Good old Adrastos the Logician, engaging in hand to hand combat.
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But Ferrell never loses his signature naive sincerity, while Poehler — even while high — remains the more realistic harebrained logician.
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The role of chilly logician and second in command is instead taken by "Number One," a character played by actress Majel Barrett.
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Alan TuringCreditCreditScience History Images, via Alamy Many have heard of Alan Turing, the mathematician and logician who invented modern computing in 1935.
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In limpid prose, Professor Ackerman summed up his subject's life and career, arguing against the neoclassical view of Palladio as a cold logician.
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He's made a name for himself as a lib-owning, fast-talking logician, the sort of pundit who thrives in the age of Twitter.
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Some of the franchise's most memorable moments have dealt with Spock's Vulcan upbringing and how being reared as an icy, unsentimental logician affected his relationships with his human colleagues.
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What would an eccentric Austrian-born, Nobel prize-winning mathematician and logician from the 20th century have to say about an American dictator, or a new American civil war?
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And no mathematical system is complete: as Kurt Gödel, an Austrian logician, showed in the 1930s, there are always true statements that the system is not strong enough to prove.
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The show plumbs the mind of Charles Dodgson — the logician, photographer and church deacon better known by his pen name, Lewis Carroll — and his obsession with the 11-year-old Alice Liddell.
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Columbia University lent him the money to enroll in its graduate school, where he wrote a thesis on the pragmatist and logician C. S. Peirce and earned a master's degree in 19633.
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Each pair of frames is named after a scientist, logician, mathematician, or inventor of some sort or another, too, so if you're having trouble deciding, just follow suit with your greatest hero.
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He is a weird formalist, a somewhat unmoored logician, whose pieces seem to be the result of long, elaborate trains of thought, picking up steam as they pull into stations of absurdity.
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Raymond Smullyan, whose merry, agile mind led him to be a musician, a magician, a mathematician and, most cunningly, a puzzle-creating logician, died on Monday in Hudson, N.Y. He was 20063.
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It is something I wonder about, but I've tried to imagine what it could mean to not use the continuum of real numbers, and the one logician I tried discussing it with didn't help me.
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She is an extraordinarily formidable e-mailer, picking apart casual correspondence with the cool ferocity of a world-class logician; it sometimes felt as if Ludwig Wittgenstein was at the other end of the computer.
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A year later, he published the groundbreaking paper "On Computable Numbers, With an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem" (or "decidability problem"), a reference in German to a celebrated riddle that the American logician Alonzo Church had also explained.
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His isolation tanks, nightclubs, swing rides, slides and other experiential works are what he calls "unsaturated art," a term borrowed from the 19th-century logician Gottlob Frege to explain a participatory kind of art that continues to take on new significance as people engage with it.
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David Seetapun is an English logician and former investment banker.
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PFL is mostly the invention of the logician and philosopher Willard Quine.
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Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm von Sigwart (31 August 1789 – 16 November 1844) was a German philosopher and logician. He was the father of Christoph von Sigwart (28 March 1830 – 4 August 1904 ), who also was a philosopher and logician.
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John Argall (1540 - 8 October 1606 ) was an English cleric, logician and teacher.
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A Logician Devil or The Logician Devil is an illustration of Lucifer created by Salvador Dalí referencing Dante Alighieri's Divine Comedy. The image is one of 100 illustrations made by Dalí between 1950 and 1960 inspired by the Divine Comedy.
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Stathis K. Zachos (; born 1947 in Athens) is a mathematician, logician and theoretical computer scientist.
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His great-grandson was the logician and philosopher John Venn, famed for the Venn diagram.
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Stanisław Leśniewski (March 30, 1886 – May 13, 1939) was a Polish mathematician, philosopher and logician.
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Professor Matthias Schirn Matthias Schirn (born 03.10.1944 in Weidenau/Siegen) is a German philosopher and logician.
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Christine Ladd-Franklin (December 1, 1847 - March 5, 1930) was an American psychologist, logician, and mathematician.
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Kaarlo Jaakko Juhani Hintikka (12 January 1929 – 12 August 2015) was a Finnish philosopher and logician.
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Louis Couturat (; 17 January 1868 – 3 August 1914) was a French logician, mathematician, philosopher, and linguist.
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David Clement Makinson (born 27 August 1941), is an Australian mathematical logician living in London, England.
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Alice Ambrose Lazerowitz (November 25, 1906 - January 25, 2001) was an American philosopher, logician, and author.
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Donald Kalish (December 4, 1919 – June 8, 2000) was an American logician, educator, and anti-war activist.
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Richard Sylvan (13 December 1935 – 16 June 1996) was a New Zealand–born philosopher, logician, and environmentalist.
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Giacomo (or Jacopo) Zabarella (5 September 1533 – 15 October 1589) was an Italian Aristotelian philosopher and logician.
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Walter Dubislav (20 September 1895 – 17 September 1937) was a German logician and philosopher of science (Wissenschaftstheoretiker).
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Pavel Materna (born 21 April 1930) is a Czech philosopher, logician and key representative of transparent intensional logic.
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Adriaan Heereboord (13 October 1613 in Leiden – 7 July 1661 in Leiden) was a Dutch philosopher and logician.
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Larisa Lvovna Maksimova (, born 1943) is a Russian mathematical logician known for her research in non-classical logic.
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Prof Alexander Macfarlane FRSE LLD (21 April 1851 – 28 August 1913) was a Scottish logician, physicist, and mathematician.
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Hao Wang (; 20 May 1921 – 13 May 1995) was a logician, philosopher, mathematician, and commentator on Kurt Gödel.
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Alexander Sotirios Kechris (; born March 23, 1946) is a set theorist and logician at the California Institute of Technology.
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Averroes (1126–98) was the last major logician from al-Andalus, who wrote the most elaborate commentaries on Aristotelian logic.
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Paulus Vallius (Paolo Valla, Paulus Valla, Paulus de la Valle, Paulus de Valle) (1561-1622) was an Italian Jesuit logician.
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Averroes (1126–1198), author of the most elaborate commentaries on Aristotelian logic, was the last major logician from al-Andalus.
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Averroes (1126–98) was the last major logician from al-Andalus, who wrote the most elaborate commentaries on Aristotelian logic.
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Oscar Becker Oscar Becker (5 September 1889 – 13 November 1964) was a German philosopher, logician, mathematician, and historian of mathematics.
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Harald Holz (born 14 May 1930, in Freiburg im Breisgau) is a German philosopher, logician, mathematician (autodidact), poet and novelist.
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Carlo Dalla Pozza (October 16, 1942, Taranto – July 18, 2014, Lecce)see Obituary was an Italian philosopher of science and logician.
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Joseph Diez Gergonne (19 June 1771 at Nancy, France – 4 May 1859 at Montpellier, France) was a French mathematician and logician.
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Justin Tatch Moore (born 1974) is a set theorist and logician. He is a full professor in mathematics at Cornell University.
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Siegfried Gottwald, 2004 Siegfried Johannes Gottwald (30 March 1943 – 20 September 2015) was a German mathematician, logician and historian of science.
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Haim Gaifman (born 1934) is a logician, probability theorist, and philosopher of language who is professor of philosophy at Columbia University.
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Dan Edward Willard is an American computer scientist and logician, and is a professor of computer science at the University at Albany.
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Paul of Venice (or Paulus Venetus; 1369–1429) was a Catholic philosopher, theologian, logician and metaphysician of the Order of Saint Augustine.
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Marian Boykan Pour-El (April 29, 1928 – June 10, 2009) was an American mathematical logician who did pioneering work in computable analysis.
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This problem was proposed by the logician Carl Gustav Hempel in the 1940s to illustrate a contradiction between inductive logic and intuition.
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Henri "Ricu" Wald (October 31, 1920 – July 14, 2002), also known as Henry Wald, was a Romanian professor, philosopher, logician, and essayist.
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Józef Maria Bocheński (Czuszów, Congress Poland, Russian Empire, 30 August 1902 – 8 February 1995, Fribourg, Switzerland) was a Polish Dominican, logician and philosopher.
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Rose Rand (June 14, 1903 - July 28, 1980) was an Austrian-American logician and philosopher. She was a member of the Vienna Circle.
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Eli Eduardo de Gortari (Mexico City, Federal District, Mexico, April 28, 1918 – July 29, 1991) was a logician, philosopher of science and engineer.
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Benno Erdmann (30 May 1851, Guhrau - 7 January 1921, Berlin) was a German neo- Kantian philosopher, logician, psychologist and scholar of Immanuel Kant.
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Ofra Magidor is a philosopher and logician, and current Waynflete Professor of Metaphysical Philosophy at University of Oxford and Fellow of Magdalen College.
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David Wiggins (born 8 March 1933) is a British moral philosopher, metaphysician, and philosophical logician working especially on identity and issues in meta-ethics.
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Dryden retaliated, and incorporated the "grim logician" phrase as self-description in his poem The Hind and the Panther (1687), which alludes to Stillingfleet.
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Frederic Brenton Fitch (September 9, 1908, Greenwich, Connecticut – September 18, 1987, New Haven, Connecticut) was an American logician, a Sterling Professor at Yale University..
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Gilbert de la Porrée (after 1085 – 4 September 1154), also known as Gilbert of Poitiers, Gilbertus Porretanus or Pictaviensis, was a scholastic logician and theologian.
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Although Bertrand Russell invited him to Cambridge University at age 12, the offer was not taken up; however, Pitts did decide to become a logician.
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Gottfried Wilhelm (von) Leibniz (1 July 1646 [O.S. 21 June] – 14 November 1716); German polymath, philosopher logician, mathematician.Rescher, N. (2003). On Leibniz, Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh University Press.
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On 21 January 1829 he married Martha, fourth daughter of Nicholas Sykes of Swanland, near Hull. John Venn, the logician and philosopher, was their son.MacTutor page .
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Bonnie Gold (born 1948) is an American mathematician, mathematical logician, philosopher of mathematics, and mathematics educator. She is a professor emerita of mathematics at Monmouth University.
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Moses Ilyich Schönfinkel, also known as Moisei Isai'evich Sheinfinkel' (; 4 September 1889 – 1942), was a Russian logician and mathematician, known for the invention of combinatory logic.
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Wanda Montlak Szmielew (5 April 1918 – 27 August 1976) was a Polish mathematical logician who first proved the decidability of the first-order theory of abelian groups.
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Richard Zach is a Canadian logician, philosopher of mathematics, and historian of logic and analytic philosophy. He is currently Professor of Philosophy at the University of Calgary.
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Lorenzo Peña (born August 29, 1944) is a Spanish philosopher, lawyer, logician and political thinker. His rationalism is a neo-Leibnizian approach both in metaphysics and law.
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Isaac Richard Jay Malitz (born 1947, in Cleveland, Ohio) is a logician who introduced the subject of positive set theory in his 1976 Ph.D. Thesis at UCLA.
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Kazimierz Kuratowski (; 2 February 1896 – 18 June 1980) was a Polish mathematician and logician. He was one of the leading representatives of the Warsaw School of Mathematics.
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Nicolai Alexandrovich Vasiliev (), also Vasil'ev, Vassilieff, Wassilieff ( – December 31, 1940), was a Russian logician, philosopher, psychologist, poet. He was a forerunner of paraconsistent and multi-valued logics.
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The logicians (School of Names) were concerned with logic, paradoxes, names and actuality (similar to Confucian rectification of names). The logician Hui Shi was a friendly rival to Zhuangzi, arguing against Taoism in a light-hearted and humorous manner. Another logician, Gongsun Long, originated the famous When a White Horse is Not a Horse dialogue. This school did not thrive because the Chinese regarded sophistry and dialectic as impractical.
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Richard Crakanthorpe (1567–1624) was an English Anglican priest, remembered both as a logician and as a religious controversialist. His logical works still had currency in the eighteenth century, and there is an allusion in the novel Tristram Shandy.:s: Tristram Shandy/Chapter 1, as Crackenthorp. As a logician he was conservative, staying close to Aristotle and the Organon, and critical of the fashion for Ramism and its innovations.
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Vidyananda was a Digambara Jain logician, scholar and monk in Pataliputra. He was born in 750 AD and died in 800. Madhvacharya, a Hindu philosopher has mentioned about Vidyananda.
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Edward Brerewood (or Bryerwood) (c. 1565–1613) was an English scholar and antiquary. He was a mathematician and logician, and wrote an influential book on the origin of languages.
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Memorial Stolperstein at Kurt Grelling's residence Königsberger Straße 13 in Berlin Kurt Grelling (2 March 1886 - September 1942) was a German logician and philosopher, member of the Berlin Circle.
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Angel d'Ors, "Petrus Hispanus O.P., Auctor Summularum (III): "Petrus Alfonsi" or "Petrus Ferrandi"?" Vivarium 41, 2 (2003): 249–303. Others reject the connection between the friar and the logician.
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Andrzej Grzegorczyk (; 22 August 1922 – 20 March 2014) was a Polish logician, mathematician, philosopher, and ethicist noted for his work in computability, mathematical logic, and the foundations of mathematics.
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Arnold Oberschelp, Aachen 1978 Arnold Oberschelp (born 5 February 1932 in Recklinghausen) is a German mathematician and logician. He was for many years professor of logic and in Kiel.
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In 1948 he married one of his students, Margaret Kelly, and in 1950 had a son, the philosopher and logician Stephen Blamey. In 1998 he was awarded the OBE.
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Irving Marmer Copi (;"Introduction to Logic 14th Edition by Pearson" né Copilovich or Copilowish; July 28, 1917 – August 19, 2002) was an American philosopher, logician, and university textbook author.
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As early as 1886 he saw that logical operations could be carried out by electrical switching circuits. The same idea was used decades later to produce digital computers. See Also In 1934, the philosopher Paul Weiss called Peirce "the most original and versatile of American philosophers and America's greatest logician". Webster's Biographical Dictionary said in 1943 that Peirce was "now regarded as the most original thinker and greatest logician of his time".
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Aristotle The logic of Aristotle, and particularly his theory of the syllogism, has had an enormous influence in Western thought.See e.g. Aristotle's logic, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Aristotle was the first logician to attempt a systematic analysis of logical syntax, of noun (or term), and of verb. He was the first formal logician, in that he demonstrated the principles of reasoning by employing variables to show the underlying logical form of an argument.
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The first known classical logician who did not fully accept the law of excluded middle was Aristotle (who, ironically, is also generally considered to be the first classical logician and the "father of logic"Hurley, Patrick. A Concise Introduction to Logic, 9th edition. (2006).). Aristotle admitted that his laws did not all apply to future events (De Interpretatione, ch. IX), but he didn't create a system of multi-valued logic to explain this isolated remark.
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Charles Sanders Peirce Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) was an innovative and accomplished logician, mathematician, and scientist, and founded philosophical pragmatism. Peirce's central ideas were focused on logic and representation.
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The first was Premonition in 1953, and the most recent was Logician in 2019. The event is currently held on the opening day of York's four-day Ebor Festival meeting.
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Rózsa Péter Rózsa Péter, born Rózsa Politzer, (17 February 1905 - 16 February 1977) was a Hungarian mathematician and logician. She is best known as the "founding mother of recursion theory".
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Boole was a practitioner of homeopathic medicine.Nahin, Paul J. (2012). The Logician and the Engineer: How George Boole and Claude Shannon Created the Information Age. Princeton University Press. p. 28.
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M. W. Drobisch. Moritz Wilhelm Drobisch (16 August 1802 – 30 September 1896) was a German mathematician, logician, psychologist and philosopher. His brother was the composer Karl Ludwig Drobisch (1803–1854).
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Colin McLarty Colin McLarty is an American logician whose publications have ranged widely in philosophy and the foundations of mathematics, as well as in the history of science and of mathematics.
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Wolfgang Rautenberg (27 February 1936 − 4 September 2011) was a German mathematician and logician whose areas of research were model theory, non- classical logic, modal logic, temporal logic and self reference.
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Christoph von Sigwart (28 March 1830 – 4 August 1904) was a German philosopher and logician. He was the son of philosopher Heinrich Christoph Wilhelm Sigwart (31 August 1789 – 16 November 1844).
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Jean-Yves Girard (; born 1947) is a French logician working in proof theory. He is the research director (emeritus) at the mathematical institute of the University of Aix-Marseille, at Luminy.
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Classical algebraic logic, which comprises all work in algebraic logic until about 1960, studied the properties of specific classes of algebras used to "algebraize" specific logical systems of particular interest to specific logical investigations. Generally, the algebra associated with a logical system was found to be a type of lattice, possibly enriched with one or more unary operations other than lattice complementation. Abstract algebraic logic is a modern subarea of algebraic logic that emerged in Poland during the 1950s and 60s with the work of Helena Rasiowa, Roman Sikorski, Jerzy Łoś, and Roman Suszko (to name but a few). It reached maturity in the 1980s with the seminal publications of the Polish logician Janusz Czelakowski, the Dutch logician Wim Blok and the American logician Don Pigozzi.
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" (repeated twenty-two times in the play) or "Come on, exercise your mind. Concentrate!" (repeated twenty times), the other characters start to mindlessly repeat them, which further shows their herd mentality. In the first act, the character of the logician says: "I am going to explain to you what a syllogism is ... The syllogism consists of a main proposition, a secondary one and a conclusion". The logician gives the example of: "The cat has four paws.
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Singh, Nagendra Kr, and Bibhuti Baruah (2003) p.482 After a career as a monk, philosopher, author, poet and logician, for almost 80 years, he died at Dabhoi, Gujarat in 1688 CE.
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The second popular semiotic model that exists is the Peircean Model. Charles Sanders Pierce was a logician. His model, like Saussure’s model, involved the relationship between the elements of signs and objects.
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Boykan is the son of New York dentist Joseph Boykan and his wife Matilda, and the brother of mathematical logician Marian Pour-El. He married the silverpoint artist Susan Schwalb in 1983.
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Georg Kreisel FRS (September 15, 1923 - March 1, 2015)Notices 2015, Royal Society, retrieved 2015-06-09. was an Austrian-born mathematical logician who studied and worked in the United Kingdom and America.
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Russell had great influence on modern mathematical logic. The American philosopher and logician Willard Quine said Russell's work represented the greatest influence on his own work."Quine, Willard Van Orman." Encyclopædia Britannica. 2008.
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Vicente Ferreira da Silva (January 10, 1916 – July 19, 1963) was a Brazilian logician,COSTA, Newton C. A. da. Vicente Ferreira da Silva on logic. Brazilian Journal of Philosophy, São Paulo, v. 14, n.
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Emil Leon Post (; February 11, 1897 – April 21, 1954) was a Polish-born American mathematician and logician. He is best known for his work in the field that eventually became known as computability theory.
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George Stephen Boolos (;"Can you solve the three gods riddle? – Alex Gendler" 4 September 1940 – 27 May 1996) was an American philosopher and a mathematical logician who taught at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
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Kazimierz Jerzy Skrzypna-Twardowski (20 October 1866 – 11 February 1938) was a Polish analytic philosopher, logician, and rector of the Lwów University. He was initially affiliated with Alexius Meinong's Graz School of object theory.
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The mathematics graduate is joined by the leading Oxford logician Arthur Seldom on the quest to solve the cryptic clues. The book explains how difficult it can be to solve mathematics in a cryptic form.
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Anita Burdman Feferman (July 27, 1927 – April 9, 2015) was an American historian of mathematics and biographer, known for her biographies of Jean van Heijenoort and (with her husband, logician Solomon Feferman) of Alfred Tarski.
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He was a well-known logician of his times and he lost a marathon debate to Madhwacharya after which he converted to Dwaitaism. He was regarded highly by the fifth head of the Dwaitha Samrajya.
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Leon Chwistek Witkacy, 1913 Leon Chwistek (Kraków, Austria-Hungary, 13 June 1884 – 20 August 1944, Barvikha near Moscow, Russia) was a Polish avant-garde painter, theoretician of modern art, literary critic, logician, philosopher and mathematician.
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Part of Beth's publications Evert Willem Beth (7 July 1908 - 12 April 1964) was a Dutch philosopher and logician, whose work principally concerned the foundations of mathematics. He was a member of the Significs Group.
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Dov M. Gabbay (; born October 23, 1945) is an Israeli logician. He is Augustus De Morgan Professor Emeritus of Logic at the Group of Logic, Language and Computation, Department of Computer Science, King's College London.
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Muhammed Hamdi Yazır also known as Elmalılı Hamdi Yazır and Elmalılı (1878 in Antalya – 27 May 1942 in İstanbul) was a Turkish theologian, logician, Qur'an translator, Qur'anic exegesis scholar, Islamic legal academic, philosopher and encyclopedist.
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José María Aznar, (1953-) Prime Minister (1996-2004). 36\. Vicente Ferrer, (1350 – 1419) Dominican missionary and logician. 37\. Camilo José Cela, (1916 – 2002) novelist (The Hive). Received the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1989. 38\.
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The favourite started well but was restrained by Dettori and settled towards the rear as Western Australia set the pace. Logician was angled to the right in the straight to race up the stands side and produced a sustained run, taking the lead in the last quarter mile and winning by two and a quarter lengths from Sir Ron Priestley, with Nayef Road a head away in third place. In the winter of 2019/20 Logician underwent successful treatment for peritonitis at the Newmarket Equine Hospital.
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Diderik Batens (born 15 November 1944), is a Belgian logician and epistemologist at the University of Ghent, known chiefly for his work on adaptive and paraconsistent logics. His epistemological views may be broadly characterized as fallibilist.
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Karel Lambert (born 1928) is an American philosopher and logician at the University of California, Irvine and the University of Salzburg. He has written extensively on the subject of free logic, a term which he coined.
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Criminal, or most socially negative, activities of katatonic type are work aversion, lone vagrancy, world wanderer, burglary. On the other extreme of the spectrum, the most socially positive professions are professor, logician, philosopher, aesthetician, theoretical mathematician, physicist.
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Hans Hermes (; 12 February 1912 – 10 November 2003) was a German mathematician and logician, who made significant contributions to the foundations of mathematical logic.Hans Hermes, Heinrich Scholz Mathematische Logik Teubner, 1952 Hermes was born in Neunkirchen, Germany.
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Olaf Helmer (June 4, 1910 – April 14, 2011) was a German-American logician and futurologist. He was a researcher at the RAND Corporation from 1946 to 1968 and a co-founder of the Institute for the Future.
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Muhammad al-Rudani (full name: Abu Abdallah Muhammad ibn Sulayman (Muhammad) al-Fasi ibn Tahir al-Rudani al-Susi al-Maliki al-Maghribi) (c. 1627 – 1683) was a Moroccan polymath: astronomer, grammarian, jurist, logician, mathematician and poet.
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Henk Barendregt during his visit in Prague in April 2012 Hendrik Pieter (Henk) Barendregt (born 18 December 1947, Amsterdam) Here: Preface, p.5 is a Dutch logician, known for his work in lambda calculus and type theory.
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These articles and one other were republished after Jevons's death, together with his earlier logical treatises, in a volume, entitled Pure Logic, and other Minor Works. The criticisms on Mill contain much that is ingenious and much that is forcible, but on the whole they cannot be regarded as taking rank with Jevons's other work. His strength lay in his power as an original thinker rather than as a critic; and he will be remembered by his constructive work as logician, economist and statistician. On Jevons as logician, see Grattan- Guinness (2000).
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More recently, logic has been studied in cognitive science, which draws on computer science, linguistics, philosophy and psychology, among other disciplines. A logician is any person, often a philosopher or mathematician, whose topic of scholarly study is logic.
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Turing 1928 at age 16 Alan Mathison Turing (; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. He left an extensive legacy in mathematics, science, society and popular culture.
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John Hicks and Paul Samuelson used the Walrasian contribution in the elaboration of the neoclassical synthesis. For their part, Kenneth Arrow and Gérard Debreu, from the perspective of a logician and mathematician, determined the conditions necessary for equilibrium.
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The name "currying", coined by Christopher Strachey in 1967, is a reference to logician Haskell Curry. The alternative name "Schönfinkelisation" has been proposed as a reference to Moses Schönfinkel.I. Heim and A. Kratzer (1998). Semantics in Generative Grammar. Blackwell.
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Robert Feys (19 December 1889 – 13 April 1961) was a Belgian logician and philosopher, who worked at the University of Leuven (Belgium).De Raeymaeker, Louis. "In memoriam le chanoine Robert Feys." Revue Philosophique de Louvain 59.62 (1961): 371-374.
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George Edward Hughes George Edward Hughes (8 June 1918 – 4 March 1994), usually cited as G. E. Hughes, was an Irish-born New Zealand philosopher and logician whose principal scholarly works were concerned with modal logic and medieval philosophy.
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Christine Paulin-Mohring (born 1962)Birth year from Library of Congress catalog entry. Retrieved 1 December 2018. is a mathematical logician and computer scientist, and Professor at Paris-Saclay University, best known for developing the interactive theorem prover Coq.
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Zygmunt Zawirski (29 July 1882 – 2 April 1948) was a Polish philosopher and logician. His main field of study was philosophy of physics, history of science, multi-valued logic and relation of multi-valued logic to calculus of probability.
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2012 was declared the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All by the United Nations. 2012 also marked Alan Turing Year, a celebration of the life and work of the English mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and computer scientist Alan Turing.
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Richard FerrybridgeRichard Feribrigge, Ferribrigge, Ferrybrigge, Ferabrich, Ferebrich, Ferebrigge, Ferebrigus, Ferabricius etc. was an English Scholastic logician of the fourteenth century. His works include a Tractatus de veritate sive logica, and the Consequentiae.Printed 1493 in Venice as Ricardus de Ferabrich; page (PDF).
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Gödel is a declarative, general-purpose programming language that adheres to the logic programming paradigm. It is a strongly typed language, the type system being based on many-sorted logic with parametric polymorphism. It is named after logician Kurt Gödel.
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Nuel Dinsmore Belnap Jr. (; born 1930) is an American logician and philosopher who has made contributions to the philosophy of logic, temporal logic, and structural proof theory. He taught at the University of Pittsburgh from 1963 until his retirement in 2011.
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Ehud Hrushovski (; born 1959) is a mathematical logician. He is a Merton Professor of Mathematical Logic at the University of Oxford and a Fellow of Merton College, Oxford. He was also Professor of Mathematics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
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William of Heytesbury, or William Heytesbury, called in Latin Guglielmus Hentisberus or Tisberus (c. 1313 – 1372/1373), was an English philosopher and logician, best known as one of the Oxford Calculators of Merton College, Oxford, where he was a fellow.
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He became not only an excellent logician, but also a convinced reflective Marxist thinker and communist leader. Again in Barcelona, he taught in the Faculties of Philosophy and Economics of the University of Barcelona. His academic career was fraught with difficulties.
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Translated into English by R. Lowenthal, Library of Congress, Washington, DC, 1958. Some of Vasiliev's most ambitious works remained unpublished and were destroyed through the negligence of his domestics. His grandson Nicolai A. Vasiliev (1880-1940) was a noted logician.
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Julius Richard Büchi (1924–1984) was a Swiss logician and mathematician. He received his Dr. sc. nat. in 1950 at the ETH Zürich under supervision of Paul Bernays and Ferdinand Gonseth. Shortly afterwards he went to Purdue University, Lafayette, Indiana.
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Maxwell John Cresswell (born 19 November 1939) is a New Zealand philosopher and logician, known for his work in modal logic.Festschrift for Max Cresswell on the occasion of his 65th birthday. In: Logique et Analyse. Number 181, March 2003 (published November 2004).
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"affinity", "reality". "communication", "knowledge", responsibility", "control", etc., with a new definition and a meaning which is peculiar and exclusively Scientology. The British philosopher and logician Bertrand Russell asserts, "...provided our use of words is consistent it matters little how we define them.
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Dag Normann is a Norwegian mathematical logician. He was born in 1947 and is Professor emeritus at the University of Oslo. His research focuses on computability theory with an emphasis on mathematical models for typed algorithms and applications of the foundations of mathematics.
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Mikołaj Bojańczyk (born 1977) is a Polish theoretical computer scientist and logician known for settling major open problems on tree walking automata jointly with Thomas Colcombet, and for numerous contributions to logic in automata theory. He is currently a professor at Warsaw University.
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God as the ultimate logician - God may be defined as the only entity, by definition, possessing the ability to reduce an infinite number of logical equations having an infinite number of variables and an infinite number of states to minimum form instantaneously.
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Cooper Harold Langford (25 August 1895, Dublin, Logan County, Arkansas – 28 August 1964) was an American analytic philosopher and mathematical logician who co-authored the book Symbolic Logic (1932) with C. I. Lewis. He is also known for introducing the Langford–Moore paradox.
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Gila Sher is an American logician and professor of philosophy at the University of California, San Diego. She has worked extensively in the theory of truth and philosophy of logic. Sher is a leading advocate of foundational holism, a holistic theory of epistemology.
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Richard Carl Jeffrey (August 5, 1926 – November 9, 2002) was an American philosopher, logician, and probability theorist. He is best known for developing and championing the philosophy of radical probabilism and the associated heuristic of probability kinematics, also known as Jeffrey conditioning.
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Richard Swineshead (also Suisset, Suiseth, etc.; fl. c. 1340 – 1354) was an English mathematician, logician, and natural philosopher. He was perhaps the greatest of the Oxford Calculators of Merton College, where he was a fellow certainly by 1344 and possibly by 1340.
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Robin Oliver Gandy (22 September 1919 – 20 November 1995) was a British mathematician and logician. He was a friend, student, and associate of Alan Turing, having been supervised by Turing during his PhD at the University of Cambridge, where they worked together.
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Robert Anthony Kowalski (born 15 May 1941) is a logician and computer scientist, whose research is concerned with developing both human-oriented models of computing and computational models of human thinking. He has spent most of his career in the United Kingdom.
