It's a simple anagram if you know that the medical term for a mole is nevus, plural nevi.
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I was born with a rare disease that affects 1.5% of the world population called Congenital Melanotic Nevus.
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Lorena Bolaños was born with a large congenital nevus, a mole that covers a large portion of her body.
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These included pictures of cancers like melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma, and benign lesions like hemangioma and nevus spilus.
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Bolaños was born with a large congenital nevus, which is a mole that covers a large portion of the body.
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Since then Jones has gotten treatment for John's skin condition, which veterinarian diagnosed as inflammatory linear verrucous epidermal nevus (ILVEN).
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Luna Fenner's family will travel to Russia to have the girl treated for congenital melanocytic nevus, Luna's mother, Carol Fenner, told Inside Edition.
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In Shireen, given her mosaic pattern, the differential diagnosis would include rare mosaic skin diseases, such as epidermal nevus syndromes and inherited ichthyoses.
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Congenital melanocytic nevus is a skin condition characterized by an "abnormally dark" patch on the body, according to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.
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Surgery later revealed that Enzo's birthmark was a harmless Congenital Melanocytic Nevus, which can form in the womb early in development, according to the Association for Large Nevi and Related Disorders.
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Bolanos' largest birthmark is a giant congenital nevus, a rare type of mole that appears at birth and can grow to more than 15 inches, according to the National Institutes of Health.
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Dr. Lee starts to cut into the bump, and a thick layer of fat herniates outward, showing Dr. Lee that it's neither a lipoma or a cyst but a condition called nevus lipomatosus superficialis, which is essentially just a herniating pocket of fat.
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A benign melanocytic nevus (also known as a "Banal nevus," "Common acquired melanocytic nevus," "Mole," "Nevocellular nevus," and "Nevocytic nevus") is a cutaneous condition characterised by well-circumscribed, round or ovoid lesions, generally measuring from 2 to 6 mm in diameter.
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Nevus cells are the primary component of a melanocytic nevus. Nevus cells can also be found in lymph nodes and the thymus.
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Nevus sebaceus or sebaceous nevus (the first term is its Latin name, the second term is its name in English; also known as an "organoid nevus"James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. . and "nevus sebaceus of Jadassohn"Freedberg, et al. (2003).
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Schimmelpenning syndrome is a neurocutaneous condition characterized by one or more sebaceous nevi, usually appearing on the face or scalp, associated with anomalies of the central nervous system, ocular system, skeletal system, cardiovascular system and genitourinary system. Synonyms include: "Linear nevus sebaceous syndrome (LNSS)", "Schimmelpenning-Feuerstein-Mims syndrome", "Feuerstein-Mims syndrome", "sebaceous nevus syndrome", "Solomon syndrome", and "Jadassohn's nevus phakomatosis". "Nevus" is sometimes spelled "naevus" and "sebaceous" may also be spelled "sebaceus". "Epidermal nevus syndrome" is sometimes used as a synonym, but more often as a broader term referring to Schimmelpenning syndrome in addition to nevus comedonicus syndrome, CHILD syndrome, Becker's nevus syndrome, and phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica.
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A melanocytic nevus (also known as nevocytic nevus, nevus-cell nevus and commonly as a mole) is a type of melanocytic tumor that contains nevus cells. Some sources equate the term mole with "melanocytic nevus", but there are also sources that equate the term mole with any nevus form. The majority of moles appear during the first two decades of a person's life, with about one in every 100 babies being born with moles. Acquired moles are a form of benign neoplasm, while congenital moles, or congenital nevi, are considered a minor malformation or hamartoma and may be at a higher risk for melanoma.
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Pseudomelanoma (also known as a "recurrent melanocytic nevus", and "recurrent nevus") is a cutaneous condition in which melantic skin lesions clinically resemble a superficial spreading melanoma at the site of a recent shave removal of a melanocytic nevus.
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When this nevus covers a diffuse or extensive portion of the body's surface area, it may be referred to as a systematized epidermal nevus, when it involved only one- half of the body it is called a nevus unius lateris.
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Nevus cells are a variant of melanocytes. They are larger than typical melanocytes, do not have dendrites, and have more abundant cytoplasm with coarse granules. They are usually located at the dermoepidermal junction or in the dermis of the skin. Dermal nevus cells can be further classified: type A (epithelioid) dermal nevus cells mature into type B (lymphocytoid) dermal nevus cells which mature further into type C (neuroid) dermal nevus cells, through a process involving downwards migration.
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Retrieved on 3 July 2017. Central American indigenous children were subjected to racism due to their slate grey nevus but progressive circles began to make having the slate grey nevus popular after the late 1960s. Highland Peruvians have the slate grey nevus.
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Acantholytic dyskeratotic epidermal nevus is a cutaneous condition identical to the generalized form of Darier's disease. "Acantholytic dyskeratotic epidermal nevus" is probably the same disorder.
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Halo nevus (also known as "Leukoderma acquisitum centrifugum," "Perinevoid vitiligo," and "Sutton nevus") is a mole that is surrounded by a depigmented ring or 'halo'.
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Oral nevi or oral melanocytic nevi, are result of benign proliferations of nevus cells present either in the epithelial layer, the submucosal layer or both. Most commonly seen presentation of oral nevi are intramucosal nevi, these are dome shaped brown papules accounting for 64% of all reported case of oral nevi. Other presentation of oral nevi includes: Blue nevus, junctional nevus and compound nevus.
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Woolly hair nevus (alternatively spelled "Wooly hair nevus") is a congenital condition in which hair in a circumscribed area of the scalp is kinked or woolly.
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Congenital nevus. Note the variable coloration and slightly irregular border The congenital melanocytic nevus appears as a circumscribed, light brown to black patch or plaque, potentially very heterogeneous in consistency, covering any size surface area and any part of the body. As compared with a melanocytic nevus, congenital melanocytic nevi are usually larger in diameter and may have excess terminal hair, a condition called hypertrichosis. If over projected adult diameter with hypertrichosis, it is sometimes called giant hairy nevus; more usually these largest forms are known as large or giant congenital melanocytic nevus.
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Nevus spilus (also known as speckled lentiginous nevus and zosteriform lentiginous nevus) is a skin lesion that presents as a light brown or tan macule, speckled with smaller, darker macules or papules.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .
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Phakomatosis pigmentovascularis is a rare neurocutanous condition where there is coexistence of a capillary malformation (port-wine stain) with various melanocytic lesions, including dermal melanocytosis (Mongolian spots), nevus spilus, and nevus of Ota.
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Nevus comedonicus syndrome is a skin condition characterized by a nevus comedonicus associated with cataracts, scoliosis, and neurologic abnormalities.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .
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Nevus unius lateris is a cutaneous condition, an epidermal nevus in which the skin lesions are distributed on one-half of the body.Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .
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Successful repigmentation was reported in a single case with 14 sessions of excimer laser treatment.Kim DY, Lee KY, Park YK. Use of the 308-nm excimer laser for nevus depigmentosus: A promising treatment for either nevus depigmentosus or vitiligo. J Dermatol 2007;34:217–8. Though the repigmentation of nevus depigmentosus is possible by grafting techniques, the results are inconsistent and recurrence is possible.
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Porokeratotic eccrine ostial and dermal duct nevus is a skin lesion that resembles a comedonal nevus, but it occurs on the palms and soles where pilosebaceous follicles are normally absent. It is probably transmitted by paradominant transmission.
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Systematized epidermal nevus is a cutaneous condition, an epidermal nevus with a diffuse or extensive distribution involving a large portion of a person's body surface.Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .
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Sebaceous nevus syndrome is a cutaneous condition and may resemble CHILD syndrome.
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A 1991 report documented the cases of nine patients with both Becker's nevus and malignant melanoma. Of the nine melanomas, five were in the same body area as the Becker's nevus, with only one occurring within the nevus itself. As this was apparently the first documented co-occurrence of the two diseases, there is so far no evidence of higher malignancy rates in Becker's nevi versus normal skin. Nonetheless, as with any abnormal skin growth, the nevus should be monitored regularly and any sudden changes in appearance brought to the attention of one's doctor.
