309 Sentences With "ratifications" | Random Sentence Generator

Based on legal precedent, that doesn't matter; some states also tried to rescind their ratifications of the 14th and 15th Amendments, and their original ratifications were counted anyway.

The deadline extension itself was unconstitutional, and the ratifications rescissions are valid.

When state legislatures realized this, the ratifications stopped and several states rescinded.

After that, the organizers would lobby Congress to recognize the 38 total ratifications.

The deal is tantalisingly close to coming into force, needing just two more national ratifications.

The amendment picked up steam, getting 22 of the necessary 38 ratifications in the first year.

That's because the amendment Congress passed in 1972 has expired, and some states have rescinded their ratifications.

ERA advocates also do not recognize actions by the five states which rescinded their earlier ERA ratifications.

By Wednesday the total number of ratifications had reached 60, representing more than 47.5 percent of emissions.

The U.N. said that by September 7 it had 27 ratifications amounting to 39 percent of global emissions.

The ERA almost passed in 203, but fell short of its required 38 ratifications by just three states.

At a news conference in Geneva, though, he said he was more optimistic about the rate of ratifications.

For ERA hopefuls, that awakened the legal theory that despite the since-passed 1982 deadline, the states' ratifications remained valid.

As of August 2019, 25 have ratified the treaty; another 25 ratifications are needed for it to come into full effect.

Following a surge of ratifications as the US presidential election heated up this fall, the Paris Agreement entered legal force last week.

"We expect a surge of ratifications around the U.N. Climate week later in September," said Bill Hare, chief executive of Climate Analytics.

Miller that states could legitimately rescind prior amendment ratifications as long as three-fourths of the states had not ratified an amendment.

Opponents of the ERA say the deadline for ratification has expired and cite the five states that rescinded or withdrew their ratifications.

Another source of confusion is that legislators in five states — Idaho, Kentucky, Nebraska, South Dakota, and Tennessee — have voted to rescind their ratifications.

By the time the deadline for ratifications passed in 1982, approvals had slowed to a trickle and stopped short of the magic number.

But three other states — Nevada, Illinois, and Virginia — have also taken to the courts, fighting to ensure that their recent ratifications are legitimated.

But some detractors point out that in the '123s, five states -- Nebraska, Tennessee, Idaho, Kentucky and South Dakota -- rescinded or withdrew their ratifications.

Representatives of the countries submitted their ratifications at a ceremony during the U.N. General Assembly Wednesday morning, bringing the total ratifying countries to 60.

"We're pushing for getting 50 ratifications by the end of 2019," said Beatrice Fihn, executive director of the International Campaign to Abolish Nuclear Weapons.

Another potential legal difficulty is that five states that have rescinded their ratifications — though historically, such reversals have not been recognized by the courts.

This is a last-resort option, legal experts say: In the past, constitutional amendments have been added to the Constitution despite rescinded state ratifications.

It has 19 ratifications and needs 50 to come into force, and ICAN says progress - against a backdrop of President Trump's nuclear diplomacy - has been rapid.

The treaty has so far gathered 23 of the 50 ratifications that it needs to come into force, including South Africa, Austria, Thailand, Vietnam and Mexico.

Though some states might in time try to rescind their initial ratifications, this would be another area where the constitution is mum and the courts will not venture.

Unless the proposers put a time limit on their amendment's ratification—as has been the case for most 20th-century amendments—it can sit around accumulating ratifications in perpetuity.

Once the EU documents are submitted, the Paris agreement will have ratifications from 92 nations representing nearly 64 percent of greenhouse gas emissions, according to the World Resources Institute.

"His threat stimulated this rapid series of ratifications — China, the USA, Europe, and many others," Robert Stavins, the director of the Harvard Project on Climate Agreements, wrote in an email.

The total number of ratifications has reached 60 - including the world's two biggest emitters, the United States and China - but still falls short of the 55 percent mark on emissions.

But it needs ratifications from the legislatures of Mexico (done), Canada (pending but expected) and the U.S. (not done, not really pending and, while impeachment dominates, not likely to happen).

Opponents of the amendment say the congressional imposed deadline to ratify the ERA has long expired and point to five states that have rescinded or withdrew their ratifications within that deadline.

Because of serious legal questions surrounding the unorthodox ratification process, including counting modern ratifications alongside those from nearly 50 years ago — few Americans are even aware of the amendment's potential consequences.

It's 36 years past the deadline Congress set for it to become a constitutional amendment: Congress originally set a 20123 deadline, and when that date hit, the amendment only had 35 ratifications.

The ratifications were a vote of confidence in the global trading system, and it sent a message about the power of trade to create jobs and growth around the world, Azevedo said.

It's 37 years past the deadline Congress set for it to become a constitutional amendment: Congress originally set a 1979 deadline, and when that date hit, the amendment only had 19703 ratifications.

Supporters argue that Congress could enact the amendment once the 38th state passes it since it has the power to "maintain the legal viability" of the amendment's existing state ratifications, according to EqualRightsAmendment.org.

The governments of Canada, Colombia, Indonesia, Mexico and South Africa, which together represent about 5 percent of global emissions, have said they expect to complete or pledge to complete their ratifications this month.

Obama spoke at the White House at a hastily planned event that came together just as the United Nations is receiving final ratifications from enough countries to allow it to take force in November.

In 22011, after the I.C.C. received the 21950 ratifications it needed to begin work, Moreno-Ocampo was appointed chief prosecutor and moved into the court's offices in a white metallic tower in The Hague.

Should national ratifications be pending at that moment, the Commission is ready to propose provisional application of relevant parts of the future relationship, in line with the legal frameworks that apply and existing practice.

The Equal Rights Amendment, first introduced almost a hundred years ago, is now again gaining traction with recent state ratifications by Nevada and Illinois and with the wave of protest engendered by the #MeToo movement.

OSLO (Reuters) - A global agreement on climate change is set to win enough ratifications by signatory nations this week to go into force in November, heralding a harder phase of turning promises into cuts in greenhouse gas emissions.

Several island states, which could disappear if the world keeps warming and seas keep rising at an alarming rate, already had ratified the agreement at home and submitted those ratifications to the United Nations at the ceremony Friday.

Others seek legislation that in effect goes back to the future — to a status quo ante where the 35 state ratifications remain valid, only this time with no imposed deadline for rounding up the required three additional approvals.

Several points of the WDP deprive bosses of favored tactics for stalling union drives or contract ratifications by setting deadlines for when negotiations would have to begin and allow the National Labor Relations Board to certify new unions.

After the Civil War, several states tried to take back their ratifications of either the 14th or 15th Amendments, but they were counted in the Yes column anyway, and all of those states later re-ratified the amendments.

The officials told journalists in New York on Thursday that the United Nations had so far received 27 ratifications covering 39 percent of global emissions, including from the world's top two greenhouse gas emitters, the United States and China.

There are some questions about what will happen if a 38th state ratifies the amendment, given that it would miss the deadline Congress set by at least 36 years, and five states have even voted to rescind their ratifications.

The Nuclear Weapons Ban Monitor, published by Norwegian People's Aid, said 19 states had already adhered to the 2017 Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons, putting it well on the way to the 50 ratifications it needs to come into force.

Daryl G. Kimball, executive director of the Arms Control Association, a disarmament research and advocacy group in Washington, said he regarded the minimum number of ratifications to put the treaty into effect — 40 — to be relatively low, possibly limiting its coercive impact.

Politicians, too, find them useful: of the national referendums that have consequences for the entire EU (such as treaty ratifications), a third have been called for partisan rather than constitutional reasons, according to Fernando Mendez at the Centre for Research on Direct Democracy in Switzerland.

Virginia is the 38th state to approve the Equal Rights Amendment, but over the years, five of those states — Idaho, Kentucky, Nebraska, South Dakota and Tennessee — have voted to rescind their ratifications, and it is possible that opponents would challenge the amendment on that basis.

ERA advocates claim they can revive the original 2023 states' ratifications and make them current towards adding the ERA to the Constitution if the 1978 ERA extension deadline is removed from the 1978 extension by the current Congress, thus leaving no time deadline for ERA ratification.

In the amendment process, after verifying that it has the required number of state ratifications, the National Archives and Records Administration's Office of the Federal Register drafts a formal proclamation for the archivist to certify that the amendment is valid and is part of the Constitution.

Below, an excerpt from an analysis on the agreement by the European edition of The New York Herald: According to the preamble of the Treaty of Versailles, it entered into full force with yesterday's exchange of ratifications — in force, that is to say, as regards the ratifying nations.

Should national ratifications be pending at the end of the transition period, the European Commission has already made clear that it is ready to propose applying on a provisional basis relevant aspects of the future relationship, in line with the applicable legal frameworks and existing practice and the United Kingdom welcomes this intent. 4.

For purposes of the numbers in this list, only ratifications, accessions, or successions of currently existing states are considered. No regard is given to ratifications by defunct states that have no current successor state.

The convention did not receive enough ratifications to be brought into force.

The Optional Protocol required ten ratifications to come into force.OP1-ICCPR, Article 9.

OP-ICESCR, Article 11. The Optional Protocol required ten ratifications to come into force.

Dates which have been ~~struck~~ and have a "(W)" are ratifications that have been subsequently withdrawn.

Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 4, pp. 8–45. Ratifications were exchanged at Liepāja on 2 November 1920.

Due to these limitations, in 2016, the maximum number of state ratifications that a multilateral treaty can have is usually 197; this total consists of all 193 UN member states; both UN observers, the Holy See and State of Palestine; and the Cook Islands and Niue. If supranational or other international organizations ratify the treaty, the total number of ratifications may exceed 197.

In 1994, the Convention was adopted after the deposit of the minimum 60 ratifications. E. L. Miles, Global Ocean Politics, Kluwer Law International, 1998, p.3.

Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 18, pp. 104–119. The Polish government also concluded such a convention with the Soviet government on 7 February 1923, for which ratifications were exchanged on 8 January 1924.Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 49, pp. 286–314. A sanitary convention was also concluded between the governments of Poland and Czechoslovakia on 5 September 1925, for which ratifications were exchanged on 22 October 1926.Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 58, pp. 144–177. A convention was signed between the governments of Germany and Latvia on 9 July 1926, for which ratifications were exchanged on 6 July 1927.Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

Article II of the extension gave exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States. Treaty ratifications were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional 7 years.

MISU is the Marine Institute Student Union, a Canadian Federation of Students associated student organization. Some of the provided services include extended health and dental insurance, tutor arrangements, and club ratifications.

In 2017, Nevada became the first state to ratify the ERA after the expiration of both deadlines, followed by Illinois in 2018, and Virginia in 2020,Virginia becomes 38th state to ratify Equal Rights Amendment—but it may be too late, WTOP-FM purportedly bringing the number of ratifications to 38. However, experts and advocates have acknowledged legal uncertainty about the consequences of these ratifications, due to the expired deadlines and the five states' purported revocations.

Ratifications were exchanged in Teheran on 26 February 1922. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 7 June 1922.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 9, pp. 384-413.

Congress took no action on them. When the President was slow to officially report ratifications of the Fourteenth Amendment by the new Southern legislatures, Congress passed a bill, again over his veto, requiring him to do so within ten days of receipt. He still delayed as much as he could, but was required, in July 1868, to report the ratifications making the amendment part of the Constitution. Seymour's operatives sought Johnson's support, but he long remained silent on the presidential campaign.

Ratifications were exchanged in Berlin on October 26, 1923, and the supplementary protocol was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 18, 1924.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 26, pp. 388-394.

The present treaty shall be ratified by the high contracting parties as soon as possible, in accordance with their respective constitutional procedures. The original treaty and the instruments of ratification shall be deposited in the Ministry of Foreign Relations and Worship of the Argentine Republic, which shall communicate the ratifications to the other signatory states. The treaty shall go into effect between the high contracting parties 30 days after the deposit of the respective ratifications. and in the order in which they are effected.

Lithuaniae, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Volume 19 (1927), p. 433 Its content follows largely the Polish Concordat of 1925. Ratifications were exchanged at the Vatican on 10 December 1927 by Cardinal Gasparri and Jurgis Šaulys.Conventio eum Rep.

The settlement was reached after taking the demands to court several times and after many ratifications were made.Birecree, pg 6. The miners of the Pittston Coal Company were able to once again receive health and retirement benefits.

Ratifications for that treaty were exchanged in Bucharest on July 25, 1921. The treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on October 24 of the same year.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 7, pp. 78-83.

April 3, 1939. Retrieved on July 17, 2010. Ratifications were exchanged in Berlin on 20 December 1939 and the agreement became effective on 20 January 1940. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 17 January 1940.

The treaty contains eleven chapters and 32 articles. The text of the treaty is in German. Ratifications were exchanged in Berlin on 25 June 1918.Texts of the Finland "Peace": With Map (Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1918), pp.

On 1 June 1920, a friendship agreement was signed between the ROC and Iran. Ratifications were exchanged on 6 February 1922, with effect on the same day. These relations came to an end in 1971 as Iran recognised Beijing.

Ratifications were exchanged in Riga on October 11, 1939, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on November 6, 1939.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 198, pp. 382-387.

Ratifications were exchanged in Tallinn on 4 October 1939 and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 13 October 1939.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 198, pp. 224-229.

The naval treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922. Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17, 1923, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16, 1924.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

Finally, those bringing suit asserted the Nineteenth Amendment was not adopted because Tennessee and West Virginia violated their own rules of procedure. The Court ruled that the point was moot because Connecticut and Vermont had subsequently ratified the amendment, providing a sufficient number of state ratifications to adopt the Nineteenth Amendment even without Tennessee and West Virginia. The Court also ruled that Tennessee's and West Virginia's certifications of their state ratifications was binding and had been duly authenticated by their respective Secretaries of State. As a result of the Court's ruling, Randolph and Waters were permitted to become registered voters in Baltimore.

Article 121 of the Rome Statute . Retrieved on 18 October 2013. Any amendment to the list of crimes within the jurisdiction of the court will only apply to those states parties that have ratified it. It does not need a seven-eighths majority of ratifications.

It was presented to the United States Senate on February 26, 1796, and, after debate, was ratified on March 7, 1796. It was ratified by Spain on April 25, 1796 and ratifications were exchanged on that date. The treaty was proclaimed on August 3, 1796.

Constitution Annotated notes that "[f]our states had rescinded their ratifications [of the ERA] and a fifth had declared that its ratification would be void unless the amendment was ratified within the original time limit", with a footnote identifying South Dakota as that "fifth" state.

Ratifications of the German-Estonian pact were exchanged in Berlin on July 24, 1939 and it became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on August 12, 1939.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 198, pp. 50-53.

The treaty was concluded on February 6, 1922. Ratifications of that treaty were exchanged in Washington on August 17, 1923, and it was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on April 16, 1924.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 25, pp. 202–227.

