This is supported by evidence from slightly older infants, who have been found to learn reduplicated words more easily than non-reduplicated words.
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Furthermore, reduplicated words -- that is, words which contain repetition, such as "woof woof" or "quack quack" -- are typical of baby talk, and are known to have an advantage for early word learning.
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The summary should have read "Time travelers try to save their headmistress" — not "Boys and their principal fight evil," which was a reduplicated summary for Dav Pilkey's "Captain Underpants," another series on the same list.
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For example, the verb "bəl-ni" means 'I said,' but, when reduplicated "bəl-ni bəl-ni," the combined reduplication would mean 'I said it (which I will definitely not change).':89 Adjectives can be reduplicated for emphasis in the same manner. For example, the adjective "lamo" means "long," and, when it is reduplicated as "lamo lmao," it means very long.:54 Adverbs can be reduplicated in the same manner as adjectives.
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Words can be reduplicated in order to express various differences in meaning. Nouns, for example, can be reduplicated to express collective or diminutive forms;Zhu 2006, pp.54.
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Also, ani "eat" reduplicated to aniani "be eating". The second type of reduplication is leftward. For examples, pau "new" is reduplicated to papau "new" and tari "younger parallel sibling and cousin" reduplicated to tatari "younger parallel siblings and cousins". The third type of reduplication is rightward but, this type of reduplication is rarely used in Kove.
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In Goemai, reduplication is typically partial, though full reduplication exists in certain situations. Reduplication confers different meanings depending on the word being modified. Sometimes, quantifiers or adverbs are reduplicated to indicate increased intensity, as in the case of zòk ("generous") being fully reduplicated as zòkzòk ("very very generous"). Numerals can be reduplicated to indicate that the number is divided over a period of time, or distributed across several entities or groups, as in k'ún ("three") being reduplicated as k'ún k'ún ("three each").
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Another example could be ' meaning 'go'. If that word is reduplicated to ' it now means 'method' or 'way'. Another reason a verb would be reduplicated is the verb is being used as an attributive verb. An example of this would be in the sentence '.
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Just like the other Oceanic languages, Kove has many words that are reduplicated. There are three type of reduplication in Kove. The first one which is full reduplication. The examples for this type of duplication is tama "father" is reduplicated to tamatama "father" in Kove.
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Eosinophilic acellular area due to overexpression of lamins. 2.Consisting of reduplicated basement membrane and cytoplasmic processes.
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The verb root is reduplicated and the newly formed word's meaning is an intensified or repeated version of the meaning of the base verb. Huave also contains some partial reduplication, where only part of the root is reduplicated (typically its final VC sequence). Unlike full reduplication, this process is not productive.
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That sentence means 'good food'. Notice the ', meaning 'good', is reduplicated since it is a verb that is being used like an adjective. The last reason a verb would get reduplicated is in the imperfective aspect of an action verb. The reduplication is used to mark this occurrence in the sentence.
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A reduplicated plural is a grammatical form achieved by the superfluous use of a second plural ending. In English the plural is usually formed with the addition of 's': e.g. one cat, two cats; one chair, two chairs. In the Sussex dialect, however, until relatively recently there existed a reduplicated plural: e.g.
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Partial reduplication is also a common technique for adverbializing verbs, as in pyá "become white" (v.) versus pòe-pyá "white" (adv.). In certain situations, such as when modifying words relating to location or distance, reduplicated forms do not differ in meaning from the base form, as in séng ("far") being partially reduplicated to soè-séng ("far"). In such cases, there is a distinction between partial reduplication, which results in the same meaning as the base form, and full reduplication, which intensifies the meaning. Instead of full reduplication of a word, entire phrases can be reduplicated for a similar intensifying effect.
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In addition to having some reduplicated presents and perfects, Latin uses reduplication for some indefinite relative pronouns, such as quisque "whoever" and ubiubi "wherever".
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Reduplicated babbling contains consonant-vowel (CV) syllables that are repeated in reduplicated series of the same consonant and vowel (e.g., [bababa]). At this stage, infants’ productions resemble speech much more closely in timing and vocal behaviors than at earlier stages. Starting around 6 months babies also show an influence of the ambient language in their babbling, i.e., babies’ babbling sounds different depending on which languages they hear.
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The apostrophe and hyphen also appear in Hiligaynon writing, and might be considered separate letters. The hyphen, in particular, is used medially to indicate the glottal stop san-o ‘when’ gab-e ‘evening; night’. It is also used to in reduplicated words: adlaw-adlaw ‘daily, every day’, from adlaw ‘day, sun’. This marking is not used in reduplicated words whose base is not also used independently, as in pispis ‘bird’.
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Words may also have more than one prefix or suffix, as fakamalipilipi to break (used with a plural object), from faka-, ma-, and a reduplicated lipi to break.
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Reduplicated babbling is replaced by variegated babbling, producing syllable structures such as C1VC2V (e.g. cane 'dog', topo 'mouse'). Production of trisyllabic words begins (e.g. pecora 'sheep', matita 'pencil').
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Reduplication can be either leftward (sa-salaga) or rightward (salaga-laga). There is no point in distinguishing 'partial' and 'total' reduplication, since at most two syllables are reduplicated.
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Reduplicated as a mirror image of itself, Clessidra resembles the device it is named for, one that, more than any other, is a metaphor for the ineluctability of time.
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Saliba uses reduplication for a few things. One function of reduplication is to convert certain action verbs into noun. For example, the word ' means 'to sweep'. If ' is reduplicated to ' it becomes 'broom'.
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Reduplicated words are those in which an element is repeated, such as 'bullet'. The tones of these have been extensively studied in the literature.Mtenje (1988); Kanerva (1990), pp. 37, 49-54; Hyman & Mtenje (1999a), pp.
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Babbling becomes distinct from previous, less structured vocal play. Initially, syllable structure is limited to CVCV, called reduplicated babbling. At this stage, children’s vocalizations have a weak relation to adult Italian and the Italian lexicon.
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Yet another common type of nonconcatenative morphology is reduplication, a process in which all or part of the root is reduplicated. In Sakha, this process is used to form intensified adjectives: "red" ↔ "flaming red".
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Seder hishtalshelus (Hebrew: ) means the "order of development" or "order of evolution", where the word Hishtalshelus (or Hishtalshelut) is derived from the reduplicated quadriliteral root ŠLŠL "to chain", and so literally means "the chain-like process".
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Stress is on the penultimate mora. Geminated consonants have the following main functions: \- Pluralisation – e.g. nofo 'sit' (singular) v nnofo 'sit' (plural) \- Contraction of reduplicated syllable – e.g. lelei 'good' in Northern dialects becomes llei in Southern dialects.
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Imperfective aspect is used to show habitual or progressive events. For example, in the sentence ' which means '(they) did not work in the garden'. The ' ('work') is reduplicated to mark that this is probably a habitual behavior.
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At 25–50 weeks after birth, typically developing infants go through a stage of reduplicated or canonical babbling (Stark 198, Oller, 1980). Canonical babbling is characterized by repetition of identical or nearly identical consonant-vowel combinations, such as nanana or idididi. It appears as a progression of language development as infants experiment with their vocal apparatus and hone in on the sounds used in their native language. Canonical/reduplicated babbling also appears at a time when general rhythmic behavior, such as rhythmic hand movements and rhythmic kicking, appear.
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In Sanskrit, the infix ', sometimes ', is added to the reduplicated root, e.g. ' "he wants to live" instead of ' "he lives".Van Der Geer, AAE. 1995. Samskrtabhasa B1, cursus Sanskrit voor beginners and Samskrtabhasa B2, cursus Sanskrit voor gevorderden.