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Saint Vincent Ferrer, O.P. ( ; 23 January 1350 – 5 April 1419) was a Valencian Dominican friar and preacher, who gained acclaim as a missionary and a logician. He is honored as a saint of the Catholic Church and other churches of Catholic traditions.
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Alan Ross Anderson (1925-1973) was an American logician and professor of philosophy at Yale University and the University of Pittsburgh. A frequent collaborator with Nuel Belnap, Anderson was instrumental in the development of relevance logic and deontic logic. Anderson died of cancer in 1973.
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Michael 1986, pp. 79–238 399–404 The bishop Albert of Saxony, himself renowned as a logician, was among the most notable of his students. An ordinance of Louis XI of France in 1473, directed against the nominalists, prohibited the reading of his works.
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Meanwhile, a literate slave from Georgia, Harrison Berry, dismissed the pamphlet as confused and misguided. Nevertheless, Payne was "at one time considered the greatest logician in the South." Payne was falsely accused of murder in 1868. His case went to the Tennessee Supreme Court.
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Kripke is an observant Jew. "Kripke is Jewish, and he takes this seriously. He is not a nominal Jew and he is careful keeping the Sabbath, for instance he doesn't use public transportation on Saturdays." Andreas Saugstad, "Saul Kripke: Genius logician", 25 February 2001.
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Angus John Macintyre FRS, FRSE (born 1941) is a British mathematician and logician who is a leading figure in model theory, logic, and their applications in algebra, algebraic geometry, and number theory. He is Emeritus Professor of Mathematics, at Queen Mary University of London.
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Johannes Buteo (born Jean Borrel, Latinized as Buteonis or given as Boteo, Buteon, Bateon) (c. 1485 – c. 1560) was a French mathematician and logician. Among his contributions was an attempt to calculate the supposed dimensions of Noah's Ark to fit all the world's animals.
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Arthur Norman Prior (4 December 1914 – 6 October 1969), usually cited as A. N. Prior, was a New Zealand–born logician and philosopher. Prior (1957) founded tense logic, now also known as temporal logic, and made important contributions to intensional logic, particularly in Prior (1971).
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Rohit Jivanlal Parikh (born November 20, 1936) is an American mathematician, logician, and philosopher who has worked in many areas in traditional logic, including recursion theory and proof theory. He is a Distinguished Professor at Brooklyn College at the City University of New York (CUNY).
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Smiley was born in a Dominican monastery near Cambridge. She now teaches English and is also a staff member of Forest School Camps, working with both able students and those with learning difficulties. She is the daughter of the philosopher and logician Timothy Smiley.
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Elliott Mendelson (May 24, 1931 – May 7, 2020) was an American logician. He was a professor of mathematics at Queens College of the City University of New York,Queens College and the Graduate Center, CUNY. He was Jr. Fellow, Society of Fellows, Harvard University, 1956–58.
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Purba Bardhaman district was home to such great scholars as Raghunandan Goswami, the famous logician, Ganga Kishore Bhattacharya of Bengal Gazetti fame and Lal Behari Dey of Bengal Peasant Life fame. Modern Bengali poets such as Kalidas Roy and Kumud Ranjan Mullick also made this district proud.
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In mathematical logic, Craig's theorem states that any recursively enumerable set of well-formed formulas of a first-order language is (primitively) recursively axiomatizable. This result is not related to the well-known Craig interpolation theorem, although both results are named after the same logician, William Craig.
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Philosopher, logician and mathematician Bertrand Russell (1872–1970) was born at "Ravenscroft", the country home of his parents Lord and Lady Amberley, situated between Trellech and Llandogo. The property is now called "Cleddon Hall". Kate Humble and Spice Girls singer Melanie Chisholm live in this community.
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The seven objectors were, in order (of the sets as they were published): # The Dutch theologian Johannes Caterus (Johan de Kater). # Various "theologians and philosophers" gathered by Descartes' friend and principal correspondent, Friar Marin Mersenne. # The English philosopher Thomas Hobbes. # The theologian and logician Antoine Arnauld.
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Bhāvaviveka (c. 500 - c. 578) appears to be the first Buddhist logician to employ the 'formal syllogism' (Wylie: sbyor ba'i tshig; Sanskrit: prayoga-vākya) in expounding the Mādhyamaka view, which he employed to considerable effect in his commentary to Nagarjuna's Mūlamadhyamakakārikā entitled the Prajñāpradīpa.Ames, William L. (1993).
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The philosopher and logician Vann McGee has argued that modus ponens can fail to be valid when the consequent is itself a conditional sentence.Vann McGee (1985). "A Counterexample to Modus Ponens", The Journal of Philosophy 82, 462–471. Here is an example: :Either Shakespeare or Hobbes wrote Hamlet.
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Nae Ionescu Nae Ionescu (, born Nicolae C. Ionescu; – 15 March 1940) was a Romanian philosopher, logician, mathematician, professor, and journalist. Near the end of his career, he became known for his antisemitism- reference needed and devotion to far right politics, in the years leading up to World War II.
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4 of the 2nd edition. proves that it is an admissible rule in Heyting arithmetic. Later, the logician Harvey Friedman showed that Markov's rule is an admissible rule in all of intuitionistic logic, Heyting arithmetic, and various other intuitionistic theories,Harvey Friedman. Classically and Intuitionistically Provably Recursive Functions.
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Mally was the first logician ever to attempt an axiomatization of ethics (Mally 1926). He used five axioms, which are given below. They form a first-order theory that quantifies over propositions, and there are several predicates to understand first. !x means that x ought to be the case.
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The Pramāṇa-samuccaya ("Compendium of Validities") is a philosophical treatise by Dignāga, an Indian Buddhist logician and epistemologist who lived from c. 480 to c. 540 . The work comprises an outline in the highly elliptical verse format typical of early Indian philosophical texts, and an explanatory auto- commentary.
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Pavel Naumov () is a Russian-American logician who specializes in reasoning about knowledge and strategies in multiagent systems. Naumov graduated from Moscow State University with a Diploma in Mathematics, where his advisor was Sergei N. Artemov. He received Ph.D. in Computer Science from Cornell University under Robert Lee Constable.
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Valentino Annibale Pastore (13 November 1868 - 27 February 1956) was an Italian philosopher and logician. Pastore was born in Orbassano. He studied literature at the University of Turin under Arturo Graf. His thesis La vita delle forme letterarie (The life of literary forms) was published in 1892 in Turin.
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Lewis gives Marcus special recognition in his "Notes on the Logic of Intension", originally printed in Structure, Method, and Meaning: Essays in Honor of Henry M. Sheffer (New York, 1951). Here Lewis recognizes Barcan Marcus as the first logician to extend propositional logic as a higher order intensional logic.
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Graeme Robertson Forbes is a Scottish-American philosopher and logician and Professor of Philosophy at the University of Colorado Boulder and former Celia Scott Weatherhead Distinguished Professor at Tulane University. He should not be confused with the British philosopher Graeme A Forbes, based at the University of Kent.
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Paul Gochet in April 2000 Paul Gochet (21 March 1932 – 21 June 2011) was a Belgian logician, philosopher, and emeritus professor of the University of Liège. His research was mainly in the fields of logic and analytic philosophy. He is perhaps best known for his works on Quine's philosophy.
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Azriel LévyMore commonly written with an accent in English sources, e.g., A. Lévy: A hierarchy of formulas in set theory, Memoirs of the American Mathematical Society, 57, 1965. (Hebrew: עזריאל לוי; born c. 1934) is an Israeli mathematician, logician, and a professor emeritus at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem.
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1651), the chronologist Muhammad ibn Said al-Marghiti (d. 1679), and the grammarian Muhammad al-Murabit al-Dilai' (d. 1678). Afterwards, he left to study in the Islamic east. Thus, in the early 1650s, he stayed in Algiers, where he studied under the logician Said ibn Ibrahim Qaddura.
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Some of Polish publicists, as politician Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, logician Wojciech Krysztofiak, pharmacologist Jerzy Vetulani and members of Palikot's Movement criticized the judgment. Doda commented that "she was a victim of Polish anachronistic jurisdiction" and said that she will submit the case to European Court of Human Rights for consideration.
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Lars Svenonius (June 16, 1927, Skellefteå – September 27, 2010, Silver Spring, Maryland) was a Swedish logician and philosopher. He was a visiting professor at University of California at Berkeley in 1962-63, then held a position at the University of Chicago from 1963–69, and was professor of philosophy at the University of Maryland from 1969 to 2009. He retired in 2009, but was awarded the position of Emeritus Professor, and continued to teach courses and advise students until his death at 83 years of age. He was the first Swedish logician to work on model theory with his dissertation Some problems in Model Theory (for which the University of Uppsala awarded him a doctorate in 1960).
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Sara Negri (born January 21, 1967) is a mathematical logician who studies proof theory. She is Italian, worked in Finland for several years, where she was a professor of theoretical philosophy in the University of Helsinki, and currently holds a position as professor of mathematical logic at the University of Genoa.
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Jean Cavaillès (; ; May 15, 1903 – April 4, 1944) was a French philosopher and logician who specialized in philosophy of mathematics and philosophy of science. He took part in the French Resistance within the Libération movement and was arrested by the Gestapo on February 17, 1944 and shot on April 4, 1944.
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This section disambiguates 'letters' by separating the three senses using terminology standard in logic today. The key distinctions were first made by the American logician- philosopher Charles Sanders Peirce in 1906 using terminology that he established.Charles Sanders Peirce, Prolegomena to an apology for pragmaticism, Monist, vol.16 (1906), pp. 492–546.
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In mathematical logic and logic programming, a Horn clause is a logical formula of a particular rule-like form which gives it useful properties for use in logic programming, formal specification, and model theory. Horn clauses are named for the logician Alfred Horn, who first pointed out their significance in 1951.
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Peter Henry George Aczel (; born 31 October 1941) is a British mathematician, logician and Emeritus joint Professor in the Department of Computer Science and the School of Mathematics at the University of Manchester. He is known for his work in non-well-founded set theory, constructive set theory, and Frege structures.
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Bernard Bolzano (, ; ; ; born Bernardus Placidus Johann Nepomuk Bolzano; 5 October 1781 – 18 December 1848) was a Bohemian mathematician, logician, philosopher, theologian and Catholic priest of Italian extraction, also known for his liberal views. Bolzano wrote in German, his native language. For the most part, his work came to prominence posthumously.
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Logician (foaled 29 March 2016) is a British Thoroughbred racehorse. He was unraced as a two-year-old in 2018 but in the following year he established himself as a top-class performer as he won his first five races including the Great Voltigeur Stakes and the St Leger Stakes.
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William Stanley Jevons FRS (;Daniel Jones, Everyman's English Pronouncing Dictionary (Dent, Dutton: 13th ed., 1967), p. 266. 1 September 183513 August 1882) was an English economist and logician. Irving Fisher described Jevons's book A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy (1862) as the start of the mathematical method in economics.Irving Fisher, 1892.
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Piergiorgio Odifreddi (born 13 July 1950, in Cuneo) is an Italian mathematician, logician, aficionado of the history of science, and popular science writer and essayist, especially on philosophical atheism as a member of the Italian Union of Rationalist Atheists and Agnostics. He is philosophically and politically near to Bertrand Russell and Noam Chomsky.
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John PagusJohn Le Page, Johannes Pagus, Jean Le Page, Jean Lepage. (; fl. first half of the 13th century) was a scholastic philosopher at the University of Paris, generally considered the first logician writing at the Arts faculty at Paris.Bertil Malmberg, Histoire de la Linguistique, Paris: Presses universitaires de France, 1991, p. 127.
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Viggo Stoltenberg-Hansen, born 1942, professor at Uppsala University, Department of Mathematics, is a Swedish mathematician/logician and expert on domain theory and recursion theory (also known as computability theory). Viggo received his PhD in Mathematics (titled "On Priority Arguments In Friedberg Theories") from University of Toronto in 1973, supervised by Douglas Clarke.
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On how his religious views influenced his philosophical views, he has said: "I don't have the prejudices many have today. I don't believe in a naturalist worldview. I don't base my thinking on prejudices or a worldview and do not believe in materialism."Andreas Saugstad, "Saul Kripke: Genius logician", 25 February 2001.
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The story of a genius logician, Yan Su (Oh Se-hun), who lives in a mysterious castle, isolated from the outside world. He works to solve inscrutable and complicated cases. One day, Zhen Ai (Xu Ling Yue), a clever biologist, walks into his castle to help him in solving a cryptic code.
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Richard Swineshead was also an English mathematician, logician, and natural philosopher. The sixteenth- century polymath Girolamo Cardano placed him in the top-ten intellects of all time, alongside Archimedes, Aristotle, and Euclid. He became a member of the Oxford calculators in 1344. His main work was a series of treatises written in 1350.
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Alfred Tarski (; January 14, 1901 - October 26, 1983), born Alfred Teitelbaum,Alfred Tarski, "Alfred Tarski", Encyclopædia Britannica.School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews, "Alfred Tarski", School of Mathematics and Statistics, University of St Andrews. was a Polish-American logician and mathematicianAlfred Tarski, "Alfred Tarski", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. of Polish-Jewish descent.
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Haskell Brooks Curry (; September 12, 1900 – September 1, 1982) was an American mathematician and logician. Curry is best known for his work in combinatory logic. While the initial concept of combinatory logic was based on a single paper by Moses Schönfinkel,1924\. "Über die Bausteine der mathematischen Logik", Mathematische Annalen 92, pp. 305–316.
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Jacob Naveros (fl. ca. 1533) was an early sixteenth-century Spanish logician. He is now known for his concern about the attribution of the logical works of Duns Scotus. Naveros found inconsistencies between the logical works and Scotus' commentary on the Sentences that caused him to doubt whether he had written any of these works.
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Ralph Nelson Whitfield McKenzie (born October 20, 1941) is an American mathematician, logician, and abstract algebraist. He received his doctorate from the University of Colorado Boulder in 1967.Ralph McKenzie - The Mathematics Genealogy Project He is a fellow of the American Mathematical Society.List of Fellows of the American Mathematical Society, retrieved 2016-04-27.
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Friedrich Ludwig Gottlob Frege (;"Frege". Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary. ; 8 November 1848 – 26 July 1925) was a German philosopher, logician, and mathematician. He worked as a mathematics professor at the University of Jena, and is understood by many to be the father of analytic philosophy, concentrating on the philosophy of language, logic, and mathematics.
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Volker Halbach (born 21 October 1965 in Ingolstadt, Germany) is a German logician and philosopher. His main research interests are in philosophical logic, philosophy of mathematics, philosophy of language, and epistemology, with a focus on formal theories of truth. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Oxford, Tutorial Fellow of New College, Oxford.
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Left to right: John L. Hennessy, Susan Rice, and John Etchemendy, June 2010 John Etchemendy John W. Etchemendy (born 1952 in Reno, Nevada) is an American logician and philosopher who served as Stanford University's twelfth Provost. He succeeded John L. Hennessy to the post on September 1, 2000 and stepped down on January 31, 2017.
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Among his classmates, he became particularly good friends with George M. Dallas. He studied under the president of the school (Samuel Stanhope Smith), both a logician and an author who was somewhat anti-slavery. He was also exposed to the anti-slavery thinking of John McLean. Birney graduated from Princeton on September 26, 1810.
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The philosopher Paul Weiss called Peirce "the most original and versatile of American philosophers and America's greatest logician".Weiss, Paul (1934), "Peirce, Charles Sanders" in the Dictionary of American Biography. Arisbe Eprint. She was also the sister of businessman Charles Norman Fay, who was Thomas's chief booster and supporter in organizing a major Chicago orchestra.
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Tymoczko is one of three children of Thomas Tymoczko, a logician and philosopher of mathematics at Smith College, and comparative literature scholar Maria Tymoczko of the University of Massachusetts Amherst. Her brother, Dmitri Tymoczko, is a music composer and music theorist. She is married to Marshall Poe, a historian at the University of Massachusetts Amherst.
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His widow, Inge Werner, married his closest friend and intellectual companion, Herbert Marcuse, in 1955. Franz's oldest son, Osha Thomas Neumann, is a prominent civil rights attorney in Berkeley, California. Michael Neumann, his younger son, is a logician and radical political philosopher, and is a professor emeritus of philosophy at Trent University in Peterborough, Ontario.
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Tarka Panchanan was born in Tribeni in 1695. He was the son of Rudradeva Bhattacharji, a poor Brahmin of Tribeni, Hooghly district. He obtained great respect by the highest Hindu nobles and the Hindu community. Tarka Panchanan had a wonderful memory and became a remarkable logician and unrivaled in his knowledge of Hindu law.
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Peter Abelard (; or Abailardus; , ; 21 April 1142) was a medieval French scholastic philosopher, theologian, composer, poet and preeminent logician. This source has a detailed description of his philosophical work. His love for, and affair with, Héloïse d'Argenteuil has become legendary. The Chambers Biographical Dictionary describes him as "the keenest thinker and boldest theologian of the 12th century".
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S. Frisch. W. W. Norton & Company. p. 161. "This work had long been consigned to oblivion, but it had a lasting impact on Nietzsche. Section 18 of Human, All Too Human cited Spir, not by name, but by presenting a 'proposition by an outstanding logician' (2,38; HH I § 18)." and reacting against the pessimistic philosophy of Wagner and Schopenhauer.
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Henry Morton's projection as illustrated in François Moigno's L'art des projections (1872) Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer Leonhard Euler demonstrated an opaque projector around 1756. It could project a clear image of opaque images and (small) objects. French scientist Jacques Charles is thought to have invented the similar "megascope" in 1780. He used it for his lectures.
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Paolo da PergolaAlso: Paolo della Pergola, Paolo dalla Pergola, Paul of Pergula, Paul of Pergola, Paulus Pergulensis or Pergolensis, Paulus de Pergula. (died 1455, Venice) was an Italian humanist philosopher, mathematician and OccamistEnnio De Bellis, Nicoletto Vernia e Agostino Nifo: aspetti storiografici e metodologici, Congedo, 2003, p. 9. logician. He was a pupil of Paul of Venice.
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When it is true (that it is false) it becomes a negation of itself. It cannot be both true and false at the same time. The anti-genre suffers from this same type of self- annihilation. But, although this might pose a problem for a symbolic logician or software engineer, it poses no problem for the anti-artist.
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Bertrand Russell was a British philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate. He formulated these ten commandments: > # Do not feel absolutely certain of anything. # Do not think it worthwhile > to proceed by concealing evidence, for the evidence is sure to come to > light. # Never try to discourage thinking for you are sure to succeed.
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Benedikt Löwe (born 1972) is a German mathematician and logician working at the Universities of Amsterdam, Hamburg, and Cambridge. He is known for his work on mathematical logic and the foundations of mathematics, as well as for initiating the interdisciplinary conference series Foundations of the Formal Sciences (FotFS; 1999–2013) and Computability in Europe (CiE; since 2005).
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Hinton is the great-great-grandson both of logician George Boole whose work eventually became one of the foundations of modern computer science, and of surgeon and author James Hinton.The Isaac Newton of logic who was the father of Charles Howard Hinton. Hinton's father was Howard Hinton. His middle name is from another relative, George Everest.
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Gerhard Karl Erich Gentzen (November 24, 1909 – August 4, 1945) was a German mathematician and logician. He made major contributions to the foundations of mathematics, proof theory, especially on natural deduction and sequent calculus. He died of starvation in a Soviet prison camp in Prague in 1945, having been interned as a German national after the Second World War.
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Mark Ty-Wharton (born Mark Tinley; 18 March 1963) is a British music technologist, informal logician and public speaker who specialises in presentations using sound art. He is best known for his work as a guitarist, programmer, sound engineer and record producer with Adamski, Duran Duran, TV Mania, Gary Numan, Glenn Gregory, The Dandy Warhols and others.
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Bonifaty Mikhailovich Kedrov (΄, Yaroslavl – 10 September 1985, Moscow) was a notable Soviet researcher, philosopher, logician, chemist and psychologist. He joined the Bolsheviks in 1918. Kedrov had a Doctor of Philosophy degree and specialized in philosophical questions of the natural sciences. He was a member of the Soviet Academy of Sciences since 1966, author of over one thousand publications.
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211, 1951. Cited in Thorncroft, p9, who identifies him as "an American scholar". Isaac Watts, the "Father of English Hymnody", theologian, logician, and educator, was brought up as a non-Conformist, lived from 1736–1748 at Abney Park nearby, and during that period "was known to have adopted decidedly Unitarian opinions", so he too may have attended NGUC.Thorncroft, p10.
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Anne Marie Leggett is an American mathematical logician. She is an associate professor emerita of mathematics at Loyola University Chicago. Leggett is the editor-in-chief of the newsletter of the Association for Women in Mathematics. With Bettye Anne Case, she is the editor of the book Complexities: Women in Mathematics (with Anne M. Leggett, Princeton University Press, 2005).
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Jerzy Perzanowski Jerzy Perzanowski (April 23, 1943, Aix-les-Bains – May 17, 2009, Bydgoszcz), was a Polish logician and ontologist, Professor of Logic to the University of Toruń (Poland) from 1992 to 2004. Founder of the Polish review Logic and Logical Philosophy, his main contributions are to the development of modal logic, paraconsistent logic and ontology.
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Ludwig Heinrich Edler von Mises (; 29 September 1881 – 10 October 1973) was an Austrian School economist, historian, logician and sociologist. Mises wrote and lectured extensively on the societal contributions of classical liberalism. He is best known for his work on praxeology, a study of human choice and action. Mises emigrated from Austria to the United States in 1940.
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Philosophical Investigations, §258. John Passmore states that the term was first defined by the British logician William Ernest Johnson (1858–1931): > "His neologisms, as rarely happens, have won wide acceptance: such phrases > as "ostensive definition", such contrasts as those between ... > "determinates" and "determinables", "continuants" and "occurrents", are now > familiar in philosophical literature" (Passmore 1966, p. 344).
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172 This was once a site where Jain munis resided, and hence it is termed Munigiri. This is also the site associated with famed Jain logician Acharya Akalanka (720-780), and hence is also called Akalankabasti.Tamilnadu Digambar Jain Tirthakshetra Sandarshan, Bharatvarshiya Digambar Jain Tirtha Samrakshini MahaSabha, 2001, p. 51-52 The Jain complex has three temples.
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Charles Sanders Peirce, an American pragmatist, logician, mathematician, philosopher, and scientist Polymath, logician, mathematician, philosopher, and scientist Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) coined the term "pragmatism" in the 1870s."Pragmatism - Charles Sanders Peirce" Retrieved September 9, 2009 He was a member of The Metaphysical Club, which was a conversational club of intellectuals that also included Chauncey Wright, future Supreme Court Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes, Jr., and another early figure of pragmatism, William James. In addition to making profound contributions to semiotics, logic, and mathematics, Peirce wrote what are considered to be the founding documents of pragmatism, "The Fixation of Belief" (1877) and "How to Make Our Ideas Clear" (1878). In "The Fixation of Belief" Peirce argues for the superiority of the scientific method in settling belief on theoretical questions.
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Richard Whately (1 February 1787 – 8 October 1863) was an English academic, rhetorician, logician, philosopher, economist, and theologian who also served as a reforming Church of Ireland Archbishop of Dublin. He was a leading Broad Churchman, a prolific and combative author over a wide range of topics, a flamboyant character, and one of the first reviewers to recognise the talents of Jane Austen.
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Tattvacintāmaṇi is a treatise in Sanskrit authored by 12th-century CE Indian logician and philosopher Gangesa Upadhyaya (also known as Gangesvara Upadhyaya). The title may be translated into English as "A Thought-jewel of Truth." The treatise is also known as Pramāṇa-cintāmaṇi ("A Thought-jewel of Valid Knowledge"). The treatise introduced a new era in the history of Indian logic.
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In Romania Marxism did not produce any notable philosophers. The only Marxist philosopher of any importance born in Romania, Lucien Goldman, flourished in France. Within the mass of ideologists with philosophical pretensions, several figures detach though as honest philosophers. This is the case of Athanase Joja (1904–1972), logician and interpreter of the ancient philosophy, with contributions to Marxist "dialectical logic".
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Mohammad-Javad Ardeshir Larijani (; born ) is an Iranian conservative politician, mathematical logician, and former diplomat. He is currently a top adviser to the Ayatollah Ali Khamenei in foreign affairs and secretary of High Council for Human rights, Judiciary of Islamic Republic of Iran. He has been a key planner of Iran's foreign policy, and led the ceasefire negotiations after Iran–Iraq War.
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Kripke's parents were from Lithuania. In the 1860s, his family settled in Cleveland, Ohio. Kripke and his wife, Dorothy, had three children: American philosopher and logician Saul A. Kripke, Madeline F. Kripke, a bookseller, editor and authority on dictionaries and slang, and Netta Stern, who was a social worker and psychotherapist. Kripke died at the age of 100 in Omaha, Nebraska.
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Vincent Fella Rune Møller Hendricks (born 6 March 1970) is a Danish philosopher and logician. He holds a doctoral degree (PhD) and a habilitation (dr.phil) in philosophy and is Professor of Formal Philosophy and Director of the Center for Information and Bubble Studies (CIBS) at University of Copenhagen, Denmark. He was previously Professor of Formal Philosophy at Roskilde University, Denmark.
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In 1944, Zuse met with the German logician and philosopher Heinrich Scholz, who expressed appreciation for Zuse's utilization of logical calculus.Hartmut Petzold,Moderne Rechenkünstler. Die Industrialisierung der Rechentechnik in Deutschland. München. C.H. Beck Verlag 1992 In 1945, Zuse described Plankalkül in an unpublished book.(full text of the 1945 manuscript) The collapse of Nazi Germany, however, prevented him from submitting his manuscript.
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Garlandus Compotista, also known as Garland the Computist, was an early medieval logician of the eleventh-century school of Liège. Little is known of his life; the Dialectica published under his name by L. M. de Rijk is now commonly attributed to Gerlandus of Besançon (early 12th century).See John Marenbon, Medieval Philosophy. An Historical and Philosophical Introduction, NY: Routledge, 2007, p. 133.
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He was chosen as the Alexander Humboldt Fellow of the prestigious Humboldt Foundation of Germany. He also had the privilege of working with some of the famous 20th century philosophers such as A.J Eyer and PF Strawson. He remained in contact with American logician Irving M. Copi for guidance. Dr. Intisar's prime areas of interest included Logic, Philosophy of Logic and Analytical Philosophy.
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The son of Thomas Whately, twice mayor of Banbury, Oxfordshire, and Joyce his wife, he was born at Banbury on 21 May 1583. At fourteen he entered Christ's College, Cambridge, where he had Thomas Potman for his tutor. He graduated B.A. in 1601, known as a logician and orator. Whately left Cambridge with Puritan opinions to continue theological study at home.
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In logic, Peirce's law is named after the philosopher and logician Charles Sanders Peirce. It was taken as an axiom in his first axiomatisation of propositional logic. It can be thought of as the law of excluded middle written in a form that involves only one sort of connective, namely implication. In propositional calculus, Peirce's law says that ((P→Q)→P)→P.
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Mulla Shams ad-Din Muhammad ibn Hamzah al-Fanari (1350–1431),Alan Godlas, Molla Fanari and the Misbah al-Uns: The Commentator and The Perfect Man, International Symposium On Molla Fanari 4–6 December 2009 Bursa Proceedings, p. 31. in Turkish Molla Fenari, was an Ottoman logician, Islamic theologian, Islamic legal scholar, and mystical philosopher of the school of Ibn ʿArabī.
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"Best of the Bookman," April 10, 2011. Additionally, Brownson was held in high regard by many European intellectuals and theologians, including Auguste Joseph Alphonse Gratry, who called Brownson "the keenest critic of the 19th century, an indomitable logician, a disinterested lover of truth, a sage, as sharp as Aristotle, as lofty as Plato."Maurer, Armand. 1992. Orestes Brownson and Christian Philosophy.
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Wicked Crack led the field over Melling Road towards towards the first fence were nine horses fell. The leader was the first to fall along with Carryonharry who brought down Logician. Marlborough, Inn At The Top and Goguenard also fell. Red Ark unseated its rider and Struggles Glory was brought down by the fall of 10/1 shot Paris Pike.
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Constantin Rădulescu-Motru Constantin Rădulescu-Motru (; born Constantin Rădulescu, he added the surname Motru in 1892; February 15, 1868 – March 6, 1957) was a Romanian philosopher, psychologist, sociologist, logician, academic, dramatist, as well as left- nationalist politician.. A member of the Romanian Academy after 1923, he was its vice president in 1935–1938, 1941–1944, and its president between 1938 and 1941.
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Henkin in 1990 Leon Albert Henkin (April 19, 1921, Brooklyn, New York – November 1, 2006, Oakland, California)UC Berkeley mathematics professor dies , Oroville Mercury-Register, November 24, 2006. was a logician at the University of California, Berkeley. He was principally known for "Henkin construction", his version of the proof of the semantic completeness of standard systems of first-order logic.
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Sentences is an oratorio for countertenor and orchestra based on the life and work of the logician Alan Turing. It was written by the American composer Nico Muhly with a libretto by Adam Gopnik. The work was commissioned by the Britten Sinfonia and was first performed on June 6, 2015 by the countertenor Iestyn Davies and the Britten Sinfonia under Muhly.
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Raymond Merrill Smullyan (; May 25, 1919 – February 6, 2017) was an American mathematician, magician, concert pianist, logician, Taoist, and philosopher. Born in Far Rockaway, New York, his first career was stage magic. He earned a BSc from the University of Chicago in 1955 and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1959. He is one of many logicians to have studied with Alonzo Church.
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Abu Sulayman Muhammad Sijistani, () also called al-Mantiqi (the Logician) (c. 932 – c. 1000 CE), named for his origins in Sijistan or Sistan province in present-day Iran, became the leading Persian philosopher of Islamic humanism in Baghdad. Deeply religious, he regarded both religion and philosophy as valid and true; but separate, concerned with different issues, and proceeding by different means.
