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"polyp" Definitions
  1. (medical) a small mass of cells that develops inside the body, especially in the nose, that is caused by disease but is not usually harmful
  2. a small and very simple sea creature with a body like a tube in shapeTopics Fish and shellfishc2
"polyp" Synonyms
cyst growth lump nodule swelling tumour(UK) tumor(US) anemone coelenterate coral hydra hydroid cancer sarcoma neoplasm carcinoma tumefaction boil carbuncle bump

643 Sentences With "polyp"

How to use polyp in a sentence? Find typical usage patterns (collocations)/phrases/context for "polyp" and check conjugation/comparative form for "polyp". Mastering all the usages of "polyp" from sentence examples published by news publications.

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The GI specialist goes in there, finds the polyp, clips the polyp and removes it.
"If you detect a polyp, you can remove that polyp and prevent a cancer from ever forming," Dr. Chang says.
Under Medicare, a colonoscopy may reveal a polyp at no cost, but removing the polyp changes the procedure from a screening to a diagnostic or therapeutic treatment — and that is not covered.
He claimed the power of prayer healed his colon polyp.
L) up 2 and 2.9 percent respectively, while Polymetal (POLYP.
In 2011, she had surgery on them to remove a polyp.
The coral polyp gains transport across soft bottom habitat as a result.
The AI system significantly increased polyp detection (29 percent compared to 20 percent).
"And she was like 'Oh yea, they found a precancerous polyp,' " Smith explained.
This just-discovered type of polyp spends its life decorating the shells of snails.
But if a polyp develops a few more mutations, cancer can begin to develop.
I looked up polyp and read the facts to reassure us: Polyps can be removed.
"Had you not known, [the polyp] continues to grow and grow and grow," she continued.
These colours come from the symbiotic algae (sometimes called zooxanthellae) that co-exist with the coral polyp.
And scientists thought the species survived the winter only in the polyp stage of their life cycle.
This is the size of one of the most remarkable animals in the world -- the coral polyp.
Risk's polyp was tested for cancer, and a week later, Church called him with the test results.
These colors come from the symbiotic algae (sometimes called zooxanthellae) that co-exist with the coral polyp.
The country singer is on vocal rest following microlaryngeal surgery to remove a polyp from his vocal cords.
"This polyp is attached to a blood vessel, so if you try to remove it, it bleeds," he explained.
Medicare, most notably, requires a 20 percent copayment if a polyp is found during a screening colonoscopy and removed.
These proteins, now famous in biology as tags that show gene expression, were first discovered in medusozoa—non-polyp jellyfish.
The newly-discovered species is particularly rare because they express this green glow around the "mouth" area of the polyp.
" Javid went on to explain that she had "run into all these little problems" with IVF, including "having polyp surgery.
Thermal stress causes the coral polyp to lose its symbiotic algae, which provides valuable nutrients and gives coral its color.
Because it can return to its polyp phase at will, the Turritopsis dohrnii jellyfish is thought to be theoretically immortal.
The polyp images are part of a study to help find ways to protect and conserve coral in the future.
A third, the stool DNA test, looks for telltale genetic material (mutations from a cancer or precancerous polyp) in the stool.
So Risk visited the Cleveland Clinic's main campus, where "they pulled basically a golf-ball-sized polyp out of me," he said.
Colon cancer typically starts as a polyp, or a small group of cells, that continues to grow until it becomes a tumor.
This year&aposs first-place winner is a video of a polyp bursting out of bright green coral like a beating heart.
Most private insurers do not charge patients if a polyp is found during a preventive screening, following Obama administration clarifications on the topic.
This distinguishes them from other green-glowing polyps that otherwise look very similar, giving biologists another way to tell various polyp species apart.
Or the time, a few weeks later, when my gynecologist discovered a polyp that required silver nitrate cauterization to chemically burn the tissue.
The video that took first place in this year's competition shows a polyp bursting out of bright green coral like a beating heart.
Famously, it's the last song recorded before Schwarzenbach underwent throat surgery to remove a polyp that had formed, and the recording shows it.
A very large precancerous polyp, the size of a golf ball, was found that required surgical removal along with 255 percent of her colon.
However, with this option, doctors wouldn't be able to immediately remove a colon polyp, or small clump cells that could develop into cancer, if detected.
Grierson is out for a second consecutive week after having a polyp removed, so we are delighted to welcome the incomparable Christy Lemire, of RogerEbert.
In January, the tests were complete, and though Tina required a small procedure to remove a polyp from her uterus, she was eligible for implantation.
These algae provide much of a polyp's food, but also generate toxins if the temperature gets too high, in which case the polyp throws them out.
MOSCOW (Reuters) - PPF Group, owned by the Czech Republic's richest businessman Petr Kellner, has sold a 4.5% stake in Russian gold and silver producer Polymetal (POLYP.
As the team describe in a paper in Ecology, each polyp then consumes part of a tentacle or of the pulsating umbrella the jellyfish uses to swim.
Corals can, in effect, clone themselves, so a typical polyp is surrounded by—and also attached to—thousands of other polyps that are genetically identical to it.
Later in the clip, however, Smith's physician informs him that the gastroenterologist found a polyp — a precancerous legion — during the procedure, which was removed and sent to the lab.
But at outbreak levels, the starfish are able to eat coral — a polyp that builds the limestone reefs on which they communally live — faster than the coral can reproduce.
Later in the clip, however, Smith's physician informed him that the gastroenterologist found a polyp — a precancerous legion — during the procedure, which was removed and sent to the lab.
A polyp removal might prevent cancer but could mean paying higher insurance rates, because patients who get polyps are at risk for developing more polyps, which can be precursors to cancer.
I had one gastroenterologist's office tell me that she is in-network for a polyp removal but not for a routine colonoscopy, generally a far less lucrative procedure under current insurance rules.
"It was quite a surprise to find predominantly two bacteria between a [healthy] colon and a precancerous polyp," said Cynthia Sears, an infectious-disease specialist at Johns Hopkins who led the study.
But the company in 2004 recalled Vioxx from the market after a colon-polyp prevention study showed it more than doubled the risk of heart attacks or stroke after 18 months of use.
She had her first of two babies vaginally at 27, three years ago, and she didn't get her good-to-go at six weeks, because she'd had minor tearing and a polyp had formed on her stitches.
After the couple decided to try starting a family in summer 2016, Morgan says it took a year for her to finally see a positive test — after undergoing procedures related to remedying issues with her cervix, as well as endometriosis and a polyp in her uterus.
"The exact cause of the decline in the population of golden jellies is not yet understood, but it is clear at present that young [jellyfish] are not surviving very long after release by the bottom-dwelling polyp stage," the foundation wrote in an April Facebook post.
Once, I was with her and only a few other aides and photographers on an aircraft carrier in July 1985, a few days after Reagan had surgery to remove a cancerous polyp in his colon; the White House had assured the public that everything was fine, but Mrs.
Stool tests that examine fecal samples for microscopic amounts of blood and DNA changes, for example, can indicate the presence of a tumor or polyp, but such tests need to be done more frequently and may have to be followed up with a colonoscopy if the result is positive.
Because I have tell you, as it sits, they are far closer to where I have always stood on the political spectrum than anyone who wears an (R) after their name in Congress or pulled the lever for that precancerous orange colon polyp who is about to enter the White House.
For women who are not menstruating and men, however, the most common cause of iron deficiency is gastrointestinal bleeding, which could be a sign of colorectal cancer or a precancerous polyp, or could be caused by ulcers or gastritis related to the use of drugs like aspirin, Dr. Berliner said.
Instead, the 22045mm sea creature sinks to the bottom of the ocean floor, where its body folds in on itself—assuming the jellyfish equivalent of the fetal position—and regenerates back into a baby jellyfish, or polyp, in a rare biological process called transdifferentiation, in which its old cells essentially transform into young cells.
Prior to these observations, which were made from 2011 to 2014, scientists thought that the under sea conditions were too harsh for adult jellies during the winter months, and that this species could only survive under the arctic ice during its stage as a polyp—a formless blob that releases tiny baby medusae in the spring.
Three egg retrievals, two embryo transfers, one polyp removal surgery, and a surgical hysteroscopy to repair a septate uterus — not to mention more ultrasounds, blood tests, and self-administered shots than I care to count — and I still don't have a baby, or even a pregnancy (I did have a chemical pregnancy after my most recent transfer, but that's literally the definition of "a little bit pregnant").
On my 24th birthday, I wanted my nature to meet the nature of the earth, away from the hustle and bustle of civilisation, in a fascinating spot in its depth, mystery and uniqueness: the sea that carries happy stories, such as those that tell the love story of polyp and a tiny plant-like organism called zooxanthellae; the secret behind the colourful corals that are visited by both fish and people from all over the planet.
Eukaryotes contain inorganic polyphosphate (polyP) and acidocalcisomes, which sequester polyP and store amino acids and divalent cations. Gerasimaitė et al. showed that polyP produced in the cytosol of yeast is toxic. Reconstitution of polyP translocation with purified vacuoles, the acidocalcisomes of yeast, showed that cytosolic polyP cannot be imported whereas polyP produced by the vacuolar transporter chaperone (VTC) complex, an endogenous vacuolar polyP polymerase, is efficiently imported and does not interfere with growth.
Pedunculated polyps can be removed by snare polypectomy. When the polyp is identified, a polypectomy snare is passed over the polyp and around the stalk of the polyp. The loop of the snare is then tightened to grip the polyp stalk, and the polyp is pulled away from the wall of the colon. An electric current is then passed through the snare loop to cut through the polyp stalk, providing electrocautery at the same time.
This polyp can remain asexual for extended periods of time. Eventually, the polyp will begin to clone and form a polyp colony. As it continues to acquire nutrients, the colony will develop into an adult medusa.
After a growth interval, the polyp begins reproducing asexually by budding and, in the Scyphozoa, is called a segmenting polyp, or a scyphistoma.
With Cubozoans, the planula settles onto a suitable surface, and develops into a polyp. The cubozoan polyp then eventually metamorphoses directly into a Medusa.
Sanderia malayensis has a complex life cycle with a number of types of asexual reproduction. New polyps can bud off existing polyps, with a moveable stolon developing at the same time on the opposite side of the mother polyp. These stolons may develop a knobbed end, curl up and attach themselves to the substrate, before detaching from the mother polyp and developing into a new polyp. Strobilation of the polyp may occur with ephyrae being formed which separate from the mother polyp.
In the class Anthozoa, comprising the sea anemones and corals, the individual is always a polyp; in the class Hydrozoa, however, the individual may be either a polyp or a medusa, with most species undergoing a life cycle with both a polyp stage and a medusa stage. In class Scyphozoa, the medusa stage is dominant, and the polyp stage may or may not be present, depending on the family. In those scyphozoans that have the larval planula metamorphose into a polyp, the polyp, also called a "scyphistoma," grows until it develops a stack of plate-like medusae that pinch off and swim away in a process known as strobilation. Once strobilation is complete, the polyp may die, or regenerate itself to repeat the process again later.
Incidences and malignancy risks of various types of colorectal polyps, with hyperplastic polyps at bottom left. A hyperplastic polyp is a type of colorectal polyp.
Cervical polyps can be removed using ring forceps. They can also be removed by tying surgical string around the polyp and cutting it off. The remaining base of the polyp can then be removed using a laser or by cauterisation. If the polyp is infected, an antibiotic may be prescribed.
The polyp to cancer progression sequence is the classical model of colorectal cancer pathogenesis. The polyp to cancer sequence describes the phases of transition from benign tumours into colorectal cancer over many years. Central to the polyp to CRC sequence are gene mutations, epigenetic alterations and local inflammatory changes. The polyp to CRC sequence can be used as an underlying framework to illustrate how specific molecular changes lead to various cancer subtypes.
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumor on the surface of the cervical canal. They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding or increased pain but often show no symptoms.
Hydrozoans have two distinct stages in their life, a polyp stage and a medusa stage. The polyp stage is benthic, with the cells forming colonies, while the medusa stage is a singular, planktonic organism. Generally in hydrozoa the medusa develops from the asexual budding of the polyp and the polyp results from sexual reproduction of medusae. In T. nutricula, planktonic medusa have the capability to bud polyps or medusae which also have the ability to spawn new medusae.
A cervical polyp is a common benign polyp or tumour on the surface of the cervical canal. They can cause irregular menstrual bleeding but often show no symptoms. Treatment consists of simple removal of the polyp and prognosis is generally good. About 1% of cervical polyps will show neoplastic change which may lead to cancer.
Retrieved on 10 January 2013 Most polyps are only millimetres in diameter and feed continuously. The polyp stage may last for years. After an interval and stimulated by seasonal or hormonal changes, the polyp may begin reproducing asexually by budding and, in the Scyphozoa, is called a segmenting polyp, or a scyphistoma. Budding produces more scyphistomae and also ephyrae.
A larva metamorphoses into a small polyp termed the scyphistoma.
Diagram showing a coral polyp, its corallite, coenosarc and coenosteum Astrangia coral; Down : view of the skeleton of the whole colony, showing all the coralittes. A corallite is the skeletal cup, formed by an individual stony coral polyp, in which the polyp sits and into which it can retract. The cup is composed of aragonite, a crystalline form of calcium carbonate, and is secreted by the polyp. Corallites vary in size, but in most colonial corals they are less than in diameter.
Polyphosphate (PolyP) is an inorganic polymer made from phosphate subunits. It typically exists in its deprotonated form, and can form salts with physiological metal cations like Ca2+, Sr2+, and Mg2+. When salted to these metals, it can selectively induce bone regeneration (Ca-PolyP), bone hardening (Sr-PolyP), or cartilage regeneration (Mg-PolyP) depending on the metal to which it is salted. This smart ability to attenuate the kind of tissue regenerated in response to different metal cations makes it a promising polymer for biomedical applications.
A colorectal polyp is a polyp (fleshy growth) occurring on the lining of the colon or rectum. Untreated colorectal polyps can develop into colorectal cancer. Colorectal polyps are often classified by their behaviour (i.e. benign vs.
Polyp is identified, snare is passed over stalk and polyp is then removed Endoscopic polypectomy has been carried out since the early 1970s by both endoscopic snare removal and fulguration of polyps with hot biopsy forceps.
Reproduction in P. punctata is unique. In the initial stage of life – the polyp stage – the polyp is asexual. It reproduces by multiplying itself various times; creating a larger hatch than the original the mother had created.
Galaxea acrhelia is a large polyp stony coral in the family Euphylliidae.
Asterios Polyp is a 2009 graphic novel by American cartoonist David Mazzucchelli.
Such polyp dimorphism has been reported in three other species of hydroid.
Histology of nasal polyp, magnification 25x (H&E; stain) On histologic examination, nasal polyps consist of hyperplastic edematous (excess fluid) connective tissue with some seromucous glands and cells representing inflammation (mostly neutrophils and eosinophils). Polyps have virtually no neurons. Therefore, the tissue that makes up the polyp does not have any tissue sensation and the polyp itself will not be painful. In early stages, the surface of the nasal polyp is covered by normal respiratory epithelium, but later it undergoes metaplastic change to squamous type epithelium with the constant irritation and inflammation.
Once in the polyp stage, the scyphistomae undergoes a series of 2-,4-,8-,and 16- tentacled stages of development, each representing a difference in the overall shape of the calyx and symmetry amongst tentacles. When the polyp is mature, with 30-44 tentacles present, asexual proliferation occurs via side budding, one bud per polyp, and strobilating. During strobilation, the polyp is lengthened and thinned while tentacles are shortened and thickened, and mature ephraye are released. When ephraye are released, a cruciform mouth is present with nematocyst batteries scattered throughout.
PolyP synthesis and import require an electrochemical gradient, probably as a (partial) driving force for polyP translocation. VTC exposes its catalytic domain to the cytosol and has nine vacuolar transmembrane segments (TMSs). Mutations in the VTC transmembrane regions, which may constitute the translocation channel, block not only polyP translocation but also synthesis. Since these mutations are far from the cytosolic catalytic domain of VTC, this suggests that the VTC complex obligatorily couples synthesis of polyP to its vesicular import in order to avoid toxic intermediates in the cytosol.
Unlike other cnidarians, anemones (and other Anthozoa) entirely lack the free-swimming medusa stage of the life cycle; the polyp produces eggs and sperm, and the fertilized egg develops into a planula that develops directly into another polyp.
Scyphozoa populations are increasing with the warming climate and warmer ocean temperatures. Studies suggest that warmer winter temperatures allow for a longer strobilation period and subsequently higher ephyra production per polyp, higher percentages of polyp strobilation, and higher polyp survival rate. Polyps will be more successful in warmer temperatures but not in extreme temperatures. C. hysoscella are predicted to migrate further northwards to maintain ideal conditions.
An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a polyp or lesion in the lining of the uterus (endometrium) that takes up space within the uterine cavity. Commonly occurring, they are experienced by up to 10% of women. They may have a large flat base (sessile) or be attached to the uterus by an elongated pedicle (pedunculated). Pedunculated polyps are more common than sessile ones.
Many members of the Hydrozoa go through a body change from a polyp to an adult form called a medusa, which is usually the life stage where sexual reproduction occurs, but Hydra do not progress beyond the polyp phase.
Isopora is a genus of small polyp stony coral in the phylum Cnidaria.
Hydnophora is a genus of large polyp stony corals in the family Merulinidae.
There have been many experiments resulting supporting hypothesis that heat stress in Acropora tenuis juvenile polyp provoke an up-regulation of protein in the endoplasmic reticulum. The results vary based on the polyp characteristics such as age, type, and growth stage.
Acrozoanthus is a monototypic genus of soft coral, anthozoans in the family Zoanthidae. It is represented by a single species, Acrozoanthus australiae, which is also known by the common names stick polyp, tree stick polyp, tree anemone, and encrusting stick anemone.
The fertilized egg becomes a polyp which is produced through the process of budding (strobilation). The polyp like stage (known as a scyphistoma) of development starts out as a coronate scyphistoma. It then becomes a semaeostome, followed by a rhizostome scyphistoma.
Underside. The fan-shaped segments can break off and form a new polyp, a form of asexual reproduction. Cycloseris distorta is a solitary, free-living coral that grows to a diameter of about . The large polyp is irregular in shape and has a central mouth from which radiate wedge-shaped segments. The corallite (the stony cup in which the polyp sits) has numerous beaded septa (partitions) of varying heights.
At times of stress, another form of asexual reproduction takes place that may allow some of the polyps to survive even though the parent colony dies. This has been termed "polyp bail-out" and involves growth of the coenosarc (the living tissue covering the skeleton) to isolate the polyp, detachment of the polyp, and settlement of the polyp on the seabed followed by its attachment and growth of a new skeleton. In the laboratory, about 5% of these polyps survived to found a new colony. This coral exhibits a high growth rate, high reproductive output and short life-span.
It is later expelled and settles to the bottom where it undergoes metamorphosis into a polyp about long with four, knob- tipped tentacles surrounding a mouth. This may produce further polyps by budding and these creep across the substrate before attaching themselves. The oral end of each polyp later differentiates into a proto-medusa which detaches itself from the base of the polyp to become a juvenile medusa and complete the life cycle.
Many corals extend their tentacles at night to catch zooplankton that pass near. Zooplankton provide the polyp with nitrogen, and the polyp shares some of the nitrogen with the zooxanthellae, which also require this element.Castro, Peter and Huber, Michael (2000) Marine Biology. 3rd ed.
Once attached the planula larva starts metamorphosis and becomes a polyp. This polyp will reproduce asexually, most commonly using budding, and producing ephryae which mature into a medusa to begin the life cycle process over again. Scyphozoans and Drymonema species alternate between sexual and asexual reproduction stages.
In colonial species, this initial polyp then repeatedly divides asexually, to give rise to the entire colony.
It is an almost universal attribute of polyps to reproduce asexually by the method of budding. This mode of reproduction may be combined with sexual reproduction, or may be the sole method by which the polyp produces offspring, in which case the polyp is entirely without sexual organs.
This hydroid consists of a single polyp on a tapering stalk which arises from sand or gravel. The colouration is translucent white or pale pink and the stem has pale lines that run longitudinally from the base to where it joins the polyp. The polyp size is relatively large and bends over towards one side, this feature is responsible for the hydroid's name (nutans is Latin for nodding). Typically there are 30 to 40 long, thin tentacles surrounding approximately 80 shorter, finer ones.
Cnidarian sexual reproduction often involves a complex life cycle with both polyp and medusa stages. For example, in Scyphozoa (jellyfish) and Cubozoa (box jellies) a larva swims until it finds a good site, and then becomes a polyp. This grows normally but then absorbs its tentacles and splits horizontally into a series of disks that become juvenile medusae, a process called strobilation. The juveniles swim off and slowly grow to maturity, while the polyp re-grows and may continue strobilating periodically.
A colony of Blastomussa wellsi consists of a small group of corallites each with its own fleshy polyp. The mantle extends from the polyp over the corallite wall and obscures the underlying skeletal structure. The corallites are in diameter. The septa have small blunt teeth and are not arranged in orders.
B. elegans is a solitary species of cup coral. The polyps are mostly bright orange and about in diameter, though a yellow form also exists. The polyp is large and fleshy with tapering tentacles bearing groups of stinging cells. The polyp can almost completely retract into its stony corallite cup.
These will move along the body either upwards above the hypostome or downwards into the column of the polyp. RFamide-immunoreactive neurons demonstrate neurons used for sensory purposes. C. multicornis have less of these neurons than the GLWamide-immnoreactive neurons. These exist in the adult polyp form in the tentacles.
Most polyps are benign and do not need to be removed. Surgical removal of the gallbladder (cholecystectomy) is recommended when a gallbladder polyp larger than 1 cm is found, even if the person has no symptoms clearly related to the polyp. Laparoscopic surgery is an option for small or solitary polyps.
The polyp can then be retrieved using the snare or an endoscopy basket, and removed by withdrawing the colonoscope.
Inflammatory fibroid polyp (IFP) is a benign abnormal growth of tissue projecting into the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract.
"Ectopleura Larynx." Anima Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology. These larvae develop directly into a new polyp.
Colonic polypectomy is the removal of colorectal polyps in order to prevent them from turning cancerous. Method of removing a polyp with a snare Gastrointestinal polyps can be removed endoscopically through colonoscopy or esophagogastroduodenoscopy, or surgically if the polyp is too large to be removed endoscopically. The method used to perform colonic polypectomies during colonoscopy depends on the size, shape and histological type of the polyp to be removed. Prior to performing polypectomy, polyps can be biopsied and examined histologically to determine the need to perform polypectomy.
From the obcells' dependence on polyP and pyrophosphate for energy, their metabolism did not rely on oxidative phosphorylation or photophosphorylation. These processes were too complex for the simple nature of obcells. Cavalier-Smith calls the obcells' phosphorylation of these minerals for energy "lithophosphorylation", which is simple and possible from the existence of kinases that could catalyze polyP- binding proteins and pyrophosphate-binding proteins. From this, it is likely that obcells had these kinases on their surfaces to react with these external polyP-binding and pyrophosphate proteins.
D. hemprichi ingests phytoplankton through the process of passive suspension filter feeding. The anatomy of each polyp plays a role in optimizing the coral’s ability to filter nutrients. As an octocoral, each polyp contains eight tentacles with pinnules lining the tentacles, thus increasing surface area to maximize filtration.Grossowicz, M. & Benayahu, Y. 2012.
Based on the high concentration of phosphate in the Earth's crust, the universal metabolism of pyrophosphate and polyP in modern cells, the ability to form phosphates abiotically, and its simplicity compared to nucleotides and nucleic acids, replication probably began on phosphate-rich mineral surfaces and involved phosphate related enzymes. Replicases are necessary for the genetic code to have existed, so Cavalier- Smith argues that "polyP kinases and pyrophosphate kinases may have been among the earliest protein-coded catalysts." If these did exist, then polyP-binding proteins would have been the most useful source of energy for the obcells. Due to its anionic properties, it is quite plausible that while immersed in the nucleotide and nucleic acid rich environment, polyP-binding proteins could have polymerized with these substances.
The ephyrae, usually only a millimeter or two across initially, swim away from the polyp and grow. Limnomedusae polyps can asexually produce a creeping frustule larval form, which crawls away before developing into another polyp. A few species can produce new medusae by budding directly from the medusan stage. Some hydromedusae reproduce by fission.
The most common missed lesion is within the nasal cavity, where a fibrosed nasal polyp may be considered. However, it does not have glial tissue. Further, a polyp usually has mucoserous glands. The lesion is frequently misinterpreted as scar in the subcutaneous tissues, but scar in a < 2-year-old child would be uncommon.
An endometrial polyp or uterine polyp is a mass in the inner lining of the uterus. They may have a large flat base (sessile) or be attached to the uterus by an elongated pedicle (pedunculated). Pedunculated polyps are more common than sessile ones. They range in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters.
The polyp colony reproduces asexually. During this stage of life, Obelia are confined to substrate surfaces. On mature colonies there are individual hydranths called gastrozooids, which can be found expanded or contracted, to aid in the growth of this organism by feeding; the reproductive polyp gonozooids have medusa buds. Other hydranths are specialized for defence.
D. axifuga has large polyps that possess a wide, flat, circular disk that is usually light brown or green in color, and is usually patterned by faint stripes or darker or lighter color. The tentacles of an average polyp are thin and are usually colored brown or green similar to the disk color. The tentacles have rows of stinging cells called nematocysts, and generally produce a sticky sensation when touched. An individual polyp resembles a miniature sea anemone although the diameter of each polyp can only reach a diameter of .
The spicules containing the basal portion of the upper tentacular part of the polyp of some soft corals (also called calice).
However, the ecology of the polyp life stage is not well understood in most jellyfish species. Many polyps are difficult to sample due to their fragility. There have been calls for future research to focus on the ecology of both the medusae and the polyp life stages to better understand bloom dynamics throughout the organisms' entire lifespans.
CT scan can show the full extent of the polyp, which may not be fully appreciated with physical examination alone. Imaging is also required for planning surgical treatment. On a CT scan, a nasal polyp generally has an attenuation of 10–18 Hounsfield units, which is similar to that of mucus. Nasal polyps may have calcification.
Each polyp is a sac-like animal typically only a few millimeters in diameter and a few centimeters in height. A set of tentacles surround a central mouth opening. Each polyp excretes an exoskeleton near the base. Over many generations, the colony thus creates a skeleton characteristic of the species which can measure up to several meters in size.
F. curvatum is a small, solitary coral growing to a height of some . The slit-like mouth of the fleshy polyp is surrounded by a whorl of tentacles. The polyp secretes the corallum, the stony skeleton which supports it. In this species, the corallum is not attached to the seabed, but may be semi-immersed in soft sediment.
The planulae are free-swimming for a while but eventually attach themselves to some solid surface, where they begin their reproductive phase of life. Once attached to a substrate, a planula quickly develops into one feeding polyp. As the polyp grows, it begins developing branches of other feeding individuals, thus forming a new generation of polyps by asexual budding.
Virtual colonoscopy does not allow therapeutic maneuvers such as polyp and tumour removal or biopsy, nor visualization of lesions smaller than 5 millimeters; if a growth or polyp is detected using CT colonography, it would require removal during a standard colonoscopy. Surgeons have used the term pouchoscopy to refer to a colonoscopy of the ileo-anal pouch.