Map showing Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution signatories (green) and ratifications (dark green) as of July 2007 The 1999 Gothenburg Protocol to Abate Acidification, Eutrophication and Ground-level Ozone (known as the Multi-effect Protocol or the Gothenburg Protocol) is a multi-pollutant protocol designed to reduce acidification, eutrophication and ground-level ozone by setting emissions ceilings for sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds and ammonia to be met by 2010. As of August 2014, the Protocol had been ratified by 26 parties, which includes 25 states and the European Union.Status and ratifications. The Protocol is part of the Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution.

President Carter signed a controversial extension of the deadline to 1982, but that time saw no additional ratifications. In the 1990s, ERA supporters resumed efforts for ratification, arguing that the pre-deadline ratifications still applied, that the deadline itself can be lifted, and that only three states were needed. Whether the amendment is still before the states for ratification remains disputed, but in 2014 both Virginia and Illinois state senates voted to ratify, although both were blocked in the house chambers. In 2017, 45 years after the amendment was originally submitted to states, the Nevada legislature became the first to ratify it following expiration of the deadlines.

Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 38, pp. 10–55. A bilateral sanitary convention was concluded between the governments of Latvia and Poland on 7 July 1922, for which ratifications were exchanged on 7 April 1925.Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

Such bills made it out of committee in 1967 and 1972, for a House floor for a vote in 1976 and in 1978 resulted in the formal proposal of the District of Columbia Voting Rights Amendment. But that amendment expired in 1985, 22 ratifications short of the needed 38.

By April 2014, 194 countries had ratified the CRC3; and 179 had ratified the 1999 International Labour Organization's Convention (No. 182) concerning the elimination of the worst forms of child labour. However, many of these ratifications are yet to be given full effect through actual implementation of concrete measures.

"Speak Out" Petition . Control Arms, alongside Reaching Critical Will, also operated a website tracking states' positions on the Arms Trade Treaty. Since April 2013, it also holds a record of states' votes for the final Resolution adopting the ATT, as well as a record of state signatures and ratifications.

Mukkudal was upgraded as Town Panchayat according to Tamil Nadu Panchayats Act, 1994 (ratifications to 73rd and 74th Amendment of the Constitution of India) after its establishment. Adding nearest villages: Sadayapuram, Singamparai, Kaliyankulam, Lakshmiyapuram to Mukkudal, Mukkudal Town Panchayat was established."About Us". Directorate of Town Panchayats, Govt.

It was signed in Paris on 14 June 1898, ratifications were exchanged on 13 June 1899. Article IV of this convention was completed by a declaration signed in London on 21 March 1899 that, after the Fashoda Incident, delimited spheres of influence in northern Central Africa and the Sudan.

In the 1939 case of Coleman v. Miller, the Supreme Court ruled that Congress has the final authority to determine whether, by lapse of time, a proposed constitutional amendment has lost its vitality before being ratified by enough states, and whether state ratifications are effective in light of attempts at subsequent withdrawal. The Court stated: "We think that, in accordance with this historic precedent, the question of the efficacy of ratifications by state legislatures, in the light of previous rejection or attempted withdrawal, should be regarded as a political question pertaining to the political departments, with the ultimate authority in the Congress in the exercise of its control over the promulgation of the adoption of the amendment."Coleman v.

In December 1845, Commodore James Biddle exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of WanghiaSewall, John S. (1905). The Logbook of the Captain's Clerk: Adventures in the China Seas, p. xxxi. at Poon Tong (泮塘), a village outside Guangzhou. The treaty was the first treaty between China and the United States.

It blocked such recognition in neighboring Greece and Albania, through the failed ratifications of the Politis–Kalfov Protocol in 1924 and the Albanian-Bulgarian Protocol (1932). During the interwar period in Vardar Macedonia, part of the young locals repressed by the Serbs attempted at a separate way of ethnic development.

537, p. 98. In late May 1848, two companies under Polk's command escorted an American delegation to Querétaro, where the two countries exchanged official ratifications of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, bringing the war to an end.Karl Jack Bauer, The Mexican War, 1846–1848 (University of Nebraska Press, 1992), p. 387.

Ratifications . The states that have denounced the convention after accepting it are Canada, Croatia, Denmark, Germany, Iran, Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Spain, and Sweden. The Brussels Convention forms the basis of current international marine salvage law. The Convention was amended by a Protocol issued in Brussels on 27 May 1967.

25, pp. 202–227. Japan agreed to revert Shandong to Chinese control by an agreement concluded on February 4, 1922. Ratifications of the agreement were exchanged in Beijing on June 2, 1922, and it was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 7, 1922.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

Kaplan, p. 75. Hamilton's arguments used for the ratifications were largely iterations of work from The Federalist Papers, and Smith eventually went for ratification, though it was more out of necessity than Hamilton's rhetoric. The vote in the state convention was ratified 30 to 27, on July 26, 1788.Denboer, p. 197.

Article 1 obliged the German government to grant to the U.S. government all rights and privileges enjoyed by the other allied powers who had ratified the peace treaty signed in Paris. Article 2 specified which articles of the Versailles treaty shall apply to the U.S. Article 3 provided for the exchange of ratifications in Berlin.

Article 1 obliged the Austrian government to grant to the US government all rights and privileges enjoyed by the other Allied Powers who ratified the St. Germain treaty Article 2 specified which articles of the St. Germain treaty shall apply to the United States. Article 3 provided for the exchange of ratifications in Vienna.

4, pp. 8–45. Ratifications were exchanged at Liepāja on 2 November. Long negotiations of the final peace treaty ensued. Meanwhile, Petliura's Ukrainian forces, which now numbered 23,000 soldiers and controlled territories immediately to the east of Poland, planned an offensive in Ukraine for 11 November but were attacked by the Bolsheviks on 10 November.

It was ratified by the Philippines on September 30, 1946.11 Bevans 3 The treaty entered into force on October 22, 1946, when ratifications were exchanged. The treaty was accompanied by a "provisional agreement concerning friendly relations and diplomatic and consular representation" (60 Stat. 1800, TIAS 1539, 6 UNTS 335) until the treaty was ratified.

Ker, Page 161 King Robert II granted the abbey a charter, erecting all the lands of the Barony of Kilwinning into a free regality, with full jurisdiction. They received ratifications of this charter from Robert III and James IV. King James IV visited the abbey in 1507, making an offering of 14s. to its relics.Gazetteer of Scotland.

New York: Octagon Books, 1975. (Reprint by special arrangement with Yale University Press. Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574; the Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on 2 December 1899 with ratifications exchanged on 16 February 1900 The German half is now an independent nation – Samoa.

Morton, Ward M. Woman Suffrage in Mexico. Gainesville: University of Florida Press 1962, 33. In the end, it passed unanimously and was sent to the states to ratify it. Despite the speeches and the ratifications, opponents used a loophole to block the amendment's implementation by refusing to publish notice of the change in the Diario official.

Council of Europe web site, Chart of signatures and ratifications, Status as of: 26/6/2009. Consulted on June 26, 2009. The Convention, along with the European Convention on the International Classification of Patents for Invention of 1954, resulted from the work of the Council of Europe's Committee of Experts in patent matters in the early 1950s.

1224 from 1994. The accession documents to all three treaties were deposited on December 9, 1994. The UCC (Paris 1971 version) became effective for Russia on March 9, 1995.UNESCO: Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 and annexed Protocols 1 and 2: State of ratifications, acceptances and accessions up to 1 January 2000 .

Article 1 obliged the Hungarian government to grant to the US government all rights and privileges enjoyed by the other Allied Powers who have ratified the peace treaty signed in Paris. Article 2 specified which articles of the Trianon treaty shall apply to the United States. Article 3 provided for the exchange of ratifications in Budapest.

The signatories were Caulaincourt, Duke of Vicenza, Marshal MacDonald, Duke of Tarentum, Marshal Ney, Duke of Elchingen, Prince Metternich, Count Nesselrode, and Baron Hardenberg.Alphonse de Lamartine, pp. 206–207. (Article XXI). The present treaty shall be ratified, and the ratifications of it shall be exchanged at Paris in the term of two days, or sooner, if possible.

This convention was most comprehensive and was designated to replace all previous conventions on that matter. It was signed by 40 countries and consisted of 160 articles. Ratifications by 16 of the signatories were exchanged in Paris on 7 October 1920. Another multilateral convention was signed in Paris on 21 June 1926, to replace that of 1912.

The Committee initially consisted of 12 members, however once the Convention achieved 80 ratifications the Committee expanded to 18 members. Half of members were elected for two-year terms and half elected for four years. Since then, members have been elected for four-year terms, with half the members elected every two years by the Conference of States Parties.

States change over time, and often a state that ratified a treaty will cease to exist. International law deals with this issue in two ways. First, it is possible for a state to be declared the successor state to the defunct state. In this situation, any ratifications performed by the defunct state are transferred to and attributed to the successor state.

The Oregon Treaty that was negotiated in between Great Britain and the United States and went into effect in July 1846 upon the exchange of ratifications settled the Oregon question. This treaty had specific provisions regarding the Puget Sound Agricultural Company in Article IV, namely that the United States would respect PSAC property but had the right to purchase any of the properties.

This > convention shall be submitted for the approval of the Government of the > French Republic and His Majesty the King of Annam, and ratifications shall > be exchanged as soon as possible. > Article 19. The present treaty will replace the conventions of 15 March, 31 > August and 23 November 1874. > In the event of a dispute, the French text shall prevail.

37, pp. 318–339. Another was concluded between the governments of Germany and Poland in Dresden on 18 December 1922, and entered into effect on 15 February 1923.Text in League of Nations Treaty Series, vo. 34, pp. 302–313. Another one was signed between the governments of Poland and Romania on 20 December 1922. Ratifications were exchanged on 11 July 1923.

Decree No 1224 on November 3, 1994. The accession documents to all three treaties were deposited on December 9, 1994. The UCC (Paris 1971 version) became effective for Russia on March 9, 1995.UNESCO: Universal Copyright Convention as revised at Paris on 24 July 1971 and annexed Protocols 1 and 2: State of ratifications, acceptances and accessions up to 1 January 2000 .

The original MARPOL was signed on 17 February 1973, but did not come into force due to lack of ratifications. The current convention is a combination of 1973 Convention and the 1978 Protocol. It entered into force on 2 October 1983. As of May 2013, 152 states, representing 99.2 per cent of the world's shipping tonnage, are involved in the convention.

Beginning in the mid-1990s, ERA supporters began an effort to win ratification of the ERA by the legislatures of states that did not ratify it between 1972 and 1982. These proponents state that Congress can remove the ERA's ratification deadline despite the deadline having expired, allowing the states again to ratify it. They also state that the ratifications ERA previously received remain in force and that rescissions of prior ratifications are not valid. Those who espouse the "three-state strategy" (now complete if the Nevada, Illinois and Virginia belated ERA approvals are deemed legitimate) were spurred, at least in part, by the unconventional 202-year- long ratification of the Constitution's Twenty-seventh Amendment (sometimes referred to as the "Madison Amendment") which became part of the Constitution in 1992 after pending before the state legislatures since 1789.

National governments and parliaments could not or would not keep up. Thomas, noting the disappointing number of ratifications reached the conclusion that over- production of Conventions and Recommendations should stop. The publications programme of the Office became a target for criticism, namely that its research was not objective and impartial. At the same time, efforts were being made to restrict the competence of the ILO.

He and fellow messenger William Gwin were present for the signing of the Hay- Pauncefote Treaty on Nov. 18, 1901, opening way for the construction of the Panama Canal. On Nov. 25, 1905, Savoy was one of few witnesses to the final steps of the exchange of ratifications of the Treaty of Portsmouth of September earlier that fall, to end the war between Russia and Japan.

On , the ratifications were exchanged. The Serbian delegate, artillery lieutenant colonel Franjo Zah, had arrived in Athens on . On the military convention on war operations against the Ottoman Empire was signed between Serbia and Greece by signatories Zah and major Nikolaos Zanos of the Greek military command. The treaty never came into effect, as Prince Mihailo was murdered soon afterwards, on 10 June 1868.

In August, the Second Treaty of Bromsebro (Brømsebrofreden) was signed and in September he participated in the exchange of ratifications in Markaryd for which the fleet was unprepared. Christian IV was very angry at him for his attitude against his father-in-law, Holger Rosenkrantz, during the procession of nobles in 1646. In 1647, he was a member of a commission to investigate the financial condition.

Signatures and ratifications. The states that have signed the protocol but have not yet ratified it are Australia, Canada, China, Germany, Iceland, Japan, Luxembourg, Monaco, Seychelles, and United Kingdom. In May 2019, France was (since the end of 2018) the sole among the top six arms exporting countries to have ratified the protocol. The other five – United States, Russia, Germany, China, and United Kingdom – had not.

It became effective on November 30 1948, following the mutual exchange of ratifications, pursuant to Article XXX. It fulfilled the desires of both countries to establish such a treaty as previously expressed in Article XII of the Treaty for Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China.Treaty for the Relinquishment of Extraterritorial Rights in China and the Regulation of Related Matters, Jan. 11, 1943, U.S.-China, 57 Stat.

Article 30 stipulated that nothing in the treaty can contradict the provisions of the US-German peace treaty concluded in 1921. Article 31 provided the treaty shall remain in force for ten years and will be prolonged for another year each time, unless denounced by either of the parties. Article 32 provided for ratification of the treaty and its entry into effect upon exchange of ratifications.

Israel voted against the adoption of the Rome Statute but later signed it for a short period. In 2002, Israel notified the UN Secretary General that it no longer intended to become a party to the Rome Statute, and as such, it has no legal obligations arising from their signature of the statute.The American Non- Governmental Organizations Coalition for the International Criminal Court. Ratifications & Declarations.

Ninigret, sachem of the Niantics The opinion next reviews the Rhode Island statutes which prohibited the acquisition of Indian lands without the consent of the colony.Narragansett Indians, 40 A. at 356 (citing 1 R. I. Col. Rec. 236, 403; Pub. Laws R. I. 1719, p. 3). Two such ratifications occurred in 1659Narragansett Indians, 40 A. at 356 (citing 1 R. I. Col. Rec. 418).

The Pacific Network on Globalisation has called the agreement "unbalanced" as key provisions on aid and labour mobility are non-binding. The agreement needs 8 ratifications to come into force. At the end of 2018, two signatories completed internal processes on ratifying PACERPlus, New Zealand was the first to ratify PACERPlus in Oct 2018, followed by Australia in December 2018. Samoa ratified in July 2019.