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Pigmented hairy epidermal nevus syndrome is a cutaneous condition characterized by a Becker nevus, ipsilateral hypoplasia of the breast, and skeletal defects such as scoliosis.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .
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Different therapeutic modalities have been attempted to repigment the lesions of nevus depigmentosus such as PUVA, excimer laser, and different grafting techniques. PUVA therapy has not been shown to be beneficial.Berg M, Tarnowski W. Nevus pigmentosus. Arch Dermatol 1974;109:920.
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Nevus flammeus (port-wine stain) is a flat, red birthmark caused by a capillary (small blood vessel) malformation. Children with BWS often have nevus flammeus on their forehead or the back of their neck. Nevus flammeus is benign and commonly does not require any treatment. Hemihypertrophy (hemihyperplasia) is an abnormal asymmetry between the left and right sides of the body occurring when one part of the body grows faster than normal.
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Nevi and melanomas are a group of neoplasia. Although a nevus and a melanoma are often treated as independent entities, there is evidence that a nevus can be a precursor for a melanoma. Common mutations have been identified in nevi and melanomas.
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A Spitz nevus is a benign skin lesion. A type of melanocytic nevus, it affects the epidermis and dermis.LeBoit, PE, Burg G, Weedon D, Sarasin A. (Eds) World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Skin Tumours. Lyon: IARCPress. 2006.
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A Unilateral palmoplantar verrucous nevus is a cutaneous condition that has features of pachyonychia congenita.
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Nevus comedonicus (also known as a "comedo nevus") is characterized by closely arranged, grouped, often linear, slightly elevated papules that have at their center keratinous plugs resembling comedones.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .
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The congenital melanocytic nevus is a type of melanocytic nevus (or mole) found in infants at birth. This type of birthmark occurs in an estimated 1% of infants worldwide; it is located in the area of the head and neck 15% of the time.
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Mucinous nevus is a rare cutaneous condition characterized by hamartoma that can be congenital or acquired.
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People with visible marks generally feel fine (physically) and can act normally, but when it is mentioned, they may become withdrawn and self-conscious. Some children may have low self-esteem due to the condition.CMTC is an uncommon, sporadic congenital vascular malformation characterized by a generalized or localized reticulated cutaneous vascular network. Cutaneous lesions described in patients with CMTC include nevus flammeus, hemangioma, nevus anemicus, café- au-lait spots, melanocytic nevus, aplasia cutis and acral cyanosis.
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One of the better-known examples of this phenomenon is the progression of a nevus to melanoma.
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Spitzoid melanoma Melanoma with features of a Spitz nevus (also known as a "Spitzoid melanoma") is a cutaneous condition characterized histologically with tissue similar to a spitz nevus and with overall symmetry and a dermal nodule of epithelioid melanocytes that do not mature with progressively deeper dermal extension.
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An intramucosal nevus is a nevus within the mucosa as found in for example the mouth and genital areas. In the mouth, they are found most frequently on the hard palate. They are typically light brown and dome-shaped. Intramucosal nevi account for 64% of all reported case of oral nevi.
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For the congenital nevus, the neval cells are found deeper into the dermis. Also, the deeper nevus cells can be found along with neurovascular bundles, with both surrounding hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and subcutaneous fat. Such annexes and the Subcutaneous tissue can also be hypoplasic or, conversely, present aspects of hamartoma.
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Male and female infants are equally predisposed to slate grey nevus. People who are not aware of the background of the slate grey nevus may mistake them for bruises, possibly resulting in mistaken concerns about abuse.Mongolian Spot - English information of Mongolian spot, written by Hironao NUMABE, M.D., Tokyo Medical University.
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It has been proposed that the category of capillary malformations, also called vascular stains, be classified into seven major clinical types including nevus flammeus nuchae also known as nevus simplex, commonly known as stork bite or salmon patch. A capillary malformation is also a feature of the disorder macrocephaly-capillary malformation.
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The differential diagnosis for PEN includes a neurofibroma, basal cell carcinoma, melanocytic nevus, epidermoid cyst and a skin appendage.
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" Lasers Surg Med. 2011 Feb; 43(2):65-7.Geronemus RG. "Q-switched Ruby Laser Therapy of Nevus of Ota.
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If the lesion is a melanocytic nevus, one has to decide if it is medically indicated or not. If a melanocytic nevus is suspected of being a melanoma, it needs to be sampled or removed and sent for microscopic evaluation by a pathologist by a method called skin biopsy. One can do a complete excisional skin biopsy or a punch skin biopsy, depending on the size and location of the original nevus. Other reasons for removal may be cosmetic, or because a raised mole interferes with daily life (e.g. shaving).
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A nevus may also be spelled naevus. The plural is nevi or naevi. The word is from nævus, Latin for "birthmark".
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Visceral venous malformations seen in blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. Lesions chiefly affect the gut (image above), are fragile, and bleed easily.Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is difficult to diagnose because of how rare the disease is. Diagnosing BRBNS is usually based on the presence of cutaneous lesions with or without gastrointestinal bleeding and/or involvement of other organs.
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"Dysplastic nevus syndrome" refers to individuals who have high numbers of benign moles and also have dysplastic nevi. A small percent of these individuals are members of melanoma kindreds. Inherited dysplastic nevus syndrome is an autosomal dominant hereditary condition. Dysplastic nevi are more likely to undergo malignant transformation when they occur among members of melanoma families.
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Hair follicle nevus is a cutaneous condition that presents as a small papule from which fine hairs protrude evenly from the surface.
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Supernumerary nipples–uropathies–Becker's nevus syndrome (also known as "SNUB syndrome") is a cutaneous condition that may be associated with genitourinary tract abnormalities.
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Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome is a rare disorder that consists mainly of abnormal blood vessels affecting the skin or internal organs – usually the gastrointestinal tract. The disease is characterized by the presence of fluid- filled blisters (blebs) as visible, circumscribed, chronic lesions (nevus). It was described by William Bean in 1958. BRBNS is caused by somatic mutations in the TEK (TIE2) gene.
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Teng, Joyce M.C. Nevus sebaceous , University of Wisconsin Hospitals and Clinics Authority, last updated 16 November 2007. The condition is named for an overgrowth of sebaceous glands in the area of the nevus. Skin growths such as benign tumors and basal cell carcinoma can arise in sebaceous nevi, usually in adulthood. Rarely, sebaceous nevi can give rise to sebaceous carcinoma.
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Nevus depigmentosus is a loss of pigment in the skin which can be easily differentiated from vitiligo. Although age factor has not much involvement in the nevus depigmentosus but in about 19% of the cases these are noted at birth. Their size may however grow in proportion to growth of the body. The distribution is also fairly stable and are nonprogressive hypopigmented patches.
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The exact cause of nevus depigmentosus is still not clearly understood. A sporadic defect in the embryonic development has been suggested to be a causative factor. It has been described as "localised albinism", though this is incorrect. Those with nevus depigmentosus may be prone to sunburn due to the lack of pigment, and the patient should use good sun protection.
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Results of a skin biopsy would be interpreted as normal and only physiological testing can reveal the nevus in contrast to normal skin. Stroking the patch elicits no red flare. Only the normal skin would react with a characteristic erythematous response. Examination under a Wood lamp can also reveal the nevus anemicus patch will not emphasize as a patch of vitiligo would.
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Nevus (plural nevi) is a nonspecific medical term for a visible, circumscribed, chronic lesion of the skin or mucosa. The term originates from nævus, which is Latin for "birthmark"; however, a nevus can be either congenital (present at birth) or acquired. Common terms, including mole, birthmark, and beauty mark, are used to describe nevi, but these terms do not distinguish specific types of nevi from one another.