The gold standard of early detection of colon polyp/cancer is the invasive colonoscopy, but with high expense about $557, while tumor marker M2-PK Test expense only about $15-$25. The invasive colonoscopy makes acceptance of it low among patients, so relatively cheap non-invasive M2-PK Test is a good choice for detection early polyp/cancer.
Sea nettles have no excretory or respiratory organs. Each sea nettle is either in a free-swimming stage or a polyp stage. The free-swimming stage, or medusa stage reproduces sexually, and the polyp stage reproduces asexually. The Atlantic sea nettle is a bell-shaped invertebrate, usually semi-transparent and with small, white dots and reddish- brown stripes.
The most common presentation is vaginal bleeding. Other presentations include pelvic mass and uterine polyp. Generally, the clinical findings are non-specific.
Scolymia, commonly called Scoly coral, is a genus of large polyp stony corals. Members of this genus are sometimes found in reef aquariums.
During polyp stage, the oral surface is oriented upwards, but during medusa stage the oral surface is oriented downwards for more efficient mobility.
Simplastrea is a monotypic genus of large polyp stony coral from the Indian Ocean. It is represented by a single species, Simplastrea vesicularis.
The adults have gonads in the gastroderm, and these release ova and sperm into the water in the breeding season. This phenomenon of succession of differently organized generations (one asexually reproducing, sessile polyp, followed by a free-swimming medusa or a sessile polyp that reproduces sexually)Vernon A. Harris (1990). "Hydroids". Sessile animals of the sea shore. Springer. p. 223, .
Polyp colonies are essentially considered immortal; as long as they receive the proper nutrients, they can continuously replace their old parts and expand across their substrate. In addition to the feeding gastrozooids, a mature polyp colony has reproductive gonozooids that produce baby medusa by budding. These medusa reach maturity after 2–3 weeks. Like most Cnidarians, Clytia has relatively simple morphology.
Budding can be intratentacular, from its oral discs, producing same-sized polyps within the ring of tentacles, or extratentacular, from its base, producing a smaller polyp. Division forms two polyps that each become as large as the original. Longitudinal division begins when a polyp broadens and then divides its coelenteron (body), effectively splitting along its length. The mouth divides and new tentacles form.
The planula then attaches to a hermit crab shell and subsequently undergoes metamorphosis to turn into a single polyp with extending stolons. During metamorphosis, cell proliferation, differentiation, and migration occur. Metamorphosis is triggered by unknown cues from bacteria found on the hermit crab shell. After metamorphosis, the single polyp grows and extends its stolonal network and can reach adult size fairly quickly.
It uses its chelae alternately, gathering a polyp with one claw while it feeds on a polyp held in the other. It has been observed to gather and consume ten polyps in a minute. It also feeds on organisms encrusting the leaf blades of turtle grass (Thalassia testudinum). When threatened it often hides beneath the extended tentacles of the sun anemone (Stichodactyla helianthus).
Reproduction in Z. sociatus is mainly asexual although sexual reproduction may happen as well. There is extratentacular budding, which is the creation of a new polyp from an old polyp, and fission, a new fragment in formed. The size of a fragment is also controlled by the increasing rate of mortality with decreasing fragment size. A colony is generally genetically the same.
Although treatments such as hysteroscopy usually cure the polyp concerned, recurrence of endometrial polyps is frequent. Untreated, small polyps may regress on their own.
The polyp has a maximum diameter of and is usually golden brown or greenish-brown, sometimes with a green or transparent white oral disc.
Acropora latistella is a species of Acropora polyp coral found in tropical reefs in the Indo-Pacific Ocean from depths ranging from 3 – 20 meters.
People with juvenile polyps may require yearly upper and lower endoscopies with polyp excision and cytology. Their siblings may also need to be screened regularly.
These grow larger, and after a series of moults have twenty-two tentacles. They develop cysts from which new polyps known as ephyrae grow. These develop transverse constrictions and separate from the original polyp by strobilation. The scyphistomae can strobilate several times and in a study it was estimated that one founder polyp could produce up to sixty ephyrae in a period of four months.
The non- retractable polyps are tubular in shape and are mostly on the secondary branches. The eight tentacles on each polyp can be retracted into the polyp body. The polyps are about long, the basal part being while and the tentacular part salmon pink. The holdfast and basal part of the stalk are white while the rest of the stalk and the branches are pink.
In moon jellies, the eggs lodge in pits on the oral arms, which form a temporary brood chamber for the developing planula larvae. The planula is a small larva covered with cilia. When sufficiently developed, it settles onto a firm surface and develops into a polyp. The polyp generally consists of a small stalk topped by a mouth that is ringed by upward-facing tentacles.
In 1955 she isolated an enzyme from E. coli bacteria that synthesized PolyP and named it polyphosphate kinase (PPK). This was the second example of enzymatic catalysis of a polymer. Arthur Kornberg returned to the study of PolyP in his later research years, after Sylvy's passing. In 1959, the Kornbergs moved to California, where Arthur had accepted a position as chief of biochemistry at Stanford University.
The planula remain free-living for a short time, after which they settle onto hard substrate and then complete metamorphosis to become its adult form. During metamorphosis, the species destroys most of its endoderm and ectoderm tissues as it undergoes a massive reorganization of its body. In this form it stays attached to a substrate as a polyp. Features on the polyp include a mouth and tentacles.
The basic body form of an anthozoan is the polyp. This consists of a tubular column topped by a flattened area, the oral disc, with a central mouth; a whorl of tentacles surrounds the mouth. In solitary individuals, the base of the polyp is the foot or pedal disc, which adheres to the substrate, while in colonial polyps, the base links to other polyps in the colony. Anatomy of a stony coral polyp The mouth leads into a tubular pharynx which descends for some distance into the body before opening into the coelenteron, otherwise known as the gastrovascular cavity, that occupies the interior of the body.
An otic polyp is a benign proliferation of chronic inflammatory cells associated with granulation tissue, in response to a longstanding inflammatory process of the middle ear.
Both increased substrate and nitrogen concentration in harbors favor higher polyp population densities. Jellyfish also thrive in dammed areas because they are more tolerant to variable salinity.
Lobophyllia, commonly called lobed brain coral or lobo coral, is a genus of large polyp stony corals. Members of this genus are sometimes found in reef aquariums.
Scolymia lacera is a coral with a single, solitary polyp and does not increase in size by budding as do colonial species of coral. It is a small species with a diameter of up to . The radially-running ridges in the stony cup which it secretes can be seen through the fleshy body of the polyp. Its colour is variable and is usually some shade of greenish-brown.
Many cnidarian species produce colonies that are single organisms composed of medusa-like or polyp- like zooids, or both (hence they are trimorphic). Cnidarians' activities are coordinated by a decentralized nerve net and simple receptors. Several free- swimming species of Cubozoa and Scyphozoa possess balance-sensing statocysts, and some have simple eyes. Not all cnidarians reproduce sexually, with many species having complex life cycles of asexual polyp stages and sexual medusae.
Diploria labyrinthiformis, a brain coral The skeleton of an individual scleractinian polyp is known as a corallite. It is secreted by the epidermis of the lower part of the body, and initially forms a cup surrounding this part of the polyp. The interior of the cup contains radially aligned plates, or septa, projecting upwards from the base. Each of these plates is flanked by a pair of mesenteries.
Most are unsuccessful and die or are fed upon by zooplankton and bottom dwelling predators such as anemones and other corals. However, untold millions are produced, and a few do succeed in locating spots of bare limestone, where they settle and transform by growth into a polyp. All things being favorable, the single polyp grows into a coral head by budding off new polyps to form a colony.
Uterine polyps They often cause no symptoms. Where they occur, symptoms include irregular menstrual bleeding, bleeding between menstrual periods, excessively heavy menstrual bleeding (menorrhagia), and vaginal bleeding after menopause. Bleeding from the blood vessels of the polyp contributes to an increase of blood loss during menstruation and blood "spotting" between menstrual periods, or after menopause. If the polyp protrudes through the cervix into the vagina, pain (dysmenorrhea) may result.
Leptosammia pruvoti partially retracted Leptopsammia pruvoti is a solitary stony coral and superficially resembles a sea anemone. The polyp sits in a calcareous cup, wider at the base than the top, which varies in shape from cylindrical and short to conical and long. It grows to a height of about and a diameter of . The polyp is yellow or orange with about ninety-six long, translucent yellow tentacles.
Blastomussa is a genus of large polyp stony corals. It is unclear in which family this genus belongs. Members of this genus are sometimes found in reef aquariums.
Leaf plate montipora (Montipora capricornis), also known as vase coral, cap coral, or plating montipora, is a type of small polyp stony (SPS) coral in the family Acroporidae.
Since C. hemisphaerica passes through planula, polyp, and medusa stages during its life cycle, it is regarded as a good model for studying how one genome can produce variable phenotypes. This is especially useful when considering that two of the more common Cnidarian model organisms, Hydra and Nematostella, do not have the same “complete’ life-cycle that alternates between a vegetative polyp and sexually reproducing, free-swimming medusa form. Clytia has characteristics that make it favorable for laboratory culture and experimental manipulation. All stages of Clytia’s life cycle can be reproduced under laboratory conditions; polyp colonies, due to their essentially immortal nature, are easily maintained, and adult medusa can be fed with Artemia larvae.
Like other Scyphozoans, Chrysaora hysoscella undergo metamorphosis as the organism develops and experiences a polyp and then medusa form. Females release planular larvae which swim to find a suitable place to settle. The planulae attach to a benthic substrate and develop into a sessile polyp which releases immature medusae through asexual reproduction called strobilation. Chrysaora hysoscella function as a male upon maturity and then develop female gametes, meaning this organism is protandrously hermaphroditic.
Reproduction in corals takes place when gametes are released into the water. The fertilized egg develops into a planula larva which forms part of the zooplankton and drifts with the current. After passing through a number of larval stages this settles on the sea bed and undergoes metamorphosis into a polyp. The base of this secretes the calcium carbonate skeleton and the polyp founds a new colony, producing new polyps by budding.
Taiaroa tauhou has a tall, cylindrical body held in place in soft substrate by numerous filaments attached to the base. The anthocodia, the upper part of the polyp bearing the eight pinnate tentacles and the mouth, can be fully retracted back into the anthostele, the rigid, lower part of the polyp. The anthostele is strengthened by spindle-shaped calcareous sclerites and has eight longitudinal ridges. It comprises more than half of the polyp's length.
Some polyps are tumors (neoplasms) and others are non- neoplastic, for example hyperplastic or dysplastic. The neoplastic ones are usually benign, although some can be pre-malignant, or concurrent with a malignancy. The name is of ancient origin, in use in English from about 1400 for a nasal polyp, from Latin polypus through Greek. The animal of similar appearance called polyp is attested from 1742, although the word was earlier used for an octopus.
While this sea anemone can reproduce sexually, it normally reproduces asexually by longitudinal fission. The asexual process is where a new polyp develops from a portion of the original polyp after pulling away (anemone splits in half). In many localities, there is little or no genetic variability between individual polyps as they are all clones of each other. This leads to a situation where apparently thriving populations can suddenly vanish from a locality.
Siphonophrentis gigantea was aquatic, like all coral. It is part of the phylum Cnidaria, and possessed a polyp that lived inside of its calyx. It had a limestone skeleton (the only part that survives fossilization) covered with soft tissue, and would have anchored themselves by the apical end to the sea bed, while the tentacles of the polyp caught prey. According to one study, Siphonophrentis gigantea may have been a deep-water species of coral.
Cnidarian species are found in one of two body forms: the polyp and the medusae. Some alternate between these two forms during their life cycle. In the case of Aiptasia, and all anthozoans, the body form is the polyp. The body is composed of a pedal disc with which Aiptasia attaches to the substrate, a smooth and elongated body column and an oral disc which bears the mouth and long stinging tentacles.
Overall height 80-100mm, diameter of the polyp and tentacles about 20mm.Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016). Corymorpha nutans M Sars, 1835. [In] Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland.
Sessile serrated adenomas were first described in 1996. In 2019, the World Health Organization recommended the use of the term "sessile serrated lesion," rather than sessile serrated polyp or adenoma.
Diagram showing a coral polyp, its corallite, coenosarc and coenosteum Scleractinian corals may be solitary or colonial. Colonies can reach considerable size, consisting of a large number of individual polyps.
Reproduction of Dendronephthya hemprichi (Cnidaria: Octocorallia): year-round spawning in an azooxanthellate soft coral. Marine Biology. 129: 573. The smallest unit of this coral, like all other corals, is a polyp.
Since it is a colonial coral, the polyp then goes through asexual reproduction to form more polyps, expanding the size of the coral colony and increasing the number of coral polyps.
Oxypora glabra is a species of large polyp stony coral in the family Lobophylliidae. It is a colonial coral with thin encrusting laminae. It is native to the central Indo-Pacific.
The whitish polyps are tinged with red. Each polyp has ten to eighteen slender, filiform tentacles at its base and up to twelve tentacles with knobbed tips surrounding its terminal mouth.
Once the proper external cue is received, the planula stops swimming and attaches itself to a substrate via its aboral or aboral-lateral pole (what was previously the front end of the swimming planula). After attaching itself to a substrate, the planula contracts along its oral–aboral axis and so forms a flattened holdfast to anchor itself to the substrate. Once the planula is securely on its substrate, a stalk grows out of the holdfast and, eventually, a hydranth, also known as a gastrozooid (an individual polyp specializing in feeding) forms on the anterior end of the stalk. At this stage, the planula is now considered a primary polyp, and this polyp can propagate vegetatively by extending its stolon to form a connected colony of multiple polyps.
Stony corals are members of the class Anthozoa and like other members of the group, do not have a medusa stage in their life cycle. The individual animals are known as polyps and have a cylindrical body crowned by an oral disc surrounded by a ring of tentacles. The base of the polyp secretes the stony material from which the coral skeleton is formed. The body wall of the polyp consists of mesoglea sandwiched between two layers of epidermis.
Anatomy of a stony coral polyp For most of their life corals are sessile animals of colonies of genetically identical polyps. Each polyp varies from millimeters to centimeters in diameter, and colonies can be formed from many million individual polyps. Stony coral, also known as hard coral, polyps produce a skeleton composed of calcium carbonate to strengthen and protect the organism. This is deposited by the polyps and by the coenosarc, the living tissue that connects them.
Basal plates (calices) of Orbicella annularis showing multiplication by budding (small central plate) and division (large double plate) Within a coral head, the genetically identical polyps reproduce asexually, either by budding (gemmation) or by dividing, whether longitudinally or transversely. Budding involves splitting a smaller polyp from an adult. As the new polyp grows, it forms its body parts. The distance between the new and adult polyps grows, and with it, the coenosarc (the common body of the colony).
The adult polyp has six long, hollow primary tentacles interspersed with six short, stiffer tentacles that break easily. The transparent bubble of the polyp is almost a hemisphere, with a diameter of 35 to 80 mm. The dense, gelatinous pedunculus ("stalk") is cone-to-trumpet-shaped and about the same length as the diameter of the bell. Muscles form six bands along the pedunculus and allow them to move back and forth or to pull together.
A thecate hydroid with a hydrotheca long enough to enclose the hydranth, feeding polyp, when fully contracted. The bell or goblet shaped hydrotheca lacks an operculum, but contains a diaphragm at the base and changes to a brown color over time. The rim of the hydrotheca is smooth or softly toothed and can be used to distinguish O. dichotoma from other Obelia species. O. dichotoma polyp heigh ranges from 215-300 μm and diameter from 210-275 μm.
Surgery may be used as a treatment when there is a vocal lesion such as nodule or polyp that is causing the MTD. There is little utility to surgery in primary MTD.
Blastomussa wellsi is a species of large polyp stony coral. It is unclear in which family the genus Blastomussa belongs. This coral is found in the west and central Indo-Pacific region.
Gyrosmilia is a monotypic genus of large polyp stony coral. It is represented by a single speceies, Gyrosmilia interrupta . It was first described by Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg in 1834 as Manicina interruptai.
Serrated lesions range in size from small (<5 mm) to large, and often have a "mucous cap" overlying the polyp. Serrated lesions are frequently located on the folds of the colon (haustral folds).
The life history of hydrozoans typically has a larval, polyp stage and a bell-shaped medusa stage. In Hydrichthys, the polyp has no tentacles but develops a root-like stolon which it thrusts through the skin of its host, usually a fish, to suck the blood and body fluids. During the medusa stage, Hydrichthys lives independently in the ocean. In one species, Hydrichthys sarcotretis, parasitism is taken a stage further when the hydrozoan attaches itself to the copepod Cardiodectes medusaeus.
The polyps of Heteroxenia fuscescens grow to form large clumping colonies up to across. Its polyp stalks are approximately long, each stalk ending in a ring of large feathery pinnate tentacles, eight per polyp, as is typical of octocorals Polyps pulsate rhythmically around 40 times/ minute, moving their tentacles in a "pumping" or "pulsating" fashion. The function of this pulsing is not fully understood. Some hypotheses include creating a current to assist feeding, respiration, and helping to dispose of waste and detritus.
Unlike jellyfish, sea anemones do not have a medusa stage in their life cycle. A typical sea anemone is a single polyp attached to a hard surface by its base, but some species live in soft sediment and a few float near the surface of the water. The polyp has a columnar trunk topped by an oral disc with a ring of tentacles and a central mouth. The tentacles can be retracted inside the body cavity or expanded to catch passing prey.
Alternatively, polyps may bud off from a sheet of living tissue, the coenosarc, which joins the polyps and anchors the colony to the substrate. The coenosarc may consist of a thin membrane from which the polyps project, as in most stony corals, or a thick fleshy mass in which the polyps are immersed apart from their oral discs, as in the soft corals. The skeleton of a stony coral in the order Scleractinia is secreted by the epidermis of the lower part of the polyp; this forms a corallite, a cup- shaped hollow made of calcium carbonate, in which the polyp sits. In colonial corals, following growth of the polyp by budding, new corallites are formed, with the surface of the skeleton being covered by a layer of coenosarc.
The cnidome may have stenoteles. Trachymedusae reproduce sexually during the medusae stage lacking a polyp stage. Primarily found in the deep ocean, where they are recorded at depths of seventy to two thousand metres.
If symptoms are present, then removal of the polyp (polypectomy) is warranted. Recurrence of polyps following removal is relatively common. Unlike juvenile polyposis syndrome, solitary juvenile polyps do not require follow up with surveillance colonoscopy.
The lesion presents in young patients, so the differential for a "polyp", especially when the lymphoid component is crushed or dominant, would include a rhabdomyosarcoma, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and a neuroendocrine adenoma of the middle ear.
This is initially extratentacular budding, taking place at the side of the polyp, but at a later stage in the development of the colony, the budding is intratentacular, taking place within the ring of tentacles.
The polyp will then slowly pull the prey towards its mouth and digest it. Once the soft tissues are dissolved, the undigested pieces of the prey (e.g. spines) are regurgitated. Small prey are swallowed whole.
Copious production of mucous causes loss of potassium that can occasionally result in symptomatic hypokalemia. Occasionally, if a polyp is big enough to cause a bowel obstruction, there may be nausea, vomiting and severe constipation.
Tube-dwelling anemones or ceriantharians look very similar to sea anemones but belong to an entirely different class of anthozoans. They are solitary, living buried in soft sediments. Tube anemones live inside and can withdraw into tubes, which are composed of a fibrous material made from secreted mucus and threads of nematocyst-like organelles known as ptychocysts. Within the tubes of these ceriantharians, more than one polyp is present, which is an exceptional trait because species that create tube systems usually contain only one polyp per tube.
Thus it is seen that a polyp is an animal of very simple structure, a living fossil that has not changed significantly for about half a billion years (per generally accepted dating of Cambrian sedimentary rock). The external form of the polyp varies greatly in different cases. The column may be long and slender, or may be so short in the vertical direction that the body becomes disk-like. The tentacles may number many hundreds or may be very few, in rare cases only one or two.
Brooding anemone (Epiactis prolifera) with developing young Unlike other cnidarians, anemones (and other anthozoans) entirely lack the free-swimming medusal stage of their lifecycle; the polyp produces eggs and sperm, and the fertilized egg develops into a planula larva which develops directly into another polyp. Both sexual and asexual reproduction can occur. The sexes in sea anemones are separate in some species, while other species are sequential hermaphrodites, changing sex at some stage in their life. The gonads are strips of tissue within the mesenteries.
Sun corals belong to a group of corals known as large-polyp stony corals. This means that while they produce a hard skeleton, they do not build reefs.Hawaii Coral Reef Network. 2005. Family Dendrophyllidae: Cup Corals.
Orange cup coral (Tubastraea coccinea) belongs to a group of corals known as large-polyp stony corals. This non-reef building coral extends beautiful translucent tentacles at night.Hawaii Coral Reef Network. 2005. Family Dendrophyllidae: Cup Corals.
A new polyp is usually formed within 14 days. The new polyps are clones of the original Aiptasia. Aiptasia diaphana can produce both male and female offspring through asexual reproduction. Some clones even develop into hermaphrodites.
It seems to share few morphological features with the other families and probably belongs elsewhere. The inclusion of Microhydrulidae is also dubious. The medusa stage is not known and the tiny polyp has no tentacles nor mouth.
Dactylotrochus is a genus of large polyp stony corals from the Red Sea and western Pacific Ocean. It is monotypic with a single species, Dactylotrochus cervicornis. It inhabits the deep sea and is believed to be azooxanthellate.
Rhacostoma is a genus of aequoreid hydrozoans. It is monotypic with a single species, Rhacostoma atlanticum. It has been reported from the Atlantic coastline of North America, Colombia, western and central Africa. The polyp stage is unknown.
Turritopsis nutricula in any point of the medusa stage has the ability to transform back into its polyp stage. T. nutricula is the first known metazoan that has been observed to sexually mature and return to its juvenile colonial stage. This regression from medusa to polyp has only been observed with the presence of differentiated cells from the outer umbrella and part of the animals digestion system. The ability of transdifferentiation, a non-stem cell which can morph into a different type of cell, in these cells is pivotal for this species' changing life cycle.
Anatomy of a coral polyp The body of the polyp may be roughly compared in a structure to a sac, the wall of which is composed of two layers of cells. The outer layer is known technically as the ectoderm, the inner layer as the endoderm (or gastroderm). Between ectoderm and endoderm is a supporting layer of structureless gelatinous substance termed mesoglea, secreted by the cell layers of the body wall. The mesoglea can be thinner than the endoderm or ectoderm or comprise the bulk of the body as in larger jellyfish.
Large choanal polyp seen with nasal endoscopy Nasal polyps can be seen on physical examination inside of the nose and are often detected during the evaluation of symptoms. On examination, a polyp will appear as a visible mass in the nostril. Some polyps may be seen with anterior rhinoscopy (looking in the nose with a nasal speculum and a light), but frequently, they are farther back in the nose and must be seen by nasal endoscopy. Nasal endoscopy involves passing a small, rigid camera with a light source into the nose.
In October 2013, while working on new music in a recording studio in London, Marina experienced singing difficulties which proved to be caused by a polyp on her left vocal cord. As a result, she was forced to put her career on hold, and in May 2014 underwent laser microsurgery performed by Steven M. Zeitels to remove the polyp. Marina's comeback single and the lead single from her second studio album, "On My Way", was released in April 2016. The song was co-written by Arrow Benjamin and produced by Pete Boxta.
Example of an invasive colorectal cancer. Colorectal cancer is a disease of old age: It typically originates in the secretory cells lining the gut, and risk factors include diets low in vegetable fibre and high in fat. If a younger person gets such a cancer, it is often associated with hereditary syndromes like Peutz-Jegher's, hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer or familial adenomatous polyposis. Colorectal cancer can be detected through the bleeding of a polyp, colicky bowel pain, a bowel obstruction or the biopsy of a polyp at a screening colonoscopy.
The screening provides an accurate image of the intestine and also allows the removal of the polyp, if found. Once an adenomatous polyp is identified during colonoscopy, there are several methods of removal, including using a snare or a heating device. Colonoscopies are preferred over sigmoidoscopies because they allow the examination of the entire colon and can detect polyps in the upper colon, where more than half of polyps occur. It has been statistically demonstrated that screening programs are effective in reducing the number of deaths caused by colon cancer due to adenomatous polyps.
The change from polyp to tiny medusae, initially measuring only , typically happens when the water surpasses . Because of this, the medusae follow an annual pattern and first appear in the spring or later depending on temperature, sometimes causing sudden blooms where many show up at once. The medusae stage generally lasts no more than three months, but the species can live for years in the polyp stage. During the day the medusae will attach themselves with the adhesive patches on their tentacles to various surfaces, especially seagrass, earning the species its common name clinging jellyfish.
As a student in Halle Kratzenstein made his first step to fame by his pamphlet Beweis, dass die Seele ihren Körper baue in 1743. This was typical for the philosophical discourse at the university at that time. In this work he discussed the location of the soul in the body and how living organisms can continue to function after amputations and other severe changes to the body. If animals also had a soul, one had to explain what it does in a polyp which can grow up from a smaller part of an existing polyp.
It was proposed that increased synthesis of (p)ppGpp would cause polyphosphate (PolyP) accumulation in E. coli and . The alarmone could interact with exopolyphospahatase PPX, which would inhibit the hydrolysis of PolyP, thus causing its accumulation in bacteria. Although it has recently been shown that it is actually DksA and not (p)ppGpp that causes this buildup. It has been shown in Pseudomonas aeruginosa that the phoU mutant (phoU belongs to the Pho Regulon) synthesizes more (p)ppGpp and this would be one of the reasons that it accumulates more polyphosphate.
When sexually mature, they have been known to prey on other jellyfish species at a rapid pace. If a T. dohrnii jellyfish is exposed to environmental stress, physical assault, or is sick or old, it can revert to the polyp stage, forming a new polyp colony. It does this through the cell development process of transdifferentiation, which alters the differentiated state of the cells and transforms them into new types of cells. Theoretically, this process can go on indefinitely, effectively rendering the jellyfish biologically immortal, although in practice individuals can still die.
The risk of complications associated with colonoscopies is approximately 0.35 percent, compared to a lifetime risk of developing colon cancer of around 6 percent. As there is a small likelihood of recurrence, surveillance after polyp removal is recommended.
The entire animal, including tentacles, is several meters long. The feeding polyps are pink when young, before developing tentacles. A mature feeding polyp is yellow with a single tentacle. Colonies are unisexual, and reproduce by incomplete asexual reproduction.
During settlement, larvae are inhibited by physical barriers such as sediment, as well as chemical (allelopathic) barriers. The larvae metamorphose into a single polyp and eventually develops into a juvenile and then adult by asexual budding and growth.
M. marginata can reproduce both sexually and asexually, by budding. All individuals found in the Napa and Petaluma River population are male, and must have been produced asexually following the original introduction of perhaps a single male polyp.
The largest individual examined had a total length of and a maximum diameter of . The retractible anthocodia measured . The body wall is opaque and beige in colour. The filaments securing the polyp to the substrate are encrusted with sediment.
Deep-water corals use nematocysts on their tentacles to stun prey. Deep-water corals feed on zooplankton, crustaceans and even krill. Coral can reproduce sexually or asexually. In asexual reproduction (budding) a polyp divides in two genetically identical pieces.
Micrograph of an endometrial polyp. H&E; stain. Endometrial polyps can be detected by vaginal ultrasound (sonohysterography), hysteroscopy and dilation and curettage. Detection by ultrasonography can be difficult, particularly when there is endometrial hyperplasia (excessive thickening of the endometrium).