An agreement concluded between the British and Swedish governments in Stockholm on 8 July 1921, in order to regulate legal relations between Swedish citizens and the court system in Egypt. Ratifications were not exchanged for this agreement, since that was not required by its provisions, and the agreement went into effect. It was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 19 July 1921.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

An agreement concluded between the British and Danish governments in Copenhagen on 14 July 1921, in order to regulate legal relations between Danish citizens and the court system in Egypt. Ratifications were not exchanged for this agreement, since that was not required by its provisions, and the agreement went into effect. It was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 20 August 1921.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

An agreement concluded between the British and Greek governments in Athens on 22 August (Gregorian style)/4 September 1920, in order to regulate legal relations between Greek citizens and the court system in Egypt. Ratifications were exchanged in Athens on 4 January 1921 and the agreement went into effect. It was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 26 February 1921.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

On 23 April 1835, Peacock, under the command of C. K. Stribling, and accompanied by U.S. Schooner Enterprise, Lieutenant Commanding A. S. Campbell, departed New York Harbor. Roberts was once again aboard Peacock, and the two vessels were under the command of Commodore Edmund P. Kennedy. The mission first sailed to Brazil, then round the Cape of Good Hope to Zanzibar, for Roberts to return ratifications of the two treaties.

The party would also harden its position against abortion. The committee's tumultuous and short history sits in the context of a history of Carter's administration underwhelming feminist activists. The ERA would fail to add any additional ratifications during his presidency. The Hyde Amendment, which prohibited federal funds from being used to enable access to abortion for low- income women, was passed by Congress and with public, personal support from Carter.

Ratifications by both parties took two years and eleven months, and were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional seven years.; Over the term of Kalākaua's reign, the treaty had a major effect on the kingdom's income. In 1874, Hawaii exported $1,839,620.27 in products. The value of exported products in 1890, the last full year of his reign, was $13,282,729.48, an increase of 722%.

The convention covers cases of Asiatic cholera, oriental plague and yellow fever. It was ratified by the Uruguayan government on 13 October 1914, by the Paraguayan government on 27 September 1917 and by the Brazilian government on 18 January 1921. Sanitary conventions were also concluded between European states. A Soviet-Latvian sanitary convention was signed on 24 June 1922, for which ratifications were exchanged on 18 October 1923.

On the next day Adolf Hitler received the Estonian and Latvian envoys, and in course of this interviews stressed maintaining and strengthening commercial links between Germany and Baltic states. Ratifications of the German-Latvian pact were exchanged in Berlin on July 24, 1939 and it became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on August 24, 1939.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

On January 1, 1784, the Continental Line was reduced to a single regiment, under the command of Colonel Henry Jackson. The New Hampshire Battalion was disbanded at New Windsor, New York, and the New Hampshire Line ceased to exist. The Continental Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784. The United States and Great Britain exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of Paris on May 12, 1784.

The Treaty of Tartu (, ) between Finland and Soviet Russia was signed on 14 October 1920 after negotiations that lasted nearly five months. The treaty confirmed the border between Finland and Soviet Russia after the Finnish civil war and Finnish volunteer expeditions in Russian East Karelia. The treaty was signed in Tartu (Estonia) at the Estonian Students' Society building. Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Moscow on 31 December 1920.

Under Article V of the United States Constitution, ratification by at least three- fourths of the states is necessary, but at the end of the seven-year period, only 35 states had ratified, or three less than the required three-fourths. Of the 35 states that ratified the proposed amendment, 5 of them rescinded their ratifications prior to the expiration of the deadline. Bombeck expressed dismay over this development..

Even Black Americans that were not enslaved lacked many crucial legal protections. In the 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford decision, the Supreme Court rejected abolitionism and determined Black men, whether free or in bondage, had no legal rights under the U.S. Constitution at the time. Currently, a plurality of historians believe that this judicial decision set the United States on the path to the Civil War, which led to the ratifications of the Reconstruction Amendments.

An agreement concluded between the British and Norwegian governments in Christiania (now Oslo) on April 22, 1921, in order to regulate legal relations between Norwegian citizens and the court system in Egypt. Ratifications were not exchanged for this agreement, since the issue was not mentioned in it, and the agreement went into effect. It was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on May 28, 1921.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

During his role as Chancellor, on November 10, 1922 he signed a treaty with Roy Tasco Davis of the United States the Coronado-Davis Treaty, whose ratifications were exchanged in April 1923. He represented Costa Rica in the Central American Conference of Washington D.C., on December 4 of 1922, but resigned just a days later. He later served as a civil servant of the Bank (later Institute) National of Insurances from its foundation in 1927.

The treaty between the U.S. and Germany, formally titled the "Treaty between the United States and Germany Restoring Friendly Relations" was signed in Berlin on August 25, 1921. The United States Senate advised ratification on October 18, 1921 and the treaty was ratified by President Harding on October 21, 1921. The treaty was ratified by Germany on November 2, 1921, and ratifications exchanged in Berlin on November 11, 1921.Treaty Series, No. 658.

On 22 November 2019, a fourth protocol to the convention was adopted to extend the convention's framework to mining, agricultural, and construction (MAC) equipment, named 'Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters specific to mining, agricultural, and construction equipment. The protocol was signed by 4 states (Congo, Gambia, Nigeria and Paraguay) upon its adoption and requires 5 ratifications before entry into force (provided the registry is operational then).

National public broadcasters in some countries also carry supplemental advertising. The Council of Europe created the European Convention on Transfrontier Television in 1989 that regulates among other things advertising standards, time and the format of breaks, which also has an indirect effect on the usage of licensing. In 1993, this treaty entered into force when it achieved seven ratifications including five EU member states. It has since been acceded to by 34 countries, .

Under that treaty, the British government relinquished any special rights it had in China. This was done as a conciliatory step towards the Chinese government in order to boost up its cooperation with the Allied Powers in the Second World War. The United States and China concluded a similar treaty on the same day. Ratifications were exchanged in Chongqing on 20 May 1943, and the treaty became effective on the same day.

In exchange Lithuania agreed not to join any alliances directed against the Soviet Union, which meant international isolation at the time when Soviet Union was not a member of the League of Nations. Ratifications were exchanged in Kaunas on November 9, 1926, and the pact became effective on the same day. The pact was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on March 4, 1927.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 60, pp. 146-159.

Crown Prince Michael of Romania with Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck in Warsaw, 24 May 1937. On March 26, 1926, Poland and Romania signed a Treaty of Alliance to bolster security in Eastern Europe. It was directed against any attack, not just one coming from the Soviet Union. Ratifications were exchanged in Warsaw on February 9, 1927. The treaty was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on March 7, 1927.

The ILO 169 convention is the most important operative international law guaranteeing the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples. Its strength, however, is dependent on a high number of ratifications among nations.Survival International website – ILO 169 The revision to the Convention 107 forbade governments from pursuing approaches deemed integrationist and assimilationist. It asserts the rights of indigenous and tribal peoples to choose to integrate or to maintain their cultural and political independence.

Japan formally recognized the Soviet Union in January 1925 with the Soviet–Japanese Basic Convention. They agreed that the 1905 Treaty of Portsmouth (the treaty between the Russian Empire and Imperial Japan which ended the Russo-Japanese War) remained in force, while other agreements and treaties between the two countries should be re-examined. By concluding this agreement, Japan formally recognized the Soviet Union. Ratifications were exchanged in Beijing on February 26, 1925.

After the October Revolution, the Soviet Union had no international copyright relations until 1967, when a first treaty with Hungary was concluded. A second treaty with Bulgaria followed 1971.Elst p. 80. In 1973, the USSR then joined the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC), establishing copyright relations with Western countries.UNESCO: Universal Copyright Convention adopted at Geneva in 1952 and annexed Protocols 1, 2 and 3: State of ratifications, acceptances and accessions up to 1 January 2000.

Baker then hired painters and sought out the families of the former governors to procure photos and paintings from which official portraits could be created.Gugin, p. 158 Baker's most difficult goal to achieve was the ratification of the post-war amendments that, among other things, banned slavery and granted blacks the right to vote. His advocacy on the issues though managed to secure each of their ratifications, with the fourteenth amendment being the last ratified in 1869.

They will be at liberty to keep their landed property situate on the territory annexed to France. Art. 7. For Sardinia the present treaty will become law as soon as the necessary legislative sanction has been given by the Parliament. Art. 8. The present treaty shall be ratified and the ratifications exchanged at Turin within the delay of ten days, or earlier if possible. In faith of which the respective Plenipotentiaries have signed it and affixed their seals thereunto.

Once it is created, it is expected that the AMA will supervise and absorb roles currently carried out by other bodies, such as regional harmonisation efforts and pan-AU creations such as the African Medicines Regulatory Harmonization (AMRH) initiative and the African Vaccines Regulatory Forum (AVAREF). The Treaty for the Establishment of the African Medicines Agency was adopted by the AU in February 2019. It requires 15 ratifications from AU member states to come into effect.

On 16 April 1922 on the sidelines of the Genoa Conference, the RSFSR and Germany signed the Treaty of Rapallo. Ratifications were exchanged in Berlin on 31 January 1923. The treaty did not include secret military provisions; however secret military cooperation soon followed.Gordon H. Mueller, "Rapallo Reexamined: A New Look at Germany's Secret Military Collaboration with Russia in 1922," Military Affairs (1976) 40#3 pp 109-117 in JSTORГЕНУЭЗСКАЯ КОНФЕРЕНЦИЯ И РАПАЛЛЬСКИЙ ДОГОВОР МЕЖДУ РОССИЕЙ И ГЕРМАНИЕЙ 1922 Г.

"Sentinum" __NOTOC__ The foundations of the city walls are preserved. The city gates, a road, cisterns, and the remains of houses have been discovered. Notable cultural finds include several mosaic pavements and inscriptions of the latter half of the 3rd century AD, including three important tabulae patronatus, recording legal ratifications of civic appointments of official patrons. The Battle of Sentinum took place nearby in 295 BC, with the Romans defeating the combined forces of the Samnites and Gauls.

The Homemakers' Equal Rights Association was formed to counter Schlafly's campaign. In 1972, when Schlafly began her campaign against the Equal Rights Amendment, the ERA had already been ratified by 28 of the required 38 states. Seven more states ratified the amendment after Schlafly began organizing opposition, but another five states rescinded their ratifications. The last state to ratify the ERA was Indiana, where State Senator Wayne Townsend cast the tie-breaking vote in January 1977.

On 30 May 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, they further negotiated a three-article protocol to explain the amendments. The first article stated that the original Article IX of the treaty, although replaced by Article III of the Treaty of Louisiana, would still confer the rights delineated in Article IX. The second article confirmed the legitimacy of land grants pursuant to Mexican law.Treaty of Hidalgo, Protocol of Querétaro. From: academic.udayton.edu.

From the beginning of 1990, high German interest rates, set by the Bundesbank to counteract inflationary impact of the expenditure on German reunification, caused significant stress across the whole of the ERM. By the time of their own ratifications debates, France and Denmark also found themselves under pressure in foreign exchange markets, their currencies trading close to the bottom of their ERM bands.Aykens, Peter. Conflicting Authorities: States, Currency Markets and the ERM Crisis of 1992–93.

The British-Brazilian Treaty of 1826 was a treaty between the United Kingdom and the Empire of Brazil, by which Brazil agreed to ban the African slave trade. It was signed at Rio de Janeiro on 23 November 1826. Exchange of ratifications took place on 13 March 1827, and the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed legislation on 2 July 1827 to enforce the treaty (Slave Trade, Convention with Brazil Act 1827, 7 & 8 Geo. 4 c. 74).

After November 3, 1783, the Continental Line was reduced to a handful of units. These disbanded in November and December. The single regiment remaining in service after the new year began was under the command of Massachusetts Colonel Henry Jackson, and was known as the 1st American Regiment. The Continental Congress ratified the Treaty of Paris on January 14, 1784, and the United States and Great Britain exchanged ratifications of the Treaty of Paris on May 12, 1784.

U.S. President Woodrow Wilson ratified the treaty on January 16, 1917. Ratifications of the treaty were formally exchanged in Washington, D.C. on January 17, 1917. On January 25, President Wilson issued a proclamation on the treaty, and on March 9, King Christian X of Denmark also issued a proclamation. On March 31, 1917, in Washington, D.C. a warrant for twenty five million dollars in gold was presented to Danish Minister Constatine Brun by Secretary of State Robert Lansing.

The International Seabed Authority (ISA) () is an intergovernmental body based in Kingston, Jamaica, that was established to organize, regulate and control all mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, an area underlying most of the world's oceans. It is an organization established by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.Chronological lists of ratifications of, accessions and successions to the Convention and the related Agreements. UN: regularly updated.

Not only was he Secretary of State but he also had many other sinecures such as warden of Bishop of Winchester's lands. He enjoyed many rewards such as free board and lodging at court. In February 1550, he was sent to Boulogne to negotiate the terms of peace with France, and in the following May exchanged ratifications of it at Amiens. William Petre is described as smooth and obliging in manner, yet reserved and resolved, and not given to many words.

Ratifications were exchanged in Montebello on 24 May, and the treaty came into effect immediately. On 30 March, Bonaparte had made his headquarters at Klagenfurt and from there, on 31 March, he sent a letter to the Austrian commander-in- chief, the Archduke Charles, requesting an armistice to prevent the further loss of life. Receiving no response, the French advanced as far as Judenburg by the evening of 7 April. That night, Charles proffered a truce for five days, which was accepted.

When a treaty is ratified by nearly all recognized states in the world, the legal principles contained in the treaty may become customary international law. Customary international law applies to all states, whether or not the state has ratified a treaty that enshrines the principle. There is no set number of ratifications that are required to convert a treaty's principles into customary international law, and states and experts often disagree on what principles have and have not attained the status.

In case of Saxony-Anhalt, the territory was transferred to the Bezirke Cottbus, Halle, Leipzig and Magdeburg. The abolition of the Chamber of States in 1958 and two ratifications of the constitution in 1968 and 1974 finally eliminated all kinds of federalism in the GDR until the peaceful revolution in 1989. After the first free elections in the GDR, the five Länder were re- established with some smaller geographical adjustments in August 1990 to accede to the Federal Republic of Germany.

In case of Brandenburg, the territory was transferred to the Bezirke Cottbus, Frankfurt, Neubrandenburg, Potsdam and Schwerin. The abolishment of the Chamber of States in 1958 and two ratifications of the constitution in 1968 and 1974 finally eliminate all kinds of federalism in the GDR until the peaceful revolution in 1989. After the first free elections in the GDR, the five Länder were re-established with some smaller geographical adjustments in August 1990 to accede to the Federal Republic of Germany.

The Agreement between Great Britain and Portugal Relating to the Suppression of the Capitulations in Egypt (1920) was an agreement concluded between the British and Portuguese governments in Lisbon on 9 December 1920, in order to regulate legal relations between Portuguese citizens and the court system in Egypt. Ratifications were exchanged in Lisbon on 29 September 1921 and the agreement went into effect. It was registered in the League of Nations Treaty Series on 12 December 1921.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

Concordat signed between the Latvian government and the Vatican on 30 May 1922 by Latvian foreign minister Zigfrīds Meierovics and Cardinal Secretary of State Pietro Gasparri. Ratifications were exchanged at the Vatican on 3 November 1922 by Latvian deputy foreign minister Hermanis Albats and Cardinal Gasparri,Conventio eum republica Lettoniae, Acta Apostolicae Sedis, Volume 14 (1922), p. 581 and the agreement became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 16 June 1923.

