The males who are able to wrap the females' legs have more successful copulations, as measured by the number of insertions of the pedipalp, which delivers sperm to the female.
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Figures 311–314 - male holotype. 311 - retrolateral aspect, leg I. 312 - prolateral aspect, leg I. 313 - retrolateral aspect, pedipalp. 314 - line drawings of leg I spination pattern and pedipalp. 315 - cleared spermathecae, female paratype.
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The mesosomal tergites always bear three distinct carinae. Their habitus is typical of buthid scorpions, with rather small pedipalp pincers, moderately thickened metasomal segments and a rather bulbous telson with large stinger. The base of the pedipalp pincers (manus) is slightly more inflated in males than in females.
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At the end of each male pedipalp is a spoon-shaped cymbium that acts to support the copulatory organ.
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The female rejects the male by extending her first pair of legs whenever he approaches too closely, or shows acceptance by not blocking his advance. If accepted, the male climbs over her and uses his forelegs to turn her abdomen to the side. The turn exposes her genital pore, which lies on the underside of the abdomen, and the male inserts one semen-laden pedipalp. After two or three minutes the male withdraws this pedipalp, turns the female's abdomen the other way and inserts the other pedipalp.
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It also has 4 large teeth on the first instar egg-bursters. Both antennas and pedipalp are rufous and ferruginous.
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Male pedipalp Habronattus mexicanus is a jumping spider species in the genus Habronattus. It is the type species of that genus.
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Zygoballus nervosus is a species of jumping spider which occurs in the eastern United States and Canada. Male pedipalp, scale = 0.1 mm.
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Male pedipalp Habronattus pyrrithrix is a species of jumping spider in the family Salticidae. It is found in the southwestern United States and western Mexico.
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Notably, they lack setae on the back of the last segment of the pedipalp, which is a defining characteristic of Austrammo. In males, there are tubercles on the bulb of the pedipalp and a scutum on the back of the abdomen that doesn't occur in members of Austrammo. In females, the abdomen is rectangular, while those of Austrammo are triangular. These differences were considered enough to create a new genus.
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In one study, females with mating plugs had a 75% lower chance of re-mating.Eunuchs are better fighters. Animal Behaviour 81, 933–939 (2011) Additionally, if a male successfully severs his pedipalp within the female copulatory duct the pedipalp can not only serve as a plug but can continue to release sperm to the female spermathacae, again increasing the male's chances of paternity. This is referred to as "remote copulation".
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The male will dig at the entrance of her den until she appears. The combination of pheromones and vibrations are what makes the female appear. Once she appears, she is not ready for physical contact with the male, and he calms her by injecting slight doses of his venom into her pedipalp or cephalothorax. After this, the male will hold onto her pedipalp and take control of her.
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The species is long and have coneless face which is V-shaped and is black in colour. Pedipalp is long and is longer in females then in males.
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It is distinguished from other genera in the Amycoida clade by the deep prolateral excavation on the dorsal surface of the cymbium of the male pedipalp, forming a dorsal keel.
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Members of Heterometrus are generally large-sized scorpions (100–200 mm total length). Coloration is dark in most species, often uniformly brown or black, sometimes with a greenish shine, with brighter-colored telson, walking legs, and/or pedipalp pincers in some species. The scorpions are heavily built with especially powerful and globose pedipalp pionkes, broad mesosomal tergites and a proportionally slender and thin metasoma. The telson is proportionally small and the stinger is often shorter than the vesicle.
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In N. reticulatus, the atria are only half the diameter of the receptacles. The males can be distinguished by the embolus of the pedipalp, which is thicker at the base in N. nelli.
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Cedicoides is a genus of spiders in the family Cybaeidae made up of four species. It is characterized by well developed tegulum on the bulb of the male pedipalp. When it was published by Charitonov in 1946, it acted as a subgenus to Cedicus. Later, it was argued that the differences between spiders of Cedicoides and those of other subgenera - notably the presence of a terminal apophysis and the shape of the male pedipalp - were great enough to warrant a new genus.
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In other species males voluntarily self-amputate a pedipalp prior to mating and thus the mutilation is not driven by sexual cannibalism. This has been hypothesized to be due to an increased fitness advantage of half or full eunuchs. Upon losing a pedipalp males experience a significant decrease in body weight that provides them with enhanced locomotor abilities and endurance, enabling them to better search for a mate and mate-guard after mating. This is referred to as the "gloves-off" theory.