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Dubiel is the daughter of a Polish military rocket scientist and engineer. She has a Ph.D. from the University of Warsaw, supervised by theoretical computer scientist and mathematical logician Victor W. Marek. In 1982, she moved to Canada. At Simon Fraser, her courses include classes for future mathematics teachers, and remedial mathematics classes for students who did poorly in high school mathematics.
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His first major publication was Couturat (1896). In 1901, he published La Logique de Leibniz, a detailed study of Leibniz the logician, based on his examination of the huge Leibniz Nachlass in Hanover. Even though Leibniz had died in 1716, his Nachlass was cataloged only in 1895. Only then was it possible to determine the extent of Leibniz's unpublished work on logic.
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Burley Woodhead was home to the television presenter Richard Whiteley until his death in 2005. It may have been the birthplace of Walter of Burley (1274-1344), a medieval English logician and theologian. William Forster, reforming 19th-century politician was part owner of a mill in the village and is buried there. Mark James, Ryder Cup captain in 1999, lives in the village.
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Silverstein earned his undergraduate degree at Harvard University, and earned his Ph.D. at Harvard, where he studied with the Russian linguist, semiotician and literary critic Roman JakobsonStephen O. Murray. 1998. American Sociolinguistics: Theorists and Theory Groups. John Benjamins, pp. 236–37., a former member of the Prague School, where he also studied under the logician and philosopher Willard Van Orman Quine.
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Steven A. Tainer (born July 26, 1947) is a respected scholar and instructor of contemplative traditions.Lojeski, 2009 p. xix He is a logician, philosopher, teacher and writer with an extensive background in philosophy of science, mathematical logic and Asian contemplative traditions. One of the central themes of his work involves how different ways of knowing can be compared, contrasted, and/or integrated.
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He was sent first to the nearby College of Auch as tutor to the sons of a local merchant, Thomas de Marca, then, in the first week of May, 1559, to the Collège de France, Paris.Degert, p. 6. There he studied rhetoric and philosophy for more than two years with the famous humanist logician and mathematician Petrus Ramus, who became his friend.
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Ludlow's PhD dissertation defended a proposal dating back to the medieval logician Jean Buridan, and revived by W.V.O. Quine in philosophy and James McCawley in linguistics, according to which so-called "intensional transitive verbs" like "seek" and "want" are really propositional attitudes in disguise. He has subsequently developed these ideas in collaboration with the linguists Richard Larson and Marcel den Dikken.
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Abu Bakr Muḥammad ibn al-Ṭayyib al-Bāqillānī (; c. 940 - 5 June 1013),W. M. Watt, Islamic Philosophy and Theology (Edinburgh University Press, 1985), p. 76. often known as al-Bāqillānī for short, or reverentially as Imam al- Bāqillānī by Sunni Muslims, was a famous Sunni Islamic theologian, jurist, and logician who spent much of his life defending and strengthening orthodox Sunni Islam.
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On 17 May at Newbury Racecourse Logician made his racecourse debut in a ten furlong maiden race for which he started the 3/1 favourite in a nineteen-runner field. Ridden by Kieran O'Neill he recovered from a slow start to take the lead approaching the final furlong before drawing away in the closing stages to win by two lengths from High Commissioner. Robert Havlin took the ride when the colt started 2/9 favourite for a minor race over the same distance at Newmarket Racecourse on 21 June and won by one and three quarter lengths and a short head from Away He Goes and Persuading. Two weeks later Logician was stepped up in distance for a handicap race over one and a half miles at Newbury and was made the 1/5 favourite despite being assigned top weight of 131 pounds.
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Partnered by the first time by Frankie Dettori he went to the front two furlongs out and won "easily" by four and a half lengths. At York Racecourse on 21 August Logician was stepped up in class to contest the Group 2 Great Voltigeur Stakes, a race which is considered a major trial race for the St Leger. With Dettori in the saddle he started the 10/11 favourite against four opponents namely Constantinople (Gallinule Stakes), Nayef Road (Gordon Stakes), Norway (third in the Irish Derby) and Jalmoud (third in the Grand Prix de Paris). After racing in third place behind Norway and Jalmoud, Logician took the lead two furlongs out and "kept on strongly" to win by one and three quarter lengths from Constantinople with a gap of seven lengths back to Norway in third.
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His most prolific period spawned from his collaboration with Newton da Costa, a Brazilian logician and one of the founders of paraconsistent logic, which began in 1985. He is currently Professor of Communications, Emeritus, at UFRJ and a member of the Brazilian Academy of Philosophy. His main achievement (with Brazilian logician and philosopher Newton da Costa) is the proof that chaos theory is undecidable (published in 1991), and when properly axiomatized within classical set theory, is incomplete in the sense of Gödel. The decision problem for chaotic dynamical systems had been formulated by mathematician Morris Hirsch. More recently da Costa and Dória introduced a formalization for the P = NP hypothesis which they called the “exotic formalization,” and showed in a series of papers that axiomatic set theory together with exotic P = NP is consistent if set theory is consistent.
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In the period following the second world war, mechanical binary systems gave way to binary based electronic machines. These machines were considered intelligent when compared to their mechanical counterparts as they had the capacity to make logical decisions. However, the study of defining and recognizing a machine intelligence was still in its infancy. Alan Turing, a mathematician, logician and computer scientist, linked computing systems to thinking.
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William Ernest Johnson (23 June 1858 – 14 January 1931), usually cited as W. E. Johnson, was a British philosopher, logician and economic theorist.Zabell, S.L. (2008) "Johnson, William Ernest (1858–1931)" In: Durlauf S.N., Blume L.E. (eds) The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics.(2nd ed, 2008.) Palgrave Macmillan, London also online He is mainly remembered for his 3 volume Logic which introduced the concept of exchangeability.
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Mozi responded, "Chu territory is two thousand kilometers square, (while) Song territory is (only) two hundred kilometers square: these are like the decorated carriage and the dilapidated cart!", which convinced the king to cancel the attack. School of Names or Logicians focused upon the relationship between words and reality. The Shizi links the Logician doctrine of fen "separation; distribution; allocation" with the Confucian rectification of names.
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Gisbert F. R. Hasenjaeger (June 1, 1919 – September 2, 2006) was a German mathematical logician. Independently and simultaneously with Leon Henkin in 1949, he developed a new proof of the completeness theorem of Kurt Gödel for predicate logic. He worked as an assistant to Heinrich Scholz at Section IVa of Oberkommando der Wehrmacht Chiffrierabteilung, and was responsible for the security of the Enigma machine.
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Purchotius (1730), Boethius (6th century), and Ramon Llull (ca. 1305). The Tree of Porphyry is a classic device for illustrating what is also called a "scale of being". It was suggested—if not first, then most famously in the European philosophical tradition—by the 3rd century CE Greek neoplatonist philosopher and logician Porphyry.James Franklin, "Aristotle on Species Variation", Philosophy, 61:236 (April 1986), pp. 245-252.
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According to Narayana Pandita's Madhva Vijaya, Padmanabha, born Shobhanabhatta, was an accomplished scholar and logician. Scholarly opinion mostly places the location of his birth to the region of North Karnataka. After being won over by Madhva in a debate, he adopted Dvaita and was subsequently tasked by Madhva to disseminate the nascent philosophy across the subcontinent. After his death, he was entombed at Nava Brindavana near Hampi.
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Some philosophers and logicians disagree with the philosophical conclusions that Chaitin has drawn from his theorems related to what Chaitin thinks is a kind of fundamental arithmetic randomness.Panu Raatikainen, "Exploring Randomness and The Unknowable" Notices of the American Mathematical Society Book Review October 2001. The logician Torkel Franzén criticized Chaitin's interpretation of Gödel's incompleteness theorem and the alleged explanation for it that Chaitin's work represents.
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Vincent Frederick Rickey (born 17 December 1941) is an American logician and historian of mathematics. Rickey received his B.S. (1963), M.S. (1966), and Ph.D. (1968) from the University of Notre Dame in South Bend, Indiana. His Ph.D. was entitled An Axiomatic Theory of Syntax. He joined the academic staff of Ohio's Bowling Green State University in 1968, became there a full professor in 1979,V.
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Maria Bittner is Professor Emerita in Linguistics at Rutgers University. She is a semanticist and logician whose work has focused on compositionality. She is best known for her work on tense marking and case and argument structure. She has long combined linguistic fieldwork with theoretical perspectives and was one of the pioneers of a line of work that bridges insights from Chomskyan Generative Grammar and typology.
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His tutor was the famous Chinese philosopher and logician, Jin Yuelin. After graduating from Peking University in 1954, he started his teaching career in middle schools. In 1982, he was transferred to Beijing Teachers’ School, which now is Capital Normal University, to teach calligraphy. In 2013 Zhongshi was the winner of the gold medal for the first Confucius Art Prize, an addition to the Confucius Peace Prize.
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In the 1930s and working independently, American electronic engineer Claude Shannon and Soviet logician Victor Shestakov both showed a one-to-one correspondence between the concepts of Boolean logic and certain electrical circuits, now called logic gates, which are now ubiquitous in digital computers. They showed that electronic relays and switches can realize the expressions of Boolean algebra. This thesis essentially founded practical digital circuit design.
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Lambert of Auxerre was a medieval 13th century logician best known for writing the book "Summa Lamberti" or simply "Logica" The Summa Lamberti is now attributed to Lambert of Lagny (Lambertus de Latiniaco) (fl. 1250): see A. de Libera (1982). in the mid 1250s which became an authoritative textbook on logic in the Western tradition. He was a Dominican in the Dominican house at Auxerre.
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Consideration of the possibility of backward time travel in a hypothetical universe described by a Gödel metric led famed logician Kurt Gödel to assert that time might itself be a sort of illusion. He suggests something along the lines of the block time view, in which time is just another dimension like space, with all events at all times being fixed within this four-dimensional "block".
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Irving Anellis's research shows that C.S. Peirce appears to be the earliest logician (in 1893) to devise a truth table matrix.Peirce's publication included the work of Christine Ladd (1881): Peirce's Ph.D. student Christine Ladd-Franklin found the truth table in Tractatus Logico- Philosophicus Proposition 5.101, 40 years earlier than Wittgenstein. Christine Ladd (1881), "On the Algebra of Logic", p.62, Studies in Logic, C. S. Peirce ed.
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Chrysippus shaped much of Stoic logic as we know it creating a system of propositional logic. As a logician Chrysippus is sometimes said to rival Aristotle in stature. The logical writings by Chrysippus are, however, almost entirely lost, instead his system has to be reconstructed from the partial and incomplete accounts preserved in the works of later authors such as Sextus Empiricus, Diogenes Laërtius, and Galen.
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Alonzo Church (June 14, 1903 – August 11, 1995) was an American mathematician and logician who made major contributions to mathematical logic and the foundations of theoretical computer science. He is best known for the lambda calculus, Church–Turing thesis, proving the unsolvability of the Entscheidungsproblem, Frege–Church ontology, and the Church–Rosser theorem. He also worked on philosophy of language (see e.g. Church 1970).
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Swanson "Glossa Ordinaria" Medieval Theologians p. 167 Robert was also known as a logician,Barlow English Church p. 253 and John of Salisbury named him one of the leading disputatores, or a person who used rhetoric and logic to debate in public. Although Robert condemned Gilbert Porrée in conjunction with Peter Lombard, he did not agree with Lombard's Christology, or views on the nature of Jesus Christ.
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Dugald Macpherson H. Dugald Macpherson is a mathematician and logician. He is Professor of Pure Mathematics at the University of Leeds.University of Leeds, staff listing He obtained his DPhil from the University of Oxford in 1983 for his thesis entitled "Enumeration of Orbits of Infinite Permutation Groups" under the supervision of Peter Cameron. In 1997 he was awarded the Junior Berwick Prize by the London Mathematical Society.
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Little is known about the life of Philo. He was a disciple of Diodorus Cronus, and was a friend of Zeno, the founder of Stoicism. Diogenes Laërtius states that Zeno "used to dispute very carefully with Philo the logician and study along with him—hence Zeno, who was the junior, had as great an admiration for Philo as his master Diodorus."Diogenes Laërtius, vii.
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Statue of Isaac Watts, Abney Park Cemetery Isaac Watts (17 July 1674 – 25 November 1748) was an English Christian minister (Congregational), hymn writer, theologian, and logician. He was a prolific and popular hymn writer and is credited with some 750 hymns. He is recognized as the "Godfather of English Hymnody"; many of his hymns remain in use today and have been translated into numerous languages.
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John Barkley Rosser Sr. (December 6, 1907 – September 5, 1989) was an American logician, a student of Alonzo Church, and known for his part in the Church–Rosser theorem, in lambda calculus. He also developed what is now called the "Rosser sieve", in number theory. He was later director of the Army Mathematics Research Center at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. Rosser also authored mathematical textbooks.
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Whitehead's background was an unusual one for a speculative philosopher. Educated as a mathematician, he became, through his coauthorship and 1913 publication of Principia Mathematica with Bertrand Russell, a major logician. Later he wrote extensively on physics and its philosophy, proposing a theory of gravity in Minkowski space as a logically possible alternative to Einstein's general theory of relativity. Whitehead's Process and RealityWhitehead, A.N. (1929).
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Karl Walter Schröter (7 September 1905 in Biebrich near Wiesbaden – 22 August 1977 in Berlin) was a German mathematician and logician. Later on, after the war, he made important contributions concerning semantic consequences () and provability logic (). He worked as a mathematical theoretician and cryptanalyst for the civilian Pers Z S, the cipher bureau of the Foreign Office (), from Spring 1941 to the end of World War II.
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Both were influenced by Nae Ionescu, the theologian and logician, theorist of an eclectic ideology known as Trăirism. Looking back on that period in his 1980s memoirs, Eliade wrote: "I met often with Stelian Mateescu, Paul Sterian, Mircea Vulcănescu, and Sandu Tudor. Together we planned a journal of religious philosophy, for which Tudor had found a title: Duh și Slovă (Spirit and Letter)."Eliade, pp.
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In 1506 he was awarded a doctorate in theology by Paris where he began to teach and progress through the hierarchy, becoming for a brief period Rector. (Some 18 of his fellow Scots had held or were to hold this prestigious position). He was a renowned logician and philosopher. He is reported to have been a very clear and forceful lecturer, attracting students from all over Europe.
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His contributions to semantics, especially to the maturing theory of supposition, are still studied by logicians. William of Ockham was probably the first logician to treat empty terms in Aristotelian syllogistic effectively; he devised an empty term semantics that exactly fit the syllogistic. Specifically, an argument is valid according to William's semantics if and only if it is valid according to Prior Analytics.John Corcoran (1981).
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Henry Morton's projection as illustrated in François Moigno's L'art des projections (1872) Swiss mathematician, physicist, astronomer, logician and engineer Leonhard Euler demonstrated an opaque projector, now commonly known as an episcope, around 1756. It could project a clear image of opaque images and (small) objects. French scientist Jacques Charles is thought to have invented the similar "megascope" in 1780. He used it for his lectures.
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The open elements of L(M) correspond to sentences that are only true if they are necessarily true, while the closed elements correspond to those that are only false if they are necessarily false. Because of their relation to S4, interior algebras are sometimes called S4 algebras or Lewis algebras, after the logician C. I. Lewis, who first proposed the modal logics S4 and S5.
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The Logik has been considered of fundamental importance to Kant's philosophy, and the understanding of it. The great 19th-century logician Charles Sanders Peirce remarked, in an incomplete review of Thomas Kingsmill Abbott's English translation of the introduction to Logik, that "Kant's whole philosophy turns upon his logic."Peirce, C.S., Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, v. 1, (HUP, 1960), 'Kant and his Refutation of Idealism' p.
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Yashovijaya (, 1624–1688), a seventeenth-century Jain philosopher-monk, was a notable Indian philosopher and logician. He was a thinker, prolific writer and commentator who had a strong and lasting influence on Jainism.Dundas, Paul (2004) p.136 He was a disciple of Muni Nayavijaya in the lineage of Jain monk Hiravijaya (belonging to the Tapa Gaccha tradition of Svetambara Jains) who influenced the Mughal Emperor Akbar to give up eating meat.
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Per Erik Rutger Martin-Löf (;Does HoTT Provide a Foundation for Mathematics? by James Ladyman (University of Bristol, UK) ;Peter Dybjer on types and testing – The Type Theory Podcast born 8 May 1942) is a Swedish logician, philosopher, and mathematical statistician. He is internationally renowned for his work on the foundations of probability, statistics, mathematical logic, and computer science. Since the late 1970s, Martin-Löf's publications have been mainly in logic.
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James had four younger siblings; one brother was philosopher, logician and professor Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914). Another brother was Herbert Henry Davis Peirce (1849–1916) who was the First Secretary of the American Embassy in Saint Petersburg, Russia, at the end of the 19th century. J. M. Peirce graduated from Harvard College in 1853. While an undergraduate at Harvard, he was a member of the Hasty Pudding Club.
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Born into a Deshastha Brahmin family of scholars, Vidyadhisha started pursuing the knowledge of Mīmāṃsā, Vyakhyana and Vedanta at very early age. Before becoming the pontiff of Uttaradi Math, he was an accomplished scholar and logician. He composed 10 works, consisting of commentaries on the works of Madhva, Jayatirtha and Vyasatirtha and several independent treatises. His work Vakyartha Chandrika is an elaborate, complicated commentary known for its brilliance.
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Though he was mainly an Aristotelian logician, he included a number of non-Aristotelian elements in his works. He discussed the topics of future contingents, the number and relation of the categories, the relation between logic and grammar, and non-Aristotelian forms of inference.History of logic: Arabic logic, Encyclopædia Britannica. He is also credited with categorizing logic into two separate groups, the first being "idea" and the second being "proof".
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De Morgan is a small lunar impact crater that is located in the central region of the Moon, midway between the crater D'Arrest two crater diameters to the south, and Cayley to the north. Its diameter is 9.7 km. It is named after British logician Augustus De Morgan. This crater is circular and bowl-shaped, with a small interior floor at the midpoint between the conical, sloping inner wall.
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The Palo Mine is owned by Nanostructured Minerals and supplies sodium sulphate with a purity of 98 to 99%. Nanostructured Minerals is 51% owned by Logician Minerals of Hong Kong while ZEOX of Canada owns 49% and operates the facility.ZEROX Corporate Overview The Whitehorse Lake bed is the mineral source. In October 2008, Otish signed an agreement with Nanostructured Minerals to acquire potash mineral rights in the Palo area.
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Boolos credits the logician Raymond Smullyan as the originator of the puzzle and John McCarthy with adding the difficulty of not knowing what da and ja mean. Related puzzles can be found throughout Smullyan's writings. For example, in What is the Name of This Book?, he describes a Haitian island where half the inhabitants are zombies (who always lie) and half are humans (who always tell the truth).
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A and ¬A implies that A → ∩; and, since these are not both true, we know that !A → A. Mally thought that axiom I was self-evident, but he likely confused it with an alternative in which the implication B → C is logical, which would indeed make the axiom self-evident. The theorem above, however, would then not be demonstrable. The theorem was proven by Karl Menger, the next deontic logician.
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The daughter of William Henry Farthing Johnson, a private school master, and Harriet Brimsley, she was born in Cambridge. Her brother was the logician William Ernest Johnson. She was educated in Cambridge and Dover, entering Newnham College in 1878. In 1881, she was placed in the equivalent of the First Class of the Natural Sciences Tripos (at that time, as a woman, she was not permitted to earn a degree).
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Dodgson's method is an electoral system proposed by the author, mathematician and logician Charles Dodgson, better known as Lewis Carroll. The method is to extend the Condorcet method by swapping candidates until a Condorcet winner is found. The winner is the candidate which requires the minimum number of swaps. Dodgson proposed this voting scheme in his 1876 work "A method of taking votes on more than two issues".
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Carol Folt, the 11th chancellor and 29th chief executive, of the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill was born in Akron in 1951. She was previously provost (chief academic officer) and interim president of Dartmouth College. She assumed her duties on July 1, 2013, and is the first woman to lead UNC. The philosopher and logician Willard van Orman Quine was born and grew up in Akron.
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Considered as drama, such discourse features black-and-white disorder, a guilt-mongering logician, distorted clownish opponents, limited scapegoating, and a self-serving redemption.Edward C. Appel, "Burlesque drama as a rhetorical genre: The hudibrastic ridicule of William F. Buckley Jr.," Western Journal of Communication, Summer 1996, Vol. 60 Issue 3, pp. 269–84 Lee (2008) argues that Buckley introduced a new rhetorical style that conservatives often tried to emulate.
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Haskell is a general-purpose, statically typed, purely functional programming language with type inference and lazy evaluation.Type inference originally using Hindley-Milner type inference Developed to be suitable for teaching, research and industrial application, Haskell has pioneered a number of advanced programming language features such as type classes, which enable type-safe operator overloading. Haskell's main implementation is the Glasgow Haskell Compiler (GHC). It is named after logician Haskell Curry.
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Macbeath was the son of Alexander Macbeath, a philosopher and logician who took a position at Queen's University Belfast in 1925,. soon after Murray was born. Murray also studied at Queen's University, where he earned a B.A. with honours. During World War II, he worked in Hut 7 of the Government Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park, breaking ciphers used for military communications by the Japanese navy and, later, army.
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Watts also introduced a new way of rendering the Psalms in verse for church services, proposing that they be adapted for hymns with a specifically Christian perspective. As Watts put it in the title of his 1719 metrical Psalter, the Psalms should be "imitated in the language of the New Testament." Besides writing hymns, Isaac Watts was also a theologian and logician, writing books and essays on these subjects.
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Stanisław Jaśkowski Stanisław Jaśkowski (22 April 1906, in Warsaw – 16 November 1965, in Warsaw) was a Polish logician who made important contributions to proof theory and formal semantics. He was a student of Jan Łukasiewicz and a member of the Lwów–Warsaw School of Logic. Upon his death his name was added to the Genius Wall of Fame. He was the President (rector) of the Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń.
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Eugénie Ginsberg or Eugénie Ginsberg-Blaustein (1905-1944) was a Polish philosopher and psychologist noted for her works on descriptive psychology and her analysis of existential dependence, independence, and related concepts as applied in the area of psychology. Ginsberg was the wife of the Polish psychologist Leopold Blaustein. She studied under the prominent Polish philosopher and logician Kazimierz Twardowski and was a member of the Lvov- Warsaw School.
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Sonja Smets is a Belgian and Dutch logician and epistemologist known for her work in belief revision and quantum logic. She is Professor of Logic and Epistemology at the University of Amsterdam, where she directs the university's Institute for Logic, Language and Computation and is affiliated with both the Faculty of Science and the Department of Philosophy. She also holds a visiting professor position at the University of Bergen in Norway.
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Heinrich Scholz (; December 17, 1884 – December 30, 1956) was a German logician, philosopher, and Protestant theologian. He was a peer of Alan Turing who mentioned Scholz when writing with regard to the reception of "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem":Alan Turing: "On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem." In: Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 2nd series, vol. 42 (1937), pp. 230–265.
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Tadeusz Czeżowski (July 26, 1889 – March 28, 1981) was a Polish philosopher and logician. Czeżowski, born in Vienna, Austria-Hungary, became a student of Kazimierz Twardowski and member of the Lwów-Warsaw School of Logic. From 1923 to 1939 he was a professor at Stefan Batory University in Vilnius, Lithuania, and from 1945 to 1960 a professor at Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Poland. In 1948 he became editor of the magazine Ruch Filozoficzny.
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In the Hebrew versions, the Treatise is called The words of Logic which describes the bulk of the work. The author explains the technical meaning of the words used by logicians. The Treatise duly inventories the terms used by the logician and indicates what they refer to. The work proceeds rationally through a lexicon of philosophical terms to a summary of higher philosophical topics, in 14 chapters corresponding to Maimonides's birthdate of 14 Nissan.
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Cover page of Nyayakusumanjali published by Asiatic Society of Bengal in 1888. Nyayakusumanjali ( A Handful of Flowers of Logic) is a treatise in Sanskrit composed by 10th century CE Indian logician and philosopher Udayana. The work has been described as codification of the Hindu arguments for the existence of God. It has been noted that this treatise is the most elaborate and the most fundamental work of the Nyaya-Vaiseshika school on the Isvara doctrine.
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Initially, Cantor's theory was controversial among mathematicians and (later) philosophers. As Leopold Kronecker claimed: "I don't know what predominates in Cantor's theory – philosophy or theology, but I am sure that there is no mathematics there". Many mathematicians agreed with Kronecker that the completed infinite may be part of philosophy or theology, but that it has no proper place in mathematics. Logician has commented on the energy devoted to refuting this "harmless little argument" (i.e.
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Najm al-Dīn al-Qazwīnī al-Kātibī (died AH 675 / 1276 CE) was a Persian Islamic philosopher and logician of the Shafi`i school. A student of Athīr al-Dīn al- Abharī. His most important works are a treatise on logic, Al-Risala al- Shamsiyya, and one on metaphysics and the natural sciences, Hikmat al-'Ain.Page 227 of He helped establish the Maragha observatory along with Nasir al-Din al-Tusi and several other astronomers.
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Amita Chatterjee (born 13 September 1950DLMPST website: Past Council Members) is a philosopher of science and logician and is professor emerita at the School of Cognitive Science of Jadavpur University in Kolkata, India. In 2019 her contributions to philosophy were recognized with the publication of a 2-volume festschrift in her honour: Mind and Cognition- An Interdisciplinary Sharing (Essays in Honour of Amita Chatterjee) by Kumtala Bhattacharya, Madhucchanda Sen and Smita Sirker.
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Anita Fiderer Moskowitz, Nicola Pisano's Arca Di San Domenico and Its Legacy (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1994), 50. In the early fifteenth century Friar Luis de Valladolid identified the author of the Legenda with the logician Peter of Spain, an identification which has been accepted by some modern scholars.Lambertus Marie de Rijk, "On the Life of Peter of Spain, the Author of the Tractatus, called afterwards Summule logicales", Vivarium 8, 2 (1970): 123–54.
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The logician Raymond Smullyan questioned if the paradox has anything to do with probabilities at all. He did this by expressing the problem in a way that does not involve probabilities. The following plainly logical arguments lead to conflicting conclusions: #Let the amount in the envelope chosen by the player be A. By swapping, the player may gain A or lose A/2. So the potential gain is strictly greater than the potential loss.
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First, defined symbols can always be eliminated, replaced by what defines them. Second, definitions should be conservative in the sense that adding a definition should not result in new consequences in the original language. Revision theory rejects the first but maintains the second, as demonstrated for both of the strong senses of validity presented below. The logician Alfred Tarski presented two criteria for evaluating definitions as analyses of concepts: formal correctness and material adequacy.
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He concluded his study of philosophy with a dissertation on the work of the Russian logician Afrikan Spir. His plans of habilitation at the University of Dresden were abandoned in the face of continuing public outrage over the influence in academia of Jews, socialists, and feminists. The next few years he spent as a substitute teacher and lecturer. In 1906 he travelled to Göttingen in order to obtain a habilitation under Edmund Husserl.
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Surendra Shivdas Barlingay (20 July 1919 – 19 December 1997) Nagpur, India) was an Indian logician and Marathi writer. He earned his PhD in philosophy at Nagpur University, taught at University of Pune and Zagreb University, and was chair of the philosophy department at Delhi University. Barlingay was chair of the State Board of Literature and Culture for the government of the Indian state of Maharashtra from 1980–88. Barlingay was incarcerated during India's independence movement.
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Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz (12 December 1890 – 12 April 1963) was a Polish philosopher and logician, a prominent figure in the Lwów–Warsaw school of logic. He originated many novel ideas in semantics. Among these was categorial grammar, a highly flexible framework for the analysis of natural language syntax and (indirectly) semantics that remains a major influence on work in formal linguistics. Ajdukiewicz's fields of research were model theory and the philosophy of science.
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Absurdity is used in humor to make people laugh or to make a sophisticated point. One example is Lewis Carroll's "Jabberwocky", a poem of nonsense verse, originally featured as a part of his absurdist novel Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There (1872). Carroll was a logician and parodied logic using illogic and inverting logical methods.Wonderland Revisited, Harry Levin Argentine novelist Jorge Luis Borges used absurdities in his short stories to make points.
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John Lane Bell (born March 25, 1945) is a Canadian philosopher and logician. He is Professor of Philosophy at the University of Western Ontario in Canada. He has made contributions to mathematical logic and philosophy, and is the author of a number of books. His research includes such topics as set theory, model theory, lattice theory, modal logic, quantum logic, constructive mathematics, type theory, topos theory, infinitesimal analysis, spacetime theory, and the philosophy of mathematics.
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In: Payne, Richard, K. "Tantric Buddhism in East Asia", Wisdom Publications, pp.47-51. Vajrabodhi probably converted to Buddhism at the age of sixteen, although some accounts place him at the Buddhist institution of Nālandā at the age of ten. He studied all varieties of Buddhism and was said to have studied for a time under the famous Buddhist logician Dharmakīrti. Under Santijnana, Vajrabodhi studied Vajrayāna teachings and was duly initiated into yoga.
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He studied projective differential geometry under Sun Guangyuan, a University of Chicago-trained geometer and logician who was also from Zhejiang. Sun is another mentor of Chern who is considered a founder of modern Chinese mathematics. In 1932, Chern published his first research article in the Tsinghua University Journal. In the summer of 1934, Chern graduated from Tsinghua with a master's degree, the first ever master's degree in mathematics issued in China.