The Treaty of Friendship, Commerce and Consular Relations between Germany and the United States of America was an agreement for the improvement of relations between the US and German governments, signed in Washington, D.C. on December 8, 1923. The US Senate advised and consented to ratify on February 10, 1925. Ratifications were exchanged in Washington on October 14, 1925, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on August 3, 1926.

To solve a disagreement among France, Spain, and the United Kingdom over its control, Tangier was made a neutral demilitarised zone in 1924 under a joint administration according to an international convention signed in Paris on 18 December 1923. Although some disagreements emerged about the agreement ratifications were exchanged in Paris on 14 May 1924. The convention was amended in 1928. The governments of Italy, Portugal, and Belgium adhered to the convention in 1928, and the government of the Netherlands in 1929.

In 1898, Spain ceded the Philippines to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1898) and Palmas is located within the boundaries of that cession. In 1906, the United States discovered that the Netherlands also claimed sovereignty over the island, and the two parties agreed to submit to binding arbitration by the Permanent Court of Arbitration. On 23 January 1925, the two governments signed an agreement to that effect. Ratifications were exchanged in Washington, D.C. on 1 April 1925.

This changed the name of the North German Confederation to the German Confederation, even if the ratifications were still outstanding. After negotiations with Bavaria and Württemberg, the North German Federal Constitution and the most important laws of the North German Confederation were modified. In total, the federal elements were emphasised in comparison with the North German Confederation of 1867. On this new basis, Bavaria entered the agreement between the North- German Confederation and Baden and Hesse in Berlin on 23 November.

On 21 July 2011, the eurozone leaders agreed to amend the EFSF to enlarge its capital guarantee from €440 billion to €780 billion. The increase expanded the effective lending capacity of the EFSF to €440 billion. This required ratifications by all eurozone parliaments, which were completed on 13 October 2011. The EFSF enlargement agreement also modified the EFSF structure, removing the cash buffer held by EFSF for any new issues and replacing it with +65% overguarantee by the guaranteeing countries.

In general, multilateral treaties are open to ratification by any state. Some treaties may also be ratified by supranational bodies, such as the European Union, and by other international organizations. In practice, the depositary of a treaty will usually only recognise ratifications of the treaty that are performed by a state that is recognised as a state at international law. A state can be formally recognised as such by becoming a member of the United Nations; there are currently member states of the United Nations.

Provision was made in the treaty for demarcation and boundary pillars were erected shortly thereafter. Chilean sovereignty was recognized by Bolivia over the territory from the ocean to the existing Argentine boundary between the 23rd and 24th parallels. Chile also recognized the right of Bolivia in perpetuity to commercial transit through its territory and ports, to be regulated by special agreements. The Salas-Pinilla Protocol of 1907 made two modifications of the 1904 boundary although ratifications of the protocol were not exchanged until 31 years later.

From 1999 to 2003 he had been a deputy editor of Patma-Banasirakan Handes (Historical-Philological Journal). In those years under the consistent supervision of Academician Mkrtich Nersisyan, his goal-oriented and hard-working qualities contributed to the prosperity of Patma-Banasirakan Handes, which was very important in Armenian studies, as well as to the process of discovery and publication of ratifications of the Armenian-Russian interrelations. Since 2013 Pavel Chobanyan held chief-editor’s position of the international scientific editorial board Journal of Armenian Studies.

To come into force, a treaty or Act first needs to receive the required number of votes or ratifications. Sometimes, as with most treaties, this number may be stipulated in the treaty itself. Other times, as is usual with laws or regulations, it will be spelt out in a superior law, such as a constitution or the standing orders of the legislature in which it originated. Coming into force generally includes publication in an official gazette so that people know the law or treaty exists.

The European Climate Change Programme (ECCP) was launched in June 2000 by the European Union's European Commission, with the purpose of avoiding dangerous climate change. The goal of the ECCP is to identify, develop and implement all the necessary elements of an EU strategy to implement the Kyoto Protocol. All EU countries' ratifications of the Kyoto Protocol were deposited simultaneously on 31 May 2002. The ECCP involved all the relevant stakeholders working together, including representatives from Commission's different departments, the member states, industry and environmental groups.

The U.S.–Hungarian Peace Treaty is a peace treaty between the United States and the Kingdom of Hungary, signed in Budapest on August 29, 1921, in the aftermath of the First World War. This separate peace treaty was required because the United States Senate refused to ratify the multilateral Treaty of Trianon. Ratifications were exchanged in Budapest on December 17, 1921, and the treaty became effective on the same day. The treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on May 8, 1926.

The 1994 Agreement also established a Finance Committee that would originate the financial decisions of the Authority, to which the largest donors would automatically be members and in which decisions would be made by consensus. Thus, modifications to that provision were negotiated, and an amending agreement was finalized in July 1994. The U.S. signed the Agreement in 1994 and now recognizes the Convention as general international law, but has not ratified it at this time. UNCLOS entered into force in November 1994 with the requisite sixty ratifications.

The London Naval Treaty (officially the Treaty for the Limitation and Reduction of Naval Armament) was an agreement between Great Britain, Japan, France, Italy and the United States, signed on 22 April 1930. Seeking to address a loophole in the formidable 1922 Washington Naval Treaty (that created tonnage limits for each nation’s surface warships), it regulated submarine warfare and limited naval shipbuilding. Ratifications were exchanged in London on 27 October 1930, and the treaty went into effect on the same day. It was largely ineffective.

The deal was finalized on January 17, 1917, when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications. The United States took possession of the islands on March 31, 1917 and the territory was renamed the "Virgin Islands of the United States". Every year, Transfer Day is recognized as a holiday, to commemorate the acquisition of the islands by the United States.Transfer Day , Royal Danish Consulate, United States Virgin Islands U.S. citizenship was granted to many inhabitants of the islands in 1927 and 1932.

The Convention concerning the Prohibition and Immediate Action for the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour, known in short as the Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, was adopted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) in 1999 as ILO Convention No 182. It is one of eight ILO fundamental conventions. By ratifying this Convention No. 182, a country commits itself to taking immediate action to prohibit and eliminate the worst forms of child labour. The Convention is enjoying the fastest pace of ratifications in the ILO's history since 1919.

Dependent territories are not permitted to ratify the UPU Constitution, but because the Treaty of Bern allowed for dependencies to join the UPU, listing these members separately as "Colonies, Protectorates, etc.", the Constitution of the Universal Postal Union grandfathered them when membership was restricted to sovereign states. However, neither the British nor the Dutch entities ratified the Treaty of Bern separate from the ratifications of the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of the Netherlands, respectively. By virtue of article 23 of the UPU Constitution, other dependencies of UPU member states are covered by its membership.

French cavalry troopers prepare to reoccupy Lạng Sơn, October 1885 On 10 June 1885, immediately after the signature of the peace treaty, the French lifted their naval blockade of the Yangtze River, Chen-hai and Pak-hoi. They evacuated Keelung on 21 June 1885 and the Pescadores Islands on 22 July 1885. Ratifications of the Treaty of Tientsin were exchanged at Peking on 28 November 1885. Article 3 of the treaty provided for the appointment of a Sino-French commission to demarcate the border between Tonkin and China, which largely forms today's China-Vietnam border.

Idaho, 459 U.S. 809 (1982), vacated the federal district court decision in Idaho v. Freeman, which, in addition to declaring March 22, 1979, as ERA's expiration date, had upheld the validity of state rescissions. The Supreme Court declared these controversies moot on the grounds that the ERA had not received the required number of ratifications (38), so that "the Amendment has failed of adoption no matter what the resolution of the legal issues presented here."Memorandum of Gerald P. Carmen, Administrator of General Services, July 1982, copied on Eagle Forum website.

The Treaty of Berlin (German-Soviet Neutrality and Nonaggression Pact) was a treaty, signed on 24 April 1926, under which Germany and the Soviet Union pledged neutrality in the event of an attack on the other by a third party for the next five years. The treaty reaffirmed the German-Soviet Treaty of Rapallo signed in 1922.Crozier 1997: 67 Ratifications for the treaty were exchanged in Berlin on 29 June 1926, and it went into effect on the same day. The treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 3 August 1926.

It was open to the signature of the members of the Council of Europe,Article 8.1 of the Convention. came into force on June 1, 1955, and, after it came into force, became open to accession by all States which are members of the International Union for the Protection of Industrial Property.Article 9.1 of the Convention. There were 21 ratifications or accessions to the Convention, including Israel and South Africa. Since then, all but five of the states parties have denounced the Convention (many of them in 1977 or 1978).

Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 108. Council of Europe Treaty Office. Retrieved 7 June 2017. Regional courts are also playing a noteworthy role in the development of online privacy regulations. In 2015 the European Court of Justice found that the so-called ‘Safe Harbour Agreement’, which allowed private companies to ‘legally transmit personal data from their European subscribers to the US’, was not valid under European law in that it did not offer sufficient protections for the data of European citizens or protect them from arbitrary surveillance.

The candidates with the highest number of votes would be elected. Senate Bill 772, 40th Cong., 3d Sess., January 13, 1869 In addition to serving in Congress and the Pennsylvania state legislature, Buckalew was commissioner to exchange ratifications of a treaty with Paraguay in 1854; chairman of the Democratic State committee in 1857; appointed one of the commissioners to revise the penal code of Pennsylvania in 1857; Minister Resident to the Republic of Ecuador 1858-1861; unsuccessful candidate for governor of Pennsylvania in 1872; and a delegate to the Pennsylvania constitutional convention of 1873.

The sloop-of-war Peacock was also dispatched, and, on the recommendation of Woodbury, carried Roberts as envoy to Cochin-China, Siam and Muscat, to negotiate treaties to place American commerce on a surer basis, and on an equality with that of the most favored nations. Roberts succeeded with Siam and Muscat. Peacock returned in 1835–37 with Dr. W. S. W. Ruschenberger bearing ratifications of those treaties. Peacock, which in 1828 had been broken down and rebuilt as an exploration vessel, joined the United States Exploring Expedition in 1838.

The nations represented were Austria-Hungary, Bavaria, Belgium, Denmark, France, United Kingdom (representing the British Empire), Greece, Italy, the Netherlands, Portugal, Prussia, the North German Confederation (i.e., Greater Prussia), Russia, Sweden-Norway, Switzerland, the Ottoman Empire, and Württemberg.Stuart Maslen, Anti-Personnel Mines under Humanitarian Law: a view from the vanishing point, p12, Intersentia nv, 2001 The United States, not considered a major power at the time, was not invited and took no part in the convention. Brazil ratified the agreement in 1869, as did Estonia in 1991.Ratifications.

The World Day Against Child Labour is an International Labour Organization (ILO)-sanctioned holiday first launched in 2002 ILO news, Published 5 June 2002, Retrieved 14 January 2020 aiming to raise awareness and activism to prevent child labour. It was spurred by ratifications of ILO Convention No. 138Text of ILO Convention 138 on the minimum age for employment and ILO Convention No. 182 on the worst forms of child labour. The World Day Against Child Labour, which is held every year on June 12, is intended to foster the worldwide movement against child labour.

He did not agree with all of the act proposed by Robert Toombs to allow for a constitutional convention in Kansas Territory, but he supported it as a step to bring peace there.Ragan, p. 21 He regarded the ratifications of both the Topeka Constitution and the Lecompton Constitution as invalid, and made one of the most highly regarded speeches of his career in opposition to the latter. His substitute bill that would have resubmitted the Lecompton Constitution to Kansas for another ratification vote was supported by Republicans, but it was ultimately defeated.

The U.S.–Austrian Peace Treaty is a peace treaty between the United States and Austria, signed in Vienna on August 24, 1921, in the aftermath of the First World War. This separate peace treaty was required because the United States Senate refused to advise and consent to the ratification of the multilateral Treaty of Saint-Germain-en-Laye of 1919. Ratifications were exchanged in Vienna on November 8, 1921, and the treaty became effective on the same day. The treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on November 22, 1921.

In January of 2019 Virginia was poised to become the 38th state to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), which would have caused the amendment to cross the constitutional threshold of the number of state ratifications required of amendments. Family Foundation of Virginia lobbied against the ERA. In an editorial, Victoria Cobb wrote that she was able to "lead an organization, earning the same pay as [her] male colleagues" without the ERA, "a vague amendment promising vague rights." The 2019 ERA ratification in Virginia failed by one vote.

The Treaty of Saadabad (or the Saadabad Pact) was a non-aggression pact signed by Turkey, Iran, Iraq and Afghanistan on July 8, 1937 and lasted for five years. The treaty was signed in Tehran's Saadabad Palace and was part of an initiative for greater Middle Eastern-Oriental relations spearheaded by King Mohammed Zahir Shah of Afghanistan. Ratifications were exchanged in Tehran on June 25, 1938, and the treaty became effective on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 19, 1938.

The final version by the Senate was amended to read as: The House voted on September 21, 1789 to accept the changes made by the Senate. The enrolled original Joint Resolution passed by Congress on September 25, 1789, on permanent display in the Rotunda, reads as: On December 15, 1791, the Bill of Rights (the first ten amendments to the Constitution) was adopted, having been ratified by three-fourths of the states, having been ratified as a group by all the fourteen states then in existence except Connecticut, Massachusetts, and Georgiawhich added ratifications in 1939.

Pursuant to the Treaty of Viterbo of 24 May 1267, Charles arranged for Philip to marry Isabel, daughter and heiress of Prince William II of Achaea. According to the treaty, Philip became William's heir in the event that the prince had no son, but should Philip died without issue, the inheritance would revert to Charles or Charles's heir. In June 1270, Charles's representatives exchanged oaths and ratifications with William regarding the marriage. The wedding took place "with great splendour" at Trani in Charles's kingdom on 28 May 1271.

Arab League Urges Egypt to Join Arab Charter on Human Rights The Charter was criticized for setting human rights standards in the region below the internationally recognized regime. In 2014 Arab League states elaborated an additional treaty - the Statute of the Arab Court of Human Rights,English Version of the Statute of the Arab Court of Human Rights \- to allow inter-state litigation concerning violations of the Charter. The statute will enter into force after 7 ratifications. The first country to ratify it was Saudi Arabia in 2016.

Lithuania on the map of Europe Capital punishment in Lithuania was ruled unconstitutional and abolished for all crimes in December 1998. Lithuania is a member of the European Union and the Council of Europe and has signed and ratified Protocol 13 of the European Convention on Human Rights on complete abolition of death penalty.Chart of signatures and ratifications of Treaty 187 From March 1990 to December 1998, Lithuania executed seven men. The last execution in the country occurred in July 1995, when Lithuanian mafia boss Boris Dekanidze was put to death.