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There is no evidence for a special sperm transfer device as in the modified palpal organ of male spiders. In at least the palaeocharinids and anthracomartids the tip of the pedipalp is modified into a small claw formed from the tarsal claw (or apotele) and a projection from the tarsus. As mentioned above, a very similar arrangement is seen at the end of the pedipalp in Ricinulei. The walking legs again follow the typical arachnid plan with a coxa, trochanter, femur, patella, tibia, metatarsus and tarsus.
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After 2-3 min., the male withdraws this pedipalp, turns the female's abdomen in the other direction, and inserts the other pedipalp. Raising the forelegs and holding the abdomen to one side are by no means specific to courtship. This display occurs to a wide variety of objects that are approaching too close to the spider: other spiders - regardless of sex, houseflies or other large prey, models of prey that are about the size of the spider, such as 9–12 mm spheres, or even the end of a finger or a pencil.
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Pedipalp of the male holotype According to the arachnologist Frederick Octavius Pickard-Cambridge, males are approximately 3 mm in body length, while females are approximately 4 mm. The male can be distinguished from other Central American Zygoballus by its large tibial apophysis (or "spur") on the pedipalp. In the male, the first pair of legs and the pedipalps are black while the other legs are yellow. In the female, the legs are annulated with black at the apex of the segments, and the abdomen has a pattern of white spots and bands.
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Kovarikia, is a genus of scorpion belonging to the family Scorpionidae. All described species are restricted to humid rocky microhabitats of southern California. Three species identified. Major identification is from unique neobothriotaxy found on the ventral surface of the pedipalp chelae.
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This family is very easily recognizable on the basis of the unique pedipalp morphology, which is densely covered in plumose setae, and features a concave depression on the tibia, and a bulbous tarsus, which fits snugly into the tibial depression.
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Male pedipalp Menemerus bivittatus is a spider in the family Salticidae commonly known as the gray wall jumper. It is a pantropical species and is usually found on the walls of buildings or on tree trunks where it stalks its prey.
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M. Vesiculatus is similar to Sassanidotus gracillis because they both have a large telson and narrow metasoma but M. Vesiculatus is shown to have three granules near the terminal granule on the pedipalp movable finger. M. Vesiculatus also has very pronounced carapacial and metasomal carination, and its metasomal segment are seen to be larger than that of M. caucasicus and smaller than that of M. eupeus. M. Vesiculatus is different than these three other species in that its median eyes are much larger, its vesicle and aculeus is smaller, and it has a stouter carination on its pedipalp.
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A redescription of this male, together with drawings of pedipalp, chelicerae and habitus, was provided by Fred Wanless in 1988.Murphy & Murphy 2000: 271 The genus name is derived from Ancient Greek Χάριππος, (literally, "graceful rider"), according to Thorell taken from Persian mythology.
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The female spider is brown and gray, with a small color range. The male spider is black coloured from top, and the male's pedipalp is red, along with parts of the legs.Description The red color is used to attract female mates with courtship displays.
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Araeoncus is a genus of dwarf spiders that was first described by Eugène Louis Simon in 1884. They closely resemble members of Diplocephalus; both genera have a uniquely shaped of the cephalothorax and a species-specific modification of the tibial apophysis of the pedipalp.
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The eyes are in two rows, both of which are strongly curved forward. The name is a combination of the Latin "acutus", which means "sharp", and the Greek "petalon", which means "leaf" in reference to the sharp, petal shape of the medial apophysis of the male pedipalp.
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The pedipalp in the male has a single tibial apophysis which tapers gradually. The abdomen is bronze to black with a white basal band and two white transverse bands. The transverse bands are often broken to form six spots. Some or all of these spots may be lacking, however.
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Small to moderately sized scorpions (40–75 mm). Most species are yellow, some are brownish, yellow-grayish or yellow-greenish colored. They show a rather slim habitus with long walking legs and a slender metasoma; pedipalp chelae very gracile and elongate. Cephalothorax smooth or with very weak carinae.
