanied the Risorgimento—the struggle for Italian unification and independence from foreign rule which ended in 1871. Immigration began to increase during the 1870s, when more than twice as many Italians immigrated (1870–79: 46,296) than during the five previous decades combined (1820–69: 22,627).

According to Warrack and West, the banda "makes its most marked appearance in Verdi's operas, where its stirring, frankly vulgar sound accorded well with the general Risorgimento feeling of such early works as Nabucco and I Lombardi. In his later operas he used the banda convention in a more flexible fashion, ranging from the subtlety of the ballroom scenes in Rigoletto and Un ballo in maschera to the stridency of the auto-da-fé scene of Don Carlos." Julian Budden, dismissing Rossini's use of the banda as "always naturalistic and perfunctory", continues by dismissing Donizetti's and Bellini's banda music, and finally writes "It was left to Verdi to plumb the depths of vulgarity with his banda marches, even at a time when his style as a whole had reformed. .... The so-called Kinsky band at Venice had a very high reputation, and Verdi, who had refused to write for it in Attila, took good care to include it in all his subsequent Venetian operas".

In 1859, Pope Pius IX, facing rebellion against his temporal sovereignty in the course of the Risorgimento, ordered that Masses celebrated in the Papal States be followed by three Ave Marias, a Salve Regina, a versicle and response, and a collect. He did not make these prayers obligatory in other countries, but did ask Catholics everywhere to pray for the defeat of those bent on destroying the Holy See's temporal sovereignty.Qui nuper, 18 June 1859, PapalEncyclicalsOnline On 6 January 1884, in the context of anti- clerical political and social developments in the new Kingdom of Italy, Pope Leo XIII ordered that the prayers be recited throughout the world.This instruction was published by a decree Iam inde ab anno of the Sacred Congregation of Rites, published in Acta Sanctae Sedis 16 (1884), pages 249–250. In 1886, the prayer that follows the Salve Regina was modified to make it a prayer for the conversion of sinners and "the freedom and exaltation of Holy Mother Church".

Nevertheless, "Suona la tromba" remained a relatively obscure piece until 1996. Students at the Milan Conservatory had unearthed the 1865 De Giorgi score in the conservatory's library, and it was performed by the City of Milan Chamber Choir in a broadcast by Rai 2 television on 7 February 1996. In 2011, the 150th Anniversary of the Unification of Italy, there were multiple performances of the work in commemorative concerts, and it was recorded by the La Scala Chamber Orchestra and Chorus for the CD Musica del Risorgimento. The critical edition of the score, edited and annotated by Roberta Montemorra Marvin, was published by University of Chicago Press in 2007. In 2013, the Accademia Nazionale d’Arte Antica e Moderna published what is claimed to be the sole surviving copy of the score printed in Florence in 1848 and found in 2011 in the private archive of the Italian pianist and conductor Antonello Palazzolo.

De Gobineau's writings exerted an enormous influence on the thinkers antecedent to the Third Reich - although they are curiously free of anti-Semitic prejudice. Quite different historical factors inspired the Italian Cesare Lombroso in his work on criminal anthropology with the notion of atavistic retrogression, probably shaped by his experiences as a young army doctor in Calabria during the risorgimento. In England, degeneration received a scientific formulation from Ray Lankester whose detailed discussions of the biology of parasitism were hugely influential; and the poor physical condition of many recruits for the second South African war (1899-1902) caused alarm in British government circles. The psychiatrist Henry Maudsley initially argued that degenerate family lines would die out with little social consequence, but later became more pessimistic about the effects of degeneration on the general population;Keeping America Sane: Psychiatry and Eugenics in the United States and Canada, 1880-1940 Pg 81 Maudsley also warned against the use of the term "degeneration" in a vague and indiscriminate way.