Oxypora is a genus of large polyp stony corals. Members of this genus are colonial corals and are generally foliaceous, usually with very thin leaves. They are native to the Indo-Pacific and are sometimes found in reef aquariums.
Echinophyllia is a genus of large polyp stony corals. Members of this genus are colonial corals and are generally foliaceous, usually with very thin leaves. They are native to the Indo-Pacific and are sometimes found in reef aquariums.
Additionally, Schizocyathus fissilis has an unusual method of asexual reproduction known as parricidal budding. This is a process in which a new polyp develops on the inner surface of a fragment of a parent corallite that has split apart longitudinally.
Moon Jellyfish (Aurelia aurita) served as experiment subjects for the jellyfish experiment. Both the sedentary polyp stage and the free-swimming ephyra stage of the jellyfish were studied. The PEMBSIS experiment studied embryogenically competent daylily (Hemerocallis cv. Autumn Blaze) cells.
On Dr. Williams' recommendation, Mrs. Mohr agreed to have surgery on her right ear to remove the polyp and diseased ossicles. Anesthetics were used during the operation. After the patient was unconscious, Dr. Williams made a full examination of Mrs.
In 1940, Drewelowe became gravely ill. She underwent surgery at Mayo Clinic in New York for the removal of a gastric polyp. This procedure was very dangerous at the time. She depicted her painful hospital stays in Self-Portrait (Reincarnation) (1939).
Solanderia is known from its polyp or hydroid stage, and produces gonophores which release sperm and eggs for reproduction. Where known, the gonophores are cryptomedusoid or eumedusoid, arising directly from the coenosarc.Pallas, P.S. (1766) Elenchus zoophytorum. Van Cleef, Hagae-Comitum, pp.
Savalia savaglia forms a large, tree-like colony. The polyps secrete a horny brown or black skeleton from which they project. They are yellow and about tall. Each polyp has an oral disc at the top surrounded by about thirty tentacles.
The polyp grows singly from a stolon or has a few branches. It has long pedicels and medusa buds develop in clusters on branched stalks. The young medusae have very narrow subumbrellas. The medusa has thick jelly and no peduncle.
As a cnidarian, this jellyfish has an asexual and sexual reproduction. It reproduces by budding when it is in a polyp form. When it is in a medusa form, it reproduces sexually. The medusa female produces the eggs and keeps them.
Contact granulomas can be physically identified and diagnosed by observing the presence of proliferative tissue originating from the vocal process of the arytenoid cartilage. Identification is carried out by laryngoscopy, which produces an image of the lesion in the form of an abnormal growth (nodule or polyp) or ulceration. The vocal process is overwhelmingly the most common laryngeal site for these lesions, although they have also been observed on the medial and anterior portions of the vocal folds. In nodule or polyp form, contact granulomas generally have a grey or dark red colouring and measure 2 to 15 mm in size.
If another host is available it can once again adopt the worm-like phase, but if no new host is available, it can settle on the seabed and undergo metamorphosis into a juvenile sea anemone polyp. This metamorphosis can take as little as three days. If the parasitic larva is artificially excised from its host it may also undergo metamorphosis into a polyp , presumably because manual excision mimics natural death of the host or the parasite voluntarily leaving. E. lineata has been proposed as a possible biological control on the voracious planktivore M. leidyi, though this has yet to be artificially implemented.
At Tierpark Hagenbeck, Germany At Tiergarten Schönbrunn, Hietzing, Wien, Austria True jellyfish go through a two-stage life cycle which consists of a medusa stage (adult) and a polyp stage (juvenile). In the medusa stage male jellyfish release sperm into the water column and the female jellyfish gathers the sperm into her mouth where she holds the eggs. Once fertilization occurs and larvae are formed they leave their mother and settle to the ocean floor. Once on the bottom a polyp form occurs and this form reproduces asexually by "cloning" or dividing itself into other polyps.
The polyps are routinely removed at the time of colonoscopy, either with a wire loop known as a polypectomy snare (first description by P. Deyhle, Germany, 1970), or with biopsy forceps. If an adenomatous polyp is found, it must be removed, since such a polyp is pre-cancerous and has a propensity to become cancerous. For certainty, all polyps which are found by any diagnostic modality, are removed by a colonoscopy. Although colon cancer is usually not found in polyps smaller than 2.5 cm, all polyps found are removed since their removal reduces the likelihood of future colon cancer.
The life cycle of this jellyfish is well known, because it is kept in culture at the Monterey Bay Aquarium. During its life cycle, it alternates between an asexual benthic polyp stage attached to rocks and piers and a sexual planktonic medusa stage that reproduces in the water column; both males and females occur in the plankton form. The life cycle begins by eggs being fertilized, then developing into planulae that are covered in cilia. These planulae swim for roughly 3–5 days before settling by attaching to the bottom and transforming, or metamorphosing, into the polyp (scyphistomae) stage.
The polyp can absorb water from its surroundings and inflate itself to several times its original size. When the tentacles are extended to feed, it has a fuzzy appearance. This coral is some shade of cream or pale fawn, and may be mottled.
Each polyp is surrounded by a ring of protective spines which resemble eyelashes. The specific name "disjunctus" refers to the fact that the polyps are widely spaced but joined to neighbouring polyps through tubular channels, an unusual feature for this group of bryozoans.
About 5% of people aged 60 will have at least one adenomatous polyp of 1 cm diameter or greater. Multiple adenomatous polyps often result from familial polyposis coli or familial adenomatous polyposis, a condition that carries a very high risk of colon cancer.
Hydra vulgaris, the fresh-water polyp,Paola Pierobon, Angela Tino, Rosario Minei, Giuseppe Marino. Different roles of GABA and glycine in the modulation of chemosensory responses in Hydra vulgaris (Cnidaria, Hydrozoa), Coelenterate Biology 2003. Springer Netherlands. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4020-2762-8_7.
Cockscomb (hoods) are markedly enlarged folds of cervical stroma and epithelium . Low, broad folds are collars (rims). A pseudopoly is that portion of the cervix which is medial to a constricting band (sulcus) and has on superficial examination the appearance of a polyp.
Heterocyathus aequicostatus is a small species of coral in the family Caryophylliidae in the order Scleractinia, the stony corals. It is native to the Indo-Pacific region. It is a large polyp, solitary, free-living coral and is usually found on soft substrates.
Zoanthus sociatus, commonly known as the green sea mat or button polyp, is a zoanthid usually found in shallow reef zones of tropical regions from Caribbean to southeastern Brazil. Z. sociatus is currently being studied for its use against human lymphatic parasites.
The sail is equipped with a siphon. In the event of a surface attack, the sail can be deflated, allowing the colony to temporarily submerge. The three polyp types are known as dactylozooid (defense), gonozooid (reproduction), and gastrozooid (feeding). These polyps are clustered.
These corals often appear to be bleached or dead. In most genera, a single polyp emerges from the center of the skeleton to feed at night. Most species remain fully detached from the substrate in adulthood. Some are immobile as well as colonial.
Oxypora lacera, the ragged chalice coral or porous lettuce coral, is a species of large polyp stony corals in the family Lobophylliidae. It is a colonial coral which can be submassive, encrusting or laminar. It is native to the western Indo-Pacific.
Infrequently, the epithelium is misplacement into the submucosa. Such polyps have been termed "inverted hyperplastic polyps". They appear to be restricted to the sigmoid colon and rectum. The misplaced epithelium is mucin-depleted , similar to the basal 1/3 of the polyp.
The average long term risk of colon cancer is between 15 and 30%. However, the risk of cancer varies widely and depends on age, polyp burden, phenotype and the presence of dysplasia on histology. Endoscopic surveillance can decrease the risk of progression to cancer.
Blastomussa merleti, commonly known as pineapple coral, is a species of large polyp stony coral. It is unclear in which family the genus Blastomussa belongs. This coral is native to the west and central Indo-Pacific region and is sometimes used in reef aquaria.
Some mature adult corals are hermaphroditic; others are exclusively male or female. A few species change sex as they grow. Internally fertilized eggs develop in the polyp for a period ranging from days to weeks. Subsequent development produces a tiny larva, known as a planula.
Leiomyomatous hamartoma is a hamartoma which appears as a painless, soft polypoid (polyp-like) mass. It usually is found on the tongue, around the nasopalatine foramen, or in the nasopharynx. The lesion is composed of a proliferation of fusiform and spindle smooth muscle cells.
Reproduction in Vallentinia gabriellae has two phases. These are the medusa or jellyfish which reproduces sexually and a polyp that reproduces by budding. The male and female medusae liberate gametes into the water column. After fertilisation, the eggs develop into planula larvae which are planktonic.
Aiptasia can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Asexual reproduction occurs when a small segment is separated from the pedal disk. A single cell can be enough for a new Aiptasia anemone to form. The separated segment will start growing and develop a new polyp.
Mussismilia is a colonial coral. Budding is always intracalicular, occurring inside the oral disc of the polyp, within the whorl of tentacles. The corallites are phaceloid or subplocoid, with one to three centres being linked. When coenosteum is present, there is a distinctive double wall.
Mémoires du Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 194. Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle: Paris, France. . 591pp. + 1 cd-rom In hydrozoan species with both polyp and medusa generations, the medusa stage is the sexually reproductive phase. Medusae of these species of Hydrozoa are known as "hydromedusae".
The planula larvae settle on the seabed about two months later and undergo metamorphosis into polyps. The slow development of the larvae is believed to be due to the absence of zooxanthellae, and these symbionts are acquired at the primary polyp stage in this species.
Together with medication, pressure of the upper area of the nose must be mitigated through aeration and drainage. Anosmia caused by a nasal polyp may be treated by steroidal treatment or removal of the polyp. Although very early in development, gene therapy has restored a sense of smell in mice with congenital anosmia when caused by ciliopathy. In this case, a genetic condition had affected cilia in their bodies which normally enabled them to detect air-borne chemicals, and an adenovirus was used to implant a working version of the IFT88 gene into defective cells in the nose, which restored the cilia and allowed a sense of smell.
As a result, "many and probably most of the fundamental principles of the procedure [colonoscopy] were developed by Dr. Shinya" . By the beginning of 1969, Olympus had introduced several iterations of dedicated colonoscopes, and Shinya was able to reach the cecum—located at the end of the colon—in 90% of his patients . Shinya's other major contribution to colonoscopy was the invention of the electrosurgical polypectomy snare, with the support of Olympus employee Hiroshi Ichikawa. Even before the results of the National Polyp Study linked colon polyps to colon cancer, Shinya instinctively "thought the polyp was the forerunner of cancer and that removing these polyps could reduce the risk of cancer" .
Pelagia noctiluca in the medusa (adult) stage near Sicily in the Mediterranean Sea P. noctiluca is adapted to a pelagic, open-sea mode of life. Whereas most jellyfish, including the other species in the family Pelagiidae, have a life cycle with both the free-swimming stages (planula, ephyra and medusa) and a bottom-living polyp stage, P. noctiluca has adapted in such a way that the polyp stage is absent. P. noctiluca reproduces sexually with the male and female spawning respectively sperm and eggs into the sea during daylight hours. After 3 days, the fertilized egg develops into a planula; at this stage movement is only done by ciliary action.
A meningocele may also form through dehiscences in the base of the skull. These may be classified by their localisation to occipital, frontoethmoidal, or nasal. Endonasal meningoceles lie at the roof of the nasal cavity and may be mistaken for a nasal polyp. They are treated surgically.
Adenoma is the most common colorectal polyp. Adenomas are not malignant, but rarely adenocarcinoma can develop from them. Large adenomas can cause rectal bleeding, mucus discharge, tenesmus, and a sensation of urgency. Mucus production may be so great that it can cause electrolyte disturbances in the blood.
Each polyp can retract into its calyx and has eight pinnate tentacles and eight mesenteries dividing the body cavity. The whole colony has a single siphonoglyph, an opening through which water enters the structure.Leptogorgia hebes Verrill, 1869 South Carolina Department of Natural Resources. Retrieved 2012-06-19.
Polyp removal is recommended to decrease the risk of colorectal cancer. Repeat colonoscopy should be performed every 1-2 years. If polyps are very large, numerous, or increase in number rapidly, then surgery may be necessary. Surgery may also be warranted if CRC is suspected or confirmed.
The polyp itself represents an overgrowth of the mucous membranes. Diagnosis may occur by looking up the nose. A CT scan may be used to determine the number of polyps and help plan surgery. Treatment is typically with steroids, often in the form of a nasal spray.
The novel deals with themes of creativity and change through the metaphor of the Polyp, a god-like entity. The novel was described as “a tangible encounter with the creative spirit.” by Moses Hacmon. The visual art for Arms from the Sea was by Eugene Von Bruenchenhein.
Polyps may be treated with medical, surgical, or behavioral intervention. Surgical intervention involves removing the polyp from the vocal fold. This approach is only used when the growth(s) are very large or have existed for an extended amount of time. In children, surgical intervention is rare.
Corals reproduce both sexually and asexually. An individual polyp uses both reproductive modes within its lifetime. Corals reproduce sexually by either internal or external fertilization. The reproductive cells are found on the mesenteries, membranes that radiate inward from the layer of tissue that lines the stomach cavity.
Olindiidae is a family of hydrozoans in the order Limnomedusae. They have a polyp phase and a medusa phase. The polyps are generally small (1 mm) and solitary, but a few species are colonial. They have a varying number of tentacles and can reproduce by budding.
Echinophyllia aspera, commonly known as the chalice coral, is a species of large polyp stony corals in the family Lobophylliidae. It is a colonial coral which is partly encrusting and partly forms laminate plates or tiers. It is native to the western and central Indo-Pacific.
During metamorphosis, these neurons move within the organism. This is demonstrated in screening of GLWamide-immunoreactive neurons and RFamide-immunoreactive neurons. GLWamide-immunoreactive neurons display as neurotransmitters in cnidarian organisms. These exist specifically in the polyp form of C. multicornis in the hypostome near the mouth.
Pandeidae is a family of hydroids in the class Hydrozoa. Like other jellyfish there is usually a mature medusa form which is pelagic and reproduces sexually and a hydroid or polyp form which is often benthic and reproduces asexually by budding.Hydromedusae C. E. Mills. Retrieved 2011-10-10.
J. and Atkinson, S. 2006. 17ß-Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (17ß-HSD) in scleractinian corals and zooxanthellae, Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, Part B 143: 397-403 Instead, they are heterotrophic, and extend long tentacles at night to catch passing zooplankton; their large polyp size allows them to take relatively large zooplankton.
Narcomedusae is an order of hydrozoans in the subclass Trachylinae. Members of this order do not normally have a polyp stage. The medusa has a dome-shaped bell with thin sides. The tentacles are attached above the lobed margin of the bell with usually a gastric pouch above each.
Aphanipathidae is a family of corals in the order Antipatharia. Species in this family have short, blunt polyp tentacles that tend to be uniform. Spines range from conical to cylindrical and usually have conical tubercles. Unlike Antipathidae, species in this family are not notched or branched at the end.
Isastrea belonged to a group known as the hexacorals, so named for the shape of each individual polyp skeleton (corallite). Each corallite was between and in diameter. In addition, 30–80 septa (walls dividing body cavities) were present in each animal. Its walls were "weak, discontinuous or absent".
Each polyp has a fixed adult size and, when it is beginning to get submerged in the corallite, it secretes a new floor (tabula) beneath itself. Over time, a series of floors builds up below the living polyps, resulting in a thickening and lateral expansion of the coral.
Zoanthus sociatus has nematocysts, which makes it a cnidarian. As it has polyp morphology, it is an anthozoan. It also has tentacles in multiples of 6, so it falls under the subclass Hexacorallia. It is in the order Zoanthidea due to its lack of a calcium carbonate skeleton.
The colour depends on which species of zooxanthella take up residence. The coral has the ability to change its surface from glossy to dull but it is unclear why it does this. At night, when the polyp extends its many tentacles to feed, the coral resembles a sea anemone.
Deep-water corals feed on zooplankton and rely on ocean currents to bring food. The currents also aid in cleaning the corals. Deep-water corals grow more slowly than tropical corals because there are no zooxanthellae to feed them. Lophelia has a linear polyp extension of about per year.
Pseudodiploria is a colonial coral. Budding is always intracalicular, occurring inside the oral disc of the polyp, within the whorl of tentacles. The corallites are meandroid, with a number of centres being linked serially, separated by valleys some wide. There is a continuous, trabecular columella but hardly any coenosteum.
The Sex Life of the Polyp is a 1928 short film written and performed by Robert Benchley, based on a routine he first did in 1922. The short, which was adapted from an essay by Benchley, documents a dim-witted doctor attempting to discuss the sex life of a polyp to a women's club. This was the second of Benchley's 46 comedy short films, with six made for Fox, one each for Universal Pictures and RKO Radio Pictures, 29 for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and nine for Paramount Pictures. The film, made in the then-new Fox Movietone sound-on-film process, was a success and was later included in the compilation Robert Benchley and the Knights of the Algonquin.
Fecundity is high, with a mean of 1618 oocytes per polyp. It is not clear why some scleractinian species brood their young, whereas others in similar habitats do not, but brooding does result in the ability of the larvae to settle almost immediately after liberation, and avoid a lengthy and risky planktonic stage. In some corals that brood their young, the larvae are released in batches along with quantities of mucus and often seem to be forced out by an expulsive effort by the polyp. This is not the case with F. curvatum; the larvae are released singly, without mucus, and appear to be wafted out by cilia on the wall of the polyp's pharynx.
Juvenile polyps often do not cause symptoms (asymptomatic); when present, symptoms usually include gastrointestinal bleeding and prolapse through the rectum. Juvenile polyps are diagnosed via colonoscopy or flexible sigmoidoscopy. If symptoms are present, then removal of the polyp (polypectomy) is warranted. In the absence of symptoms, removal is not necessary.
Living coral ranges in colour from white to orange-red. Unlike most tropical corals, the polyps are not interconnected by living tissue. Each polyp has up to 16 tentacles and is a translucent pink, yellow or white. Some colonies have larger polyps while others have small and delicate -looking ones.
The name polyp was given by René Antoine Ferchault de RéaumurStott, Rebecca. "Darwin's ghosts: the secret history of evolution" New York, Spiegel & Grau (2012). to these organisms from their superficial resemblance to an octopus (Fr. , ultimately from Greek adverb (, "much") + noun (, "foot")), with its circle of writhing arms round the mouth.
Lobophyllia corymbosa, also known as lobed cactus coral or brain root coral, is a species of large polyp stony coral in the family Lobophylliidae. It occurs on reefs in shallow waters in the Red Sea, off the coast of East Africa, and in other parts of the tropical Indo-Pacific.
Not much more is known about B. conifera reproduction. Early development of cystonects is not known either. Siphonophores generally start life as a single-celled zygote, which divided and grows into a single polyp called a protozooid. The protozooid then divides by budding into all the zooids of the colony.
In his films, the common man exaggerations continued. Much of his time in the films was spent spoofing himself,Yates, 94. whether it was the affected nervousness of the treasurer in The Treasurer's Report or the discomfort in explaining The Sex Life of the Polyp to a women's club.Altman, 249–251.
Its predator is the striped sea slug, Armina tigrina. The sea pansy is a collection of polyps with different forms and functions. A single, giant polyp up to two inches in diameter forms the anchoring stem (peduncle). This peduncle can be distended to better anchor the colony in the substrate.
Obelia is a genus of hydrozoans, a class of mainly marine and some freshwater animal species that have both polyp and medusa stages in their life cycle. Hydrozoa belongs to the phylum Cnidaria, which are aquatic (mainly marine) organisms that are relatively simple in structure. Obelia is also called sea fur.
The polyp secretes the calcium carbonate from which the skeleton is built. It spreads its tentacles to catch the plankton on which it feeds and can also absorb dissolved organic matter from the water. Although this is assumed to be a solitary coral, new polyps can bud from the base.
The process therefore conforms to the classical definition of Group Translocation, where the substrate is modified during transport. Sequestration of otherwise toxic polyP may be one reason for the existence of this mechanism in acidocalcisomes. The vacuolar polyphosphate kinase (polymerase) is described in TCDB with family TC# 4.E.1.
This species lacks photosynthetic symbionts. The strawberry anemone is found in water deeper than eleven feet and may not be visible in intertidal pools. In captivity, the strawberry anemone may be fed tiny crustaceans, including brine shrimp. The strawberry anemone can replicate both asexually (cloning) and sexually through polyp dispersion.
During colonoscopy, small polyps may be removed if found. If a large polyp or tumor is found, a biopsy may be performed to check if it is cancerous. Aspirin and other non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs decrease the risk. Their general use is not recommended for this purpose, however, due to side effects.
Juvenile polyps are a type of polyp found in the colon. While juvenile polyps are typically found in children, they may be found in people of any age. Juvenile polyps are a type of hamartomatous polyps, which consist of a disorganized mass of tissue. They occur in about two percent of children.
Actinulida are an order of hydrozoans in the subclass Trachylinae. Very small, medusoid Hydrozoa without polyp phase, living in the sand interstitial, solitary, bell entirely or very much reduced, epidermis ciliated, 1-2 whorls of tentacles, statocysts present or not, club shaped and derived of ecto- and entodermal tissue; cnidome may include stenoteles.
These spines then elongate and a new polyp develops, this budding method being an unusual occurrence among corals. In the living coral, Plerogyra sinuosa has vesicles resembling bubbles up to in diameter. These enlarge during the day but retract to a certain extent during the night to expose the polyps and their tentacles.
Complexity of valley regions can range; some are hourglass shaped while other cans be highly lobed. They typically have bilateral symmetry. During the day when the polyp is closed, the coral is covered by a mantle that extends beyond the skeleton, but can retract when disturbed. Polyps and mantle are very fleshy.
Polyp prey includes copepods and fish larvae.Chang, T.D. and Sullivan, J.M. "Temporal associations of coral and zooplankton activity on a Caribbean reef " Dartmouth Studies in Tropical Ecology. 2008. Accessed 2009-06-21. Longitudinal muscular fibrils formed from the cells of the ectoderm allow tentacles to contract when conveying the food to the mouth.
When a sea anemone is not available in an aquarium, the anemonefish may settle in some varieties of soft corals, or large polyp stony corals. Once an anemone or coral has been adopted, the anemonefish will defend it. Anemonefish, however, are not obligately tied to hosts, and can survive alone in captivity.
Coral polyps do not photosynthesize, but have a symbiotic relationship with microscopic algae (dinoflagellates) of the genus Symbiodinium, commonly referred to as zooxanthellae. These organisms live within the polyps' tissues and provide organic nutrients that nourish the polyp in the form of glucose, glycerol and amino acids.Zooxanthellae… What's That?. Oceanservice.noaa.gov (March 25, 2008).
The cnidae, the explosive cells characteristic of the Cnidaria and used in prey capture and defence, are of a single type, there being nematocysts but no spirocysts or ptychocysts. In contrast, the anthozoan life cycle involves a planula larva which settles and becomes a sessile polyp, which is the adult or sexual phase.
Toshino, Sho, Hiroshi Miyake, Susumu Ohtsuka, Kazuya Okuizumi, Aya Adachi, Yoshimi Hamatsu, Makoto Urata, Kazumitsu Nakaguchi, and Syuhei Yamaguchi. "Development and Polyp Formation of the Giant Box Jellyfish Morbakka Virulenta (Kishinouye, 1910) (Cnidaria: Cubozoa) Collected from the Seto Inland Sea, Western Japan." Plankton and Benthos Research 8, no. 1 (2013): 1-8.
These move along the tentacles and into the column of the polyp. GLWamide-immunoreactive neurons and RFamide-immunoreactive neurons can be affected by treatment of retinoic acid (RA) and Citral. RA prevents sensory cells to differentiate between GLWamide-immunoreactive and RFamide-immunoreactive neurons. This leads to the inability to react to light.
The misplacement is accompanied by the lamina propria, and is continuous with overlying polyp through a gap in the muscularis mucosae. It may require slices at multiple levels to demonstrate microscopically. In such cases adjacent hemorrhage and hemosiderin deposition is common. Collagen type IV stain will have a strong continuous staining around nests.
Isophyllia is a colonial coral. Budding is always intracalicular, occurring inside the oral disc of the polyp, within the whorl of tentacles. The corallites are meandroid, that is, they are linked in a short series of up to five centres. The individual corallites are medium- sized, being in diameter and up to high.
Maasella is a genus of soft coral in the family Paralcyoniidae. It is monotypic, with only a single species, Maasella edwardsi. Usually of greenish brown or golden brown color, each polyp has eight pinnate tentacles. This soft coral is found in the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean, at depths of between .
Prince Sultan was rumored to have had colon cancer in 2003. A foreign correspondent was forced to leave the country after reporting his health problems. In 2004, Prince Sultan was diagnosed with colon cancer and underwent several corrective surgeries. He underwent an operation to remove an intestinal polyp in Jeddah in 2005.
Corynactis viridis, the jewel anemone, is a brightly coloured anthozoan similar in body form to a sea anemone or a scleractinian coral polyp, but in the order Corallimorpharia. It is found in the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea and was first described by the Irish naturalist George Allman in 1846.
Aranzi discovered the 'Nodules of Aranzio' in the semilunar valves of the heart and wrote the first description of the superior levator palpebral and the coracobrachialis muscles. His books (in Latin) covered surgical techniques for many conditions, including hydrocephalus, nasal polyp, goitre and tumours to phimosis, ascites, haemorrhoids, anal abscess and fistulae.
A CT-scan of the chest, abdomen and pelvis can be considered annually for the first 3 years for people who are at high risk of recurrence (for example, those who had poorly differentiated tumors or venous or lymphatic invasion) and are candidates for curative surgery (with the aim to cure). A colonoscopy can be done after 1 year, except if it could not be done during the initial staging because of an obstructing mass, in which case it should be performed after 3 to 6 months. If a villous polyp, a polyp >1 centimeter or high grade dysplasia is found, it can be repeated after 3 years, then every 5 years. For other abnormalities, the colonoscopy can be repeated after 1 year.
Dish with beachworn coral pieces, marine gastropod shells, and echinoderm tests, from the Caribbean and the Mediterranean Pieces of the hard skeleton of corals commonly wash up on beaches in areas where corals grow. The construction of the shell-like structures of corals are aided by a symbiotic relationship with a class of algae, zooxanthellae. Typically a coral polyp will harbor particular species of algae, which will photosynthesise and thereby provide energy for the coral and aid in calcification, while living in a safe environment and using the carbon dioxide and nitrogenous waste produced by the polyp. Coral bleaching is a disruption of the balance between polyps and algae, and can lead to the breakdown and death of coral reefs.
The non-lifting sign is a finding on endoscopic examination that provides information on the suitability of large flat or sessile colorectal polyps for polypectomy by endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR). When fluid is injected under a polyp in preparation for endoscopic mucosal resection, some polyps do not "lift", indicating that the polyp is not separating from the submucosa. This makes polypectomy more technically difficult, and increases the risk of intestinal perforation if polypectomy is then attempted. It is also thought to be indicative of an early colorectal cancer that has invaded the submucosa significantly (sm3 – invasion down to the lower one-third of the submucosa), which would make surgical removal of the tumour preferable to allow complete removal of the cancer.