The Anglo-Thai Non-Aggression Pact was concluded in Bangkok on 12 June 1940 between the governments of the United Kingdom and the Kingdom of Thailand. It was concluded as part of the British policy at that time of refraining from resisting by force the actions of the Japanese Empire in East Asia, as Thailand was about to become Japan's ally. Ratifications were exchanged in Bangkok on 31 August 1940 and the pact became effective on the same day. It was designated to remain in force for five years, unless extended.

The Treaty between Thailand and Japan Concerning the Continuance of Friendly Relations and the Mutual Respect of Each Other's Territorial Integrity was concluded in Tokyo on June 12, 1940 between the Thai and the Japanese governments. The treaty was a step in co-operation between the Thai and the Japanese governments, which eventually became allies in the Second World War. Ratifications were exchanged in Bangkok on December 23, 1940. The treaty became effective on the same day and was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on July 26, 1941.

ATP was concluded in Geneva on 1 September 1970 under the aegis of the UNECE. It was signed by Austria, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, and Switzerland. The treaty entered into force on 21 November 1976 after it had been ratified by five states. ATP was intended to replace the Agreement on Special Equipment for the Transport of Perishable Foodstuffs and on the Use of such Equipment for the International Transport of some of those Foodstuffs, which was concluded in 1962 but never received enough ratifications to enter into force.

Venezuela is a signatory (December 2000) to the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children.UNODC, Ratifications As of 2016, the U.S. Department of State considered Venezuela a Tier 3 country on the Trafficking in Persons Tier Placement rating, meaning it is a country whose government "does not fully meet the minimum standards" to stop human trafficking "and are not making significant efforts to do so." Venezuela is considered a source and destination of both sex trafficking and forced labor. The government doesn't meet the minimum standards for eliminating human trafficking.

As part of the treaty six French and English hostages were to be exchanged on 7 April. These were, for France: Mary of Guise's brother, the Marquis de Mayenne; Louis de la Trémoille; Jean de Bourbon, Comte de Enghien; François de Montmorency; Jean d'Annebaut, son of the Admiral of France; François de Vendôme, Vidame de Chartres, were sent to London. For England: Henry Brandon; Edward Seymour, 1st Earl of Hertford; George Talbot; John Bourchier, 5th Baron FitzWarren; Henry Fitzalan; Henry Stanley. Francois de Seguenville-Fumel, sieur de Thors, brought the peace treaty and ratifications to Scotland in April 1550.

On January 15, 2020, Virginia's General Assembly passed a ratification resolution for the ERA in a 59–41 vote in the House of Delegates and 28–12 vote in the Senate, and voted again for each other's resolutions on January 27, 27–12 in the Senate and 58–40 in the House,Virginia becomes 38th state to ratify Equal Rights Amendment — but it may be too late, WTOP-FM claiming to bring the number of ratifications to 38. However, experts and advocates have acknowledged legal uncertainty about the consequences of the Virginian ratification, due to expired deadlines and five states' revocations.

On 17 March 2015, the United Nations Convention on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor- State Arbitration ('Mauritius Convention') was opened for signatures in Port Louis, Mauritius. The Mauritius Convention will render the UNCITRAL Rules on Transparency in Treaty-based Investor State Arbitration also applicable to disputes arising out of investment treaties that were concluded prior to 1 April 2014 if both parties to the investment treaty are also party to the Mauritius Convention. The Convention has not yet entered into force since the three required ratifications have not yet been submitted. 10 States have signed the Mauritius Convention so far.

The Latvian and Estonian governments, ever suspicious of Soviet intentions, decided to accept a mutual non-aggression pact with Germany. The German-Estonian and German-Latvian Non-aggression pacts were signed in Berlin on June 7, 1939 by Latvian foreign minister Vilhelms Munters and Joachim von Ribbentrop. On the next day Adolf Hitler received the Estonian and Latvian envoys, and in course of this interviews stressed maintaining and strengthening commercial links between Germany and Baltic states. Ratifications of the German-Latvian pact were exchanged in Berlin on July 24, 1939 and it became effective on the same day.

The U.S.–German Peace Treaty is a peace treaty between the U.S. and German governments, signed in Berlin on August 25, 1921, in the aftermath of World War I. The main reason for the conclusion of that treaty was the fact that the U.S. Senate did not consent to ratification of the multilateral peace treaty signed in Versailles, thus leading to a separate peace treaty. Ratifications were exchanged in Berlin on November 11, 1921, and the treaty became effective on the same day. The treaty was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on August 12, 1922.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol.

Newcity also explains that the reciprocity for free uses worked to the disadvantage of Soviet authors because Soviet law had broader free uses, and Soviet authors thus did not receive royalties they otherwise would have received under Hungarian or Bulgarian law. On February 27, 1973, the Soviet Union deposited with the UNESCO its declaration of accession to the Geneva version of 1952 of the Universal Copyright Convention (UCC).UNESCO: Universal Copyright Convention adopted at Geneva in 1952 and annexed Protocols 1, 2 and 3: State of ratifications, acceptances and accessions up to 1 January 2000. , note 29.

The Protocol entered into force on 18 January 2002, and as of December 2013, 166 states are party to the Protocol and another 10 states have signed but not yet ratified it. The Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (Convention No 104) of the International Labour Organization (ILO) provides that the use, procuring or offering of a child for prostitution is one of the worst forms of child labor. This convention, adopted in 1999, provides that countries that had ratified it must eliminate the practice urgently. It enjoys the fastest pace of ratifications in the ILO's history since 1919.

The Space Assets protocol, or Berlin Space Protocol (officially Protocol to the Convention on International Interests in Mobile Equipment on Matters specific to Space Assets) was concluded on 9 March 2012 and requires 10 ratifications before entry into force. The protocol applies to objects functioning in space like satellites or satellite parts. The convention was strongly opposed by the satellite industry, claiming that it would lead to increased bureaucracy and "make the financing of new satellite projects more difficult and expensive". The convention has been signed by 4 countries (Burkina Faso, Germany, Saudi Arabia, Zimbabwe), but no country has ratified it.

While some former Price Club locations in California and the northeastern United States are staffed by Teamsters, the majority of Costco locations are not unionized, although there seemed to be a move in 2012 to unionize some locations in Canada. The non-union locations have revisions to their Costco Employee Agreement every three years concurrent with union contract ratifications in locations with collective bargaining agreements. The Employee Agreement sets forth such things as benefits, wages, disciplinary procedures, paid holidays, bonuses, and seniority. The Employee Agreement is subject to change by Costco at any time and offers no absolute protection to the workers.

After the signing of the Constitutional ratifications, Tawes was appointed by his successor, Governor Spiro Agnew, to serve as Chairman of the Board of Natural Resources. Agnew's successor, Marvin Mandel, appointed Tawes as Secretary of the newly created Department of Natural Resources, where he served as an advocate for the protection and nurturing of Maryland's environment. Tawes' final service to the state came as Treasurer of Maryland, where he was chosen to fill an unexpired term from 1973 to 1975. Tawes was found unconscious at his home in Crisfield on June 25, 1979 from what appeared to be a heart attack.

The first recorded contact between Thailand (then known as Siam) and the United States came in 1818, when an American ship captain visited the country, bearing a letter from U.S. President James Monroe. Chang and Eng Bunker immigrated in the early 1830s. In 1832, President Andrew Jackson sent his envoy Edmund Roberts in the U.S. sloop-of-war Peacock, to the courts of Cochin-China, Siam and Muscat. Roberts concluded a Treaty of Amity and Commerce on March 20, 1833, with the Chao-Phraya Phra Klang representing King Phra Nang Klao; ratifications exchanged April 14, 1836; proclaimed June 24, 1837.

The Intergovernmental Bureau for Informatics (IBI) originated as a transformation of the International Computation Centre (ICC) that was created by UNESCO in 1951 by Resolution 2.24 of the General Conference, implementing the mandate of Resolutions 22(III) of October 3, 1946, 160(VII) of August 10, 1948, 318(XI) of August 14, 1950 and 394(XIII) of the UN's ECOSOC. Due to delays in ratifications by member countries, the ICC was actually created in 1961 and became fully operational in 1964. The IBI ceased to exist in 1988. IBI Headquarters was located at 23, viale Civilità del Lavoro, 00144 Rome, Italy.

The Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women was formed on 3 September 1981 after the CEDAW received the 20 ratifications required for it to enter into force. Article 17 of the CEDAW established the committee in order to ensure that the provisions of the CEDAW were followed by the countries that had signed and agreed to be bound by it. The first regular session of the committee was held from 18–22 October 1982. In this session the first officers of the committee were elected by simple majority, with Ms. L. Ider of Mongolia becoming chairperson.

On the 12th of January 1965, the first Conference of Arab Ministers of Labor, held in Baghdad, approved the Arab Labor Charter and the draft Constitution of the Arab Labor Organization. On the 8th of January 1970, the fifth Conference of Arab Labor Ministers, in Cairo, decided to announce the establishment of the Arab Labor Organization after the completion of the necessary number of ratifications of Member States on the Arab Labor Charter and the Constitution of the Organization. The resolution to declare the organization was in response to the national trend, looking forward to achieve unity in various fields.

The Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) is a multilateral development bank that aims to improve economic and social outcomes in Asia. The bank currently has 103 members as well as 21 prospective members from around the world. The bank started operation after the agreement entered into force on 25 December 2015, after ratifications were received from 10 member states holding a total number of 50% of the initial subscriptions of the Authorized Capital Stock. The United Nations has addressed the launch of AIIB as having potential for "scaling up financing for sustainable development" and to improve the global economic governance.

The African Continental Free Trade Area did not come into effect until 22 of the signing countries ratified the agreement, which occurred in April 2019 when The Gambia became the 22nd country to ratify it.Africa Free Trade Agreement Gets Last Ratification From Gambia, African Business Magazine As of August 2020, there are 54 signatories, of which at least 30 have ratified and 28 have deposited their instruments of ratification. The two countries that have rafitied but not yet deposited their ratifications are reported to be Cameroon and Angola, though Morocco is also documented to have ratified.

Within the review multiple statesSuch as India, the Islamic Republic of Iran, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Turkey. expressed their concerns over the lack of protection human rights had, due to the constitutional framework; all states were seen to highly recommend New Zealand taking steps towards constitutional entrenchment, and therefore protected human rights. Aside from these issues brought up, the international community collectively commended New Zealand's work in upholding human rights, such as the amount of ratifications completed and the work with the Maori peoples. There has been small glimmers of movement towards an entrenched and written constitution in the past few years.

Edmund Roberts (June 29, 1784 – June 12, 1836) was an American diplomat. Appointed by President Andrew Jackson, he served as the United States' first envoy to the Far East, and went on USS Peacock on non-resident diplomatic missions to the courts of Cochinchina, Thailand ("Siam") and Muscat and Oman during the years 1832-6\. Roberts concluded treaties with Thailand and Said bin Sultan, Sultan of Muscat and Oman, ratified in Washington, D.C. 30 June 1834. He returned in 1836 to exchange ratifications with Oman and Thailand and to the court of Minh Mạng in Cochinchina for a second attempt at negotiation.

The common diplomatic and military affairs were managed by delegations from the Imperial Council and the Hungarian parliament. According to the compromise, the members of the delegates from the two parliaments had no right to debate, they had no right to introduce new perspectives and own ideas during the meetings, they were nothing more than the extended arms of their own parliaments. All decisions had to be ratify by the Imperial council in Vienna and by the Hungarian parliament in Budapest. Without the Austrian and Hungarian parliamentary ratifications, the decisions of the delegates were not valid in Austria or in Kingdom of Hungary.

On 30 June 2016, the alliance entered into an understanding with the World Bank for accelerating mobilization of finance for solar energy. The Bank will have a major role in mobilizing more than US$1 trillion in investments that will be needed by 2030, to meet ISA's goals for the massive deployment of affordable solar energy. Till date 74 countries have signed and 52 countries have ratified the Framework Agreement of the ISA. With ratifications by 15 countries, the ISA will become a treaty based inter-governmental international organisation and it will be recognized by UN legally to become fully functionable.

There are several versions of the text of the Second Amendment, each with capitalization or punctuation differences. Differences exist between the version passed by Congress and put on display and the versions ratified by the states.The second amendment's capitalization and punctuation are not uniformly reported; another version has three commas, after "militia", "state", and "arms". Since documents were at that time copied by hand, variations in punctuation and capitalization are common, and the copy retained by the first Congress, the copies transmitted by it to the state legislatures, and the ratifications returned by them show wide variations in such details.

Grant worked to ensure ratification of the Fifteenth Amendment approved by Congress and sent to the states during the last days of the Johnson administration. The amendment prohibited the federal and state governments from denying a citizen the right to vote based on that citizen's "race, color, or previous condition of servitude." On December 24, 1869, Grant established federal military rule in Georgia and restored black legislators who had been expelled from the state legislature. On February 3, 1870, the amendment reached the requisite number of state ratifications (then 27) and was certified as the Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.

After the British peace treaty, Eastman exchanged notes with the Thai negotiator, Prince Vivadhanajaya Jayanta, confirming that a separate treaty with Australia would be signed no later than 3 April. The government in Canberra considered withdrawing him from Bangkok at that point, but he urged his retention so long as the process for determining compensation claims lasted. He was not withdrawn until ratifications of the peace treaty were exchanged in May. In 1950 Thailand agreed to pay £6 million in compensation to the governments of Britain and Australia for wartime damage to their tin mining operations.

Article Five of the United States Constitution requires approval of three-fourths of the state legislatures for the enactment of a constitutional amendment. Since 1959, there are 50 states, so 38 ratifications are required. With wide, bipartisan support (including that of both major political parties, both houses of Congress, and presidents Richard Nixon, Gerald Ford, and Jimmy Carter) the ERA seemed destined for ratification until Phyllis Schlafly mobilized conservative women in opposition. These women argued that the ERA would disadvantage housewives, cause women to be drafted into the military and to lose protections such as alimony, and eliminate the tendency for mothers to obtain custody over their children in divorce cases.

The Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the Convention against Transnational Organised Crime, was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2000. It is also referred to as the Smuggling Protocol. It is one of the three Palermo protocols, the others being the Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, especially Women and Children and the Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing and Trafficking in Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition. The Smuggling Protocol entered into force on 28 January 2004. As of May 2020, the protocol has been signed by 112 parties and ratified by 149.Ratifications.

Article 7 says ratifications should be communicated to the ILO Director General. Article 8 says the Convention is only binding on those who have ratified it, although the 1998 Declaration means that this is no longer entirely true: the Convention is binding as a fact of membership in the ILO. Articles 9 and 10 deal with specific territories where the Convention may be applied or modified. Article 11 concerns denunciation of the Convention, although again, because of the 1998 Declaration, it is no longer possible for an ILO member to profess they are not bound by the Convention: it is an essential principle of international law.