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Per "Pelle" Lindström (9 April 1936 – 21 August 2009, Gothenburg)ASL Newsletter, September 2009 was a Swedish logician, after whom Lindström's theorem and the Lindström quantifier are named. (He also independently discovered Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé games.) He was one of the key followers of Lars Svenonius. Lindström was awarded a PhD from the University of Gothenburg in 1966. His thesis was titled Some Results in the Theory of Models of First Order Languages.
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Early in his career, he lost a girlfriend to an older, suave gentleman resembling Ray Porter, real-life Mason Williams. Williams had a house that matches the description of Ray Porter's, it overlooked Los Angeles from roughly the same vantage point and the descriptions of the two houses are the same. Williams was an actuary at one point, whereas Porter was a logician. Martin and Williams both vied for the attention of a girlfriend, Nina.
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Pope John XXI (; – 20 May 1277), born Peter Juliani (; ), was head of the Catholic Church and ruler of the Papal States from 8 September 1276 to his death. Apart from Damasus I (from Roman Lusitania), he has been the only Portuguese pope.Richard P. McBrien, Lives of the Popes, (HarperCollins, 1997), 222. He is sometimes identified with the logician and herbalist Peter of Spain (; ), which would make him the only pope to have been a physician.
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Dr. Ernest Addison Moody Ernest Addison Moody (1903–1975) was a noted philosopher, medievalist, and logician as well as a musician and scientist. He served as professor of philosophy at University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), where he also served as department chair, and Columbia University. He has an annual memorial conference in his name on the subject of medieval philosophy. He was president of the American Philosophical Association from 1963-1964.
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Henry Gordon Rice (July 18, 1920 - April 14, 2003) was an American logician and mathematician best known as the author of Rice's theorem, which he proved in his doctoral dissertation of 1951 at Syracuse University with thesis advisor Paul C. Rosenbloom. Rice was also a Professor of Mathematics at the University of New Hampshire. After 1960 he was employed by Computer Sciences Corporation in El Segundo. Rice died on April 14, 2003 in Davis, California.
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Leo the Mathematician or the Philosopher ( or ὁ Φιλόσοφος, Léōn ho Mathēmatikós or ho Philósophos; c. 790 - after 869) was a Byzantine philosopher and logician associated with the Macedonian Renaissance and the end of the Second Byzantine Iconoclasm. His only preserved writings are some notes contained in manuscripts of Plato's dialogues. He has been called a "true Renaissance man"Marcus Louis Rautman (2006), Daily Life in the Byzantine Empire (Greenwood Publishing Group, ), 294-95.
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In 1899 he finished law studies at the University of Lwów. His thesis adviser was the famous Polish logician and philosopher Kazimierz Twardowski. He belonged to the Young Poland literary group "Płanetnicy", which met at the house of the poet Maryla Wolska. Wolska was considered to be of the most intriguing characters of the Lwów literary scene, known for his exhaustive knowledge of Polish law as well as a powerful physique and imposing presence .
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Tadeusz Marian Kotarbiński (; 31 March 1886 – 3 October 1981) was a Polish philosopher, logician and ethicist. A pupil of Kazimierz Twardowski, he was one of the most representative figures of the Lwów–Warsaw School, and a member of the Polish Academy of Learning (PAU) as well as the Polish Academy of Sciences (PAN). He developed philosophical theory called reism () and an ethical system called independent ethics. Kotarbiński also contributed significantly to the development of praxeology.
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The Grzegorczyk hierarchy (, ), named after the Polish logician Andrzej Grzegorczyk, is a hierarchy of functions used in computability theory (Wagner and Wechsung 1986:43). Every function in the Grzegorczyk hierarchy is a primitive recursive function, and every primitive recursive function appears in the hierarchy at some level. The hierarchy deals with the rate at which the values of the functions grow; intuitively, functions in lower level of the hierarchy grow slower than functions in the higher levels.
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As a logician, Zinoviev was able to reduce many features of Soviet communism to what he calls "scientific laws". The book is also filled with numerous paradoxes and logical twists, à la Catch-22. The book begins with a logically-reflexive definition: a preface claims that the book details the result of an experiment. The preface identifies the purpose of the experiment: "to uncover those who disapprove of its implementation, and to take the appropriate measures".
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Remarkably, these early linguistic systems were codified orally, though writing was then used to develop them in some way. The formal basis for Panini's methods involved the use of "auxiliary" markers, rediscovered in the 1930s by the logician Emil Post. Post's rewrite systems are now a standard approach for the description of computer languages. The ancient discoveries were motivated by the need to preserve exact Sanskrit pronunciation and expression given the primacy of language in ancient Indian thought.
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Alfred Korzybski, founder of general semantics, named Keyser as a major influence. While at Columbia, Keyser supervised only two PhDs, but they both proved quite consequential: Eric Temple Bell and the logician Emil Post. He became a member of the American board of the Hibbert Journal, and made contributions to that and other philosophical journals. Together with the New International Encyclopedia and his Columbia colleague John Dewey, Keyser helped found the American Association of University Professors (AAUP).
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A medieval Arabic representation of Aristotle teaching a student. Al-Kindi (Alkindus), a famous logician and prominent figure in the House of Wisdom, is unanimously hailed as the "father of Islamic or Arabic philosophy". His synthesis of Greek philosophy with Islamic beliefs met with much opposition, and at one point he was flogged by those opposed to his ideas. He argued that one could accept the Koran and other sacred texts, and work from that point to determine truth.
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Robert Kenneth Meyer (27 May 1932 – 6 May 2009) was a logician and Professor Emeritus at the Australian National University. First trained to be a minister at the Union Congregational Church by the Princeton Theological Seminary in 1956, he completed his graduate studies in philosophy and logic at the University of Pittsburgh. He moved to Australia and joined the Australian National University in 1974.Home page of Bob Meyer He worked on the semantics of relevant logic.
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The Penrose–Lucas argument is a logical argument partially based on a theory developed by mathematician and logician Kurt Gödel. In 1931, he proved that every effectively generated theory capable of proving basic arithmetic either fails to be consistent or fails to be complete. Mathematician Roger Penrose modified the argument in his first book on consciousness, The Emperor's New Mind (1989), where he used it to provide the basis of the theory of orchestrated objective reduction.
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Akalanka (also known as Akalank Deva and Bhatta Akalanka) was a Jain logician whose Sanskrit-language works are seen as landmarks in Indian logic. He lived from 720-780 A.D. and belonged to the Digambara sect of Jainism. His work Astasati, a commentary on Aptamimamsa of Acharya Samantabhadra deals mainly with jaina logic. He was a contemporary of Rashtrakuta king Krishna I. He is the author of Tattvārtharājavārtika, a commentary on major Jain text Tattvartha Sutra.
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Colonel Buckner H. Payne (1799-1889) was an American clergyman, publisher and racist pamphleteer. Under the pseudonym of Ariel, Payne authored a racist pamphlet, offering a counter-argument to the Curse of Ham, suggesting instead that blacks did not descend from Ham (and thus not from Adam and Eve), and that blacks had no soul. Payne was "at one time considered the greatest logician in the South." After his death, Payne's work continued to influence racist authors.
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In his Symbolic Logic Part II, Charles Lutwidge Dodgson introduced the Method of Trees, the earliest modern use of a truth tree. The method of semantic tableaux was invented by the Dutch logician Evert Willem Beth (Beth 1955) and simplified, for classical logic, by Raymond Smullyan (Smullyan 1968, 1995). It is Smullyan's simplification, "one-sided tableaux", that is described above. Smullyan's method has been generalized to arbitrary many-valued propositional and first-order logics by Walter Carnielli (Carnielli 1987).
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Adolf Lindenbaum (12 June 1904 – August 1941), was a Polish-Jewish logician and mathematician best known for Lindenbaum's lemma and Lindenbaum algebras. He was born and brought up in Warsaw. He earned a Ph.D. in 1928 under Wacław Sierpiński and habilitated at the University of Warsaw in 1934. He published works on mathematical logic, set theory, cardinal and ordinal arithmetic, the axiom of choice, the continuum hypothesis, theory of functions, measure theory, point-set topology, geometry and real analysis.
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One of her later tutors was the mathematician and logician Augustus De Morgan. From 1832, when she was seventeen, her mathematical abilities began to emerge, and her interest in mathematics dominated the majority of her adult life. In a letter to Lady Byron, De Morgan suggested that her daughter's skill in mathematics could lead her to become "an original mathematical investigator, perhaps of first-rate eminence." Lovelace often questioned basic assumptions by integrating poetry and science.
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Janina Hosiasson-Lindenbaum Janina Hosiasson-Lindenbaum (December 5, 1899April 1942) was a Polish logician and philosopher. She published some twenty research papers along with translations into Polish of three books by Bertrand Russell. The main focus of her writings was on foundational problems related to probability, induction and confirmation. She is noted especially for authoring the first printed discussion of the Raven Paradox which she credits to Carl Hempel and the probabilistic solution she outlined to it.
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In early 2002, GE Healthcare had acquired MedicaLogic (creator of the former Logician, an ambulatory Electronic Medical Records system) for approximately $32 million. By Jan 2003, GE acquired Millbrook Corporation, maker of Millbrook Practice Manager, a billing and scheduling system for doctors offices. GE Healthcare IT would later merge the two products into one, although the stand-alone EMR product is still available and in development. Also in April 2002, GE Healthcare completed the acquisition of Visualization Technology, Inc.
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Nearby is Arisbe, the home of Charles S. Peirce, a prominent logician, philosopher and scientist in the late 19th century, and another NRHP property. The Pike County Historical Society Museum in Milford includes in its collection the "Lincoln Flag", which was draped on President Abraham Lincoln's booth at Ford's Theatre the night he was assassinated. The flag was bundled up and placed under the President's head, and still bears his blood. It was kept by stage manager Thomas Gourlay.
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Rudolph Lingens is a fictional character often used by contemporary analytic philosophers as a placeholder name in a hypothetical scenario which illustrates some feature of the indexicality of natural language. He was created by the logician Gottlob Frege in the course of one of the earliest systematic discussions of indexicals. A number of philosophers picking up on Frege's discussion of indexicals, notably John Perry, David Lewis, and Robert Stalnaker, have adopted Lingens to make their own points about indexicals.
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Richard Shute (6 November 1849 – 22 September 1886) was a British classicist and logician. Richard Shute was the only son of Richard Shute of Sydenham, Kent. He was educated at Eton College, and matriculated at Trinity Hall, Cambridge in 1868. However, he transferred to New Inn Hall, Oxford, where he matriculated in 1870, graduating B.A. in 1872. He was a senior student at Christ Church, Oxford from 1872 to 1886, and tutor from 1876 to 1882.
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He was already respected as a logician, Hebraist, and theologian, and engaged in disputes with "heretics" and "papists". On 10 July 1621 he was incorporated B.D. of Oxford. On 31 May 1623 he had a disputation on the authority of the church with Sylvester Norris, who called himself Smith.An account of this was published in the following year under the title of The Summe of a Disputation between Mr. Walker, ... and a Popish Priest, calling himselfe Mr. Smith.
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After working many odd jobs, Weiss enrolled at the College of the City of New York in 1924. He took free night classes in philosophy, graduating cum laude in 1927. At the College of the City of New York, he studied with Morris R. Cohen, who awakened in him an interest in the American pragmatist and logician Charles Sanders Peirce. During this period he also met Victoria Brodkin (d. 1953), whom he would later marry on October 27, 1928.
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Joan Bagaria Pigrau (born August 17, 1958) is a Catalan mathematician, logician and set theorist at ICREA and University of Barcelona. He has made many contributions concerning forcing, large cardinals, infinite combinatorics and their applications to other areas of mathematics. He earned his Ph.D. in Logic & the Methodology of Science at Berkeley in 1991 under the supervision of Haim Judah and W. Hugh Woodin. Since 2001, he has been ICREA Research Professor at University of Barcelona.
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Karl Popper approached the problem of indeterminacy as a logician and metaphysical realist. He disagreed with the application of the uncertainty relations to individual particles rather than to ensembles of identically prepared particles, referring to them as "statistical scatter relations". In this statistical interpretation, a particular measurement may be made to arbitrary precision without invalidating the quantum theory. This directly contrasts with the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics, which is non-deterministic but lacks local hidden variables.
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The Svatantrika–Prasaṅgika distinction is a doctrinal distinction made within Tibetan Buddhism between two stances regarding the use of logic and the meaning of conventional truth within the presentation of Madhyamaka. Svātantrika is a category of Madhyamaka viewpoints attributed primarily to the 6th-century Indian scholar Bhāviveka. Bhāviveka criticised Buddhapalita’s abstinence from syllogistic reasoning in his commentary on Nagarjuna. Following the example of the influential logician Dignāga, Bhāviveka used autonomous syllogistic reasoning (svātantra) syllogisms in the explanation of Madhyamaka.
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He founded the Institute of Mathematical Logic and Fundamental Research at the University of Münster in 1936, which can be said enabled the study of logic at the highest international level after World War II up until the present day.Hans-Christoph Schmidt am Busch and Kai F. Wehmeier , "It is the only track that I leave '. documents about the history of the Institute of Mathematical Logic and basic research," In: Heinrich Scholz: logician, philosopher, theologian, ed. by H.-C.
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As Stewart Shapiro explains in his Thinking About Mathematics, Russell's attempts to solve the paradoxes led to the ramified theory of types, which, though it is highly complex and relies on the doubtful axiom of reducibility, actually manages to solve both syntactic and semantic paradoxes at the expense of rendering the logicist project suspect and introducing much complexity in the PM system. Philosopher and logician F.P. Ramsey would later simplify the theory of types arguing that there was no need to solve both semantic and syntactic paradoxes to provide a foundation for mathematics. The philosopher and logician George Boolos discusses the power of the PM system in the preface to his Logic, logic & logic, stating that it is powerful enough to derive most classical mathematics, equating the power of PM to that of Z, a weaker form of set theory than ZFC (Zermelo-Fraenkel Set theory with Choice). In fact, ZFC actually does circumvent Russell's paradox by restricting the comprehension axiom to already existing sets by the use of subset axioms.
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Inference is not to be confused with implication. An implication is a sentence of the form 'If p then q', and can be true or false. The stoic logician Philo of Megara was the first to define the truth conditions of such an implication: false only when the antecedent p is true and the consequent q is false, in all other cases true. An inference, on the other hand, consists of two separately asserted propositions of the form 'p therefore q'.
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Leo Apostel was born Antwerp, Belgium, in 1925. After the second World War he studied philosophy at the ULB in Brussels with philosopher of law and logician Chaïm Perelman. He got his M.A. at the ULB in Brussels in October 1948 with the thesis Questions sur l'Introspection. For another year he stayed there working as an assistant of Perelman. In 1950-1951 Apostel was a CRB fellow at the University of Chicago with Rudolf Carnap, and with Carl Hempel at Yale University.
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Beyond Language was not as great a success as Language on Vacation but it still attracted favorable reviews. Kirkus Reviews called Borgmann's puzzles "unique" and "challenging", noting that "the persistent can spend a pleasant year in figuring out such problems". Time recommended the book "for the tired scientist, mathematician or logician", emphasizing the intellectual effort needed to solve some of Borgmann's more esoteric challenges. In the decades since its publication, the book's Problems and Bafflers have proved a fruitful source of logological research.
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Being "popishly affected," says Anthony Wood, he "left his fellowship and married" in 1574. His wife was Elizabeth Dobson, the widow of John Dobson, the keeper of Bocardo prison. Case's stepdaughter Anne Dobson married Regius Professor of Medicine (Oxford) Bartholomew Warner. Case obtained leave from the university to read logic and philosophy to young men, chiefly Roman Catholics, in his own house in Oxford; it became a largely attended philosophical school due to Case's reputation as a logician and dialectician.
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The temple dates back to the 7th century. Padma Shri Dr. Satyanarayana Rajguru, an eminent historian and epigraphist,"Padmashree Dr. Satyanarayana Rajguru-An eminent personality" relying on a buddhist inscription found on one of the rocks of the temple, identifies that the temple once housed the buddhist logician-philosopher, Dharmakirti."Buddhism in Odisha" It is the only Buddhist monastery in Rayagada district of the Indian state of Odisha."Buddhist temples in Rayagada district" The festival of Maha Sivaratri is celebrated here.
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Akalanka flourished in 750 AD. He was aware of the contents of the Angas, although it cannot be said whether they represent an idea rather than a reality for him, and he also seems to have been the first Digambara to have introduced as a valid form of scriptural classification the division into kalika and utkalika texts which was also employed by the Svetambaras. He is mentioned as a logician and a contemporary of Subhatunga and Rashtrakuta king Krishna I.
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He served as an assistant professor at the University of Warsaw from 1935 until the outbreak of war in September 1939. He was Alfred Tarski's closest collaborator of the inter-war period. Around the end of October or beginning of November 1935 he married Janina Hosiasson, a fellow logician of the Lwow–Warsaw school. He and his wife were adherents of logical empiricism, participated in and contributed to the international unity of science movement, and were members of the original Vienna Circle.
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When the Communist Party reprimanded him in 1968 for cosigning a letter with many mathematicians in defense of the mathematician and logician Alexander Esenin-Volpin, a son of the poet Sergei Esenin, the physicists were able to oust him from ITEP. He was also fired from his professorship. He then directed the mathematics laboratory at the Central Scientific Research Institute of Patent Information (CNIIPI) where he proposed patent reform to stimulate inventions. After gaining support he lost this position to an unsympathetic director.
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Jiva went on to Benares where he studied for some time under the tutelage of Madhusudana Vachaspati, the disciple of the famous logician and Vedantist, Sarvabhauma Bhattacharya. Under Vachaspati, Jiva mastered the six systems of Indian philosophy known as Sad Darsana. In 1535 Jiva arrived in Vrindavana where he remained under the tutelage of his uncles, Rupa and Sanatana (by this time his father Anupama had died). He accepted initiation from Rupa Goswami and was taught the esoteric principles of devotion to Krishna.
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Pāṇini's grammar is the world's first formal system, developed well before the 19th century innovations of Gottlob Frege and the subsequent development of mathematical logic. In designing his grammar, Pāṇini used the method of "auxiliary symbols", in which new affixes are designated to mark syntactic categories and the control of grammatical derivations. This technique, rediscovered by the logician Emil Post, became a standard method in the design of computer programming languages.Bhate, S. and Kak, S. (1993) Panini and Computer Science.
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He was a great teacher, logician, expositor, debater, poet, philosopher, thinker and defender of the faith of Vaishnavism. "Kavitaarkika Simham" (lion among poets and debaters), "Sarvatantra Svatantrar" (all-knowing and all-powerful), "Vedaantaachaarya" (the master and preceptor of the Vedanta) are some of the titles attributed to him. Pillai Lokacharya literally meaning "Teacher for the whole world" is one of the leading lights on the Sri Vaishnava Vedanta philosophy. His work Sri Vachana Bhusanam is a classic and provides the essence of Upanishads.
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Heinz Dieter Ebbinghaus in Hanover, 1974 Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus (born 22 February 1939 in Hemer, Province of Westphalia) is a German mathematician and logician. Ebbinghaus wrote various books on logic, set theory and model theory, including a seminal work on Ernst Zermelo. His book Einführung in die mathematische Logik, joint work with Jörg Flum and Wolfgang Thomas, first appeared in 1978 and became a standard textbook of mathematical logic in the German-speaking area. It is currently in its sixth edition ().
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Sadr al-Shari'a al-Asghar (), also known as Sadr al-Shari'a al-Thani (), was a Hanafi-Maturidi scholar, fakih (jurist), mutakallim (theologian), mufassir (Qur'anic exegete), muhaddis (expert of the Hadith), nahawi (grammarian), laghawi (linguist), logician, and astronomer, known for both his theories of time and place and his commentary on Islamic jurisprudence, indicating the depth of his knowledge in various Islamic disciplines. His lineage reaches 'Ubadah ibn al-Samit. He was praised by al-Taftazani, and 'Abd al-Hayy al- Lucknawi.
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Bourbaki's members were mathematicians as opposed to logicians, and therefore the collective had a limited interest in mathematical logic. As Bourbaki's members themselves said of the book on set theory, it was written "with pain and without pleasure, but we had to do it." Dieudonné personally remarked elsewhere that ninety-five percent of mathematicians "don't care a fig" for mathematical logic. In response, logician Adrian Mathias harshly criticized Bourbaki's foundational framework, noting that it did not take Gödel's results into account.
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Among the first to introduce certain basics of modern logic into China,His Logic of 1936 shows Jin more adept with philosophical than with technical aspects of logic. This is confirmed by remarks of Hao Wang in 'Memories related to Professor Jin Yuelin,' trans. Montgomery Link and Richard Jandovitz, in Charles Parsons and Montgomery Link (eds.), Hao Wang, Logician and Philosopher, (London: College Publications, 2011), pp, 27–38. Original article published in 1982 in Wide Angle Monthly, No. 122, 61-63.
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August Friedrich Müller August Friedrich Müller (15 December 1684 - 1 May 1761) was a German legal scholar and logician. August Friedrich was born in Penig, the son of Johann Adam Müller and his wife Johanne Susanne, daughter of a pharmacist in Rochlitz, Johann Fromhold. Prefigured by his father, he attended school in 1697 and studied at the University of Leipzig from 1703. Here he completed a degree in early philosophical sciences; Andreas Rüdiger (1673–1731) was his most important teacher.
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Logician is a roan colt bred in England by his owner Khalid Abullah's Juddmonte Farms. He was sent into training with John Gosden at Newmarket, Suffolk. He was from the third crop of foals sired by Frankel, an undefeated racehorse whose other progeny have included Cracksman, Anapurna, Soul Stirring and Without Parole. Logician's dam Scuffle (from whom he inherited his grey colour) showed some racing ability, winning three minor races in 2008 and later ran third in the Snowdrop Fillies' Stakes.
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"I have had two letters asking for reprints, one from Braithwaite at King's and one from a proffessor [sic] in Germany... They seemed very much interested in the paper. [...] I was disappointed by its reception here." Scholz had an extraordinary career (he was considered an outstanding scientist of national importance) but was not considered a brilliant logician, for example on the same level as Gottlob Frege or Rudolf Carnap. He provided a suitable academic environment for his students to thrive.
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The existential graphs are a curious offspring of Peirce the logician/mathematician with Peirce the founder of a major strand of semiotics. Peirce's graphical logic is but one of his many accomplishments in logic and mathematics. In a series of papers beginning in 1867, and culminating with his classic paper in the 1885 American Journal of Mathematics, Peirce developed much of the two-element Boolean algebra, propositional calculus, quantification and the predicate calculus, and some rudimentary set theory. Model theorists consider Peirce the first of their kind.
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In programming language theory and proof theory, the Curry–Howard correspondence (also known as the Curry–Howard isomorphism or equivalence, or the proofs-as-programs and propositions- or formulae-as-types interpretation) is the direct relationship between computer programs and mathematical proofs. It is a generalization of a syntactic analogy between systems of formal logic and computational calculi that was first discovered by the American mathematician Haskell Curry and logician William Alvin Howard.The correspondence was first made explicit in . See, for example section 4.6, p.
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The Jean Nicod Prize is awarded annually in Paris to a leading philosopher of mind or philosophically oriented cognitive scientist. The lectures are organized by the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique as part of its effort to promote interdisciplinary research in cognitive science in France. The 1993 lectures marked the centenary of the birth of the French philosopher and logician Jean Nicod (1893–1924). Besides the CNRS, sponsors include the École Normale Supérieure and the School for Advanced Studies in the Social Sciences.
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Around Christmas, in 1913, he writes: > "how can I be a logician before I'm a human being? For the most important > thing is coming to terms with myself!" He also tells Russell on an occasion in Russell’s rooms that he was worried about logic and his sins; also, once upon arrival to Russell's rooms one night Wittgenstein announced to Russell that he would kill himself once he left. Of things Wittgenstein personally told Russell, Ludwig’s temperament was also recorded in the diary of David Pinsent.
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Lewis studied logic under his eventual Ph.D. thesis supervisor, Josiah Royce, and is a principal architect of modern philosophical logic. In 1912, two years after the publication of the first volume of Principia Mathematica, Lewis began publishing articles taking exception to Principia' s pervasive use of material implication, more specifically, to Bertrand Russell's reading of a→b as "a implies b." Lewis restated this criticism in his reviews of both editions of Principia Mathematica. Lewis's reputation as a promising young logician was soon assured.
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Héloïse Peter Abelard (1079 – April 21, 1142) was a scholastic philosopher, theologian and logician. The story of his affair with and love for Héloïse has become legendary. The Chambers Biographical Dictionary describes him as "the keenest thinker and boldest theologian of the 12th Century".Chambers Biographical Dictionary, 2011, , page 3 The general importance of Abelard lies in his having fixed more decisively than anyone before him the scholastic manner of philosophizing, with the object of giving a formally rational expression to received ecclesiastical doctrine.
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Zygmunt Ziembiński OPR (1 June 1920 – 19 May 1996), usually cited as Z. Ziembinski, was a Polish legal philosopher, logician and one of the most prominent theoreticians of law in Poland in the second half of the 20th century. He was Professor of Jurisprudence at the Adam Mickiewicz University, where between 1981 and 1991 he chaired its Department of Legal Theory and Philosophy of Law. His most famous works are Practical Logic (Springer Netherlands, 1976) and Basic Problems of Jurisprudence (Polish Scientific Publishers PWN, 1980).
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Alice Guy was a secretary to Leon Gaumont before the making of her very own first film, which was a year later after the birth of cinema, 1854 to be exact. On the other hand, Germain Dulac had studied music first then became a film logician and a journalist. She focused closely on still photography just before the making of her very own first film in the year 1926. While, Agnés Varda fascinated with art history at first, but then went towards film and photography in 1954.
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Stillingfleet was also criticised from the conforming side, for coming too close to the arguments of Thomas Hobbes.Tony Claydon, Europe and the Making of England, 1660-1760 (2007), p. 298. An Answer to Some Papers (1685) attempted to deal with the embarrassing publication of papers, allegedly written by the King, Charles II, arguing that one true church was that of Roman Catholicism. In the ensuing controversy, he issued A Vindication of the Answer to some Late Papers (1687) attacking John Dryden, whom he called a "grim logician".
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In due course Alicia Boole Stott, daughter of logician George Boole, introduced the anglicised polytope into the English language. In 1895, Thorold Gosset not only rediscovered Schläfli's regular polytopes but also investigated the ideas of semiregular polytopes and space-filling tessellations in higher dimensions. Polytopes also began to be studied in non- Euclidean spaces such as hyperbolic space. An important milestone was reached in 1948 with H. S. M. Coxeter's book Regular Polytopes, summarizing work to date and adding new findings of his own.
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Varol Akman (born 8 June 1957, Antalya, Turkey) is the Chairperson of the Department of Philosophy and Professor of Computer Engineering in Bilkent University, Ankara. An academic of engineering background, Akman obtained his B.A in Electrical Engineering from the Middle East Technical University in Ankara. He then continued his graduate studies and obtained his Ph.D from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute under the tutelage of influential logician William Randolph Franklin. Among his research interests are artificial intelligence, linguistics, social aspects of the Internet, Donald Davidson's philosophy and pragmatics.
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Alex Wilder has a high-level intellect, being in the gifted area in accordance with Marvel's Power Grid, and is a skilled logician and leader. Due to his time in hell he learned how to understand magic. At one point he even fused himself with a demon so he could use the magic. Being returned from the dead also gave him added abilities such as that he no longer needs to eat or sleep, and contact with his skin causes the feeling of touching a corpse.
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Mannoury was, with Diederik Korteweg, one of the most important teachers of Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer at Amsterdam University, Mannoury especially philosophically. The first appearance of the names "formalism" and "intuitionism" in Brouwer's writings, were in a review of Gerrit Mannoury's book Methodologisches und Philosophisches zur Elementar-Mathematik (Methodological and philosophical remarks on elementary mathematics) from 1909."Luitzen Egbertus Jan Brouwer" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 2003-2005. Two other Dutch scientists he inspired were philosopher and logician Evert W. Beth and psychologist Adriaan de Groot.
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The first systems of dynamic semantics were the closely related File Change Semantics and discourse representation theory, developed simultaneously and independently by Irene Heim and Hans Kamp. These systems were intended to capture donkey anaphora, which resists an elegant compositional treatment in classic approaches to semantics such as Montague grammar. Donkey anaphora is exemplified by the infamous donkey sentences, first noticed by the medieval logician Walter Burley and brought to modern attention by Peter Geach. ::Donkey sentence (relative clause): Every farmer who owns a donkey beats it.
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Curry's paradox is a paradox in which an arbitrary claim F is proved from the mere existence of a sentence C that says of itself "If C, then F", requiring only a few apparently innocuous logical deduction rules. Since F is arbitrary, any logic having these rules allows one to prove everything. The paradox may be expressed in natural language and in various logics, including certain forms of set theory, lambda calculus, and combinatory logic. The paradox is named after the logician Haskell Curry.
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Roland Fraïssé (; 12 March 1920 – 30 March 2008Rogics08 – Décès de Roland Fraïssé – Message de Maurice Pouzet et Gérard Lopez, accessed 22 May 2008.) was a French mathematical logician. Fraïssé received his doctoral degree from the University of Paris in 1953. In his thesis,Sur une nouvelle classification des systèmes de relations, Roland Fraïssé, Comptes Rendus 230 (1950), 1022–1024.Sur quelques classifications des systèmes de relations, Roland Fraïssé, thesis, Paris, 1953; published in Publications Scientifiques de l'Université d'Alger, series A 1 (1954), 35–182.
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Dana Stewart Scott (born October 11, 1932) is an American logician who is the emeritus Hillman University Professor of Computer Science, Philosophy, and Mathematical Logic at Carnegie Mellon University; he is now retired and lives in Berkeley, California. His work on automata theory earned him the ACM Turing Award in 1976, while his collaborative work with Christopher Strachey in the 1970s laid the foundations of modern approaches to the semantics of programming languages. He has worked also on modal logic, topology, and category theory.