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When infants are 6 months old they are finally able to control the opening and closing of the vocal tract, and upon obtaining this ability, infants begin to distinguish between the different sounds of vowels and consonants. This age is often distinguished as the beginning of the canonical stage. During the canonical stage, the babbling involves reduplicated sounds containing alternations of vowels and consonants, for example, "baba" or "bobo". Reduplicated babbling (also known as canonical babbling) consists of repeated syllables consisting of consonant and a vowel such as "da da da da" or "ma ma ma ma".
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Reduplication is used on some (underived) nouns to indicate smallness or definiteness; e.g. the reduplicated form of meñg 'house' is meñg-meñg and means 'small house', reduplication of tày 'cassowary nail' yields tày tày 'finger nail', and the reduplicated form of dúme 'yam house' is dúme-dúme or dúdúme '(this/that) yam house'. Compare this with the reduplication effect on derived (verbal) nouns: fàrdjór 'making noise' > fàfàrdjór 'making much noise'; màryadjór 'walking, going' > màmàryadjór 'strolling around'. Syntactically, nouns can make up an entire NP and they can be marked by a long list of 'postpositional clitics' (Boevé & Boevé, 1999: 53).
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One example of marking repeating action is as follows There can be multiple reduplications in compound words, where each reduplication can have an independent effect. Some verbs appear to be only in a reduplicated form; these verbs tend to describe repeating, iterative action.
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Lower Saxon Ministry for Environment, Energy, and Climate Protection Moin is used at all times of day, not just in the morning (see Etymology section below). The reduplicated form moin moin is often heard,Plattmaster.de, Moinmoin - wat heet dat?. Retrieved 2011-05-31.
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The reduplicated syllable is formed from the first consonant of the word and an . The final form looks like "over and over". In words beginning with a vowel, the reduplication is marked by , as evidenced by the word "he tells it over and over".
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Compound verbs are reduplicated as a whole word: xiūxixiūxi 休息休息 (rest (for a while)). This can be analyzed as an instance of omission of "一" (originally, e.g., "坐一坐" or "等一等" ) or "一下" (originally, e.g., "坐一下").
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Most adjectives are derived by reduplication from a verb or a noun. As seen above, some reduplicated adjectives have a number distinction, but some others don't, e.g. siki-siki 'small' (singular and plural). Some adjectives use the possessive pronouns to mark person and number, e.g.
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Shoshoni verbs may mark for number, mainly through reduplication or suppletion. The dual is commonly marked through reduplication of the first syllable of the verb stem, so that singular kimma "come" becomes kikimma in the dual (and remains kima in the plural). A suppletive form is often used for the dual or plural forms of the verb; for instance, singular yaa "carry" becomes hima in both the dual and plural. Suppletion and reduplication frequently work in tandem to express number: singular nukki "run" becomes the reduplicated nunukki in the dual and the suppleted nutaa in the plural; singular yɨtsɨ "fly" is reduplicated, suppleted dual yoyoti and suppleted plural yoti.
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Reduplication has a fairly wide range of semantic functions in Paamese and can in some cases even change the class which a form belongs. When a verb is reduplicated, the new verb can differ semantically from its corresponding unreduplicated form in that it describes an event that is not seen as having a spatial or temporal setting or a single specific patient. When a numeral verb is reduplicated, the meaning is that of distribution. Reduplication can occur in a number of ways, it can reduplicate just the initial syllable, the initial two syllables or the final two syllables with no consistent semantic difference between these three types.
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Some nouns can be pluralized by reduplication. Examples of this are manu 'bird' and manumanu 'birds', and vato 'girl' and vavato 'girls'. There are exceptions to this rule, for example the reduplicated word ate'ate 'woman' is singular, while the corresponding plural form is simpler a'ate 'women'.
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Puzzovio reduplicated this object and offered it to these shoe stores for commercial use, ultimately producing a massive artworkChaves, N. et al.(1999). Diseño y comunicación. Teorías y enfoques críticos, Ed. Paidós, Buenos Aires, Argentina. that extended from the Di Tella to the commercial streets of Argentina.
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Stops are frequently nasalized (pronounced as the nasal at the stop place of articulation) when followed by a nasal or any other non-stop. Examples of this include the reduplicated ' “to mix a lot” from ' “to mix” or the noun + case ending of ' from ' “juvenile euro (Macropus robustus)”.
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Ambonese Malay has phonemic word stress, by which is meant that the position of stress within a word is unforeseeable (van Minde 1997, p. 21) . Van Minde (1997, p. 22) uses the term “lexically reduplicated morphemes” which means that both of the roots that compose the morpheme contain an important (e.g.
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In Teiwa, the noun typically appears as head of the NP. The noun, with a few exceptions, cannot be reduplicated, unlike verbs, adverbs, and adjectives. (See Reduplication below.) There is no marking for number, gender, or case on nouns. Instead, person and number is marked via a possessor prefix on the noun.
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An example of this is halu and haluhalu: halu means 'beach', and the reduplicated form haluhalu means 'sand', i.e. what is on the beach. The second type of reduplication copies bases that by themselves have no meaning. For example gak by itself has no meaning but gakgak refers to a tree species.
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The forewings are pale olivaceous greenish, with fuscous cloud-like spots. One at the base of the costa, reduplicated on the base of the cell, the lower portion stretching a little beyond the upper, one a little beyond the middle of the cell, reduplicated on the upper edge of the fold, below and a little beyond it, one on the costa before the cilia, and another, smaller and more clearly defined, a little before it on the end of the cell. The wing-surface is somewhat sprinkled with fuscous scales, and a series of fuscous spots along the middle of the terminal cilia is continued around the apex, with which exception the cilia are pale greenish ochreous. The hindwings are pale rosy grey.Biol. centr.-amer. Lep.
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Adverbs are also subject to reduplication; this reduplication of adverbs is done to augment the intent/meaning the adverb is portraying. If the root word begins with a CVN syllable, that syllable is reduplicated. If the root word begins with any other syllable structure, then the initial two syllables of the root word are repeated.
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Two types of reduplication occur to verbs and particle roots to denote continuity, repetition or intensity. The first type changes the stem during the process and is not predictable, common, or productive. For example, the root pim- "along" becomes papām- "about". The productive type of reduplication places the reduplicated syllable in front of the root.
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This concise but completely unphonetic, and hence unintuitive, device appears in Chao's Mandarin Primer and all W. Simon's texts (including his Chinese-English Dictionary). Eventually, however, it was silently discarded even by its inventor: in Chao's Grammar as well as his Sayable Chinese all reduplicated syllables are written out in full in their GR transcription.
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'to read'] and she started to write. The antonyms are al "he" and la "she" (compare li "s/he"), the ge- (completive) and eg- (inchoative) aspects, fin- "to finish" and nif- "to begin", and graf- "to write" and farg- "to read". The Universal reduplicated plural and inverted antonyms are reminiscent of the musical language Solresol.
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Many classifiers may be reduplicated to mean "every". For example, (- rén, - person) signifies "every person".Although “” () is more generally used to mean "every person" in this case. Finally, a classifier used along with 一 (yī, "one") and after a noun conveys a meaning close to "all of" or "the entire" or "a ___full of".
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Kaqchikel uses reduplication as an intensifier. For example, the Kaqchikel word for large is ; to say that something is very large, the adjectival form is reduplicated as . This form is not a single word but two separate words which, when combined, intensify the meaning of the base word, the same way "very" does in English.