Originally published at New Haven: Yale University Press, 1928), p. 574. The Tripartite Convention (United States, Germany, Great Britain) was signed at Washington on December 2, 1899, with ratifications exchanged on February 16, 1900. the eastern island group became a territory of the United States (the Tutuila Islands in 1900 and officially Manu'a in 1904) and is today known as American Samoa; the western islands, by far the greater landmass, became known as German Samoa, after Britain gave up all claims to Samoa and in return accepted the termination of German rights in Tonga and certain areas in the Solomon Islands and West Africa.Ryden, p.

This Treaty shall be ratified and ratifications shall be exchanged as soon as possible. Thereafter it shall come into force as soon as 'Iraq has been admitted to membership of the League of Nations. The present Treaty shall remain in force for a period of twenty-five years from the date of its coming into force. At any time after twenty years from the date of the coming into force of this Treaty, the High Contracting Parties will, at the request of either of them, conclude a new Treaty which shall provide for the continued maintenance and protection in all circumstances of the essential communications of His Britannic Majesty.

Ratifications were exchanged three days later and the treaty was proclaimed on 22 February 1821, two years after its signing.Bradley 2015, p. 225 The treaty consisted of 16 articles, half of which settled issues that had been in dispute since 1783, ceding all the lands of the Spanish Crown located east of the Mississippi, known as the Floridas, to the United States. Settling the most serious point of contention, determining the borders to the west and northwest of the Mississippi, was delayed until the last moment, as Onís aimed at all costs to keep Texas, New Mexico and California under the dominion of Spain.

The APR Secretariat and the Country under review consult on the process overview and terms of the Memorandum of Understanding (MoU). The Country under review creates a Focal Point to liaise with the Secretariat and provide it with relevant laws, treaty ratifications, budgets and development plans. The Secretariat prepares a background assessment document. At the same time, the Country under review independently completes the APR Self-Assessment Questionnaire, gathers inputs from civil society and drafts a paper outlining the nation's issues and a National Programme of Action (NPoA) with clear steps and deadlines on how it plans to conform to APRM codes and standards, the African Union Charter, and UN obligations.

The United States–Central America Treaty (formally, the Treaty of Peace, Amity, Commerce, and Navigation between the United States of America and the Federal Republic of Central America) is an 1825 treaty between the United States and the Federal Republic of Central America. It was the second bilateral U.S. treaty concluded with a sovereign state in the Americas. The treaty was concluded on 5 December 1825 in Washington, D.C. by U.S. Secretary of State Henry Clay and Central American ambassador Antonio José Cañas. The treaty was ratified by both countries and it entered into force on 2 August 1826 when ratifications were exchanged in Guatemala City.

The name "Forward Poland - Libertas" (Naprzód Polsko – Libertas) was suggested as a compromise name should NP decide to ally with Libertas. On February 1, 2009, Ganley spoke to the inaugural Warsaw meeting of the Referendum Committee (Komitetu Referendalnego), an organization advocating that referendums be held prior to treaty ratifications by Poland. The speech was filmed and placed on YouTube (prolog, part 1, part 2). The meeting attendance was estimated at 700 or 500 and attendees included Mirosław Orzechowski (LPR), Zdzisław Podkański (PSL), Krzysztof Filipek and Danuta Hojarska (once Samoobrona, now Party of Regions) and Antoni Tyszka (UPR), Konrad Bonisławski (head of All-Polish Youth) and Krzysztof Bosak (former LPR MP).

The Conventions concerning Employment of Women during the Night are conventions drafted by the International Labour Organization (ILO) which prohibit women from performing industrial work during the night. The first convention was adopted in 1919 (as C04, shortened Night Work (Women) Convention, 1919) and revised versions were adopted in 1934 (C41, Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1934) and 1948 (C89, Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1948). A protocol (P89, Protocol to the Night Work (Women) Convention (Revised), 1948) to the convention was adopted in 1990 allowing for easing of the restriction under conditions. As of April 2011 the conventions had 27, 15, 46 (undenounced) ratifications respectively.

Dates the 13 states ratified the Constitution Article Seven of the United States Constitution sets the number of state ratifications necessary in order for the Constitution to take effect and prescribes the method through which the states may ratify it. Under the terms of Article VII, constitutional ratification conventions were held in each of the thirteen states, with the ratification of nine states required for the Constitution to take effect. Delaware was the first state to ratify the Constitution, doing so on December 7, 1787. On June 21, 1788, New Hampshire became the ninth state to ratify the Constitution, ensuring that the Constitution would take effect.

The Protocol for Limiting and Regulating the Cultivation of the Poppy Plant, the Production of, International and Wholesale Trade in, and Use of Opium, signed on 23 June 1953 in New York City, was a drug control treaty, promoted by Harry J. Anslinger, with the purpose of imposing stricter controls on opium production. Article 6 of the treaty limited opium production to seven countries. Article 2 stated that Parties were required to "limit the use of opium exclusively to medical and scientific needs". It did not receive sufficient ratifications to enter into force until 1963, by which time it had been superseded by the 1961 Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs.

This is done in order to remove all personal responsibility on part of the King, in keeping with Article 5 of the Constitution, which states that, "The King's person is sacred; he cannot be censured or accused. The responsibility rests with his Council". Another feature of this system is that the King, when having sanctioned a decision, is referred to as King-in-Council (Norwegian: Kongen i statsråd), meaning the King as well as his council. According to the Constitution, certain cases, such as appointments and dismissals of higher office, pardons, provisional measures, church ordinances and ratifications of treaties must be administered by the Council of State.

New York, which had ratified on April 14, 1869, tried to revoke its ratification on January 5, 1870. However, in February 1870, Georgia, Iowa, Nebraska, and Texas ratified the amendment, bringing the total ratifying states to twenty- nine—one more than the required twenty-eight ratifications from the thirty- seven states, and forestalling any court challenge to New York's resolution to withdraw its consent. The first twenty-eight states to ratify the Fifteenth Amendment were: # Nevada: March 1, 1869 # West Virginia: March 3, 1869 # North Carolina: March 5, 1869 # Illinois: March 5, 1869 # Louisiana: March 5, 1869 # Michigan: March 8, 1869 # Wisconsin: March 9, 1869 # Maine: March 11, 1869 # Massachusetts: March 12, 1869 # Arkansas: March 15, 1869 # South Carolina: March 15, 1869 # Pennsylvania: March 25, 1869 # New York: April 14, 1869 (Rescinded ratification: January 5, 1870; re-ratified: March 30, 1870) # Indiana: May 14, 1869 # Connecticut: May 19, 1869 # Florida: June 14, 1869 # New Hampshire: July 1, 1869 # Virginia: October 8, 1869 # Vermont: October 20, 1869 # Alabama: November 16, 1869 # Missouri: January 10, 1870 # Minnesota: January 13, 1870 # Mississippi: January 17, 1870 # Rhode Island: January 18, 1870 # Kansas: January 19, 1870 # Ohio: January 27, 1870 (After rejection: April 1/30, 1869) # Georgia: February 2, 1870 # Iowa: February 3, 1870 Secretary of State Hamilton Fish certified the amendment on March 30, 1870, also including the ratifications of: :29. Nebraska: February 17, 1870 :30. Texas: February 18, 1870 The remaining seven states all subsequently ratified the amendment: :31.

The Convention Between the United States and Great Britain (1930) was an agreement between the governments the United Kingdom and the United States to definitely delimit the boundary between North Borneo (then a British protectorate) and the Philippine archipelago (then a U.S. Territory). The convention was signed in Washington, D.C., on January 2, 1930 by U.S. Secretary of State Henry L. Stimson and British Ambassador to the United States Esme Howard. It was ratified by the U.S. in February 1930 and, after clarification by exchanges of notes between the two governments in 1930 and 1932, by the United Kingdom in November 1932. It entered into force after an exchange of ratifications on December 13, 1932.

This resulted in a United Nations Convention to straddle the highly migratory fish stocks. It was adopted in 1995, but requires 30 ratifications to be enforced. Agreement for the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 Relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks adopted August 4, 1995 by the United Nations Conference on Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks, United Nations Publications, New York 1995. Another problem is salmon are not protected by UNCLOS from competitive fishing while the salmon migrates through the rivers and lakes of different coastal states to their spawning grounds.

A referendum can be requested for any piece of primary legislation, including treaty ratifications, after it was signed into law and published in the Staatscourant, but generally before it enters into force (subject to exceptions). The law excludes several subjects, such as laws concerning: the monarchy or royal family, the national budget, constitutional amendments, legislation passed solely for the execution of treaties or decisions of intergovernmental organisations, Kingdom acts (unless they will solely apply to the Netherlands) and legislation passed in response to a previous referendum. The request procedure of a referendum consists of two stages. For the preliminary request, 10,000 requests have to be received within four weeks after proclamation of the law.

Under Article 36 of CETS 141, the Convention was opened for signature by the member States of the Council of Europe and non-member States which participated in its elaboration. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval are deposited with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe. The Convention entered into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of a period of three months after the date on which three States, of which at least two are member States of the Council of Europe, expressed their consent to be bound by the Convention. Following the ratifications of the United Kingdom, Switzerland and the Netherlands, the Convention entered into force on 1 September 1993.

It was designed to guarantee the preservation of rights of the three powers as secured in separate treaties with the Samoan régime in 1878 and 1879. Further, the independence and neutrality of the Samoan government was ensured, public finance was reorganized and the Samoan king elected in 1881 was restored. In an effort to strengthen the judiciary an American/European chief justice position was created, and the municipality of Apia was reestablished, chaired by a council president. The treaty was signed at Berlin by the three powers on 14 June 1889; ratifications were exchanged on 12 April 1890 and assented to by the Samoan government on 19 April 1890, in effect four governments were party to the Berlin Act.

In 1827, Emperor Pedro I presented the treaty to the Chamber of Deputies for its approval; its Committee for Diplomacy and Statistics approved the convention by three votes to two. In response, on 2 July 1827, deputy Raimundo José da Cunha Mattos, a member of the Committee who opposed the treaty, delivered a two hour speech in defence of the continuation of the slave trade. The treaty provided that it would be illegal for any subject of the Empire of Brazil to be engaged in carrying out the African slave trade. It provided a three year grace period after the exchange of ratifications, which meant that the ban took effect on 13 March 1830.

Elements of the right to work and the right to the enjoyment of just and favourable work conditions are protected by the Minimum Wage Act 1983, the Health and Safety in Employment Act 1992, the Employment Relations Act 2000 and the Holidays Act 2003. New Zealand has ratified 60 of the International Labour Organization's Conventions, with 51 in force and 9 having been denounced.International Labour Organization 'Ratifications for New Zealand'. Discrimination in regards to accessing employment is prohibited on the grounds of age (from 16 years), colour, disability, employment status, ethnic belief, ethnic or national origin, family status, marital status, political opinion, race, religious belief, sex (including childbirth and pregnancy) and sexual orientation.

Retrieved 4/3/08. The CRC is the most widely ratified human rights treaty with 196 ratifications; the United States is the only country not to have ratified it. The CRC is based on four core principles: the principle of non-discrimination; the best interests of the child; the right to life, survival and development; and considering the views of the child in decisions that affect them, according to their age and maturity.Convention on the Rights of the Child The CRC, along with international criminal accountability mechanisms such as the International Criminal Court, the Yugoslavia and Rwanda Tribunals, and the Special Court for Sierra Leone, is said to have significantly increased the profile of children's rights worldwide.

102-138 and they were the precursor to the eventual problems of the organization with the USA In July, 1970, the United States withdrew 50% of its financial support to the ILO following the appointment of an assistant director-general from the Soviet Union. This appointment (by the ILO's British director-general, C. Wilfred Jenks) drew particular criticism from AFL–CIO president George Meany and from Congressman John E. Rooney. However, the funds were eventually paid.. United States letter dated 5 November 1975 containing notice of withdrawal from the International Labour Organization. Ratifications of 1976 Tripartite Consultation Convention On 12 June 1975, the ILO voted to grant the Palestinian Liberation Organization observer status at its meetings.

China signed first, as it had been the first victim of an Axis power. US President Harry S. Truman's closing speech said: Truman then pointed out that the Charter would work only if the peoples of the world were determined to make it work: The United Nations did not instantly come into being with the signing of the Charter since in many countries, the Charter had to be subjected to parliamentary approval. It had been agreed that the Charter would come into effect when ratified by the governments of China, France, Britain, the Soviet Union, the United States, and a majority of the other signatory countries and when they had notified the US Department of State of their ratifications, which happened on 24 October 1945.

It is also intended that this clause will > not be considered as constituting an exclusive privilege in favor of France. > ARTICLE EIGHT > The commercial stipulations of the present treaty and the regulations > arising from them can be revised after an interval of ten years has elapsed, > dating from the exchange of ratifications of the present treaty. But, in the > case where, six months before the appointed time, neither one nor the other > of the High Contracting Parties has manifested a desire to proceed with > revision, the commercial stipulations will remain in force for a new period > of ten years and so forth. > ARTICLE NINE > After the present treaty has been signed, French forces will receive the > order to retire from Keelung and to cease visitation, etc.

Further talks > will be held to determine the proportion of the revenues payable to the > Annamese government from the customs duties and the taxes on telegraphy, > etc, on the level of taxes and customs duties in Tonkin, and on the > concessions to be granted in Tonkin to monopolies or industrial enterprises. > The sums raised upon these receipts may not be less than 2 million francs. > The Mexican piastre and the silver coins current in French Cochinchina shall > be legal tender throughout the realm of Annam, alongside the Annamese > national currency. This Convention shall be submitted for the approval of > the President of the French Republic and His Majesty the King of Annam, and > its ratifications shall be exchanged as soon as possible.

CEMAC is not one of the pillars of the African Economic Community, but its members are associated with it through Economic Community of Central African States. The EU had multiple peacekeeping missions in the DR Congo: Operation Artemis (June to September 2003), EUPOL Kinshasa (from October 2003) and EUSEC DR Congo (from May 2005). The 11th Ordinary Session of Heads of State and Government in Brazzaville during January 2004 welcomed the fact that the Protocol Relating to the Establishment of a Council for Peace and Security in Central Africa (COPAX) had received the required number of ratifications to enter into force. The Summit also adopted a declaration on the implementation of NEPAD in Central Africa as well as a declaration on gender equality.

The Convention required a minimum of 20 ratifications before it could enter into force. When El Salvador and Guatemala ratified it on 14 March 2003, this threshold was reached. As of December 2019, the following 55 states have ratified the Convention: Albania, Argentina, Algeria, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Belize, Bolivia, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chile, Colombia, Congo-Brazzaville, East Timor, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Gambia, Ghana, Guatemala, Guyana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Indonesia, Jamaica, Kyrgyzstan, Lesotho, Libya, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Rwanda, São Tomé and Príncipe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sri Lanka, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Syria, Tajikistan, Turkey, Uganda, Uruguay, and Venezuela. In addition, several countries have signed the Convention but not yet ratified it.