Francesco Hayez's The Kiss (1859) has come to represent the spirit of the Italian Risorgimento As in other parts of Europe, Italian Neoclassical art was mainly based on the principles of Ancient Roman and Ancient Greek art and architecture, but also by the Italian Renaissance architecture and its basics, such as in the Villa Capra "La Rotonda". Classicism and Neoclassicism in Italian art and architecture developed during the Italian Renaissance, notably in the writings and designs of Leon Battista Alberti and the work of Filippo Brunelleschi. It places emphasis on symmetry, proportion, geometry and the regularity of parts as they are demonstrated in the architecture of Classical antiquity and in particular, the architecture of Ancient Rome, of which many examples remained. Orderly arrangements of columns, pilasters and lintels, as well as the use of semicircular arches, hemispherical domes, niches and aedicules replaced the more complex proportional systems and irregular profiles of medieval buildings.

Giuseppe Barboglio, a Red Shirt volunteer of the Thousand, wearing the Marsala Medal The Expedition of the Thousand has traditionally been one of the most celebrated events of the Italian Risorgimento, the process of the unification of Italy. In the following years, the rise of local resistance (the so-called brigantaggio or brigandage), required at one point the presence of some 140,000 Piedmontese troops to maintain control of the former Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. Traditionally, the handling of the brigantaggio has received a negative judgement by Italian historians, in strict contrast with the heroism attributed to Garibaldi and his followers; the English historian Denis Mack Smith,Denis Mack Smith, Italy and Its Monarchy. for example, points out the deficiencies and reticence of the sources available for the period 1861–1946,Denis Mack Smith, I re d'Italia, Rizzoli, 1990 but the same historian also pointed out the backwardness of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies at the time of the unification.

Budden makes a useful observation on the musical qualities of the original version: "all the devices that we associate with the term bel canto are sparingly used"Budden, p. 254 and he suggests that, at mid-century, "this amounted to a denial of Italy's national birthright" for an audience brought up on the conventions employed by Vincenzo Bellini or Gaetano Donizetti. In his "Introduction to the 1881 Score", James Hepokoski emphasizes that Budden's assertion appeared to be true, since the 1857 original "resounded with clear echoes of [Verdi's] earlier style" and that he employed the known techniques but, at the same time, moved away from them, so that: :the basic musical conventions of the Risorgimento (separate numbers with breaks for applause, multi-movement arias and duets with repetitive codas, cadenzas and repeated cabalettas, static concertato ensembles, and so on) were indeed present, if usually modified [so that] the musical discourse was characteristically terse, angular, and muscular.James Hepokoski, in Kahn, p.

The ideas behind the revisionist movement already began to awaken and strengthen in the years immediately following the events that led to the Kingdom of Sardinia to become the Kingdom of Italy, even before the birth of a historical debate on the subject. The first doubts about the reasons behind the foreign policy of the House of Savoy were raised by Giuseppe Mazzini, one of the theorists and supporters of Italian unification. In this regard Mazzini suggested in his paper "Italy of the people" that the government of Cavour was not interested in the principle of a united Italy, but simply to push the boundaries of the Savoy state. Even once Italy was unified, Mazzini returned to attack the Government in respect of the new nation: Statements of Mazzini are precursors of the dispute on the ideal unification process, which began already during the 20th century, as a continuation of the contentious debate between the moderate and democratic parties of Risorgimento.

For the ideas expressed in his work, which appeared in full fascist period, when the Risorgimento was considered a "intangible" myth, Alianello risked his confinement, which he managed to avoid only because of the fall of the regime. With the establishment of the Italian Republic Alianello could further develop his line of thought with the publication of The Legacy of the Prioress (L'eredità della Priora) (1963), considered by some his greatest work, and The Conquest of the South (La conquista del Sud) (1972), often referred to in the essay later revisionist works. In keeping with its 19th-century precursors, according to Alianello, the choices made in the unification process, as well as being totally alien to the needs of the Southern Italy, have been performed by the Piedmontese, with the complicity of the British government and masonry for the purpose of mere foreign occupation. In the line of cultural descent, Michele Topa follows Carlo Alianello.

The minority of people who felt they were Italian, also made up mostly of representatives from advocacy or by intellectuals from different fields, called for independence from foreign rulers, the Austrian Empire of all but not unification. The environment of the time, in fact, was strongly characterized by the presence of parochial diffuse tensions, the legacy of "Comuni Age" and never really dormant. The researcher concludes that "patriotic interpretation of the Risorgimento is wrong, if only for the fact that the Italians were divided and not at all anxious to achieve national unity". The British also recognized that academic scholars of the Southern School (Meridionalisti, see specific paragraph) have shown that the society of the ancient Kingdom of Two Sicilies was not stagnant, and some institutions strongly disputed by mainstream historians, such as estate, were not an index of socio-cultural backwardness but rather the "most appropriate response to the technological conditions and market circumstances".