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The species is in length, is black coloured and shiny. Its head and prothorax is kindoff metallic and greenish in colour. Its pronotum and posterior is reddish in colour. The species femora, labrum, mandibles, tibiae and ventral side is black, while pedipalp, antennae and tarsus is brownish-red.
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The male pedipalp has a single short apophysis on its tibia. The palpal bulb has a rounded tegulum and a short embolus with an additional terminal apophysis. The female epigyne is wider than long with two lateral copulatory openings. The inlet to the seminal ducts is hidden in deep cavities.
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91–93 – male paratype. 91 – retrolateral aspect right leg I. 92 – prolateral aspect right leg I. 93 – retrolateral aspect pedipalp. 94 – cleared spermathecae, female holotype. It is difficult to identify an individual as being an A. angelinajolieae specimen due to the species' morphological similarity to A. atomarius and A. stanfordianus.
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The wingspan is for males and for females. It has an ochreous-brownish head and thorax with its pedipalp being hairy on top. Its antennae are whitish ochreous, while its abdomen is ochreous grey. The species has elongate and narrow forewings which are arched in males but are round in females.
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The pedipalp length/width ratio average differs between the males and the females. In females the ratio is around 4.49, and in males the ratio is around 4.54. Legs I-III have bristlecombs, and legs IV do not have bristlecombs. Their pectinal tooth counts also differ in males and females.
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The chelicerae are long relative to the body at about , and project forward at about 45 degrees. The longest leg, the first, is long; the shortest, the third, is long. All the legs are without spines. The pedipalp has a large, rounded bulb with a spoon-shaped embolus and bent tegular apophysis.
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Coloration may be considerable variable between individuals of the same species or among regional populations. They show a typical buthid habitus with gracile pedipalp chelae and a moderately thickened metasoma. The vesicle is bulbous and proportionally large in some species. The cephalothorax and mesosoma shows distinct granulation in most species, some are strongly hirsute.
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Idastrandia is a genus of jumping spiders endemic to Singapore. Its only described species is Idastrandia orientalis. Kálmán Szombathy described a single male in 1915, which is about five millimeters long. There are drawings in the original description, and the male pedipalp and unusual serrate cheliceral tooth has been drawn by Proszynski in 1983.
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Veigaiidae is a family of mites belonging to the superorder Parasitiformes. However they are not parasitic but free-living and predatory and are found in soil and decaying organic matter. Some species are specialists of rocky shorelines. Members of this family can be distinguished by a hyaline appendage on the tarsus of the pedipalp.
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Ergane is a genus of jumping spiders that was first described by Ludwig Carl Christian Koch in 1881. Males of E. benjarei is long. The form of the pedipalp and the abdominal pattern suggest that Ergane is close to Chalcotropis. It is named after the goddess Athena, called Athena Ergane as the patron of craftsmen and artisans.
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Uliodon is a genus of spiders endemic to New Zealand and possibly Australia. They are commonly referred to as vagrant spiders. Vagrant spiders vary in colour from dark brown to almost black, they typically have a body length of 20mm and a 50mm leg span. When alive, the interior of the male’s pedipalp are brightly coloured (usually orange).
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The pedipalps of M. eupeus have a maximum of ten diagonal rows of granules on the fixed finger and eleven on the movable finger. The pedipalp chelae (pincers) are wider than the patella (segment IV). The segments of the metasoma are thick and have eight keels (octocarinate). The telson is subglobose with a flat dorsal surface.
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Acutipetala is a genus of funnel web spiders native to the evergreen forests of northern Thailand. It includes only two species: A. donglini and A. octoginta. They are medium-sized spiders, and can be distinguished by the distinctive appearance of several genital structures, including the embolus and the median apophysis of the male pedipalp. Spiders of this genus are to long.
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Epigyne (ventral view). Scale equals 0.1 mm. Zygoballus sexpunctatus is similar in appearance to Zygoballus rufipes, with whom its range overlaps. The male can be distinguished from Z. rufipes by the large spot of white scales at the beginning of the thoracic slope (which is lacking in Z. rufipes), and by the longitudinal division present on the bulb of the pedipalp (Z.
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Artoriinae are distinguished from all other Lycosidae by the presence of a basoembolic (at the base of the embolus) apophysis on the male pedipalp. This apophysis can be thin and lamellar, as in some Diahogna and Tetralycosa, very strongly sclerotized, as in Artoria, or may have a finger-like protrusion, as in Anoteropsis. The function during copulation is not known.