In the early 20th century, Albert Mathews seminally correlated regeneration of a cnidarian polyp with the potential difference between polyp and stolon surfaces, and affected regeneration by imposing countercurrents. Amedeo Herlitzka, following on the wound electric currents footsteps of his mentor, du Bois-Raymond, theorized about electric currents playing an early role in regeneration, maybe initiating cell proliferation. Using electric fields overriding endogenous ones, Marsh and Beams astoundingly generated double-headed planarians and even reversed the primary body polarity entirely, with tails growing where a head previously existed. After these seed studies, variations of the idea that bioelectricity could sense injury and trigger or at least be a major player in regeneration have spurred over the decades until the present day.
Human cheek cells stained with methylene blue Methylene blue is used in endoscopic polypectomy as an adjunct to saline or epinephrine, and is used for injection into the submucosa around the polyp to be removed. This allows the submucosal tissue plane to be identified after the polyp is removed, which is useful in determining if more tissue needs to be removed, or if there has been a high risk for perforation. Methylene blue is also used as a dye in chromoendoscopy, and is sprayed onto the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract in order to identify dysplasia, or pre-cancerous lesions. Intravenously injected methylene blue is readily released into the urine and thus can be used to test the urinary tract for leaks or fistulas.
The fertilized egg develops into a planula larva which drifts with the plankton before settling and developing directly into another polyp. This allows for dispersal of the sea anemones over long distances. Clonal reproduction takes place by longitudinal fission. Local populations consist of large numbers of cloned individuals with similar coloured oral discs and tentacles.
Colonoscopy is the mainstay of treatment for SPS, which allows for the identification of polyps and removal. Polyp removal is recommended to prevent the development of colorectal cancer. If polyps are relatively few, then removal may be achieved with colonoscopy. After polyps are removed, repeat colonoscopy is recommended in 1 to 3 year intervals.
Floating offshore coral trees or even aquariums are possible locations where corals can grow. After a location has been determined, collection and cultivation can occur. The major benefit for using coral farms is it lowers polyp and juvenile mortality rates. By removing predators and recruitment obstacles, corals are able to mature without much hindrance.
Caulastraea furcata skeletal structure consist of tubular stalks with stars on each tip. As in other colony-forming corals, colonies of C. furcata are made up of several large polyps. Each polyp bears relatively short tentacles that direct food into its central mouth. The food is then digested in a sac-like body cavity.
The proctoscope is inserted into the anal canal with the patient in Sims' position. Fibre optic proctoscopes are now available which cause less discomfort to the patient. The proctoscope is used in the diagnosis of hemorrhoids, carcinoma of anal canal or rectum and rectal polyp. It is used therapeutically for polypectomy and rectal biopsy.
When these produce buds, they become detached and grow on as new individuals c. Section through a hydroid The majority of hydroids are colonial. The original polyp is anchored to a solid substrate and forms a bud which remains attached to its parent. This in turn buds and in this way a stem is formed.
This cnidarian never exhibits a medusa life stage. Sexual reproduction can only be done in the prime temperature range of the species. C. multicornis also reproduces asexually through budding from its polyp form. The asexual reproduction cycle reaches maximum reproduction rates at about 39 days in temperatures on the higher scale of their prime range.
As planulae crawl along the substrate with ciliary gliding, they move with their anterior end forward. This movement demonstrates a left and right bending in order to glide forward. Once in the adult polyp form, they stay attached to the substrate throughout the rest of their life. Additionally, these planulae exhibit negative phototropic behavior.
In nature, most Turritopsis dohrnii are likely to succumb to predation or disease in the medusa stage without reverting to the polyp form. The capability of biological immortality with no maximum lifespan makes T. dohrnii an important target of basic biological, aging and pharmaceutical research. The "immortal jellyfish" was formerly classified as T. nutricula.
C. sowerbii begins life as a tiny polyp, which lives in colonies attached to underwater vegetation, rocks, or tree stumps, feeding and asexually reproducing during spring and summer. Some of these offspring are the sexually reproducing medusae. Fertilized eggs develop into small ciliated larvae called planula. The planula then settle to the bottom, and develop into polyps.
Hydrichthys is a genus of colonial marine hydrozoans formerly placed in the family Hydrichthyidae but is now included in the family Pandeidae. The polyps of members of this genus are parasitic. The polyp attaches itself to a fish, and in one species exhibits hyperparasitism by attaching itself to a copepod, itself the parasite of a fish.
This coral has very large, visible polyps. They develop on a large, branching coralite skeleton, each polyp sporting unusually large, long tendrils, and a large, fleshy oral disc. It can come in several colours: fluorescent green, lime green, and brown. Catalaphyllia can reproduce sexually, but also asexually by budding new branches that drop off to form satellite colonies.
The exact cause of nasal polyps is unclear. They are, however, commonly associated with conditions that cause long term inflammation of the sinuses. This includes chronic rhinosinusitis, asthma, aspirin sensitivity, and cystic fibrosis. Various additional diseases associated with polyp formation include: Chronic rhinosinusitis is a common medical condition characterized by symptoms of sinus inflammation lasting at least 12 weeks.
The surface of the polyp is covered by stratified squamous epithelium with a prominent granular cell layer. The tissue is filled with lymphocytes, plasma cells, mast cells, histiocytes, and eosinophils. It is not uncommon to see plasma cells with Russell bodies and Mott cell formation. Depending on length of symptoms, multinucleated giant cells and calcifications may be seen.
Jellyfish can live for up to five years in the polyp stage and up to two years in the medusa stage(active). When found in warm waters these jellyfish flourish. They are mostly euryhaline but low salinities may have a negative effect on the species. In times of low salinity these jellyfish exhibit loss of their zooxanthellae.
The polyps are golden brown, brown or blackish, the ones on the pinnules being paler in colour; they may make the axis appear dark red. The size and shape of the polyps vary across the colony, with the polyps most distant from the holdfast being more elongate than the others. Each polyp has six, non-retractile, unbranched tentacles.
Polycyathus muellerae is a small species of coral in the family Caryophylliidae in the order Scleractinia, the stony corals. It is native to the northeastern Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. It is a large polyp, colonial coral and grows under overhangs and in caves as part of an assemblage of organisms suited to these poorly-lit sites.
H. actiniformis is a zooxanthellate coral, containing tiny photosynthetic, symbiotic organisms in its tissues. During the day these supply the coral with much of its metabolic needs. The coral also feeds on zooplankton which are caught by the tentacles. Besides reproducing sexually by liberating eggs and sperm into the water column, this coral sometimes buds off a new polyp.
In addition, they considered polypoid features such as the growth of the tentacles. They also distinguished families by wall type and type of budding. The 1952 classification by French zoologist J. Alloiteau was built on these earlier systems but included more microstructural observations and did not involve the anatomical characters of the polyp. Alloiteau recognized eight suborders.
Hydrozoans exhibit the greatest variety of life cycles among medusozoans, with either the polyp or the medusa stage being missing in some groups. In general, medusae are budded laterally from polyps, become mature and spawn, releasing gametes into the water. The planulae may settle to become polyps or continue living in the water column as medusae.
Generalized life cycle of corals via sexual reproduction: Colonies release gametes in clusters (1) which float to the surface (2) then disperse and fertilize eggs (3). Embryos become planulae (4) and can settle onto a surface (5). They then metamorphose into a juvenile polyp (6) which then matures and reproduces asexually to form a colony (7, 8).
Pavona cactus can reproduce sexually or asexually. In sexual reproduction, gametes are released into the sea where fertilisation takes place. The egg hatches into a free-swimming planula larva that settles on the seabed when it has completed its development. Here it undergoes metamorphosis to become a coral polyp which buds repeatedly to start a new colony.
Although generally considered quite safe, sigmoidoscopy does carry the very rare possibility of tearing of the intestinal wall by the instrument, which could require immediate surgery to repair the tear; in addition, removal of a polyp may sometimes lead to localized bleeding which is resistant to cauterization by the instrument and must be stopped by surgical intervention.
Mark Spano is a 26-year-old from Brighton, Victoria. He is of Italian Heritage. Mark Spano fronted band The Need for seven years, but had to stop after losing his voice due to polyp in his vocal cords. During his 2-year recovery, Mark Spano worked as a labourer until he auditioned for Australian Idol.
If it is a large polyp, it can be cut into sections before each section is removed. If cancerous cells are discovered, a hysterectomy (surgical removal of the uterus) may be performed. A hysterectomy would usually not be considered if cancer has been ruled out. Whichever method is used, polyps are usually treated under general anesthetic.
Both musicians were important in previous lineups. Pete Shelley, who had founded Buzzcocks with Magazine singer Howard Devoto and co-wrote several early Magazine songs, contributed to the writing of the first track. The album cover features the painting The Misshapen Polyp Floated on the Shores, a Sort of Smiling and Hideous Cyclops by French artist Odilon Redon.
Grooved brain coral, Caribbean Sea, Vieques, Puerto Rico This species of reef-building coral has a hemispherical, brain-like shape with a brown, yellow, or gray colour. It has characteristic deep, interconnected double-valleys. These polyp-bearing valleys are each separated by grooved ambulacral ridges. There may be a difference in colour between the valleys and the grooves.
C. filiformis resembles the sea anemone and has a stretched and muscularised body which can reach 35 cm. Its body has the shape of a large polyp with numerous mobile tentacles. (in French). The tint of the tentacles is variously white, green, orange or purple and the central tentacles may have a different coloration from the marginal tentacles.
Gallbladder polyps are growths or lesions resembling growths (polypoid lesions) in the wall of the gallbladder. True polyps are abnormal accumulations of mucous membrane tissue that would normally be shed by the body. The main types of polypoid growths of the gallbladder include cholesterol polyp/cholesterosis, cholesterosis with fibrous dysplasia of gallbladder, adenomyomatosis, hyperplastic cholecystosis, and adenocarcinoma.
From this point, if conditions are favorable, they will undergo a process known as strobilation occurs. This is when the polyp asexually produces the ephyrae into the water which then develop into the medusae. If conditions are not favorable, the polyps will continue in their benthic stage where they will wait for the return of favorable conditions.
However, it is unclear how the other groups acquired the medusa stage, since Hydrozoa form medusae by budding from the side of the polyp while the other Medusozoa do so by splitting them off from the tip of the polyp. The traditional grouping of Scyphozoa included the Staurozoa, but morphology and molecular phylogenetics indicate that Staurozoa are more closely related to Cubozoa (box jellies) than to other "Scyphozoa". Similarities in the double body walls of Staurozoa and the extinct Conulariida suggest that they are closely related. The position of Anthozoa nearest the beginning of the cnidarian family tree also implies that Anthozoa are the cnidarians most closely related to Bilateria, and this is supported by the fact that Anthozoa and Bilateria share some genes that determine the main axes of the body.
Cubozoans follow a life cycle that alternates between young benthic sessile polyps and adult motile pelagic medusae. The cycle begins with a planula larvae. This planula will continue to swim until it finds a substrate that it can use as support. Once the planula attaches to a substrate like a coral reef or rock, the organism will morph into a polyp.
The nose may be stimulated to grow in acromegaly, a condition caused by an excess of growth hormone. A common anatomic variant is an air-filled cavity within a concha known as a concha bullosa. In rare cases a polyp can form inside a bullosa. Usually a concha bullosa is small and without symptoms but when large can cause obstruction to sinus drainage.
This organism has a benthic polyp stage before developing into a pelagic adult medusae. Compass jellyfish consume a variety of marine invertebrates and plankton and are preyed on by very few. C. hysoscella contribute to the global issue of jellyfish overpopulation which is concerning to humans for various reasons including recreational interference, economic turmoil for fishing communities, and depleted fish resources.
The polyp's column is encrusted with sand particles and calcareous material and is white. The oral disc is up to in diameter and there are two rings of tentacles round the edge with about 14 tentacles in each. These are brown and contain symbiotic zooxanthellae, unicellular photosynthetic algae which supply the polyp with nutrients while benefiting from its nitrogenous waste.
The true cause of nasal polyps is unknown, but they are thought to be due to recurrent infection or inflammation. Polyps arise from the lining of the sinuses. Nasal mucosa, particularly in the region of middle meatus becomes swollen due to collection of extracellular fluid. This extracellular fluid collection causes polyp formation and protrusion into the nasal cavity or sinuses.
Adult C. hemisphaerica medusa, side view Clytia hemisphaerica reproduces sexually. Ovulated eggs are fertilized externally and take approximately 24 hours to develop into planula. The ciliated planula will swim freely until the proper external cues, for instance, experimental treatment with CsCl, trigger the metamorphic process. The planula can undergo its metamorphosis into a polyp as soon as three days after fertilization.
E. lineata is the only known member of the Edwardsiidae family to have a parasitic life stage. Upon fertilization, a primary planula develops. Instead of direct development into an adult polyp like many other anemone species such as its close relative Nematostella vectensis Hand C, Uhlinger KR. The Culture, Sexual and Asexual Reproduction, and Growth of the Sea Anemone Nematostella vectensis. Biol Bull.
Adenomatous polyps, or adenomas, are polyps that grow on the lining of the colon and which carry a high risk of cancer. The adenomatous polyp is considered pre-malignant, i.e., likely to develop into colon cancer. The other types of polyps that can occur in the colon are hyperplastic and inflammatory polyps, which are unlikely to develop into colorectal cancer.
Acropora is a genus of small polyp stony coral in the phylum Cnidaria. Some of its species are known as table coral, elkhorn coral, and staghorn coral. Over 149 species are described. Acropora at Encyclopedia of Life Acropora species are some of the major reef corals responsible for building the immense calcium carbonate substructure that supports the thin living skin of a reef.
Whole colonies can reproduce asexually, forming two colonies with the same genotype. The possible mechanisms include fission, bailout and fragmentation. Fission occurs in some corals, especially among the family Fungiidae, where the colony splits into two or more colonies during early developmental stages. Bailout occurs when a single polyp abandons the colony and settles on a different substrate to create a new colony.
Diagnosis is usually done with a careful examination of the anus and the patient's history. If the presentation or physical findings are atypical, biopsies can be done. In case of long-lasting symptoms, above all in patients over 50 years of age, a colonoscopy is useful to rule out a colonic polyp or tumor, that can show pruritus ani as first symptom.
Colonoscopy can remove polyps as small as one millimetre or less. Once polyps are removed, they can be studied with the aid of a microscope to determine if they are precancerous or not. It takes 15 years or less for a polyp to turn cancerous. Colonoscopy is similar to sigmoidoscopy—the difference being related to which parts of the colon each can examine.
The reproduction and life cycle of this jellyfish has been well documented. It mostly follows the same life cycle as other members in the class Scyphozoa. It alternates between a polyp form that reproduces asexually and a medusa form that reproduces sexually. These jellyfish are a cool water species found in most of the world’s oceans, but most commonly in the Northern Pacific.
The main risks are infection, over-sedation, perforation, or a tear of the stomach or esophagus lining and bleeding. Although perforation generally requires surgery, certain cases may be treated with antibiotics and intravenous fluids. Bleeding may occur at the site of a biopsy or polyp removal. Such typically minor bleeding may simply stop on its own or be controlled by cauterisation.
Cynarina lacrymalis skeleton Cynarina lacrymalis is a large, solitary coral with a single polyp nestling in a corallite, the stony cup it has secreted. It can grow to a diameter of . It is cylindrical with a round or oval upper surface. It is usually fixed to rock but has a pointed base and can be embedded in sand or survive unattached.
Cnidarians, such as jellyfish, sea anemones, Hydra and coral have numerous hair-like tentacles. Cnidarians have huge numbers of cnidocytes on their tentacles. In medusoid form, the body floats on water so that the tentacles hang down in a ring around the mouth. In polyp form, such as sea anemone and coral, the body is below with the tentacles pointed upwards.
Polyps can be surgically removed using curettage with or without hysteroscopy. When curettage is performed without hysteroscopy, polyps may be missed. To reduce this risk, the uterus can be first explored using grasping forceps at the beginning of the curettage procedure. Hysteroscopy involves visualising the endometrium (inner lining of the uterus) and polyp with a camera inserted through the cervix.
C. multicornis reproduces sexually as the larvae are fertilized in the gonophores on an adult female. The planulae hatch 48–72 hours after. They then develop on the polyp where they are hatched into a 600–800-μm-long tadpole-like larvae. Its body shape is similar to a tadpole in that it tapers from the anterior to the posterior pole.
Cylosersis curvata polyp structure is composed of strong arches which can be up to 90 millimeters in diameter. Characteristic of other Anthozoans, they have a large gastrovascular cavity which is divided into walls known as septa, which serve to increase interior surface area. In C. curvata they are generally thick and protrude outward. When viewed from above the septa appear to curve asymmetrically.
The discs are either round or oval and the central mouth, which is surrounded by tentacles, may be a slit. The polyp sits in a calcareous cup, the corallite. The septa are vertical skeletal elements inside the corallite wall and the costae join the septae and continue outside the corallite wall and underneath the coral. Both the septae and costae are robust.
In addition to these two basic types of polyps, a few colonial species have other specialized forms. In some, defensive polyps are found, armed with large numbers of stinging cells. In others, one polyp may develop as a large float, from which the other polyps hang down, allowing the colony to drift in open water instead of being anchored to a solid surface.
Through its life cycle, Obelia take two forms: polyp and medusa. They are diploblastic, with two true tissue layers—an epidermis (ectodermis) and a gastrodermis (endodermis)—with a jelly-like mesoglea filling the area between the two true tissue layers. They carry a nerve net with no brain or ganglia. A gastrovascular cavity is present where the digestion starts and later becomes intracellular.
Bleeding complications may be treated immediately during the procedure by cauterization using the instrument. Delayed bleeding may also occur at the site of polyp removal up to a week after the procedure, and a repeat procedure can then be performed to treat the bleeding site. Even more rarely, splenic rupture can occur after colonoscopy because of adhesions between the colon and the spleen.
Polyphosphate and pyrophosphate were possibly small enough to diffuse into obcells. Therefore, it also likely that some of these kinases were in the obcell lumen to react with these proteins and then store them for later use. This storage would be beneficial for obcells in times when the concentration of external polyP-binding proteins and pyrophosphate-binding proteins would vary.
Members of this suborder are characterised by the tentacles of the polyps terminating in knobs. In some species these are only present in juvenile forms being replaced in adults by more threadlike tentacles. A high nematocyst concentration is present in the knobs. A few species in this group are better known as their solitary medusa form than as their polyp form.
Haootia quadriformis is an extinct animal belonging to the Ediacaran biota. Estimated to be about 560 million years old, H. quadriformis is identified as a cnidarian polyp, and is regarded as the earliest animal possessing muscles. Discovered in 2008 from Newfoundland in eastern Canada, it was formally described in 2014. It is the first Ediacaran organism discovered to show fossils of muscle fibres.
Carijoa riisei is a colonial soft coral with a tangled, bushy growth form. It has hollow branches that may be long, growing from a creeping stolon. The branches grow by budding off the stolon and have eight longitudinal furrows and a prominent polyp at the tip. The calyces in which the polyps sit are tubular, widely separated on the branches, long and wide.
This coral is unusual in that it consists of a single polyp up to across. It may have caught the jellyfish with its tentacles in the same way as some sea anemones feed on other jellyfish species. Its polyps have diameters of up to and are oval or circular. The species may contain tentacular lobes and it has dense septa.
Adult male and female medusa spawn daily, and can be entrained with controlled light conditions to spawn at specific times. The oocytes, eggs, embryos, and planulae of Clytia are easily visualized under a microscope and, much like those of popular model organisms like sea urchins, the zygotes of C. hemisphaerica are relatively large (around 200 um in diameter) and can be microinjected to form transgenic planulae, polyp colonies, and medusa. Clytia is also unique in that its gonads can function autonomously; a gonad separated from an adult medusa will undergo oocyte development and ovulation under the same entrained light cues as would a gonad still attached to a medusa. Clytia medusa that are produced from a single polyp colony are also genetically identical, presenting a huge advantage for gene function analysis as well as genome sequencing.
Triton appears and confronts Ursula, but cannot destroy Ursula's contract with Ariel. Triton chooses to sacrifice himself for his daughter, and is transformed into a polyp. Ursula takes Triton's crown and trident, which was her plan from the beginning. Ursula uses her new power to gloat, transforming into a giant, and forming a whirlpool that disturbs several shipwrecks to the surface, one of which Eric commandeers.
"When I meditate, I go to that place where truth lives," he said. "I can see what reality really is, and it is so much easier to form good relationships then." In August 2010, Oz was diagnosed with a pre-cancerous polyp in the colon during a routine colonoscopy which was performed as part of his show. Oz said that the procedure likely saved his life.
P. periphylla represents an exception, very rarely found in the phylum Cnidaria: the medusae do not go through a polyp stage, thus presenting a "holopelagic" life cycle. The medusae release fertilized eggs in open water and these develop directly into medusae, whose development rests entirely upon the egg's high yolk supply. The ephyra stage common among other jellyfish is not observed in P. periphylla.
Lobophyllia hemprichii, commonly called lobed brain coral, lobed cactus coral or largebrain root coral, is a species of large polyp stony coral in the family Lobophylliidae. It is found in the Indo-Pacific Ocean. In its specific name Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg honoured his late partner the Prussian naturalist Wilhelm Hemprich; they were among the first to study the marine life of the Red Sea.
Hyperplastic polyp seen under microscopy with H&E; stain. The condition was originally known as hyperplastic polyposis syndrome. When the syndrome was first recognized, only hyperplastic polyps were included in its definition, and the syndrome was believed to not be associated with a higher risk of colorectal cancer. In 1996, a case series revealed an association of the syndrome with cancer and serrated adenomas.
In animals such as Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, gonozooids are part of a colony. Each individual has a role that benefits the colony as a whole. The gonozooids that produce the gametes can sexually reproduce. As the whole colony is genetically identical, it is not necessary for each polyp to individually reproduce, allowing more energy and resources to be used for other tasks such as feeding and defense.
Crohn's disease – also known as regional enteritis, it can occur along any surface of the gastrointestinal tract. In 40% of cases it is limited to the small intestine. Coeliac disease – caused by an autoimmune reaction to gluten by genetically predisposed individuals. Eosinophilic enteropathy – a condition where eosinophils build up in the gastrointestinal tract and blood vessels, leading to polyp formation, necrosis, inflammation and ulcers.
In many cases the buds formed do not separate from the parent but remain in continuity with it, thus forming colonies or stocks, which may reach a great size and contain a vast number of individuals. Slight differences in the method of budding produce great variations in the form of the colonies. The reef-building corals are polyp- colonies, strengthened by the formation of a firm skeleton.
Because steroids only shrink the size and swelling of the polyp, people often have recurrence of symptoms once the steroids are stopped. Decongestants do not shrink the polyps, but can decrease swelling and provide some relief. Antibiotics are only recommended if the person has a co-occurring bacterial infection. In people with nasal polyps caused by aspirin or NSAIDs, avoidance of these medications will help with symptoms.
However, despite containing relatively few cell types and lacking elaborate organ structures, the medusa have much greater anatomical complexity than their polyp form. Adult medusa are on average 1 cm in diameter. They are almost entirely transparent, their gonads, radial canals, short stomach, and four-lipped mouth being their most clearly visible anatomical structures. Each medusa has four gonads positioned midway along each endodermal radial canal.
Wickham had surgery to remove a polyp from folds of his vocal cords on April 28, 2014, after which he was prescribed a month of silence to allow the surgical site to heal. He was uncertain that he would be able to sing again, leading to identity issues and self-doubt. His spiritual revelation during these times was the basis for his 2016 album Children of God.
Heliofungia actiniformis is a solitary species of mushroom coral, a large polyp stony coral in the family Fungiidae. This coral is found in shallow water in the Indo-Pacific region. It is a zooxanthellate species. It is a popular coral in the reef aquarium trade; wild populations are threatened by disease, climate change, and over-collecting, and the species is considered vulnerable by the IUCN.
Unlike other cnidarians, Crossota norvegica lives its entire life in the planktonic stage or the planula stage, instead of experiencing both the sessile stage and planula stage. Another unique trait off this species is that it does not develop into a polyp. Polyps typically produce the sexual reproduction gametes of cnidarians by budding. These polyps are stationary and non-moving forms of cnidarians (The Columbia Encyclopedia).
The polyps resemble those of closely related anthozoans, such as sea anemones and corals. The jellyfish polyp may be sessile, living on the bottom, boat hulls or other substrates, or it may be free-floating or attached to tiny bits of free-living plankton or rarely, fish or other invertebrates. Polyps may be solitary or colonial.Jellyfish – The Life Cycle of a Jellyfish ThoughtCo. Animals.about.com.
Juvenile polyposis syndrome is an autosomal dominant genetic condition characterized by the appearance of multiple juvenile polyps in the gastrointestinal tract. Polyps are abnormal growths arising from a mucous membrane. These usually begin appearing before age 20, but the term juvenile refers to the type of polyp (i.e benign hamartoma, as opposed to adenoma for example), not to the age of the affected person.
After some time drifting with the current, they settle onto the seabed, undergo metamorphosis and become sedentary. The smallest polyps that form, under 1 millimetre (0.04 in) long, have 2 tentacles while older, larger ones have 3 to 5. The polyps can reproduce asexually, budding to form either more polyps or free-swimming medusae. A polyp can have several buds forming at any one time.
Also, small anemones would not provide protection from predators. A. percula and the host anemone are very important to one another and interact in a symbiotic relationship. A. percula cleans the host anemone by consuming algae residue and zooplankton such as copepods and larval tunicates. They also protect the anemone from polyp-consuming fish and other predators, while the clownfish is protected from predators by the anemone.
Arrow crab) on Aglaophenia cupressina (Stinging hydroid). Small decorator crabs, like this one, are often found wearing snipped-off tips of stinging hydroids on their heads to fend off predators. Hydroids are a life stage for most animals of the class Hydrozoa, small predators related to jellyfish. Some hydroids such as the freshwater Hydra are solitary, with the polyp attached directly to the substrate.
The arrangement of polyps and the branching of the stem is characteristic of the species. Some species have the polyps budding directly off the stolon which roots the colony. The polyps are connected by epidermis which surrounds a gastrovascular cavity. The epidermis secretes a chitinous skeleton which supports the stem and in some hydroids, the skeleton extends into a cup shape surrounding the polyp.
The embryo begins to develop in specialized pouches found on the arms around the mouth. After about 3–5 hours the larvae fall to the bottom and attach themselves to a hard structure. There they develop into polyps and catch small prey that swims by. After several days the polyp will detach and become a swimming ephyra, and will eventually turn into an adult jellyfish.
A scale illustration of an Irukandji jellyfish and its tentacles. Below the jelly's medusa bell are two polyp forms of the species. Irukandji jellyfish are very small, with a bell about to wide (or wider) and four long tentacles, which range in length from just a few centimetres up to in length. Malo maxima mature irukandji typically have halo-like rings of tissue around their four tentacles.
After a week, planulae develop into tiny ephyrae and a month later they develop into (male or female) medusae. There is little or no ephyra growth at temperatures below , and fewer survive below . The bottom-living polyp stage of most other jellyfish species is in between the planula and ephyra stages. Initially, the medusa of P. noctiluca only has a bell diameter of about .
Once it settles, it metamorphoses into its polyp form and creates skeletal material to attach itself to the seafloor. It will then begin to bud, which will create new polyps and eventually form a colony. In areas with ideal conditions, black coral colonies can grow to be extremely dense, creating beds. In some black corals that have been closely examined, colonies will grow roughly every year.
Skeleton M. areolata is a colonial coral. Budding is intracalicular, occurring within the whorl of tentacles of the polyp. The corallites are arranged in a meandroid fashion, which means there are a series of linked centres in broad valleys, often wide, giving the colony the appearance of the surface of a human brain. The polyps share an elongate oral disc with the tentacles round the rim.