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Retrieved 11 February 2020. A study performed in hospitals of Mexico City reported that, on average, 51.8% of Mexican newborns presented slate grey nevus, while it was absent on 48.2% of the analyzed babies. According to the Mexican Social Security Institute (shortened as IMSS) nationwide, around half of Mexican babies have the slate grey nevus.“Tienen manchas mongólicas 50% de bebés”, El Universal, January 2012.
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Most dermatologists and dermatopathologists use a system devised by the NIH for classifying melanocytic lesions. In this classification, a nevus can be defined as benign, having atypia, or being a melanoma. A benign nevus is read as (or understood as) having no cytologic or architectural atypia. An atypical mole is read as having architectural atypia, and having (mild, moderate, or severe) cytologic (melanocytic) atypia.
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As a congenital benign nevus, Mongolian spots do not require treatment and in most cases disappear before adolescence. No cases of malignant degeneration have been reported.
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Favre–Racouchot syndrome occurs in sun-damaged skin and includes open and closed comedones. Nevus comedonicus or comedo nevus is a benign hamartoma (birthmark) of the pilosebaceous unit around the oil- producing gland in the skin. It has widened open hair follicles with dark keratin plugs that resemble comedones, but they are not actually comedones. Dowling-Degos disease is a genetic pigment disorder that includes comedo-like lesions and scars.
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Dysplastic nevus syndrome is characterized by unusual nevi and multiple inherited melanomas.Czajkowski, R., FAMMM Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Management, Dermatologic Surgery, Vol. 30 Issue 2 p2, p291-296, 2004.
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The decision to observe or treat a nevus may depend on a number of factors, including cosmetic concerns, irritative symptoms (e.g., pruritus), ulceration, infection, and concern for potential malignancy.
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The occurrence of oral malanosis on the cheeks were (21%), alveolar mucosa (16.6%), gingiva (11.8%). Amalgam tattoo being majority of the cases (46.3%), malanotic macules (22.9%) and nevus (20.5%).
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A pigmented spindle cell nevus is a skin condition characterized by a dark brown to black macule or papule, usually less than 6 mm. It was characterized in 1975.
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An Apocrine nevus is an extremely rare cutaneous condition that is composed of hyperplastic mature apocrine glands.Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .
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Phakomatoses, or phacomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV), is the term used for a group of rare syndromes involving structures arising from the embryonic ectoderm. These are characterised by vascular and pigmentary birthmarks or skin lesions, and often involving multiple organ systems in the body. The term is used to describe the “association of a vascular nevus with an extensive pigmentary nevus”. These multi-system disorders involve the ectodermal structures like central nervous system, skin and eyes.
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Linear verrucous epidermal nevus is a skin lesion characterized by a verrucous skin-colored, dirty-gray or brown papule.Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .
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Surgical excision is the standard of care. Some individuals advocate the use of hair removal laser for the treatment of congenital nevi. While this is likely safe and effective for small congenital nevus, laser removal for larger lesions might pose a liability for the laser surgeon if malignancy developed from a deep (dermal) component of the nevus that is not reached by the laser. Repigmentation after laser treatment of congenital nevi or superficial curettage supports this concern.
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It often requires a dermatologist to fully evaluate moles. For instance, a small blue or bluish-black spot, often called a blue nevus, is usually benign but often mistaken for melanoma. Conversely, a junctional nevus, which develops at the junction of the dermis and epidermis, is potentially cancerous. A basic reference chart used for consumers to spot suspicious moles is found in the mnemonic A-B-C-D, used by institutions such as the American Academy of Dermatology and the National Cancer Institute.
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Dysplastic nevus syndrome, also known as familial atypical multiple mole–melanoma (FAMMM) syndrome, is an inherited cutaneous condition described in certain families, and characterized by unusual nevi and multiple inherited melanomas. First described in 1820, the condition is inherited in an autosomal dominant pattern, and caused by mutations in the CDKN2A gene. In addition to melanoma, individuals with the condition are at increased risk for pancreatic cancer. The diagnosis of dysplastic nevus syndrome is based on clinical presentation and family history.
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Many sources classify Proteus syndrome to be a type of nevus syndrome. The lesions appear to be distributed in a mosaic manner. It has been confirmed that the disorder is an example of genetic mosaicism.
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Phakomatosis pigmentokeratotica is a rare neurocutanous condition characterized by the combination of an organoid sebaceous nevus and speckled lentiginous nevus.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders. .
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An eccrine nevus is an extremely rare cutaneous condition that, histologically, is characterized by an increase in size or number of eccrine secretory coils.Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .
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In consideration of the experience of other authors and us, the quality and retention of pigment are unpredictable. These factors need to be considered while consulting and offering any treatment to the patient of nevus depigmentosus.
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Small-cell melanoma Small-cell melanoma, also known as melanoma with small nevus-like cells, is a cutaneous condition, a tumor that contains variably- sized, large nests of small melanocytes with hyperchromatic nuclei and prominent nucleoli.
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An acral nevus is a cutaneous condition characterized by a skin lesion that is usually macular or only slightly elevated, and may display uniform brown or dark brown color, but often with linear striations. They are nevi of palms and soles, which may occur in all ethnic groups but more common in dark skin people. Acral Nevus is a benign skin tumor that can occur at any age, but is generally noticed between 10–30 years of age. Both children and adults may be observed with this skin tumor.
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Experts, such as the American Academy of Dermatology, say that the vast majority of moles are benign. Nonetheless, the U.S. National Cancer Institute estimated that 62,480 new cases of melanoma and 8,420 related deaths would appear in the United States in the year 2008. Data on the chances of transformation from melanocytic nevus to melanoma is controversial, but it appears that about 10% of malignant melanomas have a precursor lesion, of which about 10% are melanocytic nevi. Therefore, it appears that malignant melanoma quite seldom (1% of cases) has a melanocytic nevus as a precursor.
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The presence or absence of the slate grey nevus was used by racial theorists such as Joseph Deniker (1852-1918), the French anthropologist. The Journal of Cutaneous Diseases Including Syphilis, Volume 23 contained several accounts of the slate grey nevus on children in the Americas: In Central America, according to these authorities, the spot is called Uits, "pan," and it is an insult to speak of it. It disappears in the tenth month. It is bluish-reddish (in these Native people), and is remarkable by its small size.
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Micrograph of a Spitz nevus showing the characteristic vertically arranged nests of cells ("hanging bananas"). H&E; stain. The cause of Spitz nevi is not yet known. There is an association with sunburn, but causation is not established.
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Zosteriform speckled lentiginous nevus is a skin lesion that may be the result of a potentially lethal mutation. The terminology has been described as "confusing". It was characterized in 1981. Cutaneous findings in FACES syndrome include zosteriform speckled lentiginous nevi.
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At 46 years of age, Spitz died from colon cancer, before the term Spitz nevus was popularised. She was living in New York City and was the director of the pathology department of the New York Infirmary before her death.
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Congenital melanocytic nevus is a type of melanocytic nevus, the medical term for what is colloquially called a "mole", found in infants at birth. Occurring in about 1% of infants in the United States, it is located in the area of the head and neck 15% of the time, but may occur anywhere on the body. It may appear as light brown in fair-skinned people, to almost black in people with darker skin. Coming in a variety of sizes and appearances, they may be irregular in shape and flat, or raised and lumpy in appearance and feel.
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Medical knowledge and documentation of this disorder is poor, likely due to a combination of factors including recent discovery, low prevalence, and the more or less aesthetic nature of the effects of the skin disorder. Thus the pathophysiology of Becker's nevus remains unclear. While it is generally considered an acquired rather than congenital disorder, there exists at least one case report documenting what researchers claim is a congenital Becker's nevus with genetic association: a 16-month-old boy with a hyperpigmented lesion on his right shoulder whose father has a similar lesion on his right shoulder.