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The stem of the second aorist is the bare root of the verb, or a reduplicated version of the root. In these verbs, the present stem often has e-grade of ablaut and adds a nasal infix or suffix to the basic verb root, but the aorist has zero-grade (no e) and no infix or suffix.
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The wingspan is about 12 mm. The forewings are blackish, the dorsum rich rosy reddish, this colour diffused upward along the termen and over the terminal cilia through which runs a somewhat obscurely reduplicated dark shade-line. The hindwings are dark grey.Biol. centr.-amer. Lep. Heterocera 4 : 23 Adults are on wing year round in Mexico.
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This is a list of places in New Zealand with reduplicated names, often as a result of the grammatical rules of the Māori language from which many of the names derive. In Maori, both partial and full reduplication occurs. The change in sense is sometimes to reduce the intensity of the meaning, e.g. wera, hot, werawera, warm.
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Adjectives can take semantic prefixes, which themselves can be reduplicated or repositioned as suffixes according to a complex system of derivation,Pan et al 1991, pp.286. in order to express degree of comparison or other changes in meaning.Zhu 2006, pp.95. Thus: ::lang (“cold”) ::pinlang (“ice-cold”) ::pinpinlang (“cold as ice”)Zhu 2006, pp.93.
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Complete reduplication commonly indicates an increase in quantity or significance over the base form of the word. As for partial reduplication, Lee (1975) states that “when a monosyllabic word undergoes partial reduplication, the first consonant and the vowel are repeated”. For example, the partially reduplicated form of “fosr” (smoke), is “fo-fosr” which means “to emit smoke”.
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Programmes can be broadcast with the addition of subtitles in foreign languages or different dialects of Turkish. Besides, various types of programs are listed systematically that are planned to be broadcast as reduplicated through the multi-language dubbing technique within the framework of DVB-S standards. On the March 21, 2009 TRT Avaz replaced TRT Türk for Turkic countries.
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'to read'] and she started to write. The antonyms are the pronouns al "he" and la "she", the ge- (completive) and eg- (inchoative) aspects, the verbs fin- "to finish" and nif- "to begin", and the verbs graf- "to write" and farg- "to read". The Universal reduplicated plural and inverted antonyms are reminiscent of the musical language Solresol.
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Nouns are uninflected and have no gender; there are no articles. Nouns are neither singular nor plural. Some specific nouns are reduplicated to form collectives: ละอ่อน (', , child) is often repeated as ละอ่อนๆ (', ,) to refer to a group of children. The word หมู่(', ) may be used as a prefix of a noun or pronoun as a collective to pluralize or emphasise the following word.
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Arogalea albilingua is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Mexico (Guerrero).Arogalea at funet The wingspan is 10–10.5 mm. The forewings are shining white, sprinkled with brownish ochreous and brownish fuscous scales and with five conspicuous black marginal spots, one of these at the base of the costa is reduplicated, the white ground showing between its extremities.
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1\. Detransitivizing N- 'DTR' ::The prefix n- is attached to monosyllabic verbs and the vowel from the final syllable is reduplicated into the vowel position. ::Example: bɛ 'to do' → nɛ-bɛ 'doing, doer' ::For disyllabic verbs, the initial consonant is replaced by a homorganic nasal. ::Example: plɘt 'to extinguish' → m:ɘlɘt 'extinguishing' 2\. Transitive focus ka- 'TR' ::The prefix ka- only applies to indigenous monosyllabic verbs.
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1\. Iterative sɘ-RDP-root 'ITER' :: The prefix sɘ is attached to the initial constituent of reduplicated bases to express iteration. :: Example: sɘ-nake-nake (ITER-RDP-that) 'that one over and over again' 2\. Happenstance tɘ- 'happ' :: The prefix tɘ- expresses a) an inadvertent event and b) ability or inability when used in a negated clause. :: Example: tɘ-ka-ca 'happen to eat' 3\.
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Zhu 2006, pp.75. Classifiers can be paired with a preceding determiner (often a numeral) to form a compound that further specifies the meaning of the noun it modifies.Zhu 2006, pp.71. ::"geqtsaq biidjieu" ::(this-Cl ball) ::“this ball”Zhu 2006, pp.74. Classifiers can be reduplicated to mean “all” or “every,” as in: ::penpen ::(Cl-Rd for “book”) ::“every [book]”Zhu 2006, pp.76.
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The learning mechanisms involved in language acquisition are not specific to oral languages. The developmental stages in learning a sign language and an oral language are generally the same. Deaf babies who are exposed to sign language from birth will start babbling with their hands from 10 to 14 months. Just as in oral languages, manual babbling consists of a syllabic structure and is often reduplicated.
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The custom is known by the names Dodola (dodole, dudula, dudulica, dodolă) and Perperuna (peperuda, peperuna, peperona, perperuna, prporuša, preporuša, paparudă, pirpirună). Both names are used by the South Slavs, Romanians, Albanians and northern Greeks. Albanians also use the name Rona and the masculine name Dordolec (durdulec). The name Perperuna is identified as the reduplicated feminine derivative of the god Perun (per- perun-a).
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Majhi sometimes completely reduplicates a full noun, verb, adjective, or adverb form in order to add extra emphasis. For nouns, Majhi also adds a suffix "-e" to the first instance of the noun. For example, the noun "kapal" means 'head,' and, when it is reduplicated with the suffix as "kapal-e kapal," the combined phrase means 'all heads.':20 Verbs do not have such a suffix.
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Reduplication is a major morphological process in Wandala, with different forms and functions that may be limited to one lexical category or shared across lexical categories. Partial reduplication gives the plural form of verbs and adjectives, while complete reduplication gives aspectual and modal forms of verbs, or derives adverbs from other lexical categories. Phrases can also be reduplicated. All lexical categories can have suffixes.
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The typhoon's name originated from Hong Kong; Tingting is a girls' given name () from the area. It was part of a series of typhoon names that are reduplicated female, like Yanyan, Shanshan and Lingling. During the 38th session (2005) of the ESCA-WMO Typhoon Committee, Hong Kong requested that Tingting be removed from the lists of typhoon names. It would later replace it with Lionrock (a reference to Lion Rock).
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When adverbs are reduplicated, however, and there is an element of emphasis, the first two types have an additional tone. Thus: LL + LL becomes LLHL (i.e. there is an additional high tone on the second element): : 'very carefully' : 'long ago' (or 'far off in the future') LH + LH is also different when emphatic, becoming LHHH (or in the Southern Region HHHH): : (or ) 'really'Stevick et al. (1965), p. 66.
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Any vowel, including a geminate vowel (a reduplicated vowel which emphasises the meaning) can occur with any other vowel within the same syllable. In terms of consonants, labial consonants /pw/, /bw/ and /mw/ only occur before non- rounded vowels. See the examples below:Lynch, Ross, & Crowley, 2002, p. 539 (1) bwabwa ‘hole, cave’ (2) mwatawa ‘ocean’ (3) pwakepwake ‘boar’ There is both partial and full reduplication that is present in Longgu.
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In Singaporean Mandarin, verbs preceding "一下" may be reduplicated, unlike in Putonghua. This practice is borrowed from the Malay and Indonesian method of pluralizing words. In Putonghua grammar, the use of the word "一下(儿)" (yīxià(r)) is often put at the back of a verb to indicate that the action (as indicated by the verb) is momentary. For example: : 。(Singaporean Mandarin) : 。(Standard Mandarin) :Think for a while.