Once polyps are removed, they can be studied with the aid of a microscope to determine if they are precancerous or not. It can take up to 15 years for a polyp to turn cancerous. Colonoscopy is similar to sigmoidoscopy—the difference being related to which parts of the colon each can examine. A colonoscopy allows an examination of the entire colon (1200–1500mm in length).
Virtual colonoscopies carry risks that are associated with radiation exposure. Colonoscopy preparation and colonoscopy procedure can cause inflammation of the bowels and diarrhea or bowel obstruction. During colonoscopies where a polyp is removed (a polypectomy), the risk of complications has been higher, although still low at about 2.3 percent. One of the most serious complications that may arise after colonoscopy is the postpolypectomy syndrome.
This can be carried out by an oxidoreductase activity. As an example, we will discuss the interaction between a host, Hydra vulgaris, and the main colonizer of its epithelial cell surfaces, Curvibacter sp. Those bacteria produce 3-oxo-HSL quorum sensing molecules. However, the oxidoreductase activity of the polyp Hydra is able to modify the 3-oxo-HSL into their 3-hydroxy-HSL counterparts.
Hence, large-scale randomized clinical trials were undertaken. Results show a 33 to 45% polyp recurrence reduction in people treated with celecoxib each day. However, serious cardiovascular events were significantly more frequent in the celecoxib-treated groups. Aspirin shows a similar (and possibly larger) protective effect, has demonstrated cardioprotective effects and is significantly cheaper, but no head-to-head clinical trials have compared the two drugs.
Combined with their dependence on polyP and pyrophosphate, the lower temperatures at the land-water interface the most likely habitat for obcells to evolve. In these conditions, the extreme temperature changes and heterogeneity of external components could induce sharp changes in the structure and function of colonizing obcells which is more likely to lead to the evolution of protocells compared to stable temperatures and homogeneous external components.
In addition to confirming the safety of the procedure, high polyp prevalence was noted which was replicated in later studies. More than two-thirds of colorectal cancer burden is the result of slowly progressing pre-cancerous polyps. Removal of at least larger of these polyps should therefore result in a decrease of colorectal cancer incidence. Colonoscopy screening for colorectal cancer was thus established in the United States.
Acropora papillare is found in colonies composed of clump-like structures, and curved branches. Branches grow up to long and are between in diameter. The species is blue or brown in colour, and the branches contain axial corallites and radial corallites. The axial corallites, located at the end of the branches, are small (outer diameters of up to 3.4 mm) and the polyp-covering cup is thick.
An air fern on display The fernlike branches of S. argentea are composed of many small, chitinous chambers where individual animals once lived. When the colony was alive, a polyp with numerous tentacles occupied each of the chambers, called hydrotheca. Sometimes dried bryozoa are sold as "air ferns." Most commercially sold air ferns are collected as a by-product by trawlers in the North Sea.
Clavularia crassa forms small colonies of up to about fifty individual polyps growing from a stolon. This grows along the surface of the substrate and it, and the bases of the polyps, are orangish-brown. Each polyp is up to long and wide. The column is slender and creamy-white and the eight long, feathery tentacles are either transparent white, or colourless flecked with white.
Group of upside-down jellyfish confocal images, showing the musculature development of Cassopeia xamachana from planuloid bud to polyp. Cassiopea xamachana, commonly known as the upside-down jellyfish, is a species of jellyfish in the family Cassiopeidae. It is found in warm parts of the western Atlantic Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico. It was first described by the American marine biologist Henry Bryant Bigelow in 1892.
In 1731, his interest in replicating human anatomical forms and movements stimulated Vaucanson to begin work on his first automaton. In 1732, he performed lateral lithotomy approach to removing bladder stones using the technique invented by Frère Jacques Beaulieu and improved by William Cheselden. He developed an instrument for lithotomy, the "Gorgeret cystotome". Le Cat deserve credit for the first removal of bladder polyp through the dilated urethra.
P. toxica is an encrusting species with a firm, tough cuticle. The polyps are partially embedded in a cushiony mat of coenenchyme which grows across the rock surface, and which incorporates sand grains and fragments of debris. The oral disc of each polyp is broad and has a fringe of tentacles. The polyps can close up and be retracted into the coenenchyme, which then displays a pitted surface.
Until the doctor has cleaned the ear and inspected the entire tympanic membrane, cholesteatoma cannot be diagnosed. Once the debris is cleared, cholesteatoma can give rise to a number of appearances. If there is significant inflammation, the tympanic membrane may be partially obscured by an aural polyp. If there is less inflammation, the cholesteatoma may present the appearance of 'semolina' discharging from a defect in the tympanic membrane.
The lifespan may be long or short, though the species technically does not "age". Individuals of other species have been observed to regress to a larval state and regrow into adults multiple times. The hydrozoan species Turritopsis dohrnii (formerly Turritopsis nutricula) is capable of cycling from a mature adult stage to an immature polyp stage and back again. This means no natural limit to its lifespan is known.
COX-2 inhibitors may decrease the rate of polyp formation in people with familial adenomatous polyposis; however, it is associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs. Daily use of tamoxifen or raloxifene reduce the risk of breast cancer in high-risk women. The benefit versus harm for 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor such as finasteride is not clear. Vitamin supplementation does not appear to be effective at preventing cancer.
This needs to be shown to a pediatric surgeon. This is most likely to be an umbilical polyp and the therapy is to tie it at the base with a stitch so that it falls off and there is no bleeding. Alternatively, it may be an umbilical granuloma that responds well to local application of dry salt or silver nitrate but may take a few weeks to heal and dry.
The tubular sponge hydroid grows to about tall. It has a fat stem and a daisy-like polyp with sparse tentacles surrounding a group of reproductive sporosacs which in turn surround the pink and white oral tentacles. The body of the hydranths (feeding individuals) as well as the gonophores (reproductive polyps) are pinky red, while the tentacles are transparent white.Branch, G.M.; Branch, M.L.; Griffiths, C.L.; Beckley, L.E. 2010.
Coenenchyme is the common tissue that surrounds and links the polyps in octocorals. It consists of mesoglea penetrated by tubes (solenia) and canals of the gastrodermis and contains sclerites, microscopic mineralised spicules of silica or of calcium carbonate. The stiff projecting portion of coenenchyme that surrounds each polyp is usually reinforced by modified sclerites and is called the calyx, a term borrowed from botany. "Coenosarc" is an alternative name.
Campanulariidae is a family of animals in the phylum Cnidaria, or stinging- celled animals. Campanulariidae is composed entirely of hydroids, a Greek term meaning "water animals" applied to the plant-like polyp colonies of the class Hydrozoa. All species of the Campanulariidae are aquatic in habitat, primarily inhabiting coastal regions and tidal pools. Obelia contains probably the most well-known species of this phylum, and include four species.
Shortly after he was suffering from inflammation of his gallbladder. The mounting pressure of his workload was also taking a heavy toll, and he was suffering from a lot of fatigue. Korolev was also experiencing hearing loss, possibly from repeated exposure to loud rocket-engine tests. The actual circumstances of Korolev's death remain somewhat uncertain. In December 1965, he was supposedly diagnosed with a bleeding polyp in his large intestine.
Diagram of a coral polyp anatomy When alive, corals are colonies of small animals embedded in calcium carbonate shells. Coral heads consist of accumulations of individual animals called polyps, arranged in diverse shapes. Polyps are usually tiny, but they can range in size from a pinhead to across. Reef-building or hermatypic corals live only in the photic zone (above 50 m), the depth to which sufficient sunlight penetrates the water.
The early order septa are larger than later order ones and have more prominent, lobe-like or triangular teeth. All the septa are granulate, and continue to the underside of the corallum as fine ridges known as costae. There is an attachment scar in the centre of the underside. The polyp is thick and fleshy and has a single mouth surrounded by thick tentacles with knobs on the end.
Scleractinia, also called stony corals or hard corals, are marine animals in the phylum Cnidaria that build themselves a hard skeleton. The individual animals are known as polyps and have a cylindrical body crowned by an oral disc in which a mouth is fringed with tentacles. Although some species are solitary, most are colonial. The founding polyp settles and starts to secrete calcium carbonate to protect its soft body.
Pelagia noctiluca, a scyphozoan An unidentified cubozoan Haliclystus octoradiatus, a staurozoan A colonial hydrozoan Medusozoans differ from anthozoans in having a medusa stage in their life cycle. The basic pattern is medusa (usually the adult or sexual phase), planula larva, polyp, medusa. Symmetry is tetramerous, with parts in fours or multiples of four. The mitochondrial DNA molecules are linear rather than circular as in anthozoans and almost all other animals.
Jellyfish have a complex life cycle; the medusa is normally the sexual phase, which produces planula larva that disperse widely and enter a sedentary polyp phase before reaching sexual maturity. Jellyfish are found all over the world, from surface waters to the deep sea. Scyphozoans (the "true jellyfish") are exclusively marine, but some hydrozoans with a similar appearance live in freshwater. Large, often colorful, jellyfish are common in coastal zones worldwide.
Swiftia pallida usually has a single main stem arising from a narrow base and is sparsely branched. Its normal height is about but it can grow to . The polyps are mostly arranged alternately, but somewhat irregularly, on either side of the stem and branches. Each polyp is supported by eight spindle-shaped sclerites, spiny skeletal elements, which run from the stem or branch to the bases of the eight tentacles.
Triton confronts Ursula and demands that she release his daughter, but the deal is inviolable, even against the king. When Ursula offers to free Ariel in exchange for his trident, Triton agrees to take her place and is transformed into a polyp, losing his authority over Atlantica. Ariel is then released, and Ursula declares herself the new ruler. But before she can use the trident, Eric stops her with a harpoon.
The polyps of Obelia longissima resemble tiny sea anemones and have a ring of small tentacles which they spread in the current to intercept passing food items. The tentacles are armed with nematocysts, stinging cells with which they subdue their prey. The central mouth of each polyp connects to a digestive cavity which is continuous throughout the stem. The diet consists of zooplankton, worms, small crustaceans, insect larvae and detritus.
In intertidal reef-flat environments, massive Porites form characteristic microatoll formations, with living tissues around the perimeter, and dead skeleton on the exposed upper surface. Microatoll growth is predominantly lateral, as vertical growth is limited by a lack of accommodation space. Small colony of Porites porites Porites is a genus of stony coral; they are small polyp stony (SPS) corals. They are characterised by a finger-like morphology.
Sexual reproduction in the well-studied Aiptasia pallida and Aiptasia pulchella, is dioecious, meaning that individual Aiptasia are of separate sexes. During spawning, anemones release their gametes into the water where fertilization occurs. The resulting zygote becomes a free swimming planula larva which eventually settles onto a suitable substrate where it undergoes metamorphosis to become a small polyp. Newly produced larvae are aposymbiotic meaning they do not contain symbionts.
Sexual reproduction occurs after 10 to 12 years of growth; the colony will then reproduce annually for the rest of its life. The male to female polyp ratio is 1:1, with females producing anywhere from 1.2 million to 16.9 million oocytes. A large tall coral tree is somewhere between 30 and 40 years old. The estimated natural lifespan of a black coral colony in the epipelagic zone is 70 years.
In any given colony, the majority of polyps are specialized for feeding. These have a more or less cylindrical body with a terminal mouth on a raised protuberance called the hypostome, surrounded by a number of tentacles. The polyp contains a central cavity, in which initial digestion takes place. Partially digested food may then be passed into the hydrocaulus for distribution around the colony and completion of the digestion process.
Paracorynactis hoplites polyps will continually move their tentacles in an effort to detect prey. When an acrosphere comes in contact with suitable prey, it will immediately stick unto the prey's skin while firing its stinging cells (nematocysts). The polyp then extends itself towards the prey, bringing all the other remaining acrospheres towards the prey until it is trapped. The body can extend to five times its normal length when doing this.
Maasella edwardsi forms small groups in which the polyps are linked by stolons. The anthocodia, the upper part of the polyp, can be fully retracted back into the anthostele, the stiff, lower part. Each anthocodia bears eight tentacles, each with ten to thirteen short pinnules on each side. The anthostele is broader than the anthocodia and is stiffened by calcareous spicules which are sometimes visible as white markings.
In exchange, the coral provides the zooxanthellae with the carbon dioxide and ammonium needed for photosynthesis. Negative environmental conditions, such as abnormally warm or cool temperatures, high light, and even some microbial diseases, can lead to the breakdown of the coral/zooxanthellae symbiosis. To ensure short-term survival, the coral-polyp then consumes or expels the zooxanthellae. This leads to a lighter or completely white appearance, hence the term "bleached".
The medusa (jellyfish) is free-living in the plankton. Dense nerve net cells are also present in the epidermis in the cap. They form a large ring-like structure above the radial canal commonly presented in cnidarians. Turritopsis dohrnii also has a bottom-living polyp form, or hydroid, which consists of stolons that run along the substrate and upright branches with feeding polyps that can produce medusa buds.
Dietary factors that increase the risk include red meat, processed meat, and alcohol. Another risk factor is inflammatory bowel disease, which includes Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis. Some of the inherited genetic disorders that can cause colorectal cancer include familial adenomatous polyposis and hereditary non-polyposis colon cancer; however, these represent less than 5% of cases. It typically starts as a benign tumor, often in the form of a polyp, which over time becomes cancerous.
Despite appearing to be loyal to Captain Crozier, he has secretly fallen in with Hickey's band. He conducts an elaborate, and rather humorous, subterfuge to lure Crozier and Dr Goodsir to the Hickey ambush site (his attempts to pronounce the word polynya: polyp and polyanna, exasperate Captain Crozier). Golding eventually dies along with the rest of Hickey's compatriots. ;Lady Silence (Silna) :A young Inuit woman who has a mysterious link to the Tuunbaq.
Gross examination: appearance of the cut surface of a lung showing the honeycomb pattern of end-stage pulmonary fibrosis. Gross examination: appearance of a colorectal polyp (the cauliflower-shaped tumor) attached to the colon mucosa (the horizontal line at the bottom). Anatomical pathology (Commonwealth) or Anatomic pathology (U.S.) is a medical specialty that is concerned with the diagnosis of disease based on the macroscopic, microscopic, biochemical, immunologic and molecular examination of organs and tissues.
Zoanthids can be distinguished from other colonial anthozoans and soft coral by their characteristic of incorporating sand and other small pieces of material into their tissue to help make their structure (except for the family Zoanthidae). A main characteristic of the order is that their tentacles are all marginal. Most species propagate asexually and the offspring of the original polyp remain connected to each other, by a stolonal network or coenosarc. Some species are solitary.
In the summer of 2005, lead singer Johnny Van Zant had to have surgery on his vocal cord to have a polyp removed. He was told not to sing for three months. On September 10, 2005, Lynyrd Skynyrd performed without Johnny Van Zant at the Music Relief Concert for the victims of Hurricane Katrina, with Kid Rock standing in for Johnny. In December 2005, Johnny Van Zant returned to sing for Lynyrd Skynyrd.
However, no single specimen has been observed for any extended period, and estimating the age of a specimen is not possible by any known means. At least one other hydrozoan (Laodicea undulata) and one scyphozoan (Aurelia sp.1) can also revert from a medusa stage into a polyp stage. Similarly, the larvae of skin beetles undergo a degree of "reversed development" when starved, and later grow back to the previously attained level of maturity.
Stony corals, order Scleractinia, have the mesenteries arranged radially in pairs which develop cyclically. The mesenteries deposit calcium carbonate which forms a stony ridge, the septum, between each pair of mesenteries and builds the corallite, the cup in which the polyp sits. Sea anemones, order Actiniaria, have at least eight complete mesenteries and a variable number of incomplete ones near the base. The functional significance of the mesenteries in sea anemones is unclear.
While on daily aspirin, most patients have reduced need for supporting medications, fewer asthma and sinusitis symptoms than previously, and an improved sense of smell. Desensitization to aspirin reduces the chance of nasal polyp recurrence and may slow the regrowth of nasal polyps. Once desensitized to aspirin, most patients can safely take other NSAID medications again. Even patients desensitized to aspirin may continue to need other medications including nasal steroids, inhaled steroids, and leukotriene antagonists.
After Ariel disappears, Triton subsequently orders a search for her to apologize, not knowing that she has accepted Ursula's deal and become a human. When Sebastian arrives with news of Ursula's scheme, he offers to take his daughter's place. Triton is transformed into a polyp by Ursula, but is restored to his original form when Eric kills her. Seeing that Ariel is happy with Eric, Triton uses his trident to transform Ariel into a human.
According to American Cancer Society guidelines, people over 50 should have an annual occult blood test. People in their 50s are recommended to have flexible sigmoidoscopies performed once every 3 to 5 years to detect any abnormal growth which could be an adenomatous polyp. If adenomatous polyps are detected during this procedure, a colonoscopy is recommended. Medical societies recommend colonoscopies every ten years starting at age 50 as a necessary screening practice for colon cancer.
Growth in this species is achieved by budding from the basal lamina, and the rather diffuse colonies may be a metre or so in diameter. Each individual polyp sits in a corallite or stony cup, about in diameter and high. The corallites have up to four cycles of toothed septa (stony ridges) making 48 septa in total. Both corallites and polyps are brown and the tentacles, long, have white granulations and white cylindrical tips.
Meandering corallite walls of an intratentacular budding coral Separate corallites of an extratentacular budding species In colonial corals, growth results from the budding of new polyps. There are two types of budding, intratentacular and extratentacular. In intratentacular budding, a new polyp develops on the oral disc, inside the ring of tentacles. This can form individual, separate polyps or a row of partially separated polyps sharing an elongate oral disc with a series of mouths.
Cubozoa is a group commonly known as box jellyfish, that occur in tropical and warm temperate seas. They have cube-shaped, transparent medusae and are heavily-armed with venomous nematocysts. Cubozoans have planula larvae, which settle and develop into sessile polyps, which subsequently metamorphose into sexual medusae, the oral end of each polyp changing into a medusa which separates and swims away. Staurozoa is a small group commonly known as stalked jellyfish.
The tentacles are organs which serve both for the tactile sense and for the capture of food. Polyps extend their tentacles, particularly at night, often containing coiled stinging cells (cnidocytes) which pierce, poison and firmly hold living prey paralysing or killing them. Polyp prey includes plankton such as copepods and fish larvae. Longitudinal muscular fibers formed from the cells of the ectoderm allow tentacles to contract to convey the food to the mouth.
The medusae of most species are fast growing, mature within a few months and die soon after breeding, but the polyp stage, attached to the seabed, may be much more long- lived. Jellyfish have been in existence for at least 500 million years,Fossil Record Reveals Elusive Jellyfish More Than 500 Million Years Old . ScienceDaily (2 November 2007). and possibly 700 million years or more, making them the oldest multi-organ animal group.
This species produces small polyp individuals with a 2 rings of blunt tentacles surrounding their oral cavity. The secondary, or outer layer, has tentacles about 1 mm in length, while the primary, or inner are about 15-25% longer. Most polyps have the same number of tentacles in each ring, and individuals typically have between 20-24 total. Their bandlike coenenchyme links individuals together and has tiny grains of sand embedded in it.
The sediments that are present within the environment cause increased turbidity and may smother some organisms. The corals present on the fringing reefs use four processes to get rid of sediments which include polyp distension, tentacular movement, ciliary action and mucus production. The corals that are present then are thus likely those that can get rid of the sediments the best. Bloodling also known as brooding corals have higher growth and reproduction rates than others.
David John Mazzucchelli English language translation (; born September 21, 1960) is an American comics artist and writer, known for his work on seminal superhero comic book storylines Daredevil: Born Again and Batman: Year One, as well as for graphic novels in other genres, such as Asterios Polyp and City of Glass: The Graphic Novel. He is also an instructor who teaches comic book storytelling at the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan.
Lion's mane jellyfish have four different stages in their year-long lifespan: a larval stage, a polyp stage, an ephyrae stage, and the medusa stage. The female jellyfish carries its fertilized eggs in its tentacle, where the eggs grow into larva. When the larva are old enough, the female deposits them on a hard surface, where the larva soon grow into polyps. The polyps begin to reproduce asexually, creating stacks of small creatures called ephyrae.
A peduncle is an elongated stalk of tissue. Sessility is the state of not having a peduncle; a sessile mass or structure lacks a stalk. In medicine, a mass such as a cyst or polyp is said to be pedunculated if it is supported by a peduncle. There are in total three types of peduncles in the cerebellum of the human brain, known as superior cerebellar peduncle, middle cerebellar peduncle, and inferior cerebellar peduncle.
These provide most of the coral's energy needs. However, during the night, the tentacles of the polyp are extended to trap planktonic particles floating past and these supplement the nutrition it obtains from photosynthesis. This coral is a hermaphrodite and reproduces by releasing eggs and sperm into the water where fertilisation takes place. The planula larvae which emerge from the eggs are planktonic and eventually settle on the seabed to undergo metamorphosis into juvenile polyps.
A medical study of the voice can be, for instance, analysis of the voice of patients who have had a polyp removed from their vocal cords through an operation. Computerized methods can be used to assess such issues in an objective manner. An experienced voice therapist can quite reliably evaluate the voice, but this requires extensive training and is still subjective. Another active research topic in medical voice analysis is vocal loading evaluation.
Fungia fungites may be confused with specimens of the related genus Cycloseris but the latter are always free living, even as juveniles, while the former bear a scar showing where they were attached when young. Fungia corals, like other large polyp stony corals, have developed several feeding strategies. They also capture planktonic organisms, food particles from the water column, and can absorb dissolved organic matter. Feeding tentacles are usually visible at night.
They have incomplete digestive tracts where the food enters, is digested, and expelled through the same opening. During the polyp stage, the mouth is situated at the top of the body, surrounded by tentacles, whereas during the medusa stage, the mouth is situated at the distal end of the main body structure. Four gonads lie in this main body structure, or manubrium. When food is taken in through the mouth, it enters the manubrium.
Corals in the genus Cycloseris are mostly solitary and free living, some attaining in diameter. The discs are either round or oval and the central mouth, which is surrounded by tentacles, may be a slit. The polyp sits in a calcareous cup, the corallite, and only extends its tentacles to feed at night. The septa are vertical skeletal elements inside the corallite wall and the costae unite the septae at the base of the coral.
This syndrome occurs due to potential burns to the bowel wall when the polyp is removed, and may cause fever and abdominal pain. It is a very rare complication, treated with intravenous fluids and antibiotics. Bowel infections are a potential colonoscopy risk, although very rare. The colon is not a sterile environment; many bacteria that normally live in the colon ensure the well-functioning of the bowel, and the risk of infections is very low.
The reproduction of the genus Drymonema is similar to the reproduction of all Scyphozoans. These organisms can undergo both sexual (medusa) and asexual (polyp) reproduction processes. In the case of a medusa, sexual reproduction is external, where the males release the sperm while the females release eggs into the water and they fuse. This fusion results in free swimming planula larva that eventually sinks to the bottom or finds a hard surface to attach to.
Caryophyllia smithii is a solitary species of coral with a cup-shaped corallum (stony skeleton) with an elliptical base and a diameter of up to . It is usually broader than it is high. The septa (vertical radial calcareous plates) are arranged in four to five cycles and have smooth edges. The column of the polyp can project by up to from the cup and there are about eighty tentacles each with a terminal knob.
Ohdera et al:Upside- Down but Headed in the Right Direction: Review of the Highly Versatile Cassiopea xamachana System. The life cycle of Cassiopea xamachana alternates between a polyp phase and the medusa phase. Gametes are released by the medusae into the water and the fertilized eggs hatch into planula larvae, which attach to the sea bed or some other suitable substrate. Decomposing red mangrove (Rhizophora mangle) give off a substance which attracts the larvae to settle.
200x200pxSpring and summer months typically have more jellyfish blooms because the warmer water temperatures cause jellyfish to reach sexual maturity more quickly. Rising global ocean temperatures may also contribute to the increasing jellyfish populations. Over-fishing of jellyfish predators releases jellyfish populations from top-down control. For example, reduced competition from small pelagic fish in the Black Sea due to fishing has led to an apparent increase in polyp proliferation, the earliest developmental stage of jellyfish.
John Hawkins, Jerry Page, and Richard Smith formed the group in 1987. Shortly after its formation, the trio (as "Mud Honey") organized and released a compilation cassette, The Polyp Explodes. Along with Crust, the cassette featured the Austin bands Miracle Room, Ed Hall, ST37, Seemen, and Thanatopsis Throne. The band's early instrumentation included tape loops, feedback devices, spring reverberators, and drum machines, but later incorporated traditional rock instruments such as drum kit, electric guitar, bass and keyboard.
Body impression of Dickinsonia organism from the Precambrian Era Dickinsonia fossils are another notable fossil from the Ediacaran period, found in Southern Australia and Russia. It remains unknown what type of organism Dickinsonia was; however, it has been considered a polychaete, turbellarian/annelid worm, jellyfish, polyp, protest, lichen or mushroom. They were preserved in quartz sandstones, and date back to around 550 million years ago. Dickinsonia were soft-bodied organisms, that show some evidence of very slow movement.
GoGo Monster won the Special Award at the 30th Japan Cartoonists Association Award in 2001. In 2006, the manga earned a nomination for Angoulême International Comics Festival Prize for Artwork, which it lost to Le vol du corbeau by Jean-Pierre Gibrat. It was nominated to the 2009 Los Angeles Times Book Prize for Best Graphic Novel but David Mazzucchelli's Asterios Polyp won it. The manga was generally received positively by critics, including Deb Aoki of About.
Colonies of Cauloramphus disjunctus encrust rocks and grow to a diameter of about . Each colony consists of a number of interlinked polyps with each individual reaching a length of about . The epidermis secretes a hard exoskeleton which protects and supports the trunks of the polyps and the whole colony resembles an encrusting lichen. Each polyp has a lophophore, a feeding organ with tentacles, which is extended to feed but can be everted and drawn back inside the trunk.
Although no large studies showing the long term outcomes for women with hyperthecosis exist, a diagnosis of hyperthecosis may suggest an increased risk for metabolic complications of hyperlipidemia and type 2 diabetes . In postmenopausal women, hyperthecosis may also contribute to the pathogenesis of endometrial polyp, endometrial hyperplasia, and endometrioid adenocarcinoma due to the association of hyperestrinism (excess estrins in the body) and hyperthecosis. Treatment for hyperthecosis is based upon each case, but may range from pharmacological interventions to surgical.
Shallow water species of both stony and soft corals can be zooxanthellate, the corals supplementing their plankton diet with the products of photosynthesis produced by these symbionts. The polyps interconnect by a complex and well-developed system of gastrovascular canals, allowing significant sharing of nutrients and symbionts. The external form of the polyp varies greatly. The column may be long and slender, or may be so short in the vertical direction that the body becomes disk-like.
In September 2010, Emerson released a message stating: "During a routine medical examination, a colonoscopy revealed a rather dangerous polyp in my lower colon. It is the conclusion of the doctors here in London that I must undergo surgery immediately. Unfortunately, the timing of this urgent surgery does not allow me to start touring in early October because of the required period of hospitalization and recuperation. I must remain optimistic that all will turn out well".
Within 15 minutes it indicates a suspicious fragment in the recording where there may be an ulcer, bleeding, a polyp or another disease. It sends information about the completed analysis by text message or by email. A system to support the diagnostic endoscopic examination of the human digestive tract named MEDEYE has been designed to make the work of a physician more efficient. It analyses and interprets the image from a tiny camera closed in a capsule.