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Their chelicerae have two or less teeth on the front edge and none on the back edge. The front leg is the longest in both genders, but the next longest is the second leg in males and the fourth leg in females. The epigyne can vary, but the pedipalp has a median apophysis and a colulus is absent from both genders.
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The RTA clade is a clade of araneomorph spiders, united by the possession of a retrolateral tibial apophysis – a backward-facing projection on the tibia of the male pedipalp. The clade contains over 21,000 species, almost half the current total of about 46,000 known species of spider. Most of the members of the clade are wanderers and do not build webs.
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Between these is a narrower bright yellow to white streak that extends past the eyes. The sternum and abdomen are both pale, though the upper sides are streaked and spotted with brown markings. The eyes are on a black band that extends back, fading into the pale brown. The spermathecae are round and the palea of the pedipalp has a sclerotized cap.
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In all species, the digitus mobilis of the chelicera is reduced to small rests, and the distal pedipalp article is connected to a more or less complex membranous structure. These mouthpart modifications form an organ to feed bacteria. Habitats are colonized by the mites such as animal dung, compost, waterfilled treeholes or the fluids of Nepenthes and Sarracenia - pitcher plants.
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The colouring of T. extensa is quite variable, ranging from creamy-yellow to green. On the underside, there is a thick black central band, with a silvery band on either side. T. extensa is distinguished from other members of the genus Tetragnatha by the minute curved tip of the male's conductor (part of the pedipalp), and the form of the female's spermatheca.
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Vailimia is a genus of Asian jumping spiders that was first described by C. F. Kammerer in 2006. It was first described in 1907 from a single male about long. It was originally thought to be close to Harmochirus, but the male pedipalp, chelicera, and cephalothorax drawn by Proszynski in 1984, and information gained from later collected specimens indicates otherwise. Subsequently, three more species have been identified.
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Close-up of the chelicerae of a harvestman The chelicerae consist of three segments, with the distal two forming a pincer equipped with a row of teeth. The proximal segment is probably homologous to the coxa and trochanter of the pedipalp, the middle segment to the femur through the tarsus of the legs, and the distal segment to the apotele (the claw with its modifications).
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It can be distinguished from similar species by the two tubercles on its abdomen, its elaborate pattern, and, in females, the shape of the median septum of the epigyne. In males, the embolus of the pedipalp is enclosed within the conductor. Females and immature spiders are yellow to green in color. Webs built by Cyrtophora species are different than typical webs built by orb-weavers.
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The male's embolus makes a full circle with a pointed tip positioned perpendicular to cymbium; the cymbium is a feature of the palpal bulb characteristic of the male's pedipalp. Female spiders of this species have a skull-shape bursa opening with spermathecae tending to nestle one above the other rather than positioned side by side; this whole structure is part of the female's genital region.
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The Huang et al. study placed Chimerarachne a little more distant from spiders and as part of an extinct arachnid order known as Uraraneida which are also spider-like, and have a tail, but which were not previously thought to have spinnerets. The fossils thus raise the question whether spiders should be defined by acquiring spinnerets and a male pedipalp organ or be defined by having lost the tail.
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Hottentotta tamulus from Satara, Maharashtra, India Hottentotta tamulus with babies H. tamulus specimen range in size from 5–9 cm. The coloration ranges from dark orange or brightly red- brown through dull brown with darker grey carinae (ridges) and granulation. Grey spots might be distributed irregularly across the cephalothorax and the mesosoma. The walking legs and the tip of the pedipalp pincers are brighter colored (orange-yellow to light reddish-brown).
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The eyes of harvestmen are often placed close together on a small tubercle. The central nervous system of harvestmen, which evolved from a segmented structure, is centralized around the esophagus. The part above the esophagus (syncerebrum) consists of protocerebrum (associated with the eyes) and deutocerebrum (associated with the chelicerae). The nerves of the pedipalp, walking legs, and some for the opisthosoma emerge from the part below the esophagus.
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The presence of Palaeoperenethis in a lacustrine environment is another feature indicating a placement in Pisauridae. While bristles on the pedipalp are also known in the family Trechaleidae, other overall morphology found in Palaeoperenethis is much closer to Pisauridae. Though the morphology is similar to the modern genus Perenethis a direct relationship to the genus is unknown, however Palaeoperenethis is most similar to members of the subfamily Pisaurinae.