La Rotonda di Palmieri, 1866, oil on wood, 12 x 35 cm, Florence, Galleria d'Arte Moderna In 1864 he submitted four more works to the Promotrice fiorentina. In his landscape painting La Rotonda di Palmieri (Palmieri's round terrace) (1866), geometrical simplicity and colour have become a structural part of the painting. Late in 1866 he moved to a new and larger studio in Florence, to accommodate his larger historical canvases, as he still received commissions for epic battle scenes from the Italian unification (Risorgimento). A famous painting from this period is the Storming of the Madonna della Scoperta, an episode of the Battle of San Martino (1859). Storming of the Madonna della Scoperta, 1862, oil on canvas, 204 x 290 cm, Livorno, Museo Civico Fattori Following the death of his wife in March 1867, he spent the summer of 1867 in Castiglioncello with the critic Diego Martelli, the theoretician of the Macchiaioli.

The birth of the Kingdom of Italy was the result of efforts by Italian nationalists and monarchists loyal to the House of Savoy to establish a united kingdom encompassing the entire Italian Peninsula. Following the Congress of Vienna in 1815, the political and social Italian unification movement, or Risorgimento, emerged to unite Italy consolidating the different states of the peninsula and liberate it from foreign control. A prominent radical figure was the patriotic journalist Giuseppe Mazzini, member of the secret revolutionary society Carbonari and founder of the influential political movement Young Italy in the early 1830s, who favoured a unitary republic and advocated a broad nationalist movement. His prolific output of propaganda helped the unification movement stay active. Animated map of the Italian unification from 1829 to 1871 The most famous member of Young Italy was the revolutionary and general Giuseppe Garibaldi, renowned for his extremely loyal followers,Dennis Mack Smith, Modern Italy; A Political History, (University of Michigan Press, 1997) p. 15.

Giovanni Battista Menabue, Conflict in the square of Mirandola in 1799 (watercolour on paper, 1799) In 1783-1784 the southern portico of the present Giuseppe Mazzini square was built in order to house the grain market (gabella de' grani). On July 10, 1798, the marble statue of the so-called People's Madonna (Madonna del Popolo, also known as the Madonnina), which was located in a niche on the northern facade and which was brought to the Cathedral of Santa Maria Maggiore. The statue was later placed on the tympanum of the Oratory of the Blessed Virgin of the Gate, from which it was temporarily removed following the 2012 earthquake. In a watercolour by Giovanni Battista Menabue depicting a conflict that occurred in the square of Mirandola on April 27, 1799 between Germans, Cisalpines and Mantuans (exposed at the Civic Museum of the Risorgimento of Modena), it can be noticed, at the center of the facade of the building, the empty niche in which the statue of the Madonna was placed.

Italian states (1815–1859). The Risorgimento was the political and social process that unified different states of the Italian peninsula into the single nation of Italy. It is difficult to pin down exact dates for the beginning and end of Italian reunification, but most scholars agree that it began with the end of Napoleonic rule and the Congress of Vienna in 1815, and approximately ended with the Franco-Prussian War in 1871, though the last "città irredente" did not join the Kingdom of Italy until the Italian victory in World War I. As Napoleon's reign began to fail, other national monarchs he had installed tried to keep their thrones by feeding those nationalistic sentiments, setting the stage for the revolutions to come. Among these monarchs were the viceroy of Italy, Eugène de Beauharnais, who tried to get Austrian approval for his succession to the Kingdom of Italy, and Joachim Murat, who called for Italian patriots' help for the unification of Italy under his rule. Following the defeat of Napoleonic France, the Congress of Vienna (1815) was convened to redraw the European continent.