Haque worked in government health service in Bangladesh starting from April 1982 until 2009. He practices absolutely restricted Colorectal Surgery since 1997. In last 17 years he has consulted nearly 6,50,000 (six lac fifty thousand) new patients and operated 3,35,000 (Three lac thirty five thousand) patients in private and government's hospital having Piles, Fistula, Anal Fissure, Colon and Rectal Cancer, Polyp, Rectal Prolapse & Diverticulitis. He does short or full colonoscopy himself routinely for most of the patient.
In return, the algae produce oxygen and help the coral to remove waste. Most importantly, the zooxanthellae supply the coral with glucose, glycerol and amino acids. The coral then uses these to make proteins, fats, and carbohydrates which help produce their calcium carbonate skeleton. The relationship between the zooxanthellae and the coral polyp creates a tight recycling of nutrients in nutrient-poor tropical waters and is the driving force behind the growth and productivity of the reef.
Symbiodinium reach high cell densities through prolific mitotic division in the endodermal tissues of many shallow tropical and sub-tropical cnidarians. This is a SEM of a freeze-fractured internal mesentery from a reef coral polyp (Porites porites) that shows the distribution and density of symbiont cells. Many Symbiodinium are known primarily for their role as mutualistic endosymbionts. In hosts, they usually occur in high densities, ranging from hundreds of thousands to millions per square centimeter.
The tube is called a sigmoidoscope. The scope transmits an image of the inside of the rectum and colon, so the physician can carefully examine the lining of these organs. The scope also blows air into these organs, which inflates them in order to help the physician see better. If anything unusual is in the rectum or colon, like a polyp or inflamed tissue, the physician can remove a piece of it using instruments inserted into the scope.
While on tour to support the Evolution album, Wanya Morris developed a polyp on his vocal cords, and the group was forced to postpone part of the tour until he recovered. McCary's scoliosis meant that he was unable to participate in most of the group's dance routines. Boyz II Men were nominated for 2 Grammys in 1998: Best R&B; Album for Evolution and Best R&B; Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group for "A Song for Mama".
The fertilized egg produces a planular larva which, in most species, quickly attaches itself to the sea bottom. The larva develops into the hydroid stage of the lifecycle, a tiny sessile polyp called a scyphistoma. The scyphistoma reproduces asexually, producing similar polyps by budding, and then either transforming into a medusa, or budding several medusae off from its upper surface via a process called strobilation. The medusae are initially microscopic and may take years to reach sexual maturity.
Asterios Polyp grew out of a story idea that would have filled the entire fourth issue of Rubber Blanket. It was published as a hardcover, with an architectonic design that alluded to themes of form and function within the text, including a dust jacket shorter than the size of the book that revealed the structure underneath. Questioned about the impracticality of his design, Mazzucchelli joked that it was "the most frustrating package [I] could come up with".
Mazzucchelli was one of the artists on the Superman and Batman: World's Funnest one-shot written by Evan Dorkin. In 2009, Pantheon Books published Mazzucchelli's graphic novel, Asterios Polyp. Mazzucchelli has done illustrations for various publications, including interior pieces and covers for The New Yorker In 2011, an animated adaptation of Batman: Year One was released by Warner Home Video. Mazzucchelli currently teaches a cartooning course for BFA students at the School of Visual Arts in Manhattan.
Geryonia is a monotypic genus of hydrozoans in the family Geryoniidae. It is represented by the species Geryonia proboscidalis which occurs in the Mediterranean and subtropical seas. In the Mediterranean the species is more numerous and the polyps are larger than in other parts of the world. The diameter of a polyp can be up to 80 mm, while in Florida and the Bahamas it is rare to find specimens of more than 50 mm in diameter.
Aequorea victoria are found along the North American west coast of the Pacific Ocean from the Bering Sea to southern California. The medusa part of the life cycle is a pelagic organism, which is budded off a bottom-living polyp in late spring. The medusae can be found floating and swimming both nearshore and offshore in the eastern Pacific Ocean;Kozloff, Eugene N. Marine Invertebrates of the Pacific Northwest. 2nd. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1996.
Cauliflower corals are widespread and can be identified by the presence of wart-like growths on their surface. The colonies can be dome shaped or branching and are very variable in colour and shape depending on the species and the environmental conditions. Species situated on shallow reefs pounded by the sea tend to be stunted whilst those in deep calm water are often thin and open. Each individual polyp has tentacles but these are normally extended only at night.
The role celecoxib might have in reducing the rates of certain cancers has been the subject of many studies. However, no medical recommendation exists to use this drug for cancer reduction. The use of celecoxib to reduce the risk of colorectal cancer has been investigated, but neither celecoxib nor any other drug is indicated for this use. Small-scale clinical trials in very high-risk people (belonging to FAP families) showed celecoxib can prevent polyp growth.
Astroides calycularis is a colonial coral, consisting of a group of polyps, each of which sits in a stony cup known as a calyx. The colonies are in diameter and high and each polyp is about in diameter. The polyps are yellow or orange, each with a fringe of about thirty very short tentacles surrounding a slit-shaped mouth. The colony grows by asexual reproduction, new polyps budding off existing polyps and secreting their own calices.
Lobophylliidae is a family of large polyp stony corals. The family was created in 2009 after a revision of the "robust" families of Faviidae, Merulinidae, Mussidae and Pectiniidae, which had been shown to be polyphyletic. The family Lobophylliidae was formed out of the Indo-Pacific species that had traditionally been included in Mussidae, and some of the species which had previously formed Pectiniidae, the remaining species from Pectiniidae having been merged into Merulinidae. The type genus is Lobophyllia.
The polyps of Pennaria disticha spread out their tentacles to catch any small zooplankton that float by. The prey is often captured and immobilised by nematocysts on the threadlike tentacles at the base of the polyp. The crown bends over to receive the item, which is then killed by the more powerful nematocysts at the tip of the crown tentacles and thrust into the mouth. The colony grows by budding, during which process new feeding polyps are formed.
These polyps develop over a few days into tiny 1 mm medusae, which are liberated and swim free from the parent hydroid colony. Images of both the medusa and polyp of the closely related species Turritopsis rubra from New Zealand can be found online. Until a recent genetic study, it was thought that Turritopsis rubra and Turritopsis nutricula were the same. It is not known whether or not T. rubra medusae can also transform back into polyps.
Like many Hydrozoa, Velella velella has a bipartite life cycle, with a form of alternation of generations. The deep blue, by-the-wind sailors that are recognized by many beach-goers are the polyp phase of the life cycle. Each "individual" with its sail is really a hydroid colony, with many polyps that feed on ocean plankton. These are connected by a canal system that enables the colony to share whatever food is ingested by individual polyps.
Gradual sea-level rise also allows for coral polyp activity to raise the atolls with the sea level. However, if the increase in sea level occurs at faster rate as compared to coral growth, or if polyp activity is damaged by ocean acidification, then the resilience of the atolls and reef islands is less certain. There is further contention as to whether saltwater encroachment that is destroying the gardens for pulaka, taro and coconut palms is the consequence of changes in the sea level; or the consequence of the fresh water being extracted from the freshwater lens in the sub-surface of the atoll or the consequence of the creation of the borrow pits, which are the result of the extraction of coral to build the runway at Funafuti during World War II. The investigation of groundwater dynamics of Fongafale Islet, Funafuti, show that tidal forcing results in salt water contamination of the surficial aquifer during spring tides. The degree of aquifer salinization depends on the specific topographic characteristics and the hydrologic controls in the sub- surface of the atoll.
Retrieved on 2016-06-13. These tanks are either kept in a natural-like state, with algae (sometimes in the form of an algae scrubber) and a deep sand bed providing filtration,Reefkeeping 101 – Various Nutrient Control Methods. Reefkeeping.com. Retrieved on 2016-06-13. or as "show tanks", with the rock kept largely bare of the algae and microfauna that would normally populate it,Aquarium Substrate & Live Rock Clean Up Tips. Saltaquarium.about.com. Retrieved on 2016-06-13. in order to appear neat and clean. The most popular kind of coral kept is soft coral, especially zoanthids and mushroom corals, which are especially easy to grow and propagate in a wide variety of conditions, because they originate in enclosed parts of reefs where water conditions vary and lighting may be less reliable and direct.Coral Reefs . Marinebio.org. Retrieved on 2016-06-13. More serious fishkeepers may keep small polyp stony coral, which is from open, brightly lit reef conditions and therefore much more demanding, while large polyp stony coral is a sort of compromise between the two.
Phillip Huscher, The Santa Fe Opera: An American Pioneer, Santa Fe Opera, 2006, p. 148. In 2004, she also performed her first Italian Lucia at the Lyric Opera of Chicago and first Massenet's Manon at the Grand Théâtre de Genève. In the 2004/05 season, she withdrew from Ariadne auf Naxos at the Opéra Bastille and cancelled concert performances at the Théâtre des Champs-Élysées. She underwent surgery to remove a polyp on the other vocal cord and began vocal training subsequently.
They recorded their second album, Bivouac, with recording engineer Billy Anderson, and it was released in 1992 through the local labels Tupelo Recording Company and The Communion Label. Pfahler has described the album as "varied and ambitious", noting that it "took ages to finish" and "I think we were trying to prove something with that record. We were definitely stretching out." By the time of Bivouac's release Schwarzenbach had developed a polyp on his throat, causing him to lose his voice onstage.
Many cnidarians are limited to shallow waters because they depend on endosymbiotic algae for much of their nutrients. The life cycles of most have polyp stages, which are limited to locations that offer stable substrates. Nevertheless, major cnidarian groups contain species that have escaped these limitations. Hydrozoans have a worldwide range: some, such as Hydra, live in freshwater; Obelia appears in the coastal waters of all the oceans; and Liriope can form large shoals near the surface in mid-ocean.
Primary colonic EMZL, also termed primary colonic MALT lymphoma, usually presents at an early stage of disease with evidence of lower GI tract bleeding (e.g. tarry bowel movements and/or iron deficiency anemia), less commonly with lower abdominal pain, and rarely with bowel perforation or intussusception. Endoscopic examination most often reveals a single polyp or rarely multiple polyps, a mucosal ulcer, or a mucosal nodule. Diagnosis is passed on biopsy of the lesions showing a histology typical of EMZL, e.g.
Mohr was a patient who came to Dr. Williams complaining of trouble with her right ear. Dr. Williams examined her right ear and he discovered that there was a large perforation in the eardrum, that there was a large polyp in the middle ear, and that the ossicles of the middle ear were probably diseased. Dr. Williams also examined Mrs. Mohr's left ear, but he was unable to make a full examination because of a foreign substance in the left ear.
Cnidarian polyp Joint intracellular and extracellular digestion In hydra and other cnidarians, the food is caught by the tentacles and ingested through the mouth into the single large digestive cavity, the gastrovascular cavity. Enzymes are secreted from the cells bordering this cavity and poured on the food for extracellular digestion. Small particles of the partially digested food are engulfed into the vacuoles of the digestive cells for intracellular digestion. Any undigested and un-absorbed food is finally thrown out of the mouth.
The polyps also undergo asexual reproduction to create more polyps; parts of each polyp will eventually metamorphose into ephyrae, which range between 1.7 and 4.2 mm in diameter. Young medusa take 8–10 weeks to reach an initial diameter of 3 cm, and then will grow by approximately 3–4 cm per week until reaching their final adult size. Gradually, the medusa develop with an average final diameter of approximately 35 cm. Sexual reproduction between adult medusa typically occurs between August and October.
In anatomy, a polyp is an abnormal growth of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. If it is attached to the surface by a narrow elongated stalk, it is said to be pedunculated; if it is attached without a stalk, it is said to be sessile. Polyps are commonly found in the colon, stomach, nose, ear, sinus(es), urinary bladder, and uterus. They may also occur elsewhere in the body where there are mucous membranes, including the cervix, vocal folds, and small intestine.
In G. mariae, the gametes are shed into the coelenteron or body cavity of each polyp and pass through the mouth into the open sea, where fertilisation takes place. The fertilised egg develops into a planula larva, which is planktonic. The tentacles, septa, and pharynx begin to develop before the larva settles on its aboral (non-mouth) end and metamorphs into a juvenile sea fan. In 1995, a disease affected gorgonians in the Caribbean, with Gorgonia flabellum and Gorgonia ventalina being particularly affected.
A colony of Astrangia solitaria consists of a small number of cylindrical corallites (stony cups), in diameter and high, each secreted by the polyp that sits inside it. New polyps grow on short stolons and the coenosarc (soft tissue) does not cover the skeleton in a continuous sheet as it does in most coral species. The stolons may become abraded leaving the individual polyps completely or semi-separated. The corallites can have 48 septa (stony ridges) but 36 is a more usual number.
Presently, corals are classified as species of animals within the sub-classes Hexacorallia and Octocorallia of the class Anthozoa in the phylum Cnidaria. Hexacorallia includes the stony corals and these groups have polyps that generally have a 6-fold symmetry. Octocorallia includes blue coral and soft corals and species of Octocorallia have polyps with an eightfold symmetry, each polyp having eight tentacles and eight mesenteries. The group of corals is paraphyletic because the sea anemones are also in the sub-class Hexacorallia.
Fertilisation takes place inside the cavities of the polyps in female colonies. The embryos are then brooded on the surface of the colony, entangled in a sticky mucus. After about six days, the planula larvae have completed their development and are liberated and soon settle on the seabed. Each polyp in a female colony produces about twenty eggs, which is a relatively low number, but this is compensated for by the brooding process which maximises the chances of the developing larvae avoiding predation.
Heterocyathus aequicostatus is a small, solitary, free-living coral with a flat base. The polyp sits in a roughly circular corallite (stony cup) which has up to four cycles of toothed septa (stony ridges) radiating from it, making 48 septa in total. These continue over the rim of the corallite as prominent costa (ridges) down to the smooth, flat base. This coral grows to a maximum diameter of and is a pale brown colour, often with a pale green oral disc.
A bowel polyp that can be identified by sigmoidoscopy. Some polyps will develop into cancers if not removed. Screening for colorectal cancer, if done early enough, is preventive because almost all colorectal cancers originate from benign growths called polyps, which can be located and removed during a colonoscopy (see colonic polypectomy). The US Preventive Services Task Force recommends screening for colorectal cancer using fecal occult blood testing, sigmoidoscopy, or colonoscopy, in adults, beginning at age 50 years and continuing until age 75 years.
Tubularia is a genus of hydroids that appear to be furry pink tufts or balls at the end of long strings, thus causing them to be sometimes be called "pink- mouthed" or "pink-hearted" hydroids. Their average height is 40–60 mm and the diameter of the polyp and tentacles is 10mm. Tubularia indivisa and Ectopleura larynx can be difficult to distinguish and the two often grow together. In E. larynx the stems branch while in T. indivisa they are unbranched.Characteristics.
If she fails, Ariel will become a miserable polyp and belong to Ursula. Ariel accepts and is then given human legs and taken to the surface by Flounder and Sebastian. Eric finds Ariel alone on the beach and takes her to his castle, but is still unaware that she is the one who saved him before due to her muteness. Ariel spends time with Eric, and at the end of the second day, they almost kiss but are thwarted by Flotsam and Jetsam.
When tropical waters become unusually warm for extended periods of time, microscopic plants called zooxanthellae, which are symbiotic partners living within the coral polyp tissues, die off. These plants provide food for the corals, and give them their color. The result of the death and dispersal of these tiny plants is called coral bleaching, and can lead to the devastation of large areas of reef. Over 42% of corals are completely bleached and 95% are experiencing some type of whitening.
The polyps of Plexaurella nutans extend their tentacles to feed on zooplankton and other small invertebrates floating past. The food gathered is shared with neighbouring polyps via the gastrovascular cavity inside the coral's skeleton. After particles of liver marked with a radioactive tracer were fed experimentally to a single polyp, radioactivity was detected in tissues up to away. Plexaurella nutans is a zooxanthellate species of coral with large numbers of symbiotic dinoflagellates from the genus Symbiodinium living in its tissues.
Sylvy Kornberg née Sylvia Ruth Levy (1917-1986) was an American biochemist who carried out research on DNA replication and polyphosphate synthesis. She discovered and characterized polyphosphate kinase (PPK), an enzyme that helps build long chains of phosphate groups called polyphosphate (PolyP) that play a variety of metabolic and regulatory functions. She worked closely with her husband and research partner, Arthur Kornberg, contributing greatly to the characterization of DNA polymerization that earned him the 1959 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine.
The polyps of Eunicella singularis feed by spreading their tentacles to intercept zooplankton and organic particles floating past. This diet is supplemented by the energy provided, via photosynthesis, by the symbiotic dinoflagellates that are present in the tissues of the sea fan. Reproduction involves the release of planula larvae which spend somewhere between a few hours and several days in the open sea. Each larva then settles on the seabed and undergoes metamorphosis into a primary polyp within about four days.
The zygote develops into a planula larva which swims by means of cilia and forms part of the plankton for a while before settling on the seabed and metamorphosing into a juvenile polyp. Some planulae contain yolky material and others incorporate zooxanthellae, and these adaptations enable these larvae to sustain themselves and disperse more widely. The planulae of the stony coral Pocillopora damicornis, for example, have lipid-rich yolks and remain viable for as long as 100 days before needing to settle.
Chronic suppurative otitis media (CSOM) is a chronic inflammation of the middle ear and mastoid cavity that is characterised by discharge from the middle ear through a perforated tympanic membrane for at least 6 weeks. CSOM occurs following an upper respiratory tract infection that has led to acute otitis media. This progresses to a prolonged inflammatory response causing mucosal (middle ear) oedema, ulceration and perforation. The middle ear attempts to resolve this ulceration by production of granulation tissue and polyp formation.
D. axifuga colony in a marine aquarium. D. axifuga is a species of coral often encountered in the aquarium trade where it is commonly called the duncan coral and referred to as a type of large-polyp stony coral (LPS). It has become increasingly popular due to the relatively easy care requirements for the growth of the coral and the fast rate at which it grows. The duncan coral generally prefers to inhabit an established reef aquarium if brought into captivity.
The orange sea pen is a colonial cnidarian, the individual polyps having their own specialised functions. One, the primary polyp, loses its tentacles and forms both the stalk of the colony (known as the rachis), and the bulbous base with which it anchors itself deep into the soft substrate. Other polyps are known as secondary polyps. They include autozooids, which are feeding polyps, being armed with cnidocytes on the eight branching tentacles which form the feathery branches of the sea pen.
Colpophyllia natans is a hermaphroditic broadcast spawner, releasing large numbers of gametes synchronously to aid fertilisation. Each individual polyp spawns both eggs and sperm, having the reproductive capabilities of both the male and female sexes. Following fertilisation, the zygote becomes a microscopic larva called a planula, which, upon swimming to suitable substrate, will anchor and establish a new colony. This method of sexual reproduction has a high rate of failure in several of its stages and few new colonies successfully grow.
Mature specimens of Antillogorgia bipinnata have symbiotic unicellular algae known as zooxanthellae in their tissues, but these are not present in the planula larvae and the polyp into which it metamorphasizes. Researchers reared these larvae in algae-free environments and then attempted to infect the resulting polyps with various strains of dinoflagellate. Some of these were observed to be attracted to the polyps and actively swam into their open mouths; successful infection was achieved with some strains of dinoflagellate and not with others.
Siphonophorae is an order of marine animals from the phylum Hydrozoa that consist of a specialized medusoid and polyp zooid. Some siphonophores, including the genus Erenna that live in the aphotic zone between depths of 1600 m and 2300 m, exhibit yellow to red fluorescence in the photophores of their tentacle-like tentilla. This fluorescence occurs as a by-product of bioluminescence from these same photophores. The siphonophores exhibit the fluorescence in a flicking pattern that is used as a lure to attract prey.
Other studies refute the idea that global jellyfish populations are increasing at all; they state that these variations are simply part of the larger-scale climatic and ecosystem processes. The lack of data has been interpreted as a lack of blooms. An additional difficulty with studying jellyfish bloom dynamics is understanding how populations change in both the polyp and medusae life stages of a jellyfish. Medusae are much easier for researchers to track and observe due to their size and presence in the water.
Polymorphism refers to the occurrence of structurally and functionally more than two different types of individuals within the same organism. It is a characteristic feature of Cnidarians, particularly the polyp and medusa forms, or of zooids within colonial organisms like those in Hydrozoa. In Hydrozoans, colonial individuals arising from individuals zooids will take on separate tasks. For example, in Obelia there are feeding individuals, the gastrozooids; the individuals capable of asexual reproduction only, the gonozooids, blastostyles and free-living or sexually reproducing individuals, the medusae.
The floats are not obvious in this species from Haeckel's description, and have not been formally described, although the strange hat- like structure on the hydrozoan's aboral side may have this function. The hydroid colony itself closely resembles the tentacles of a scyphozoan; however, each tentacle structure is an individual zooid, which may consist of a medusa or a polyp. Each strand consists of numerous branchlets, which all end in stinging nematocysts. The species is considered to be neustonic, passively drifting on the surface of the sea.
COX-2 inhibitor may decrease the rate of polyp formation in people with familial adenomatous polyposis however are associated with the same adverse effects as NSAIDs. Daily use of tamoxifen or raloxifene has been demonstrated to reduce the risk of developing breast cancer in high- risk women. The benefit verses harm for 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor such as finasteride is not clear. A study showing a proof-of-principle has also been done with the human proteins IFNalpha2a and macrophage-CSF, produced by genetically modified hens.
Polyps which are sessile in the beginning become pedunculated due to gravity. In people with nasal polyps due to aspirin or NSAID sensitivity, the underlying mechanism is due to disorders in the metabolism of arachidonic acid. Exposure to cycloxygenase inhibitors such as aspirin and NSAIDs leads to shunting of products through the lipoxygenase pathway leading to an increased production of products that cause inflammation. In the airway, these inflammatory products lead to symptoms of asthma such as wheezing as well as nasal polyp formation.
111 says: "it seems likely that this many-armed figure was a marine monster in origin, a demonized giant polyp, an embodiment of the sea itself in its unruly strength". As noted above, Briareus/Aegaeon may have been an older god of the sea, replaced by Poseidon. He was perhaps a Greek reflection of Near-Eastern traditions in which the Sea challenged the storm-god, such as in the Ugaritic tradition of the battle between Yammu (Sea) and the storm-god Baal.West 2002, p.
Cambrorhytium is an enigmatic fossil genus known from the Latham Shale (California), and the Chengjiang (China) and Burgess Shale (Canadian rockies) lagerstätte. The fossil is conical, with iterated linear markings on its walls, parallel to its base. Its wall is thin, and it lacks the keel that is distinctive of hyoliths. It has been interpreted as a cnidarian polyp, with the interpretation suggesting that the animal lived in the tube and extended tentacles (of which no trace has been found) from the flat aperture.
The risks of progression to colorectal cancer increases if the polyp is larger than 1 cm and contains a higher percentage of villous component. Also, the shape of the polyps is related to the risk of progression into carcinoma. Polyps that are pedunculated (with a stalk) are usually less dangerous than sessile polyps (flat polyps). Sessile polyps have a shorter pathway for migration of invasive cells from the tumor into submucosal and more distant structures, and they are also more difficult to remove and to ascertain.
Since polyp removal accounted for 30% of the colon surgery of the day, Shinya's primary focus from his first experiences with colonoscopy was a noninvasive method of performing polypectomy. On January 8, 1969, he and Hiroshi Ichikawa sketched out the first plans for a snare attached to the end of a colonoscope that would allow for easy removal of polyps during colonoscopy . They experimented with different types of wire, testing them on animal bowels. Within a few months, they had a workable polypectomy snare .
By January, the King had relented and allowed Caroline unrestricted access. In February, Prince George William fell ill, and the King allowed both George Augustus and Caroline to see him at Kensington Palace without any conditions. When the baby died, a post-mortem was conducted to prove that the cause of death was disease (a polyp on the heart) rather than the separation from his mother.Van der Kiste, p. 67. Further tragedy occurred in 1718, when Caroline miscarried at Richmond Lodge, her country residence.
Antipathella fiordensis with a basket star on one branch Black corals have flexible bushy or tree-like forms. They have black skeletons of dense, horny material, covered by a thin layer of living tissue from which the polyps project. Each polyp has six unbranched tentacles and a slit-shaped mouth, and is non-retractable. Normal tentacles are less than long, but this black coral can develop sweeper tentacles up to long, armed with stinging cells, in apparent response to epiphytic organisms attempting to grow on the branches.
Maeotias marginata is native to the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea. It has spread to other parts of the world and was first detected in North America in 1968 in the estuaries of rivers entering Chesapeake Bay. It is thought to have been brought to America by shipping. The polyp stage possibly arrived as a fouling organism on the hull of a ship but it is unlikely that a brackish water species would have survived such a long voyage through saline ocean water.
Coral growth usually relies on both food and sunlight, but because O. varicosa exists primarily as a deep-water coral, it typically lacks zooxanthellae. Only shallow water forms of O. varicosa contain zooxanthellae because they have more access to sunlight. Zooxanthellae, or coral symbionts, serve in a mutualistic relationship as a source of energy for coral colonies, while also receiving shelter between coral polyps. Zooxanthellae photosynthesize and transfer sugars to the coral polyp, but azooxanthellate, or aposymbiotic, coral colonies rely on obtaining energy through heterotrophy.
Due to the slow life cycle and deep-water habitats of black coral, little is known about their life cycle and reproduction. As with other cnidarians, the life cycle of these corals involves both asexual and sexual reproduction. Asexual reproduction (also known as budding), is the first method of reproduction used by a black coral during their lifespan. Once a polyp is anchored, it builds a colony by creating a skeleton, growing new branches and making it thicker, similar to the growth of a tree.
They may have a tree- like or fan-like appearance, depending on species. The polyps themselves are usually tiny, although some noncolonial species are much larger, reaching , or, in the case of the deep-sea Branchiocerianthus, a remarkable 2 m (6.6 ft). The hydrocaulus is usually surrounded by a sheath of chitin and proteins called the perisarc. In some species, this extends upwards to also enclose part of the polyps, in some cases including a closeable lid through which the polyp may extend its tentacles.
Anthozoa is a class of marine invertebrates which includes the sea anemones, stony corals and soft corals. Adult anthozoans are almost all attached to the seabed, while their larvae can disperse as part of the plankton. The basic unit of the adult is the polyp; this consists of a cylindrical column topped by a disc with a central mouth surrounded by tentacles. Sea anemones are mostly solitary, but the majority of corals are colonial, being formed by the budding of new polyps from an original, founding individual.
The polyp is translucent and the colour is variable and may be white, pink, orange, red, brown or bright green. Sometimes there are contrasting regions of colour, especially forming a zig- zag pattern round the mouth. The tentacles are colourless except for the white or brown terminal knobs and the many tiny warts. A form found in deep water is smaller and more delicate; it has an inverse cone shape which is narrowed at the base, while shallow water forms are cylindrical and more robust.
Rose was chosen as a speaker for TEDx Beacon Street in the fall of 2014. Her talk, entitled “Somebody Stole My Voice Again,” addressed her experience following vocal surgery to remove a polyp: > The voice has been described as the “muscle of the soul”. Then why do most > of us cringe at the sound of hearing our own voice? Through personal stories > and singing, Shea Rose, a two-time Boston Music Award winner and Berklee > College of Music graduate, shares what she discovered about the human voice, > after a major surgery on her vocal cords.