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Other adjectives may sometimes be duplicated as well, where a superlative is too strong an expression, somewhat similarly to Slavic languages. This construction can be ambiguous because of its use of a genitive noun followed by a nominative noun, which is not unique to reduplication. For instance the reduplicated form suurensuuri jalka (big foot of bigness) sounds the same as suuren suuri jalka (big foot of someone big).
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The individual words are monosyllabic, with the exception of "otto" and his comments "soso" and "ogottogott", which stand out because they are polysyllabic and because they are reduplicated. The pug is the grammatical subject of five sentences. The first and last stanzas of the poem show the pug's actions, which are commented on by Otto, who himself first becomes the agent in the middle of the stanza.Uhrmacher: Spielarten des Komischen.
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The wingspan is about 21 mm. The forewings are pale ochreous, with three pale tawny costal spots, the first small, at one-third and the second larger, about the middle. The last outwardly oblique, somewhat reduplicated, at two-thirds. Beyond this a broken tawny brownish line follows the margin around the apex and termen to the tornus, where it converges with a very faint curved line preceding it.
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Variegated babbles contain mixes of consonant vowel combinations such as "ka da by ba mi doy doy". Variegated babbling differs from reduplicated babbling in terms of the variation and complexity of syllables that are produced. Around 9–10 months, babies can imitate non speech sounds, and speech-like sounds if they are in the child's repertoire of sounds. Infant babbling begins to resemble the native language of a child.
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Adjectives commonly have prefixes ka-, ka’-, ki-; the first two are attested in derivation, and the last is assumed as it is very common and many such adjectives otherwise appear to be reduplicated, as in 'smooth' (Yoder 2011). Verbs may have one or two prefixes and sometimes a suffix. Attested prefixes are ba-, ba’-, ia-, iah-, ka-, ka’-, kah-, ki-, kir-, ko-, pa-, pah-, ’a-. The functions of these are unknown.
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The wingspan is about 20 mm. The forewings are pale fawn ochreous, tinged with flesh colour, with a sprinkling of greyish fuscous scales, grouped in a reduplicated curved series commencing at the middle of the costa and terminating in a somewhat darker group on the dorsum before the tornus. A single small fuscous spot lies on the cell at one-third from the base. The hindwings are whitish ochreous.
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Counting left to right, in a sequence of two or more open syllables containing short vowels, the odd-numbered syllable is weak and the even-numbered syllable is strong.Goddard, Ives, 1979, p. 21 As well, certain syllables containing short vowels (frequently such syllables occur in reduplicated syllables and loan words) must exceptionally be marked as strong. In words longer than two syllables, the final syllable is excluded from consideration of stress placement, i.e.
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However, the consonant added to the emphatic stem is unpredictable grammatically-speaking, however phonological studies, such as Wedel (1999)Wedel (1999) do shed new light on the subject. # Echo Reduplication: A word can be reduplicated while replacing the initial consonants (not being m, and possibly missing) with m. The effect is that the meaning of the original word is broadened. For example, tabak means "plate(s)", and tabak mabak then means "plates, dishes and such".
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This can be applied not only to nouns but to all kinds of words, as in yeşil meşil meaning "green, greenish, whatever". Although not used in formal written Turkish, it is a completely standard and fully accepted construction. # Doubling: A word can be reduplicated totally, giving a related but different meaning or used for emphasizing. For example, zaman zaman (time time) meaning "occasionally"; uzun uzun (long long) meaning "very long or many things long".
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When a word receives an addition by means of an affixed particle, the accent is shifted forward; as alofa, love; alofága, loving, or showing love; alofagía, beloved. Reduplicated words have two accents; as palapala, mud; segisegi, twilight. Compound words may have even three or four, according to the number of words and affixes of which the compound word is composed; as tofátumoánaíná, to be engulfed. The articles le and se are unaccented.
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The larynx, or voicebox, is originally high in the throat which allows the baby to continue to breathe while swallowing. It descends during the first year of life, allowing the pharynx to develop and facilitates the production of adult-like speech sounds.Naomi S. Baron, Growing up with Language: How Children Learn to Talk (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1992), p. 41-43, Reduplicated babbling (such as bababa) involves a rhythmic opening and closing of the jaw.
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Verbs may be reduplicated to intensity the meaning of words. This may be done in three ways: (1) repetition of the first syllable; suri to susuri (2) repetition of the whole word; horo to horohoro (3) repetition of the whole word with the omission of the inner consonant in the former member. rahi to rairahi It can also be used to form plurality of words. For example, mere means child while meramera means children.
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Recurvaria sticta is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Mexico (Guerrero).Recurvaria at funet The wingspan is 10–12 mm. The forewings are whitish ochreous, minutely dusted with pale brown and some blackish scales, with numerous black spots around which the brownish dusting is rather more profuse, at the extreme base of the costa is a small reduplicated black spot, with another at the middle of the base beneath it.
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Types of sentences include declarative verbal sentences, stative verbal sentences, and verbless declarative sentences. Questions have no special morphological marking but are indicated with intonation contours. The passage of time can be represented with reduplication and repetition, as in eeleka leeleka leeleka ma la age no'o i mae-na 'He ran away into the forest and [after a long while] they gave the feast for his death', where the verb leka 'go' is reduplicated and repeated.
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Seal of Darius the Great hunting in a chariot, reading "I am Darius, the Great King" in Old Persian (𐎠𐎭𐎶𐏐𐎭𐎠𐎼𐎹𐎺𐎢𐏁𐎴 𐏋, "adam Dārayavaʰuš xšāyaθiya"), as well as in Elamite and Babylonian. The word 'great' only appears in Babylonian. British Museum. The verb base can be simple (ta- “put”) or “reduplicated” (beti > bepti “rebel”). The pure verb base can function as a verbal noun, or “infinitive”. The verb distinguishes three forms functioning as finite verbs, known as “conjugations”.
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The Kurama Line was built by the jointly owned company in order to provide access to Kurama temple and Kibune shrine in the hills north of Kyoto, from present-day (up into the mountain) to . The first section, present-day Takaragaike to was opened in 1928, with the extension to the following year, 1435mm gauge electrified at 600 VDC and dual track to Nikenchaya. The dual track section was reduced to single track in 1939, and reduplicated in 1958.
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First letter reduplication is one of three ways to create a continuative verb form. The first consonant of a word is inserted after the first vowel, sometimes with a schwa added afterwards; for example, qán̓ cn (I steal) becomes qáqən̓ cn (I am stealing). To create a diminutive form the first consonant is reduplicated with an additional 'suffix' of -aɁ afterwards and an infix of -Ɂ- later in the word. With this músmes (cow) becomes maɁmúɁsməs (little cow, calf).
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According to the Frame Dominance Theory, when the mandible (jaw) is elevated, a consonant sound will be produced. When the mandible is lowered, a vowel-like sound is produced. Therefore, during a reduplicated sequence of sounds, the consonant and vowels are alternated as the mandible elevates and depresses. The opening and closing of the mouth alone will not produce babbling, and phonation (or voicing) is necessary during the movement in order to create a meaningful sound.
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Kawakawa in Auckland, New Zealand Kawakawa (Piper excelsum) is a small tree or shrub endemic to New Zealand and nearby Norfolk Island and Lord Howe Island. It was exploited by Austronesian settlers based on previous knowledge of the kava, as the latter could not survive in the colder climates of Aotearoa. The Māori name for the plant, kawakawa, is derived from the same etymon as kava, but reduplicated. It is a sacred tree among the Māori people.