The monorail built in Turin for the centenary celebrations The celebrations of the centenary began in 1959 with the visit to Italy of General Charles de Gaulle, from 23 to 27 June, to celebrate the memory of the Franco Piedmontese alliance that allowed the victorious Second Italian War of Independence, which constituted the spring from which two years later national unification took place. During this visit, military magazines and demonstrations were organized on the battlefields of Magenta, Solferino and San Martino, and a visit to the Altare della Patria in Rome. In 1961, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the Unification of Italy, three exhibitions were organized in Turin: the Historical Exhibition of the Unification of Italy, the Exhibition of Italian Regions and the International Labor Exhibition also known as Expo 61. Roberto Rossellini, author of numerous historical period films, directed two films centered on the Risorgimento: the celebratory Garibaldi, in which he reconstructs the expedition of the Thousand, and the more intimate Vanina Vanini, set in the times of the Carbonari uprisings.

A plan to set up a region-wide archaeological collection in Ancona was first devised the day after approval was granted for the Royal Decree issued by Lorenzo Valerio, the Extraordinary Commissioner for the Marche region, on 3 November 1860. It was a cause much advocated by Count Carlo Rinaldini (1824-1866), a scholar in epigraphy and the secretary of the Commission and by Carisio Ciavarini (1837-1905) from the town of Pesaro, a grammar-school Italian literature teacher. Both men were staunch patriots, supporters of the Italian Risorgimento and members of an enlightened ruling class who were extremely receptive to a positivist approach and keenly aware of the need to break away from the old regime. Creating a Museum which "would house any monuments from the Prehistoric Age onwards discovered in the local area", as Ciavarini started, was directly prompted by his specific academic interest but also by his desire to save the archaeological treasures of the Marche region from the onslaught of the rapacious antique market which was highly active at the time.

Muzzarelli's a distinguished career in the curia and as a member of the Accademia dei Lincei at Rome and corresponding member of numerous academiesHis academic pseudonym of the Accademia dell'Arcadia, Rome, was Dalindo Efesio (The Academy's Adunanza generale, 1828:19, noted at Accademia dell'Arcadia was overtaken by revolutionary events of the Risorgimento. At the time of the uprising that created a Roman Republic following the assassination of Pellegrino Rossi, Muzzarelli was appointed First Minister (16 November 1848), the last in a rapid succession of First Ministers that tumultuous year;Italian States to 1860: office-holders when Pius left for Gaeta, 24 November 1848, he left a government in the hands of Muzzarelli, as Presidente del Consiglio dei Ministri. Muzzarelli found himself stigmatised as a "revolutionary" by those clerics and patricians who left Rome to join the Pope in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies. At the formation of a new government in a new Roman Republic, following an election in which the pope from his exile had proclaimed the act of voting an act of sacrilege, Muzzarelli was requested to retain his position.

Born in Ancona, then part of the Papal States, into a very poor Jewish family: his father was Abramo Volterra and mother, Angelica Almagia. Volterra showed early promise in mathematics before attending the University of Pisa, where he fell under the influence of Enrico Betti, and where he became professor of rational mechanics in 1883. He immediately started work developing his theory of functionals which led to his interest and later contributions in integral and integro-differential equations. His work is summarised in his book Theory of functionals and of Integral and Integro- Differential Equations (1930). In 1892, he became professor of mechanics at the University of Turin and then, in 1900, professor of mathematical physics at the University of Rome La Sapienza. Volterra had grown up during the final stages of the Risorgimento when the Papal States were finally annexed by Italy and, like his mentor Betti, he was an enthusiastic patriot, being named by the king Victor Emmanuel III as a senator of the Kingdom of Italy in 1905.

In his youth, Enrico Mizzi decided to follow in the footsteps of his father Fortunato Mizzi, who was a member of the Pro-Italian Maltese community, whose political activity showed strong support towards Italy's Risorgimento and the official use of the Italian language in Malta. After the end of the First World War, Mizzi was part of the large and moderate coalition called the Maltese Political Union (Unjoni Politika Maltija, UPM), led by Ugo Pasquale Mifsud. It splintered from it, together with the more extremist and pro-Italian current, to form the Democratic Nationalist Party (Partit Demokratiku Nazzjonalista, PDN), led by Mizzi. The two movements participated separately in the 1921 Maltese general election, but adopted a form of desistance so as not to damage each other; the PDN elected 4 MPs from Gozo.Remig Sacco, L-Elezzjonijiet Generali 1849–1986, Page 64, Malta 1986 UPM and PDN run once again separately, albeit in coalition, in the 1924 elections. After the elections of 1924, Mizzi's party formed a government in coalition with the Unione Politica Maltese and they elected 15 parliamentary seats.