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The combination of scarring, inflammation, blood vessels, and atypical pigmented streaks seen in these recurrent nevi may result in the dermatoscopic appearance of a melanoma. When a second physician later examines the patient, he or she has no choice but to recommend re-excision of the scar. If one does not have access to the original pathology report, it is impossible to distinguish a recurring nevus from a severely dysplastic nevus or melanoma. As the procedure is widely practiced, it is not unusual to see a patient with dozens of scallop scars, with as many as 20% of them showing residual pigmentation.
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The melanocytes left behind in the wound regrow in an abnormal pattern. Rather than the even and regular lace like network, the pigments tends to grow in streaks of varying width within the scar. This is often accompanied by scarring, inflammation, and blood vessel changes – giving both the clinical and histologic impression of a melanoma or a severe dysplastic nevus. When the patient is reexamined years later without the assistance of the original biopsy report, the physician will often require the removal of the scar with the recurrent nevus to assure that a melanoma is not missed.
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Usually, cytologic atypia is of more important clinical concern than architectural atypia. Usually, moderate to severe cytologic atypia will require further excision to make sure that the surgical margin is completely clear of the lesion. The most important aspect of the biopsy report is that the pathologist indicates if the margin is clear (negative or free of melanocytic nevus), or if further tissue (a second surgery) is required. If this is not mentioned, usually a dermatologist or clinician will require further surgery if moderate to severe cytologic atypia is present – and if residual nevus is present at the surgical margin.
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Eccrine angiomatous hamartoma (EAH), first described by Lotzbeck in 1859, is a rare benign vascular hamartoma characterized histologically by a proliferation of eccrine and vascular components. EAH exists on a spectrum of cutaneous tumors that include eccrine nevus, mucinous eccrine nevus and EAH. Each diagnostic subtype is characterized by an increase in the number as well as size of mature eccrine glands or ducts, with EAH being distinguished by the added vascular component. Patients with EAH may present with complaints of pain or increased sweating (hyperhidrosis) associated with stress or exercise, or without any associated symptoms.
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High levels of testosterone and the use of androgenic anabolic steroids will cause such cysts. A case has been reported of a sebaceous cyst being caused by the human botfly. Hereditary causes of sebaceous cysts include Gardner's syndrome and basal cell nevus syndrome.
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Capillary aneurysms are flesh colored solitary lesions, resembling an intradermal nevus, which may suddenly grow larger and darker and become blue- black or black as a result of thrombosis.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders.
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Cutaneous manifestation of blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome. BRBNS is a venous malformation, formerly, though incorrectly, thought to be related to the hemangioma. It carries significant potential for serious bleeding. Lesions are most commonly found on the skin and in the small intestine and distal large bowel.
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Nevus anemicus is a congenital disorder characterized by macules of varying size and shape that are paler than the surrounding skin and cannot be made red by trauma, cold, or heat.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders.
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A connective tissue nevus may be present at birth or appear within the first few years, is elevated, soft to firm, varying from 0.5 to several centimeters in diameter, and may be grouped, linear, or irregularly distributed.Freedberg, et al. (2003). Fitzpatrick's Dermatology in General Medicine. (6th ed.). McGraw-Hill. .
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The slate grey nevus is referred to in the Japanese idiom shiri ga aoi (), meaning "to have a blue butt",尻 "The butt is blue": the untold story, Language Log, October 15, 2008 @ 3:14 pm; comment of October 16, 2008 @ 11:39 am which is a reference to immaturity or inexperience. In Mongolian Language, it is known as "Хөх толбо". Korean mythology explains the nevus as a bruise formed when Samshin halmi (), a shaman spirit to whom people pray around childbirth, slapped the baby's behind to hasten the baby to quickly get out from his or her mother's womb. In Chinese, it is referred to as "青痕" (Pinyin: Qīng Hén; Literally: Blue Mark).
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The skin and the lens have the same embryological origin and so can be affected by similar diseases. Those with atopic dermatitis and eczema occasionally develop shield ulcer cataracts. Ichthyosis is an autosomal recessive disorder associated with cuneiform cataracts and nuclear sclerosis. Basal-cell nevus and pemphigus have similar associations.
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Histologically, the tumor is described by large, uniformly shaped polyhedral nevus cells that are pigmented and closely packed Typically, it lacks signs of malignancy such as high mitotic rate, necroses or infiltrative growth. Like the malignant melanoma, it shows an immunohistological profile with S-100 protein-, vimentin- and HMB-45-positive tumor cells.
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No single cause of OS has been identified. In most cases, there is severe atrophy of both hemispheres of the brain. Cerebral malformations such as hemimegalencephaly, porencephaly, Aicardi syndrome, olivary-dentate dysplasia, agenesis of mamillary bodies, linear sebaceous nevus syndrome, cerebral dysgenesis, and focal cortical dysplasia have been noted as suspect causes.
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Halo nevi are also known as Sutton's nevi, or leukoderma acquisitum centrifugum. Halo nevi are named such because they are a mole (nevus) that is surrounded by an area of depigmentation that resembles a halo. Halo nevi are associated with vitiligo. Sometimes the pale (hypopigmented) areas will spontaneously regress, and pigment returns.
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Kamino bodies are eosinophilic globoids. Kamino bodies are commonly observed microscopically with the condition spitz nevi, a benign melanocytic nevus, a type of skin lesion, affecting the epidermis and dermis.LeBoit, PE, Burg G, Weedon D, Sarasin A. (Eds) World Health Organization Classification of Tumours: Pathology and Genetics of Skin Tumours. Lyon: IARCPress. 2006.
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Sunscreen should be applied to all exposed skin, since reduced tanning of normal skin will decrease the contrast with hypopigmented skin. Most patients with nevus depigmentosus do not pursue treatment for their lesion. There is no way to repigment the skin. If, however, the lesion is of cosmetic concern, camouflage makeup is effective.
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Nevus oligemicus presents as a patch of livid skin that is cooler than the normal skin, as a result of decreased blood flow, in which vasoconstriction of deep vessels is thought to be the underlying defect.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. (10th ed.). Saunders.
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Flowchart for use in scalp reconstruction.Main reasons for scalp reconstruction are divided into two groups: congenital or acquired. Congenital defects may include aplasia cutis congenita, congenital nevus, congenital vascular malformations and congenital tumors. Acquired defects can be caused by burns, blunt, penetrating, or avulsion injuries, tumor invasion, infection, oncologic resection, radiation, or wound-healing difficulties.
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Page 29. . It is used to determine whether a lesion is vascular (inflammatory or congenital), nonvascular (nevus), or hemorrhagic (petechia or purpura). Hemorrhagic lesions and nonvascular lesions do not blanch("negative diascopy"); inflammatory lesions do("positive diascopy"). Diascopy is sometimes used to identify sarcoid skin lesions, which, when tested, turn an apple jelly color.
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Hereditary benign intraepithelial dyskeratosis is a rare autosomal dominant disease of the conjunctiva and the oral mucosa caused by a duplication of chromosome 4q35. In the mouth it appears similar to white sponge nevus, with painless, diffuse, folded and spongy white plaques. In the eye it appears as gelatinous plaques on bulbar perilimbal conjunctiva.
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The term nevus is applied to a number of conditions caused by neoplasias and hyperplasias of melanocytes, as well as a number of pigmentation disorders, both hypermelanotic (containing increased melanin, the pigment responsible for skin color) and hypomelanotic (containing decreased melanin). Skin lesions which are multi-colored or polychromatic may be a finding in skin cancer.
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People with dysplastic nevus syndrome, also known as familial atypical multiple mole melanoma (FAMMM), are at increased risk for the development of melanoma. Having more than fifty moles indicates an increased risk melanoma might arise. A weakened immune system makes it easier for cancer to arise due to the body's weakened ability to fight cancer cells.
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The antibody also reacts positively against junctional nevus cells but not intradermal nevi, and against fetal melanocytes but not normal adult melanocytes. HMB-45 is nonreactive with almost all non-melanoma human malignancies, with the exception of rare tumors showing evidence of melanogenesis (e.g., pigmented schwannoma, clear cell sarcoma) or tumors associated with tuberous sclerosis complex (angiomyolipoma and lymphangiomyoma).