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Members of the subfamily Hisponinae have a distinctive constriction or furrow in the carapace just behind the small eyes. They share some features with those of the much larger subfamily Salticinae, such as reduction of the size of the posterior median eyes, and the loss of the conductor of the palpal bulb. Hisponine females have a very much reduced tarsal claw on the pedipalp (salticines have lost this claw altogether).
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Female Aptostichus simus female anatomy from a standard light microscopy views of female an Aptostichus simus specimen (MY3432). 31 side view 32 ventral view, sternum 33 dorsal view, carapace 34–35 eye group, dorsal and lateral views 36 leg I prolateral view 37 leg IV retrolateral view 38 palpal endite Aptostichus simus male anatomy from Chamberlin, 1917 male specimens from San Diego County; scale bars = 1.0mm. 274 habitus (AP1209) 275–278 secondary sexual characteristics (AP819) 275 retrolateral aspect, leg I 276 prolateral aspect, leg I 277 ventral view, pedipalp bulb 278 retrolateral aspect, pedipalp 279, 280 line drawings, leg I articles 279 retrolateral and prolateral aspect of specimen from San Diego County, Imperial Beach 280 retrolateral aspect, tibia and patella, in descending from San Diego County, Imperial Beach and Santa Barbara County, Carpinteria State Beach Aptostichus simus is a species of trapdoor spider in the family Euctenizidae. It is a medium-sized mygalomorphCommon Spiders of North America Page 114 found in the United States and Mexico.
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Anarrhotus is a genus of jumping spiders. The only described species Anarrhotus fossulatus is endemic to Malaysia. It is one of several monotypic genera from Southeast Asia where, despite their first description dating back more than a hundred years, there are no habitat details, although genital and sometimes other drawings are now available for several of them. Anarrhotus is only known from a single male specimen, the pedipalp of which was drawn by Proszynski (1984).
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Brontoscorpio anglicus is a species of fossil scorpion. Its remains were discovered in Upper Silurian-aged sandstone from Trimpley, Worcestershire, and the species was described on the basis of an incomplete single free finger of a pedipalp, almost long. The complete animal is estimated to have been at least long. The remains were found in terrestrial sediments, but it is believed, that due to its size, Brontoscorpio had to enter the water to molt.
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Theridula is a genus of cobweb spiders, found in many (mostly tropical) parts of the world. Species vary in size from 1 to 3.5 mm in length. Theridula angula moving from one tree to another carrying the egg sac In females, the abdomen is wider than long, with a hump or horn on each side, and sometimes a posterior median horn. The pedipalp in males is simple, lacking a conductor or theridioid tegular apophysis.
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Psechridae is a family of araneomorph spiders with about 70 species in two genera. These are among the biggest cribellate spiders with body lengths up to and funnel webs more than in diameter. The family belongs to the RTA clade of spiders because they all have a Retrolateral Tibial Apophysis on the male pedipalp. A recent phylogenetic analysis places Psechridae as close relatives of the lynx spiders, wolf spiders, and nursery web spiders.
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Theridula emertoni is a species of tangle web spider commonly found in the United States and Canada. Prior to its formal description in 1954, specimens of T. emertoni were often classified as T. opulenta, a species with whom its range overlaps. The species can be reliably distinguished from T. opulenta by the epigyne in females or by the pedipalp in males. T. emertoni from Virginia Adult females are between 1.7 and 2.8 mm in length.
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Micromatta is a monotypic genus of Central American araneomorph spiders in the family Tetrablemmidae found in Belize. It contains the single species, Micromatta atoma, first described by W. A. Shear in 1978. Pekka T. Lehtinen transferred it to Micromatta in 1981 because the shapes of the male embolus and conductor are quite different than those of Matta and Caraimatta. Additionally, the plesiomorphic structure of pedipalp segments prove that the three genera aren't a paraphyletic group.
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Comparative studies of pedipalpal morphology may suggest that leg-like pedipalps are primitive in arachnids. At present, the only reasonable alternative to this view is to assume that Xiphosurans reflect the morphology of the primitive arachnid pedipalp and to conclude that this appendage is primitively chelate. Pedipalps are traditionally thought to be homologous with mandibles in crustaceans and insects, although more recent studies (e.g. using Hox genes) suggest they are probably homologous with the crustacean second antennae.