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Despite his blindness, with assistance from his son and grandson, Mitchell reportedly supervised some of the work directly. Contemporary accounts record how he was personally involved in construction of a number of his structures, transiting to the work sites in small boats, crawling on planks and examining joints by touch. While living in the area, he also befriended logician George Boole – who was based at Cork's university. The structure's platform is supported by nine cast-iron screwpiles in diameter and driven approximately into the sea-bed.
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Johann Heinrich Bisterfeld (1605 - 16 February 1655) was a German philosopher, logician and encyclopedic writer from Siegen.Paolo Rossi, Logic and the Art of Memory: The Quest for a Universal Language, London: Athlone Press, 2000, pp.142-144. A follower of Ramus and pupil of Johann Heinrich Alsted at the Herborn Academy (Academia Nassauensis),In the list Herborn School 1613-9 pupils, as Bisterfeldius, with mention of later position at Alba Iulia. Bisterfeld became head of the academy in Weissenburg (Alba Iulia) in Transylvania, where he died.
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Whately was an important figure in the revival of Aristotelian logic in the early nineteenth century. The Elements of Logic gave an impetus to the study of logic in Britain, and in the United States of America, logician Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914) wrote that his lifelong fascination with logic began when he read Whately's Elements as a 12-year-old boy.Fisch, Max, "Introduction", W 1:xvii, find phrase "One episode". Whately's view of rhetoric as essentially a method for persuasion became an orthodoxy, challenged in mid-century by Henry Noble Day.
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It is at this moment that the first rhinoceros appears. One of the leading Romanian intellectuals in the 1930s who joined the Iron Guard was Emil Cioran who in 1952 published in Paris a book entitled Syllogismes d'amertume. After Cioran joined the Legion in 1934, he severed his friendship with Ionesco, an experience that very much hurt the latter. The character of the logician with his obsession with syllogisms and a world of pure reason divorced from emotion is a caricature of Cioran, a man who claimed that "logic" demanded that Romania have no Jews.
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These results confirm the validity of the argument A Some arguments need first-order predicate logic to reveal their forms and they cannot be tested properly by truth tables forms. Consider the argument A1: > Some mortals are not Greeks > Some Greeks are not men > Not every man is a logician > Therefore Some mortals are not logicians > To test this argument for validity, construct the corresponding conditional C1 (you will need first-order predicate logic), negate it, and see if you can derive a contradiction from it. If you succeed, then the argument is valid.
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Charles Sanders Peirce ("Peirce", in the case of C. S. Peirce, always rhymes with the English-language word "terse" and so, in most dialects, is pronounced exactly like the English-language word "". ; September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914) was an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist who is sometimes known as "the father of pragmatism". He was educated as a chemist and employed as a scientist for thirty years. Today he is appreciated largely for his contributions to logic, mathematics, philosophy, scientific methodology, and semiotics, and for his founding of pragmatism.
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An innovator in mathematics, statistics, philosophy, research methodology, and various sciences, Peirce considered himself, first and foremost, a logician. He made major contributions to logic, but logic for him encompassed much of that which is now called epistemology and philosophy of science. He saw logic as the formal branch of semiotics, of which he is a founder, which foreshadowed the debate among logical positivists and proponents of philosophy of language that dominated 20th-century Western philosophy. Additionally, he defined the concept of abductive reasoning, as well as rigorously formulated mathematical induction and deductive reasoning.
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See for example the argument by the medieval logician William of Ockham that singular propositions are universal, in Summa Logicae III. 8 (??) At the outset Frege abandons the traditional "concepts subject and predicate", replacing them with argument and function respectively, which he believes "will stand the test of time. It is easy to see how regarding a content as a function of an argument leads to the formation of concepts. Furthermore, the demonstration of the connection between the meanings of the words if, and, not, or, there is, some, all, and so forth, deserves attention".
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Clarence Irving Lewis (April 12, 1883 – February 3, 1964), usually cited as C. I. Lewis, was an American academic philosopher and the founder of conceptual pragmatism.Sandra B. Rosenthal, C. I. Lewis in Focus: The Pulse of Pragmatism, Indiana University Press, 2007, p. 28. First a noted logician, he later branched into epistemology, and during the last 20 years of his life, he wrote much on ethics. The New York Times memorialized him as "a leading authority on symbolic logic and on the philosophic concepts of knowledge and value."C.
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Dowody pogromu kieleckiego niszczono jeszcze w latach 80 – pisze we "Wprost" Bożena Szaynok. (The evidence was still being destroyed in the 1980s) „Plama Kiszczaka” Wprost nr 27/2006 r. , Institute of National Remembrance, Poland. Aleksander Wat, Tadeusz Piotrowski, logician Abel Kainer (Stanisław Krajewski), and Jan Śledzianowski, allege that the events were part of a much wider action organised by Soviet intelligence in countries controlled by the Soviet Union (a very similar pogrom took place in Hungary), and that Soviet-dominated agencies like the UBP were used in the preparation of the Kielce pogrom.
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Walter Carnielli in Berkeley in 1984 Walter Alexandre Carnielli (born 11 January 1952 in Campinas, Brazil) is a Brazilian mathematician, logician, and philosopher, full professor of Logic at the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP). With a Bachelor and a Ms.C. degree in mathematics at the State University of Campinas in Campinas he obtained his Ph.D. in 1984 in the same university under the supervision of Newton da Costa and subsequently stayed as a PostDoc at the University of California at Berkeley as a Research Fellow, following an invitation by Leon Henkin.
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Kneale's interest in the history of logic began in the 1940s. The focus of much of Kneale's early work was the legacy of the work of the 19th century logician George Boole. His first major publication in the history of logic was his paper "Boole and the Revival of Logic," published in the philosophy journal Mind in 1948. He was also the author of a number of papers in philosophical logic, particularly on the nature of truth for natural languages, and the role that linguistic concepts play in the treatment of logical paradoxes.
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There was a tendency in this period to regard the logical systems of the day to be complete, which in turn no doubt stifled innovation in this area. However Francis Bacon published his Novum Organum ("The New Organon") as a scathing attack in 1620. Immanuel Kant thought that there was nothing else to invent after the work of Aristotle, and the famous logic historian Karl von Prantl claimed that any logician who said anything new about logic was "confused, stupid or perverse." These examples illustrate the force of influence which Aristotle's works on logic had.
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Charles Butler (1571 - 29 March 1647), sometimes called the Father of English Beekeeping,The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Beekeeping, Roger Morse and Ted Hooper, 1985, E.P. Dutton, Inc. was a logician, grammarist, author, priest (Vicar of Wootton St Lawrence, near Basingstoke, England), and an influential beekeeper. He was also an early proponent of English spelling reform. He observed that bees produce wax combs from scales of wax produced in their own bodies; and he was among the first to assert that drones are male and the queen female, though he believed worker bees lay eggs.
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O you who look on this our machine, do not be sad that with others you are fated to die, but rejoice that our Creator has endowed us with such an excellent instrument as the intellect. Kurt Gödel, the eminent mathematical logician, composed a formal argument for God's existence. Philosophical theism is the belief that the Supreme Being exists (or must exist) independent of the teaching or revelation of any particular religion. It represents belief in God entirely without doctrine, except for that which can be discerned by reason and the contemplation of natural laws.
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Gottlob Frege was probably the first philosophical logician to express something very close to the idea that the predicate "is true" does not express anything above and beyond the statement to which it is attributed. > It is worthy of notice that the sentence "I smell the scent of violets" has > the same content as the sentence "it is true that I smell the scent of > violets". So it seems, then, that nothing is added to the thought by my > ascribing to it the property of truth.Frege, G., 1918.
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Woodhouse, R. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London Vol.115 (1825) pp.418–428. He held that position until his death in 1827. A man like Woodhouse, of scrupulous honour, universally respected, a trained logician and with a caustic wit, was well fitted to introduce a new system; and the fact that when he first called attention to the continental analysis he exposed the unsoundness of some of the usual methods of establishing it, more like an opponent than a partisan, was as politic as it was honest.
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Victor Howard ("Vic") Dudman (October 10, 1935January 10, 2009) was an Australian logician based at Macquarie University. Born in Sydney, he was greatly influenced by Willard Van Orman Quine on whose work he based his undergraduate logic courses. He is particularly noted for his views on the interpretation of the material conditional. David Lewis, a frequent visitor to Australian departments of logic, once noted "If Dudman's view is correct, and I cannot at the moment see what is wrong with it, then almost everything I have written on conditionals is mistaken".
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Saul Aaron Kripke (; born November 13, 1940) is an American philosopher and logician in the analytic tradition. He is a Distinguished Professor of Philosophy at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and emeritus professor at Princeton University. Since the 1960s, Kripke has been a central figure in a number of fields related to mathematical logic, modal logic, philosophy of language, philosophy of mathematics, metaphysics, epistemology, and recursion theory. Much of his work remains unpublished or exists only as tape recordings and privately circulated manuscripts.
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Ruth Barcan Marcus (; born Ruth Charlotte Barcan; 2 August 1921 - 19 February 2012) was an American academic philosopher and logician best known for her work in modal and philosophical logic. She developed the first formal systems of quantified modal logic and in so doing introduced the schema or principle known as the Barcan formula. (She would also introduce the now standard "box" operator for necessity in the process). Marcus, who originally published as Ruth C. Barcan, was, as Don Garrett notes "one of the twentieth century’s most important and influential philosopher-logicians".
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SPC was pioneered by Walter A. Shewhart at Bell Laboratories in the early 1920s. Shewhart developed the control chart in 1924 and the concept of a state of statistical control. Statistical control is equivalent to the concept of exchangeabilityBarlow & Irony (1992)Bergman (2009) developed by logician William Ernest Johnson also in 1924 in his book Logic, Part III: The Logical Foundations of Science.Zabell (1992) Along with a team at AT&T; that included Harold Dodge and Harry Romig he worked to put sampling inspection on a rational statistical basis as well.
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Because Leibniz never described the characteristica universalis in operational detail, many philosophers have deemed it an absurd fantasy. In this vein, Parkinson wrote: The logician Kurt Gödel, on the other hand, believed that the characteristica universalis was feasible, and that its development would revolutionize mathematical practice (Dawson 1997). He noticed, however, that a detailed treatment of the characteristica was conspicuously absent from Leibniz's publications. It appears that Gödel assembled all of Leibniz's texts mentioning the characteristica, and convinced himself that some sort of systematic and conspiratorial censoring had taken place, a belief that became obsessional.
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He has directed a number of other short documentaries, including El Cable (also about flamenco), and This Film Needs No Title: A Portrait of Raymond Smullyan, a portrait of the logician, mathematician and concert pianist Raymond Smullyan). LAFCO (Los Angeles Filmmakers Cooperative) logo In 2000, Ruspoli founded LAFCO, the Los Angeles Filmmakers Cooperative, which is a bohemian collective of filmmakers and musicians who work out of a converted school bus. Through LAFCO, Ruspoli has produced several films. His producing credits include the feature film Camjackers, which he also acted in and co-edited.
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Jean Ladrière (September 7, 1921– November 26, 2007) was a Belgian logician and philosopher, born in Nivelles. He was professor at the University of Louvain (UCLouvain) from 1959 to 1986, where he was chair of the Higher Institute of Philosophy from 1977 to 1985. The overall project animating his work (650 scientific articles, partially assembled into a dozen volumes) was to develop, in his words, "a report that is not a simple confrontation, but a justified report to the both reflected and lived between the (Christian) faith and reason," especially scientific and philosophical reason.
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Bradwardine was born in Sussex either at Hartfield or at Chichester, where his family was settled, members of the smaller gentry or burghers. Bradwardine was a precocious student, educated at Balliol College, Oxford where he was a fellow by 1321; he took the degree of doctor of divinity, and acquired the reputation of a profound scholar, a skillful mathematician and an able theologian. He was also a gifted logician with theories on the insolubles and in particular the liar paradox. Bradwardine subsequently moved to Merton College, Oxford on a fellowship.
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For him, it "does not properly credit the earlier literature on which it draws". He shows in detail how the approach in Syntactic Structures goes directly back to the work of the mathematical logician Emil Post on formalizing proof. But "few linguists are aware of this, because Post's papers are not cited." Pullum adds that the use of formal axiomatic systems to generate probable sentences in language in a top-down manner was first proposed by Zellig Harris in 1947, ten years before the publication of Syntactic Structures.
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To Mock a Mockingbird and Other Logic Puzzles: Including an Amazing Adventure in Combinatory Logic (1985, ) is a book by the mathematician and logician Raymond Smullyan. It contains many nontrivial recreational puzzles of the sort for which Smullyan is well known. It is also a gentle and humorous introduction to combinatory logic and the associated metamathematics, built on an elaborate ornithological metaphor. Combinatory logic, functionally equivalent to the lambda calculus, is a branch of symbolic logic having the expressive power of set theory, and with deep connections to questions of computability and provability.
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Jeroen Antonius Gerardus Groenendijk (; born 20 July 1949, Amsterdam),Prof. dr. J.A.G. Groenendijk, 1949– at the University of Amsterdam Album Academicum website is a Dutch logician, linguist and philosopher, working on philosophy of language, formal semantics, pragmatics. Groenendijk wrote a joint Ph.D. dissertation with Martin Stokhof on the formal semantics of questions, under the supervision of Renate Bartsch and Johan van Benthem. He was also an important figure in the development of dynamic semantics (together with Stokhof, Veltman and others, following earlier work by Irene Heim and Hans Kamp).
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Geoffrey Basil Bailey Hunter (14 December 1925 – 8 June 2000) was a British professor, philosopher, and logician. Hunter was Professor Emeritus of the University College of Wales, Bangor where he was professor from 1978 until he retired in 1992. He also taught at Queen's University Kingston, Ontario (1950–1952) and was a lecturer in Philosophy at University of Leeds (1952–1965), and reader in Logic at University of St Andrews (1965–1978). Geoffrey was probably most known for his work titled 'Metalogic: An Introduction to the Metatheory of Standard First-Order Logic' published in 1971.
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She is buried next to her husband at Mount Auburn Cemetery, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Spirit of Music, memorial to Thomas in Grant Park, Chicago Rose was a gifted woman who contributed many of the critical notices published in the New York and Chicago Journals; Rose was well known in Chicago as a decorative artist. Her marriage was a society event. She was a sister of Amy Fay, a prominent pianist, and Harriet Melusina "Zina" Fay who married in 1862, Charles Sanders Peirce, an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist.
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Sri Vedanta Desikan (Swami Desika, Swami Vedanta Desika, Thoopul Nigamaantha Desikan) (1268–1369) was a Sri Vaishnava guru/philosopher and one of the most brilliant stalwarts of Sri Vaishnavism in the post-Ramanuja period. He was a poet, devotee, philosopher, logician and master-teacher (desikan). He was the disciple of Kidambi Appullar, also known as Aathreya Ramanujachariar, who himself was of a master-disciple lineage that began with Ramanuja. Swami Vedanta Desika is considered to be avatar (incarnation) of the divine bell of Venkateswara of Tirumalai by the Vadakalai sect of Sri Vaishnavite.
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The second generation of Classicists, often trained in philosophy as well (following Heidegger and Derrida, mainly), built on their work, with authors such as Marcel Detienne (now at Johns Hopkins), Nicole Loraux, Medievalist and logician Alain De Libera (Geneva),L'art des Généralités, Paris, 1999. Ciceronian scholar Carlos Lévy (Sorbonne, Paris) and Barbara Cassin (Collége international de philosophie, Paris).Barbara Cassin,L'effet sophistique, Paris, Gallimard, 1995 Sociologist of science Bruno Latour and economist Romain Laufer may also be considered part of, or close to this group. Also French philosophers specialized in Arabic commentaries on Aristotle's Rhetoric.
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Pitts probably continued to correspond with Bertrand Russell; and at the age of 15 he attended Russell's lectures at the University of Chicago.Cf. Anderson (1998) p.218 conversation with Michael A. Arbib He stayed there, without registering as a student. While there, in 1938 he met Jerome Lettvin, a pre-medical student, and the two became close friends.Cf. Conway, Flo; Siegelman, Jim (2005), p.138 Russell was a visiting professor at the University of Chicago in the fall of 1938, and he directed Pitts to study with the logician Rudolf Carnap.
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William Walker McCune (December 17, 1953 – May 2, 2011) was an American computer scientist and logician working in the fields of automated reasoning, algebra, logic, and formal methods. He was best known for the development of the Otter, Prover9, and Mace4 automated reasoning systems, and the automated proof of the Robbins conjecture using the EQP theorem prover. In 2000, McCune received the Herbrand Award for Distinguished Contributions to Automated Reasoning. In 2013, Automated Reasoning and Mathematics - Essays in Memory of William W. McCune was published in his honour.
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The fruit of that inspiration is non-Frege logic, one of the key achievements of the post-war Polish logic. One student of Suszko and a colleague of Wolniewicz was a logician Mieczysław Omyła, who continued both logical and ontological work of Suszko and referenced Wolniewicz's situational ontology more than once. Situational ontology also inspires mathematical papers on conditionally distributive lattices by Jan Zygmunt and Jacek Hawranek. Wolniewicz's papers were also met with interest from philosophers and logicians abroad, as evidenced by multiple reviews of his English papers in "Mathematical Review".
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Jack Howard Silver (23 April 1942 – 22 December 2016Group in Logic and the Methodology of Science, "Jack Howard Silver", University of California- Berkeley) was a set theorist and logician at the University of California, Berkeley. Born in Montana, he earned his Ph.D. in Mathematics at Berkeley in 1966 under Robert Vaught before taking a position at the same institution the following year. He held an Alfred P. Sloan Research Fellowship from 1970 to 1972. Silver made several contributions to set theory in the areas of large cardinals and the constructible universe L.
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Cella Delavrancea (15 December 1887 – 9 August 1991) was a Romanian pianist, writer and teacher of piano, eldest daughter of writer Barbu Ștefănescu Delavrancea, sister of architect Henrieta Delavrancea-Gibory, Niculina Delavrancea and "Bebs" Delavrancea, member of the circle of Eugen Lovinescu. She was married to diplomat Viorel Tilea during World War I (divorced), to Aristide Blank (divorced), and to Philippe Lahovary, and was one of the intimate friends of Queen Marie of Romania. She's also known for her romantic relationship with Nae Ionescu, Romanian logician and politician, spiritual mentor of the "Eliade generation".
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The question of what constitutes "knowledge" is as old as philosophy itself. Early instances are found in Plato's dialogues, notably Meno (97a–98b) and Theaetetus. Gettier himself was not actually the first to raise the problem named after him; its existence was acknowledged by both Alexius Meinong and Bertrand Russell, the latter of which discussed the problem in his book Human knowledge: Its scope and limits. In fact, the problem has been known since the Middle Ages, and both Indian philosopher Dharmottara and scholastic logician Peter of Mantua presented examples of it.
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Ashworth 1987 The Questions on the Prior Analytics (In Librum Priorum Analyticorum Aristotelis Quaestiones) were also discovered to be mistakenly attributed. In 1922, Grabmann showed that the logical work De modis significandi was actually by Thomas of Erfurt, a 14th-century logician of the modist school. Thus the claim that Martin Heidegger wrote his habilitation thesis on ScotusDie Kategorien- und Bedeutungslehre des Duns Scotus (Duns Scotus's Doctrine of Categories and Meaning, 1916. is only half true, as the second part is actually based on the work by Erfurt.
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Dreben was both an expert logician, and careful historian of ideas and interpreter of historical texts. In the 1950s, he found a copy of Jacques Herbrand's Ph.D. thesis, submitted to the University of Paris in 1929 and thought lost. (Herbrand died in 1931 before either marrying or starting his career.) Dreben found a number of significant errors in the thesis, as well as evidence of haste and carelessness in its preparation. In particular, in Herbrand's proof, a crucial lemma was fatally flawed, but Dreben found another way of proving the essential conclusions of the thesis.
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Plato's definition of objectivity can be found in his epistemology, which is based on mathematics, and his metaphysics, where knowledge of the ontological status of objects and ideas is resistant to change. In opposition to philosopher René Descartes' method of personal deduction, natural philosopher Isaac Newton applied the relatively objective scientific method to look for evidence before forming a hypothesis. Partially in response to Kant's rationalism, logician Gottlob Frege applied objectivity to his epistemological and metaphysical philosophies. If reality exists independently of consciousness, then it would logically include a plurality of indescribable forms.
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Until the coming of the 20th century, later logicians followed Aristotelian logic, which includes or assumes the law of the excluded middle. The 20th century brought back the idea of multi-valued logic. The Polish logician and philosopher Jan Łukasiewicz began to create systems of many-valued logic in 1920, using a third value, "possible", to deal with Aristotle's paradox of the sea battle. Meanwhile, the American mathematician, Emil L. Post (1921), also introduced the formulation of additional truth degrees with n ≥ 2, where n are the truth values.
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Thirupanamur Digambar Jain Temple Karandai Digambar Jain Temple complex The Samadhi of Acharya Akalanka Deva: Between Thirupanamoor and Karanthai lies a memorial with chhatris with footprints of ancient Jain sages including the samadhi of logician and Sanskritist Acharya Akalanka Deva, who is known for his discussion of Anekantavada. He was the founder of the Deva Sangha order of Digambar monks. Karanthai has a complex of well known Jain temples.R. Umamaheshwari, Tiruppanamur-Karandai Revisit: Late February and Early March 2015, Community Narratives, Inscriptional Records: A Chronicle of Journeys Through Tamil Jaina Villages, Springer, 2018 p.
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Michael Genesereth is a logician and computer scientist, who is most known for his work on computational logic and applications of that work in enterprise management, computational law, and general game playing. Genesereth is professor in the Computer Science Department at Stanford University and a professor by courtesy in the Stanford Law School. His 1987 textbook on Logical Foundations of Artificial Intelligence remains one of the key references on Symbolic artificial intelligence . He is the author of the influential Game Description Language (GDL) and Knowledge Interchange Format (KIF), the latter of which led to the ISO Common Logic standard .
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All men are donkeys or men and donkeys are donkeys () is a sophisma that was first proposed and solved by the 14th century philosopher Albert of Saxony. Albert of Saxony was a German philosopher known for his contributions to logic and physics, and his solution may have been influenced by the works of his fellow logician Jean Buridan. "All men are donkeys or men and donkeys are donkeys" is an example of the second class of sophismata; an ambiguous sentence that is open to more than one interpretation and could be either true or false depending on what interpretation is chosen.
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Shri Satyanatha Tirtha (also known as Satyanatha Yati) (Sanskrit:सत्यनाथा तीर्थ); IAST:Śrī Satyanātha Tīrtha) (1648 - 1674), also called Abhinava Vyasaraja, was a Hindu philosopher, scholar, theologian, logician and dialectician belonging to the Dvaita order of Vedanta. He served as the twentieth pontiff of Uttaradi Math from 1660 to 1673. He was a fiery and prolific writer and very ambitious of the glory of Dvaita Vedanta. He is considered to be one of the important stalwats in the history of the Dvaita school of thought, on account of his sound elucidations of the works of Madhvacharya, Jayatirtha and Vyasatirtha.
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An alt= The subject of aperiodic tilings received new interest in the 1960s when logician Hao Wang noted connections between decision problems and tilings. In particular, he introduced tilings by square plates with colored edges, now known as Wang dominoes or tiles, and posed the "Domino Problem": to determine whether a given set of Wang dominoes could tile the plane with matching colors on adjacent domino edges. He observed that if this problem were undecidable, then there would have to exist an aperiodic set of Wang dominoes. At the time, this seemed implausible, so Wang conjectured no such set could exist.
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The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text "Alan Mathison Turing 1912–1954" and the motto "Founder of Computer Science" as it would appear if encoded by an Enigma machine; 'IEKYF RQMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'. However this appears to be an "artist's impression" of an ENIGMA encryption, rather than an actual one. ENIGMA could not encode a letter as itself and there is a letter "U" at position 14 of both the plain-text and the cipher. A plaque at the statue's feet says "Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice".
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Troelstra (right) with Helmut Schwichtenberg and Yiannis Moschovakis (left), 2002. Anne Sjerp Troelstra (10 August 1939 – 7 March 2019) was a professor of pure mathematics and foundations of mathematics at the Institute for Logic, Language and Computation (ILLC) of the University of Amsterdam. He was a constructivist logician, who was influential in the development of intuitionistic logicMARTIN LÖB (1921-2006) With Georg Kreisel, he was a developer of the theory of choice sequences. He wrote one of the first texts on linear logic, and, with Helmut Schwichtenberg, he co-wrote an important book on proof theory.
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William Calvert Kneale (22 June 1906 - 24 June 1990) was an English logician best known for his 1962 book The Development of Logic, a history of logic from its beginnings in Ancient Greece written with his wife Martha. Kneale was also known as a philosopher of science and the author of a book on probability and induction. Educated at the Liverpool Institute High School for boys, he later became a fellow of Exeter College, Oxford, and in 1960 succeeded to the White's Professor of Moral Philosophy previously occupied by the linguistic philosopher J. L. Austin. He retired in 1966.
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She was married to the philosopher Joseph Camp, and had two stepsons, John and David Camp. A lecture in memory of Horowitz by Alexander Nehamas—"The place of beauty and the role of value in the world of art"—was published in Critical Quarterly in 2000. Colin MacCabe described Horowitz in an editorial for the issue as someone who > had no time whatsoever for the pompous or the pretentious; her concern was > always with argument and debate, with the elaboration of human knowledge. > ... [She was] a logician of the first rank who was also committed to a > project of social emancipation.
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A variation is the phrase "elephant in the corner" which is infrequently used to the same effect. "‘Elephant in the corner of the living room’: Discrimination common, associated with depression among minority children," AAPNews (American Academy of Pediatrics). May 8, 2010; O'Connor, P. (2008) "The Elephant in the Corner: Gender and Policies Related to Higher Education," Administration [Institute of Public Administration of Ireland] 56(1), pp. 85-110. Logician and philosopher Ludwig Wittgenstein used an example of a rhinoceros in the room either to show the impossibility of disproving negative existential statements, or possibly a more subtle philosophical point.
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While a classical logician could add a ceteris paribus clause to 1. to make it usable in formally valid inferences: # "If I rub this match along the striking surface, then, ceteris paribus,literally: "all other things being equal"; here: "assuming a typical situation" it will inflame." However, Brandom doubts that the meaning of such a clause can be made explicit, and prefers to consider it as a hint to non-monotony rather than a miracle drug to establish monotony. Moreover, the "match" example shows that a typical everyday inference can hardly be ever made formally complete.
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Maria Kokoszyńska-Lutmanowa (6 December 1905 – 30 June 1981) was "a significant logician, philosopher of language and epistemologist", and "one of the most outstanding female representatives" of the second generation of the Lwów–Warsaw school. She is "mostly known as the author of the important argumentation against neopositivism of the Vienna Circle as well as one of the main critics of relativistic theories of truth". She was also noted for popularising Tarski's works on semantics. She studied under Kazimierz Twardowski and worked with Kazimierz Ajdukiewicz, and later held the chair of logic at the University of Wrocław.
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Charles Santiago Sanders Peirce was the adopted name of Charles Sanders Peirce (September 10, 1839 – April 19, 1914), an American philosopher, logician, mathematician, and scientist. Peirce's name appeared in print as "Charles Santiago Peirce" as early as 1890. Starting in 1906 he used "Santiago" in many of his own articles. There is no well-documented explanation of why Peirce adopted the middle name "Santiago" (Spanish for Saint James) but speculations and beliefs of contemporaries and scholars focused on his gratitude to his old friend William James and more recently on Peirce's second wife Juliette (of unknown but possibly Spanish Gypsy heritage).
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Here cup as an utterance signifies a cup as an object, but cup as a term of the language English is being used to supposit for the wine contained in the cup. Medieval logicians divided supposition into many different kinds, and the jargons for the different kinds, and their relations and what they all mean get complex, and differ greatly from logician to logician.Marcia L. Colish (1976) Medieval Foundations of the Western intellectual Tradition, pages 275,6, Yale University Press Paul Spade's webpage has a series of helpful diagrams here. The most important division is probably between material, simple, personal, and improper supposition.
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Carl Prantl thought that Stoic logic was "dullness, triviality, and scholastic quibbling" and he welcomed the fact that the works of Chrysippus were no longer extant. Eduard Zeller remarked that "the whole contribution of the Stoics to the field of logic consists in their having clothed the logic of the Peripatetics with a new terminology." Modern logic begins in the middle of the 19th-century with the work of George Boole and Augustus de Morgan, but Stoic logic was only rediscovered in the 20th-century. The first person to reappraise their ideas was the Polish logician Jan Łukasiewicz from the 1920s onwards.
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The semantic conception of truth, which is related in different ways to both the correspondence and deflationary conceptions, is due to work by Polish logician Alfred Tarski. Tarski, in "On the Concept of Truth in Formal Languages" (1935), attempted to formulate a new theory of truth in order to resolve the liar paradox. In the course of this he made several metamathematical discoveries, most notably Tarski's undefinability theorem using the same formal technique Kurt Gödel used in his incompleteness theorems. Roughly, this states that a truth-predicate satisfying Convention T for the sentences of a given language cannot be defined within that language.
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Richard Milton Martin (1916, Cleveland, Ohio - 22 November 1985, Milton, Massachusetts) was an American logician and analytic philosopher. In his Ph.D. thesis written under Frederic Fitch, Martin discovered virtual sets a bit before Quine, and was possibly the first non-Pole other than Joseph Henry Woodger to employ a mereological system. Building on these and other devices, Martin forged a first-order theory capable of expressing its own syntax as well as some semantics and pragmatics (via an event logic), all while abstaining from set and model theory (consistent with his nominalist principles), and from intensional notions such as modality.