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Ruah has a distinguishable birthmark in her right eye, called the nevus of Ota. Ruah and then-fiancé David Olsen, the elder brother and stunt double of Ruah's NCIS: Los Angeles co-star Eric Christian Olsen, welcomed a son in December 2013. On June 17, 2014, Ruah and Olsen married in Portugal in an interfaith marriage. Olsen is Lutheran.
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Also surprising to researchers was the low incidence (32%) of Becker's nevi above the nipples, for it had generally been believed that the upper chest and shoulder area was the predominant site of occurrence. Pigmentation was light brown in 75% of cases (note: subjects were Caucasian), and average size of the nevus was 125 cm² (19 in²).
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In a study to determine diagnostic usefulness of specific antibodies used to identify melanoma, HMB-45 had a 92% sensitivity when used to identify melanoma. The antibody also reacts positively against junctional nevus cells and fetal melanocytes. Despite this relatively high sensitivity—HMB-45 does have its drawbacks. HMB-45 can be detected in only 50-70% of melanomas.
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Slate grey nevus (congenital dermal melanocytosis, Mongolian spot) is a benign, flat, congenital birthmark, with wavy borders and an irregular shape. In 1883, it was described and named after Mongolians by Erwin Bälz, a German anthropologist based in Japan, who erroneously believed it to be most prevalent among his Mongolian patients.Die koerperlichen Eigenschaften der Japaner.(1885) Baelz.
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Despite the high false negative rate, punch biopsies are often used and the size of the punch biopsy can vary from 1 mm to 2 mm, but it is preferred to use a punch 1.5 mm or larger. Representative samples of the most atypical part of the nevus should be biopsy, often by the aid of dermatoscopy.
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SUFU encodes a component of the sonic hedgehog (SHH) / patched (PTCH) signaling pathway. Mutations in genes encoding components of this pathway are deleterious for normal development and are associated with cancer-predisposing syndromes (e.g., holoprosencephaly, HPE3, basal cell nevus syndrome, BCNS, and Greig cephalopolysyndactyly syndrome, GCPS).Sufu has also been found to have a crucial role in tumour suppression.
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Gradual onset diseases are more common (85-90% of all diseases leading to a diagnosis of malformation) and are usually due to an increased venous pressure. Other factors such as thrombosis or arachnoiditis can be involved. A bruit (unusual blood sounds) may be heard overlying the spinal arteriovenous malformation. Very occasionally, nevus (moles) or angiolipomas are found.
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Salmon patch on the left upper eyelid of a neonate. Midline nevus flammeus (also known as salmon patch and "angel's kiss") is a vascular birthmark which may be found on the glabellar region or on one upper eyelid, and presents in approximately 15% of newborns.James, William; Berger, Timothy; Elston, Dirk (2005). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology.
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Several other conditions may mimic lymphangioma circumscriptum. These conditions include infections such as an outbreak of herpes simplex, herpes simplex vegetans, molluscum contagiosum, verruca vulgaris, and condyloma acuminatum. Similarly, benign and cancerous non-infectious conditions may also present in a similar manner and include conditions such as angiokeratoma, dermatitis herpetiformis, hemangioma, epidermal nevus, lymphangiectasia, melanoma, angiosarcoma, and metastatic carcinomas.
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Blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome In medicine, a bleb is a blister (often hemispherical) filled with serous fluid. Blebs can form in a number of tissues due to different pathologies, including frostbitten tissues. In pathology pulmonary blebs are small subpleural thin walled air containing spaces, not larger than 1-2 cm in diameter. Their walls are less than 1 mm thick.
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Optoacoustic mesoscopy is suitable for imaging skin lesions. Studies in preclinical models have imaged subcutaneous lesions and their vascular networks and demonstrated the potential to reveal lesion details such as depth, vascular morphology, oxygenation and melanin content.C.P. Favazza, O. Jassim, L.A. Cornelius, L.V. Wang, "In vivo photoacoustic microscopy of human cutaneous microvasculature and a nevus", J. Biomed. Opt. 16 (2011) 016015-016015-016016.
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Blue Rubber Bleb Nevus Syndrome affects males and females in equal numbers. According to a review of literature, 20% of patients with BRBNS were from the United States, 15% from Japan, 9% from Spain, 9% from Germany, 6% from China, and 6% from France; and a lower number of cases from other countries. This indicates that any race can be affected by BRBNS.
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Associated abnormalities include the following: • Body asymmetry (extremities; macrocephaly) • Glaucoma • Cutaneous atrophy • Neurological anomalies • Vascular anomalies (nevus flammeus /Sturge-Weber/Klippel-Trénauna Adams Oliver syndrome) • Psychomotor and/or mental retardation • Chronic ulceration that can complicate long-term CMTC • Chronic urticaria.Melani L, Antiga E, Torchia D, et al. Cutis marmorata telangiectatica congenita and chronic autoimmune urticaria in a young man. J Dermatol.
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Genes can have an influence on a person's moles. Dysplastic nevus syndrome is a largely hereditary condition which causes a person to have a large quantity of moles (often 100 or more) with some larger than normal or atypical. This often leads to a higher risk of melanoma, a serious skin cancer. Dysplastic nevi are more likely than ordinary moles to become cancerous.
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Thomas was born in Manhattan, the son of Barbara Fallis and Richard S. Thomas, in 1951. His parents were dancers with the New York City Ballet and owned the New York School of Ballet. Thomas has a nevus on his left cheek. He has stated that this led to his being turned down for a role in a television commercial in his youth.
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Often, this disease evolves from a precursor lesion, usually a dysplastic nevus. Otherwise it arises in previously normal skin. A prolonged radial growth phase, where the lesion remains thin, may eventually be followed by a vertical growth phase where the lesion becomes thick and nodular. As the risk of spread varies with the thickness, early SSM is more frequently cured than late nodular melanoma.
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The cause as to why blue rubber bleb nevus syndrome occurs is currently unknown. The syndrome is considered sporadic. Someone who is diagnosed with BRBNS likely has a family relative that has other multifocal venous malformations which is a symptom of the disease. Autosomal inheritance of BRBNS has been found in familial cases associated with chromosome 9p, but the majority of cases are sporadic.
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Inflammatory Linear Verrucous Epidermal Nevus is a rare disease of the skin that presents as multiple, discrete, red papules that tend to coalesce into linear plaques that follow the Lines of Blaschko. The plaques can be slightly warty (psoriaform) or scaly (eczema-like). ILVEN is caused by somatic mutations that result in genetic mosaicism. There is no cure, but different medical treatments can alleviate the symptoms.
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This saves the added time for hemostasis, instruments, and suture cost. The great disadvantage, seen years later, is the numerous scallop scars, and a very difficult to deal with lesion called a "recurrent melanocytic nevus". What has happened is that many "shave" excisions do not penetrate the dermis or subcutaneous fat enough to include the entire melanocytic lesion. Residual melanocytes regrow into the scar.
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If the surgeon opts for the shaving method, he or she usually also cauterizes the stump. Because a circle is difficult to close with stitches, the incision is usually elliptical or eye-shaped. However, freezing should not be done to a nevus suspected to be a melanoma, as the ice crystals can cause pathological changes called "freezing artifacts" which might interfere with the diagnosis of the melanoma.
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1971;31(6):784-789 Usually found on the oral mucosa of middle-aged persons, verruciform xanthomas have also been reported on the scrotum and penis of middle-aged to elderly Japanese males. While the most common site is the oral mucosa, lesions that occur elsewhere usually arise on the perineum or on the skin with some predisposing factor, such as lymphedema or an epidermal nevus.
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Diagnosis is mainly clinical, based on the history and clinical appearance. The differential diagnosis includes other oral white lesions such as Leukoplakia, squamous cell carcinoma, oral candidiasis, lichen planus, white sponge nevus and contact stomatitis. In contrast to pseudomembraneous candidiasis, this white patch cannot be wiped off. Tissue biopsy is sometimes carried out to rule out other lesions, although biopsy is not routinely carried out for this condition.