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Munsee phonology is complex but regular in many regards. Metrical rules of syllable weight assignment play a key role in the assignment of word-level stress, and also determine the form of rules of vowel Syncope that produce complex but mostly regular alternations in the forms of words.Goddard, Ives, 1979, Ch. 2 Word-level stress is largely predictable, with exceptions occurring primarily in loan words, reduplicated forms, and in words where historical change has made historically transparent alternations more opaque.
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Filatima nucifer is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in Mexico (Sonora) and the United States, where it has been recorded from Texas.Filatima at funetmothphotographersgroup The wingspan is 15–16 mm. The forewings are whitish cinereous, profusely sprinkled with fuscous, forming a small reduplicated spot on the base of the costa, and a few ill-defined groups, at the base of the cilia, around the apex and termen, otherwise evenly and profusely distributed over the wing-surface.
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Other important oral structures involved in articulation, such as the tongue, lips and teeth remain in a stable resting position during babbling. Sometimes during the babbling period, the motions can be made without any vocalization at all. Signing infants produce manual babbling through similar rhythmic alternations, but they perform with their hands instead of their mouths. As a baby goes beyond the reduplicated sequences of babbling, they exhibit equal sized mouth or hand openings on the right and left sides.
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It also has first tone when used as an ordinal number (or part of one), and when it is immediately followed by any digit (including another ; hence both syllables of the word yīyī and its compounds have first tone). # When is used between two reduplicated words, it may become neutral in tone (e.g. kànyikàn ("to take a look of")). The numbers qī ("seven") and bā ("eight") sometimes display similar tonal behavior as yī, but for most modern speakers they are always pronounced with first tone.
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In Turkish, there are three kinds of reduplication.Göksel & Kerslake (2005) # Emphatic Reduplication: A word can be reduplicated partially, such that an emphatic stem is created to be attached to the adjective. This is done by taking the first syllable of the adjective, dropping the syllable-final phoneme, and adding one of four interpolated consonants (p, s, m, r). For example, kırmızı (red) becomes kıpkırmızı (very red); mavi (blue) becomes masmavi (very blue); yeşil (green) becomes yemyeşil (very green), and temiz (clean) becomes tertemiz ("spotless").
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The partial form copies on the initial consonant and inserts a high front vowel, while the full form copies the first consonant and vowel. Both types are then prefixed with o-. For example, -go 'buy' partially reduplicates to form ògigo 'buying,' and -bu 'carry' fully reduplicates to form òbubu 'carrying'. Some other noun and verb forms also exhibit reduplication, but because the reduplicated forms are semantically unpredictable, reduplication in their case is not synchronically productive, and they are better described as separate lexical items.
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Also, not all reduplicated words are inherently plural, such as orang-orangan "scarecrow/scarecrows", biri-biri "a/some sheep" and kupu-kupu "butterfly/butterflies". Some reduplication is rhyming rather than exact, as in sayur-mayur "(all sorts of) vegetables". Distributive affixes derive mass nouns that are effectively plural: pohon "tree", pepohonan "flora, trees"; rumah "house", perumahan "housing, houses"; gunung "mountain", pegunungan "mountain range, mountains". Quantity words come before the noun: seribu orang "a thousand people", beberapa pegunungan "a series of mountain ranges", beberapa kupu-kupu "some butterflies".
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The Avava language utilizes the process of nominalization to create words from pre-existing ones. Verbal nominalization of words involve the addition of the suffix -ian. Examples: ran 'dawn' ran-ian 'dawning' sasar 'teach' sasar-ian 'teaching' In some cases, the nominalized form of a reduplicated verb contains the unreduplicated root. Example: ngarnar 'breathe' ngar-ian 'breath' Another pattern of nominalization involves the addition of the suffix -ian as well as the addition of the first vowel of the word to the beginning of the word to create a noun from a verb.
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Guosa has a base ten number system. The cardinal numerals are: dáyá "one" ejì "two" ètá "three" ìnàng "four" ìsén "five" ìsíì "six" asáà "seven" asáto "eight" essé "nine" góma "ten" The multiples of ten are derived by shortening the first ten numbers. gó "ten, -teen" (used in the numbers 11–19) jì "twenty" tá "thirty" nà "forty" sén "fifty" síì "sixty" sá "seventy" sát "eighty" ssé "ninety" The number multiples of one hundred are created by using the reduplicated gogo root. These numbers are not treated as compounds, unlike the number 11–99.
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In American Sign Language, verbal number is expressed through reduplication. There are several verbal aspects using modified reduplication that indicate frequent or iterative action; these are unusual cross-linguistically in that transitive verbs lose their transitivity. In addition, transitive verbs may be reduplicated to show plurality of their object; the motion of the verb is either extended or repeated to cover the spatial locations of multiple objects or recipients. These are true duals and plurals, and so may be best thought of as object incorporation rather than pluractionality.
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The forewings are pale fawn-ochreous, minutely dusted with fuscous. A fuscous spot near the base on the upper edge of the fold is succeeded by a second spot in the middle of the fold, a third lying in the disc above and a little beyond it. A fourth spot at the end of the cell is produced downwards to its lower angle somewhat obliquely inward. A slight fuscous shade occurs along the termen and at the apex, and is reduplicated in the middle of the pale fawn-ochreous cilia.
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The sign may also be used for reduplicated compound words with slight sound changes, for example hingar² for hingar- bingar (commotion). Suffixes may also be added after "2", for example in the word kebarat²an (western in nature, from the basic word barat (west) with the prefix ke- and suffix -an). The use of this mark dates back to the time when these languages were written with the Arabic script, specifically Jawi or Pegon variety. Using the Arabic numeral , words such as (rama-rama, butterfly) can be shortened to .
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Also, not all reduplicated words are inherently plural, such as orang-orangan "scarecrow/scarecrows", biri-biri "a/some sheep" and kupu- kupu "butterfly/butterflies". Some reduplication is rhyming rather than exact, as in sayur-mayur "(all sorts of) vegetables". Distributive affixes derive mass nouns that are effectively plural: pohon "tree", pepohonan "flora, trees"; rumah "house", perumahan "housing, houses"; gunung "mountain", pe(r)gunungan "mountain range, mountains". Quantity words come before the noun: səribu orang "a thousand people", beberapa pe(r)gunungan "a series of mountain ranges", beberapa kupu-kupu "some butterflies".
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Pseudotelphusa belangerella is a moth of the family Gelechiidae. It is found in North America, where it has been recorded from Alberta, Maine and Kentucky.Pseudotelphusa at funetmothphotographersgroup The wingspan is about 15 mm. The forewings are greyish white with a patch at the base of the costa pointing downwards parallel to the fold, a sometimes reduplicated streak along the middle of the fold, an outwardly oblique line of spots from before the middle of the costa, beyond which are two dots at the end of the cell, all brownish fuscous.
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In normal speech, stress falls on the first syllable of the root in each word, and the last word in a phrase is heavily stressed. For words in isolation, primary stress falls on the final syllable except in affective verbs with -luh, first person plural exclusive suffixes, and reduplicated stems of two syllables. Then, the stress is unpredictable and so is indicated with an acute accent. The Tzotzil variant of San Bartolomé de Los Llanos, in the Venustiano Carranza region, was analyzed as having two phonemic tones by Sarles 1966.
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The linguist Ivan Sag has pointed out an advantage of the ancient Indian theory: it explains why there are no patterns like hypothetical ~ , which are not ruled out by the underlying diaspirate theory. However, aspiration fails to account for reduplication patterns in roots with initial aspirates, such as Greek 'I put', with an unaspirated reduplicated consonant. Aspiration throwback thus needs to be enhanced with a stipulation that aspirates reduplicate as their unaspirated counterparts. From a diachronic standpoint, the absence of these patterns in Greek is explained by the Proto-Indo-European constraint against roots of the form .