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The 19th-century American logician Charles Sanders Peirce, known as the father of pragmatism, developed his own views on the problem of universals in the course of a review of an edition of the writings of George Berkeley. Peirce begins with the observation that "Berkeley's metaphysical theories have at first sight an air of paradox and levity very unbecoming to a bishop".Peirce, C.S. (1871), Review: Fraser's Edition of the Works of George Berkeley in North American Review 113(October):449-72, reprinted in Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce v. 8, paragraphs 7-38 and in Writings of Charles S. Peirce v.
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John Corcoran (; born 1937) is an American logician, philosopher, mathematician, and historian of logic. He is best known for his philosophical work on concepts such as the nature of inference, relations between conditions, argument-deduction-proof distinctions, the relationship between logic and epistemology, and the place of proof theory and model theory in logic. Nine of Corcoran's papers have been translated into Spanish, Portuguese, Persian, and Arabic; his 1989 "signature" essay; 1994 Spanish translation by R. Fernandez and J. Sagüillo; 2010 Portuguese translation by W. Sanz; 2011 Persian translation by H. Masoud. was translated into three languages.
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Pavel Tichý (; 18 February 1936, Brno, Czechoslovakia - 26 October 1994, Dunedin, New Zealand) was a Czech logician, philosopher and mathematician. He worked in the field of intensional logic and founded Transparent Intensional Logic, an original theory of the logical analysis of natural languages – the theory is devoted to the problem of saying exactly what it is that we learn, know and can communicate when we come to understand what a sentence means. He spent roughly 25 years working on it. His main work is a book The Foundations of Frege's Logic, published by Walter de Gruyter in 1988.
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Willem Johannes "Wim" Blok (1947–2003) was a Dutch logician who made major contributions to algebraic logic, universal algebra, and modal logic. His important achievements over the course of his career include "a brilliant demonstration of the fact that various techniques and results that originated in universal algebra can be used to prove significant and deep theorems in modal logic." Blok began his career in 1973 as an algebraist investigating the varieties of interior algebras at the University of Illinois at Chicago. Following the 1976 completion of his Ph.D. on that topic, he continued on to study more general varieties of modal algebras.
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The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text 'Alan Mathison Turing 1912–1954', and the motto 'Founder of Computer Science' as it could appear if encoded by an Enigma machine: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'. However, the meaning of the coded message is disputed, as the 'u' in 'computer' matches up with the 'u' in 'ADXUO'. As a letter encoded by an enigma machine cannot appear as itself, the actual message behind the code is uncertain. Turing memorial statue plaque in Sackville Park, Manchester A plaque at the statue's feet reads 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'.
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William of Sherwood () was a medieval English scholastic philosopher, logician, and teacher. Little is known of his life, but he is thought to have studied in Paris and he was a master at Oxford in 1252. He was the author of two books which were an important influence on the development of scholastic logic: Introductiones in Logicam (Introduction to Logic), and Syncategoremata. These are the first known works to deal in a systematic way with what is now called supposition theory, and were influential on the development of logic in both England and on the continent.
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Beth's earlier definability theorem is a consequence of Svenonius' Theorem. The other two papers include a characterization of theories having only one countable model, obtained also by the Polish logician Czesław Ryll-Nardzewski, and results on prime models, obtained also by Robert Vaught at Berkeley. All of these results are classics of modern model theory. Presumably as a result of these papers he was named a Visiting Associate Professor at The University of California, Berkeley, for 1962-1963, and gave an Invited Address at the International Symposium on the Theory of Models held there in 1963.
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The Scottish logician Alexander Bain discussed the fallacy of suppressed correlative, which he also called the fallacy of suppressed relative, in the 19th century. He provided many example relative pairs where the correlative terms find their meaning through contrast: rest-toil, knowledge-ignorance, silence-speech, and so on. Bain classified this type of error as a fallacy of relativity, which in turn was one of many fallacies of confusion. J. Loewenberg rejected a certain definition of empirical method – one that seemed so broad as to encompass all possible methods – as committing the fallacy of suppressed correlative.
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By stressing a practical and non-formal part of logic, Watts gave rules and directions for any kind of inquiry, including the inquiries of science and the inquiries of philosophy. These rules of inquiry were given in addition to the formal content of classical logic common to textbooks on logic from that time. Watts' conception of logic as being divided into its practical part and its speculative part marks a departure from the conception of logic of most other authors. His conception of logic is more akin to that of the later, nineteenth-century logician, C. S. Peirce.
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Veracious is a bay filly with a small white star bred and owned by the Cheveley Park Stud. She was sent into training with Michael Stoute at Freemason Lodge Stables in Newmarket, Suffolk. She was from the second crop of foals sired by Frankel, an undefeated racehorse whose other progeny have included Cracksman, Logician, Anapurna, Soul Stirring and Without Parole. Veracious's dam Infallible showed top-class form, winning the Nell Gwyn Stakes and finishing second in both the Coronation Stakes and the Falmouth Stakes and went on to be a successful broodmare who produced several other winners including Mutakayyef (Summer Mile Stakes).
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In fact he was unable to derive a logical contradiction and instead derived many non- intuitive results; for example that triangles have a maximum finite area and that there is an absolute unit of length. He finally concluded that: "the hypothesis of the acute angle is absolutely false; because it is repugnant to the nature of straight lines". Today, his results are theorems of hyperbolic geometry. There is some minor argument on whether Saccheri really meant that, as he published his work in the final year of his life, came extremely close to discovering non-Euclidean geometry and was a logician.
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In 1903, Couturat published much of that work in another large volume, his Opuscules et Fragments Inedits de Leibniz, containing many of the documents he had examined while writing La Loqique. Couturat was thus the first to appreciate that Leibniz was the greatest logician during the more than 2000 years that separate Aristotle from George Boole and Augustus De Morgan. A significant part of the 20th century Leibniz revival is grounded in Couturat's editorial and exegetical efforts. This work on Leibniz attracted Russell, also the author of a 1900 book on Leibniz, and thus began their professional correspondence and friendship.
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Platon Poretsky Platon Sergeevich Poretsky (; October 3, 1846 in Elisavetgrad – August 9, 1907 in Chernihiv Governorate) was a noted Russian astronomer, mathematician, and logician. Graduated from Kharkov University, he worked in Astrakhan and Pulkovo. Later, as an astronomer at Kazan University, following the advice of his older colleague Professor of Mathematics A.V. Vasiliev at Kazan University (father of Nicolai A. Vasiliev) to learn the works of George Boole, Poretsky developed "logical calculus" and through specific "logical equations" applied it to the theory of probability. Thus, he extended and augmented the works of logicians and mathematicians George Boole, William Stanley Jevons and Ernst Schröder.
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A dialectician and logician, he was Luther's teacher in both these branches. Luther retained an affectionate regard for him and after the Heidelberg Disputation (May 1518) travelled in his company from Würzburg to Erfurt, during which he made efforts to wean him from his ecclesiastical allegiance. In 1521, during the uprising against the priesthood and the pillaging of their property, he denounced the rioters from the pulpit. In 1522 he delivered a series of sermons in the cathedral in defence of the Church, arraigning the inactivity of the civil and ecclesiastical authorities, and predicted the revolution which came in the German Peasants' War.
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Richard Grandy (born 1942) is an American philosopher and logician. He formulated the principle of humanity, which states that when interpreting another speaker we must assume that his or her beliefs and desires are connected to each other and to reality in some way, and attribute to him or her "the propositional attitudes one supposes one would have oneself in those circumstances".Daniel Dennett, "Mid-Term Examination," in The Intentional Stance, 1989, p. 343 Grandy is Carolyn and Fred McManis Professor of Philosophy at Rice University and has taught at the University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill and Princeton University.
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A famous example is the contingent sea battle case found in Aristotle's work, De Interpretatione, chapter 9: : Imagine P refers to the statement "There will be a sea battle tomorrow." The principle of bivalence here asserts: : Either it is true that there will be a sea battle tomorrow, or it is false that there will be a sea battle tomorrow. Aristotle to embrace bivalence for such future contingents; Chrysippus, the Stoic logician, did embrace bivalence for this and all other propositions. The controversy continues to be of central importance in both the philosophy of time and the philosophy of logic.
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An artificial neural network involves a network of simple processing elements (artificial neurons) which can exhibit complex global behavior, determined by the connections between the processing elements and element parameters. Artificial neurons were first proposed in 1943 by Warren McCulloch, a neurophysiologist, and Walter Pitts, a logician, who first collaborated at the University of Chicago. One classical type of artificial neural network is the recurrent Hopfield network. The concept of a neural network appears to have first been proposed by Alan Turing in his 1948 paper Intelligent Machinery in which he called them "B-type unorganised machines".
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Madhusūdana was so accomplished in Navya Nyaya (New logic) techniques that the following verse is quoted about him when he visited Navadvipa, the center for learning in Nyaya Shastra, Meaning: When MadhusUdana, the master of speech, came to navadvIpa, MathurAnAtha tarkavAgIsha (who was the foremost navya naiyAyika during those times) trembled (with fear) and GadAdhara (another logician of great repute) became afraid. A few words about the authors. MadhusUdana sarasvatI is a towering giant among advaitins. An oft quoted verse regarding him is, Meaning: (Only) the Goddess of Learning, Sarasvati knows the limits of (knowledge of) Madhusūdana Sarasvati.
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Dettori commented "There was still a bit of greenness but he hit the line well and galloped out strongly. He's not the finished article but with every race he's improving and he's taken another leap forward". On 14 September at Doncaster Racecourse Logician started the 5/6 favourite for the 243rd running of the St Leger Stakes over 1 mile 6 furlongs. His seven opponents were Sir Dragonet (Chester Vase, beaten favourite in the Epsom Derby), Sir Ron Priestley (March Stakes), Il Paradiso (third in the Lonsdale Cup), Dashing Willoughby (Queen's Vase), Technician, Nayef Road and Western Australia.
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Quentin Smith claims that current proponents of the B-theory argue that the inability to translate tensed sentences into tenseless sentences does not prove the A-theory of time. Noted logician and philosopher Arthur Prior (originator of tense logic) has also drawn a distinction between what he calls A-facts and B-facts. The latter are facts about tenseless relations, such as the fact that the year 2025 is 25 years later than the year 2000. The former are tensed facts, such as the Jurassic age being in the past, or the end of the universe being in the future.
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From left: Yiannis Moschovakis, Helmut Schwichtenberg, Anne Sjerp Troelstra, 2002 at the MFO Helmut Schwichtenberg (born April 5, 1942 in Żagań) is a German mathematical logician. Schwichtenberg studied mathematics from 1961 at the FU Berlin and from 1964 at the University of Münster, where he received his doctorate in 1968 from . He then worked as an assistant and then as a professor in Münster, and since 1978 has been professor of mathematical logic at the Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität Munich (successor of Kurt Schütte). Schwichtenberg deals with, among other things, proof theory, theory of computability, lambda calculus and applications of logic in computer science.
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After finishing the St. Ignatius Gymnasium, Amsterdam, in 1951, he studied linguistics, together with classical languages and ancient history, at Amsterdam University from 1951 till 1958. He then taught Classics at a Junior College in Amsterdam till 1963. For a brief period he studied and worked under the guidance of the Amsterdam logician Evert Beth. This was followed by an assistantship at Groningen University, after which, in 1967, he was appointed as a lecturer in Linguistics at (Darwin College, Cambridge), where he stayed till 1970. In 1969 he obtained his PhD (‘’Operators and Nucleus’’) at the University of Utrecht.
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Abelard sought a debate with Bernard, but Bernard initially declined, saying he did not feel matters of such importance should be settled by logical analyses. Bernard's letters to William of St-Thierry also express his apprehension about confronting the preeminent logician. Abelard continued to press for a public debate, and made his challenge widely known, making it hard for Bernard to decline. In 1141, at the urgings of Abelard, the archbishop of Sens called a council of bishops, where Abelard and Bernard were to put their respective cases so Abelard would have a chance to clear his name.
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Greek and Roman taboos had meant that dissection was usually banned in ancient times, but Mondino de Liuzzi produced the first known anatomy textbook based on human dissection. Manuel Bryennios (ca. 1275–1340) was a Byzantine scholar who flourished in Constantinople about 1300 teaching astronomy, mathematics and musical theory. His only surviving work is the Harmonika (Greek: Ἁρμονικά), which is a three-volume codification of Byzantine musical scholarship based on the classical Greek works of Ptolemy, Nicomachus, and the Neopythagorean authors on the numerological theory of music. William of Ockham (1285–1350), Doctor Invincibilis, was an English Franciscan friar, philosopher, logician and theologian.
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Larson was raised in the San Francisco Bay Area, and graduated from the University of California, Berkeley in 1968 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and a minor in English. As an undergraduate, she had planned to go into teaching, but a mentor at Berkeley, logician John W. Addison Jr., recognized her talent for mathematics and encouraged her to go on to graduate study. She earned her Ph.D. under the supervision of James Earl Baumgartner at Dartmouth College in 1972, becoming the first woman to obtain a mathematics PhD there. Larson became an E. R. Hedrick Assistant Professor at the University of California, Los Angeles from 1972 to 1974.
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The Principles of Political Economy, p. 4. In so doing, it expounded upon the "final" (marginal) utility theory of value. Jevons' work, along with similar discoveries made by Carl Menger in Vienna (1871) and by Léon Walras in Switzerland (1874), marked the opening of a new period in the history of economic thought. Jevons's contribution to the marginal revolution in economics in the late 19th century established his reputation as a leading political economist and logician of the time. Jevons broke off his studies of the natural sciences in London in 1854 to work as an assayer in Sydney, where he acquired an interest in political economy.
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A portrait of the author of 'Thesaurus Linguarum Orientalium' by Antoni Oleszczyński (1794-1879), Polish engraver. Franciscus à Mesgnien Meninski (first name spelled also Francisci, François and Franciszek) (1623–1698) was the author of a multi-volume Turkish-to-Latin dictionary and grammar of the Turkish language, first published in 1680, which was ground-breaking in its comprehensiveness at the time, and for historians and linguists today it is a valuable reference for the Turkish language of the early modern period. Mesgnien-Meninski was born in Lorraine (duchy) in today's northeastern France. He studied in Rome, where one of his teachers was a theoretical linguist, logician, and Jesuit, Giovanni Battista Giattini.
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Although an empiricist, American logician Willard Van Orman Quine published the 1951 paper "Two Dogmas of Empiricism",W V O Quine, "Two Dogmas of Empiricism", Philosophical Review 1951;60:20–43, collected in Quine, From a Logical Point of View (Cambridge MA: Harvard University Press, 1953). which challenged conventional empiricist presumptions. Quine attacked the analytic/synthetic division, which the verificationist program had been hinged upon in order to entail, by consequence of Hume's fork, both necessity and aprioricity. Quine's ontological relativity explained that every term in any statement has its meaning contingent on a vast network of knowledge and belief, the speaker's conception of the entire world.
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Gerald Enoch Sacks (1933 – October 4, 2019) was a logician whose most important contributions were in recursion theory. Named after him is Sacks forcing, a forcing notion based on perfect sets. and the Sacks Density Theorem, which asserts that the partial order of the recursively enumerable Turing degrees is dense.. Sacks had a joint appointment as a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and at Harvard University starting in 1972 and became emeritus at M.I.T. in 2006 and at Harvard in 2012.Short CV, retrieved 2015-06-26..Chi Tat Chong, Yue Yang, "An interview with Gerald E. Sacks", Recursion Theory: Computational Aspects of Definability, , 2015, p.
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Sergei Stepanovich Starchenko (Сергей Степанович Старченко) is a mathematical logician who was born and grew up in the Soviet Union and now works in the USA. Starchenko graduated from the Novosibirsk State University in 1983 with M.S. and then in 1987 received his PhD (Russian Candidate degree) there. His doctoral dissertation Number of models of Horn theories was written under the supervision of Evgenii Andreevich Palyutin. Starchenko was an assistant professor of mathematics at Vanderbilt University and is now a full professor at the University of Notre Dame. 2013 he received the Karp Prize with Ya’acov Peterzil for collaborative work and with two other mathematicians.
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After completing a Ph.D. in mathematics at New York University in 1949 under the supervision of J. J. Stoker, he taught mathematics there but evolved into a logician and philosopher of mathematics, in good part because of the influence of Georg Kreisel. He began teaching philosophy, first part-time at Columbia University, then full-time at Brandeis University, 1965-77. He spent much of his last decade at Stanford University, writing and editing eight books, including parts of the Collected Works of Kurt Gödel. The Source Book (van Heijenoort 1967), his book on the history of logic and of the foundations of mathematics, is an anthology of translations.
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Hold come what may is a phrase popularized by logician Willard Van Orman Quine. Beliefs that are "held come what may" are beliefs one is unwilling to give up, regardless of any evidence with which one might be presented. Quine held (on a perhaps simplistic construal) that there are no beliefs that one ought to hold come what may—in other words, that all beliefs are rationally revisable ("no statement is immune to revision"), and compared this to the simplification of quantum mechanics. Many philosophers argue to the contrary, believing that, for example, the laws of thought cannot be revised and may be "held come what may".
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Augustin Sesmat was a French mathematician and logician. He was professor of history and criticism of science at the Institut Catholique de Paris in the 1930s.Monde nouveau paru, Issues 75–84, Page 148, 1954 Augustin SESMAT Ed. Aubier, 1 vol. 13X21, 227 p , LOGIQUE ^ fr' MALGRÉ les siècles écoulés, la logique d'Aristote reste la logique classique et c'est son esprit sa rigueur de ... A Sesmat, qui est professeur à l'Institut Catholique de Paris, a publié avant la guerre une longue thèse sur la théorie classique et la théorie He was probably the first person to discover the logical hexagon, thus solving a problem posed by Aristotle.
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Robert Provine quotes him as asking, "If it does not change everything, why waste your time doing the study?" Lettvin made a careful study of the work of Leibniz, discovering that he had constructed a mechanical computer in the late 17th century. Lettvin is also known for his friendship with, and encouragement of the cognitive scientist and logician Walter Pitts, a polymath who first showed the relationship between the philosophy of Leibniz and universal computing in a seminal paper Pitts co- authored with Warren McCulloch. Lettvin continued to research the properties of nervous systems throughout his life, culminating in his study of ion dynamics in axon cytoskeleton.
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William of Sherwood or William Sherwood (Latin: Guillielmus de Shireswode; ), with numerous variant spellings, was a medieval English scholastic philosopher, logician, and teacher. Little is known of his life, but he is thought to have studied in Paris, was a master at Oxford in 1252, treasurer of Lincoln from 1254/1258 onwards, and a rector of Aylesbury. He was the author of two books which were an important influence on the development of scholastic logic: Introductiones in Logicam (Introduction to Logic), and Syncategoremata. These are the first known works to deal in a systematic way with what is now called supposition theory, known in William's time as the logica moderna.
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Gödel, Escher, Bach: an Eternal Golden Braid, also known as GEB, is a 1979 book by Douglas Hofstadter. By exploring common themes in the lives and works of logician Kurt Gödel, artist M. C. Escher, and composer Johann Sebastian Bach, the book expounds concepts fundamental to mathematics, symmetry, and intelligence. Through illustration and analysis, the book discusses how, through self-reference and formal rules, systems can acquire meaning despite being made of "meaningless" elements. It also discusses what it means to communicate, how knowledge can be represented and stored, the methods and limitations of symbolic representation, and even the fundamental notion of "meaning" itself.
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The move to view units in natural language (e.g. English) as formal symbols was initiated by Noam Chomsky (it was this work that resulted in the Chomsky hierarchy in formal languages). The generative grammar model looked upon syntax as autonomous from semantics. Building on these models, the logician Richard Montague proposed that semantics could also be constructed on top of the formal structure: :There is in my opinion no important theoretical difference between natural languages and the artificial languages of logicians; indeed, I consider it possible to comprehend the syntax and semantics of both kinds of language within a single natural and mathematically precise theory.
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Alan Mathison Turing (; 23 June 1912 – 7 June 1954) was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. Despite these accomplishments, he was never fully recognised in his home country during his lifetime due to the prevalence of homophobia at the time and because much of his work was covered by the Official Secrets Act.
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Daniel Dennett, a student of Quine's, falls into this category, as does Stephen Toulmin, who arrived at his philosophical position via Wittgenstein, whom he calls "a pragmatist of a sophisticated kind" (foreword for Dewey 1929 in the 1988 edition, p. xiii). Another example is Mark Johnson whose embodied philosophy (Lakoff and Johnson 1999) shares its psychologism, direct realism and anti-cartesianism with pragmatism. Conceptual pragmatism is a theory of knowledge originating with the work of the philosopher and logician Clarence Irving Lewis. The epistemology of conceptual pragmatism was first formulated in the 1929 book Mind and the World Order: Outline of a Theory of Knowledge.
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John Hayden Woods (born 1937) is a Canadian logician and philosopher. He currently holds the position of Director of the Abductive Systems Group at the University of British Columbia (UBC) and is The UBC Honorary Professor of Logic. He is also affiliated with the Group on Logic, Information and Computation within the Department of Informatics at King's College London where he has held the Charles S. Peirce Visiting Professorship of Logic position since 2001. Woods is a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada, life member of the Association of Fellows of the Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study, and President Emeritus of the University of Lethbridge.
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Isaac Watts' Logic became the standard text on logic at Oxford, Cambridge, Harvard and Yale, being used at Oxford for well over 100 years. C. S. Peirce, the great nineteenth-century logician, wrote favourably of Watts' Logic. When preparing his own textbook, titled A Critick of Arguments: How to Reason (also known as the Grand Logic), Peirce wrote, 'I shall suppose the reader to be acquainted with what is contained in Dr Watts' Logick, a book... far superior to the treatises now used in colleges, being the production of a man distinguished for good sense.'Peirce, C. S. (1933) The Collected Papers of Charles Sanders Peirce, vol.
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Peter Abelard, a french philosopher, theologian and preeminent logician, put forward the theory of conceptualism In metaphysics, conceptualism is a theory that explains universality of particulars as conceptualized frameworks situated within the thinking mind. Intermediate between nominalism and realism, the conceptualist view approaches the metaphysical concept of universals from a perspective that denies their presence in particulars outside the mind's perception of them. Conceptualism is anti-realist about abstract objects, just like immanent realism is (their difference being that immanent realism accepts there are mind-independent facts about whether universals are instantiated).Neil A. Manson, Robert W. Barnard (eds.), The Bloomsbury Companion to Metaphysics, Bloomsbury, 2014, p. 95.
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Charles Leonard Hamblin (1922 – 14 May 1985) was an Australian philosopher, logician, and computer pioneer, as well as a professor of philosophy at the New South Wales University of Technology (now the University of New South Wales) in Sydney. Among his most well-known achievements in the area of computer science was the introduction of Reverse Polish Notation and the use in 1957 of a push-down pop-up stack.C. L. Hamblin, "An Addressless Coding Scheme based on Mathematical Notation", May 1957, N.S.W. University of Technology. (typescript) This preceded the work of Friedrich Ludwig Bauer and Klaus Samelson on use of a push-pop stack.
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Duhem's views on the philosophy of science are explicated in his 1906 work The Aim and Structure of Physical Theory. In this work, he opposed Newton's statement that the Principia's law of universal mutual gravitation was deduced from 'phenomena', including Kepler's second and third laws. Newton's claims in this regard had already been attacked by critical proof-analyses of the German logician Leibniz and then most famously by Immanuel Kant, following Hume's logical critique of induction. But the novelty of Duhem's work was his proposal that Newton's theory of universal mutual gravity flatly contradicted Kepler's Laws of planetary motion because the interplanetary mutual gravitational perturbations caused deviations from Keplerian orbits.
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After the Second World War the use of the term praxeology spread widely. After the emigration of Mises to America his pupil Murray Rothbard defended the praxeological approach. A revival of Espinas's approach in France was revealed in the works of Pierre Massé (1946), the eminent cybernetician, Georges Théodule Guilbaud (1953), the Belgian logician, Leo Apostel (1957), the cybernetician, Anatol Rapoport (1962), Henry Pierron, psychologist and lexicographer (1957), François Perroux, economist (1957), the social psychologist, Robert Daval (1963), the well-known sociologist, Raymond Aron (1963) and the methodologists, Abraham Antoine Moles and Roland Caude (1965). Under the influence of Tadeusz Kotarbiński, praxeology flourished in Poland.
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He denied ontological status to such concepts as a point or zero, considering them tools of knowledge; his approach in Western literature was characterized as logical nominalism. Zinoviev's pupil, the German logician Horst Wessel, noted that his logic was based on syntax, not semantics. Zinoviev investigated a number of questions of non-classical logic, from the general theory of signs to a logical analysis of motion, causality, space and time. In "The Philosophical Problems of Multivalued Logic", multivalued logic was viewed as a generalization, not an abolition of classical two-valued logic, although Zinoviev concluded that the emergence of multivalued logic "dealt a blow" to the a priori classical logic.
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Quasi-quotation or Quine quotation is a linguistic device in formal languages that facilitates rigorous and terse formulation of general rules about linguistic expressions while properly observing the use–mention distinction. It was introduced by the philosopher and logician Willard Van Orman Quine in his book Mathematical Logic, originally published in 1940. Put simply, quasi- quotation enables one to introduce symbols that stand for a linguistic expression in a given instance and are used as that linguistic expression in a different instance. For example, one can use quasi-quotation to illustrate an instance of substitutional quantification, like the following: ::"Snow is white" is true if and only if snow is white.
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Simultaneously she studied at the Kraków Academy of Fine Arts. After completing the entire university course within two years she moved to Switzerland to continue studies under another important Polish philosopher and logician, Józef Maria Bocheński, at the University of Fribourg. Her doctoral study, dedicated to explorations of the fundamentals of phenomenology in Nicolai Hartmann and Roman Ingarden's philosophies, was later published as "Essence and Existence" (1957). She obtained her second Ph.D., this time in French philosophy and literature, at the Sorbonne in 1951. In the years 1952-1953 she did postdoctoral researches in the field of social and political sciences at the College d'Europe in Brugge, Belgium.
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Bertrand Arthur William Russell, 3rd Earl Russell (18 May 1872 – 2 February 1970) was a British polymath, philosopher, logician, mathematician, historian, writer, social critic, political activist, and Nobel laureate.Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, "Bertrand Russell", 1 May 2003 Throughout his life, Russell considered himself a liberal, a socialist and a pacifist, although he also sometimes suggested that his sceptical nature had led him to feel that he had “never been any of these things, in any profound sense”. Russell was born in Monmouthshire into one of the most prominent aristocratic families in the United Kingdom. In the early 20th century, Russell led the British "revolt against idealism".
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"John Duns Scotus", Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (online). In addition, there are 46 short disputations called Collationes, probably dating from 1300–1305; a work in natural theology (De primo principio); and his Quaestiones Quodlibetales, probably dating to Advent 1306 or Lent 1307. A number of works once believed to have been written by Scotus are now known to have been misattributed. There were already concerns about this within two centuries of his death, when the 16th-century logician Jacobus Naveros noted inconsistencies between these texts and his commentary on the Sentences, leading him to doubt whether he had written any logical works at all.
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He was described by Thomasson as 'a profound logician, an economist of high order, and had made the study of ethics his own'. Joseph Hiam Levy published books on these subjects and on Jewish issues. Thomasson summarised the work of the PRA: 'it has done effective reform work in the matter of Prison Law, Marriage Laws, Corporal Punishment in the Army and out of it, Liquor Law, Anti-Vaccination, Anti- Vivisection, Education, Women's Questions, Factory Laws, Capital Punishment, and many other questions, besides numerous instances of individual oppression and injustice' (1913 Report, page 19). One of the most prominent cases taken up by the PRA was that of Miss Jessie Brown.
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The statue was cast in China. Turing memorial statue plaque Turing is shown holding an apple—a symbol classically used to represent forbidden love, as well as being the fruit of the tree of knowledge, the object that inspired Isaac Newton's theory of gravitation, and the means of Turing's own death. The cast bronze bench carries in relief the text 'Alan Mathison Turing 1912-1954', and the motto 'Founder of Computer Science' as it would appear if encoded by an Enigma machine: 'IEKYF ROMSI ADXUO KVKZC GUBJ'. A plinth at the statue's feet says 'Father of computer science, mathematician, logician, wartime codebreaker, victim of prejudice'.
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In 2015, the university marked the bicentenary of mathematician, philosopher and logician George Boole - UCC's first professor of mathematics. In September 2017, UCC unveiled a €350 million investment plan, with university president, Professor Patrick O’Shea, outlining the development goals for UCC in the areas of philanthropy and student recruitment. The plan proposes to provide for curriculum development, an increase in national and international student numbers, the extension of the campus and an increase in the income earned from philanthropy. The Minister for Culture, Heritage & the Gaeltacht and Chair of the National Famine Commemoration Committee, Heather Humphreys TD, also announced that 2018's National Famine Commemoration is planned to take place in UCC.
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Jerzy Łoś (born March 22, 1920 in Lwów, Poland (now Lviv, Ukraine) – June 1, 1998 in Warsaw) () was a Polish mathematician, logician, economist, and philosopher. He is especially known for his work in model theory, in particular for "Łoś's theorem", which states that any first-order formula is true in an ultraproduct if and only if it is true in "most" factors (see ultraproduct for details). In model theory he also proved many preservation theorems, but he gave significant contributions, as well, to foundations of mathematics, Abelian group theory and universal algebra. In the 60's he turned his attention to mathematical economics, focusing mainly on production processes and dynamic decision processes.