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Specimens of Neobisiidae have two very long pedipalps with palpal chelae (pincers) which strongly resemble the pincers found on true scorpions. The pedipalps consists of an immobile "hand" and "finger", with a separate movable finger controlled by an adductor muscle. Contrary to most other pseudoscorpions a venom gland and duct are located in the immobile "finger" part of each pedipalp, rather than in the movable one. The venom is used to capture and immobilize the prey.
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Members of the subfamily Salticinae have a number of features in common that distinguish them from the remaining salticids. Females lack a tarsal claw on the pedipalp. The palpal bulb of male basal salticids has a distinctive median apophysis, which is absent in the subfamily, and the cymbium is constricted at the tibial joint. Members also have a more complex tracheal system, which may be connected with their movements, which are more abrupt than other salticids, giving them a recognizable gait.
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Fully female spider (Drassodes saccatus) with left male pedipalp, an example of mosaic gynandromorphism Heteropteryx dilatata gynandromorph Gynandromorph of the small white, Pieris rapae A gynandromorph is an organism that contains both male and female characteristics. The term comes from the Greek γυνή (gynē), female, ἀνήρ (anēr), male, and μορφή (morphē), form, and is used mainly in the field of entomology. Notable gynandromorphic organisms are butterflies, moths and other insects, wherein both types of body part can be distinguished physically due to sexual dimorphism.
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This scorpion reaches a length of 30 mm in adults. A study done by Marshall University in Mississippi studied the anatomy of this species by looking at Dr. Victor Fet’s personal scorpion collection at Marshall University, noticed that one specimen had a deformity of the pedipalp finger dentition. This deformity could create problems with species identification if more of the population has this. Though the study didn’t look at other live scorpions to examine this, it was just a bit of information I could gather.
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The authors suggested that M. jurassica lacked a striated cheliceral boss, which the authors considered to be "a key nephilid synapomorphy". The authors considered it more likely that this species is actually a stem-orbicularian. This assessment was confirmed later in 2013 by Paul Selden, ChungKun Shih, and Dong Ren, with the description of a male M. jurassica which has notably different pedipalp morphology from that of male Nephila. The authors moved the species to the new genus Mongolarachne, which they assigned to a separate family Mongolarachnidae.
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This was first described in 1678 by Martin Lister. In 1843 it was revealed that males build a nuptial web into which they deposit a drop of semen, which is then taken up by the copulatory apparatus (the palpal bulb) in the pedipalp. The structure of the copulatory apparatus varies significantly between males of different species. While the widened palpal tarsus of the southern house spider, Kukulcania hibernalis (Filistatidae), only forms a simple bulb containing the coiled blind duct, members of the genus Argiope have a highly complex structure.
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Whereas only a single species of Saratus has been described, the genus Maratus includes a diverse variety of at least 59 described species endemic to Australia. The anomalus group includes relatives of M. anomalus that can be distinguished by the presence of a blunt, bifurcated apex of the outer ring of the embolus above a shorter, sharply pointed inner apex of the male pedipalp. The female epigynum has heavily sclerotized (darker) ducts at the lateral and medial posterior margin of each fossa. The calcitrans group is widely distributed in eastern Australia with many colourful species.
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Dasylobus argentatus can reach a body length of about . Females are larger than males. These harvestmen show an irregular reddish brown or dark brown saddle on the median back of the body, usually with a median lighter broad band and whitish edges. Pedipalp's claw is small or absent, the tarsal claw of the pedipalp is present, the patellar apophysis is short or absent, the tarsal claw is rather smooth and the longest legs are II. Opiliones Partagée - Xper3 Males can be distinguished on the basis of the chelicerae and the hairy, concave and enlarged patellae.
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In Pisaura mirabilis, the male pushes up the female during mating and performs alternate pedipalp insertions into the female sperm storage organs place ventrally on the abdomen. After each insertion the male returns to a face-to- face position with the female, grabbing the gift in the chelicerae. Females often control mating duration and they often attempt to run away with the gift upon terminating the copulation. Females are less likely to succeed in stealing a wrapped – rather than an unwrapped – gift due to the silk wrapping of the gift.