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There is linear and whorled hyperpigmentation following the lines of Blaschko without preceding bullae or verrucous lesions. It is important to exclude other pigmentary disorders following the Blaschko lines before making a diagnosis of linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis. The differential diagnoses include incontinentia pigmenti, linear epidermal nevus, hypomelanosis of Ito and Goltz syndrome. Recently, a case of linear and whorled nevoid hypermelanosis was reported in a Malaysian Chinese girl.
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Stork bite Colloquially called a "stork bite", "angel's kiss" or "salmon patch", telangiectatic nevus appears as a pink or tanned, flat, irregularly shaped mark on the knee, back of the neck, and/or the forehead, eyelids and, sometimes, the top lip. The skin is not thickened and feels no different from anywhere else on the body; the only difference is in appearance. Nearly half of all babies have such a birthmark.
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Spontaneous venous pulsations are present in about 80 percent of patients with ODD, but absent in cases of true disc edema. Other causes of disc elevation clinicians must exclude may be: hyaloid traction, epipapillary glial tissue, myelinated nerve fibres, scleral infiltration, vitreopapillary traction and high hyperopia. Disorders associated with disc elevation include: Alagille syndrome, Down syndrome, Kenny-Caffey syndrome, Leber Hereditary Optic Neuropathy and linear nevus sebaceous syndrome.
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As Becker's nevus is considered a benign lesion, treatment is generally not necessary except for cosmetic purposes. Shaving or trimming can be effective in removing unwanted hair, while electrology or laser hair removal may offer a longer-lasting solution. Different types of laser treatments may also be effective in elimination or reduction of hyperpigmentation, though the results of laser treatments for both hair and pigment reduction appear to be highly variable.
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The mark is also common among Maya people of the Yucatan Peninsula Life Magazine - Ancient and Modern Maya (June 1947) where is referred to as Wa in Maya, which means "circle". In Ecuador, the native Indians of Colta are insultingly referred to in Spanish by a number of terms which allude to the slate grey nevus. In Spanish it is called mancha mongólica and mancha de Baelz (see Erwin Bälz).
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The babies would then be given to the mother or dropped down the chimney. Households would notify when they wanted children by placing sweets for the stork on the window sill. From there the folklore has spread around the world to the Philippines and countries in South America. Birthmarks on the back of the head of newborn baby, nevus flammeus nuchae, are sometimes referred to as stork-bite.
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These are localized white spots on skin which may affect any area of the body, but these white spots are quite stable lesions. In the majority of patients, the lesions are not completely achromic, but are hypopigmented and resemble splashed paint. The individual lesions are permanent and there are no effective therapies for re- pigmenting this nevus. If there is hair in an affected area, it is usually colourless or white.
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The majority of the tumors are identified in the parotid salivary gland, although the submandibular gland can also be affected. The symptoms are non-specific, but include a mass, frequently rapidly expanding, or ulceration of the skin overlying the mass. In very rare instances, association with other tumors, such as nevus sebaceus and hepatoblastoma are documented. Ultrasound can be used to screen the mass, a technique which can even be performed prenatally.
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The creases disappear later in life. They are reminiscent of those of Bibendum, the mascot of the tire manufacturer Michelin, hence the name of the syndrome. Associated abnormalities vary and may include facial dysmorphism, upslanting palpebral fissures, hypertelorism, cleft palate, genital anomalies, mild developmental delay, ureterocele, smooth muscle hamartoma, nevus lipomatosus, Laron syndrome (dwarfism with high growth hormone and low somatomedin activity), and other defects. It was originally described by Ross in 1969.
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Intradermal melanocytic nevus (dermatoscopic image) According to the American Academy of Dermatology, the most common types of moles are skin tags, raised moles and flat moles. Benign moles are usually brown, tan, pink or black (especially on dark-colored skin). They are circular or oval and are usually small (commonly between 1–3 mm), though some can be larger than the size of a typical pencil eraser (>5 mm). Some moles produce dark, coarse hair.
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These fair skinned individuals often have lightly pigmented or amelanotic melanomas which will not present easy-to-observe color changes and variation in colors. The borders of these amelanotic melanomas are often indistinct, making visual identification without a dermatoscope very difficult. People with a personal or family history of skin cancer or of dysplastic nevus syndrome (multiple atypical moles) should see a dermatologist at least once a year to be sure they are not developing melanoma.
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A second concern about the laser treatment is that if the lesion is a melanoma, and was misdiagnosed as a benign mole, the procedure might delay diagnosis. If the mole is incompletely removed by the laser, and the pigmented lesion regrows, it might form a recurrent nevus. Electrocautery is available as an alternative to laser cautery. Electrocautery is a procedure that uses a light electrical current to burn moles, skin tags, and warts off the skin.
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There are various benign and malignant neoplasms that may occur in or overlying the nail matrix and in the nailbed, and symptoms may include pain, itching, and throbbing. Benign tumors of the nails include verruca, pyogenic granuloma, fibromas, nevus cell nevi, myxoid cysts, angiofibromas (Koenen tumors), and epidermoid cysts. Squamous cell carcinoma of the nailbed is uncommon, and often mistaken for a pyogenic granuloma initially. Subungual melanoma is frequently diagnosed late in the course of growth.
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The CDKN2A gene is located on chromosome 9p21.3. Two main transcripts, isoforms '1' and '4', each contain three exons and span 7288 and 26740 bp, respectively. They encode proteins of 156 and 173 amino acids; isoform '1' encodes p16(INK4a), while isoform '4' encodes p14(ARF), a protein that is structurally unrelated to p16(INK4) but acts in cell cycle G1 control by stabilizing the tumor suppressor protein p53. Dysplastic nevus syndrome is inherited in an autosomal dominant manner.
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In the Crimean War he volunteered, and was appointed (1855) assistant-surgeon at Smyrna and subsequently during the Siege of Sevastopol. On returning home he became medical tutor at his old hospital, was elected FRCS in 1857, and afterwards assistant-surgeon to the Royal Ophthalmic Hospital, Moorfields (1857), and surgeon (1868–1890). In 1861, Hulke first described oculodermal melanosis (Nevus of Ota). In 1870 he became surgeon at the Middlesex Hospital, and here much of his more important surgical work was accomplished.
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With maturity, the nevus can have variation in color, and the surface might be textured with proliferative growths. Neurocutaneous melanosis is associated with the presence of either giant congenital melanocytic nevi or non-giant nevi of the skin. It is estimated that neurocutaneous melanosis is present in 2% to 45% of patients with giant congenital melanocytic nevi. Neurocutaneous melanosis is characterized by the presence of congenital melanocytic nevi on the skin and melanocytic tumors in the leptomeninges of the central nervous system.
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The preferred method of diagnosis is by using a shave biopsy because punch biopsies give up to an 80% false negative rate. While one section of the tumor might show benign melanocytic nevus, another section might show features concerning of severe cellular atypia. When cellular atypia is noted, a pathologist might indicate that the entire lesion should be removed. It is at this point that one can comfortably remove the entire lesion, thus confirming the final diagnosis of lentigo maligna.
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Risk factors include chronic pancreatitis, older age, smoking, obesity, diabetes, and certain rare genetic conditions including multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1, hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer and dysplastic nevus syndrome among others. About 25% of cases are attributable to tobacco smoking, while 5–10% of cases are linked to inherited genes. Pancreatic adenocarcinoma is the most common form of pancreatic cancer, and is cancer arising from the exocrine digestive part of the pancreas. Most occur in the head of the pancreas.
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Many different diseases can cause melanin pigmented lesions in the mouth through # Increase in the number of melanocytes or melanocytosis # Increased melanin production with or without melanocytosis Melanin is an endogenous pigment synthesized by melanocytes that are located in the basal layer of epithelium. Melanin is then transferred to keratinocytes in melanosomes. Nevus cells in the skin and oral mucosa also produce melanin. Oral melanosis can present as black, gray, blue or brown lesions depending on the site and amount of melanin deposition in tissues.