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Kurt Friedrich Gödel (; ; April 28, 1906 – January 14, 1978) was a logician, mathematician, and analytic philosopher. Considered along with Aristotle and Gottlob Frege to be one of the most significant logicians in history, Gödel had an immense effect upon scientific and philosophical thinking in the 20th century, a time when others such as Bertrand Russell,For instance, in their Principia Mathematica (Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy edition). Alfred North Whitehead, and David Hilbert were analyzing the use of logic and set theory to understand the foundations of mathematics pioneered by Georg Cantor. Gödel published his two incompleteness theorems in 1931 when he was 25 years old, one year after finishing his doctorate at the University of Vienna.
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A text by Avicenna, founder of Avicennian logic The works of Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, Avicenna, Al-Ghazali, Averroes and other Muslim logicians were based on Aristotelian logic and were important in communicating the ideas of the ancient world to the medieval West.See e.g. Routledge Encyclopedia of Philosophy Online Version 2.0 , article 'Islamic philosophy' Al-Farabi (Alfarabi) (873–950) was an Aristotelian logician who discussed the topics of future contingents, the number and relation of the categories, the relation between logic and grammar, and non-Aristotelian forms of inference. Al-Farabi also considered the theories of conditional syllogisms and analogical inference, which were part of the Stoic tradition of logic rather than the Aristotelian. [726].
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Leibniz The idea that inference could be represented by a purely mechanical process is found as early as Raymond Llull, who proposed a (somewhat eccentric) method of drawing conclusions by a system of concentric rings. The work of logicians such as the Oxford CalculatorsEdith Sylla (1999), "Oxford Calculators", in The Cambridge Dictionary of Philosophy, Cambridge, Cambridgeshire: Cambridge. led to a method of using letters instead of writing out logical calculations (calculationes) in words, a method used, for instance, in the Logica magna by Paul of Venice. Three hundred years after Llull, the English philosopher and logician Thomas Hobbes suggested that all logic and reasoning could be reduced to the mathematical operations of addition and subtraction.
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He continued to hold other parts of Marxism as true. Van Heijenoort was spared the ordeal of McCarthyism because everything he published in Trotskyist organs appeared under one or other of more than a dozen pen names. Moreover, Feferman (1993) states that van Heijenoort the logician was quite reticent about his Trotskyist youth, and did not discuss politics. Nevertheless, in the last decade of his life he contributed to the history of the Trotskyist movement by writing the monograph With Trotsky in Exile (1978), editing a volume of Trotsky's correspondence (1980), and advising and working with the archivists at the Houghton Library in Harvard University, which holds many of Trotsky's papers from his years in exile.
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Bocheński also gained renown for his work in logic and ethics. Other Polish philosophers of the postwar period included Andrzej Zabłudowski (1938–2008), a logician and analytic philosopher of world influence, especially in the theory of induction, working at Warsaw University except for a three-decade hiatus beginning in 1968; Marek Siemek (1942–2011), a historian of German transcendental philosophy and recipient of an honorary doctorate from Bonn University; and Jan Woleński (born 1940), a broadly erudite thinker at the Jagiellonian University in Kraków, specializing in the history of the Lwów-Warsaw school and in analytic philosophy and widely recognized in Poland as an atheist and exponent of replacing religion classes in Polish schools with philosophy classes.
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At the University of California, Berkeley, Montague earned a B.A. in Philosophy in 1950, an M.A. in Mathematics in 1953, and a Ph.D. in Philosophy in 1957, the latter under the direction of the mathematician and logician Alfred Tarski. Montague, one of Tarski's most accomplished American students, spent his entire career teaching in the UCLA Department of Philosophy, where he supervised the dissertations of Nino Cocchiarella and Hans Kamp. Montague wrote on the foundations of logic and set theory, as would befit a student of Tarski. His Ph.D. dissertation, titled Contributions to the Axiomatic Foundations of Set Theory, contained the first proof that all possible axiomatizations of the standard axiomatic set theory ZFC must contain infinitely many axioms.
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Unrelated to the political careers in this family, John Davis Lodge and Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.'s father was the American poet George Cabot Lodge (1873–1909), who was married to Mathilda Elizabeth Frelinghuysen (Davis) Lodge. Henry Cabot Lodge's wife was Anna Cabot Mills Davis, whose maternal aunt was married to Benjamin Peirce (1809–1880), an American mathematician who taught at Harvard University for forty years, instrumental in the development of Harvard's science curriculum, director of the U.S. Coast Survey, and made contributions to celestial mechanics, number theory, algebra, and the philosophy of mathematics. Benjamin's son was Charles Sanders Peirce (1839–1914), chemist, logician, mathematician, physicist, and acknowledged as the founder of the pragmatic movement in philosophy.
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Philippe Devaux (1902 - 1979) was a French-speaking Belgian philosopher and logician, professor at the University of Liège. Through his numerous works and translations (he was the translator and friend of Bertrand Russell), he played a great part in the development of analytic philosophy in French-speaking countries. After a first study devoted to the philosophy of Samuel Alexander in 1929, Philippe Devaux was appointed as a FNRS research associate in Belgium, and then for two-year as an advanced fellow at the Berkeley and Harvard Universities, where he studied with Alfred North Whitehead. After becoming professor at the University of Liège, he also taught at the universities of Brussels, Manchester, Hull and London.
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Indexicals appear to represent an exception to, and thus a challenge for, the understanding of natural language as the grammatical coding of logical propositions; they thus "raise interesting technical challenges for logicians seeking to provide formal models of correct reasoning in natural language." They are also studied in relation to fundamental issues in epistemology, self-consciousness, and metaphysics, for example asking whether indexical facts are facts that do not follow from the physical facts, and thus also form a link between philosophy of language and philosophy of mind. The American logician David Kaplan is regarded as having developed "[b]y far the most influential theory of the meaning and logic of indexicals".
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Curtis Anthony Anderson (born May 29, 1940) is a contemporary American philosopher, currently Professor of Philosophy at the University of California at Santa Barbara. He earned his Ph.D. in philosophy from University of California at Los Angeles in 1977, where he worked closely with the renowned logician Alonzo Church. He also holds an M.S. in mathematics from the University of Houston (1965), where he earned his undergraduate degree in physics and mathematics (1964). Anderson's work over the years has focused primarily in the philosophy of logic and the philosophy of language, although he also works in such areas as the philosophy of religion and has an interest in most areas of traditional philosophy.
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Based upon work of the German mathematician Leopold Löwenheim (1915) the Norwegian logician Thoralf Skolem showed in 1922 that every consistent theory of first-order predicate calculus, such as set theory, has an at most countable model. However, Cantor's theorem proves that there are uncountable sets. The root of this seeming paradox is that the countability or noncountability of a set is not always absolute, but can depend on the model in which the cardinality is measured. It is possible for a set to be uncountable in one model of set theory but countable in a larger model (because the bijections that establish countability are in the larger model but not the smaller one).
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Returning to Scotland, Hamilton selected St Andrews, the Scottish capital of the church and of learning, as his residence. On 9 June 1523 he became a member of St Leonard's College, part of the University of St Andrews, and on 3 October 1524 he was admitted to its faculty of arts, where he was first a student of, and then a colleague of the humanist and logician John Mair. At the university Hamilton attained such influence that he was permitted to conduct, as precentor, a musical mass of his own composition in the cathedral. The reforming doctrines had now obtained a firm hold on the young abbot, and he was eager to communicate them to his fellow-countrymen.
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Victor Ivanovich Shestakov (1907–1987) was a Russian/Soviet logician and theoretician of electrical engineering. In 1935 he discovered the possible interpretation of Boolean algebra of logic in electro-mechanical relay circuits. He graduated from Moscow State University (1934) and worked there in the General Physics Department almost until his death. Shestakov proposed a theory of electric switches based on Boolean logic earlier than Claude Shannon (according to certification of Soviet logicians and mathematicians Sofya Yanovskaya, M.G. Gaaze-Rapoport, Roland Dobrushin, Oleg Lupanov, Yu. A. Gastev, Yu. T. Medvedev, and Vladimir Andreevich Uspensky), though Shestakov and Shannon defended Theses the same year (1938) and the first publication of Shestakov's result took place only in 1941 (in Russian).
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Through her interactions with the philosopher and logician Richard Montague at UCLA in the 1970s she played an important role in bringing together the research traditions of generative linguistics, formal logic, and analytic philosophy, pursuing an agenda pioneered by David Lewis in his 1970 article "General Semantics". She helped popularize Montague's approach to the semantics of natural languages among linguists in the United States, especially at a time when there was a lot of uncertainty about the relation between syntax and semantics. In her later years she has become increasingly interested in a new kind of intellectual synthesis, forging connections to the tradition of lexical semantic research as it has long been practiced in Russia.
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Initially the decryption was mainly of Luftwaffe (German air force) and a few Heer (German army) messages, as the Kriegsmarine (German navy) employed much more secure procedures for using Enigma. Alan Turing, a Cambridge University mathematician and logician, provided much of the original thinking that led to the design of the cryptanalytical bombe machines that were instrumental in eventually breaking the naval Enigma. However, the Kriegsmarine introduced an Enigma version with a fourth rotor for its U-boats, resulting in a prolonged period when these messages could not be decrypted. With the capture of relevant cipher keys and the use of much faster US Navy bombes, regular, rapid reading of U-boat messages resumed.
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Polish notation (PN), also known as normal Polish notation (NPN), Łukasiewicz notation, Warsaw notation, Polish prefix notation or simply prefix notation, is a mathematical notation in which operators precede their operands, in contrast to the more common infix notation, in which operators are placed between operands, as well as reverse Polish notation (RPN), in which operators follow their operands. It does not need any parentheses as long as each operator has a fixed number of operands. The description "Polish" refers to the nationality of logician Jan Łukasiewicz, who invented Polish notation in 1924. The term Polish notation is sometimes taken (as the opposite of infix notation) to also include reverse Polish notation.
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Ford emphasized standardization of design and component standards to ensure a standard product was produced, while quality was the responsibility of machine inspectors, "placed in each department to cover all operations ... at frequent intervals, so that no faulty operation shall proceed for any great length of time." Out of this also came statistical process control (SPC), which was pioneered by Walter A. Shewhart at Bell Laboratories in the early 1920s. Shewhart developed the control chart in 1924 and the concept of a state of statistical control. Statistical control is equivalent to the concept of exchangeability developed by logician William Ernest Johnson, also in 1924, in his book Logic, Part III: The Logical Foundations of Science.
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In the mid-19th century, the modern understanding of the term ad hominem started to take shape, with the broad definition given by English logician Richard Whately. According to Whately, ad hominem arguments were "addressed to the peculiar circumstances, character, avowed opinions, or past conduct of the individual". Over time, the term acquired a different meaning; by the beginning of the 20th century, it was linked to a logical fallacy, in which a debater, instead of disproving an argument, attacked their opponent. This approach was also popularized in philosophical textbooks of the mid-20th century, and it was challenged by Australian philosopher Charles Leonard Hamblin in the second half of the 20th century.
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The relation "is an element of", also called set membership, is denoted by the symbol "∈". Writing :x \in A means that "x is an element of A". Equivalent expressions are "x is a member of A", "x belongs to A", "x is in A" and "x lies in A". The expressions "A includes x" and "A contains x" are also used to mean set membership, although some authors use them to mean instead "x is a subset of A". p. 12 Logician George Boolos strongly urged that "contains" be used for membership only, and "includes" for the subset relation only. For the relation ∈ , the converse relation ∈T may be written :A i x , meaning "A contains or includes x".
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In 1973 he was not re-elected to the Academic Council of the Institute, a year later he was not allowed to speak at the All-Union Symposium on the theory of logical inference; they were not allowed to travel abroad, in particular, to Finland and Canada; problems arose with his graduate students. At the same time, Zinoviev was elected a foreign member of the Finnish Academy of Sciences (1974) after a visit to the Soviet Union by the famous Finnish logician Georg von Wright. Zinoviev was proud of this fact, Finnish logic had a high scientific authority. After the Prague events, Zinoviev came up with the idea of a satirical book about Soviet reality.
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Walter Harry Pitts, Jr. (23 April 1923 – 14 May 1969) was a logician who worked in the field of computational neuroscience.Smalheiser, Neil R. "Walter Pitts" , Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, Volume 43, Number 2, Winter 2000, pp. 217–226, The Johns Hopkins University Press He proposed landmark theoretical formulations of neural activity and generative processes that influenced diverse fields such as cognitive sciences and psychology, philosophy, neurosciences, computer science, artificial neural networks, cybernetics and artificial intelligence, together with what has come to be known as the generative sciences. He is best remembered for having written along with Warren McCulloch, a seminal paper in scientific history, titled "A Logical Calculus of Ideas Immanent in Nervous Activity" (1943).
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Turing switch In theoretical network science, the Turing switch is a logical construction modeling the operation of the network switch, just as in theoretical computer science a Turing machine models the operation of a computer. Both are named in honor of the English logician Alan Turing, although the research in Turing switches is not based on Turing's research. Some introductory research on the Turing switch was started at the University of Cambridge by Jon Crowcroft (Homepage). In essence, Crowcroft suggests that instead of using general-purpose computers to do packet switching, the required operations should be reduced to application specific logic and then that application specific logic should be implemented using optical components.
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Cartoonist Piers Baker, who created Ollie and Quentin; and news journalist Cathy Newman were born in the town. Holly Samos – radio researcher and presenter lives here. Many of mathematician, logician and cryptographer, Alan Turing's earliest years were in this town where his family lived; Michael Buerk, BBC newsreader; Roger Fry, the English artist, critic and member of the Bloomsbury Group, lived in the house (Durbins) he designed and built in the town from 1909 to 1919;Frances Spalding, Roger Fry, art and life (1980) Alfred Smith, recipient of the Victoria Cross, was born in Guildford, as was WWE wrestler Paul Burchill. Julie Dawn Cole played Veruca Salt in Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory.
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Ethel Newbold published 17 papers within the eight years she conducted research at the Medical Research Council. In his obituary, Major Greenwood describes her as "the best mathematical statistician and I think quite the best logician" of the group at the National Institute of Medical Research. She was elected a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society in 1921 and was the first woman awarded the Guy Medal in Silver in 1928, for the paper "practical Applications of Statistics of Repeated Events, particularly to Industrial Accidents" and for her other contributions to the then novel experimental study of epidemiology. She served on the Council of the Royal Statistical Society between 1928 and 1933.
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The Second Doctor has been nicknamed the "Cosmic Hobo", as the impish Second Doctor appeared to be far more scruffy and childlike than his first incarnation. Mercurial, clever, and always a few steps ahead of his enemies, at times he could be a calculating schemer who would not only manipulate people for the greater good but act like a bumbling fool to have others underestimate his true abilities. One example is in The Tomb of the Cybermen (1967), where, despite his admonitions not to open the titular tomb, he corrects evil logician Eric Klieg's calculations of the code to open the tomb behind Klieg's back. This allows the tomb to be opened, so that the Doctor can expose Klieg and the Cybermens' respective plans and defeat both.
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The agnostic Analytic Philosopher Anthony Kenny rejected the presumption of atheism on any definition of atheism arguing that "the true default position is neither theism nor atheism, but agnosticism" adding "a claim to knowledge needs to be substantiated, ignorance need only be confessed". 160x160px Atheist philosopher Kai Nielsen criticized the presumption of atheism arguing that without an independent concept of rationality or a concept of rationality that atheists and theists can mutually accept, there is no common foundation on which to adjudicate rationality of positions concerning the existence of God. Because the atheist's conceptualization of "rational" differs from the theist, Nielsen argues, both positions can be rationally justified. Analytic philosopher and modal logician Alvin Plantinga, a theist, rejected the presumption of atheism forwarding a two-part argument.
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Venn married first, at Trinity Church, Hull, on 22 October 1789, Catherine (1760–1803), only daughter of William King, merchant, of Kingston upon Hull. By her he had sons Henry Venn, and John, for many years vicar of St. Peter's, Hereford; also five daughters, of whom Jane, the second, married James Stephen, and was mother of James Fitzjames Stephen and Leslie Stephen; and Caroline married Stephen Ellis Batten and was mother of Emelia Russell Gurney. He married, secondly, on 25 August 1812, Frances, daughter of John Turton of Clapham. Venn was the father of Henry Venn (1796-1873), honorary secretary of the Church Missionary Society, and grandfather of logician and philosopher John Venn, who compiled a family history in 1904.
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Ann Taylor's son, Josiah Gilbert, wrote: > "Two little poems – 'My Mother', and 'The Star', are perhaps, more > frequently quoted than any. The first, a lyric of life, was by Ann, the > second, of nature, by Jane; and they illustrate this difference between the > sisters." Both poems attracted the compliment of frequent parody throughout the 19th century. The logician Augustus De Morgan asserted (somewhat extravagantly) that Gilbert's mother wrote "one of the most beautiful lyrics in the English language, or any other language" and not knowing that Ann Gilbert was still alive, called upon Tennyson to supply a less heterodox version of the final stanza, which seemed to de Morgan unworthy of the rest.Athenaeum, 12 May 1866; see also AOMMG, vol 1, pp. 228–231.
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In the 1935 article "Playfair and his charts" Funkhouser and Walker explained, that the work of William Playfair (1759–1823) was practically forgotten in the second part of the 19th century. Funkhouser quoted the English economist and logician W. Stanley Jevons, who had stated in 1879: :Englishmen lost sight of the fact that William Playfair, who had never been heard of in this generation, produced statistical atlases and statistical curves that ought to be treated by some writer in the same way that Dr. Guy had treated the method of Dr. Todd.W. Stanley Jevons quoted in: Funkhouser (1937, p. 293) Funkhouser and Walker argued, that Playfair should be recognized as the “man who invented outright the graphic method of representing statistical data.”Funkhouser and Walker, 1935, p.
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Kennedy and Roman Kossak are the editors of Set Theory, Arithmetic, and Foundations of Mathematics: Theorems, Philosophies, published as Book 36 in the series Lecture Notes in Logic in 2012 by Cambridge University Press. Kennedy is the editor of Interpreting Gödel: Critical Essays, published in 2014 by Cambridge University Press and reprinted in 2017. In the book Kennedy brought together leading contemporary philosophers and mathematicians to explore the impact of Gödel's work on the foundations and philosophy of mathematics. The logician Kurt Gödel has in 1931 formulated the incompleteness theorems, which among other things prove that within any formal system with resources sufficient to code arithmetic, questions exist which are neither provable nor disprovable on the basis of the axioms which define the system.
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In 1931, the mathematician and logician Kurt Gödel proved his incompleteness theorems, showing that any effectively generated theory capable of expressing elementary arithmetic cannot be both consistent and complete. Further to that, for any consistent formal theory that proves certain basic arithmetic truths, there is an arithmetical statement that is true, but not provable in the theory. The essence of Penrose's argument is that while a formal proof system cannot, because of the theorem, prove its own incompleteness, Gödel-type results are provable by human mathematicians. He takes this disparity to mean that human mathematicians are not describable as formal proof systems and are not running an algorithm, so that the computational theory of mind is false, and computational approaches to artificial general intelligence are unfounded.
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Although his influence as a logician and linguist in grammar and rhetoric was considerable, his reputation rests on his works in psychology. At one with the German physiologist and comparative anatomist Johannes Peter Müller in the conviction psychologus nemo nisi physiologus (one is not a psychologist who is not also a physiologist), he was the first in Great Britain during the 19th century to apply physiology in a thoroughgoing fashion to the elucidation of mental states. In discussing the will, he favoured physiological over metaphysical explanations, pointing to reflexes as evidence that a form of will, independent of consciousness, inheres in a person's limbs. He sought to chart physiological correlates of mental states but refused to make any materialistic assumptions.
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Tejera's three books on Aristotle (Return of the King, Two Metaphysical Naturalisms, and Aristotle in Epitome) show how Aristotle was turned into a Platonizing logician by a long series of Alexandrian, Latin and Byzantine commentators, who in turn used Aristotle as a proper "introduction to Plato", a Plato that had been Pythagorized by the Academy (as an Academic reinterpretation of the dialogues) and initiated after his lifetime, in secondary literature. This long tradition of rendering Aristotle and misshaping of Plato is contested by Tejera as the dogmatic anti-dialogical and doxographical tradition of interpretation, and forms the basis of his inquiry into the pre-Scholastic Aristotle. These books help the reader to recover the Naturalist (nature-inquirer), and humanist Aristotle, lover of poetic drama.
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A Scientific Theology. Wm. B. Eerdmans, 2001, pp.74–75. His major work was his book Scientific Explanation: A Study of the Function of Theory, Probability and Law in Science (1953) but, like his Eddington Lecture it was his inaugural lecture ("Theory of Games as a Tool for the Moral Philosopher") that was his more original contribution: although a logician and philosopher of science, he had been elected to a chair of moral philosophy (ethics) about which he considered he knew little. His inaugural lecture attempted to bring what he did know about the theory of games into some relation with ethical reasoning and, in doing that, he effectively started a whole new field of study, namely, how game-theoretic considerations are related to ethical ones.
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John Buridan (c. 1300 – 1361), whom some consider the foremost logician of the later Middle Ages, contributed two significant works: Treatise on Consequence and Summulae de Dialectica, in which he discussed the concept of the syllogism, its components and distinctions, and ways to use the tool to expand its logical capability. For 200 years after Buridan's discussions, little was said about syllogistic logic. Historians of logic have assessed that the primary changes in the post-Middle Age era were changes in respect to the public's awareness of original sources, a lessening of appreciation for the logic's sophistication and complexity, and an increase in logical ignorance—so that logicians of the early 20th century came to view the whole system as ridiculous.
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Variations among argument–deduction–proof distinctions are not all terminological. Logician Alonzo Church never used the word argument in the above sense and had no synonym. Church never explained that deduction is the process of producing knowledge of consequence and it never used the common noun deduction for an application of the deduction process. His primary focus in discussing proof was "conviction" produced by generation of chains of logical truths – not the much more widely applicable and more familiar general process of demonstration as found in pre-Aristotelian geometry and discussed by Aristotle. He did discuss deductions in the above sense but not by that name: he called them awkwardly “proofs from premises” – an expression he coined for the purpose.
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The New York Tribune launched on April 10, 1841. Unlike the Herald or the Sun, it generally shied about from graphic crime coverage; Greeley saw his newspaper as having a moral mission to uplift society, and frequently focused his energies on the newspaper's editorials—"weapons…in a ceaseless war to improve society"—and political coverage. While a lifelong opponent of slavery and, for time, a proponent of socialism, Greeley's attitudes were never exactly fixed: "The result was a potpourri of philosophical inconsistencies and contradictions that undermined Greeley's effectiveness as both logician and polemicist." However, his moralism appealed to rural America; with six months of beginning the Tribune, Greeley combined The New-Yorker and The Log Cabin into a new publication, the Weekly Tribune.
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Some argue that it should not be, due to this negative meaning; others argue that some kludges can, for all their ugliness and imperfection, still have "hack value". In non-software engineering, the culture is less tolerant of unmaintainable solutions, even when intended to be temporary, and describing someone as a "hacker" might imply that they lack professionalism. In this sense, the term has no real positive connotations, except for the idea that the hacker is capable of doing modifications that allow a system to work in the short term, and so has some sort of marketable skills. However, there is always the understanding that a more skillful or technical logician could have produced successful modifications that would not be considered a "hack-job".
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Liu Lu () is a professor of mathematics at Central South University in Changsha, Hunan province, where he is China's youngest full university Professor. As a 22-year-old undergraduate student Lu proved that Ramsey theorem for infinite graphs (the case n = 2) with 2-coloring does not imply WKL0 over RCA0, solving an open problem left by English logician David Seetapun in the 1990s (). For this he was instantly promoted to full professor in the department where he was studying, and awarded a prize of 1 million renminbi. Some established professors were critical of his appointment voicing concern that he was too young, had no teaching experience and that the appointment was mostly designed to get media attention to Liu's university.
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William of Ockham (circa 1287–1347) was an English Franciscan friar and theologian, an influential medieval philosopher and a nominalist. His popular fame as a great logician rests chiefly on the maxim attributed to him and known as Occam's razor. The term razor refers to distinguishing between two hypotheses either by "shaving away" unnecessary assumptions or cutting apart two similar conclusions. While it has been claimed that Occam's razor is not found in any of William's writings, one can cite statements such as William of Ockham – Wikiquote ("Plurality must never be posited without necessity"), which occurs in his theological work on the Sentences of Peter Lombard (Quaestiones et decisiones in quattuor libros Sententiarum Petri Lombardi; ed. Lugd., 1495, i, dist.
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From 1928 to 1936, Schröter studied mathematics, physics, philosophy, and psychology at the Universities of Göttingen, Heidelberg and Frankfurt am Main. Due to family reasons he had to interrupt his studies several times. He then worked in the mathematical logic group at the University of Münster lead by Heinrich Scholz. From April 1, 1939, he was a research assistant at the Department of Philosophy at the University of Münster. On 20 December 1941, he took his examination for promotion of Dr. phil under the logician Heinrich Scholz studying mathematics, logic, and calculus with a thesis titled Ein allgemeiner Kalkülbegriff (). On April 1, 1941, he took a leave of absence to join Pers Z S, the Foreign Office civilian cipher bureau, working as a mathematician.
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Alan Turing at age 16 Alan Turing was an English mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher and theoretical biologist. Turing was highly influential in the development of theoretical computer science, providing a formalisation of the concepts of algorithm and computation with the Turing machine, which can be considered a model of a general-purpose computer. Turing is widely considered to be the father of theoretical computer science and artificial intelligence. Beginning in 1941, while working in wartime cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park, Turing began to discuss with his colleagues the possibility of a machine being able to play chess or perform other "intelligent" tasks, as well as the idea of a computer solving a problem by searching through all possible solutions using a heuristic or algorithm.
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1: Antiquité et Moyen Âge, edited by Mirko D. Grmek (Seuil, 1995) As a professor of medicine, Alderotti quickly gained a reputation as an excellent teacher and commanded large crowds of students. His courses relied on the works of Hippocrates, Galen, and Avicenna, which had been given a position of authority since Constantine the African brought these over from north Africa in the 11th century and translated them. The students Alderotti taught during his tenure as professor would become some of the best doctors and professors of the next generation. They included, among others, the logician Gentile da Cingoli; the papal doctor Bartolomeo da Varignana; Dino del Garbo, commentator of Avicenna; Turisanus (Pietro Torregiano de' Torregiani), commentator of Galen; and the anatomist Mondino de' Liuzzi.
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A revealing incident is mentioned about the celebrated logician of the fifteenth century, Uddhanda, Shastrikal, who considering himself as the worshipper of the attributeless reality, Nirguna Brahmam only, never used to fold his hands in salutations to any deity, a personalized representation of reality. When he happened to come to this temple and stood before the sanctum sanctorum, unknowingly as if by magic his arms folded and the palms closed together in obeisance to the lord, which in his own words "like a lotus flower closes itself on seeing the moon." The temple has a tradition of bestowing honours, by giving a golden wrist-band and title by the chief priest, to outstanding people in their respective fields of work. Many persons in various fields have been awarded such honours.
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Chemist David Smith speculated that the visibility of more LGBT role models in science would make it easier for other LGBT students to join the sciences, and conducted a survey which seemed to support this view. Mathematician, computer scientist, logician, cryptanalyst, philosopher, and theoretical biologist Alan Turing, was a prominent queer English scholar during the twentieth century that led a group of cryptanalysts in cracking the code of the Enigma Machine, ultimately helped turning the tide of World War II. Despite his service to the Allied cause, he was prosecuted in 1952 for homosexual acts and had most of his academic work covered up through the Official Secrets Act. Doan, Laura L. “Queer History/queer Memory: The Case of Alan Turing.” GLQ: a journal of lesbian and gay studies 23.1 (2017): 113–136. Web.
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This preference for book learning and lack of intense involvement in the world around him were detrimental to Mackintosh's later career, even though he drifted back to a more liberal political stance. Hazlitt, who heard him speak in Parliament, observes that, just as his previous appointment as a judge in India was unsuited to a man who worked out his thought in terms of "school-exercises", Mackintosh's mind did not fit well the defender of political causes, which needed more passionate engagement. "Sir James is by education and habit and ... by the original turn of his mind, a college-man [and] in public speaking the logician takes place of the orator". Hazlitt recalls having heard him speak publicly in the House of Commons "seldom ... without pain for the event."Hazlitt 1930, vol.
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The drinker paradox (also known as the drinker's theorem, the drinker's principle, or the drinking principle) is a theorem of classical predicate logic which can be stated as "There is someone in the pub such that, if he is drinking, then everyone in the pub is drinking." It was popularised by the mathematical logician Raymond Smullyan, who called it the "drinking principle" in his 1978 book What Is the Name of this Book? The apparently paradoxical nature of the statement comes from the way it is usually stated in natural language. It seems counterintuitive both that there could be a person who is causing the others to drink, or that there could be a person such that all through the night that one person were always the last to drink.
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After his retirement from the foreign ministry in 1938, Saavedra Lamas returned to academic life, became president of the University of Buenos Aires for two years (1941–1943), and rounded out his career as a professor for an additional three years (1943–1946). Saavedra Lamas was known as a strict disciplinarian in his office, a logician at the conference table, a charming host in his home or his art gallery, and a man of sartorial elegance who wore, it is said, the highest collars in Buenos Aires. In addition to the Nobel Peace Prize, he was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honor of France and analogous honors from ten other countries. He died in 1959 at the age of eighty from the effects of a brain hemorrhage.
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Ray Porter (Steve Martin) is an older, suave, wealthy, divorced logician who charms Mirabelle over several dates, one of which ends at his house. Mirabelle offers herself to him, and the morning after they have sex, Ray tells her that he does not intend for their relationship to be serious due to his constant travel between L.A. and Seattle. Each has a different understanding of this talk: Ray tells his psychiatrist that Mirabelle knows he will see other people, and Mirabelle tells her acquaintances that Ray wants to see her more. Mirabelle and Ray embark on a lengthy affair, while Jeremy attempts to have one last liaison with Mirabelle before leaving as a roadie for the band Hot Tears, but she spurns him due to her relationship with Ray.