It is also a simultaneous hermaphrodite but its reproductive method varies across its range. Each polyp usually contains twelve gonads, the six nearest the mouth being ovaries and the other six spermaries. In South Africa the gametes are released simultaneously from both of these and spawning takes place at new moon in January (mid-summer) with the gametes being liberated into the water column. However, at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands, this species has been shown to fertilise the eggs internally and brood the developing planula larvae.
The typical protonymphon larva is most common, is free living and gradually turns into an adult. The encysted larva is a parasite that hatches from the egg and finds a host in the shape of a polyp colony where it burrows into and turns into a cyst, and will not leave the host before it has turned into a young juvenile. Little is known about the development of the atypical protonymphon larva. The adults are free living, while the larvae and the juveniles are living on or inside temporary hosts such as polychaetes and clams.
H&E; stain of fundic gland polyp showing shortening of the gastric pits with cystic dilatation The development of polyps depends on the underlying disorder.In sporadic cases of FGPs, more than 90% of patients have activating mutations in the β-catenin gene, so that they may be considered "neoplastic" polyps. In familial adenomatous polyposis, the abnormality is a mutation in the APC gene, resulting in its inactivity. Attenuated FAP can occur from other mutations in the APC gene, and causes a phenotype wherein colonic polyps may be few in number.
Oral end of actinodiscus polyp, with close-up of the mouth Most adult cnidarians appear as either free-swimming medusae or sessile polyps, and many hydrozoans species are known to alternate between the two forms. Both are radially symmetrical, like a wheel and a tube respectively. Since these animals have no heads, their ends are described as "oral" (nearest the mouth) and "aboral" (furthest from the mouth). Most have fringes of tentacles equipped with cnidocytes around their edges, and medusae generally have an inner ring of tentacles around the mouth.
Gorgonian polyps in a reef aquarium A polyp in zoology is one of two forms found in the phylum Cnidaria, the other being the medusa. Polyps are roughly cylindrical in shape and elongated at the axis of the vase-shaped body. In solitary polyps, the aboral end is attached to the substrate by means of a disc-like holdfast called the pedal disc, while in colonies of polyps it is connected to other polyps, either directly or indirectly. The oral end contains the mouth, and is surrounded by a circlet of tentacles.
It can be represented by a (for example, message , climate , orange ), e (puppet), i (limit), u (minute), or y (polyp). Among speakers who make this distinction, the distributions of schwa and are quite variable, and in many cases the two are in free variation: the i in decimal, for example, may be pronounced with either sound. A symbolization convention recently introduced by Oxford University Press for some of their English dictionaries uses the non-IPA "compound" symbol () in words that may be pronounced with either or schwa. For example, the word noted is transcribed .
This Montipora coral prefers a water temperature of a stable . It prefers strong lighting such as that provided by metal halides, but even a modest compact fluorescent lighting system will do. Since Montipora capricornis relies on currents to bring it food, moderate to high current should be provided. Generally, supplementary feedings are not necessary for most SPS corals, because feeding such a small polyp would be negligible compared to the energy obtained from the coral's photosynthesis; however, SPS corals will benefit from phytoplankton and trace elements added to the water.
Large nasal polyp (round mass, center), which is commonly treated and removed by FESS.Functional Endoscopic Sinus Surgery is most commonly used to treat chronic rhinosinusitis, only after all non- surgical treatment options such as antibiotics, topical nasal corticosteroids, and nasal lavage with saline solutions have been exhausted. Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is an inflammatory condition in which the nose and at least one sinus become swollen and interfere with mucus drainage. It can be caused by anatomical factors such as a deviated septum or nasal polyps (growths), as well as infection.
E. lineata is a small, delicate- looking, white or brownish anemone with a typical length of 15-20 millimeters as an adult polyp. It has a simple body plan, possessing only 8 complete mesenteries, and 18-24 tentacles. The body of an adult is composed of four distinct regions defined by tissue type: the oral disc containing the tentacles, the capitulum which houses the actinopharynx or "gut", the scapus, and the aboral end. It is capable of lengthening and shortening its body using retractor and parietal muscles present on these mesenteries.
E. lineata has a simple internal structure and is unusual among sea anemones in that it can divide by transverse fission. This type of asexual reproduction can be achieved through either physal pinching or polarity reversal. In physal pinching, a constriction occurs at the aboral (physal) end of the anemone and the fragment then "pinches" off, at which point the fragment regenerates to form a fully functional adult polyp. During polarity reversal, oral structures form at the aboral end of the anemone resulting in an animal with two oral ends.
Stauromedusae are the stalked jellyfishes. They are the sole living members of the class Staurozoa, and belong to the medusozoa subphylum of Cnidaria. They are unique among medusa jellyfish in that they do not have an alternation of polyp and medusa life cycle phases but are instead interpreted as an attached medusa stage, with a life style more resembling that of polypoid forms. They have a generally trumpet-shaped body, oriented upside-down in comparison with other jellyfish, with the tentacles projecting upwards, and the stalk located in the centre of the umbrella.
All species are zooxanthellate, that is, they contain symbiotic, single-celled photosynthetic dinoflagellates that live in the tissues and provide the coral with nutrients produced by photosynthesis during the day. At night, the tentacles of the polyps expand and capture zooplankton. Budding in mussids is always intracalicular, that is to say occurring inside the oral disc of the polyp, within the whorl of tentacles. The corallites are either separate, or arranged in series, and when the coenosteum is present, it extends beyond the wall of the septa ("costate").
Capitol released Cagle's second album, Chris Cagle, in the middle of 2003. His second consecutive gold album, it produced the Top 5 singles "What a Beautiful Day" and "Chicks Dig It", as well as the No. 39 "I'd Be Lying". In 2003, Cagle also performed "Don't Ask Me No Questions" for the Blue Collar Comedy Tour: The Movie soundtrack; it plays during the end credits of the film. In early 2004, Cagle was diagnosed with multiple anomalies on his vocal cords, including a polyp, a lesion, a vocal fold cyst, and a granuloma.
Colonies of this hydroid consist of a carpet-like mat of stolons, interspersed with long spines, from which arise singly three different types of polyp; feeding polyps known as gastrozooids, reproductive polyps known as gonozooids and finger-shaped polyps known as dactylozooids. The stolons have a chitinous covering known as perisarc but the polyps are naked. The gastrozooids are pink, up to tall with a ring of 12 to 20 tentacles surrounding the mouth. The colony is either male or female, so all the gonozoids are the same sex.
The polyp is largely embedded within the colonial skeleton, with only the uppermost surface, including the tentacles and mouth, projecting about the surface. The mouth is slit-like, with a single ciliated groove, or siphonoglyph, at one side to help control water flow. It opens into a tubular pharynx that projects down into a gastrovascular cavity that occupies the hollow interior. The pharynx is surrounded by eight radial partitions, or mesenteries, that divide the upper part of the gastrovascular cavity into chambers, one of which connects to the hollow space inside each tentacle.
The album was recorded over a period of two years, with ideas for the album beginning in 2017. Recording sessions took place on both coasts of the United States, but they were put on hold when vocalist Jesse Leach developed scar tissue on a polyp in his throat and underwent speech and vocal therapy for three months. Atonement was thus described as a "reflection of perseverance and passion through the trials and suffering of our existence" by the band, and by Leach as "musically the most diverse record we've done as a band".
Schatzkin's early research focused on the link between alcohol consumption and breast cancer. Later, during the 1990s, he led the Polyp Prevention Trial, which found that, contrary to conventional wisdom, fiber intake was not associated with the development of precancerous polyps. He was also the principal investigator for the NIH-AARP Diet and Health Study, which enrolled over 500,000 people and is one of the largest-ever diet and lifestyle studies. The study began in the mid 1990s and was still ongoing at the time of his death in 2011.
The mouth is at the centre of the oral disc and leads into a tubular pharynx which descends for some distance into the body before opening into the gastrovascular cavity that fills the interior of the body and tentacles. Unlike other cnidarians however, the cavity is subdivided by a number of radiating partitions, thin sheets of living tissue, known as mesenteries. The gonads are also located within the cavity walls. The polyp is retractable into the corallite, the stony cup in which it sits, being pulled back by sheet-like retractor muscles.
50px Material was copied from this source, which is available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. Stony corals have a great range of reproductive strategies and can reproduce both sexually and asexually. Many species have separate sexes, the whole colony being either male or female, but others are hermaphroditic, with individual polyps having both male and female gonads. Some species brood their eggs but in most species, sexual reproduction results in the production of a free-swimming planula larva that eventually settles on the seabed to undergo metamorphosis into a polyp.
Individual colonies grow by asexual reproduction of polyps. Corals also breed sexually by spawning: polyps of the same species release gametes simultaneously overnight, often around a full moon. Fertilized eggs form planulae, a mobile early form of the coral polyp which when mature settles to form a new colony. Although some corals are able to catch plankton and small fish using stinging cells on their tentacles, most corals obtain the majority of their energy and nutrients from photosynthetic unicellular dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium that live within their tissues.
Budding sites vary by species; from the tentacle bulbs, the manubrium (above the mouth), or the gonads of hydromedusae. In a process known as strobilation, the polyp's tentacles are reabsorbed and the body starts to narrow, forming transverse constrictions, in several places near the upper extremity of the polyp. These deepen as the constriction sites migrate down the body, and separate segments known as ephyra detach. These are free-swimming precursors of the adult medusa stage, which is the life stage that is typically identified as a jellyfish.
The location was known for their willingness to support esoteric and cult performers and the live compilation The Polyp Explodes, which featured Ed Hall was released locally. The compilation was brought to the attention of Tom Flynn at Boner Records, a Berkley-based label known for issuing esoteric underground groups. Upon hearing Ed Hall, Flynn contacted the band and offered them five hundred dollars to record their debut album. Andy Colvin, who had served as the group's lead vocalist up until that point, departed from the band for personal reasons.
Denise's pygmy seahorse is a small fish which can reach a maximum length of approximately 2.4 cm, which makes it one of the smallest representatives of the seahorses. This pygmy seahorse has a short snout, slender body with a prehensile tail. Its body is either completely smooth or provided with some polyp-like tubercles, in which case these are fewer and less developed than Hippocampus bargibanti. Its coloration ranges from yellow, more or less bright, to orange with often small dark spots and sometimes darker bands on the tail.
Alternatively, it may have arrived as an egg or as an encysted dormant stage of a polyp. More likely, perhaps, it arrived in a ballast tank or in the bilge water in a vessel. In 1999, it was observed in the northern Baltic Sea, and specimens have also been found in the Netherlands (1962), France (1971) and the Pacific coast of North America, where it was found in the estuaries of the Petaluma and Napa Rivers flowing into San Francisco Bay in 1992 and 1993, and has since become established.
Finally, the epithelial cells obtained from the nasal polyps of humans produce 5-oxo-ETE and, when applied to cultures of nasal polyp tissue, 5-oxo-ETE stimulates the production of eosinophil cationic protein, a protein associated with eosinophil-based inflammation and asthma. These results indicate that: 1) 5-oxo-ETE causes skin eosinophil-based allergic-like reactions; 2) its actions, at least in monkeys, involve stimulating the OXER1; 3) 5-oxo-ETE (or a similarly acting 5-oxo-ETE analog) may contribute to human skin (e.g. atopic dermatitis), lung (e.g. asthma), and nasal (e.g.
Once the egg is fertilized it becomes a zygote develops into a planktonic larva called planula and floats around the water column by currents. The planula is a type of zooplankton that is able to maneuver by cilia that cover its body. Eventually, the planula settles on a hard substrate and begins to undergo metamorphosis transforming it from a juvenile to an adult. The juvenile polyp begins to lay down a calcium carbonate corallite and begins early morphogenesis of tentacles, septa, and pharynx before larval settlement on the aboral end.
The typical Vaveliksia had a frankfurter-like appearance, with one end attached to the substrate by a disk-like holdfast. The body wall was very thin, and perforated. At the top was a hole, which may be an osculum, if they were indeed true sponges. In V. velikanovi, found only in Precambrian strata of the Dneister, the top has a crown of wrinkles which was originally interpreted as tentacles (the first fossils were originally thought to be of a polyp-like organism), and the holdfast is relatively flat and disk-like.
Most species of Scyphozoa have two life-history phases, including the planktonic medusa or jellyfish form, which is most evident in the warm summer months, and an inconspicuous, but longer-lived, bottom-dwelling polyp, which seasonally gives rise to new medusae. Most of the large, often colorful, and conspicuous jellyfish found in coastal waters throughout the world are Scyphozoa. They typically range from in diameter, but the largest species, Cyanea capillata can reach across. Scyphomedusae are found throughout the world's oceans, from the surface to great depths; no Scyphozoa occur in freshwater (or on land).
In 1960, Dekyi Tseri, mother of the current Dalai Lama, stayed at the guest house of Sir Basil Gould's widow Cecily in Freshwater for six weeks. Tseri, known to Tibetans as "Amala", meaning "The Great Mother", was recuperating after a throat operation to remove a benign polyp performed at St. Mary's Hospital in London. Freshwater was also the birthplace of Sir Vivian Ernest Fuchs (11 February 1908 – 11 November 1999). An English explorer, and Fellow of the Royal Society, whose expeditionary team completed the first overland crossing of Antarctica in 1958.
Two of these have the ability to regenerate whole bodies: Hydra, which can regenerate any part of the polyp from a small fragment, and planarian worms, which can usually regenerate both heads and tails. Both of these examples have continuous cell turnover fed by stem cells and, at least in planaria, at least some of the stem cells have been shown to be pluripotent. The other two models show only distal regeneration of appendages. These are the insect appendages, usually the legs of hemimetabolous insects such as the cricket, and the limbs of urodele amphibians.
Lion's mane jellyfish ephyrae form between two medusas Lion's mane jellyfish remain mostly very near the surface, at no more than depth. Their slow pulsations weakly drive them forward, so they depend on ocean currents to travel great distances. The jellyfish are most often spotted during the late summer and autumn, when they have grown to a large size and the currents begin to sweep them to shore. Like other jellyfish, lion's manes are capable of both sexual reproduction in the medusa stage and asexual reproduction in the polyp stage.
Hydra is a genus of freshwater polyp in the phylum Cnidaria with highly proliferative stem cells that gives them the ability to regenerate their entire body. Any fragment larger than a few hundred epithelial cells that is isolated from the body has the ability to regenerate into a smaller version of itself. The high proportion of stem cells in the hydra supports its efficient regenerative ability. Regeneration among hydra occurs as foot regeneration arising from the basal part of the body, and head regeneration, arising from the apical region.
The hydroid form is usually colonial, with multiple polyps connected by tubelike hydrocauli. The hollow cavity in the middle of the polyp extends into the associated hydrocaulus, so that all the individuals of the colony are intimately connected. Where the hydrocaulus runs along the substrate, it forms a horizontal root-like stolon that anchors the colony to the bottom. The hydroid Tubularia indivisa, fertile, Gulen Dive resort, Norway The colonies are generally small, no more than a few centimeters across, but some in Siphonophorae can reach sizes of several meters.
Research has shown that there are two types of hydrothecae with different behaviours. The second type has a longer, extensible column and fewer, shorter, thicker tentacles armed with larger stinging cells. It can twist and coil during extension, and contract by bulging and folding while still remaining extended; both types of polyp can catch and ingest planktonic particles, but the extensible one is able to writhe around and explore a greater volume of water. It is probably used in defence and may also have an excretory or sensory function.
Cavalier-Smith argues that the most plausible location for obcells to survive and grow in number on Earth was by the land-water interface, not by oceanic seafloor vents. Due to their likely dependence on polyP and pyrophosphate for energy overAdenosine triphosphate ATP, obcells would likely congregate in areas where these minerals were formed in high concentrations. Polyphosphate could easily be formed by the seashore in "small salty pools, porous sediments, or protosoils." At lower temperatures, nucleic acids are more stable and shorter chain lipids can form membranes easier.
Chrysaora fuscescens is capable of both sexual reproduction in the medusa stage and asexual reproduction in the polyp stage. The life cycle of C. fuscescens begins when females catch sperm released by the males to fertilize the eggs she has produced and is holding in her mouth. These fertilized eggs remain attached to her oral arms, and there they grow into flat bean-shaped planula. Once they grow into flower-shaped polyps, they are released into the ocean where they attach themselves to a solid surface and undergo asexual reproduction.
The album's creation was heavily affected by the band's earlier rise to fame, complications, and struggles with depression. The band received a quick rise to fame with the release of a Taylor Swift cover of the song "Blank Space", followed by their debut album, Lifelines. However, in 2017, frontman Brian Burkheiser had a polyp in his vocal chord, halting their 2017 tour and momentum, and spiraling Burkheiser into a depression. While the band almost broke up during this time, they instead found inspiration to make an album around the concepts they had been struggling with.
Adenoma is a benign tumor of glandular tissue, such as the mucosa of stomach, small intestine, and colon, in which tumor cells form glands or gland like structures. In hollow organs (digestive tract), the adenoma grows into the lumen - adenomatous polyp or polypoid adenoma. Depending on the type of the insertion base, adenoma may be pedunculated (lobular head with a long slender stalk) or sessile (broad base). The adenomatous proliferation is characterized by different degrees of cell dysplasia (atypia or loss of normal differentiation of epithelium) irregular cells with hyperchromatic nuclei, stratified or pseudostratified nuclei, nucleolus, decreased mucosecretion, and mitosis.
Each of the twenty-eight ovaries in a female polyp produces a flattened oval egg. Spawning takes place all through the year but may be related to the phase of the moon. Well developed planula larvae have been found being brooded inside female polyps shortly before the full moon. Growth rates of the lesser starlet coral are low but, because of its great tolerance to an increase in sediment levels and to elevated temperatures, it is an important species for maintaining and restoring damaged reefs and may be useful for this purpose if sea temperatures continue to rise.
The diagnosis of serrated polyposis syndrome is achieved when either one of two criteria are met: ≥5 serrated lesions/polyps proximal to the rectum (all ≥ 5 mm in size, with two lesions ≥10 mm), or >20 serrated lesions/polyps of any size distributed throughout the large bowel with 5 proximal to the rectum. Any serrated polyp is counted towards the diagnosis, including sessile serrated lesions, hyperplastic polyps, and traditional serrated adenomas. In addition, the cumulative number of serrated lesions is cumulative over time and includes multiple colonoscopies. The diagnosis of SPS is often overlooked, and requires lifelong tracking of cumulative serrated polyps.
Their song "I Am A Hero" from the album was featured as the third ending theme of Pokémon Smash!. Their 11th single, "Stand By Me", was released on May 30, 2012; the title song was used as the ending theme of Eureka Seven: AO. Stereopony attended as special guests for Anime Festival Asia: Indonesia 2012. Stereopony contributed the song "Again" on the Yui tribute album She Loves You, released on October 24, 2012; "Again" is a cover of Yui's 2009 single. After the band took a one-month break during Aimi's throat polyp surgery, the members decided to disband in October 2012.
Since they harbour an aragonitic shell, they could be very sensitive to ocean acidification driven by the increase of anthropogenic CO₂ emissions. Laboratory tests showed that calcification exhibits a 28% decrease of the pH value of the Arctic ocean expected for the year 2100, compared to the present pH value. This 28% decline of calcification in the lower pH condition is within the range reported for other calcifying organisms such as corals. In contrast with sea urchin and bivalve larvae, corals and marine shrimps are more severely impacted by ocean acidification after settlement, while they developed into the polyp stage.
From laboratory tests, the morphology of the CO₂-treated polyp endoskeleton of corals was disturbed and malformed compared to the radial pattern of control polyps. This variability in the impact of ocean acidification on different life cycle stages of different organisms can be partially explained by the fact that most echinoderms and mollusks start shell and skeleton synthesis at their larval stage, while corals start at the settlement stage. Hence, these stages are highly susceptible to the potential effects of ocean acidification.Most calcifiers, such as corals, echinoderms, bivalves and crustaceans, play important roles in coastal ecosystems as keystone species, bioturbators and ecosystem engineers.
These polyps are more difficult to remove endoscopically, and polypectomy in these cases has a higher risk of complication. Sessile polyps up to 10mm can often be removed by snare polypectomy. Polyps over 10mm may have to be removed piecemeal by snare polypectomy. The use of electrocautery over a large area has a significant risk of causing colonic perforation; to reduce this chance, and to facilitate the polypectomy, sterile fluid (saline or colloid, with methylene blue dye added) can be injected under the base of the polyp to raise it away from the muscular layers of the colon.
Sessile polyps larger than 2 cm usually contain villous features, have a higher malignant potential, and tend to recur following colonoscopic polypectomy. Although polyps do not carry significant risk of colon cancer, tubular adenomatous polyps may become cancerous when they grow larger. Larger tubular adenomatous polyps have an increased risk of malignancy when larger because then they develop more villous components and may become sessile. It is estimated that an individual whose parents have been diagnosed with an adenomatous polyp has a 50% greater chance to develop colon cancer than individuals with no family history of colonic polyps.
Solitary corals can be as much as across but in colonial species the polyps are usually only a few millimetres in diameter. These polyps reproduce asexually by budding, but remain attached to each other, forming a multi-polyp colony of clones with a common skeleton, which may be up to several metres in diameter or height according to species. The shape and appearance of each coral colony depends not only on the species, but also on its location, depth, the amount of water movement and other factors. Many shallow-water corals contain symbiont unicellular organisms known as zooxanthellae within their tissues.
Even such massive corals as Montastraea annularis have been shown to be capable of forming new colonies after fragmentation. This process is used in the reef aquarium hobby to increase stock without the necessity to harvest corals from the wild. Under adverse conditions, certain species of coral resort to another type of asexual reproduction in the form of "polyp bail-out", which may allow polyps to survive even though the parent colony dies. It involves the growth of the coenosarc to seal off the polyps, detachment of the polyps and their settlement on the seabed to initiate new colonies.
The polyps sit in cup- shaped depressions in the skeleton known as corallites. Colonies of stony coral are very variable in appearance; a single species may adopt an encrusting, plate-like, bushy, columnar or massive solid structure, the various forms often being linked to different types of habitat, with variations in light level and water movement being significant. The body of the polyp may be roughly compared in a structure to a sac, the wall of which is composed of two layers of cells. The outer layer is known technically as the ectoderm, the inner layer as the endoderm.
Onew is one of the main vocalists of Shinee and is known for his distinctively unique vocal color and for his calm and understated voice, providing the strong vocal foundation of the group with fellow members Taemin and Jonghyun. In June 2014, Onew underwent a vocal cord polyp removal and vocal fold mucosa reconstruction operation, which made him unable to sing for a few months. In December, 2014, Kim Yeon-woo, Onew's vocal coach revealed during a radio broadcast that Onew's condition had improved after the surgery. He also confirmed that Onew's vocal range "improved and he can make sounds comfortably too".
M. virulenta prefer to breed in the morning time during the fall and winter months, the only months in which adult specimens have been observed. The metamorphosis of embryo into primary polyps has been observed to take 21 days, significantly longer than other box jellyfish. Due to the soft bottoms over which M. virulenta breed, the polyps have long stalks to compensate for being buried in the soft sediment layer on the seafloor. The metamorphosis from polyp to juvenile medusa takes M. virulenta 15 days under the right conditions, and the full maturation of the medusa takes approximately 100 days.
Sometimes there are paliform lobes, in the form of rods or blades, rising from the inner margins of the septa. These may form a neat circle called the paliform crown. The septa do not usually unite in the centre of the corallite, instead they form a columella, a tangled mass of intertwined septa, or a dome-shaped or pillar-like projection. In the living coral, the lower part of the polyp is in intimate contact with the corallite, and has radial mesenteries between the septa which increase the surface area of the body cavity and aid digestion.
As Professor of Anatomy and Surgery at the University of Bologna from 1556, he established anatomy as a major branch of medicine for the first time. Aranzi combined anatomy with a description of pathological processes, based largely on his own research, Galen, and the work of his contemporary Italians. Aranzi discovered the 'Nodules of Aranzio' in the semilunar valves of the heart and wrote the first description of the superior levator palpebral and the coracobrachialis muscles. His books (in Latin) covered surgical techniques for many conditions, including hydrocephalus, nasal polyp, goitre and tumours to phimosis, ascites, haemorrhoids, anal abscess and fistulae.
Vertebrate predation is not a major threat to black corals. There are rare reports of parrotfish and butterflyfish gnawing and eating at the polyps of black corals and even if a polyp is gnawed off, it will not affect the coral. The skeleton of a black coral is hard and inert, due to its composition of protein and chitin, making it nearly inedible. Though black coral skeletons have been found in the stomachs of green sea turtles and sharks, these incidents are rare; it has thus been suggested that black corals are not a major part of any vertebrate diets.
The unattached cone- shaped form of Manicina areolata can right itself if overturned by a fish, current or wave action. The polyps have pleats and muscles in the mesentries which enable them to extend further from the corallite than can small-polyp corals. This gives them the facility to inflate the body cavity with water, enabling the polyps to swell up and dislodge sediment, and even turn the colony over if this proves necessary. It does this by inflating itself by filling its interior with water and then emitting jets of water on one side to make the whole structure topple over.
In addition, Onitsuka mentioned a polyp on her vocal cords around that time, as well as an eating disorder that saw her weight drop as low as 79 pounds (36 kilograms). In December 2004, Onitsuka's first compilation album The Ultimate Collection was released simultaneously with the release of her sixth video album The Complete Clips via EMI Music Japan, her former record label. The two records were both released without her involvement, and today, they are treated as unofficial albums. Despite the situation, the compilation album commercially succeeded, selling over 230,000 copies in Japan and has been certificated platinum by RIAJ.
Deep water corals serve as habitats for fish such as the alfonsino The name "Anthozoa" comes from the Greek words ('; "flower") and ('; "animals"), hence ανθόζωα (anthozoa) = "flower animals", a reference to the floral appearance of their perennial polyp stage. Anthozoans are exclusively marine, and include sea anemones, stony corals, soft corals, sea pens, sea fans and sea pansies. Anthozoa is the largest taxon of cnidarians; over six thousand solitary and colonial species have been described. They range in size from small individuals less than half a centimetre across to large colonies a metre or more in diameter.
The body wall consists of an epidermal layer, a jellylike mesogloea layer and an inner gastrodermis; the septa are infoldings of the body wall and consist of a layer of mesogloea sandwiched between two layers of gastrodermis. In some taxa, sphincter muscles in the mesogloea close over the oral disc and act to keep the polyp fully retracted. The tentacles contain extensions of the coelenteron and have sheets of longitudinal muscles in their walls. The oral disc has radial muscles in the epidermis, but most of the muscles in the column are gastrodermal, and include strong retractor muscles beside the septa.
Pharynx A typical sea anemone is a sessile polyp attached at the base to the surface beneath it by an adhesive foot, called a basal or pedal disc, with a column-shaped body topped by an oral disc. Most are from in diameter and in length, but they are inflatable and vary greatly in dimensions. Some are very large; Urticina columbiana and Stichodactyla mertensii can both exceed a metre in diameter and Metridium farcimen a metre in length. Some species burrow in soft sediment and lack a basal disc, having instead a bulbous lower end, the physa, which anchors them in place.