He was born in Fano in the region of Marche, Italy, but studied musical composition at the Arrigo Boito Conservatory at Parma. From there, he gained the position directing the orchestra at the Dirigentschule in Munich. There he married Danica Pavlović, descendant of the Karađorđević dynasty and cousin of the King Petar I of Serbia. Together they had one daughter, Milena Pavlović-Barili, who became a prominent Serbian painter. Returning to Italy in 1910, Barilli composed the opera Medusa with libretto by O. Schanzer. In 1914, the opera was awarded at the MacCormick competition. Barilli wrote the music and libretto for the opera Emiral (1915), awarded a prize in a Roman competition judged by Giacomo Puccini. As an actor, he is known for performance in La Rosa (1921). But Barilli is known mainly for his prolific writing and editing as a music critic for numerous journals including La Concordia(1915–16); Il Tempo (1917–22);Corriere italiano (1923–24); Il Tevere (1925-33); Gazzetta del Popolo; Risorgimento liberale; L' Unità, and others.

The success of a November 2007 filmed run of Simon Boccanegra at the Teatro Comunale di Bologna, opening the season there, led to Mariotti's appointment as the theater's direttore principale, to start the next year, a title he would hold until his promotion in 2014. He replaced Daniele Gatti and effectively embarked upon a major career. Productions in Bologna conducted by Mariotti in his capacities as direttore principale and then direttore musicale have been: I puritani with Flórez and La gazza ladra in 2009; Idomeneo with Francesco Meli, Carmen and La traviata (2010); La Cenerentola with Laura Polverelli, Ferrero's Risorgimento! and Dallapiccola's Il prigioniero (2011); Le nozze di Figaro (2012); Norma with Mariella Devia and Nabucco (2013); Così fan tutte and, Michael Spyres and Carlos Álvarez, Guillaume Tell in 2014; Die Zauberflöte, the conductor's first German-language project, and, with Gregory Kunde, Un ballo in maschera (2015); Attila with Ildebrando d’Arcangelo, filmed by RAI TV, and Werther with Flórez (2016); and in 2017 La voix humaine with Anna Caterina Antonacci and Cavalleria rusticana.

Yet, Dun Karm is not deemed the Maltese "national poet" merely because he wrote the text of the National Anthem. Rather, he has gained this title for having written prolifically in Maltese, and producing works that are serenely conscious of what can be called a "Maltese identity". Dun Karm was conscious that his identity, that that of most people who inhabited the Maltese Islands could not be too easily collapsed into an extended form of the "Britishness", "Italianità del Risorgimento" or "Italianità cattolica", which were the subject of endless political debates among the intellectuals of the time. Yet, we probably cannot label Dun Karm a "nationalist" or a "patriot" in the way such terms are usually used in the English language: he sought to put his finger on the identity of the common people of the Islands, while not trying to mimic the oftentimes inflated, monolithic, exclusive and triumphalist national identities created for the major European polities by Romantic movements as a reaction to the cosmopolitanism of the French Revolution and the Napolenonic Wars.

Other than his operas, Mabellini wrote a large amount of sacred music (many masses, oratorios, cantatas, and liturgical dramas); cantatas for choir, soloists and orchestra; a ballet; some anthems for the Risorgimento, patriotic songs for Tuscany often commissioned by the Grand Duke and his family; some pieces for celebrations of the Savoy family; at least two symphonies; some compositions for band; various songs; chamber music for different orchestral formations, and also for soloists. The autographs of most of his sacred and celebratory music are found at the Conservatorio di Firenze, because they were the outcome of his position in the Grand Duke’s Cappella. In Florence there are also many printed compositions by the publisher Lorenzi, who was his friend in addition to being the archivist of the conservatory, In Pistoia, the autographs that his daughter, Eudossia, donated to her father’s birthplace in 1916 are preserved. The institution, however, that preserved the greatest number of Mabellini’s works with more than 100 autographed compositions (with many preparatory rough drafts) is the Federiciana Library in Fano.