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Leigh's death received widespread and ongoing coverage in both the Sydney and Newcastle media, possibly due to a fascination with her reduplicated name. Between 1989 and 1994, The Newcastle Herald ran at least 39 stories on Leigh, 23 of them featured on the front page. At least ten articles on the case were published in The Sydney Morning Herald during the same period. Both the extended media coverage and the theatrical plays and film the murder inspired have led to it being termed a "celebrity crime", and to Leigh being referred to as a "celebrity victim".
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This work provided definitions for protophones, non-cry sounds that are produced from the first day of life and are precursors to speech. In this model, pre-linguistic babbling develops through the first months until by the second half year canonical babbling begins, with its characteristic reduplicated forms such as “baba” and ‘’dada”, the point at which infants have the capacity to produce sounds that can serve as words (Oller, D. K., 2000). Oller and his colleagues' work has shown that the human infant is both an active explorer of vocalization and an interactor in vocal exchanges. Jhang, Y., & Oller, D. K. (2017).
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The forewings are shining, bronzy brown, with brilliant silvery streaks becoming white towards the costa. The first of these is at one-fourth, running obliquely outwards from the costa to a little beyond the fold, this is almost entirely silvery white. The second is a little beyond the middle, forming an irregular outwardly curved fascia reduplicated on the cell, white on the costa with a slight aeneous tinge beneath it. The third forms a slightly oblique spot at the commencement of the costal cilia, a fourth appearing as an elongate, slightly aeneous, silvery patch along the termen.
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A kind of compound adjective is formed by the union of a noun with an adjective; as ʻo le tagata lima mālosi, a strong man, literally, the stronghanded man; ʻo le tagata loto vaivai, a weak-spirited man. Nouns denoting the materials out of which things are made are used as adjectives: ʻo le mama auro, a gold ring; ʻo le fale maʻa, a stone house. Or they may be reckoned as nouns in the genitive. Adjectives expressive of colours are mostly reduplicated words; as sinasina or paʻepaʻe (white); uliuli (black); samasama (yellow); ʻenaʻena (brown); mumu (red), etc.
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The forewings are stone-grey to half their length, then dark bronzy brown. There are several snow-white streaks on the outer half, one forming an oblique costal spot beyond the middle, a second small straight triangular spot before the commencement of the costal cilia, and a third above the tornus, divided by a dark line into two longitudinal streaks. In addition to these is an oblique apical streak, reduplicated in the apical cilia, a small length-streak below the outer end of the fold, and a shorter diverging streaklet above it. The hindwings are umber-brown.Biol. centr.-amer. Lep.
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The forewings are creamy white, with a brown spot at the extreme base of the costa, a narrow brown fascia near the base slightly curved outwards. A wide reduplicated brown wedge-shaped fascia occupying two-thirds of the costal and one-half of the dorsal space beyond the middle of the wing, its central space showing the pale ground colour in more or less amalgamated longitudinal streaks. Its inner edge straight, its outer edge obliquely parallel to the apical margin. Before this, running from the apex to within the anal angle is another narrow brownish oblique fascia.
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The wingspan is 19–20 mm. The forewings are bone-white with a very faint suffusion of bone- grey on the dorsal half and in a semicircular shade arising from the tornus. A greyish fuscous spot, at the extreme base of the costa, is followed by another costal spot at one-fifth, and before the apex are two faint, elongate, greyish fuscous costal shades. A small very faint reduplicated spot, on the disc at one-fourth, is followed by a similar double dot at the end of the cell, beneath which is a small inwardly oblique greyish fuscous dorsal streak.
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This analysis interprets orthographic ⟨ach⟩ and ⟨anh⟩ as an underlying , which becomes phonetically open and diphthongized: → , → .Although there are some words where orthographic and occur after , these words are few and are mostly loanwords or onomatopoeia This diphthongization also affects ⟨êch⟩ and ⟨ênh⟩: → , → . Arguments for the second analysis include the limited distribution of final and , the gap in the distribution of and which do not occur after and , the pronunciation of ⟨ach⟩ and ⟨anh⟩ as and in certain conservative central dialects, and the patterning of ~ and ~ in certain reduplicated words. Additionally, final is not articulated as far forward as the initial : and are pre-velar with no alveolar contact.
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The forewings are dull white, minutely sprinkled and sparsely spotted with pale brownish fuscous. The ill-defined spots are formed by aggregation of the otherwise scattered pale fuscous scales and are, first a small streak at the base of the costa, reduplicated below and beyond, secondly a subcostal spot at one-third, then a spot at the end of the cell, preceded by one a little beyond the middle of the fold, with another, subcostal, a little before the apex. There are one or two marginal dots before the dirty white cilia which are also slightly dusted. The hindwings are brownish grey.Ent. mon. Mag.
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The Dhatupatha is a lexicon of Sanskrit verbal roots subservient to the Ashtadhyayi. It is organised by the ten present classes of Sanskrit, i.e. the roots are grouped by the form of their stem in the present tense. The ten present classes of Sanskrit are: # ' (root-full grade thematic presents) # ' (root presents) # ' (reduplicated presents) # ' (ya thematic presents) # ' (nu presents) # ' (root-zero grade thematic presents) # ' (n-infix presents) # ' (no presents) # ' (ni presents) # ' (aya presents, causatives) The small number of class 8 verbs are a secondary group derived from class 5 roots, and class 10 is a special case, in that any verb can form class 10 presents, then assuming causative meaning.
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In Amharic, verb roots can be reduplicated three different ways. These can result in verbs, nouns, or adjectives (which are often derived from verbs). From the root sbr 'break', antepenultimate reduplication produces täsäbabbärä 'it was shattered' and biconsonantal reduplication produces täsbäräbbärä 'it was shattered repeatedly' and səbərbari 'a shard, a shattered piece'. From the root kHb 'pile stones into a wall', since the second radical is not fully specified, what some call "hollow", the antepenultimate reduplication process reduplicates the k inserting the vowel a along with the consonant as a place holder for the hollow consonant, which is by some criteria antepenultimate, and produces akakabä 'pile stones repeatedly'.
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The forewings are stone-grey, with an upright, slightly oblique, dark chocolate dorsal patch near the base, preceded by two small spots of the same at the base, one costal, the other median. On the cell is a slight brownish spot at about half the wing-length, followed by a minute reduplicated spot at the end of the cell. A dark chocolate-brown patch at the apex is preceded by an oblique stone-white costal streak, traceable to the dorsum, but outwardly angulated on the middle where it sends out two slender branchlines towards the termen, ending in small brown spots. The hindwings are greyish brown.Biol. centr.-amer. Lep.
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Where the morphology is concerned, the language is somewhere along the continuum between agglutinative and fusional. Nominals have the following cases: nominative, accusative, instrumental (subsumes ergative), dative (subsumes allative, purposive), ablative (subsumes elative, avoidative), specific locative, nonspecific locative (subsumes perlative and comitative) and global locative. Nominals also have the following derived forms: privative, similative, resultative and proprietive, which also forms the noun nominative-accusative plural. All stems end in a vowel or a semi-vowel, except for a few monosyllables ending in -r and -l (which includes the very few reduplicated words, like tharthar 'boiling, seething', as well as ngipel 'you ' [a compound of ngi 'you singular' and -pal 'two']).