Examples of successor states are the Russian Federation (successor to the Soviet Union), Serbia (successor to Serbia and Montenegro), Belarus (successor to the Byelorussian SSR), Ukraine (successor to the Ukrainian SSR), and Tanzania (successor to Tanganyika). It is possible for a single state to be the successor state of multiple states, as with Yemen being the successor state of both North Yemen and South Yemen. Second, some states have no legal successor state but cease to exist; in such cases, the ratifications performed by the state are disregarded. In some cases, such states are subsumed into an existing state, as when East Germany became part of the Federal Republic of Germany, and when Zanzibar became part of Tanzania (at first United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar).

The Spaniards capitulated, and on December 10, 1898, the U.S. and Spain signed the Treaty of Paris, formally ending the Spanish–American War. In Article III, Spain ceded the Philippine archipelago to the United States, as follows: "Spain cedes to the United States the archipelago known as the Philippine Islands, and comprehending the islands lying within the following line: [... geographic description elided ...]. The United States will pay to Spain the sum of twenty million dollars ($20,000,000) within three months after the exchange of the ratifications of the present treaty." Appendix D In the U.S., there was a movement for Philippine independence; some said that the U.S. had no right to a land where many of the people wanted self-government.

In October 1978, she voted for a proposal to allow states that had ratified the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA) to rescind their ratification. At the time, 35 states had ratified the ERA, three short of the total that would be needed before March 1979 in order to add the ERA to the U.S. Constitution. The proposal to allow states to rescind their ratifications failed to win a majority, and the Senate went on to join the House in voting to give states three additional years to ratify the ERA, but no additional states ratified it, so it failed. Following her appointment to the Senate, Allen decided to become a candidate in the November 1978 special election for the remaining two years of her husband's Senate term.

Clinton stated that he would not submit it to the Senate for advice and consent for ratification until the U.S. government had a chance to assess the functioning of the Court. He nonetheless supported the proposed role of the ICC and its objectives: After the Rome Statute reached the requisite 60 ratifications in 2002, President George W. Bush's Administration sent a note to the U.N. Secretary-General on May 6, 2002. The note informed the Secretary- General that the U.S. no longer intended to ratify the Rome Statute, and that it did not recognize any obligation toward the Rome Statute. In addition, the U.S. stated that its intention not to become a state party should be reflected in the U.N. depository's list.

Under Article 49, CETS 198 was opened for signature by the member States of the Council of Europe, the European Community and non‑member States which had participated in its elaboration. Instruments of ratification, acceptance or approval are deposited with the Secretary General of the Council of Europe. The Convention entered into force on the first day of the month following the expiration of a period of three months after the date on which 6 signatories, of which at least four are member States of the Council of Europe, expressed their consent to be bound by the Convention. Following the ratifications of Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Malta, Moldova, Poland and Romania, the Convention entered into force on 1 May 2008.

The Ban Amendment was strenuously opposed by a number of industry groups as well as nations including Australia and Canada. The number of ratification for the entry-into force of the Ban Amendment is under debate: Amendments to the convention enter into force after ratification of "three-fourths of the Parties who accepted them" [Art. 17.5]; so far, the parties of the Basel Convention could not yet agree whether this would be three-fourths of the parties that were party to the Basel Convention when the ban was adopted, or three-fourths of the current parties of the convention [see Report of COP 9 of the Basel Convention]. The status of the amendment ratifications can be found on the Basel Secretariat's web page.

On 25 May 1946 the Transjordan became the "Hashemite Kingdom of Transjordan" when the ruling 'Amir' was re-designated as 'King' by the parliament of Transjordan on the day it ratified the Treaty of London. 25 May is still celebrated as independence day in Jordan although officially the mandate for Transjordan ended on 17 June 1946 when in accordance with the Treaty of London the ratifications were exchanged in Amman and Transjordan gained full independence. When King Abdullah applied for membership in the newly formed United Nations, his request was vetoed by the Soviet Union, citing that the nation was not "fully independent" of British control. This resulted in another treaty in March 1948 with Britain in which all restrictions on sovereignty were removed.

The Tenth Amendment (Amendment X) to the United States Constitution, a part of the Bill of Rights, was ratified on December 15, 1791. It expresses the principle of federalism, also known as states' rights by stating that the federal government has only those powers delegated to it by the Constitution, and that all other powers not forbidden to the states by the Constitution, are reserved to each state, or its people. The amendment was proposed by the 1st United States Congress in 1789 during its first term following the adoption of the Constitution. It was considered by many members as a prerequisite to many state ratifications of the Constitution and particularly to satisfy demands of Anti-Federalists who opposed the creation of a stronger federal government.

HJ 1, prefiled by Jennifer Carroll Foy, and SJ 1, filed by Jennifer McClellan, will make Virginia the 3rd state since 2017 and the 38th overall necessary to ratify the Equal Rights Amendment (counting the five that have since voted to rescind their ratifications). Both bills were given initial approval, with SJ 1 being approved 28-12 in the Senate and HJ 1 being approved 59-41 in the House, and were passed by the other chamber on January 27. All Democrats and several Republicans in both chambers voted in favor of the resolutions. However, experts and advocates have acknowledged legal uncertainty about the consequences of Virginia's potential ratification, due to the expired deadlines and the five states' purported revocations.

On Internet Archive. > The present Treaty shall continue in force for ten years dating from the > tenth day after the exchange of the Ratifications. In case neither of the > two Contracting Parties should have notified, twelve months before the end > of the said period, its intention to terminate the Treaty, it shall remain > in force until the expiration of a year dating from the day on which either > of the High Contracting Parties shall have given notice for its termination. Prime Minister Salisbury gave notification of the United Kingdom's intention to withdraw from the treaty on 28 July 1897, because a clause providing that Belgian goods be admitted to British colonies on the same footing as British goods was contrary to the new policy of Imperial Preference.

Under Article VII of the 1898 Treaty of Paris, the United States assumed responsibility for the payment of all claims of her own citizens for which Spain would have been liable under principles of international law."The United States and Spain mutually relinquish all claims for indemnity, national and individual, of every kind, of either Government, or of its citizens or subjects, against the other Government, that may have arisen since the beginning of the late insurrection in Cuba and prior to the exchange of ratifications of the present treaty, including all claims for indemnity for the cost of the war. The United States will adjudicate and settle the claims of its citizens against Spain relinquished in this article." Art.

Map showing Persistent Organic Pollutants signatories (green) and ratifications (dark green) as of July 2007 The Aarhus Protocol on Persistent Organic Pollutants, a 1998 protocol on persistent organic pollutants (POPs), is an addition to the 1979 Geneva Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution (LRTAP). The Protocol seeks "to control, reduce or eliminate discharge, emissions and losses of persistent organic pollutants" in Europe, some former Soviet Union countries, and the United States, in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects. Authors and promoters of the Protocol were the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE), which at the time housed 53 different country members and alliance. The protocol was amended on 18 December 2009, but the amended version has not yet come into force.

Ratification is a principal's approval of an act of its agent that lacked the authority to bind the principal legally. Ratification defines the international act in which a state indicates its consent to be bound to a treaty if the parties intended to show their consent by such an act. In the case of bilateral treaties, ratification is usually accomplished by exchanging the requisite instruments, and in the case of multilateral treaties, the usual procedure is for the depositary to collect the ratifications of all states, keeping all parties informed of the situation. The institution of ratification grants states the necessary time-frame to seek the required approval for the treaty on the domestic level and to enact the necessary legislation to give domestic effect to that treaty.

" Hull and Chinese Ambassador Wei Daoming at the State Department exchanging ratifications of the treaty abolishing extraterritorial rights of the United States in China. In September 1940, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt maneuvered with another State Department official to bypass Hull's refusal to allow Jewish refugees aboard a Portuguese ship, the SS Quanza, to receive visas to enter the U.S. Through her efforts, the Jewish refugees disembarked on September 11, 1940, in Virginia. In a similar incident, American Jews sought to raise money to prevent the mass murder of Romanian Jews but were blocked by the State Department. "In wartime, in order to send money out of the United States, two government agencies had to sign a simple release- the Treasury Department under Henry Morgenthau and the State Department under Secretary Cordell Hull.

Universal jurisdiction was retained (but is not mandatory), and the Rome Statute served as a model for several additional provisions, including Articles 4-7 (Responsibility, Official Capacity, Non-Application of Statute of Limitations) and with respect to final clauses. Other provisions draw on international criminal law and human rights instruments more broadly, including the Enforced Disappearance Convention, the Terrorist Bombings Convention, the Convention Against Torture, the UN Conventions on Corruption and Organized Crime, the European Transfer of Proceedings Convention, and the Inter-American Criminal Sentences Convention."SIGNATORIES AND RATIFICATIONS A-57: INTER-AMERICAN CONVENTION ON SERVING CRIMINAL SENTENCES ABROAD" The Proposed Convention provides for State as well as individual responsibility, and would vest jurisdiction in the International Court of Justice to resolve differences as to interpretation and application of the Proposed Convention.

The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (Tratado de Guadalupe Hidalgo in Spanish), officially titled the Treaty of Peace, Friendship, Limits and Settlement between the United States of America and the Mexican Republic, is the peace treaty signed on February 2, 1848, in the Villa de Guadalupe Hidalgo (now a neighborhood of Mexico City) between the United States and Mexico that ended the Mexican–American War (1846–1848). The treaty was ratified by the United States on March 10 and by Mexico on May 19. The ratifications were exchanged on May 30, and the treaty was proclaimed on July 4, 1848. With the defeat of its army and the fall of its capital in September 1847, Mexico entered into negotiations with the U.S. peace envoy, Nicholas Trist, to end the war.

The Treaty of Washington of 1900 was signed on November 7, 1900, and came into effect on March 23, 1901, when the ratifications were exchanged. The treaty sought to remove any ground of misunderstanding growing out of the interpretation of Article III of the 1898 Treaty of Paris by clarifying specifics of territories relinquished to the United States by Spain. It explicitly provided: In consideration for that explicit statement of relinquishment, the United States agreed to pay to Spain the sum of one hundred thousand dollars ($100,000) within six months after the exchange of ratification.Treaty between the United States and Spain for the cession to the United States of any and all islands of the Philippine archipeligo lying outside of the lines described in Article II of the Treaty of Paris of December 10, 1898.

Ratifications were exchanged in London, on May 25, 1862. The treaty set forth aggressive measures to end the Atlantic slave trade, including an agreement that the respective countries would use their navies to seize merchant vessels carrying captured Africans, including any vessel bearing indications of being a slave trading vessel, such as grated hatches instead of closed hatches, stores of food and water far exceeding the needs of a normal crew, and shackles or chains. It conceded to Britain the right of search to a limited extent in African and Cuban waters, but secured a similar concession for American war vessels from the British government. The treaty had no direct bearing on the issue of slavery in the United States itself, a major issue in the ongoing American Civil War.

The 1939 case Coleman v. Miller, which questioned whether a state legislature could relinquish endorsement of an Amendment pertaining to child labor, decided in part, "the question whether a reasonable time had elapsed since submission of the proposal was a nonjusticiable political question, the kinds of considerations entering into deciding being fit for Congress to evaluate, and the question of the effect of a previous rejection upon a ratification was similarly nonjusticiable, because the 1868 Fourteenth Amendment precedent of congressional determination 'has been accepted.'" The case is seen to stand as authority for the proposition that at least some decisions with respect to the proposal and ratifications of constitutional amendments are exclusively within the purview of Congress, either because they are textually committed to Congress or because the courts lack adequate criteria of determination to pass on them.

In the early history of the Equal Rights Amendment, middle-class women were largely supportive, while those speaking for the working class were often opposed, pointing out that employed women needed special protections regarding working conditions and employment hours. With the rise of the women's movement in the United States during the 1960s, the ERA garnered increasing support, and, after being reintroduced by Representative Martha Griffiths in 1971, it was approved by the U.S. House of Representatives on October 12, 1971, and by the U.S. Senate on March 22, 1972, thus submitting the ERA to the state legislatures for ratification, as provided for in Article V of the U.S. Constitution. Congress had originally set a ratification deadline of March 22, 1979, for the state legislatures to consider the ERA. Through 1977, the amendment received 35 of the necessary 38 state ratifications.

The 3rd Regiment of Dragoons was assigned to the expedition to Central Mexico, landing near Vera Cruz with Major General Winfield Scott's army and participating in the Siege of Vera Cruz, Battle of Churubusco and the Battle of Molino del Rey. The Third Dragoons took part in General Joseph Lane's pursuit of General Santa Anna in January 1848, and Lane's campaign against the guerrilla forces of Joaquín Rea at the Action of Atlixco and of Padre Jarauta in late February 1848. Major William H. Polk and a portion of Lane's forces engaged and defeated the Jarauta guerrillas in the Action of Sequalteplan at Zacualtipan on February 25, 1848. In late May 1848, two companies under Polk's command escorted an American delegation to Querétaro, where the two countries exchanged official ratifications of the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, bringing the war to an end.

In decisions in the cases C-146/13 and C-147/13 issued in May 2015, the European Court of Justice (ECJ) rejected two challenges by Spain against the legality of both unitary patent regulations. The decisions are significant because these legal challenges were regarded as "the last serious obstacle to the Unitary Patent Package being implemented", "provided the necessary number of ratifications of the Unified Patent Court Agreement occur (13 including UK, France and Germany)." In case C-146/13, Spain challenged Regulation (EU) No 1257/2012 implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the creation of unitary patent protection, and in case C-147/13, Regulation No 1260/2012 of 17 December 2012, implementing enhanced cooperation in the area of the creation of unitary patent protection with regard to the applicable translation arrangements, was challenged.

The early years following the establishment of diplomatic relation were characterized by calm, which was mainly the result of the partial restraint in the expansionist policies of the Japanese Empire prior to 1931, as well as the Soviet need to maintain trade and the temporary deterioration in Sino-Soviet relations around the period of the Sino-Soviet war in 1929. Already in 1925, immediately following the establishment of relations, the Japanese government withdrew its forces from the northern part of Sakhalin, captured by the Japanese army during the Siberian intervention. An important step during this period was the conclusion on January 23, 1928 of a Soviet-Japanese Fishery agreement, which permitted Japanese nationals to fish in the waters of the Pacific Ocean adjacent to the Soviet coastline. Ratifications were exchanged in Tokyo on May 23, 1928.

International organizations commonly have the power to conclude treaties as well. A notable example is the European Union, which has concluded a number of free trade agreements. The Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties between States and International Organizations or between International Organizations aims to be an extension to the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties and deals with treaties between one or more states and one or more international organizations and between international organizations. However, this Vienna Convention is not yet into force as of 2013 due to insufficient number of ratifications. One of the most extensive cases on international organizations’ treaty-making power is the Advisory Opinion of the International Court of Justice titled, Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations,Reparation for Injuries Suffered in the Service of the United Nations, Advisory Opinion, I.C.J. Rep.