It displays several distinct longitudinal grooves and ridges on the surface, indicating possible mesenteries. However, its phylogenetic affinity is still in question; it has even been alleged to be related to members of the Ediacara biota. The fossils, found in Yunnan province, China, were initially described as three distinct species, Xianguangia sinica, Chengjian-gopenna wangii, and Galeaplumosus abilus, and then assembled into one proposed species, X. sinica. The animal was polyp-like, its gastric cavity divided by septa; it had a second body cavity in its holdfast, and densely-plumed feather-like tentacles, implying that it was a suspension feeder.
The polyp forms into a 2-foot-tall sentient being, and begins killing each person the creature sees as a source of stress with each day. The local news counts the attacks as the result of a local rabid raccoon. Duncan's therapist informs him that the creature is the living manifestation of his life's stress built up over time, and that mythology of this type of being states that the best way to eliminate it is to bond with it so it doesn't act so irrationally. To that effort, Duncan names this strange anal-dwelling creature Milo.
Nematosomes arise by budding from the cnidoglandular tract of the mesenteries in N. vectensis; thus, they are of ectodermal origin. Although material can be seen circulating in the gastrovascular cavity from the onset of body cavity development, true nematosomes do not appear until approximately the same time that the polyp reaches sexual maturity. Inspection of the jelly matrix surrounding a spawned egg mass will reveal abundant nematosomes; male anemones do not appear to release nematosomes during spawning. Once outside the body cavity, nematosomes can live from one to several days in dilute seawater, dependent upon the temperature at which they are housed.
Jellyfish blooms can have a more complicated role in food web dynamics and overall estuary health. In the case of Chesapeake Bay, sea nettles (Chrysaora quinquecirrha) served as a dominant top-down control within the estuarine ecosystem and were tightly coupled with oyster populations. Seasonal blooms of sea nettles were partially dependent on oyster populations as oysters provided the most extensive hard substrate in Chesapeake Bay, which was critical for the polyp stage of sea nettle development. As sea nettle population decreased the top-down control on ctenophores (Mnemiopsis leidyi) was essentially removed, allowing ctenophores to increase resulting increased ctenophore predation on oyster larvae and icthyoplankton.
These jellyfish largely consisted of Nemopilema nomurai, Aurelia aurita and Cyanea nozaki, and the Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences is undertaking research into how such blooms develop and their social and ecological effects. Reporting in 2014, the study found that the blooms were likely to be an indicator of worsening ecosystem health. They are linked to variations in sea temperature, increased pollution of coastal waters, overfishing, bottom trawling, and the depletion of oxygen levels due to algal blooms. These factors are favouring the survival of the polyp stage of the jellyfish life cycle and thus contributing to greater numbers of the jellyfish medusae.
The fertilized eggs develop into larvae by dividing until there are enough cells to form a hollow sphere (blastula) and then a depression forms at one end (gastrulation) and eventually becomes the digestive cavity. However, in cnidarians the depression forms at the end further from the yolk (at the animal pole), while in bilaterians it forms at the other end (vegetal pole). The larvae, called planulae, swim or crawl by means of cilia. They are cigar-shaped but slightly broader at the "front" end, which is the aboral, vegetal-pole end and eventually attaches to a substrate if the species has a polyp stage.
As this happens, the presence of the Quorealists becomes more well known in Shimrra's order. As it is revealed, the Quorealists are the lingering supporters of Shimrra's predecessor on the polyp throne, Quoreal, who espoused against invading the galaxy, which was what prompted Shimrra and his own supporters to overthrow and kill Quoreal and his followers. Priest Harrar, a secret Quorealist, becomes intrigued with the new evidence that Nen Yim uncovered from the Sekotan ship. Nom Anor decides to act upon what Nen Yim discovered by calling to the Galactic Alliance to send Jedi over to help him and Nen Yim escape Yuuzhan'tar and find Zonama Sekot.
75% of the world's corals are threatened due to overfishing, destructive fishing, coastal development, pollution, thermal stress, ocean acidification, crown-of-thorn starfish, and introduced invasive species. In recent decades the conditions that corals and polyps have found themselves in have been changing, leading to new diseases being observed in corals in many parts of the world, posing even greater risk to an already pressured animal. Aquatic life has been put under a substantial amount of stress because of the pollutants caused by land-based agriculture. Particularly, exposure to the insecticide profenofos and the fungicide MEMC have played a major part in polyp retraction and biomass decrease.
In a given year, planulae are present from August to November, scyphistomae are present perennially, ephyrae can be seen from May to August, and medusa are prominent from July to November. Planulae use their small cilia to propel them through the water, eventually settling on a hard sediment on which they develop into their polyp form. The scyphistomae acquire their photosynthetic algae symbionts during their preliminary development phase, though the mechanism for this is still unclear. These microorganisms live primarily in the mesoglea and lining of the cnidarian's gastrovascular system, bolstering oxygen production, and remain with the jellyfish for the rest of their lifespans.
The polyps spread their tentacles to feed, gathering plankton and other food particles from the water passing by. The colony grows by budding, and in favourable conditions, the clump can grow at the rate of one new polyp every three days. In colder conditions it may stop growing and the coenosarc (soft tissues) may die back to some extent or lose symbionts via expulsion,Dimond, J. and Carrington, E., 2008 Symbiosis regulation in a facultatively symbiotic temperate coral: zooxanthellae division and expulsion Coral Reefs, 27(3), pp.601-604 rendering the stony skeleton prone to being fouled by other organisms and undergoing a winter quiescence.
Little is known of the life histories of many jellyfish as the places on the seabed where the benthic forms of those species live have not been found. However, an asexually reproducing strobila form can sometimes live for several years, producing new medusae (ephyra larvae) each year. An unusual species, Turritopsis dohrnii, formerly classified as Turritopsis nutricula, might be effectively immortal because of its ability under certain circumstances to transform from medusa back to the polyp stage, thereby escaping the death that typically awaits medusae post-reproduction if they have not otherwise been eaten by some other organism. So far this reversal has been observed only in the laboratory.
In the northwest Atlantic there are occasional records south to New Jersey. Regardless of its exact native range, its small size and polyp stage means that it has been spread to some parts of the world where certainly non-native, becoming an invasive species. In Europe where the species is non- native, they have been found locally in the Mediterranean Sea, and along the Atlantic coast from Portugal to Norway and Sweden. Other non-native records are from southern California, the Dry Tortugas in Florida and near Mar del Plata in Argentina, with the last being the only known locality in the Southern Hemisphere.
In early 1996, My Emma developed a nasal polyp which required surgery and delayed the start of her season. On her first appearance as a three-year-old, My Emma, after an absence of almost nine months, was entered in the Group Three Lancashire Oaks at Haydock Park on 6 July. She started a 50/1 outsider, but ran well, taking the lead in the straight before finishing fifth of the ten runners behind Spout (winner of the John Porter Stakes), Phantom Gold (Ribblesdale Stakes), Ninotchka and Shemozzle. The filly was dropped in class for a maiden at Newmarket Racecourse later that month and won "easily" by two lengths from Flamands.
Polyp (A Schwarzkopf Monster III) in its old position in Linnanmäki park Pulpo The Octopus is a type of amusement ride in the shape of an octopus. Five to eight arms attached to a central axis spin and move up and down in random, while cars at the end of the arms, either attached directly to the arm or fixed on spinning crosses, spin freely or stay in place, depending on the exactly type of ride. Each Octopus ride has the arms attached the middle of the ride. The middle of the ride will move somehow (Octopus head, Spider cylinder object, and so on).
Like human teeth, whale teeth have polyp-like protrusions located on the root surface of the tooth. These polyps are made of cementum in both species, but in human teeth, the protrusions are located on the outside of the root, while in whales the nodule is located on the inside of the pulp chamber. While the roots of human teeth are made of cementum on the outer surface, whales have cementum on the entire surface of the tooth with a very small layer of enamel at the tip. This small enamel layer is only seen in older whales where the cementum has been worn away to show the underlying enamel.
Operation part of the endoscope Insertion tip of endoscope Endoscopy may be used to investigate symptoms in the digestive system including nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, difficulty swallowing, and gastrointestinal bleeding. It is also used in diagnosis, most commonly by performing a biopsy to check for conditions such as anemia, bleeding, inflammation, and cancers of the digestive system. The procedure may also be used for treatment such as cauterization of a bleeding vessel, widening a narrow esophagus, clipping off a polyp or removing a foreign object. Specialty professional organizations which specialize in digestive problems advise that many patients with Barrett's esophagus are too frequently receiving endoscopies.
Hydroid colonies are usually dioecious, which means they have separate sexes—all the polyps in each colony are either male or female, but not usually both sexes in the same colony. In some species, the reproductive polyps, known as gonozooids (or "gonotheca" in thecate hydrozoans) bud off asexually produced medusae. These tiny, new medusae (which are either male or female) mature and spawn, releasing gametes freely into the sea in most cases. Zygotes become free-swimming planula larvae or actinula larvae that either settle on a suitable substrate (in the case of planulae), or swim and develop into another medusa or polyp directly (actinulae).
In 2001, Merck commenced the APPROVe (Adenomatous Polyp PRevention On Vioxx) study, a three- year trial with the primary aim of evaluating the efficacy of rofecoxib for the prophylaxis of colorectal polyps. Celecoxib had already been approved for this indication, and it was hoped to add this to the indications for rofecoxib as well. An additional aim of the study was to further evaluate the cardiovascular safety of rofecoxib. The APPROVe study was terminated early when the preliminary data from the study showed an increased relative risk of adverse thrombotic cardiovascular events (including heart attack and stroke), beginning after 18 months of rofecoxib therapy.
The song was first released on February 26, 2019, a month before the release of its respective album, Trauma. A music video was released at the same time. It was the first song to be released from the album, being released twelve hours before the album's first formal single, "Breaking Down", and the first to be released since vocalist Brian Burkheiser had recovered from his surgery for a polyp on his vocal cords in 2017. Burkheiser struggled with the recovery, and anxiety and depressions on how to continue with the band after its rise to popularity, but overcame it to record the album, including the track, across 2018.
A man named Duncan lives with his wife, Sarah, who worries about his constant stress. One day, he schedules an appointment with a gastroenterologist after experiencing a rather serious level of gastric stress the night before. During the appointment, the doctor and nurse spot a large "polyp" in his intestinal tract. After seeing a large amount of stress at a very fast pace from work with his boss placing him in charge of firing employees, where a man his age is in a relationship with his mother, and his wife is making him see a very eccentric therapist who keeps asking about his father issues, something unusual happens.
The earliest widely accepted animal fossils are rather modern-looking cnidarians, possibly from around , although fossils from the Doushantuo Formation can only be dated approximately. The identification of some of these as embryos of animals has been contested, but other fossils from these rocks strongly resemble tubes and other mineralized structures made by corals. Their presence implies that the cnidarian and bilaterian lineages had already diverged. Although the Ediacaran fossil Charnia used to be classified as a jellyfish or sea pen, more recent study of growth patterns in Charnia and modern cnidarians has cast doubt on this hypothesis, leaving only the Canadian polyp, Haootia, as the only bona-fide cnidarian body fossil from the Ediacaran.
Uprooted sea pen with the bulbous peduncle in view Pierre's armina feeding on purple sea pen Sea pen at Vancouver Aquarium As octocorals, sea pens are colonial animals with multiple polyps (which look somewhat like miniature sea anemones), each with eight tentacles. Unlike other octocorals, however, a sea pen's polyps are specialized to specific functions: a single polyp develops into a rigid, erect stalk (the rachis) and loses its tentacles, forming a bulbous "root" or peduncle at its base. The other polyps branch out from this central stalk, forming water intake structures (siphonozooids), feeding structures (autozooids) with nematocysts, and reproductive structures. The entire colony is fortified by calcium carbonate in the form of spicules and a central axial rod.
H. actiniformis in a reef aquarium Many corals can be increased in number by detaching pieces of a colony and attaching them to the substrate. That is not possible with large polyp stony corals such as Heliofungia actiniformis, but it is hoped to remedy this by placing collecting devices above them when spawning is about to occur, mixing the eggs and sperm under controlled conditions and nurturing the larvae in tanks. The technique has been successfully applied to Acropora formosa. It is hoped that the resulting offspring will be able to be used to repopulate damaged reefs or to relieve the pressure of collecting corals from the wild for the reef aquarium trade.
Hydrozoans are also similar, usually with just four tentacles at the edge of the bell, although many hydrozoans are colonial and may not have a free-living medusal stage. In some species, a non-detachable bud known as a gonophore is formed that contains a gonad but is missing many other medusal features such as tentacles and rhopalia. Stalked jellyfish are attached to a solid surface by a basal disk, and resemble a polyp, the oral end of which has partially developed into a medusa with tentacle-bearing lobes and a central manubrium with four-sided mouth. Most jellyfish do not have specialized systems for osmoregulation, respiration and circulation, and do not have a central nervous system.
This experience was not as positive, and most of Benchley's contributions were excised and the final product, Funny Face, did not have Benchley's name attached. Worn down, Benchley moved to his next commitment, an attempt at a talkie version of "The Treasurer's Report". The filming went by quickly, and though he was convinced he was not good, The Treasurer's Report was a financial and critical success upon its release in 1928. Benchley participated in two more films that year: a second talking film he wrote, The Sex Life of the Polyp, and a third starring but not written by him, The Spellbinder, all made in the Fox Movietone sound-on-film system and released by Fox Films.
The title character, Asterios Polyp, is a professor and architect of Greek and Italian descent who teaches at Cornell University in Ithaca, New York. After a lightning strike burns up his apartment, he leaves the city on a Greyhound bus and takes up employment as an auto mechanic in the town of Apogee (somewhere in America, likely Arizona), the farthest point his money will take him. The novel is interspersed with scenes from his past (ostensibly narrated by his stillborn twin brother, Ignazio), including his childhood and troubled marriage, as well as dreams and allegorical sequences. Finally, Asterios must not only confront his own flawed nature, but the implacable and amoral whims of the gods themselves.
Later that month, Davis cut his European tour short after he collapsed and fainted after a two-hour show in Madrid and flew home. Rumors of his health were made public after the American magazine Star, in its February 21, 1989 edition, published that Davis had contracted AIDS, prompting his manager Peter Shukat to issue a statement the following day to deny the claim. Shukat revealed Davis had been in the hospital for a mild case of pneumonia and the removal of a benign polyp on his vocal cords and was resting comfortably in preparation for his 1989 tours. Davis later blamed one of his former wives or girlfriends for starting the rumor and decided against taking legal action.
Carl Otto von Eicken, Vertreter der Hals-, Nasen- und Ohrenheilkunde in Giessen von 1910-1922Brann - Einslin / edited by Rudolf Vierhaus Deutsche Biographie Enzyklopaedie In May 1935 and November 1944, he removed a polyp from the left vocal cord of Adolf Hitler. He is largely known for developing methods of examination for the throat and pharynx. The eponymous "Eicken's method" is facilitation of hypopharyngoscopy by means of forward traction on the cricoid cartilage by a laryngeal probe.Stedman's Medical Eponyms by Thomas Lathrop Stedman He was the author of over 100 medical works -- with Alfred Schulz van Treeck, he published an atlas on ear, nose and throat diseases, titled Atlas der Hals-, Nasen-, Ohren-Krankheiten (1940).
Through one port a laparoscope is introduced (usually through a 12 mm port in the umbilicus) and another port is used for introduction of a laparoscopic instrument, such as a grasper. As the colonoscopy is being performed the laparoscopic instruments are utilized to position the colon as needed to assist with advancement of the colonoscope. This is accomplished by placing counter pressure where the scope is turning or holding the colon in a way to reduce angulation. The benefit is that a more aggressive technique may be employed to resect a colonic mass or polyp: An injury such as a perforation would be visualized and a repair could be attempted laparoscopically immediately.
His last film role was The Judge in Martin Ritt's The Outrage, released in 1964. Chalmers also produced and directed several short comedy films written by Robert Benchley, including The Sex Life of the Polyp and The Treasurer's Report, both released in 1928. His voice can be heard as the narrator in two documentary films by Pare Lorentz, The Plow That Broke the Plains (1936) and The River (1938), both with scores by Virgil Thomson.Barnouw (1993) pp. 116-120 In the 1950s and '60s, Chalmers appeared on television as an actor in several drama anthology series including Westinghouse Studio One, CBS Television Workshop, Kraft Television Theatre, The DuPont Show of the Month, and Play of the Week.
Species of Aurelia can be found in the Atlantic Ocean, the Arctic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, and are common to the waters off California, northern China, Japan, Korea, Australia, New Zealand, the Black Sea, Indonesia, the eastern coast of the United States as well as Europe. Aurelia undergoes alternation of generations, whereby the sexually- reproducing pelagic medusa stage is either male or female, and the benthic polyp stage reproduces asexually. Meanwhile, life cycle reversal, in which polyps are formed directly from juvenile and sexually mature medusae or their fragments, was also observed in Aurelia sp.1. The genus was first described in 1845 by Jean-Baptiste Lamarck in his book Histoire Naturelle des Animaux sans Vertebres (Natural History of Invertebrates).
Some, however, omit either the polyp or the medusa stage. Cnidarians were formerly grouped with ctenophores in the phylum Coelenterata, but increasing awareness of their differences caused them to be placed in separate phyla. Cnidarians are classified into four main groups: the almost wholly sessile Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals, sea pens); swimming Scyphozoa (jellyfish); Cubozoa (box jellies); and Hydrozoa (a diverse group that includes all the freshwater cnidarians as well as many marine forms, and has both sessile members, such as Hydra, and colonial swimmers, such as the Portuguese Man o' War). Staurozoa have recently been recognised as a class in their own right rather than a sub-group of Scyphozoa, and the highly derived parasitic Myxozoa and Polypodiozoa were firmly recognized as cnidarians in 2007.
The nudibranchs in this genus, however, use an opposite tactic. They do not have cnidosacs, and thus they would in reality be palatable to eat for various predators, however they are almost all extremely well camouflaged, so that they resemble almost perfectly the soft coral on which they live and feed, not only in color but also in form. The shape and form of the cerata of the nudibranch in each individual species resembles very closely the tentacles of the species of soft coral polyp on which that species feeds. This excellent camouflage also makes these nudibranchs difficult for humans to notice, and it is likely that a number of species in this genus have not yet been discovered, described and named scientifically.
Similarly, circularly disposed muscular fibrils formed from the endoderm permit tentacles to be protract or thrust out once they are contracted. These muscle fibres belong to the same two systems, thus allows the whole body to retract or protrude outwards. We can distinguish therefore in the body of a polyp the column, circular or oval in section, forming the trunk, resting on a base or foot and surmounted by the crown of tentacles, which enclose an area termed the peristome, in the centre of which again is the mouth. As a rule there is no other opening to the body except the mouth, but in some cases excretory pores are known to occur in the foot, and pores may occur at the tips of the tentacles.
Fawcett with Craig J. Nevius, the director of Chasing Farrah and Farrah's Story, in 2008 Fawcett was diagnosed with anal cancer in 2006, and began treatment that included chemotherapy and surgery. Four months later, on February 2, 2007, her 60th birthday, the Associated Press reported that Fawcett was at that point cancer-free. However, in May 2007, Fawcett experienced a recurrence and was diagnosed with stage IV cancer that had metastasized to her liver (which has a 5-year survival rate of less than 20%); a malignant polyp was found where she had been treated for the initial cancer. Doctors contemplated whether to implant a radiation seeder (which differs from conventional radiation and is used to treat other types of cancer).
A day later, he held a concert at the Irving Plaza in Manhattan. Jon Caramanica of The New York Times described Farr's performance as "a hatless guy working the stage with an athletic, mildly menacing prowl, singing scratched-up country songs that weren’t coy about their arena-rock ambition." On November 18, 2015 Farr announced that he would co-headline a tour with Lee Brice called the Life Off My Years Tour, beginning on February 4, 2016 in Salisbury, Maryland and ending on April 3 in Toledo, Ohio. A week before the start of the tour, Farr revealed that he required surgery to remove a polyp from his vocal cords and be put on vocal rest, leaving Brice to fill his spot with Maddie & Tae, Clare Dunn and Jerrod Niemann.
The presence of a pregnancy test that is still positive as well as an empty uterus upon transvaginal ultrasonography does, however, fulfill the definition of pregnancy of unknown location. Therefore, there may be a need for follow-up pregnancy tests to ensure that there is no remaining pregnancy, including an ectopic pregnancy. Transvaginal ultrasonography, with some products of conception in the cervix (to the left in the image) and remnants of a gestational sac by the fundus (to the right in the image), indicating an incomplete miscarriage An incomplete miscarriage occurs when some products of conception have been passed, but some remains inside the uterus. However, an increased distance between the uterine walls on transvaginal ultrasonography may also simply be an increased endometrial thickness and/or a polyp.
Van der Kiste, p. 67 In February, Prince George William fell ill, and the King allowed both the Prince and Princess of Wales to see him at Kensington Palace without any conditions. When George William died, a post-mortem was conducted to prove that the cause of death was disease (a polyp on the heart) rather than the separation from his mother.Van der Kiste, p. 67 The young prince died at just over three months of age, long before his father acceded to the throne as George II. His parents blamed George I for his death because his grandfather made his parents leave St. James's Palace and leave their young children behind. Even though this didn't cause his death, this only worsened the relationship between father and son.
The medusae are either male or female. The young larval stage, a planula, has small ciliated cells and after swimming freely in the plankton for a day or more, settles on an appropriate substrate, where it changes into a special type of polyp called a "scyphistoma", which divides by strobilation into small ephyrae that swim off to grow up as medusae.Tree of Life - NJ Jellyfish - Aurelia aurita There is an increasing size from starting stage planula to ephyra, from less than 1 mm in the planula stage, up to about 1 cm in ephyra stage, and then to several cm in diameter in the medusa stage. A recent study has found that A. aurita are capable of lifecycle reversal where individuals grow younger instead of older, akin to the "immortal jellyfish" Turritopsis dohrnii.
This acronym stands for Polyp, Adenomyosis, Leiomyoma, Malignancy and Hyperplasia, Coagulopathy, Ovulatory Disorders, Endometrial Disorders, Iatrogenic Causes, and Not Classified. The FIGO Menstrual Disorders Group, with input from international experts, recommended a simplified description of abnormal bleeding that discarded imprecise terms such as menorrhagia, metrorrhagia, hypermenorrhea, and dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB) in favor of plain English descriptions of bleeding that describe the vaginal bleeding in terms of cycle regularity, frequency, duration, and volume. The PALM causes are related to uterine structural, anatomic, and histolopathologic causes that can be assessed with imaging techniques such as ultrasound or biopsy to view the histology of a lesion.Endometrial polypsare benign growths that are typically detected during gynecologic ultrasonography and confirmed using saline infusion sonography or hysteroscopy, often in combination with an endometrial biopsyproviding histopathologic confirmation.
The authors also remark that the muscle cells found in cnidarians and ctenophores are often contests due to the origin of these muscle cells being the ectoderm rather than the mesoderm or mesendoderm. The origin of true muscles cells is argued by others to be the endoderm portion of the mesoderm and the endoderm. However, Schmid and Seipel counter this skepticism about whether or not the muscle cells found in ctenophores and cnidarians are true muscle cells by considering that cnidarians develop through a medusa stage and polyp stage. They observe that in the hydrozoan medusa stage there is a layer of cells that separate from the distal side of the ectoderm to form the striated muscle cells in a way that seems similar to that of the mesoderm and call this third separated layer of cells the ectocodon.
She released a statement saying she needed an extended period of rest to avoid permanent damage to her voice. In the first week of November 2011 Steven M. Zeitels, director of the Center for Laryngeal Surgery and Voice Rehabilitation at the Massachusetts General Hospital in Boston, performed laser microsurgery on Adele's vocal cords to remove a benign polyp. A recording of her tour, Live at the Royal Albert Hall, was released in November 2011, debuting at number one in the US with 96,000 copies sold, the highest one-week tally for a music DVD in four years, becoming the best-selling music DVD of 2011. Adele is the first artist in Nielsen SoundScan history to have the year's number-one album (21), number-one single ("Rolling in the Deep"), and number-one music video (Live at the Royal Albert Hall).
The eggs develop in gonads of female medusae, which are located in the walls of the manubrium (stomach). Mature eggs are presumably spawned and fertilized in the sea by sperm produced and released by male medusae, as is the case for most hydromedusae, although the related species Turritopsis rubra seems to retain fertilized eggs until the planula stage. Fertilized eggs develop into planula larvae, which settle onto the sea-floor (or even the rich marine communities that live on floating docks), and develop into polyp colonies (hydroids). The hydroids bud new jellyfishes, which are released at about one millimetre in size and then grow and feed in the plankton, becoming sexually mature after a few weeks (the exact duration depends on the ocean temperature; at it is 25 to 30 days and at it is 18 to 22 days).
Most jellyfish species have a relatively fixed life-span, which varies by species from hours to many months (long-lived mature jellyfish spawn every day or night; the time is also fairly fixed and species-specific). The medusa of Turritopsis dohrnii is the only form known to have developed the ability to return to a polyp state, by a specific transformation process that requires the presence of certain cell types (tissue from both the jellyfish bell surface and the circulatory canal system). Experiments have revealed that all stages of the medusae, from newly released to fully mature individuals, can transform back into polyps under the conditions of starvation, sudden temperature change, reduction of salinity and artificial damage of the bell with forceps or scissors. The transforming medusa is characterized first by deterioration of the bell, mesoglea, and tentacles.
Familial adenomatous polyposis is a syndrome that includes the propensity to develop colorectal cancer (and other cancers) due to the inheritance of defective mutations in either the APC (adenomatous polyposis coli) or MUTYH gene. These mutations lead to several abnormalities in the regulation of the growth of colon epithelial cells that ultimately lead to the development of intestinal polyps which have a high risk of turning cancerous. One of the abnormalities found in the APC disease is progressive reductions in 15-lipoxygenase 1 along with its product, 13-HODE (presumed but not unambiguously shown to be the S stereoisomer) as the colon disease advances from polyp to malignant stages; 15-HETE, 5-lipoxygenase, 12-lipoxygenase, and 15-lipoxygenase-2, and selected metabolites of the latter lipoxygenases show no such association. Similarly selective reductions in 15-lipoxygenase 1 and 13-HODE occur in non-hereditary colon cancer.
An idiom AB is a semi-idiom if its meaning :1) includes the meaning of one of its lexical components, but not as its semantic pivot, :2) does not include the meaning of the other component and :3) includes an additional meaning ‘C’ as its semantic pivot: ::‘AB’ ⊃ ‘A’, and ‘AB’ ⊅ ‘B’, and ‘AB’ ⊃ ‘C’. > ; ˹private eye˺ : ‘private detective’ ; ˹sea anemone˺ : ‘predatory polyp > dwelling in the sea’ ; Rus. ˹mozolit´ glaza˺ : ‘be in Y's sight too often or > for too long ’ (lit. ‘make corns on Y’s eyes’) The semantic pivot of an idiom is, roughly speaking, the part of the meaning that defines what sort of referent the idiom has (person, place, thing, event, etc.) and is shown in the examples in bold. More precisely, the semantic pivot is defined, for an expression AB meaning ‘S’, as that part ‘S1’ of AB’s meaning ‘S’, such that ‘S’ [= ‘S1’ ⊕ ‘S2’] can be represented as a predicate ‘S2’ bearing on ‘S1’—i.e., ‘S’ = ‘S2’(‘S1’) (Mel’čuk 2006: 277).Mel’čuk, Igor A. (2006). Explanatory Combinatorial Dictionary.

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