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Despite their antiquity, Anatolian morphology is considerably simpler than other early Indo-European (IE) languages. The verbal system distinguishes only two tenses (present-future and preterite), two voices (active and mediopassive), and two moods (indicative and imperative), lacking the subjunctive and optative moods found in other old IE languages like Tocharian, Sanskrit, and Ancient Greek. Anatolian verbs are also typically divided into two conjugations: the mi conjugation and ḫi conjugation, named for their first-person singular present indicative suffix in Hittite. While the mi conjugation has clear cognates outside of Anatolia, the ḫi conjugation is distinctive and appears to be derived from a reduplicated or intensive form in PIE.
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The wingspan is 25–32 mm. The forewings are shining silvery white, with a long dark yellowish brown dorsal patch, sparsely sprinkled with white scales, occupying the whole space beneath the fold, and slightly overlapping the fold before and beyond its middle. A reduplicated yellowish spot, at the end of the cell is followed by a short pale greyish fuscous shade, a double curved row of pale greyish fuscous spots precedes the apex and termen, converging in a shade of the same colour about the tornus, but not reaching the costa. The hindwings are very pale brownish grey, the costa and apex broadly white.
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Among six-month-old infants, seen articulations (i.e. the mouth movements they observe others make while talking) actually enhance their ability to discriminate sounds, and may also contribute to infants' ability to learn phonemic boundaries. Infants' phonological register is completed between the ages of 18 months and 7 years. Children's phonological development normally proceeds as follows: 6–8 weeks: Cooing appears 16 weeks: Laughter and vocal play appear 6–9 months: Reduplicated (canonical) babbling appears 12 months: First words use a limited sound repertoire 18 months: Phonological processes (deformations of target sounds) become systematic 18 months–7 years: Phonological inventory completion At each stage mentioned above, children play with sounds and learn methods to help them learn words.
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Cantonese changed tones (also called pinjam; ) occur when a word's tone becomes a different tone due to a particular context or meaning. A "changed" tone is the tone of the word when it is read in a particular lexical or grammatical context, while the base (or underlying) tone is usually the tone of the word when read in citation. It is thus distinct from tone sandhi, which are automatic modifications of tone created by their phonetic environment, without regard to meaning. In its most common form, it occurs on the final syllable of either a compound word, a reduplicated word, or certain vocative examples, especially in direct address to people such as family members.
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Noun reduplication, though nearly absent in Standard Chinese, is found in Cantonese and southwestern dialects of Mandarin. For instance, in Sichuan Mandarin, bāobāo 包包 (handbag) is used whereas Beijing use bāor 包儿. One notable exception is the colloquial use of bāobāo 包包 by non-Sichuanese speakers to denote a perceived fancy, attractive, or "cute" purse (somewhat equivalent to the English "baggie"). However, there are few nouns that can be reduplicated in Standard Chinese, and reduplication denotes generalisation and uniformity: rén 人 (human being) and rénrén 人人 (everybody (in general, in common)), jiājiāhùhù 家家户户 (every household (uniformly)) – in the latter jiā and hù additionally duplicate the meaning of household, which is a common way of creating compound words in Chinese.
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Afrikaans makes use of reduplication to emphasize the meaning of the word repeated and to denote a plural or event happening in more than one place. For example, krap means "to scratch one's self," while krap-krap-krap means "to scratch one's self vigorously", whereas "dit het plek-plek gereën", means "it rained here and there". Reduplication in Afrikaans has been described extensively in the literature – see for example , and . Further examples of this include: "koes" (to dodge) being reduplicated in the sentence "Piet hardloop koes-koes weg" (Piet is running away while constantly dodging / cringing); "sukkel" (to struggle) becoming "sukkel-sukkel" (making slow progress; struggling on); and "kierang" (to cheat) becoming "kierang-kierang" to indicate being cheated on repeatedly.
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The forewings are whitish on the costal half towards the base, becoming greyish towards the dorsum and brownish ochreous about and beyond the end of the cell. There is a slender black streak at the extreme base of the costa, followed by a very short oblique black streak at one-fourth and a broader oblique black streak at the middle. This is separated by a narrow oblique white streak from an elongate blackish costal blotch, which is somewhat triangular and terminates in a curved reduplicated blackish line in the apical cilia. This blotch contains an outwardly oblique slender line, pointing to a small black spot in a white patch before the apex, another slender white line meeting it at an angle from the dorsum.
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There are olivaceous greenish and bronzy brownish reflections on the forewings and a broad plumbeous band near the base, running obliquely outward from the dorsum to the costa, is narrowly reduplicated beyond. From the middle of the dorsum arises a similar plumbeous band, which, attaining the costa obliquely before the cilia, is margined on its inner side by a somewhat triangular brownish fuscous costal spot, and on its outer side by a dorsal shade of the same colour. A triangular patch enclosing the apex and termen, with a dark line running through the middle of the cinereous terminal cilia, is also dark brownish fuscous, and is margined on its inner side by a pale cinereous line. The hindwings are dark chocolate-brown.Biol. centr.-amer. Lep.
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The forewings are whitish on the costal half towards the base, becoming greyish towards the dorsum and brownish ochreous about and beyond the end of the cell. At the extreme base of the costa is a slender black streak, followed by a very short oblique black streak at one-fourth and a broader oblique black streak at the middle. This is separated by a narrow oblique white streak from an elongate blackish costal blotch, which is somewhat triangular and terminates in a curved reduplicated blackish line in the apical cilia. This blotch contains an outwardly oblique slender line, pointing to a small black spot in a white patch before the apex, another slender white line meeting it at an angle from the dorsum.
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That is, lexical roots, not counting sometimes lexicalized CV prefixes and suffixes, are typically CVcV, CVV, CVN, though there are also a few which are CV, as well as longer words of two phonological feet: CVCV, where the second C is not one of the reduced set of consonants but cannot be a click,The most common consonants in this position are glottal stop, /c/, and /k/. CVCVN, CVVCV, CVNCV, CVVCVN, CVNCVN, CVcVCV, CVVCVcV. Grammatical words tend to be CV or V.Mats Exter, 2008 [2012], Properties of the Anterior and Posterior Click Closures in Nǀuu, disertation, University of Cologne There are occasional exceptions to these patterns in ideophonic words such as 'Namaqua sandgrouse' (CVcVCVCVV + suffix) and historically reduplicated words with clicks such as 'to talk'.
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The wingspan is about 23 mm. The forewings are bone-whitish, much suffused and transversely barred obliquely with broken brownish fuscous lines. The brownish fuscous suffusion is much more strongly shown on the dorsal than on the costal portion of the wing, but there is no clear definition of its extent, where the first two of the three transverse broken lines cross this dark shade they greatly intensify it, adding to it a slight purplish gloss. The first of these, commencing on the costa near the base, is partially reduplicated on its outer half, a branch to the extreme base being obscurely indicated, it is angulated inward on the cell, and descends to the dorsum, before the middle, in a generally oblique direction.
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For example, both languages show significant innovations in the present active indicative endings but in radically different ways, so that only the second-person singular ending is directly cognate between the two languages, and in most cases neither variant is directly cognate with the corresponding Proto-Indo- European (PIE) form. The agglutinative secondary case endings in the two languages likewise stem from different sources, showing parallel development of the secondary case system after the Proto-Tocharian period. Likewise, some of the verb classes show independent origins, e.g. the class II preterite, which uses reduplication in Tocharian A (possibly from the reduplicated aorist) but long PIE ē in Tocharian B (possibly from the long-vowel perfect found in Latin lēgī, fēcī, etc.).