The only non-UN states that undoubtedly meet the standard of statehood are the Cook Islands and Niue, who have had their "full treaty-making capacity" recognised by the United Nations Secretariat. Vatican City is also widely recognised as being able to legitimately ratify treaties, and has been granted non-member observer state status by the UN General Assembly. Following the UNGA passing a resolution granting non-member observer state status to the State of Palestine, the UNSG has begun to recognize its right to ratify treaties. Ratifications performed by other states with more limited recognition—such as the Republic of China (Taiwan); Kosovo; Northern Cyprus; Somaliland; the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (Western Sahara); South Ossetia; Abkhazia; Transnistria; and Nagorno-Karabakh—have usually not been recognised by treaty depositaries as states that can ratify treaties, although there are some exceptions to this general rule.

The leaders announced the intention of modeling the new community in the mold of the European Union, including a unified passport, a parliament and, eventually, a single currency. The then Secretary General of the Andean Community Allan Wagner speculated that an advanced union such as the EU should be possible within the next fifteen years. After Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Ecuador, Guyana, Peru, Suriname and Venezuela, Uruguay became the ninth nation to ratify the constitutive treaty of the organization on 1 December 2010, thus completing the minimum number of ratifications Necessary for the entry into force of the Treaty, on 11 March 2011Ministério das Relações Exteriores. UNASUL With the entry into force of the Treaty, UNASUR became a legal entity during the Summit Ministers of Foreign Affairs, in Mitad del Mundo, Ecuador, where the cornerstone was laid for the headquarters of the General Secretariat of the Union.

Spyros Spyromilios in the entrance of the castle (locally called Kastro) of Himara During the First Balkan War, on 18 November 1912, the town revolted under Spyros Spyromilios and expelled the Ottoman forcesBadlands, borderlands: a history of Northern Epirus/Southern Albania by Tom Winnifrith,2002,, page 129 in order to join Greece. In March 1914, the "Protocol of Corfu" was signed, which established the Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus, of which Himarë formed a part, though the Autonomous Republic itself formally remained part of the newly formed Albanian state. However, in the Panepirotic assembly in Delvinë, that aimed at the ratifications of the terms of the Protocol by the Northern Epirote representatives, the delegates of Himarë abstained, insisting that only union with Greece would be a viable solution.Sakellariou, 1997, p. 381. During the First World War, Himarë was under Greek administration (October 1914-September 1916) and then occupied by Italy.

The Province of Schleswig–Holstein (red), within the Kingdom of Prussia, within the German Empire, 1866–1920. The Second Schleswig War resolved the Schleswig–Holstein Question violently, by forcing the king of Denmark to renounce (on 1 August 1864) all his rights in the duchies in favour of Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria and King William I of Prussia. By Article XIX of the definitive Treaty of Vienna signed on October 30, 1864, a period of six years was allowed during which the inhabitants of the duchies might opt for Danish nationality and transfer themselves and their goods to Denmark; and the rights pertaining to birth in the provinces were guaranteed to all, whether in the kingdom or the duchies, who had been entitled to those rights at the time of the exchange of ratifications of the treaty. In the Austro–Prussian War of 1866, Prussia took Holstein from Austria and the two duchies subsequently merged into the Province of Schleswig-Holstein.

Albert Gallatin (1848 photograph) The treaty was negotiated for the U.S. by Albert Gallatin, ambassador to France, and Richard Rush, minister to the UK; and for the UK by Frederick John Robinson, Treasurer of the Royal Navy and member of the privy council, and Henry Goulburn, an undersecretary of state. The treaty was signed on October 20, 1818. Ratifications were exchanged on January 30, 1819. The Convention of 1818, along with the Rush–Bagot Treaty of 1817, marked the beginning of improved relations between the British Empire and its former colonies, and paved the way for more positive relations between the U.S. and Canada, notwithstanding that repelling U.S. invasion was a defense priority in Canada until 1928.Preston, Richard A. The Defence of the Undefended Border: Planning for War in North America 1867–1939, McGill-Queen’s University Press, 1977 Despite the relatively friendly nature of the agreement, it nevertheless resulted in a fierce struggle for control of the Oregon Country in the following two decades.

Many labor feminists also opposed the ERA on the basis that it would eliminate protections for women in labor law, though over time more and more unions and labor feminist leaders turned toward supporting it. Five state legislatures (Idaho, Kentucky, Nebraska, Tennessee, and South Dakota) voted to revoke their ERA ratifications. The first four rescinded before the original March 22, 1979, ratification deadline, while the South Dakota legislature did so by voting to sunset its ratification as of that original deadline. However, it remains an unresolved legal question as to whether a state can revoke its ratification of a federal constitutional amendment. In 1978, Congress passed (by simple majorities in each house), and President Carter signed, a joint resolution with the intent of extending the ratification deadline to June 30, 1982. Because no additional state legislatures ratified the ERA between March 22, 1979, and June 30, 1982, the validity of that disputed extension was rendered academic.

In its decision the Court concluded that Congress was quite aware in 1924 that--had it desired to do so--it could have imposed a deadline upon the Child Labor Amendment and Congress simply chose not to. According to Coleman, it is none other than the Congress itself--if and when the Congress should later be presented with valid ratifications from the required number of states --which has the discretion to arbitrate the question of whether too much time has elapsed between Congress' initial proposal of that amendment and the most recent state ratification thereof assuming that, as a consequence of that most recent ratification, the legislatures of (or conventions conducted within) at least three-fourths of the states have ratified that amendment at one time or another. The Coleman ruling--which modified the high Court's earlier 1921 dictum in Dillon v. Gloss--held that the question of timeliness of ratification is a political and non-justiciable one, leaving the issue to the discretion of Congress.

The acquired lands west of the Rio Grande are traditionally called the Mexican Cession in the U.S., as opposed to the Texas Annexation two years earlier, though division of New Mexico down the middle at the Rio Grande never had any basis either in control or Mexican boundaries. Mexico never recognized the independence of Texas before the war, and did not cede its claim to territory north of the Rio Grande or Gila River until this treaty. Before ratifying the treaty, the U.S. Senate made two modifications: changing the wording of Article IX (which guaranteed Mexicans living in the purchased territories the right to become U.S. citizens) and striking out Article X (which conceded the legitimacy of land grants made by the Mexican government). On May 26, 1848, when the two countries exchanged ratifications of the treaty, they further agreed to a three-article protocol (known as the Protocol of Querétaro) to explain the amendments.

There goes a story of a Spartan king Soos, that, being besieged by the Clitorians in a dry and stony place so that he could come at no water, he was at last constrained to agree with them upon these terms, that he would restore to them all his conquests, provided that himself and all his men should drink of the nearest spring. After the usual oaths and ratifications, he called his soldiers together, and offered to him that would forbear drinking, his kingdom for a reward; and when not a man of them was able to forbear, in short, when they had all drunk their fill, at last comes king Sous himself to the spring, and. having sprinkled his face only, without swallowing one drop, marches off in the face of his enemies, refusing to yield up his conquests, because himself and all his men had not, according to the articles, drunk of their water.Plurarch (1889).

The Colombia–Venezuela Boundary Treaty of 1941 officially Border Demarcation Agreement and Navigation of the Common Rivers between Colombia and Venezuela and unofficially as the López de Mesa-Gil Borges Treaty, it was an agreement signed between the governments of Colombia and Venezuela on the land border limits on April 5, 1941 in Colombian city of Cúcuta, by the Ministers of Foreign Relations of Venezuela, Esteban Gil Borges, and Colombia, Luis López de Mesa. After almost 60 years of negotiations on the demarcation of the Venezuelan–Colombian border (1881–1938), the treaty of 1941 put an end to this long process. In this treaty, both parties acknowledged that the border had been fully demarcated, differences over boundary matters were completed, and recognized the work carried out by the 1901 Demarcation Committee and the Swiss experts Committee as valid demarcation. The exchange of ratifications of this agreement was made in Caracas, on September 12, 1941.

The Tartu Peace Treaty (, literally "Tartu peace") or Treaty of Tartu is a peace treaty between Estonia and Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic signed on 2 February 1920, ending the Estonian War of Independence. The terms of the treaty stated "In consequence of the right of all peoples to self- determination, to the point of seceding completely from the State of which they form part, a right proclaimed by the Socialist and Federal Russian Republic of the Soviets, Russia unreservedly recognizes the independence and sovereignty of the State of Estonia, and renounces voluntarily and forever all sovereign rights possessed by Russia over the Estonian people and territory whether these rights be based on the juridical position that formerly existed in public law, or in the international treaties which, in the sense here indicated, lose their validity in future. " Ratifications of the treaty were exchanged in Moscow on 30 March 1920. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on 12 July 1922.

Acts of Congress are given the force of law, in one of the following ways: signed by the President of the United States; neither signed nor vetoed by the President within ten days from reception (excluding Sundays) while the Congress is in session; or, when both the Senate and the House of Representatives vote, by a two-thirds majority in each chamber, to override a presidential veto during its session. In United States administrative law, a federal regulation may be said to be formally promulgated when it appears in the Federal Register and after the public- comment period concludes. Amendments to the United States Constitution attain force of law "when ratified by the legislatures of three fourths of the several states, or by conventions in three fourths thereof, as the one or the other mode of ratification may be proposed by the Congress". When the requisite number of state ratifications has been reached (currently 38), it is the duty of the Archivist of the United States to issue a certificate proclaiming a particular amendment duly ratified and part of the Constitution.

The Iron Rhine Treaty (1873) was a treaty between Belgium and the Netherlands regarding the passage of the international Iron Rhine railway line from Antwerp (Belgium) to Mönchengladbach (Germany) over Dutch territory in Limburg (Netherlands.) This put into effect a Belgian right to access to Germany through Dutch territory established in the 1839 Treaty of London. The railway line, generally known as the "Iron Rhine", was to be run as a concession by the Belgian Compagnie du Nord. The treaty also ended the annual payments of 400,000 florins due to the Netherlands from Belgium under the treaty of 5 November 1842, in return for payment of 8,900,000 florins in quarterly instalments over the course of a year. It furthermore modified the duty on Dutch spirits.Archives diplomatiques: recueil de diplomatie et d'histoire, 1875, pt. 2, 369-371. The agreement was signed in Brussels on 13 January 1873, by Guillaume d'Aspremont Lynden and Jules Malou, the Belgian ministers of Foreign Affairs and Finance respectively, and Johan Wilhelm van Lansberge, the Dutch ambassador in Brussels. Ratifications were exchanged in Brussels on 18 June 1873.

The entry into force of that treaty (also known as the "Two Plus Four Treaty", in reference to the two German states and four Allied nations that signed it) put an end to the then- remaining limitations on German sovereignty that resulted from the post World War II arrangements. Even prior to the ratification of the Treaty, the operation of all quadripartite Allied institutions in Germany was suspended, with effect from the reunification of Germany on 3 October 1990 and pending the final ratification of the Two Plus Four Treaty, pursuant to a declaration signed in New York on 1 October 1990 by the foreign ministers of the four Allied Powers, that was witnessed by ministers of the two German states then in existence, and that was appended text of the Two Plus Four Treaty. In accordance with Article 9 of the Two Plus Four Treaty, it entered into force as soon as all ratifications were deposited with the Government of Germany. The last party to ratify the treaty was the Soviet Union, that deposited its instrument of ratification on 15 March 1991.

The terms were modified by the Harris Treaty of 1856.11 Stat. 683; U.S. Treaty Series No. 322; 11 Bevans 982. It was further modified by an agreement in the form of exchange of notes of December 17 and 31, 1867, entered into force January 1, 1868.17 Stat. 807; U.S. Treaty Series No. 323; 11 Bevans 992. This 1833 treaty was replacedArticle XVI of the 1920 treaty states, "The present Treaty shall, from the date of the exchange of ratifications thereof, be substituted in place of the Convention of Amity and Commerce concluded at Bangkok on the 20th day of March, 1833, of the Treaty of Amity and Commerce concluded at Bangkok on the 29th day of May, 1856, and of the Agreement regulating liquor traffic in Siam concluded at Washington on the 14th day of May, 1884,and of all arrangements and agreements subsidiary thereto concluded or existing between the High Contracting Parties, and from the same date, such conventions, treaties, arrangements and agreements shall cease to be binding." in 1921 by a Treaty Sources differ on its name.

In 1902, he began a career with the U.S. Foreign Service as the third secretary of the American embassy in Paris followed by service in Constantinople as second secretary. He was later promoted to secretary and when the legation was changed to an embassy, he continued as secretary until June 1907 when he became Chargé d'Affaires in Tokyo on July 7, 1908 where he received full powers to "exchange ratifications for the protection of inventions, designs trademarks and copyrights." He served in Japan until December 21, 1909 when he was appointed by President William Howard Taft as Consul General to Egypt in Cairo. He presented his credentials on November 28, 1910 and left his post on October 8, 1913. On May 4, 1920, Jay was appointed U.S. Minister to El Salvador by President Woodrow Wilson, serving from February 10, 1921 until April 28, 1921. After being appointed on April 18, 1921 by President Warren G. Harding, he served from June 30, 1921 to May 9, 1925 as U.S. Minister to Romania, where he assisted in negotiating that country's repayment terms of $42,000,0000 for wartime and post World War I development loans.

The Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance was a bilateral treaty between France and the Soviet Union with the aim of enveloping Nazi Germany in 1935 in order to reduce the threat from central Europe. It was pursued by Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet foreign minister, and Louis Barthou, the French foreign minister, who was assassinated in October 1934, before negotiations were finished. His successor, Pierre Laval, was skeptical of both the desirability and the value of an alliance with the Soviet Union. However, after the declaration of German rearmament in March 1935 the French government forced the reluctant foreign minister to complete the arrangements with Moscow that Barthou had begun. The pact was concluded in Paris on May 2, 1935 and ratified by the French government in February 1936. Ratifications were exchanged in Moscow on March 27, 1936, and the pact went into effect on the same day. It was registered in League of Nations Treaty Series on April 18, 1936.League of Nations Treaty Series, vol. 167, pp. 396-406. On May 16, 1935 the Czechoslovak–Soviet Treaty of Alliance was signed between the two states as the consequence of Soviet treaty with France (which was Czechoslovakia's main ally).

Two of these referendums were held on the issue of the United Kingdom's relationship with Europe with the first held on the issue of continued membership of what was known at the time as the European Communities (EC), which was the collective term for the European Coal and Steel Community (ECSC), the European Economic Community (EEC) and the European Atomic Energy Community (EAEC), and was also referred to by many at that time as the "Common Market". This was the 1975 European Communities membership referendum which was held two and a half years after the United Kingdom became a member on 1 January 1973 and was the first national referendum ever to be held within the United Kingdom. The second took place forty-one years later by which time the various European organisations (with the exception of EAEC) had been integrated by subsequent treaty ratifications into the European Union (EU) when the electorate was asked to vote again on the issue of continued membership in the 2016 European Union membership referendum. The 2011 AV referendum on the proposal to use the alternative vote system in parliamentary elections is the only UK-wide referendum that has been held on a domestic issue.