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The Victorian-age mathematician, logician, and writer Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, better known by the pseudonym Lewis Carroll, also expressed interest in debunking illogical circle-squaring theories. In one of his diary entries for 1855, Dodgson listed books he hoped to write including one called "Plain Facts for Circle-Squarers". In the introduction to "A New Theory of Parallels", Dodgson recounted an attempt to demonstrate logical errors to a couple of circle-squarers, stating: > The first of these two misguided visionaries filled me with a great ambition > to do a feat I have never heard of as accomplished by man, namely to > convince a circle squarer of his error! The value my friend selected for Pi > was 3.2: the enormous error tempted me with the idea that it could be easily > demonstrated to BE an error.
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Beall is best known in philosophy for contributions to philosophical logic (particularly non-classical logic) and to the philosophy of logic. Beall, together with Greg Restall (a Melbourne logician and philosopher), is a pioneer of a widely discussed version of logical pluralism, according to which any given natural language has not one but many relations of logical consequence. Beall is also widely known for advocating a glut- theoretic account (see: dialetheism) of deflationary truth (Spandrels of Truth (2009)). Against the standard no-gap tradition in glut theory, also known as dialetheism (most famous in the philosopher Graham Priest’s work), Beall's early and post-2013 work advocates a gluts-and-gaps account of language, advocating not only the existence of truth-value gluts but also of truth-value gaps.
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In 2013, in response to a Freedom of Information Act request by Elonka Dunin, the NSA released documents which show the NSA became involved in attempts to solve the Kryptos puzzle in 1992, following a challenge by Bill Studeman, then Deputy Director of the CIA. The documents show that by June 1993, a small group of NSA cryptanalysts had succeeded in solving the first three passages of the sculpture. The above attempts to solve Kryptos found that passage 2 ended with WESTIDBYROWS, but in 2005, Monet Friedrich, a logician, philosopher, and computer scientist from Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, determined that another possible plaintext was: WESTXLAYERTWO. In 2006, Sanborn announced that he had made an error in passage 2, and confirmed that the last passage of the plaintext was WESTXLAYERTWO, and not WESTIDBYROWS.
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Denis Miéville was raised in the towns of Colombier (Canton of Neuchâtel) and Essert-Pittet (Canton of Vaud). After studying mathematics and logic at the University of Neuchâtel (Switzerland) and Bowling Green University (Ohio, United States), Denis Miéville developed an interest in the development and formalization of natural logic that led him to study both the theory of collective classes and the foundations of maximal predicates in propositional logic. These interests were integrated in the doctoral thesis that he defended in 1984 ("A Development of Stanislaw Lesniewski's logical systems: Protothetic, ontology and mereology") at the University of Neuchâtel, supervised by the eminent logician Jean-Blaise Grize. Appointed Professor at the University of Neuchâtel in 1987 (he will become its rector from 1999 to 2003), he taught logic and chaired the Semiologic Research Centre.
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As an undergraduate at the University of Delaware, Bynum was surprised to learn that, although Gottlob Frege was considered by many to be "the greatest logician since Aristotle", very little was known about Frege's life, and some of his most important logical writings had never been translated into English.Terrell Ward Bynum, Preface, in Gottlob Frege, Conceptual Notation and Related Articles, Translated and Edited with a Biography and Introduction by Terrell Ward Bynum, The Clarendon Press, 1972 (Reprinted as an Oxford Scholarly Classic, 2002) . Bynum vowed to write Frege's biography and translate Frege’s most important logical works, if the opportunity arose to do so. In 1963, Bynum graduated from Delaware with a Bachelor of Science in Chemistry with Honors and Distinction and a Bachelor of Arts in philosophy with Honors and Distinction.
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In modal logic, the necessity of identity is the thesis that for every object x and object y, if x and y are the same object, it is necessary that x and y are the same object.Burgess, J., ‘On a derivation of the necessity of identity’, Synthese May 2014, Volume 191, Issue 7, pp 1567–1585, p 1567 The thesis is best known for its association with Saul Kripke, who published it in 1971,Kripke, S. ‘Identity and Necessity’, in Milton K. Munitz (ed.), Identity and Individuation. New York University Press. pp. 135-164 (1971) although it was first derived by the logician Ruth Barcan Marcus in 1947,Marcus, Ruth Barcan, ‘Identity of Individuals in a Strict Functional Calculus of Second Order’, Journal of Symbolic Logic, 1947, 12-15.
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Beginning with Bartlett's doctoral dissertation, whose doctoral jury members were French philosopher Paul Ricoeur (dissertation director), Belgian mathematical logician Jean Ladrière, and Belgian philosopher Alphonse de Waehlens, Bartlett developed an approach to the study of philosophical problems by means of a therapy for concepts. The approach took the form of a self-validating phenomenological epistemology whose purpose is the identification and correction of many conceptually self-undermining errors that Bartlett classified as conceptual pathologies. He applied the resulting methodology to a number of traditionally understood epistemological problems, as well as to portions of everyday, conventional conceptual vocabulary, to show that many of these must be recognized to be self-referentially inconsistent. He characterized the resulting methodology as self-validating in the sense that it cannot not be accepted without self-referential inconsistency.
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Weinberg was regarded as a master logician, with broad knowledge and depth in all aspects of Jewish law and philosophy. He was also a sought-after counselor, involved in hundreds of private and public issues and concerns within the Jewish community. He often took the lead in "question and answer" sessions at Torah Umesorah conventions where hundreds of rabbis would seek his counsel and many of these teachings have been published, as in Rav Yaakov Weinberg Talks About Chinuch His student Rabbi Boruch Leff based his teachings on Weinberg's methods in Forever His Students: Powerful essays and lessons on contemporary Jewish life, inspired by the teachings of Rabbi Yaakov Weinberg. Weinberg had a close relationship with his brother, Noach Weinberg, and was held in high esteem by the Aish HaTorah yeshiva for baalei teshuva that the latter founded.
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In 1858, Balfour Stewart described his experiments on the thermal radiative emissive and absorptive powers of polished plates of various substances, compared with the powers of lamp-black surfaces, at the same temperature. Stewart chose lamp-black surfaces as his reference because of various previous experimental findings, especially those of Pierre Prevost and of John Leslie. He wrote, "Lamp-black, which absorbs all the rays that fall upon it, and therefore possesses the greatest possible absorbing power, will possess also the greatest possible radiating power." More an experimenter than a logician, Stewart failed to point out that his statement presupposed an abstract general principle: that there exist, either ideally in theory, or really in nature, bodies or surfaces that respectively have one and the same unique universal greatest possible absorbing power, likewise for radiating power, for every wavelength and equilibrium temperature.
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Boojum tree in hot June summers The Boojum forest is an area in central Baja California, Mexico, near Catiavinia known for endemic flora so bizarre and grotesque in appearance that the area was named after mathematician/logician Lewis Carroll's imaginary landscape story, The Hunting of the Snark. The area is characterized by almost no rainfall, as opposed to the two coasts of the Baja Peninsula, exotic plants such as Fouquieria columnaris, can grow up to 50 feet tall with an 18-inch diameter. Large rounded granitic boulders placed similar to those of ancient druid religious sites appear and so do the columnar cacti such as Ferocactus gracilis, huge fleshy red blooded (the sap is highly ferrous red) elephant trees, Bursera microphylla, huge endemic ocotillo (Fouquieria peninsularis) with flaming red flowered tipped ends, and the world's largest cactus, the columnar Cardon, Pachycereus pringlei.
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After his death, a 20-volume book titled Dao Lun () was discovered in his house. The book, which was believed to be written by Zhong Hui, discussed either Legalist or Logician philosophy even though its title suggests it was about Taoism. When he reached adulthood, his fame placed him on par with the philosopher Wang Bi,(會常論易無玄體、才性同異。及會死後，於會家得書二十篇，名曰道論，而實刑名家也，其文似會。初，會弱冠與山陽王弼並知名。弼好論儒道，辭才逸辯，注易及老子，為尚書郎，年二十餘卒。) Sanguozhi vol. 28. who was about the same age as him.
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System F, also known as the (Girard–Reynolds) polymorphic lambda calculus or the second-order lambda calculus, is a typed lambda calculus that differs from the simply typed lambda calculus by the introduction of a mechanism of universal quantification over types. System F thus formalizes the notion of parametric polymorphism in programming languages, and forms a theoretical basis for languages such as Haskell and ML. System F was discovered independently by logician Jean-Yves Girard (1972) and computer scientist John C. Reynolds (1974). Whereas simply typed lambda calculus has variables ranging over terms, and binders for them, System F additionally has variables ranging over types, and binders for them. As an example, the fact that the identity function can have any type of the form A→ A would be formalized in System F as the judgment :\vdash \Lambda\alpha.
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Marginalism eventually found a foothold by way of the work of three economists, Jevons in England, Menger in Austria, and Walras in Switzerland. William Stanley Jevons William Stanley Jevons first proposed the theory in “A General Mathematical Theory of Political Economy” (PDF), a paper presented in 1862 and published in 1863, followed by a series of works culminating in his book The Theory of Political Economy in 1871 that established his reputation as a leading political economist and logician of the time. Jevons' conception of utility was in the utilitarian tradition of Jeremy Bentham and of John Stuart Mill, but he differed from his classical predecessors in emphasizing that "value depends entirely upon utility", in particular, on "final utility upon which the theory of Economics will be found to turn."W. Stanley Jevons (1871), The Theory of Political Economy, p. 111.
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Dignaga. A statue in Elista, Russia. Buddhist epistemology holds that perception and inference are the means to correct knowledge. Dignaga (c. 480 – 540 CE) is the founder of an influential tradition of Buddhist logic and epistemology, which was widely influential in Indian thought and brought about a turn to epistemological questions in Indian philosophy.Recognizing Reality: Dharmakirti’s Philosophy and its Tibetan Interpretations, (Suny: 1997), page 15-16. According to B.K. Matilal, "Dinnaga was perhaps the most creative logician in medieval (400-1100) India."Matilal, Bimal Krishna, 'The Character of Logic in India' State University of New York Press 1998, page 88 Dignaga defended the validity of only two pramanas, perception and inference in his magnum opus, the pramanasamuccaya. As noted by Cristian Coseru, Dignaga's theory of knowledge is strongly grounded on perception "as an epistemic modality for establishing a cognitive event as knowledge".
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Benedict Cumberbatch at the premiere of the film at TIFF, September 2014 The Imitation Game is a 2014 British-American historical thriller film about British mathematician, logician, cryptanalyst and pioneering computer scientist Alan Turing, a key figure in cracking Nazi Germany's Enigma code that helped the Allies win the Second World War, only to later be criminally prosecuted for his homosexuality. It stars Benedict Cumberbatch as Turing and is directed by Morten Tyldum with a screenplay by Graham Moore, based on the biography Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges. The film has been nominated for, and has received, numerous awards with Cumberbatch's portrayal of Turing particularly praised. The film and its cast and crew were also honoured by Human Rights Campaign, the largest LGBT civil rights advocacy group and political lobbying organisation in the United States.
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A recently published (2006) clarification by the authors shows that their intent was to exhibit a conditional result that was dependent on what they call a "naïvely plausible condition". The 2003 conditional result can be reformulated, according to da Costa and Doria 2006 (in press), as : If ZFC + [P = NP]' is omega-consistent, then ZFC + [P = NP] is consistent. So far no formal argument has been constructed to show that ZFC + [P = NP]' is omega- consistent. In his reviews for Mathematical Reviews of the da Costa/Doria papers on P=NP, logician Andreas Blass states that "the absence of rigor led to numerous errors (and ambiguities)"; he also rejects da Costa's "naïvely plausible condition", as this assumption is "based partly on the possible non- totality of [a certain function] F and partly on an axiom equivalent to the totality of F".
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Tarski's World is a computer-based introduction to first-order logic written by Jon Barwise and John Etchemendy. It is named after the mathematical logician Alfred Tarski. The package includes a book, which serves as a textbook and manual, and a computer program which together serve as an introduction to the semantics of logic through games in which simple, three- dimensional worlds are populated with various geometric figures and these are used to test the truth or falsehood of first-order logic sentences. The program is also included in Language, Proof and Logic package.Goldson, D., (1994) Review of The Language of First-Order Logic, including the Macintosh Program Tarski's World. The Philosophical Quarterly, 44, 175, 272–275.Fallis, D.,(1999). Review of The Language of First-Order Logic, Including the IBM- Compatible Windows Version of Tarski's World 4.0.
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By the middle of the 20th century Aquinas's thought came into dialogue with the analytical tradition through the work of G. E. M. Anscombe, Peter Geach, and Anthony Kenny. Anscombe was Ludwig Wittgenstein's student, and his successor at the University of Cambridge; she was married to Geach, himself an accomplished logician and philosopher of religion. Geach had converted to Roman Catholicism while studying at Oxford, Anscombe had converted before she came up, and both were instructed in the Faith in Oxford by the Dominican Richard Kehoe, who received them both into the Church before they met one another. Kenny, an erstwhile priest and former Catholic, became a prominent philosopher at the University of Oxford and is still portrayed by some as a promoter of Aquinas (Paterson & Pugh, xiii-xxiii), though his denial of some basic Thomist doctrines (e.g.
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Andrea Bonomi (born 1940 in Rome) is an Italian philosopher and logician, who studied with Enzo Paci. After an initial interest in phenomenology (Existence and structure: Essay on Merleau-Ponty, 1967), he decided to dedicate himself wholeheartedly to the study of analytic philosophy, particularly the philosophy of language. His major contributions have been concentrated in the area of formal semantics, especially in the field of the logic of epistemic, modal and temporal sentences. In particular, in Mental Events (1983), he proposed an original solution to the problem of the intentionality of propositional attitude attributions, based on the idea of perspectivity: the systematic ambiguity of interpretation which characterizes propositional attitude sentences is explained by way of the contrast between the point of view of the attributor and the point of view of the person who entertains the attitude attributed.
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He made contributions in his early writings about industrial democracy and workers' self-management. The theory of guild socialism was developed and popularised by G. D. H. Cole who formed the National Guilds League in 1915 and published several books on guild socialism, including Self-Government in Industry (1917) and Guild Socialism Restated (1920). A National Building Guild was established after World War I but collapsed after funding was withdrawn in 1921. Admiration of guild socialism led to a more "individualistic" form of it being suggested as a natural outcome for a united humanity in the science fiction work of Olaf Stapledon-although hundreds of years in the future. Cole's ideas were also promoted by prominent anti-communist intellectuals“Origins of the Congress for Cultural Freedom, 1949-50.” Central Intelligence Agency, 27 June 2008, such as the British logician Bertrand Russell, first through his 1918 essay Roads to Freedom.
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In mathematical logic, Lindström's theorem (named after Swedish logician Per Lindström, who published it in 1969) states that first-order logic is the strongest logicIn the sense of Heinz-Dieter Ebbinghaus Extended logics: the general framework in K. J. Barwise and S. Feferman, editors, Model-theoretic logics, 1985 page 43 (satisfying certain conditions, e.g. closure under classical negation) having both the (countable) compactness property and the (downward) Löwenheim–Skolem property.A companion to philosophical logic by Dale Jacquette 2005 page 329 Lindström's theorem is perhaps the best known result of what later became known as abstract model theory, the basic notion of which is an abstract logic; the more general notion of an institution was later introduced, which advances from a set-theoretical notion of model to a category-theoretical one. Lindström had previously obtained a similar result in studying first-order logics extended with Lindström quantifiers.
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Writing Letter (Photograph by Kusakabe Kimbei) Writers of letters use a reliable form of transmission of messages between individuals, and surviving sets of letters provide insight into the motivations, cultural contexts, and events in the lives of their writers. Peter Abelard (1079–1142), philosopher, logician, and theologian is known not only for the heresy contained in some of his work, and the punishment of having to burn his own book, but also for the letters he wrote to Héloïse d'Argenteuil .For text see Letters of Abélard and Héloïse The letters (or epistles) of Paul the Apostle were so influential that over the two thousand years of Christian history, Paul became "second only to Jesus in influence and the amount of discussion and interpretation generated". Bligh's voyage in the launch of , from the ship to Tofua and from thence to Timor April 28 to June 14, 1789, after the Mutiny.
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In addition, in 1996 he published Would-Be Worlds, a volume on computer simulation and the way it promises to change the way we do science, also published by John Wiley & Sons (New York). In 1998 he published a volume of scientific fiction, involving Ludwig Wittgenstein, Alan Turing, J. B. S. Haldane, C. P. Snow and Erwin Schrödinger in a fictional dinner-party conversation centered about the question of the uniqueness of human cognition and the possibility of thinking machines. This book was published under the title The Cambridge Quintet by Little, Brown (London) in December 1997 and by Addison-Wesley in the US in early 1998. More recently, his published books include Art & Complexity (Elsevier, Amsterdam, 2005), a volume edited with A. Karlqvist, as well as a short volume on the life of the Austrian logician, Kurt Gödel, the book Gödel: A Life of Logic (Perseus Books, Cambridge, MA, 2003).
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The first specific occurrence of aperiodic tilings arose in 1961, when logician Hao Wang tried to determine whether the Domino Problem is decidable — that is, whether there exists an algorithm for deciding if a given finite set of prototiles admits a tiling of the plane. Wang found algorithms to enumerate the tilesets that cannot tile the plane, and the tilesets that tile it periodically; by this he showed that such a decision algorithm exists if every finite set of prototiles that admits a tiling of the plane also admits a periodic tiling. In 1964 Robert Berger found an aperiodic set of prototiles from which he demonstrated that the tiling problem is in fact not decidable.. This first such set, used by Berger in his proof of undecidability, required 20,426 Wang tiles. Berger later reduced his set to 104, and Hans Läuchli subsequently found an aperiodic set requiring only 40 Wang tiles.
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Busby tells Dulness that he is her true champion, for he turns geniuses to fools, "Whate'er the talents, or howe'er design'd,/ We hang one jingling padlock on the mind" (B IV 161–162). Dulness agrees and wishes for a pedant king like James I again, who will "stick the Doctor's Chair into the Throne" (B IV 177), for only a pedant king would insist on what her priests (and only hers) proclaim: "The of Kings to govern wrong" (B IV 188), for Cambridge and Oxford still uphold the doctrine. As soon as she mentions them, the professors of Cambridge and Oxford (except for Christ Church college) rush to her, "Each fierce Logician, still expelling Locke" (B IV 196). (John Locke had been censured by Oxford University in 1703, and his Essay on Human Understanding had been banned.) These professors give way to their greatest figure, Richard Bentley, who appears with his Quaker hat on and refuses to bow to Dulness.
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In the 243rd running of the St Leger Stakes on good to firm ground over 1 mile 6 furlongs on 14 September at Doncaster Racecourse Technician started at odds of 20/1 and never looked likely to win, finishing sixth of the eight runners behind Logician. On 5 October Technician was sent to France for a second time and went off at odds of 6.9/1 for the Group 2 Prix de Chaudenay over 3000 metres on very soft ground at Longchamp. The Prix de Lutèce winner Moonlight Spirit started favourite while the other eight contenders included Dashing Willoughby (Queen's Vase) and Nayef Road. After being restrained in the early stages by Pierre-Charles Boudot, who was riding the colt for the first time, Technician produced a sustained run in the straight to overtake the front-running Moonlight Spirit in the final 100 metres and win by three quarters of a length.
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Frits Staal related the term to metalanguage concept that is found in logic both in Western and Indian traditions."The concept of metalanguage and its Indian background" Staal Frits - Journal of Indian Philosophy 3: 315-354 (1975)"Bibliography on Indian Logic and Ontology" Theory and History of Ontology by Raul Corazzon Retrieved on 2011-11-06 Staal considered the term metalanguage, or its German or Polish equivalent, to have been introduced in 1933 by the logician Alfred Tarski, whom he credits with having made apparent its real significance.Journal of Indian Philosophy 3 (1975) 315-354 Russell's 1902 solution to his logical paradox"Bertrand Russell and the Paradoxes of Set Theory" Book Rags synopsis comes in large part from the so-called vicious circle principle, that no propositional function can be defined prior to specifying the function's scope of application. In other words, before a function can be defined, one must first specify exactly those objects to which the function will apply (the function's domain).
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The boys encountered baffling, sometimes misleading clues and danger before finally solving the mystery. The series had one major theme: however strange, mystical, or even supernatural a particular phenomenon may seem at first, it is capable of being traced to human agency with the determined application of reason and logic. This theme was compromised on four occasions by Carey: in The Mystery of Monster Mountain, the boys encounter Bigfoot; in The Invisible Dog, she canonizes astral projection and dangles the possibility of a "phantom priest"; in The Mystery of the Scar-Faced Beggar, a woman has genuine prophetic dreams; and in the final book of the original run, The Mystery of the Cranky Collector, a young woman's ghost returns to haunt her former employer's mansion. Most mysteries were solved by Jupiter Jones, a supreme logician who implicitly used the Occam's Razor principle: that the simplest and most rational explanation should be preferred to an explanation which requires additional assumptions.
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Manuel Curado Manuel Curado (born 1967) is a Portuguese essayist and philosopher dedicated to Biomedical Ethics, Philosophy of Mind, and the History of Ideas. He has worked the following issues: the intellectual history of the idea of a universal language and the idea of machine translation, or automatic translation, the problem of human consciousness and its relationship with the brain, the relationship between science and religion, studies about the European and Portuguese intellectual history, academic editions of works by ancient authors (namely the Eighteenth-century mathematician José Maria Dantas Pereira, the logician Edmundo Curvelo, and others), the history of Psychiatry and history of the Portuguese Jewish heritage in Medicine and Philosophy (namely, the work of medical doctors Isaac Samuda and Jacob de Castro Sarmento), and the history of literary representations of mental life. Professor at the University of Minho (Braga, North of Portugal), Auditor of National Defence, Doctor cum laude from the University of Salamanca, MA from the New University of Lisbon. He graduated from the Catholic University of Portugal (Lisbon).
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Although his father-in-law was doubtless instrumental in securing his appointment, Cutler was in general well-fitted for the position, being "an excellent Linguist", a "good Logician, Geographer, and Rhetorician", while "in the Philosophy & Metaphysics & Ethics of his Day or juvenile Education he was great. . . . He was of an high, lofty, & despotic mien. He made a grand figure as the Head of a College".The Literary Diary of Ezra Stiles, 1901, II, 339-40. Cutler continued to teach the Enlightenment Curriculum first instituted by Tutor Samuel Johnson in 1716, with courses on algebra, calculus, and moral philosophy. The new rectorship "opened auspiciously and an era of prosperity seemed at hand when, on September 13, 1722, the rector, with Tutor Daniel Browne and several Congregational clergymen, met with the trustees, declared themselves doubtful of the validity of their ordination, and asked advice with regard to entering the Church of England." William Howard Wilcoxson, History of Stratford, Connecticut, 1639-1939, 1939, p. 186. Upon request they made a written statement of their position, and the meeting was adjourned for a month.
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This mechanical method has the advantage over VENN's geometrical method..." (Couturat 1914:75). For his part John Venn, a logician contemporary to Jevons, was less than thrilled, opining that "it does not seem to me that any contrivances at present known or likely to be discovered really deserve the name of logical machines" (italics added, Venn 1881:120). But of historical use to the developing notion of "algorithm" is his explanation for his negative reaction with respect to a machine that "may subserve a really valuable purpose by enabling us to avoid otherwise inevitable labor": : (1) "There is, first, the statement of our data in accurate logical language", : (2) "Then secondly, we have to throw these statements into a form fit for the engine to work with – in this case the reduction of each proposition to its elementary denials", : (3) "Thirdly, there is the combination or further treatment of our premises after such reduction," : (4) "Finally, the results have to be interpreted or read off. This last generally gives rise to much opening for skill and sagacity.
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In 1858 Augustus de Morgan, perhaps the leading British logician of the mid-19th century, could still acknowledge the book as "an excellent work".de Morgan, "On the Syllogism III, and on Logic in General". It provided the basis, and most of the text, for John Milton’s Art of Logic (1672) and, to the extent that exercises in logic are said to have played a part in shaping Milton’s other works, Downame’s thinking may have indirectly reached a wider audience.Thomas S. K. Scott-Craig, "The Craftsmanship and Theological Significance of Milton’s Art of Logic", Huntingdon Library Quarterly, No. 1 (1953), pp. 1-6. Computational analysis by Francine Lusignan (PhD thesis, University of Montreal, 1974) shows that about 82% of the first book of Milton’s Ars Logica and 73% of the second book are directly taken, without acknowledgement, from Downame: Gordon Campbell & ors, Milton and the Manuscript De Doctrina Christiana, Oxford University Press, 2007, p. 81. Downame’s library, including books that had been his father’s and more than one hundred volumes previously owned by his father-in-law William Harrison, forms an important part of the present Derry and Raphoe Diocese Library Collection.
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A number of known scholars had the experience of Klejn's seminar: V. S. Bochkarev, V. A. Safronov, M. B. Shchukin, G. S. Lebedev, V. A. Bulkin, B. A. Raev, Yu.Yu. Piotrovsky, I. V. Dubov, E. N. Nosov, Yu. M. Lesman, L. B. Vishnyatsky, E. M. Kolpakov, O. A. Shcheglova, A. D. Rezepkin, V. Ya. Stegantseva, V. A. Dergachev, A. A. Kovalev, A. M. Smirnov, S. Zh. Pustovalov, and many others. V. A. Lynsha and other students who came to Leningrad from other universities, in order to supplement their training, also established themselves as Klejn's pupils. Those who studied under Klejn's guidance or experienced his influence were not only archaeologists; there were, among others, also the philosopher-logician B. I. Fedorov, the anthropologist A. G. Kozintsev, the linguist N. N. Kazansky, the orientalist M. A. Rodionov, the art historian V. V. Esipov. In some measure the influence of Klejn's ideas affected the whole of Leningrad- Petersburg archaeology as well as many archaeologists in northwest Russia, Siberia, Ukraine and Moldavia; archaeologists in Moscow were also affected by Klejn's work to the extent that it was through him that ideas from outside of Russia became known.
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Whenever he ran into an impasse, he would abandon the Greek ideas in favor of the Islamic faith.Laughlin 114-117 He is considered to be largely responsible for pulling the Arab world out of a mystic and theological way of thinking into a more rationalistic mode. Previous to al-Kindi, for example, on the question of how the immaterial God of the Koran could sit on a throne in the same book, one theologist had said, “The sitting is known, its modality is unknown. Belief in it is a necessity, and raising questions regarding it is a heresy.” Few of al-Kindi's writings have survived, making it difficult to judge his work directly, but it is clear from what exists that he carefully worked to present his ideas in a way acceptable to other Muslims. After Al- Kindi, several philosophers argued more radical views, some of whom even rejected revelation, most notably the Persian logician, Al-Razi or “Rhazes.” Considered one of the most original thinkers among the Persian philosophers, he challenged both Islamic and Greek ideas in a rationalist manner. Also, where Al-Kindi had focused on Aristotle, Al-Rhazi focused on Plato, introducing his ideas as a contrast.
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In the field of philosophical logic he defended the ontological interpretation of the logical laws, on the basis of his personal belief on describing the world by these laws. In a straightforward opposition to the teachings by the fathers-founders of the twentieth-century European transcendentalism a German logician Gottlob Frege and an Austrian phenomenologist Edmund Husserl, thanks to which anti-psychologism also known as logical realism or logical objectivism dominated both the common understanding of logic and the formal reasoning in logic, he defended psychologism which he approached as a thesis about dependence of the relationship of meaning and determination on the human factor and its description attributed to a human behavior, what in itself was very far from continental philosophy and appropriate to an English Enlightenment philosopher John Locke and a British utilitarianist philosopher John Stuart Mill who was criticized by Husserl for the logical psychologism. According to Grzegorczyk's interpretation, any description is in a language of someone and done for someone, whereas logic is applied to describe the world strictly. As a result of such an approach, he produced the reinterpretation of the semantic antinomies which claims on limitations of applicability of concepts rather than self-contradiction of a language.
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A Swedish Protestant investigator, Carl Silfverstolpe, wrote: "The monks were almost the sole bond of union in the Middle Ages between the civilization of the north and that of southern Europe, and it can be claimed that the active relations between our monasteries and those in southern lands were the arteries through which the higher civilization reached our country." See Birger Gregersson (1366–83; hymnist and author), Nils Ragvaldsson (1438–48; early adherent of Old Norse mythology), Jöns Bengtsson (Oxenstierna) (1448–67; King of Sweden), Jakob Ulfsson (1470–1514; founder of Uppsala University), Gustav Trolle (1515–21; supporter of the Danish King), Johannes Magnus (1523-26: wrote an imaginative Scandianian Chronicle), Laurentius Petri (1531–73; main character behind the Swedish Lutheran reformation), Abraham Angermannus (1593–99; controversial critic of the King), Olaus Martini (1601–09), Petrus Kenicius (1609–36), Laurentius Paulinus Gothus (1637–46; astronomer and philosopher of Ramus school), Johannes Canuti Lenaeus (1647–69; aristotelean and logician), Erik Benzelius the Elder (1700–09; highly knowledgeable), Haquin Spegel (1711–14; public educator), Mattias Steuchius (1714–30), Uno von Troil (1786–1803; politician), Jakob Axelsson Lindblom (1805–19), Johan Olof Wallin (1837–39; beloved poet and hymnist), Karl Fredrik af Wingård (1839–51; politician), Henrik Reuterdahl (1856–70) Anton Niklas Sundberg (1870–1900; outspoken and controversial) and Nathan Söderblom (1914–1931; Nobel Prize winner).
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