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Like many Australian languages, Marra has a process known as reduplication, where some or all of a stem is repeated. With human nouns, reduplication takes the meaning of three or more of that noun, such as ', "three or more old people" from ', "old person", and a few topographic nouns can be reduplicated to mean the collective plural, as in ', "islands". With both human and non-human nouns, reduplication along with the pergressive case suffix can create the meaning "having X" or "having lots of X", as in ', "having a woman" (being a married man) from ', "woman". A few verb stems also display partial reduplication to indicate a repeated action, as in ', "he repeatedly tied it or them up" as opposed to ', "he was tying it or them up".
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The forewings are greyish fuscous from the base to beyond the middle, with a greenish hue in some lights and a steel-grey streak along the costal margin, passing over the front of the thorax, beyond the middle very dark brown, with a transverse white fascia extended outwards at the commencement of the costal cilia, narrowed in the middle of the wing, and somewhat dilated about the dorsal margin. Beyond it are three, sometimes four, white tooth-like streaks, with their bases joined towards the apical margin and separated from the steel-grey fringes by a reduplicated line of dark brown, which passes around the apex. The hindwings are brown, with grey fringes, oblique, but scarcely emarginate below the apex. The base of the costal margin is steel-grey.Trans. Amer. Ent. Soc.
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The forewings are white, sprinkled with black scales which are assembled in a reduplicated spot close to the base, a spot on the fold a little beyond it, a costal spot at one- fourth attenuated downward to the fold, an indistinct shade-band across the middle, not reaching the dorsum, and beyond this a profuse sprinkling along the costa and around the apex and termen, also through the hoary white cilia. In a small spot at the apex are a few ferruginous scales and two larger ferruginous spots are found, one before and one beyond the middle, the first slightly crossing the fold, the second at the end of the cell, these are both somewhat sprinkled with black. The hindwings are silvery bluish white.Entomologist's Monthly Magazine 47 : 12 The larvae feed on Anabasis articulata.
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The forewings are snow-white, with a rather broad brown costal band, the dorsal space beneath the fold being also completely filled with brown, from which a brown streak is ejected outward in the direction of the apex. The white costal streaks are in the same positions as in Polyhymno colleta, consisting of one long slender very oblique line commencing before the middle, followed by a shorter, less oblique line nearly meeting its apex, and two pairs of geminated white streaks in the costal and apical cilia. There is also a similar white patch in the terminal cilia, but instead of two black spots this contains a black streak with two black dots below it. A reduplicated brown line runs along the termen at the base of the cilia.
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The forewings are ferruginous, with some black scaling, and three outwardly oblique white streaks from the costa, all more or less mixed with shining steely scales. The first, at about one-fifth, is reduplicated, margined, on its inner side with black scales which become concentrated in a spot resting on the fold, and reaches with its lustrous steely apex nearly to the dorsum at one-third. The second, single, reaching to a blackish spot on the fold and produced again below it in shining steel-grey to the dorsum beyond the middle. The third, from a little beyond the middle of the costa, passes on the outer side of a black dot at the end of the cell, to which the steel-grey scaling of the second streak extends, where it meets the apex of a fourth, similar, but inverted oblique white streak, coming from the costal cilia.
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Pāṇini, and the later Indian linguist Bhartrihari, had a significant influence on many of the foundational ideas proposed by Ferdinand de Saussure, professor of Sanskrit, who is widely considered the father of modern structural linguistics and with Charles S. Peirce on the other side, to semiotics, although the concept Saussure used was semiology. Saussure himself cited Indian grammar as an influence on some of his ideas. In his Mémoire sur le système primitif des voyelles dans les langues indo-européennes (Memoir on the Original System of Vowels in the Indo- European Languages) published in 1879, he mentions Indian grammar as an influence on his idea that "reduplicated aorists represent imperfects of a verbal class." In his De l'emploi du génitif absolu en sanscrit (On the Use of the Genitive Absolute in Sanskrit) published in 1881, he specifically mentions Pāṇini as an influence on the work.
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Adjective reduplication is common in Standard Chinese, typically denoting emphasis, less acute degree of the quality described, or an attempt at more indirect speech: xiǎoxiǎo de 小小的 (small, tiny), chòuchòu de 臭臭的 (smelly). Reduplication can also reflect a "cute", juvenile or informal register; in this respect, it can be compared to the English diminutive ending "-y" or "-ie" (tiny, smelly, 狗狗 "doggie", etc.) In the case of adjectives composed of two characters (morphemes), generally each of the two characters is reduplicated separately: piàoliang 漂亮 (beautiful) reduplicates as piàopiàoliangliang 漂漂亮亮. Verb reduplication is also common in Standard Chinese, conveying the meaning of informal and temporary character of the action. It is often used in imperative expressions, in which it lessens the degree of imperativity: zuòzuò 坐坐 (sit (for a while)), děngděng 等等 (wait (for a while)).
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This last assertion appears unsupported however, since wonton soup is not attested in Chinese sources dating earlier than the Han dynasty , although the linguistic connection of the soup to the larger concept certainly appears real (; ; ). Hundun has a graphic variant hunlun (using lún see the Liezi below), which etymologically connects to the mountain name Kunlun (differentiated with the "mountain radical" ). says "Kunlun and hundun are the same closed center of the world." quotes the Chinese philologist Lo Mengci , who says that reduplicated words like hundun "suggest cyclic movement and transformation", and speculates: > Ritually mumbling the sounds of hun-tun might, therefore, be said to have a > kind on incantatory significance that both phonetically and morphologically > invokes the mythological and ontological idea of the Tao as the creatio > continua process of infinitely repeated moments of change and new creation. The Shuowen Jiezi does not enter dun (which apparently lacked a pre-Han Seal script).
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The forewings are pale olive-green with a small brown streak along the extreme base of the costal margin, followed by a few brown scales on the convex part of the margin near the basal third of the wing-length. There is a distinct dark brown narrow line-like spot along the extreme costal margin, scarcely beyond the middle, and a few brown scales in the cilia of the pre-apical costal projection. There is a reduplicated brown spot just before the middle of the wing, the upper portion of which is almost round, while the lower portion is triangular, with the apex pointing outwards. At the lower angle on the fold is a roundish spot of a darker brown and there is an obliquely-placed linear spot of dark brown scales at the end of the cell, as well as five small spots of the same colour at the extreme edge along the apical margin, with three similar spots above the apex, between it and the costal projection.
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Reduplication in the language is very common, and occurs in many contexts, some of which include lexical roots, constituent syllables of roots, verbal person inflections and other parts of morphemes. In Kwaza, reduplication can also represent a past tense construction, if the person cross-reference morpheme is reduplicated. This is particularly interesting since in the Kwaza language, there is zero specific marking of past and present. An example of this is shown here: (1)kukui’hỹ-da-da-ky-hỹ-ki Hein van der Voort, A Grammar of Kwaza (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2004) pg. 390 ill-1S-1S-PAST-NOM-DEC ‘I was ill’ (2)‘masju kukui’hỹ- da-da-ky-hỹ-ki=da’mỹ-tse Marcio ill-1S-1S-PAST-NOM-DEC=want-DEC ‘Marcio is going to say he was ill’ Whereas something involving pain in the present tense would take this form: (1)Kukui-sitoko’rõ-da-kiHein van der Voort, A Grammar of Kwaza (Berlin: De Gruyter, 2004) pg. 165 Hurt-CL:elbow-1S-DEC ‘I have pain in my elbow’ In these examples, we see the reduplication of the first person singular, which in the language presents a first person past tense state.
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