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Members of Pandinus are generally large scorpions (about 120–200 mm total length), which are dark to black colored, sometimes with paler metasoma and legs. The pedipalp pincers are massive, while the metasoma is proportionally thin with a small vesicle and stinger (aculeus). They possess a stridulatory organ, composed of a rough area on the first segment (coxa) of the pedipalps and a 'scraper' made of bristles on the first segment of their first pair of walking legs. Scraping these bristles on the rough zone produces a scratching sound.
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The back part of the palpal bulb is semi-spherical, the tip of the embolus is only about a fifth as long as the basal part, the tibial apophysis is slightly tapered, the copulatory opening is on the back of the epigyne, the back bursae are longer and thinner, and the connecting ducts are spaced farther apart. In Latin, the term "arcuata" means "curved". This name refers to the curved shape of the bottom part of embolus, the small, thin extension on the palpal bulb of the pedipalp.
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Restoration of Chimerarachne yingi The legs and body of Chimerarachne are generally spider-like. The chelicerae (mouthparts) are similar to those of spiders belonging to the Mesothelae or mygalomorphs. The fang does not have any hairs, which is another typical spider feature, but it is not clear whether or not the animals had venom. The male pedipalp has a palpal organ consisting of the tarsus (or cymbium), which is divided at the tip into two long lobes, and a simple palpal bulb similar to that of some mygalomorph spiders but apparently less complex than the bulbus of mesotheles.
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Males of Argiope bruennichi remove their pedipalp into the females and thus reduce the risk of sperm competition. Males can also remove the sperm of a previous mate from the female and deposit their own sperm, increasing their likelihood of success for that copulation. In the golden orb spider the male may sacrifice both of his copulatory organs in one mating in order to turn away any wandering males. In other cases we see the casting off of other body parts such as the anterior legs in the golden orb spider when the male is attacked by an aggressive female.
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Adult specimens reach a considerable size of about 70 mm. The overall color is uniformly yellow to yellow-reddish with darker carinae on the metasoma. The scorpion shows the typical characteristics of the genus Androctonus including slender pedipalp chelae and a thick, robust metasoma with a proportionally large vesicle (bulbous part of telson containing the venom glands). Granulation of the cephalothorax and mesosoma is slightly more pronounced in the male than in the female and the males have an excavation at the base of the fixed finger of the chelae to accommodate the females pincers during mating "dance".
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Males differ from other theraphosids in having one or two more-or-less conical processes on the rear- facing (retrolateral) surface of the tibia of the pedipalp; the pear-shaped palpal bulb is also different from other theraphosids, having somewhat convergent "keels" on the forward-facing (prolateral) surface. Females have very distinctive spermathecae, with paired receptacles attached to a "back- plate". The body lengths of the species range from about . Males generally have longer legs than females; for example the longest leg (the fourth) of a female N. caxiuana was long and that of a male long.
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The size of the animal is quite small, being only 2.5 mm in body length, with the tail being about 3mm in length. These fossils resemble spiders in having two of their key defining features: spinnerets for spinning silk, and a modified male organ on the pedipalp for transferring sperm. At the same time they retain a whip-like tail, rather like that of a whip scorpion and uraraneids. Chimerarachne is not ancestral to spiders, being much younger than the oldest spiders which are known from the Carboniferous, but it appears to be a late survivor of an extinct group which was probably very close to the origins of spiders.
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In this respect, the benefit for the female is that she will receive the chance to eat if she is hungry; the cost for the male is the loss of life to increase his paternity. In certain species, male adaptation will include the process of pedipalp damage. Males in species of the golden orb weaver, for instance, can protect their paternity by obstructing the female's genital openings with fragments of their copulatory organs. The male will actively participate in damaging his genitals by breaking off parts of his copulatory organs during mating and obstructing the female's genital openings in order to be paternally successful.
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In 1892, Ferdinand Karsch suggested that the rare and rather bizarre-looking ricinuleids (Ricinulei) were the last living descendants of the trigonotarbids. A similar hypothesis was reintroduced by Dunlop, who pointed out distinct similarities between these arachnid groups. Both have opisthosomal tergites divided into median and lateral plates and both have a complicated coupling mechanism between the prosoma and the opisthosoma which 'locks' the two halves of the body together. Although cladistic analysis has tended to recover ricinuleids in their traditional position closely related to mites and ticks, further discoveries have revealed that the tip of the pedipalp ends in a small claw in both trigonotarbids and ricinuleids.