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The Signification of Moles, illustration of an 18th-century chapbook. Moleosophy or moleomancy is a technique of divination and fortune telling based upon the observation and interpretation of bodily marks — primarily those of the melanocytic nevus condition (i.e. moles). Although divination by moles, birthmarks and blemishes has been practiced in many societies throughout history, it has never achieved the status of dream divination, astrology, or even palmistry. As such, it has generally been classed a species of superstition or folklore, rather than a pseudo-science.
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Differential diagnosis of this condition includes the Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome and tuberous sclerosis. As the skin lesions are typically painful, it is also often necessary to exclude other painful tumors of the skin (including blue rubber bleb nevus, leiomyoma, eccrine spiradenoma, neuroma, dermatofibroma, angiolipoma, neurilemmoma, endometrioma, glomus tumor and granular cell tumor; the mnemonic "BLEND-AN-EGG" may be helpful). Other skin lesions that may need to be considered include cylindroma, lipoma, poroma and trichoepithelioma; these tend to be painless and have other useful distinguishing features.
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Friedrich Feyrter (2 June 1895, Vienna - 2 December 1973, Bad Fischau- Brunn)Einstein - Görner, Volume 3 edited by Rudolf Vierhaus was an Austrian pathologist. In 1934 he obtained his habilitation with the thesis "Carcinoid und Carcinom", later serving as a professor in Danzig, Graz and Göttingen. Best known for establishing the concept of the diffuse neuroendocrine system (DNES), he also made contributions in his research of various benign and malignant tumors, the transformation of lipids, the origin of the nevus and on disorders of cellular metabolism.
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Approximately 90% of Polynesians and Micronesians are born with slate grey nevus, as are about 46% of children in Latin America,Epidemiology of Mongolian spot on MedScape where they are associated with non-European descent. These spots also appear on 5–10% of babies of full Caucasian descent; Coria del Río in Spain has a high incidence due to the presence of descendants of members of the delegation led by Hasekura Tsunenaga, the first Japanese official envoy to Spain in the early 17th century. African American babies have slate grey nevus at a frequencies of 90% to 96%. Since the last century, extensive research has been made regarding the prevalence of said spot in populations of mixed European- Amerindian ancestry. A publication from 1905, citing field research made by the anthropologist Frederick Starr, states that the spot is not present in Mestizo populations, however, if Starr's actual research is consulted it is observed the he declares that "seven Mayan children presented the spot, three mixed children didn't have it...","THE SACRAL OR SO-CALLED “MONGOLIAN“ PIGMENT SPOTS OF EARLIEST INFANCY AND CHILDHOOD, page 5 note 1", Anthrosource, 1907, Retrieved 20 January 2020.
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A capillary hemangioma (also known as an Infantile hemangioma, Strawberry hemangioma, and Strawberry nevus) is the most common variant of hemangioma which appears as a raised, red, lumpy area of flesh anywhere on the body, though 83% occur on the head or neck area. These marks occur in about 10% of all births, and usually appear between one and four weeks after birth. It may grow rapidly, before stopping and slowly fading. Some are gone by the age of 2, about 60% by 5 years, and 90–95% by 9 years.
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As the phakomatoses are rare conditions, with a wide range of potential symptoms and complications in their clinical expression, diagnosis can be complex. Most research and literature only assess isolated cases for commonalities. Diagnosis may be made upon emergency presentation. According to a study of 15 cases of phakomatoses the diagnosis was mostly clinical; The most common clinical expression was the nevus anemicus, or paler patches of skin, which was present in 50% of cases and Café-au-lait spots and depigmentation were also found to be common distinguishing characteristics in diagnosis.
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However, other NCP arise from a defect in two or more NC populations (such as the CHARGE syndrome). Accepted examples of NCP are piebaldism, Waardenburg syndrome, Hirschsprung disease, Ondine's curse (congenital central hypoventilation syndrome), pheochromocytoma, paraganglioma, Merkel cell carcinoma, multiple endocrine neoplasia, neurofibromatosis type I, CHARGE syndrome, familial dysautonomia, DiGeorge syndrome, Axenfeld-Rieger syndrome, Goldenhar syndrome (a.k.a. hemifacial microsomia), craniofrontonasal syndrome, congenital melanocytic nevus, melanoma, and certain congenital heart defects of the outflow tract. Recently, many diseases have been incorporated as NCP, mainly based on the finding of new NC derivatives.
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Infants may be born with one or more slate grey nevus ranging from small area on the buttocks to a larger area on the back. The birthmark is prevalent among East, South, Southeast, North and Central Asian peoples, Indigenous Oceanians (chiefly Micronesians and Polynesians), certain populations in Africa, Amerindians, non-European Latin Americans, Caribbeans of mixed-race descent, and Turkish people.Mongolian blue spots – Health care guide discussing the Mongolian blue spot.Transcultural Medicine: Dealing with patients from different cultures They occur in around 80% of Asians, and 80% to 85% of Native American infants.
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Moletest was initially created as a UK-based application set up in September 2010. On launch it was the world's first online remote mole screening service for the detection of non-melanoma ( e.g. Basal cell carcinoma, Squamous cell carcinoma) and melanoma skin cancers in moles. The firm developed a unique image processing technique to assess photographic images of lesions (melanocytic nevus) against known case results – providing a ‘traffic light’ based evaluation where green is a ‘normal’ lesion, amber a ‘borderline’ lesion with potentially unpredictable biological behaviour, and red a potentially ‘cancerous’ one.
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A skin biopsy can be a punch, shave, or complete excision. The complete excision is the preferred method, but a punch biopsy can suffice if the patient has cosmetic concerns (i.e. the patient does not want a scar) and the lesion is small. A scoop or deep shave biopsy is often advocated, but should be avoided due to risk of a recurrent nevus, which can complicate future diagnosis of a melanoma, and the possibility that resulting scar tissue can obscure tumor depth if a melanoma is found to be present and re-excised.
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Aszterbaum M, Rothman A, Fisher M, Xie J, Bonifas JM, Zhang X, Epstein Jr EH, Johnson RL, Scott MP. Identification of mutations in the human PATCHED gene in sporadic basal cell carcinomas and in patients with the basal cell nevus syndrome. Journal of investigative dermatology. 1998 Jun 1;110(6):885-8.Hahn H, Wicking C, Zaphiropoulos PG, Gailani MR, Shanley S, Chidambaram A, Vorechovsky I, Holmberg E, Unden AB, Gillies S, Negus K. Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Cell.
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As of July 2020, he has published 142 peer-reviewed articles and has been a speaker at 473 meetings in the USA and throughout the world. He has also authored 65 textbook chapters, including 3 chapters for emedicine. He described the first case of Swimmers itch to occur in exposed skin and described the first case of herpetic paronychia occurring in an atopic patient while on isotretinoin therapy for acne. He confirmed that the incidence of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis is higher in association with dysplastic nevi than in ordinary melanocytic nevi and may serve as a marker for nevus with architectural disorder.
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The luminous cone of the tympanic membrane is named after him, as well as the Unna–Politzer nevus, a typical birthmark found on the nape of the neck in 25 to 50% of normal persons. In addition, in 1893 Politzer was the first to describe otosclerosis as a separate clinical entity. He also studied the pathology of cholesteatoma, serous otitis media, labyrinthitis, congenital deafness and intracranial complications of otitis media. One of his biographers, Albert Mudry, stated that Politzer was "the greatest otologist of the 19th century and one of the greatest of all time (...) he covered all fields of otology".
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The cause of prurigo nodularis is unknown, although other conditions may induce PN. PN has been linked to Becker's nevus, linear IgA disease, an autoimmune condition, liver disease and T cells. Systemic pruritus has been linked to cholestasis, thyroid disease, polycythaemia rubra vera, uraemia, Hodgkins disease, HIV and other immunodeficiency diseases. Internal malignancies, liver failure, kidney failure, and psychiatric illnesses have been considered to induce PN, although more recent research has refuted a psychiatric cause for PN. Patients report an ongoing battle to distinguish themselves from those with psychiatric disorders such as delusions of parasitosis and other psychiatric conditions.