Augusto was born in San Severino Marche to Antonio and Anna Trotti. He was noted for his drawing skills as a young man, and on 11 November 1869, he was admitted to the Academy of San Luca, where he was favored by the director Francesco Podesti, who stated: > I have watched with great pleasure the copy made on canvas by the talented > young artist Augusto Stoppoloni of the Pinturicchio in the Cathedral of San > Severino. In the first impression I got as I could find out before me the > original, so it is so well guessed the pitch of those sweet colors and > mortified; the subtle diligence and restraint in the color pastes where no > one sees touches that indicate the difficulty and fatigue, although there is > much that seems an ancient painting, although clear and limpid. '' In the same year, the painter was present when Italian troops entered Rome through Porta Pia, and he painted some sketches of the battle then exposed to the historical exhibition of the Italian Risorgimento.

Campagnano mappa 1547Excavation in Italy, in the post-Risorgimento period of the 1910s, was limited to Italians and disallowed to foreigners, leading to their concentration on topographical and museum studies. Ashby was no exception, producing a series of detailed topographical studies of Italy's Roman roads, later collated in the valuable work The Roman Campagna in classical times (1927, republished in 1970 with an Italian edition in 1982), and studies on the aqueducts in the city of Rome, the first of which was published in the Classical Review in 1900. (After his retirement, he also produced The aqueducts of ancient Rome, published posthumously in 1935 under Ian Richmond's guidance). Indeed, Ashby grew into a master of Rome's urban topography, working from both classical and early modern literature and prints, and drawing on (among other things) Antonio Labacco's 16th century architectural drawings, Eufrosino della Volpaia's 1547 map of the Campagna, the Étienne du Pérac's 1581 topographical studies, Giovanni Battista de'Cavalieri's "Antiquae statuae urbis Romae", and the art collections at Windsor Castle, the Sir John Soane Museum, and Eton College.

Wilhelm Schlegel advised Cicognara on his magnum opus, the Storia della scultura dal suo risorgimento in Italia al secolo di Napoleone, The book was designed to complete the works of Winckelmann and D'Agincourt and is illustrated with 180 plates. In 1814, after the fall of Napoleon, Cicognara was patronized by Francis I of Austria, and between 1815 and 1820 published, under the auspices of that sovereign, his Fabbriche più cospicue di Venezia, two folios, containing some 150 plates. Charged by the Venetians with the presentation of their gifts to the Princess Caroline Augusta of Bavaria at Vienna, Cicognara added to the offering an illustrated catalogue of the objects it comprised; this book, Omaggio delle Provincie Venete alla maestri Carolina Augusta, has since become of great value to bibliophiles. The other works by Cicognara are the Memorie storiche de litterati ed artisti Ferraresi (1811); the Vite de' più insigni pittori e scultori Ferraresi, MS.; the Memorie spettanti alla storia della calcografia (1831); and a large number of dissertations on painting, sculpture, engraving and other kindred subjects.

Enrico Albanese (11 March 1834, in Palermo – 5 May 1889, in Naples) was an Italian surgeon who lived during the Italian Risorgimento and distinguished himself in the field of Orthopaedics and Traumatology. He earned a Medical degree in 1855 and the year after he went to Florence to finish his studies, under the guidance of M. Bufalini, G. Pellizzari and F. Zannetti. After a few years he came back to his hometown, where he attended the school of Giovanni Gorgone, a well-known Anatomy teacher and full professor of Clinical surgery at the University of Palermo. Enrico Albanese was also a close friend of Giuseppe Garibaldi, with whom he shared a lot of ideals and political aims; in fact he participated in the “Expedition of the Thousand” in 1860. He also took part in the attempt to free Rome and during the “Aspromonte battle” on 29 August 1862 he was called upon to heal a severe wound on the foot of General Garibaldi. In 1865 he became director of the Civil Hospital of Palermo and he also founded a paediatric ward and antiseptic operating room, one of the first to follow Joseph Lister’s theories.