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Copulation occurs in M. celer as it does in many other spider species, with the male inserting the pedipalps into the female's epigyne and pumping seminal fluid into the female. Hence, fertilization occurs internally within the female. During copulation, the hairs on the male's front two pairs of legs have been observed to flicker in sync with the pumping actions in the pedipalps, and occasionally the male may lubricate the embolus, the tip of the pedipalp which penetrates the epigyne, with his chelicerae. After copulation, which usually lasts between roughly 3 and 10 minutes, the male remains on the female until she becomes active again.
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Schematic male of Cheiracanthium a) claws b) tarsus c) metatarsus d) tibia e) patella f) femur g) trochanter h) coxa i) pedipalp k) setae m) prosoma (cephalothorax) n) opisthosoma (abdomen) o) spinnerets Cheiracanthium, commonly called yellow sac spiders, is a genus of araneomorph spiders in the family Cheiracanthiidae, and was first described by Carl Ludwig Koch in 1839. They are usually pale in colour, and have an abdomen that can range from yellow to beige. Both sexes range in size from . They are unique among common house spiders because their tarsi do not point either outward, like members of Tegenaria, or inward, like members of Araneus), making them easier to identify.
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The genus Brachypelmides, erected by Schmidt and Krause in 1994, is considered a synonym of Brachypelma by some sources, including the World Spider Catalog, although this has been rejected by Schmidt. When broadly defined, Brachypelma is distinguished from related genera by the plumose setae (hairs) on the prolateral (forward-facing) side of the trochanter and femur of the first leg and on the retrolateral (outward-facing) side of the pedipalp. A 2017 study concluded that the genus Brachypelma as then circumscribed was not monophyletic, and that only eight "red leg" species belong in Brachypelma sensu stricto, the remaining species (the "red rump" group) being misplaced. In 2020, they were transferred to the new genus Tliltocatl.
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While this view still has its defenders (notably Colette and Jacques Bitsch), the alternative view that the chelicerae are innervated from the deuterocerebrum has gained ground, based on molecular development in mites and spiders, and neuroanatomy in Limulus. If this is the case, then chelicerates simply have no tritocerebrum, i.e. there is no third supraoesophageal ganglion of the brain; the segment corresponding to it would be the suboesophageal pedipalp one. Such a theory does not, however, immediately account for the same ganglionic innervation of the chelicerae and labrum, although one solution is simply to claim that the labrum itself is not homologous between mandibulates and chelicerates (the view, for example, of Dieter Waloszek and colleagues).
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Male pedipalp of U. catleyi showing embolus, sub-basal hook, and translucent sclerite Males and females show some differences in morphology: male jaws (chelicerae) are longer and more slender than those of females; the male palpal tibiae—the penultimate segment of the pedipalps—are enlarged compared to females; and males alone possess a "clypeal horn", a forward-pointing projection of the clypeus surrounded by long stiff hairs, from which the genus name Unicorn ("one horn" in Latin) derives. The copulatory bulb of males (the sperm-transferring organ at the tip of the pedipalps), terminates in a narrow, curving tip called an embolus, which in Unicorn bears a hook at its base and is accompanied by a similar curved extension called a translucent sclerite.
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Unlike modern scorpion but similar to other basal counterparts, Pulmonoscorpius possess a pair of anterior-positioned median eyes and a pair of lateral eyes that between 40 and 60 lateral ocelli may be present in each of them, as well as a last (5th) metastomal segment with length subequal to the preceding 4th metastomal segment. The chelicerae and hind legs were noted be to be similar to those of extant scorpions except "there is less elongation of the coxae, femurs and patellae in legs 3 and 4,and the tibiae of these legs are of approximately the same length as the femur." Aside from the type species, two other specimens were noted to possibly be distinct, one with "juvenile pedipalp fingers with 30% more setal follicles" than P. kirktonensis and one "lacking tuberculateventral carinae on vesicle of telson." The mesosoma of P. kirktonensis possessed 7 tergites and 3 abdominal plates in juveniles and 4 in adults.
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