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Port-wine stain visible on the head of Mikhail Gorbachev, one of the most famous individuals with such a birthmark Port-wine stains, also known as nevus flammeus and sometimes mistaken for strawberry marks, are present at birth and range from a pale pink in color, to a deep wine-red. Irregular in appearance, they are usually quite large, and caused by a deficiency or absence in the nerve supply to blood vessels. This causes vasodilation, the dilation of blood vessels, causing blood to pool or collect in the affected area. Over time, port-wine stains may become thick or develop small ridges or bumps, and do not fade with age.
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Klippel–Trénaunay syndrome formerly Klippel–Trénaunay–Weber syndrome and sometimes angioosteohypertrophy syndrome and hemangiectatic hypertrophy, is a rare congenital medical condition in which blood vessels and/or lymph vessels fail to form properly. The three main features are nevus flammeus (port-wine stain), venous and lymphatic malformations, and soft-tissue hypertrophy of the affected limb. It is similar to, though distinctly separate from, the less common Parkes-Weber syndrome. The classical triad of Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome consists of: # vascular malformations of the capillary, venous and lymphatic vessels; # varicosities of unusual distribution, particularly the lateral venous anomaly; and # unilateral soft and skeletal tissue hypertrophy, usually the lower extremity.
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Variably pigmented, mushroom-shaped choroidal tumor has ruptured the Bruch membrane and grown into the subretinal space. Benign melanocytic tumors of the choroid, such as choroidal freckles and nevi, are very common and pose no health risks, unless they show signs of malignancy, in which case they are considered melanomas. Uveal melanoma is distinct from most skin melanomas associated with ultraviolet exposure; however, it shares several similarities with non-sun- exposed melanomas, such as acral melanomas and mucosal melanomas. BRAF mutations are extremely rare in posterior uveal melanomas; instead, uveal melanomas frequently harbor GNAQ/GNA11 mutations, a trait shared with blue nevi, Nevus of Ota, and ocular melanosis.
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Slate grey nevus is a congenital developmental condition—that is, one existing from birth—exclusively involving the skin. The blue colour is caused by melanocytes, melanin-containing cells, that are usually located in the surface of the skin (the epidermis), but are in the deeper region (the dermis) in the location of the spot. Usually, as multiple spots or one large patch, it covers one or more of the lumbosacral area (lower back), the buttocks, sides, and shoulders. It results from the entrapment of melanocytes in the lower half to two-thirds of the dermis during their migration from the neural crest to the epidermis during embryonic development.
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Screening for melanoma in FAMMM kindreds should begin at age 10 with a baseline total body skin examination including scalp, eyes, oral mucosa, genital area, and nail, as family members may develop melanoma in their early teens. Monthly self- performed skin examinations and early referral to a dermatologist for monitoring are recommended interventions. Treatment approaches such as removal of the largest dysplastic nevus or all of the dysplastic nevi have not been shown to appreciably reduce the risk of developing melanoma and are not cost- effective; therefore, these approaches are not recommended. Similarly, biopsy of multiple pigmented dysplastic nevi is not recommended and biopsy should be limited to specific nevi with appearance concerning for melanoma.
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Thyroid nodules have been associated with the Birt–Hogg–Dubé phenotype, present in 65% of individuals and 90% of families with the syndrome. However, a connection between BHD and thyroid cancer has not been substantiated. Other conditions have been reported to be associated but may not be caused by the mutation in FLCN or may not be related at all. These include multinodular goiter, medullary thyroid carcinoma, parotid oncocytoma, colonic polyposis, connective tissue nevus, lipomas, angiolipomas, parathyroid adenomas, flecked chorioretinopathy, neurothekeoma, meningiomas, angiofibromas of the face, trichoblastomas, cutaneous focal mucinosis, cutaneous leiomyoma, breast cancer, tonsillar cancer, colorectal cancer, sarcoma of the leg, lung cancer, melanoma, dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans, basal cell carcinoma, cutaneous leiomyosarcoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.
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Basal-cell carcinomas can often come in association with other lesions of the skin, such as actinic keratosis, seborrheic keratosis, squamous cell carcinoma. In a small proportion of cases, basal-cell carcinoma also develops as a result of basal-cell nevus syndrome, or Gorlin Syndrome, which is also characterized by keratocystic odontogenic tumors of the jaw, palmar or plantar (sole of the foot) pits, calcification of the falx cerebri (in the center line of the brain) and rib abnormalities. The cause of this syndrome is a mutation in the PTCH1 tumor suppressor gene located in chromosome 9q22.3, which inhibits the hedgehog signaling pathway. A mutation in the SMO gene, which is also on the hedgehog pathway, also causes basal-cell carcinoma.
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Hypertelorism is an abnormally increased distance between two organs or bodily parts, usually referring to an increased distance between the orbits (eyes), or orbital hypertelorism. In this condition the distance between the inner eye corners as well as the distance between the pupils is greater than normal. Hypertelorism should not be confused with telecanthus, in which the distance between the inner eye corners is increased but the distances between the outer eye corners and the pupils remain unchanged.Michael L. Bentz: Pediatric Plastic Surgery; Chapter 9 Hypertelorism by Renato Ocampo, Jr., MD/ John A. Persing, MD Hypertelorism is a symptom in a variety of syndromes, including Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), 1q21.1 duplication syndrome, basal cell nevus syndrome, DiGeorge syndrome and Loeys–Dietz syndrome.
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Stray ground paths between the patient and foreign conductors (such as a metal table leading somewhere to earth- ground) can offer another capacitative reservoir besides the patient, and burns out of the area of treatment may thus result, from current passing between patient and the earth-ground. For this reason, hyfrecation and all non-ground-pad electrosurgery is performed only on conscious patients, who would be aware of the burn and discomfort from an unwanted earth-ground path. (In types of electrosurgery which do employ a ground-pad, the ground-pad path serves as such a low resistance ground to the machine, that extraneous other ground paths become unimportant, and thus with proper precautions these methods can, and often are, used on anesthetized patients). Because hyfrecation is always a relatively low-power modality, it can be used in some situations (such as very small nevus removal or skin tag removal) without local anaesthesia.
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If both parents have one mutant allele and one normal allele (heterozygous) then they have a 25% chance of producing a homozygous recessive child (has predisposition), 50% chance of producing a heterozygous child (carrier of the faulty gene) and 25% chance of produced a child with two normal alleles. Examples of autosomal dominant cancer syndromes are autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (Canale-Smith syndrome), Beckwith–Wiedemann syndrome (although 85% of cases are sporadic), Birt–Hogg–Dubé syndrome, Carney syndrome, familial chordoma, Cowden syndrome, dysplastic nevus syndrome with familial melanoma, familial adenomatous polyposis, hereditary breast–ovarian cancer syndrome, hereditary diffuse gastric cancer (HDGC), Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch syndrome), Howel–Evans syndrome of esophageal cancer with tylosis, juvenile polyposis syndrome, Li–Fraumeni syndrome, multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1/2, multiple osteochondromatosis, neurofibromatosis type 1/2, nevoid basal-cell carcinoma syndrome (Gorlin syndrome), Peutz–Jeghers syndrome, familial prostate cancer, hereditary leiomyomatosis renal cell cancer (LRCC), hereditary papillary renal cell cancer, hereditary paraganglioma-pheochromocytoma syndrome, retinoblastoma, tuberous sclerosis, von Hippel–Lindau disease and Wilm's tumor. Examples of autosomal recessive cancer syndromes are ataxia–telangiectasia, Bloom syndrome, Fanconi anemia, MUTYH-associated polyposis, Rothmund–Thomson syndrome, Werner syndrome and Xeroderma pigmentosum.
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