Herde works in the field of medieval and modern history, especially on the history of the empire and the papacy of the later Middle Ages, on the social and intellectual history of Italian humanism and on the intellectual history of the Risorgimento. His further research interests include the auxiliary sciences of history, the Bavarian and the history of the Second World War. His Munich dissertation, first published in 1961, also received great international acclaim.Cf. the reviews of C. R. Cheney in English Historical Review 79 (1964), ; Georges Tessier in Bibliothèque de l'École des chartes' 120 (1962), ; Hans Martin Schaller in Archivalische Zeitschrift 59 (1963), . The work was published in 1967 in a second improved and extended edition and became a standard work of papal diplomacy of the 13th century. Cf. the reviews of Matthias Thiel in Archivalische Zeitschrift 67 (1971), ; Peter Herde in Deutsches Archiv für Erforschung des Mittelalters. 24 (1968), (online). With the edition and investigation of the formula books of the Audientia litterarum contradictarum he published a two-volume and almost 1400-page Munich habilitation thesis.Cf. the review by Knut Wolfgang Nörr in Zeitschrift der Savigny-Stiftung für Rechtsgeschichte: Kanonistische Abteilung 58 (1972), .

Ettore Pignatelli e Caraffa, 1st Duke of Monteleone, also spelled Carafa (Naples, Italy (died Palermo, Sicily, 1535), also known as Héctor Pignatelli, 1st Count of Monteleone since 1505, afterwards 1st Duke of Monteleone and Count of Borrello, was an Ambassador in Naples, Italy, of king Ferdinand II of Aragón (1453–1516), where his maternal half-sister Juana of Aragón was the young second Queen Consort of Naples, the 2nd wife of king Ferrante I of Naples. The coat of arms of the multibranched Italian-Spanish family Pignatelli. Map of the Italian region of Abruzzo, province of Chieti, where Borrello is located, formerly belonging to the kingdom of Naples, associated to the Crown of Aragón, Spain since about 1435 till 1516, then to the Spanish Crown from 1517 to (formally) 1714. After 1734 Naples was the kingdom of Charles VII of Naples, King of Spain with the name of Charles III of Spain since about 1749. The Spanish Royal Bourbons' descendants held this kingdom till about the 1860s, when it was incorporated, together with the kingdom of Sicily, more than half of actual Italy, to what is known now as the State of Italy, (Risorgimento).

The Quadriga of Unity on the summit of one of the two propylaea The façade of the Pergamo Altar, inspired Giuseppe Sacconi for the general project of the Vittoriano After the death of Victor Emmanuel II of Savoy on January 9, 1878, many initiatives were destined to raise a permanent monument that celebrated the first king of a united Italy, creator of the process of unification and liberation from foreign domination, which is indicated by historiography as "Father of the Fatherland" also due to the political work of the President of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of Sardinia Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour and to the military contribution of Giuseppe Garibaldi. The goal was therefore to commemorate the entire Italian unification season ("Risorgimento") through one of its protagonists. For this purpose, the Italian government approved the construction of a monumental complex on the Northern side of Rome's Capitoline Hill. The monument would celebrate the legacy of the first king of a united Italy and would become a symbol of national patriotism. The project was realized by Giuseppe Sacconi in 1885, in an eclectic style.

From this experience, and subsequent studies (see specific paragraph), Lombroso formulated the assumption that "violence was a good indicator of barbarism, barbarism, and in turn was a good indicator of racial degeneration" Such racist theories, which may include the view that the generally lower incidence of murders in the eastern half of Sicily was at the local presence of the "richest Aryan blood" ave been branded by Duggan as "a paradigmatic example of the power of prejudice in shaping the supposed impartial observation". Duggan turns his critical attention also to the construction of the mythology of the Risorgimento, as defined through the words of Francesco Crispi "religion of the country (which we need to give) the greatest solemnity, the maximum popularity". British historian believes that the idealization of the unified movement was consciously pursued through the exaltation of the figures of Vittorio Emanuele II and Garibaldi, as a catalyst and homogenization of the various and often conflicting, monarchical and republican, federal and unitary, conservative and radicals trends. This myth was sustained by a steady stream of hagiographic literature, especially after the death of two characters (1878 and 1882, respectively) and an equally conspicuous and in many cases forced the construction of monuments.